title: Levels of violence among nurses in Cape Town public hospitals.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The paper presents findings from a study examining violence in nursing.
  
  
  METHODS
  A combined ethno-phenomenology was identified as the most appropriate approach. Ethnography is to understand the culture of nursing that permits violence to occur within the profession. Phenomenology is to explore and capture nurse-on-nurse experiences of violence. The population is all nurses registered with the South African Nursing Council. The research participants are nurses employed in eight public hospitals in Cape Town during 2005. METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION: The first stage of data collection was the distributions of confidential questionnaires to nurses employed in eight hospitals and willing to participate in the study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Responses to close-ended questions were analyzed using Microsoft Excel. Responses to open-ended questions were grouped per question. The qualitative data were then compared for similarities and differences in information provided.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Six levels of violence exist among nurses. The highest forms of violence among nurses occurred at the psychological level, with the least at the physical level of interaction. The other four levels of violence among nurses were vertical, horizontal, covert, and overt. All categories of nurses in the study had resorted to one or more levels of violence against other nurses during their nursing career. Professional nurses and senior nurse managers were identified as the main category of nurses that frequently resort to mistreating other nurses. However, auxiliary nurses were identified as the main perpetrators of physical violence against other nurses.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nursing & Midwifery, School of Health & Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Groote Schuur Hospital, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa. Doris.Khalil@uct.ac.za
authors.forename: Doris
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Khalil
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D006779:Hospitals, Public / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007400:Interprofessional Relations; D008880:Midwifery / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015404:Nursing Methodology Research; D009741:Nursing Staff, Hospital / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010371:Pediatric Nursing / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011568:Psychiatric Nursing / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013019:South Africa; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014754:Violence / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017132:Workplace