title: Effect of a second, booster, influenza vaccination on antibody responses in quiescent systemic lupus erythematosus: an open, prospective, controlled study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In SLE, a decreased antibody response on influenza vaccination has been reported. In this study, we assessed whether a booster vaccination could improve antibody responses, as determined by seroprotection rates, in SLE patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  SLE patients (n = 52) with quiescent disease (SLEDAI < or =4) and healthy controls (HCs) (n = 28) received subunit influenza vaccine in October-December 2007. After 4 weeks, only SLE patients received a second dose of vaccination. Sera were obtained before both vaccinations, and 4 weeks after the second vaccination. At each visit, SLE disease activity was recorded. The haemagglutination inhibition test was used to measure antibody titres. Seroprotection was defined as a titre > or =40.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Following the first vaccination, seroprotection rates and geometric mean titres (GMTs) to each vaccine strain increased in both SLE patients and controls to comparable levels. Seroprotection rates in SLE patients after the first vaccination were 86.5% to A/H1N1, 80.8% to A/H3N2 and 61.5% to the B-strain while GMTs were 92.6, 56.2 and 39.2, respectively. Overall, the booster vaccination did not lead to a further rise of seroprotection rates and GMTs in SLE patients. However, in patients not vaccinated in the previous year, GMT and seroconversion rate to A/H1N1 did rise following the booster vaccination. Both influenza vaccinations did not increase SLEDAI scores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Additional value of a booster influenza vaccination in SLE is limited to patients who were not vaccinated in the previous year.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands. b.holvast@int.umcg.nl
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Holvast
authors.forename: Sander
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: van Assen
authors.forename: Aalzen
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: de Haan
authors.forename: Anke
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Huckriede
authors.forename: Cornelis A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Benne
authors.forename: Johanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Westra
authors.forename: Abraham
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Palache
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wilschut
authors.forename: Cees G M
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Kallenberg
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bijl
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007117:Immunization, Secondary; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000517:prevention & control; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009975:Orthomyxoviridae / Q000276:immunology*; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D007252:Influenza Vaccines