title: Endothelial progenitor cells as a sole source for ex vivo seeding of tissue-engineered heart valves.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated whether circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) can be used as a cell source for the creation of a tissue-engineered heart valve (TEHV).
  
  
  METHODS
  Trileaflet valved conduits were fabricated using nonwoven polyglycolic acid/poly-4-hydroxybutyrate polymer. Ovine peripheral blood EPCs were dynamically seeded onto a valved conduit and incubated for 7, 14, and 21 days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Before seeding, EPCs were shown to express CD31(+), eNOS(+), and VE-Cadherin(+) but not alpha-smooth muscle actin. Histological analysis demonstrated relatively homogenous cellular ingrowth throughout the valved conduit. TEHV constructs revealed the presence of endothelial cell (EC) markers and alpha-smooth muscle actin(+) cells comparable with native valves. Protein levels were comparable with native valves and exceeded those in unseeded controls. EPC-TEHV demonstrated a temporal pattern of matrix metalloproteinases-2/9 expression and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase activities comparable to that of native valves. Mechanical properties of EPC-TEHV demonstrated significantly greater stiffness than that of the unseeded scaffolds and native valves.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Circulating EPC appears to have the potential to provide both interstitial and endothelial functions and could potentially serve as a single-cell source for construction of autologous heart valves.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiac Surgery, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. virna.sales@cardio.chboston.org
authors.forename: Virna L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Sales
authors.forename: Bret A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Mettler
authors.forename: George C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Engelmayr
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Aikawa
authors.forename: Joyce
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bischoff
authors.forename: David P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Alexis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Exarhopoulos
authors.forename: Marsha A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Moses
authors.forename: Frederick J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Schoen
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Sacks
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Mayer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000943:Antigens, Differentiation / Q000096:biosynthesis; D001705:Bioprosthesis; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006350:Heart Valve Prosthesis; D012756:Sheep; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000943:Antigens, Differentiation
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