title: Fungus ball of the paranasal sinuses: experience in 160 patients treated with endoscopic surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Herein we present our experience in the management of fungus ball (FB) of the paranasal sinuses. Preoperative imaging strategy and findings, surgical technique, and pathologic and microbiologic results are discussed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective chart review of patients with FB of the paranasal sinuses who underwent endoscopic surgery at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology of the University of Brescia, Italy.
  
  
  METHODS
  From January 1990 to December 2006, 160 patients with sinonasal fungus ball were treated with a purely endoscopic approach. All patients underwent preoperative computed tomography (CT) and/or magnetic resonance (MR) imaging; an endo-oral dental x-ray or orthopantomography and odontological evaluation were also performed in patients with maxillary sinus localization. All removed material was sent for pathologic and microbiologic evaluation. All patients were prospectively followed with endoscopic control every 2 months during the first postoperative year and subsequently every 6 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The patient cohort included 118 females and 42 males, with an age from 19 to 85 years (mean, 52.7 years). FB was located in the maxillary sinus in 135 (84.4%) patients; in two cases both sinuses were affected. Sphenoid and ethmoid involvement was observed in 23 (14.4%) and 1 (0.6%) patients, respectively. Simultaneous ethmoid and sphenoid involvement was found in one (0.6%) case. In all patients complete removal of fungal debris was obtained through wide sinusotomy. No recurrence was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endoscopic surgery is a safe and effective treatment for paranasal sinuses FB. A proper imaging study by MR and/or CT can address diagnosis, which is based upon detection of fungal hyphae at histology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
authors.forename: Piero
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nicolai
authors.forename: Davide
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lombardi
authors.forename: Davide
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tomenzoli
authors.forename: Andrea Bolzoni
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Villaret
authors.forename: Michela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Piccioni
authors.forename: Magda
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mensi
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Maroldi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004724:Endoscopy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009181:Mycoses / Q000601:surgery*; D010254:Paranasal Sinus Diseases / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000601:surgery*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000601:surgery*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult