title: Ionization mechanism of the ambient pressure pyroelectric ion source (APPIS) and its applications to chemical nerve agent detection.
abstract: We present studies of the ionization mechanism operative in the ambient pressure pyroelectric ionization source (APPIS), along with applications that include detection of simulants for chemical nerve agents. It is found that ionization by APPIS occurs in the gas-phase. As the crystal is thermally cycled over a narrow temperature range, electrical discharges near the surface of the crystal produce energetic species which, through reactions with atmospheric molecules, result in reactant ions such as protonated water clusters or clusters of hydroxide and water. Reactant ions can be observed directly in the mass spectrometer. These go on to react with trace neutrals via proton transfer reactions to produce the ions observed in mass spectra, which are usually singly protonated or deprotonated species. Further implicating gas-phase ionization, observed product distributions are highly dependent on the composition of ambient gases, especially the concentration of water vapor and oxygen surrounding the source. For example, basic species such as triethylamine are observed as singly protonated cations at a water partial pressure of 10 torr. At a water pressure of 4 torr, reactive oxygen species are formed and lead to observation of protonated amine oxides. The ability of the APPIS source to detect basic molecules with high proton affinities makes it highly suited for the detection of chemical nerve agents. We demonstrate this application using simulants corresponding to VX and GA (Tabun). With the present source configuration pyridine is detected readily at a concentration of 4 ppm, indicating ultimate sensitivity in the high ppb range.
authors.affiliation: Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics and the Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA.
authors.forename: Evan L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Neidholdt
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Beauchamp
mesh_terms: D001274:Atmospheric Pressure; D002082:Butylamines / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D002619:Chemical Warfare Agents / Q000032:analysis*; D004563:Electrochemistry; D005740:Gases; D007477:Ions; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D008956:Models, Chemical; D008970:Molecular Weight; D010755:Organophosphates / Q000032:analysis*; D009946:Organothiophosphorus Compounds / Q000032:analysis; D010100:Oxygen / Q000737:chemistry; D044367:Phase Transition; D055585:Physical Phenomena; D011522:Protons; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D013696:Temperature; D014835:Volatilization; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D002082:Butylamines; D002619:Chemical Warfare Agents; D005740:Gases; D007477:Ions; D010755:Organophosphates; D009946:Organothiophosphorus Compounds; D010100:Oxygen; D011522:Protons; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds; D014867:Water; C496745:2-(butylamino)ethanethiol; C009680:VX-agent; C009374:tabun
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