title: Quantitative evaluation of electrodes for external urethral sphincter electromyography during bladder-to-urethral guarding reflex.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Accuracy in the recording of external urethral sphincter (EUS) electromyography (EMG) is an important goal in the quantitative evaluation of urethral function. The aim of this study was to quantitatively compare electrode recordings taken during tonic activity and leak point pressure (LPP) testing.
  
  
  METHODS
  Several electrodes, including the surface electrode (SE), concentric electrode (CE), and wire electrode (WE), were placed on the EUS singly and simultaneously in six female Sprague-Dawley rats under urethane anesthesia. The bladder was filled via a retropubic catheter while LPP testing and EUS EMG recording were done. Quantitative baseline correction of the EUS EMG signal was performed to reduce baseline variation. Amplitude and frequency of 1-s samples of the EUS EMG signal were measured before LPP (tonic activity) and during peak LPP activity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The SE, CE, and WE signals demonstrated tonic activity before LPP and an increase in activity during LPP, suggesting that the electrodes accurately recorded EUS activity during tonic activity and during the bladder-to-EUS guarding reflex, regardless of the size or location of detection areas. SE recordings required significantly less baseline correction than both CE and WE recordings. The activity in CE-recorded EMG was significantly higher than that of the SE and WE both in single and simultaneous recordings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These electrodes may be suitable for testing EUS EMG activity. The SE signal had significantly less baseline variation and the CE detected local activity more sensitively than the other electrodes, which may provide insight into choosing an appropriate electrode for EUS EMG recording.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave. ND20, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Steward
authors.forename: Jessica D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Clemons
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Zaszczurynski
authors.forename: Robert S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Butler
authors.forename: Margot S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Damaser
authors.forename: Hai-Hong
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Jiang
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D004576:Electromyography / Q000379:methods*; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005260:Female; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D011312:Pressure; D011336:Probability; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012018:Reflex; D014521:Urethra / Q000294:innervation* / Q000502:physiology; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000294:innervation* / Q000502:physiology; D014554:Urination / Q000502:physiology; D014563:Urodynamics
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