title: [A recommendable standard protocol of adult male circumcision with the Chinese Shang Ring: outcomes of 328 cases in China].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Standardization of and training in adult male circumcision can significantly reduce its complication rate. Currently no such program exists for its standardization and training, making it difficult to guarantee the quality of male circumcision services. We therefore established a standardized surgical protocol for adult male circumcision in China using the Shang Ring, and applied it to a clinical study examining the performance of the Shang Ring in adult male circumcision.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 328 adult men aged 18-58 (mean 27.8) years, 25 with phimosis and 303 with redundant prepuce, underwent circumcision with the Shang Ring, and evaluation of the operation time, pain scores (using the visual analog scale), postoperative complications, time for wound healing, and their satisfaction with the postoperative appearance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The operation time was 4.7 +/- 1.3 minutes. The pain scores were 0. 2 +/- 0.6 during the surgery, 1.6 +/- 1.0 twenty hours postoperatively, 1.7 +/- 1.1 twenty hours prior to the ring removal, and 2.7 +/- 1.4 during the ring removal. Complications included infection in 2 (0.6%), bleeding in 2 (0.6%), and wound dehiscence in 2 (0.6%) of the patients. None of the patients with wound dehiscence required postoperative suturing and all were managed conservatively instead. Sixteen of the patients (4.9%) experienced penile edema. The time for complete wound healing after circumcision was 20.3 +/- 6.7 days. The rate of the patients'satisfaction was 99.7% (327/328).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The standard protocol of adult male circumcision with the Shang Ring has the advantages of short operation time, slight pain, low rate of complications, and high satisfaction and acceptance of the patients. Strict standardization of the surgical protocol can maximize its clinical advantages for adult male circumcision.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Ningbo, Ningbo University School of Medicine, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, China. dongbaba2@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Yue
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Yi-Feng
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.forename: Yi-Dong
authors.initials: YD
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Long
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.forename: Nian-Qing
authors.initials: NQ
authors.lastname: Lü
authors.forename: Xin-Jun
authors.initials: XJ
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: Ze-Jun
authors.initials: ZJ
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: Jia-Sheng
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Howard H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Sokal
authors.forename: Philip S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002681:China; D002944:Circumcision, Male / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010688:Phimosis / Q000601:surgery*; D012015:Reference Standards; D055815:Young Adult