title: Formation of styrene during the Maillard reaction is negligible.
abstract: The elucidation of chemical pathways and the identification of intermediates leading to vinylogous compounds such as acrylamide by the Maillard reaction have proven challenging. This study was conducted to assess the formation of styrene from L-phenylalanine, employing binary mixtures of the amino acid heated together with simple C(3)-sugar analogue (1-hydroxyacetone) or methylglyoxal. The formation of the corresponding vinylogous product, i.e. styrene, was measured under different moisture, pH, and temperature conditions. The formation of intermediates over time was monitored by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) together with the target compound styrene. Two intermediates, i.e. 1-phenethylaminopropan-2-one and 2-phenylethylamine, play a role in the formation of styrene, the latter of more importance in high-moisture systems, whilst the former favours the release of styrene in low-moisture systems. The model further showed that Strecker-type reactions are of less importance in the formation of styrene, as the yield from single immediate precursors was maximally 0.03 mol%. The low conversion rate of L-phenylalanine to the vinylogous product and existing data on the occurrence of free L-phenylalanine in food plants suggests that the amounts of styrene expected in foods subjected to thermal treatment are negligible.
authors.affiliation: Nestlé Research Center, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, CH-1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Goldmann
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Davidek
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gouezec
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Blank
authors.forename: M-C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Bertholet
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stadler
mesh_terms: D020106:Acrylamide / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D005504:Food Analysis; D005506:Food Contamination; D005511:Food Handling; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D015416:Maillard Reaction; D008956:Models, Chemical; D010627:Phenethylamines / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D010649:Phenylalanine / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D012307:Risk Factors; D020058:Styrene / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D010627:Phenethylamines; D020106:Acrylamide; C029261:phenethylamine; D020058:Styrene; D010649:Phenylalanine