title: Low-dose oral midazolam reduces fear and distress during needle procedures in children with cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Children with cancer often mention needle procedures as the most frightening, distressing, and sometimes painful aspect of the disease and treatment. The aim was to investigate whether children experience less fear, distress, and/or pain according to parents, nurses, and children >or=7 years of age when they receive oral midazolam versus placebo before a needle is inserted in a subcutaneously implanted intravenous port.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty children 1-18 years of age who were being treated in a pediatric oncology and hematology setting were included consecutively when undergoing routine needle insertion into an intravenous port. All children were subjected to one needle insertion in this randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled study in which orally administered midazolam (n = 24) 0.3 mg/kg body weight (maximum 10 mg) was compared with placebo (n = 26). Parents, nurses, and children >or=7 years reported the patients' fear, distress, and pain on 0-100 mm Visual Analogue Scales.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fear was lower in the midazolam group according to parents (P = 0.001), nurses (P = 0.001), and children (P = 0.015). Parents and nurses also reported lower distress (P = 0.020 and 0.007, respectively). Post hoc analyses indicated that the effects were more pronounced in younger children (<7 years of age).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low-dose oral midazolam was effective in reducing fear and distress in pediatric oncology patients, especially in younger children, undergoing subcutaneous port needle insertion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Women's and Children's Health, Pediatric Oncology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. lena.heden@kbh.uu.se
authors.forename: Lena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hedén
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: von Essen
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Frykholm
authors.forename: Gustaf
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ljungman
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005239:Fear / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D006207:Half-Life; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007267:Injections / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009339:Needles; D009726:Nurses / Q000523:psychology; D010146:Pain / Q000523:psychology*; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology; D010361:Patients / Q000523:psychology; D011292:Premedication
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D008874:Midazolam