title: Frailty and 10-year mortality in community-living Mexican American older adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The older Hispanic population of the United States is growing rapidly. Hispanic older adults have relatively high-risk profiles for increased morbidity and disability, yet little is known about how the construct of frailty is related to health trajectories in this population.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between frailty and 10-year mortality in older community-dwelling Mexican Americans.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were from the Hispanic Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly and included 1,996 Mexican Americans, aged 65 and older, living in the southwestern US. Primary measures included mortality and a 5-item frailty index comprised of weight loss, exhaustion, walking speed, grip strength, and physical activity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean baseline age was 74.5 years (SD 6.1) and 58.5% were women. Baseline frailty assessments yielded the following distribution: 44.9% non-frail, 47.3% pre-frail, and 7.8% frail. Overall, 892 (44.7%) participants died during the 10-year study period. Hazard ratios (HR), adjusted for sociodemographic, health, and medical factors, demonstrated increased odds for mortality in the pre-frail (HR = 1.25, 95% confidence interval, CI(95%), 1.07-1.46) and frail (HR = 1.81, CI(95%) 1.41-2.31) groups compared to the non-frail cohort.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The 5-item frailty index differentiated odds of 10-year mortality in older community-dwelling Mexican Americans. This clinical index has the potential to identify older minorities at risk for poor health outcomes and mortality.
authors.affiliation: Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA. jegraham@utmb.edu
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.forename: Soham Al
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Snih
authors.forename: Ivonne M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Berges
authors.forename: Laura A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Ray
authors.forename: Kyriakos S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Markides
authors.forename: Kenneth J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Ottenbacher
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000208:ethnology*; D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000401:mortality*; D005221:Fatigue / Q000208:ethnology / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D016330:Frail Elderly / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D018737:Hand Strength; D016852:Housing for the Elderly; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017058:Mexican Americans / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009043:Motor Activity; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012307:Risk Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016138:Walking; D015431:Weight Loss
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