title: Placental release of distinct DNA-associated micro-particles into maternal circulation: reflective of gestation time and preeclampsia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to determine whether DNA-associated micro-particles (MPs) in maternal plasma express fetal-derived human leukocyte antigen-G (HLA-G) or placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) and whether the levels differ between women with normotensive pregnancies and preeclampsia.
  
  
  METHODS
  DNA-associated MPs expressing HLA-G or PLAP were examined in the plasma of normal pregnant women and preeclamptic patients using flow cytometric analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  DNA-associated HLA-G(+) MPs were significantly increased in maternal plasma compared to plasma from non-pregnant controls (p<0.005), with highest levels found in the first and second trimesters. DNA-associated PLAP(+) MPs were also increased in maternal plasma compared to plasma from non-pregnant controls (p<0.006), with highest levels in the second and third trimesters. Term preeclamptic women had higher levels of DNA-associated MPs than control pregnant women. HLA-G(+) MPs from the plasma of preeclamptic women had more DNA per MP than HLA-G(+) MPs from the plasma of normal pregnant women (p<0.03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HLA-G(+) and PLAP(+) MPs increase in maternal circulation at different times during gestation. DNA amounts per HLA-G(+) MP increase in preeclamptic women which might indicate dysfunctional extravillous cytotrophoblasts.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Orozco
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Jorgez
authors.forename: W D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Ramos-Perez
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Popek
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Kozinetz
authors.forename: F Z
authors.initials: FZ
authors.lastname: Bischoff
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Lewis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; D017209:Apoptosis; D002460:Cell Line; D055252:Cell-Derived Microparticles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D004247:DNA / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D058851:GPI-Linked Proteins; D006680:HLA Antigens / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D059951:HLA-G Antigens; D015395:Histocompatibility Antigens Class I / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D010920:Placenta / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D011225:Pre-Eclampsia / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011264:Pregnancy Trimesters / Q000097:blood*; D014327:Trophoblasts / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D058851:GPI-Linked Proteins; D006680:HLA Antigens; D059951:HLA-G Antigens; D015395:Histocompatibility Antigens Class I; D007527:Isoenzymes; D004247:DNA; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; C019839:alkaline phosphatase, placental
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