title: A sociolinguistic exploration of genetic counseling discourse involving a child with a new genetic diagnosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the process of genetic counseling with the aim of observing how participants negotiate a common understanding in light of the inherent power asymmetry of a genetics health care encounter.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from ten sessions between genetic counselors and parents of children with a genetic diagnosis were taped. Transcripts were examined using a qualitative discourse analysis approach focusing on communication features such as question design, topic initiation and control, and lexical or discourse features which could give insights into rapport building strategies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Counselors tightly controlled the medical history phase in all sessions and verbally dominated the scientific information phase. More symmetric communication occurred when: (i) counselors showed flexibility with their agenda and gave parents the opportunity to share their health experience; (ii) counselors showed signs of involvement through the use of 'rapport building' strategies; (iii) counselors used a syllogistic approach and information was delivered at a slower pace.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Observations from this study suggest that, when counselors focus on building rapport with parents, the human voice of the parent emerges. Examples of rapport building strategies by the counselors included adapting to the parents' variations in knowledge, recognizing the needs of the parents, verifying their understanding, and choosing a more interactive approach to the delivery of information.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that for effective communication to occur, parents need to be provided with opportunities to be active participants in the genetic counseling encounter.
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 1X8. riyana@sickkids.ca
authors.forename: Riyana
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Babul-Hirji
authors.forename: Stacy
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hewson
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Frescura
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D005820:Genetic Testing; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008037:Linguistics; D010372:Pediatrics; D011368:Professional-Family Relations; D036301:Qualitative Research; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013637:Tape Recording