Encephalitis lethargica and the influenza virus. II. The influenza pandemic of 1918/19 and encephalitis lethargica: epidemiology and symptoms.
This is the first of two papers which critically examine the relationship between the 1918/19 influenza pandemic and encephalitis lethargica (EL). The role of influenza in the etiology of EL was vigorously debated until 1924. It is notable, however, that the unitarian camp were largely reactive in their argumentation; while the influenza skeptics provided detail descriptions of EL and the features they argued to be unique or at least unusual, influenza supporters focused on sequentially refuting the evidence of their opponents. The impression which emerges from this debate is that the individual features identified by the skeptics were not absolutely pathognomic for EL, but, on the other hand, their combination in one disorder had not previously been described for any other disease.
Foley
Paul Bernard
PB
Prince of Wales Medical Research Institute, Barker Street, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia. p.foley@powmri.edu.au
D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000266:history*; D004660:Encephalitis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000266:history*; D018792:Encephalitis, Viral / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000266:history; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000266:history*
Med Hypotheses. 1989 Feb;28(2):139-42
2784532
Lancet. 1982 Oct 16;2(8303):860-4
6126720
J Neurovirol. 2008 May;14(3):177-85
18569452
Monatsschr Psychiatr Neurol. 1954 Sep;128(3):159-79
13213971
J Exp Med. 1995 Jun 1;181(6):2161-9
7760004
Eur Neurol. 2001;45(4):290-1
11385275
J Transl Med. 2004 Jan 20;2(1):3
14733617
J Neural Transm (Vienna). 1998;105(6-7):645-76
9826109
Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 1996 Oct;2(4):187-93
18591039
Ind Med Gaz. 1929 Jul;64(7):362-371
29009766
Proc R Soc Med. 1919;12(Suppl):1.1-21.1
19980813
J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2009 Feb;116(2):143-50
19082525
Adv Neurol. 2001;86:91-104
11554013
Vaccine. 2006 Nov 10;24(44-46):6742-6
17069939
Arch Virol Suppl. 2005;(19):101-15
16355870
Clin Infect Dis. 2003 Mar 1;36(5):567-74
12594636
Brain. 2004 Jan;127(Pt 1):21-33
14570817
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1988 Jun;51(6):753-6
3404182
Bull Hist Med. 2002 Spring;76(1):105-15
11875246
Travel Med Infect Dis. 2008 May;6(3):114-24
18486065