title: Magnetic resonance imaging anatomy of the normal equine larynx and pharynx.
abstract: The purpose of the present study was to describe normal magnetic resonance (MR) imaging anatomy of the equine larynx and pharynx and to present the optimal protocol, sequences, and possible limitations of this examination technique. Using a 0.3 T unit, the laryngeal and pharyngeal regions was imaged in two horses. The protocol consisted of sagittal and transverse T2-weighted (T2w) fast spin echo, transverse T1-weighted (T1w) spin echo, and dorsal high-resolution T1w gradient echo (both pre- and postcontrast enhancement) sequences. Euthanasia was performed at the end of the imaging procedure. Macroscopic anatomy of the cadaver sections were compared with the MR images in transverse, midsagittal, and parasagittal planes. There was good differentiation of anatomic structures, including soft tissues. The laryngeal cartilages, hyoid apparatus, and upper airway muscle groups with their attachments could be clearly identified. However, it was not always possible to delineate individual muscles in each plane. Most useful were both T2w and T1w transverse sequences. Intravenous application of contrast medium was helpful to identify blood vessels. The MR images corresponded with the macroscopic anatomy of cadaver sections.
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Radiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Länggassstrasse 128, Postfach 8466, 3001 Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pekarkova
authors.forename: Patrick R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Kircher
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Konar
authors.forename: Johann
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lang
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tessier
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003287:Contrast Media; D006736:Horses / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D007830:Larynx / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000662:veterinary*; D010614:Pharynx / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D012016:Reference Values
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media