Multiple antibiotic resistance in Arabidopsis is conferred by mutations in a chloroplast-localized transport protein.
Widespread antibiotic resistance is a major public health concern, and plants represent an emerging antibiotic exposure route. Recent studies indicate that crop plants fertilized with antibiotic-laden animal manure accumulate antibiotics; however, the molecular mechanisms of antibiotic entry and subcellular partitioning within plant cells remain unknown. Here, we report that mutations in the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) locus Multiple Antibiotic Resistance1 (MAR1) confer resistance, while MAR1 overexpression causes hypersensitivity to multiple aminoglycoside antibiotics. Additionally, yeast expressing MAR1 are hypersensitive to the aminoglycoside G418. MAR1 encodes a protein with 11 putative transmembrane domains with low similarity to ferroportin1 from Danio rerio. A MAR1:yellow fluorescent protein fusion localizes to the chloroplast, and chloroplasts from plants overexpressing MAR1 accumulate more of the aminoglycoside gentamicin, while mar1-1 mutant chloroplasts accumulate less than the wild type. MAR1 overexpression lines are slightly chlorotic, and chlorosis is rescued by exogenous iron. MAR1 expression is also down-regulated by low iron. These data suggest that MAR1 is a plastid transporter that is likely to be involved in cellular iron homeostasis and allows opportunistic entry of multiple antibiotics into the chloroplast.
Conte
Sarah
S
Section of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, USA. conte@mail.utexas.edu
Stevenson
David
D
Furner
Ian
I
Lloyd
Alan
A
D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D002736:Chloroplasts / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D018432:Drug Resistance, Multiple / Q000235:genetics*; D004492:Edetic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D005296:Ferrous Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D005839:Gentamicins / Q000494:pharmacology; D006706:Homeostasis / Q000187:drug effects; D007501:Iron / Q000378:metabolism; D000090463:Iron Deficiencies; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D008954:Models, Biological; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016254:Mutagenesis, Insertional / Q000187:drug effects; D050505:Mutant Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics*; D010641:Phenotype; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified; D021381:Protein Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000187:drug effects
D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D005296:Ferrous Compounds; D005839:Gentamicins; C545449:MAR1 protein, Arabidopsis; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D050505:Mutant Proteins; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; C036483:T-DNA; C055526:Fe(II)-EDTA; D004492:Edetic Acid; C010680:antibiotic G 418; D007501:Iron
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