title: Small molecule inhibitors of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) delta and gamma.
abstract: In recent years, pharmaceutical companies have increasingly focused on phosphoinositide 3-kinases delta (PI3Kdelta) and gamma (PI3Kgamma) as therapeutic targets for the treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. All class 1 PI3-kinases (alpha/beta/gamma/delta) generate phospholipid second messengers that help govern cellular processes such as migration, proliferation, and apoptosis. PI3K delta/ gamma lipid kinases are mainly restricted to the hematopoetic system whereas PI3K alpha/beta are ubiquitously expressed, thus raising potential toxicity concerns for chronic indications such as asthma and rheumatoid arthritis. Therefore, the challenge in developing a small molecule inhibitor of PI3K is to define and attain the appropriate isoform selectivity profile. Significant advances in the design of such compounds have been achieved by utilizing x-ray crystal structures of various inhibitors bound to PI3Kgamma in conjunction with pharmacophore modeling and high-throughput screening. Herein, we review the history and challenges involved with the discovery of small molecule isoform-specific PI3K inhibitors. Recent progress in the design of selective PI3Kdelta, PI3Kgamma, and PI3Kdelta/gamma dual inhibitors will be presented.
authors.affiliation: Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development LLC San Diego, CA 92121, USA. mameriks@its.jnj.com
authors.forename: Michael K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Ameriks
authors.forename: Jennifer D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Venable
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001688:Biological Products / Q000737:chemistry; D058544:Class Ib Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase; D015195:Drug Design; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000737:chemistry; D000081082:Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011799:Quinazolines / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D054852:Small Molecule Libraries
chemical_list: D001688:Biological Products; D058544:Class Ib Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase; D007527:Isoenzymes; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D000081082:Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D011799:Quinazolines; D054852:Small Molecule Libraries; C546760:PIK3CG protein, human