title: Galactoxylomannan-mediated immunological paralysis results from specific B cell depletion in the context of widespread immune system damage.
abstract: The mechanisms responsible for polysaccharide-induced immunological paralysis have remained unexplained almost a century after this phenomenon was first described. Cryptococcus neoformans capsular polysaccharides glucuronoxylomannan and galactoxylomannan (GalXM) elicit little or no Ab responses. This study investigates the immunological and biological effects of GalXM in mice. GalXM immunization elicits a state of immunological paralysis in mice characterized by the disappearance of Ab-producing cells in the spleen. Immunological paralysis and lack of immunogenicity could not be overcome by immunization with GalXM conjugated to a protein carrier, Bacillus anthracis protective Ag. Additionally, immunization with GalXM in either complete or IFA was associated with spleen enlargement in BALB/c mice. TUNEL and flow cytometry revealed widespread apoptosis in the spleen after GalXM administration. Administration of a cocktail of caspase-3 inhibitor Z-DEVD-FMK and general caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK or Fas-deficient mice abrogated the complete disappearance of Ab-producing cells. Analysis of spleen cytokine expression in response to GalXM systemic injection revealed that GalXM down-regulated the production of inflammatory cytokines. Hence, we conclude that GalXM-induced immune paralysis is a result of specific B cell depletion mediated by its proapoptotic properties in the context of widespread dysregulation of immune function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
authors.forename: Magdia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De Jesus
authors.forename: André Moraes
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Nicola
authors.forename: Susana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Frases
authors.forename: Ian R
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mieses
authors.forename: Arturo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Casadevall
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology*; D001408:Bacillus anthracis / Q000276:immunology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000032:analysis; D015536:Down-Regulation; D007107:Immune System / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology*; D018655:Lymphocyte Count; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D011134:Polysaccharides; D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial / Q000276:immunology / Q000633:toxicity*; D013163:Splenomegaly / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D011134:Polysaccharides; D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial; C043689:galactoxylomannan
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