title: Anatomical considerations for cervical pedicle screw insertion: the use of multiplanar computerized tomography measurements in 122 consecutive clinical cases.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Successful placement of pedicle screws in the cervical spine requires a sufficient three-dimensional understanding of pedicle morphology to allow accurate identification of the screw axis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The goal of the present study was to assess morphologic trends from one level to the next with respect to linear and angular parameters associated with the subaxial cervical pedicles.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated the pedicle morphology of cervical spine using axial and sagittal computed tomography (CT) imaging. The C3-C7 vertebrae in 122 patients (610 vertebrae) were evaluated (age range, 14-93; mean, 48 years).
  
  
  METHODS
  Thin cut (2.5mm thickness) axial CT images were measured. Sagittal reconstructions were obtained using 1.25-mm thickness slices. The following pedicle parameters were assessed: pedicle width (PW, the mediolateral diameter of the pedicle isthmus, perpendicular to the pedicle axis), pedicle height (PH, rostro-caudal dimension of the pedicle determined on the sagittal image), maximal screw length (MSL, distance from the posterior cortex of the lateral mass to the anterior wall of the vertebral body along the pedicle axis), and pedicle transverse angle (PTA, angle between the pedicle axis and the midline vertebral body).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall mean PW and PH ranged from 4.7 to 6.5mm and 6.4 to 7.0mm, respectively. For both these parameters there was a trend toward increasing size proceeding caudally in the cervical spine. The mean PW and PH was greater in males than in females, and this difference was statistically significant at all levels (p<.0001). The overall mean MSL ranged from 29.9 to 32.9 mm. All intersections of the pedicle axis and the posterior cortex of the lateral mass were located at the most lateral portion of the lateral mass for the C3-C6 vertebrae. The overall mean PTA ranged from 37.8 degrees to 45.3 degrees . The overall mean PTA was approximately 44 degrees from C3 to C6 and 37.8 degrees at C7.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings of our radiological anatomical study suggest that the preoperative CT scans of patients undergoing cervical transpedicular fixation should be thoroughly analyzed and close attention paid to the pedicle size and its angulation. The placement of cervical pedicle screws should be individualized for each patient and based on detailed preoperative planning.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosurgery, UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
authors.forename: Adebukola
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Onibokun
authors.forename: Larry T
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Khoo
authors.forename: Simona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bistazzoni
authors.forename: Nan Fu
authors.initials: NF
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sassi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001863:Bone Screws; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D055815:Young Adult