title: Effects of sedative and nonsedative antihistamines on prefrontal activity during verbal fluency task in young children: a near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Antagonists of histamine H(1) receptors (antihistamines) are widely used for the treatment of allergic disorders in children. These drugs' sedative effect on brain function, however, has been mostly examined in adults.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to examine the effects of anitihistamines on prefrontal cortex activity in young children using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), a novel brain-imaging method.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 15 healthy children (mean age, 7.7 years), we examined changes of oxygenated hemoglobin concentration in the prefrontal cortex while they performed a verbal fluency task 3 h after taking a sedating antihistamine (ketotifen), nonsedating antihistamine (epinastine), or placebo.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ketotifen significantly impaired behavioral performance and cortical activation at the lateral prefrontal cortex compared with placebo. There were no sedative effects on neural response or behavioral performance after epinastine administration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NIRS revealed that sedating and nonsedating antihistamines exert differential effects on brain hemodynamic response in young children.
authors.affiliation: Center for Advanced Research on Logic and Sensibility, Keio University, Mita 3-1-7, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-0073, Japan. tuji@flet.keio.ac.jp
authors.forename: Takeo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tsujii
authors.forename: Sayako
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Masuda
authors.forename: Eriko
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: Takayuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ohira
authors.forename: Takekazu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Akiyama
authors.forename: Takao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Shigeru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Watanabe
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002648:Child; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003984:Dibenzazepines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism; D006634:Histamine H1 Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007665:Ketotifen / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007807:Language Tests; D008297:Male; D010108:Oxyhemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared / Q000379:methods; D014705:Verbal Behavior / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D003984:Dibenzazepines; D006454:Hemoglobins; D006634:Histamine H1 Antagonists; D007093:Imidazoles; D010108:Oxyhemoglobins; C100003:deoxyhemoglobin; C053090:epinastine; D007665:Ketotifen
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