title: Improving cost-effectiveness of and outcomes from drug therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation in managed care: role of the pharmacist.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The medical care costs for procedures, medications, and testing associated with atrial fibrillation (AF) in the United States are high and projected to increase markedly in the future as the number of Americans affected grows. The burden on patient quality of life, the health care system, and society are pharmacoeconomic considerations in managing AF.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To identify key pharmacoeconomic considerations in managing AF and describe ways in which managed care pharmacists can improve the cost-effectiveness of and outcomes from drug therapy for AF.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The high medical care costs of AF are largely the result of the high cost of hospitalization and inpatient procedures. Recurrence of AF dramatically increases costs, especially for hospital care. Managed care pharmacists have many opportunities to provide cost-effective care to and improve outcomes in patients with AF. Policy and process review, population management, and case management are key strategies for improving outcomes in patients with AF. Pharmacist input into policy and process review, including pharmacy benefits design, formulary management, and the use of information technology, can help ensure that the use of drug therapy for AF is cost-effective. Population management strategies, such as development of clinical pathways and patient registries, seek to improve the quality, consistency, and cost-effectiveness of care and the likelihood that desired therapeutic outcomes are achieved through targeted interventions. Case management strategies focus on longitudinal care for individuals in order to improve quality. Pharmacist-managed anticoagulation services and antiarrhythmic drug monitoring are the 2 most widely known case management strategies for patients with AF. Managed care pharmacists can screen patients with AF for the use of anticoagulation, which is needed to prevent embolic stroke but is under-used, even though recommended by evidence-based guidelines. The clinical efficacy and cost-effectiveness of pharmacist-managed anticoagulation services for patients with AF are well documented. Pharmacist-managed antiarrhythmic drug monitoring is a less well-known case management strategy that facilitates early detection and intervention to minimize toxicity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Managed care pharmacists can play an instrumental role in implementing strategies to improve the cost-effectiveness of and outcomes from drug therapy for AF.
authors.affiliation: Kaiser Permanente Colorado, 2045 Franklin St. 8th Fl., Cardiology Department, Denver, CO 80205, USA. samuel.g.johnson@kp.org
authors.forename: Samuel G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics; D019090:Case Management / Q000458:organization & administration; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D016903:Drug Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D017850:Economics, Pharmaceutical; D017721:Hospital Costs; D006801:Humans; D008329:Managed Care Programs / Q000191:economics* / Q000458:organization & administration; D010593:Pharmaceutical Services / Q000458:organization & administration; D010595:Pharmacists / Q000458:organization & administration*; D024382:Professional Role; D011788:Quality of Life; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; D000925:Anticoagulants