title: Deleted in Malignant Brain Tumors 1 is up-regulated in bacterial endocarditis and binds to components of vegetations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Bacterial endocarditis is a frequent infectious cardiac disease, especially in patients with congenital or acquired heart defects. It is characterized by bacterial colonization of the heart valves and the appearance of vegetations consisting of fibrin, blood cells, and bacteria. The glycoprotein Deleted in Malignant Brain Tumors 1 is a scavenger receptor cysteine-rich protein with functions in innate immunity and epithelial differentiation. Because of the aggregating capacity of Deleted in Malignant Brain Tumors 1, we hypothesized that an up-regulation in bacterial endocarditis may be linked to the development of vegetations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Heart tissue of 19 patients with bacterial endocarditis and 10 controls without bacterial endocarditis was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. The effect of human recombinant Deleted in Malignant Brain Tumors 1 on erythrocyte aggregation was measured using an automated red blood cell aggregometer MA1. Binding of human recombinant Deleted in Malignant Brain Tumors 1 to erythrocyte membranes, platelets, fibrin, and fibrinogen was analyzed by Western blotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Deleted in Malignant Brain Tumors 1 expression was up-regulated in affected heart valves with bacterial endocarditis and limited to the colonizing bacteria on the heart valves and granulocyte-depleted fibrin/fibrinogen formations, and around localized atheromatosis. Patients with aggressive bacteria showed higher DMBT1 levels than patients with less aggressive bacteria. Human recombinant Deleted in Malignant Brain Tumors 1 aggregates erythrocytes and binds to erythrocyte membranes, platelets, and fibrin/fibrinogen.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Deleted in Malignant Brain Tumors 1 up-regulation at sites of bacterial endocarditis, its association with platelets and fibrin/fibrinogen, and its ability to aggregate erythrocytes through binding to their membranes indicate a potential role in the development of vegetations and thrombosis.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany. Mueller@vrc.uni-frankfurt.de
authors.forename: Hanna
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: Marcus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Renner
authors.forename: Burkhard M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Helmke
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: End
authors.forename: Christel
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Poeschl
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mollenhauer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001021:Aortic Valve / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D001419:Bacteria / Q000378:metabolism*; D001792:Blood Platelets / Q000378:metabolism*; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D004697:Endocarditis, Bacterial / Q000378:metabolism*; D004903:Erythrocyte Aggregation; D004910:Erythrocyte Membrane / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005337:Fibrin / Q000378:metabolism*; D005340:Fibrinogen / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008943:Mitral Valve / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000378:metabolism*; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D014261:Tricuspid Valve / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins; C108174:DMBT1 protein, human; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D005337:Fibrin; D005340:Fibrinogen