title: Neuroendocrine cancer-specific up-regulating mechanism of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-2 in small cell lung cancer.
abstract: Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) exhibits insulin-like growth factor-dependent growth. SCLC is the most aggressive among known in vivo lung cancers, whereas in vitro growth of SCLC is paradoxically slow as compared with that of non-SCLC (NSCLC). In this study, we demonstrate that SCLC cells overexpress insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP)-2 via NeuroD, a neuroendocrine cell-specific transcription factor. Chromatin immunoprecipitation, electrophoretic mobility shift, and IGFBP-2 promoter assays all revealed that NeuroD binds to the E-box in the 5'-untranslated region of IGFBP-2. A NeuroD transgene in both airway epithelial and NSCLC cells up-regulated the transcription of IGFBP-2 and retarded cell growth. Recombinant IGFBP-2 repressed the growth of both airway epithelial and NSCLC cells in a dose-dependent manner. A NeuroD-specific small interfering RNA repressed IGFBP-2 expression in SCLC, and neutralization of IGFBP-2 and an IGFBP-2-specific small interfering RNA increased SCLC cell growth. Pathological samples of SCLC also expressed IGFBP-2 abundantly, as compared with NSCLC, and showed only rare (8%) IGFBP-2 promoter methylation, whereas the IGFBP-2 promoter was methylated in 71% of adenocarcinomas and 29% of squamous cell carcinomas. These findings suggest that 1) SCLC has an IGFBP-2 overexpression mechanism distinct from NSCLC, 2) secreted IGFBP-2 contributes to the slow growth of SCLC in vitro, and 3) the epigenetic alterations in the IGFBP-2 promoter contribute to the striking differences in IGFBP-2 expression between SCLC and NSCLC in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan. tkyazawa@med.yokohama-cu.ac.jp
authors.forename: Takuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yazawa
authors.forename: Hanako
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Hiroaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shimoyamada
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Okudela
authors.forename: Tetsukan
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Woo
authors.forename: Michihiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tajiri
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ogura
authors.forename: Nobuo
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ogawa
authors.forename: Takehisa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Hideaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mitsui
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ishii
authors.forename: Chie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Miyata
authors.forename: Masashi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sakaeda
authors.forename: Kazuya
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Goto
authors.forename: Korehito
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kashiwagi
authors.forename: Munetaka
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Masuda
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kitamura
mesh_terms: D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D002461:Cell Line, Transformed; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D019175:DNA Methylation; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000378:metabolism; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D018971:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D008168:Lung / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D009490:Neurosecretory Systems / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D055752:Small Cell Lung Carcinoma / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D014162:Transfection; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D018971:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 2; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; C093564:Neurogenic differentiation factor 1
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