title: Heroin overdose deaths and heroin purity between 1990 and 2000 in Istanbul, Turkey*.
abstract: Turkey has continuously experienced problems with abuse of, and addiction to, opium derivatives. In this study, we analyzed the relationship between heroin overdose deaths and the characteristics of seized opium derivatives. Data were gathered from the Council of Forensic Medicine of the Ministry of Justice in Istanbul from 1990 to 2000. There were 636 heroin-related deaths during this period, 595 of which were classified as heroin overdose deaths. Mean crude and weighted heroin purities remained relatively constant and were calculated to be 46% (57-34%) and 51% (39-59%), respectively. The weight of heroin and the number of heroin seizures, but not the heroin purity, were significantly associated with the number of heroin-related deaths. Prevention strategies are needed to reduce the number of deaths caused by overdoses in countries situated on drug trafficking routes. These strategies should focus on drug trafficking, by providing increased levels of, and support for, law enforcement, stopping the supply of precursor chemicals, and combating corruption among border officials.
authors.affiliation: GOP University-Forensic Medicine Department, Gaziosmanpasa University, Tip Fakultesi, Adli Tip AD, Tokat 60100, Turkey. sadik_toprak@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Sadik
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Toprak
authors.forename: Ilhan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Cetin
mesh_terms: D062787:Drug Overdose; D005260:Female; D053593:Forensic Toxicology; D003932:Heroin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000506:poisoning*; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000506:poisoning*; D008297:Male; D009294:Narcotics / Q000737:chemistry / Q000506:poisoning*; D011041:Poisoning / Q000401:mortality; D012042:Registries; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014421:Turkey
chemical_list: D013287:Illicit Drugs; D009294:Narcotics; D003932:Heroin