title: Activity profile and physical demands of football referees and assistant referees in international games.
abstract: Time-motion analyses and physiological measurements were performed to investigate the physiological demands of football referees (n = 15) and assistant referees (n = 15) in international games and to examine whether high-intensity running (HIR) correlates to the referees' ability to keep up with play. Total distance covered (10.27 +/- 0.90 vs. 6.76 +/- 0.83 km) and HIR (1.92 +/- 0.58 vs. 0.97 +/- 0.22 km) was higher (P < 0.05) for referees than assistant referees, while sprinting distance was not different. Referees covered 0.89 +/- 0.37 km by backwards running and assistant referees covered 1.54 +/- 0.66 km by sideways running. Mean heart rate was higher (P < 0.05) for referees than assistant referees (150 +/- 3 vs. 123 +/- 3 b.p.m.), whereas blood lactate was not different. Backwards/sideways running decreased (P < 0.05) from the first to the last 15-min period for referees (49%) and assistant referees (42%), whereas HIR was unaltered. HIR was inversely correlated with the five highest distances from infringements in both halves (r = -0.60 and -0.58, P < 0.05). In conclusion, international match officials carry out an important amount of HIR throughout games, while low-intensity and unorthodox running activities are reduced during games. Referees performing the most high-intensity work are better to keep up with play. The match activities differ significantly between referees and assistant referees, which should be considered in training and testing procedures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Section of Human Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. pkrustrup@ifi.ku.dk
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Krustrup
authors.forename: Werner
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Helsen
authors.forename: Morten B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Randers
authors.forename: Jesper F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: MacDonald
authors.forename: Antonio Natal
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Rebelo
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bangsbo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D054874:Athletic Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D001786:Blood Glucose; D006801:Humans; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000097:blood; D008875:Middle Aged; D018670:Monitoring, Ambulatory; D012916:Soccer; D013996:Time and Motion Studies
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D019344:Lactic Acid