title: Inhibited temperament and parent emotional availability differentially predict young children's cortisol responses to novel social and nonsocial events.
abstract: Preschool-aged children (n = 274) were examined in the laboratory to assess behavioral and cortisol responses to nonsocial and social threat. Parents also responded to scales on the Children's Behavior Questionnaire reflecting exuberant approach to novel/risky activities (reversed scored) and shyness. Multi-method measures of Nonsocial and Social Inhibition were computed. Parents and children were observed engaging in a series of interactive tasks and the Emotional Availability scales were scored for parental sensitivity, nonintrusiveness, nonhostility, and structuring. These scores were factored to yield one measure of Parenting Quality. Analyses revealed that Nonsocial and Social Inhibition could be distinguished and that associations with cortisol response were stressor specific. Moderation analyses revealed that parenting quality buffered cortisol elevations for extremely socially, but not nonsocially inhibited children. These findings are consistent with evidence that sensitive, supportive parenting is an important buffer of the HPA axis response to threat in infants and toddlers, and extends this finding to the preschool period.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-2250, USA. dkertes@vcu.edu
authors.forename: Darlene A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Kertes
authors.forename: Bonny
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Donzella
authors.forename: Nicole M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Talge
authors.forename: Melissa C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Garvin
authors.forename: Mark J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Van Ryzin
authors.forename: Megan R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Gunnar
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002652:Child Behavior / Q000523:psychology; D002657:Child Development; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D007118:Immunoassay; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology*; D010552:Personality Assessment; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry; D012919:Social Behavior; D012931:Social Environment; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000378:metabolism*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013694:Temperament; D014741:Video Recording
chemical_list: D006854:Hydrocortisone
references.citation: Eur J Neurosci. 2008 Jul;28(1):165-72
references.pmid: 18662341
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2005 Jun 15;57(12):1485-92
references.pmid: 15953484
references.citation: Monogr Soc Res Child Dev. 2007;72(2):1-75, vii; discussion 76-91
references.pmid: 17661895
references.citation: Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1988;13(1-2):143-54
references.pmid: 3287413
references.citation: Child Dev. 2001 Jan-Feb;72(1):1-21
references.pmid: 11280472
references.citation: Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2002 Jan-Feb;27(1-2):199-220
references.pmid: 11750779
references.citation: Science. 1988 Apr 8;240(4849):167-71
references.pmid: 3353713
references.citation: Neuropsychobiology. 1993;28(1-2):76-81
references.pmid: 8255414
references.citation: Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 1995 Summer;19(2):225-33
references.pmid: 7630578
references.citation: Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2009 Aug;34(7):953-67
references.pmid: 19321267
references.citation: Endocr Rev. 2000 Feb;21(1):55-89
references.pmid: 10696570
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 May 23;97(11):6079-84
references.pmid: 10823952
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2000 Dec 15;48(12):1175-98
references.pmid: 11137059
references.citation: Dev Psychobiol. 2005 Dec;47(4):369-76
references.pmid: 16284967
references.citation: Attach Hum Dev. 2000 Sep;2(2):149-69
references.pmid: 11707908
references.citation: Dev Psychopathol. 2009 Winter;21(1):69-85
references.pmid: 19144223
references.citation: Dev Psychobiol. 2004 Jul;45(1):10-21
references.pmid: 15229872
references.citation: Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2005 Oct;14(4):681-706, viii
references.pmid: 16171698
references.citation: Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2009 Jan;34(1):50-61
references.pmid: 18838226
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2009 Feb 15;65(4):336-43
references.pmid: 18947821
references.citation: Annu Rev Psychol. 2005;56:235-62
references.pmid: 15709935
references.citation: Dev Psychol. 1999 May;35(3):811-21
references.pmid: 10380871
references.citation: Child Dev. 1997 Jun;68(3):467-83
references.pmid: 9249961
references.citation: Am J Orthopsychiatry. 1994 Jan;64(1):78-90
references.pmid: 8147430
references.citation: Child Dev. 2004 May-Jun;75(3):639-50
references.pmid: 15144478
references.citation: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1990 Jan;47(1):21-6
references.pmid: 2294852
references.citation: Behav Neurosci. 2003 Feb;117(1):11-20
references.pmid: 12619903
references.citation: Psychosom Med. 1995 Sep-Oct;57(5):468-74
references.pmid: 8552738
references.citation: Dev Psychobiol. 2008 Dec;50(8):751-66
references.pmid: 18814182
references.citation: Psychol Rev. 1998 Apr;105(2):325-50
references.pmid: 9577241
references.citation: J Pers Assess. 2006 Aug;87(1):102-12
references.pmid: 16856791
references.citation: Early Child Res Q. 2007;22(4):451-466
references.pmid: 18320022
references.citation: Behav Biol. 1978 Feb;22(2):256-63
references.pmid: 415729
references.citation: Soc Dev. 2008 Aug 1;17(3):471-487
references.pmid: 20463856
references.citation: Infant Child Dev. 2008;17(4):427-445
references.pmid: 19122850
references.citation: Brain Res. 1994 Sep 19;657(1-2):141-9
references.pmid: 7820612
references.citation: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003 Dec;1008:238-47
references.pmid: 14998888
references.citation: Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2008 Aug;33(7):916-25
references.pmid: 18650023
references.citation: Psychol Bull. 2004 May;130(3):355-91
references.pmid: 15122924
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2000 Apr 1;47(7):579-85
references.pmid: 10745049
references.citation: Dev Psychol. 2004 Jul;40(4):583-94
references.pmid: 15238045
references.citation: Science. 2003 Jun 20;300(5627):1952-3
references.pmid: 12817151