title: Continuously infusing hyperpolarized 129Xe into flowing aqueous solutions using hydrophobic gas exchange membranes.
abstract: Hyperpolarized (HP) (129)Xe yields high signal intensities in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and, through its large chemical shift range of approximately 300 ppm, provides detailed information about the local chemical environment. To exploit these properties in aqueous solutions and living tissues requires the development of methods for efficiently dissolving HP (129)Xe over an extended time period. To this end, we have used commercially available gas exchange modules to continuously infuse concentrated HP (129)Xe into flowing liquids, including rat whole blood, for periods as long as one hour and have demonstrated the feasibility of dissolved-phase MR imaging with submillimeter resolution within minutes. These modules, which exchange gases using hydrophobic microporous polymer membranes, are compatible with a variety of liquids and are suitable for infusing HP (129)Xe into the bloodstream in vivo. Additionally, we have developed a detailed mathematical model of the infused HP (129)Xe signal dynamics that should be useful in designing improved infusion systems that yield even higher dissolved HP (129)Xe signal intensities.
authors.affiliation: Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Zackary I
authors.initials: ZI
authors.lastname: Cleveland
authors.forename: Harald E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Möller
authors.forename: Laurence W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Hedlund
authors.forename: Bastiaan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Driehuys
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008280:Magnetics; D008297:Male; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D051381:Rats; D012996:Solutions; D013997:Time Factors; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D014978:Xenon / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D012996:Solutions; D014867:Water; D014978:Xenon
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 Mar 30;96(7):3664-9
references.pmid: 10097094
references.citation: J Magn Reson. 2000 Aug;145(2):302-6
references.pmid: 10910698
references.citation: J Am Chem Soc. 2003 Oct 29;125(43):13298-302
references.pmid: 14570507
references.citation: Radiology. 2009 Aug;252(2):386-93
references.pmid: 19703880
references.citation: J Magn Reson. 2002 Apr;155(2):157-216
references.pmid: 12036331
references.citation: Phys Rev Lett. 1999 Oct 18;83(16):3324-7
references.pmid: 11543587
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 Sep 11;98(19):10654-7
references.pmid: 11535830
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996 Nov 12;93(23):12932-6
references.pmid: 8917521
references.citation: Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2005 Dec 16;45(1):70-3
references.pmid: 16311999
references.citation: Chemphyschem. 2007 Oct 8;8(14):2082-5
references.pmid: 17712828
references.citation: Magn Reson Med. 1999 May;41(5):1058-64
references.pmid: 10332890
references.citation: Magn Reson Med. 2002 Jun;47(6):1029-51
references.pmid: 12111949
references.citation: Magn Reson Imaging. 2005 Feb;23(2):329-31
references.pmid: 15833638
references.citation: J Am Chem Soc. 2007 Feb 14;129(6):1784-92
references.pmid: 17243679
references.citation: J Magn Reson. 1998 Dec;135(2):478-86
references.pmid: 9878475
references.citation: NMR Biomed. 2000 Jun;13(4):234-7
references.pmid: 10867702
references.citation: J Am Chem Soc. 2004 Dec 8;126(48):15738-46
references.pmid: 15571396
references.citation: J Magn Reson. 1998 Nov;135(1):133-43
references.pmid: 9799687
references.citation: Phys Rev A Gen Phys. 1988 Apr 15;37(8):2877-2885
references.pmid: 9900016
references.citation: J Am Chem Soc. 2009 Jan 21;131(2):563-9
references.pmid: 19140795
references.citation: Anal Chem. 2005 Jul 1;77(13):4008-12
references.pmid: 15987104
references.citation: Magn Reson Med. 2008 Jul;60(1):14-20
references.pmid: 18581406
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Nov 28;103(48):18278-83
references.pmid: 17101964
references.citation: Chemphyschem. 2002 Sep 16;3(9):812-4
references.pmid: 12436911
references.citation: Science. 2006 Oct 20;314(5798):446-9
references.pmid: 17053143
references.citation: J Pharm Sci. 1964 Jul;53:822-4
references.pmid: 14209489
references.citation: Magn Reson Med. 2000 Apr;43(4):491-6
references.pmid: 10748422
references.citation: Protein Sci. 2005 Apr;14(4):848-55
references.pmid: 15741343
references.citation: Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2006 Nov 6;45(43):7282-4
references.pmid: 17013968
references.citation: Magn Reson Med. 2004 Apr;51(4):676-87
references.pmid: 15065239
references.citation: Int Anesthesiol Clin. 1996 Spring;34(2):29-45
references.pmid: 8799744
references.citation: Perfusion. 2001 Jan;16(1):75-81
references.pmid: 11192311
references.citation: Magn Reson Med. 1997 Nov;38(5):695-8
references.pmid: 9358441
references.citation: Undersea Biomed Res. 1980 Dec;7(4):277-96
references.pmid: 6262972
references.citation: Magn Reson Med. 2000 Sep;44(3):349-57
references.pmid: 10975884
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Sep 21;101(38):13715-9
references.pmid: 15361579
references.citation: Magn Reson Med. 2005 Mar;53(3):528-34
references.pmid: 15723409
references.citation: J Phys Condens Matter. 2002 Apr 8;14(13):L297-304
references.pmid: 12741395
references.citation: J Am Chem Soc. 2006 Oct 11;128(40):13274-83
references.pmid: 17017809