title: Rheumatoid arthritis and smoking: putting the pieces together.
abstract: Besides atherosclerosis and lung cancer, smoking is considered to play a major role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. It has long been known that there is a connection between rheumatoid factor-positive rheumatoid arthritis and cigarette smoking. Recently, an important gene-environment interaction has been revealed; that is, carrying specific HLA-DRB1 alleles encoding the shared epitope and smoking establish a significant risk for anti-citrullinated protein antibody-positive rheumatoid arthritis. We summarize how smoking-related alteration of the cytokine balance, the increased risk of infections (the possibility of cross-reactivity) and modifications of autoantigens by citrullination may contribute to the development of rheumatoid arthritis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Cell and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, Budapest, Hungary. zsuzsannabaka@gmail.com
authors.forename: Zsuzsanna
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Baka
authors.forename: Edit
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Buzás
authors.forename: György
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nagy
mesh_terms: D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000276:immunology; D001324:Autoantigens / Q000276:immunology; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006684:HLA-DR Antigens / Q000235:genetics; D059811:HLA-DRB1 Chains; D006801:Humans; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D001324:Autoantigens; D006684:HLA-DR Antigens; D059811:HLA-DRB1 Chains
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