title: Measurement of speech effort during fluency-inducing conditions in adults who do and do not stutter.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effects of 4 fluency-inducing (FI) conditions on self-rated speech effort and other variables in adults who stutter and in normally fluent controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve adults with persistent stuttering and 12 adults who had never stuttered each completed 4 ABA-format experiments. During A phases, participants read aloud normally. During each B phase, they read aloud in 1 of 4 FI conditions: auditory masking, chorus reading, whispering, and rhythmic speech. Dependent variables included self-judged speech effort and observer-judged stuttering frequency, speech rate, and speech naturalness.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the persons who stuttered, FI conditions reduced stuttering and speech effort, but only for chorus reading were these improvements obtained without diminishing speech naturalness or speaking rate. By contrast, speech effort increased during all FI conditions for adults who did not stutter.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Self-rated speech effort differentiated the effects of 4 FI conditions on speech performance for adults who stuttered, with chorus reading best approximating normally fluent speech. More generally, self-ratings of speech effort appeared to constitute an independent, reliable, and validly interpretable dimension of fluency that may be useful in the measurement and treatment of stuttering.
authors.affiliation: Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA. rjingham@speech.ucsb.edu
authors.forename: Roger J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Ingham
authors.forename: Anne K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Bothe
authors.forename: Erin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jang
authors.forename: Lauren
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yates
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cotton
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Seybold
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010470:Perceptual Masking / Q000502:physiology; D011932:Reading; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013060:Speech / Q000502:physiology*; D013070:Speech Therapy; D013342:Stuttering / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D055815:Young Adult
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