Generation and biological activities of oxidized phospholipids.
Glycerophospholipids represent a common class of lipids critically important for integrity of cellular membranes. Oxidation of esterified unsaturated fatty acids dramatically changes biological activities of phospholipids. Apart from impairment of their structural function, oxidation makes oxidized phospholipids (OxPLs) markers of "modified-self" type that are recognized by soluble and cell-associated receptors of innate immunity, including scavenger receptors, natural (germ line-encoded) antibodies, and C-reactive protein, thus directing removal of senescent and apoptotic cells or oxidized lipoproteins. In addition, OxPLs acquire novel biological activities not characteristic of their unoxidized precursors, including the ability to regulate innate and adaptive immune responses. Effects of OxPLs described in vitro and in vivo suggest their potential relevance in different pathologies, including atherosclerosis, acute inflammation, lung injury, and many other conditions. This review summarizes current knowledge on the mechanisms of formation, structures, and biological activities of OxPLs. Furthermore, potential applications of OxPLs as disease biomarkers, as well as experimental therapies targeting OxPLs, are described, providing a broad overview of an emerging class of lipid mediators.
Bochkov
Valery N
VN
Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center for Biomolecular Medicine and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. valery.bochkov@meduniwien.ac.at
Oskolkova
Olga V
OV
Birukov
Konstantin G
KG
Levonen
Anna-Liisa
AL
Binder
Christoph J
CJ
Stöckl
Johannes
J
D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D001777:Blood Coagulation / Q000502:physiology; D003599:Cytoskeleton / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D055633:Immune System Phenomena / Q000502:physiology; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D008168:Lung / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D015394:Molecular Structure; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010743:Phospholipids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000502:physiology; D015539:Platelet Activation / Q000502:physiology; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism; D051116:Receptors, Scavenger / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology; D020764:cdc42 GTP-Binding Protein / Q000378:metabolism
D015415:Biomarkers; D010743:Phospholipids; D051116:Receptors, Scavenger; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D020764:cdc42 GTP-Binding Protein
FEBS Lett. 1999 Jul 23;455(3):243-6
10437781
J Biol Chem. 2007 Jul 20;282(29):21237-43
17522049
Circ Res. 2009 Mar 13;104(5):609-18
19168440
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2006 Feb;290(2):H674-83
16172163
Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2009 Jun;41(6):1241-4
19061967
Biochim Biophys Acta. 2008 Jun-Jul;1781(6-7):336-43
18534202
Chem Res Toxicol. 2002 Jul;15(7):896-906
12118999
Mol Cell Biol. 2003 Nov;23(22):8137-51
14585973
Chem Res Toxicol. 2007 Feb;20(2):227-34
17305406
Circ Res. 2000 Aug 18;87(4):335-40
10948069
Blood. 2007 Jan 1;109(1):122-9
16990600
Biochim Biophys Acta. 2008 Jul-Aug;1777(7-8):1020-7
18515061
Arterioscler Thromb. 1994 Mar;14(3):427-33
8123647
Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2006 Jul;291(1):L91-101
16461426
Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2007;47:89-116
16968214
Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med. 2006 Oct;3(10):540-7
16990839
Atherosclerosis. 2006 Feb;184(2):330-41
16051252
J Biol Chem. 2002 Oct 11;277(41):38503-16
12105195
Cell. 2008 Apr 18;133(2):235-49
18423196
Biochim Biophys Acta. 1984 Oct 4;795(3):564-73
6433988
FASEB J. 2005 Oct;19(12):1646-56
16195373
J Lipid Res. 2000 Jul;41(7):1145-53
10884297
Exp Cell Res. 2007 Jul 1;313(11):2504-20
17493609
J Clin Invest. 1996 Aug 1;98(3):800-14
8698873
Nat Chem Biol. 2005 Sep;1(4):223-32
16408039
Circ Res. 2006 Mar 31;98(6):768-76
16497987
J Invest Dermatol. 2009 Jan;129(1):167-74
18580961
J Biol Chem. 2003 Aug 29;278(35):32921-8
12816958
Blood. 2007 Jun 1;109(11):4769-76
17332248
J Biol Chem. 2007 Jun 8;282(23):16934-41
17449870
Antioxid Redox Signal. 2005 Jan-Feb;7(1-2):185-201
15650407
J Clin Invest. 1996 Aug 1;98(3):815-25
8698874
J Nucl Cardiol. 1999 Jan-Feb;6(1 Pt 1):41-53
10070840
J Biol Chem. 2004 Apr 2;279(14):13447-51
14715668
Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2001 Apr-May;11(3-4):142-7
11686004
J Biol Chem. 2002 Oct 11;277(41):38517-23
12145296
J Biol Chem. 2008 Jun 6;283(23):15533-7
18285331
Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2003 Jun;284(6):L972-80
12588708
Curr Opin Lipidol. 2003 Oct;14(5):421-30
14501580
J Biol Chem. 2008 Jan 4;283(1):6-16
17921521
FEBS Lett. 2003 Aug 28;550(1-3):185-9
12935908
Blood. 2001 Jan 15;97(2):459-64
11154223
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1997 Nov;17(11):3236-41
9409317
Circulation. 2008 Jun 24;117(25):3206-15
18541740
Mol Cell Biol. 2009 Jan;29(2):493-502
19001094
J Biol Chem. 2006 Oct 20;281(42):31298-308
16908526
Free Radic Res. 2003 Jun;37(6):645-53
12868491
J Biol Chem. 1998 May 29;273(22):13605-12
9593698
Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2004 Apr;5(4):261-70
15071551
J Vasc Res. 2005 Mar-Apr;42(2):120-32
15665547
Biol Chem. 2007 Oct;388(10):1019-25
17937615
Biochemistry. 1999 May 11;38(19):5976-81
10320323
J Biol Chem. 2004 Feb 13;279(7):6056-64
14630936
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2003 Jul 1;23(7):1197-203
12775576
Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2007 Mar;292(3):C996-1012
16987999
J Biol Chem. 2008 Apr 18;283(16):10408-14
18285332
Circulation. 2001 Jul 31;104(5):588-93
11479258
Atherosclerosis. 2006 Nov;189(1):83-90
16386745
Free Radic Biol Med. 2000 Jun 15;28(12):1815-26
10946223
Vascul Pharmacol. 2002 Apr;38(4):219-27
12449018
J Biol Chem. 2007 Aug 24;282(34):24842-50
17597068
J Clin Invest. 2008 Aug;118(8):2917-28
18636118
Biochem J. 2000 Jun 1;348 Pt 2:241-55
10816416
Arch Biochem Biophys. 1996 Mar 15;327(2):227-33
8619607
Nat Med. 2006 Jan;12(1):138-43
16341241
Clin Chim Acta. 2004 Oct;348(1-2):1-8
15369729
Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2008 Nov;295(5):C1175-82
18768922
Physiol Rev. 2001 Jan;81(1):153-208
11152757
Biochim Biophys Acta. 2006 Apr;1761(4):392-415
16698314
Free Radic Biol Med. 2000 Mar 1;28(5):720-6
10754267
J Biol Chem. 2002 Mar 1;277(9):7010-20
11744722
Cell Mol Life Sci. 2002 May;59(5):808-20
12088281
Biol Chem. 2007 Oct;388(10):1007-17
17937614
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2001 Mar;21(3):300-11
11231907
J Immunol. 1997 Dec 1;159(11):5450-6
9548485
J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997 Dec;30(7):1886-91
9385923
Prog Lipid Res. 1992;31(2):127-43
1461917
Anal Biochem. 2001 May 15;292(2):234-44
11355856
J Lipid Res. 2008 Mar;49(3):510-20
18071189
J Biol Chem. 2008 Mar 28;283(13):8765-71
18245080
Biochem J. 2004 Mar 1;378(Pt 2):373-82
14616092
Antioxid Redox Signal. 2004 Apr;6(2):301-10
15025931
Eur J Biochem. 1993 Apr 1;213(1):251-61
8477699
J Clin Invest. 1997 Aug 1;100(3):485-91
9239393
J Biol Chem. 1997 May 23;272(21):13597-607
9153208
Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2005 Dec 9;338(1):668-76
16126168
Biochemistry. 2008 Jan 15;47(2):817-25
18085799
Annu Rev Immunol. 1992;10:519-60
1375473
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Sep 3;99(18):11908-13
12193649
J Cell Biol. 2004 Oct 11;167(1):111-22
15479739
Trends Biochem Sci. 2001 Dec;26(12):724-32
11738596
J Biol Chem. 2008 Jan 18;283(3):1628-1636
18024956
Free Radic Biol Med. 2008 Jun 1;44(11):1935-44
18375209
Chem Res Toxicol. 2008 Feb;21(2):432-44
18232660
J Biol Chem. 1999 Aug 27;274(35):24787-98
10455151
J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2009 May 1;877(13):1366-74
18964370
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2000 Oct;20(10):2248-54
11031211
J Neurochem. 2003 May;85(3):645-50
12694390
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 May 25;96(11):6347-52
10339590
Hypertension. 2006 Aug;48(2):180-6
16801490
Physiol Rev. 2004 Jul;84(3):767-801
15269336
J Neurochem. 2005 Aug;94(4):1140-5
15992375
Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2007 Jul;293(1):L199-211
17513457
Free Radic Biol Med. 2008 Feb 1;44(3):452-63
18005671
Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2001 Apr-May;11(3-4):139-42
11686003
J Biol Chem. 1997 Jun 27;272(26):16231-9
9195924
Vascul Pharmacol. 2002 Apr;38(4):193-200
12449015
Free Radic Res. 1995 Apr;22(4):327-36
7633563
J Cell Physiol. 2007 Jun;211(3):608-17
17219408
Free Radic Biol Med. 2004 Dec 15;37(12):1963-85
15544916
Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2006 Oct;47(10):4356-64
17003426
Am J Cardiol. 2008 May 22;101(10A):34D-42D
18474272
Biophys J. 2006 Jun 15;90(12):4488-99
16581831
Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2000 Feb;12(1):91-6
10679362
Biochim Biophys Acta. 2000 Oct 31;1488(1-2):167-81
11080686
Eur J Immunol. 2008 Mar;38(3):778-87
18266300
J Clin Invest. 2005 Aug;115(8):2192-201
16075060
Antioxid Redox Signal. 2004 Aug;6(4):705-12
15242551
J Clin Invest. 2000 Sep;106(6):793-802
10995790
J Lipid Res. 2007 Feb;48(2):425-33
17093289
J Biol Chem. 2007 Oct 12;282(41):29890-901
17711863
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Aug 22;103(34):12741-6
16912112
Anesthesiology. 2008 Sep;109(3):465-72
18719444
Blood. 1996 Apr 15;87(8):3336-43
8605350
Lipids. 1994 Mar;29(3):171-6
8170286
Circ Res. 1999 Feb 19;84(3):345-51
10024309
J Lipid Res. 2001 Sep;42(9):1474-82
11518768
Mol Cell. 1998 Jan;1(2):183-92
9659915
Annu Rev Biochem. 2005;74:739-89
15952902
J Biol Chem. 2000 Jul 28;275(30):22925-30
10801844
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 Feb 15;97(4):1743-8
10677528
Atherosclerosis. 2006 Oct;188(2):433-43
16386258
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1995 Nov;15(11):2019-24
7583584
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1999 Dec;19(12):2847-53
10591660
Mol Immunol. 2001 Aug;38(2-3):189-97
11532280
Curr Med Chem. 2007;14(6):703-17
17346157
J Clin Invest. 1990 Apr;85(4):1260-6
2318980
Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2007 Aug;77(2):67-77
17869078
Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2004 Apr;286(4):L808-16
14644758
Mol Cell Biol. 2008 Apr;28(8):2758-70
18268004
J Biol Chem. 2003 Aug 1;278(31):28479-89
12746435
J Lipid Res. 2008 Oct;49(10):2230-9
18594118
Blood. 2002 Jan 1;99(1):199-206
11756172
J Lipid Res. 1984 Oct;25(10):1109-16
6439810
Circ Res. 2008 Jun 20;102(12):1512-9
18497330
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Dec 24;99(26):16713-8
12482927
J Lipid Res. 2007 Mar;48(3):565-82
17135656
J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003 Feb 5;41(3):360-70
12575961
Chem Phys Lipids. 2008 Nov;156(1-2):1-12
18671956
Arch Biochem Biophys. 1992 Aug 1;296(2):547-55
1321589
Biochem J. 2007 Jul 1;405(1):95-105
17381426
Circ Res. 2006 Oct 13;99(8):900-8
16973904
Cell. 2001 Aug 24;106(4):489-98
11525734
Arterioscler Thromb. 1993 Nov;13(11):1711-7
8218112
Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2005 Nov;230(10):731-41
16246900
Circulation. 2004 Jan 20;109(2):227-33
14718399
J Lipid Res. 2005 May;46(5):969-76
15722561
J Exp Med. 2003 Aug 18;198(4):615-21
12925677
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2004 Mar;24(3):498-503
14739118
J Biol Chem. 2005 Jan 7;280(1):73-9
15516334
J Biol Chem. 2008 Mar 7;283(10):6428-37
18165686
Circulation. 2005 Apr 12;111(14):1814-21
15809369
Circ Res. 2006 Mar 17;98(5):642-50
16456101
J Biol Chem. 1999 Oct 1;274(40):28395-404
10497200
J Biol Chem. 2004 Mar 26;279(13):12001-4
14960578
Biochim Biophys Acta. 1999 Jul 9;1439(1):95-109
10395969
J Exp Med. 1982 Oct 1;156(4):1177-85
7153709
Nat Med. 2002 Nov;8(11):1218-26
12411948
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2001 Oct;21(10):1585-91
11597930
Nat Cell Biol. 2003 Sep;5(9):781-92
12907943
Pharmacol Ther. 2007 Sep;115(3):400-9
17658610
J Biol Chem. 2004 Oct 29;279(44):45634-42
15308634
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1999 Mar;19(3):680-6
10073973
J Biol Chem. 1990 Oct 25;265(30):18351-61
2120232
J Biol Chem. 2001 Jan 19;276(3):1829-36
11054414
Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2008 Feb;18(2):61-6
18308197
FASEB J. 2003 Dec;17(15):2209-20
14656983
Nature. 2005 Feb 3;433(7025):523-7
15690042
J Biol Chem. 1993 Sep 5;268(25):18748-53
8360169
Mol Nutr Food Res. 2005 Nov;49(11):1050-62
16270278
J Biol Chem. 1999 Apr 16;274(16):10863-8
10196163
J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008 Apr 29;51(17):1653-62
18436117
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2001 Aug;21(8):1333-9
11498462
Curr Opin Cell Biol. 1997 Feb;9(1):86-92
9013670
J Exp Med. 2004 Dec 6;200(11):1359-70
15583011
Chem Res Toxicol. 2004 Jan;17(1):17-25
14727915
J Clin Invest. 2004 Aug;114(3):427-37
15286809
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2006 Oct;26(10):2216-21
16857951
J Exp Med. 2000 Nov 6;192(9):1353-64
11067883
Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2003;43:233-60
12359864
J Clin Invest. 1999 Jan;103(1):117-28
9884341
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2003 Feb 1;23(2):275-82
12588771
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1997 Apr;17(4):680-7
9108780
Circ Res. 2000 Sep 15;87(6):516-21
10988245
Circ Res. 2007 Oct 12;101(8):792-801
17704209
J Biol Chem. 1991 Jun 15;266(17):11095-103
2040620
Inflammation. 1991 Aug;15(4):269-79
1769731
J Lipid Res. 2009 Apr;50 Suppl:S207-12
19059906
J Biol Chem. 1996 Mar 1;271(9):4653-8
8617728
Arch Biochem Biophys. 1996 May 1;329(1):24-30
8619631
Free Radic Biol Med. 2008 Jul 15;45(2):119-23
18460347
J Lipid Res. 2001 Aug;42(8):1308-17
11483633
Chem Res Toxicol. 1992 Jan-Feb;5(1):134-41
1581530
Free Radic Biol Med. 2009 Jun 1;46(11):1439-53
19285551
J Exp Med. 1994 Jun 1;179(6):1903-11
8195716
J Biol Chem. 2008 Jan 25;283(4):2385-96
18045864
Free Radic Biol Med. 2005 Dec 1;39(11):1512-22
16274886
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2007 Feb;27(2):332-8
17110601
Eur J Biochem. 1997 Mar 1;244(2):513-9
9119019
Circ Res. 2009 Apr 24;104(8):978-86
19286607
Blood. 2003 Jun 15;101(12):4765-74
12576329
Chem Res Toxicol. 2006 Feb;19(2):262-71
16485902
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Feb 17;101(7):2040-5
14764894
Free Radic Biol Med. 2005 May 15;38(10):1372-81
15855055
Clin Exp Immunol. 1996 May;104(2):269-74
8625519
Ann Neurol. 2007 Aug;62(2):154-69
17685468
J Exp Med. 2006 Nov 27;203(12):2613-25
17101731
J Biol Chem. 2004 Jul 16;279(29):30175-81
15143062
Platelets. 2002 May;13(3):141-51
12180496
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Jan 10;103(2):293-8
16387855
Nat Protoc. 2007;2(9):2079-91
17853863
J Clin Invest. 2001 Sep;108(5):689-701
11544274
Shock. 2009 Jul;32(1):4-16
19008778
Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2000 Feb;12(1):104-12
10679366
J Clin Invest. 1999 Mar;103(5):613-25
10074478
FASEB J. 2002 Jun;16(8):908-10
12039876
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Aug 10;101(32):11577-82
15273286
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1996 Aug;16(8):1074-9
8696949
J Invest Dermatol. 2007 Jun;127(6):1498-506
17363921
Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2008 Oct;10(5):405-12
18706282
Infect Immun. 2001 Nov;69(11):6612-7
11598029
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2007 Aug;27(8):1788-95
17541022
J Biol Chem. 1991 Jun 15;266(17):11104-10
1645725
J Org Chem. 2003 May 16;68(10):3749-61
12737551
J Biol Chem. 2003 Sep 5;278(36):34339-46
12810717
Free Radic Biol Med. 2000 Mar 1;28(5):673-82
10754262
Free Radic Biol Med. 2007 Jan 15;42(2):260-9
17189831
Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 1997 Oct;57(4-5):367-71
9430380
Chest. 2002 Dec;122(6 Suppl):314S-320S
12475808
Cell. 1998 Apr 17;93(2):229-40
9568715
J Biol Chem. 2008 Sep 5;283(36):24748-59
18559343
Nature. 1993 Dec 16;366(6456):643-54
8259209
J Lipid Res. 2009 Apr;50 Suppl:S423-8
19095631
J Biol Chem. 2008 Jun 6;283(23):15539-43
18285327
J Am Chem Soc. 2007 May 16;129(19):6088-9
17441719
Microvasc Res. 2004 Jan;67(1):18-28
14709399
Curr Pharm Des. 2003;9(30):2541-51
14529552
Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2004 Nov 19;324(3):1059-64
15485662
Transplantation. 2003 Aug 27;76(4):739-40
12973121
J Clin Invest. 1979 Nov;64(5):1457-65
387819
J Immunol. 2007 Jan 15;178(2):993-1001
17202362
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2003 Aug 1;23(8):1384-90
12805072
J Biol Chem. 2006 Feb 24;281(8):4616-23
16371369
Chem Res Toxicol. 2004 May;17(5):613-22
15144218
J Lipid Res. 2008 May;49(5):995-1005
18250368
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2002 Jan;22(1):101-7
11788468
J Neurosci Res. 2007 Apr;85(5):977-84
17304573
J Clin Invest. 1997 Sep 1;100(5):1209-16
9276739
Nat Rev Immunol. 2007 Aug;7(8):599-609
17612584
Free Radic Biol Med. 2005 Jun 1;38(11):1422-32
15890616
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2001 Nov;21(11):1770-6
11701464
Microvasc Res. 2007 May;73(3):173-81
17292425
Circ Res. 1997 Jun;80(6):810-8
9168783
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 May 25;96(11):6353-8
10339591
Crit Care. 2008;12(1):R27
18304335
Cancer Res. 2003 Sep 1;63(17):5636-45
14500406
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2006 Sep;26(9):2096-102
16794225
J Biol Chem. 2002 Mar 1;277(9):7271-81
11751881
Adv Exp Med Biol. 1994;366:113-28
7771247
J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006 Jun 6;47(11):2219-28
16750687
Lipids. 1996 Dec;31(12):1251-8
8972457
J Biol Chem. 2006 Feb 17;281(7):4222-30
16354659
J Biol Chem. 2003 Feb 7;278(6):3937-47
12466264
J Biol Chem. 2001 Jun 1;276(22):19220-30
11279091
J Lipid Res. 2009 Apr;50 Suppl:S219-23
18957694
Circ Res. 2004 Oct 15;95(8):780-8
15388640
Nat Med. 2003 Jun;9(6):736-43
12740573
J Immunol. 2005 Jul 1;175(1):501-8
15972685
Blood. 2004 Apr 1;103(7):2585-92
14645014
Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2005 Jun;1043:327-42
16037255
Lipids. 2004 Feb;39(2):97-109
15134136
J Neurochem. 2006 Jun;97(5):1301-13
16638022
FEBS Lett. 2000 Apr 7;471(1):34-8
10760508
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2001 Jan;21(1):108-14
11145941
J Biol Chem. 2003 Aug 8;278(32):29661-6
12777373
J Clin Invest. 2000 Apr;105(8):1049-56
10772649
J Lipid Res. 2008 Nov;49(11):2302-11
18621920
Nat Med. 2007 Sep;13(9):1086-95
17721545
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2007 Jun;27(6):1346-53
17379837
J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007 Feb 20;49(7):772-7
17306706
Chem Phys Lipids. 2004 Mar;128(1-2):173-86
15037162
J Lipid Res. 2006 Sep;47(9):1967-74
16775254
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2006 Nov;26(11):2490-6
16931790
Chem Res Toxicol. 1999 Jan;12(1):83-92
9894022
J Biol Chem. 2003 Dec 26;278(52):52841-7
14557258
Physiol Rev. 2006 Jan;86(1):279-367
16371600
Arthritis Rheum. 2009 May;60(5):1362-71
19404946
Chem Phys Lipids. 2009 Mar;158(1):16-21
18983994
J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007 Aug 7;50(6):540-6
17678738
J Biol Chem. 2007 Oct 26;282(43):31460-8
17726017
Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2007;47:263-92
16970545
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997 Sep 16;94(19):10356-61
9294215
Free Radic Biol Med. 1990;9(2):155-68
2227530
J Biol Chem. 1992 Apr 15;267(11):7275-83
1559972
J Biol Chem. 2007 Jan 5;282(1):100-8
17090529
J Clin Invest. 1995 Feb;95(2):774-82
7860760
Circulation. 2004 Nov 16;110(20):3252-8
15533864
J Biol Chem. 2002 Apr 12;277(15):13029-36
11809750
Cell Metab. 2006 Sep;4(3):211-21
16950138
Lung. 2005 Mar-Apr;183(2):109-21
16026015
J Biol Chem. 2005 Jan 7;280(1):578-84
15513924
Free Radic Biol Med. 2008 Feb 1;44(3):299-314
18215738
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2000 Jun;20(6):1536-42
10845869
J Biol Chem. 2005 Jul 22;280(29):27244-50
15917255
J Agric Food Chem. 2008 Feb 27;56(4):1224-32
18247539
J Immunol. 2002 Apr 15;168(8):4112-20
11937571
J Biol Chem. 1991 Apr 25;266(12):7561-9
1902222
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2004 Sep;24(9):1676-81
15242861
J Biol Chem. 2003 Dec 19;278(51):51006-14
14523007
J Biol Chem. 2008 Jun 6;283(23):15527-31
18285328
Antioxid Redox Signal. 2009 Mar;11(3):407-20
18785817
Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006 May 15;173(10):1130-8
16514111
FEBS Lett. 2004 Aug 27;573(1-3):68-72
15327977
J Biol Chem. 1999 Jul 16;274(29):20271-80
10400646
J Neurochem. 2008 Dec;107(6):1614-33
19014376
Jpn J Pharmacol. 1994 Feb;64(2):71-8
8028232
Arthritis Rheum. 2005 Jan;52(1):192-200
15641060
Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2007 Apr;292(4):L924-35
17158600
J Biol Chem. 1996 Sep 20;271(38):23185-90
8798513
Nature. 2002 Sep 5;419(6902):77-81
12214235
Free Radic Biol Med. 2000 Jun 15;28(12):1771-9
10946219
J Biol Chem. 2004 Dec 17;279(51):53395-406
15465833
J Bone Miner Res. 2008 Oct;23(10):1672-9
18505371
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995 Jan 31;92(3):821-5
7846059
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Nov 15;89(22):10721-5
1438268
Physiol Rev. 2006 Apr;86(2):583-650
16601269
Circulation. 2002 Mar 5;105(9):1135-43
11877368
Biochemistry. 2006 Nov 28;45(47):14201-11
17115715
J Invest Dermatol. 2002 Jan;118(1):139-46
11851887
J Biol Chem. 2004 Jul 16;279(29):30092-8
15138270
Free Radic Biol Med. 1991;11(1):81-128
1937131
Circulation. 2009 Jun 16;119(23):3017-27
19487598
J Biol Chem. 1985 Feb 10;260(3):1909-16
3968089
Biochim Biophys Acta. 2000 May 31;1485(2-3):225-35
10832102
J Biol Chem. 2001 May 11;276(19):16015-23
11279149
Biochim Biophys Acta. 2000 Aug 24;1487(1):61-73
10962288
Circulation. 2004 Jun 29;109(25):3164-70
15184281
Circulation. 2003 Oct 28;108(17):2107-12
14530200
Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2007 Jul;8(7):519-29
17565364
J Biol Chem. 2008 May 2;283(18):12043-55
18263929
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2009 Mar;29(3):356-62
19112167
Vascul Pharmacol. 2002 Apr;38(4):201-9
12449016
J Biol Chem. 2004 Oct 1;279(40):42302-12
15292179
Curr Opin Lipidol. 2008 Jun;19(3):289-94
18460921
Curr Opin Lipidol. 2008 Aug;19(4):369-77
18607184
Cytokine. 2008 Aug;43(2):181-6
18579408
Circ Res. 2008 Jul 3;103(1):e1-9
18535259
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1998 Dec;18(12):1972-82
9848892
Diabetes. 2006 Nov;55(11):3099-103
17065348
Chem Res Toxicol. 2008 Oct;21(10):2051-60
18729328
Free Radic Biol Med. 2009 Jul 15;47(2):145-51
19375500
J Lipid Res. 2005 Jul;46(7):1353-63
15897601
J Clin Invest. 2001 Sep;108(6):785-91
11560944
Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2001 Oct;13(5):584-92
11544027
Circ Res. 2004 Oct 29;95(9):892-901
15472119
Cell Physiol Biochem. 2000;10(5-6):243-50
11125202
Trends Biochem Sci. 2000 Jan;25(1):19-23
10637608
J Lipid Res. 2009 May;50(5):957-65
19114730
Blood. 2008 Jul 15;112(2):330-9
18451308
Atherosclerosis. 1998 May;138(1):147-52
9678780
Biol Chem. 2006 Mar;387(3):311-7
16542153
J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006 May 2;47(9):1803-10
16682304
Arch Biochem Biophys. 1991 Aug 1;288(2):481-7
1654835
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2005 Jul;25(7):1426-32
15845909
J Clin Invest. 1997 Oct 15;100(8):2028-34
9329967
Biochem J. 2001 Apr 15;355(Pt 2):449-57
11284733
J Lipid Res. 2006 May;47(5):1054-62
16461778
J Clin Invest. 2000 Jun;105(12):1731-40
10862788
PLoS One. 2008 Jun 18;3(6):e2503
18560564
Biochemistry. 1981 Sep 1;20(18):5297-301
6794608
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Oct 1;99(20):13043-8
12244213
J Lipid Res. 2004 Jun;45(6):1061-8
15026426
J Lipid Res. 2007 Mar;48(3):709-15
17192422
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 Oct 12;96(21):12010-5
10518567
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2005 Mar;25(3):633-8
15591214
J Biol Chem. 2005 Jun 10;280(23):21763-72
15826936
Clin Exp Immunol. 2002 May;128(2):255-66
11985515
J Immunol. 2008 Sep 15;181(6):4347-53
18768893
J Lipid Res. 2009 Apr;50 Suppl:S255-9
18838739
J Lipid Res. 2005 Sep;46(9):1923-32
15995176
J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009 Jun 9;53(23):2186-96
19497447
J Biol Chem. 2005 Mar 25;280(12):11675-82
15661741
J Biol Chem. 2001 May 18;276(20):17030-5
11278958
Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2006 Feb;5(2):215-37
16465308