title: Inhibitory effects of lithospermic acid on proliferation and migration of rat vascular smooth muscle cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To understand the effects of lithospermic acid (LA), a potent antioxidant from the water-soluble extract of Salvia miltiorrhiza, on the migration and proliferation of rat thoracic aorta vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs).
  
  
  METHODS
  VSMC migration, proliferation, DNA synthesis and cell cycle progression were investigated by transwell migration analysis, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation assay, and flow cytometric detection, respectively. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was detected using 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA). The expression of cyclin D1 protein and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) protein, as well as the phosphorylation state of ERK1/2, were determined using Western blots. The activity of MMP-9 and the expression of MMP-9 mRNA were assessed by gelatin zymography analysis and RT-PCR, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  LA (25-100 micromol/L) inhibited both lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- and fetal bovine serum (FBS)-induced ROS generation and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. By down-regulating the expression of cyclin D(1) and arresting cell cycle progression at the G(1) phase, LA inhibited both VSMC proliferation and DNA synthesis as induced by 5% FBS. Furthermore, LA attenuated LPS-induced VSMC migration by inhibiting MMP-9 expression and its enzymatic activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LA is able to inhibit FBS-induced VSMC proliferation and LPS-induced VSMC migration, which suggests that LA may have therapeutic effects in the prevention of atherosclerosis, restenosis and neointimal hyperplasia.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of New Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Wen-yi
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Yi-ping
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001572:Benzofurans / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016213:Cyclins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D053630:Depsides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000187:drug effects; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000187:drug effects; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects*; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D001572:Benzofurans; D016213:Cyclins; D053630:Depsides; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C046833:lithospermic acid; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9
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