title: Association of traffic-related air pollution with cognitive development in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Air pollution from traffic has been associated with cardiorespiratory diseases in children and adults, but there is little information on its potential neurotoxic effects. This study aimed to investigate the association between exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)), as a marker of traffic-related air pollution, and cognitive development in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  A population-based birth cohort from southern Spain was followed from the age of 4 years for 1 year. Complete data for analyses were gathered on 210 children living in urban and rural areas. NO(2) exposure was predicted by means of land use regression models. A standardised version of the McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities (MSCA) was used to assess children's motor and cognitive abilities. Multivariate analyses were performed to evaluate the relation between exposure to NO(2) and MSCA outcomes, adjusting for potential confounders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A negative effect of NO(2) was found across all MSCA subscales, despite low predicted NO(2) exposure levels (5-36 microg/m(3)). Children exposed to higher NO(2) (>24.75 microg/m(3)) showed a decrease of 4.19 points in the general cognitive score and decreases of 6.71, 7.37 and 8.61 points in quantitative, working memory and gross motor areas, respectively. However, except for gross motor function, associations were not statistically significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although results were not statistically significant, the associations found between exposure to NO(2) and cognitive functions suggest that traffic-related air pollution may have an adverse effect on neurodevelopment, especially early in life, even at low exposure levels.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Medical Investigations, San Cecilio University Hospital, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain. cfreire@ugr.es
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Freire
authors.forename: Rosa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ramos
authors.forename: Raquel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Puertas
authors.forename: Maria-Jose
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Lopez-Espinosa
authors.forename: Jordi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Julvez
authors.forename: Inmaculada
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Aguilera
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cruz
authors.forename: Mariana-Fatima
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Fernandez
authors.forename: Jordi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sunyer
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Olea
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002657:Child Development / Q000187:drug effects*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007361:Intelligence Tests; D007859:Learning Disabilities; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D012424:Rural Population; D013030:Spain; D014505:Urban Population; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D001335:Vehicle Emissions; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide