title: Bronchiolitis-associated encephalopathy in critically-ill infants: an underestimated complication?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the bronchiolitis-associated encephalopathy in critically ill infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  The records of infants with severe bronchiolitis admitted to our intensive care unit between 1991 and 2003 were reviewed. Subjects with underlying neurological disorders were excluded. Encephalopathy was defined as occurrence of seizures or at least two nonconvulsive neurologic manifestations. A semistructured telephone interview investigated long-term neurodevelopmental outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-one infants (11 newborns) were enrolled. All patients required oxygen supplementation and 14 required mechanical ventilation. Encephalopathy occurred in 10 infants, six of whom developed seizures. Encephalopathic infants frequently (six of nine) showed transient EEG abnormalities, and occasionally (one of nine) cranial ultrasound abnormalities. A positive respiratory syncytial virus test was found in five of nine encephalopathic infants. One encephalopathic patient died, while 20 infants clinically normalised before discharge and showed a good neurodevelopmental outcome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Acute encephalopathy was frequently observed in our patients with severe bronchiolitis. Long-term prognosis of encephalopathic infants was good.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics and Clinical Medicine, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy. r.antonucci@unica.it
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Antonucci
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chiappe
authors.forename: Annalisa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Porcella
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rosatelli
authors.forename: Vassilios
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Fanos
mesh_terms: D015982:Bias; D001921:Brain / Q000254:growth & development / Q000503:physiopathology; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D001988:Bronchiolitis / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology; D016638:Critical Illness / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007232:Infant, Newborn, Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D007363:Intensive Care Units, Neonatal / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D007902:Length of Stay; D018357:Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology