title: Cranberry juice suppressed the diclofenac metabolism by human liver microsomes, but not in healthy human subjects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate a potential interaction between cranberry juice and diclofenac, a substrate of CYP2C9.
  
  
  METHODS
  The inhibitory effect of cranberry juice on diclofenac metabolism was determined using human liver microsome assay. Subsequently, we performed a clinical trial in healthy human subjects to determine whether the repeated consumption of cranberry juice changed the diclofenac pharmacokinetics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cranberry juice significantly suppressed diclofenac metabolism by human liver microsomes. On the other hand, repeated consumption of cranberry juice did not influence the diclofenac pharmacokinetics in human subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cranberry juice inhibited diclofenac metabolism by human liver microsomes, but not in human subjects. Based on the present and previous findings, we think that although cranberry juice inhibits CYP2C9 activity in vitro, it does not change the pharmacokinetics of medications metabolized by CYP2C9 in clinical situations.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan.
authors.forename: Kentarou
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ushijima
authors.forename: Shu-ichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tsuruoka
authors.forename: Hidetoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tsuda
authors.forename: Gohki
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hasegawa
authors.forename: Yuri
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Obi
authors.forename: Tae
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kaneda
authors.forename: Masaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Tomohiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Maekawa
authors.forename: Tomohiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.forename: Taka-aki
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Koshimizu
authors.forename: Akio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fujimura
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases / Q000378:metabolism*; D001628:Beverages; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D065729:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9; D004008:Diclofenac / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D016903:Drug Monitoring; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D018565:Food-Drug Interactions / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008862:Microsomes, Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000378:metabolism*; D029799:Vaccinium macrocarpon / Q000378:metabolism*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D010936:Plant Extracts; D004008:Diclofenac; C450260:CYP2C9 protein, human; D065729:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases
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