title: Electrical properties of prostatic tissues: I. Single frequency admittivity properties.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Electrical properties of the prostate may provide sufficient contrast for distinguishing malignant and benign formations in the gland. We evaluated how well these electrical properties discriminate cancer from noncancer tissues in the prostate.
  
  
  METHODS
  Electrical admittivity (conductivity and permittivity) was recorded at 31 discrete frequencies of 0.1 to 100 kHz from each of 50 ex vivo human prostates. A specifically designed admittivity probe was used to gauge these electrical properties from sectioned prostate specimens. The specific tissue area probed was marked to provide precise colocalization between tissue histological assessment and recorded admittivity spectra.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adenocarcinoma, benign prostatic hyperplasia, nonhyperplastic glandular tissue and stromal tissue were the primary tissue types probed. Mean cancer conductivity was significantly less than that of glandular and stromal tissues at all frequencies (p <0.05), while mean cancer permittivity was significantly greater than that of all benign tissues at 100 kHz (p <0.0001). ROC curves showed that permittivity at 100 kHz was optimal for discriminating cancer from all benign tissues. This parameter had 77% specificity at 70% sensitivity and an ROC AUC of 0.798.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The contrast in electrical admittivity properties of different prostate tissues shows promise for distinguishing cancer from benign tissues. Sensitivity and specificity exceed those reported for current prostate specific antigen screening practices at low prostate specific antigen, making this an attractive addition to the clinical armamentarium for identifying prostate cancer.
authors.affiliation: Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA. ryan.halter@dartmouth.edu
authors.forename: Ryan J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Halter
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schned
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Heaney
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hartov
authors.forename: Keith D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Paulsen
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D017097:Electric Impedance; D055724:Electrophysiological Phenomena; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D011467:Prostate / Q000502:physiology*; D011470:Prostatic Hyperplasia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*
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