Expression of anoctamin 1/TMEM16A by interstitial cells of Cajal is fundamental for slow wave activity in gastrointestinal muscles.
Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) generate pacemaker activity (slow waves) in gastrointestinal (GI) smooth muscles, but the mechanism(s) of pacemaker activity are controversial. Several conductances, such as Ca(2+)-activated Cl() channels (CaCC) and non-selective cation channels (NSCC) have been suggested to be involved in slow wave depolarization. We investigated the expression and function of a new class of CaCC, anoctamin 1 (ANO1), encoded by Tmem16a, which was discovered to be highly expressed in ICC in a microarray screen. GI muscles express splice variants of the Tmem16a transcript in addition to other paralogues of the Tmem16a family. ANO1 protein is expressed abundantly and specifically in ICC in all regions of the murine, non-human primate (Macaca fascicularis) and human GI tracts. CaCC blocking drugs, niflumic acid and 4,4-diisothiocyano-2,2-stillbene-disulfonic acid (DIDS) reduced the frequency and blocked slow waves in murine, primate, human small intestine and stomach in a concentration-dependent manner. Unitary potentials, small stochastic membrane depolarizations thought to underlie slow waves, were insensitive to CaCC blockers. Slow waves failed to develop by birth in mice homozygous for a null allele of Tmem16a (Tmem16a(tm1Bdh)(/tm1Bdh)) and did not develop subsequent to birth in organ culture, as in wildtype and heterozygous muscles. Loss of function of ANO1 did not inhibit the development of ICC networks that appeared structurally normal as indicated by Kit antibodies. These data demonstrate the fundamental role of ANO1 in the generation of slow waves in GI ICC.
Hwang
Sung Jin
SJ
Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
Blair
Peter J A
PJ
Britton
Fiona C
FC
O'Driscoll
Kate E
KE
Hennig
Grant
G
Bayguinov
Yulia R
YR
Rock
Jason R
JR
Harfe
Brian D
BD
Sanders
Kenton M
KM
Ward
Sean M
SM
D017878:4,4'-Diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-Disulfonic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D000075369:Anoctamin-1; D018118:Chloride Channels; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005769:Gastrointestinal Motility / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D056885:Interstitial Cells of Cajal / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D008252:Macaca fascicularis; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D009544:Niflumic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D012313:RNA / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
C476213:ANO1 protein, human; D000075369:Anoctamin-1; D018118:Chloride Channels; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D009544:Niflumic Acid; D012313:RNA; D017878:4,4'-Diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-Disulfonic Acid
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