title: Review of the windmill pitch: biomechanics and injuries.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the literature of the biomechanics of the windmill fast-pitch and its implications for injury. This information may be utilized in treating youth windmill pitchers.
  
  
  METHODS
  A MEDLINE search was conducted to retrieve articles regarding the windmill pitch. Key terms were then taken from the pilot search and used to conduct a systematic search and review of the literature.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Articles containing information on the windmill pitch and injuries associated with the motion were reviewed. Additional information pertaining to the overhand baseball pitch and overuse injuries in youth were analyzed and synthesized into the body of information.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A complex sequence of actions is required to successfully perform the windmill pitch. Overuse injuries are common in windmill pitchers. A well-designed conditioning schedule and the regulation of the frequency and volume of pitching in youth fast-pitch may assist with managing injury associated with this activity. Further investigation of specific treatment methods is needed.
authors.forename: Faith M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Doyle
references.citation: Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001 Nov;33(11):1803-10
references.pmid: 11689728
references.citation: Am J Sports Med. 1997 May-Jun;25(3):369-74
references.pmid: 9167819
references.citation: Am J Sports Med. 1998 Jul-Aug;26(4):575-80
references.pmid: 9689382
references.citation: J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1998 Dec;28(6):405-15
references.pmid: 9836172
references.citation: Am J Sports Med. 2001 May-Jun;29(3):354-8
references.pmid: 11394608
references.citation: Neurosurgery. 1994 Jun;34(6):1087-9; discussion 1089-90
references.pmid: 8084398
references.citation: Percept Mot Skills. 2001 Dec;93(3):813-8
references.pmid: 11806605
references.citation: Sports Med. 2001;31(1):61-73
references.pmid: 11219502
references.citation: J Biomech. 1999 Dec;32(12):1371-5
references.pmid: 10569718
references.citation: Can J Appl Sport Sci. 1982 Sep;7(3):209-17
references.pmid: 7127656
references.citation: Am J Sports Med. 1992 Jan-Feb;20(1):35-7
references.pmid: 1554071
references.citation: Am J Sports Med. 2002 Jul-Aug;30(4):463-8
references.pmid: 12130397
references.citation: Am J Sports Med. 1991 May-Jun;19(3):317-21
references.pmid: 1867340
references.citation: Am J Sports Med. 2003 May-Jun;31(3):431-7
references.pmid: 12750139
references.citation: J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2003 Jun;43(2):189-201
references.pmid: 12853900
references.citation: Am J Sports Med. 2001 Mar-Apr;29(2):137-42
references.pmid: 11292037
references.citation: Am J Sports Med. 2000 Mar-Apr;28(2):265-75
references.pmid: 10751008
references.citation: Sports Med. 2000 Aug;30(2):117-35
references.pmid: 10966151