title: Viral etiology of acute respiratory infections among Iranian Hajj pilgrims, 2006.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Every year more than 2 million pilgrims from different countries in the world including Iran participate in the annual Hajj in Saudi Arabia. Respiratory diseases have been the most common cause of illnesses among Iranian pilgrims.
  
  
  METHODS
  Direct fluorescent staining and viral culture were performed on nasal wash specimens of Iranian Hajj pilgrims with symptoms of acute respiratory tract infections at Shiraz (a city in southern Iran) airport on return from the Hajj during December 2006 to January 2007. They were screened for influenza A and B, parainfluenza 1 to 3, adenovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) by viral culture and immunofluorecent staining. Rhinovirus and enterovirus were diagnosed based on reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The patients aged between 19 and 82 years (mean: 52.4 years) consisting of 135 females and 120 males. Cough in 213(83.5%) and sore throat in 209 (82%) were the most common symptoms. Eighty-three patients (32.5%) had viral pathogens: influenza in 25 (9.8%), parainfluenza in 19 (7.4%), rhinovirus in 15 (5.9%), adenovirus in14 (5.4%), enterovirus in 5 (2%), and RSV in 4 (1.6%) and coinfection with two viruses in 1 patient (0.4%). Influenza virus was identified more in unvaccinated than in vaccinated pilgrims (16.5% vs. 9.2%) but statistically insignificant (p= 0.19).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  According to the results, each of the above-mentioned viruses played a role in the development of respiratory diseases among Iranian pilgrims, with influenza virus as the commonest one. Because influenza vaccine could not prevent respiratory infections in Hajj pilgrims statistically, the possibility of the appearance of new drift variants not included in vaccine and also inappropriate vaccine handling and storage might be considered. So it is also advisable to check if the circulating influenza strains were different from the vaccine strains.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Nemazi Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz Fars 7193711351, Shiraz, Iran. alborziiraj2004@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Abdolvahab
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alborzi
authors.forename: Mohammad Hasan
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Aelami
authors.forename: Mazyar
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ziyaeyan
authors.forename: Marzieh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jamalidoust
authors.forename: Mahsa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moeini
authors.forename: Bahman
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pourabbas
authors.forename: Amin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Abbasian
mesh_terms: D000256:Adenoviridae / Q000302:isolation & purification; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D006801:Humans; D009980:Influenza A virus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D007492:Iran / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000821:virology; D018184:Paramyxoviridae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology; D012136:Respiratory Syncytial Viruses / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000145:classification / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012529:Saudi Arabia / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014195:Travel; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000145:classification* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D055815:Young Adult