title: Effect of 980-nm diode laser and 1064-nm Nd:YAG laser on the intervertebral disc--in vitro and in vivo studies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our aim was to histologically evaluate the thermal changes in bovine intervertebral discs caused by 980-nm diode and 1064-nm Nd:YAG lasers. Further aims were to standardize the technique for in vivo animal research and to study its efficacy for clinical practice.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  When conservative methods fail, surgery has so far been the only measure for severe back pain due to disc prolapse and herniation. Recently, the minimally invasive technique of laser disc decompression has become more popular because it has advantages over open surgery in properly selected cases.
  
  
  METHODS
  In vitro studies were done with Nd:YAG and diode lasers (1064 and 980 nm, respectively) on bovine intervertebral discs using a bare fiber tip or a focusing lens attached to a fiber tip. These studies were followed by in vivo studies in a canine model using a Nd:YAG laser with a bare fiber tip. Autopsies were done immediately and at 3, 6, 9, and 12 mo after ablation and the histopathology of excised discs was evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Depending upon the depth of ablation and the intensity of charring and carbonization, a standardized energy density and pulse duration were identified.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nd:YAG laser with initial delivery of 40-W laser power and a reduced power of 10-15 W thereafter, delivering a total energy density of 1500-2000 J/cm(2) using a bare fiber tip, is recommended for clinical applications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Imaging Sciences & Interventional Radiology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences & Technology, Trivandrum, Kerala, India. jayashreemenon@gmail.com
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Jayasree
authors.forename: Arun Kumar
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Narendra K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Bodhey
authors.forename: Mira
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mohanty
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D004285:Dogs; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000473:pathology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D007405:Intervertebral Disc Displacement / Q000601:surgery; D053685:Laser Therapy; D054023:Lasers, Semiconductor; D053844:Lasers, Solid-State; D023421:Models, Animal