title: Soluble angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in human heart failure: relation with myocardial function and clinical outcomes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is an endogenous counterregulator of the renin-angiotensin system. The relationship between soluble ACE2 (sACE2), myocardial function, and clinical outcomes in patients with chronic systolic heart failure is not well established.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We measured sACE2 activity in 113 patients with chronic systolic heart failure (left ventricular ejection fraction [LVEF] <or=35%, New York Heart Association Class II-IV). Comprehensive echocardiography was performed at the time of blood sampling. We prospectively examined adverse clinical events (death, cardiac transplant, and heart failure hospitalizations) over 34 +/- 17 months. Patients who had higher sACE2 plasma activity were more likely to have a lower LVEF (Spearman's r = -0.36, P < .001), greater right ventricular systolic dysfunction (r = 0.33, P < .001), higher estimated pulmonary artery systolic pressure (r = 0.35, P = .002), larger left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (r = 0.23, P = .02), and higher plasma NT-proBNP levels (r = 0.35, P < .001). sACE2 was less associated with diastolic dysfunction (r = 0.19, P = .05), and was similar between patients with ischemic and nonischemic cardiomyopathies. There was no relationship between sACE2 activity and markers of systemic inflammation. After adjusting for NT-proBNP and LVEF, sACE2 activity remained an independent predictor of adverse clinical events (HR = 1.7 [95% CI: 1.1-2.6], P = .018).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Elevated plasma sACE2 activity was associated with greater severity of myocardial dysfunction and was an independent predictor of adverse clinical events.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Slava
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Epelman
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shrestha
authors.forename: Richard W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Troughton
authors.forename: Gary S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Francis
authors.forename: Subha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sen
authors.forename: Allan L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: W H Wilson
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Tang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000085962:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D054143:Heart Failure, Systolic / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000097:blood*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D015996:Survival Rate / Q000639:trends; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D016276:Ventricular Function / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A; C000705307:ACE2 protein, human; D000085962:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2
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