title: Conserved globulin gene across eight grass genomes identify fundamental units of the loci encoding seed storage proteins.
abstract: The wheat high molecular weight (HMW) glutenins are important seed storage proteins that determine bread-making quality in hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum). In this study, detailed comparative sequence analyses of large orthologous HMW glutenin genomic regions from eight grass species, representing a wide evolutionary history of grass genomes, reveal a number of lineage-specific sequence changes. These lineage-specific changes, which resulted in duplications, insertions, and deletions of genes, are the major forces disrupting gene colinearity among grass genomes. Our results indicate that the presence of the HMW glutenin gene in Triticeae genomes was caused by lineage-specific duplication of a globulin gene. This tandem duplication event is shared by Brachypodium and Triticeae genomes, but is absent in rice, maize, and sorghum, suggesting the duplication occurred after Brachypodium and Triticeae genomes diverged from the other grasses ~35 Ma ago. Aside from their physical location in tandem, the sequence similarity, expression pattern, and conserved cis-acting elements responsible for endosperm-specific expression further support the paralogous relationship between the HMW glutenin and globulin genes. While the duplicated copy in Brachypodium has apparently become nonfunctional, the duplicated copy in wheat has evolved to become the HMW glutenin gene by gaining a central prolamin repetitive domain.
authors.affiliation: Western Regional Research Center, United States Department of Agricultural-Agricultural Research Service, Albany, CA 94710, USA. yong.gu@ars.usda.gov
authors.forename: Yong Qiang
authors.initials: YQ
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.forename: Humphrey
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wanjugi
authors.forename: Devin
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Coleman-Derr
authors.forename: Xiuying
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Kong
authors.forename: Olin D
authors.initials: OD
authors.lastname: Anderson
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001483:Base Sequence; D017124:Conserved Sequence; D021901:DNA, Intergenic / Q000235:genetics; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D017343:Genes, Plant / Q000235:genetics*; D056426:Genetic Loci / Q000235:genetics*; D005916:Globulins / Q000235:genetics*; D005983:Glutens / Q000737:chemistry; D008957:Models, Genetic; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D008970:Molecular Weight; D006109:Poaceae / Q000235:genetics*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D055314:Seed Storage Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D012689:Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
chemical_list: D021901:DNA, Intergenic; D005916:Globulins; D055314:Seed Storage Proteins; D005983:Glutens; C037302:glutenin
references.citation: Science. 2000 Nov 10;290(5494):1151-5
references.pmid: 11073452
references.citation: Plant Physiol. 2001 Mar;125(3):1198-205
references.pmid: 11244101
references.citation: Nature. 2009 Jan 29;457(7229):551-6
references.pmid: 19189423
references.citation: Funct Integr Genomics. 2003 Mar;3(1-2):56-68
references.pmid: 12590343
references.citation: Genome. 2003 Dec;46(6):1084-97
references.pmid: 14663527
references.citation: Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10A):1924-31
references.pmid: 15466290
references.citation: Plant Cell. 2003 May;15(5):1186-97
references.pmid: 12724543
references.citation: BMC Plant Biol. 2009 Jul 13;9:88
references.pmid: 19594938
references.citation: Plant J. 2007 Aug;51(4):631-41
references.pmid: 17573804
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Sep 23;105(38):14330-5
references.pmid: 18794528
references.citation: Curr Opin Plant Biol. 2005 Apr;8(2):122-8
references.pmid: 15752990
references.citation: Genome. 2009 Aug;52(8):726-40
references.pmid: 19767902
references.citation: Nat Struct Biol. 1998 Jun;5(6):484-91
references.pmid: 9628487
references.citation: Mol Genet Genomics. 2008 Dec;280(6):467-81
references.pmid: 18830712
references.citation: Genome. 1999 Dec;42(6):1176-82
references.pmid: 10659785
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Dec 27;102(52):19243-8
references.pmid: 16357197
references.citation: Plant J. 2007 Feb;49(4):704-17
references.pmid: 17270010
references.citation: Gene. 1995 Dec 29;167(1-2):GC1-10
references.pmid: 8566757
references.citation: Funct Integr Genomics. 2002 May;2(1-2):70-80
references.pmid: 12021852
references.citation: Theor Appl Genet. 2003 Jun;107(1):74-83
references.pmid: 12835934
references.citation: Nature. 2008 Apr 24;452(7190):991-6
references.pmid: 18432245
references.citation: J Exp Bot. 2002 Apr;53(370):947-58
references.pmid: 11912237
references.citation: Biochem J. 1990 Apr 1;267(1):1-12
references.pmid: 2183790
references.citation: Plant Cell. 2005 Apr;17(4):1033-45
references.pmid: 15749759
references.citation: Gene. 1996 May 8;170(2):223-6
references.pmid: 8666249
references.citation: Plant Mol Biol. 2009 May;70(1-2):47-61
references.pmid: 19184460
references.citation: Plant Cell. 1998 May;10(5):765-79
references.pmid: 9596635
references.citation: Plant Physiol. 2004 May;135(1):459-70
references.pmid: 15122014
references.citation: Genetics. 2004 Oct;168(2):595-608
references.pmid: 15514038
references.citation: Plant J. 2006 Nov;48(3):463-74
references.pmid: 17010109
references.citation: Genetics. 2006 Nov;174(3):1493-504
references.pmid: 17028342
references.citation: Plant J. 1993 Aug;4(2):343-55
references.pmid: 8220485
references.citation: EMBO J. 1993 Feb;12(2):545-54
references.pmid: 8440244
references.citation: Theor Appl Genet. 1989 May;77(5):689-700
references.pmid: 24232803
references.citation: Mol Biol Evol. 2004 Feb;21(2):236-9
references.pmid: 14595094
references.citation: Genome. 2009 Jun;52(6):576-87
references.pmid: 19483776
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 1997 Sep 1;25(17):3389-402
references.pmid: 9254694
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Jul 15;105(28):9691-6
references.pmid: 18599450
references.citation: Theor Appl Genet. 1994 Aug;88(6-7):759-63
references.pmid: 24186174
references.citation: Genome. 1999 Apr;42(2):296-307
references.pmid: 10231962
references.citation: Plant Mol Biol. 2004 Jan;54(1):55-69
references.pmid: 15159634
references.citation: Genome Res. 2005 Apr;15(4):526-36
references.pmid: 15805493
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Jun 11;99(12):8133-8
references.pmid: 12060759
references.citation: Plant Physiol. 2008 Jan;146(1):200-12
references.pmid: 18024553
references.citation: Nature. 2005 Aug 11;436(7052):793-800
references.pmid: 16100779