title: Pre-medication and renal pre-conditioning: a role for alprazolam, atropine, morphine and promethazine.
abstract: Four pre-medication drugs are used to relieve pain, allay anxiety, reduce secretion and enhance hypnosis, were evaluated for their effects on ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury which is one of the major complications of vascular and transplantation surgery. Right kidney was removed from female rats (210-250 g) 3 weeks before surgical procedure. Different doses of morphine (0.5, 2 and 5 mg/kg), promethazine (1, 2 and 5 mg/kg), atropine (0.1, 0.3 and 0.5 mg/kg) and alprazolam (0.08, 0.32 and 0.64 mg/kg) were administered subcutaneously 30 min before left renal artery occlusion and 6 h reperfusion. Left kidneys were processed for histological evaluations. Creatinine and BUN were measured in serum samples. Morphine, promethazine, atropine and alprazolam at all evaluated doses significantly decreased serum creatinine and BUN levels and histopathological scores. The effects of promethazine (1 mg/kg) and all doses of alprazolam were more potent than other pre-medication drugs and doses. This study suggested a protective effect of these pre-medication drugs on I/R injury. Although obvious studies are required, these findings may lead to effective therapies against I/R injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. pazoki49@gmail.com <pazoki49@gmail.com>
authors.forename: Hamid Reza
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Pazoki-Toroudi
authors.forename: Marjan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ajami
authors.forename: Rouhollah
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Habibey
mesh_terms: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D000525:Alprazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D001285:Atropine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006634:Histamine H1 Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D019194:Ischemic Preconditioning / Q000379:methods*; D007668:Kidney / Q000098:blood supply / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D011292:Premedication / Q000379:methods*; D011398:Promethazine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D006634:Histamine H1 Antagonists; D009020:Morphine; D001285:Atropine; D011398:Promethazine; D000525:Alprazolam