title: Vitamin D status and arterial hypertension: a systematic review.
abstract: Vitamin D deficiency is common and is primarily caused by a lack of ultraviolet-B (UVB) radiation from reduced sun exposure, and the consequent limiting of vitamin D production in the skin. The vitamin D endocrine system regulates about 3% of the human genome. Observational data support the concept that vitamin D is involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases and arterial hypertension. The antihypertensive properties of vitamin D include renoprotective effects, suppression of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, direct effects on vascular cells, and effects on calcium metabolism, including prevention of secondary hyperparathyroidism. The results of clinical studies largely, but not consistently, favor the hypothesis that vitamin D sufficiency promotes lowering of arterial blood pressure. Randomized, placebo-controlled trials are greatly needed to clarify and definitively prove the effect of vitamin D on blood pressure. In general, the antihypertensive effects of vitamin D seem to be particularly prominent in vitamin-D-deficient patients with elevated blood pressure. Thus, in view of the relatively safe and inexpensive way in which vitamin D can be supplemented, we believe that vitamin D supplementation should be prescribed to patients with hypertension and 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels below target values.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Austria. stefan.pilz@chello.at
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pilz
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tomaschitz
authors.forename: Eberhard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ritz
authors.forename: Thomas R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Pieber
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects*; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000009:adverse effects; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D012084:Renin-Angiotensin System / Q000187:drug effects; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D014807:Vitamin D; D002118:Calcium
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