title: Mechanistic study on hepatocarcinogenesis of piperonyl butoxide in mice.
abstract: To clarify the mechanism of piperonyl butoxide (PBO)-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in mice, male mice were subjected to a two-thirds partial hepatectomy, N-diethylnitrosamine (DEN) initiation, and a diet containing 0.6% PBO for eight weeks. The incidence of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT)-positive foci and PCNA-positive cells was significantly increased in the DEN + PBO group compared with the DEN-alone group. Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis showed up-regulation of genes related to metabolism, such as cytochrome P450 1A1 and 2B10, and metabolic stress, such as Por, Nqo1, Nrf2, abcc3, and abcc4. Early responsive genes downstream of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), such as c-fos, c-jun, c-myc, and activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3), were also up-regulated in this group. Positive immunohistochemical staining for ATF3 was diffusely observed in nonproliferating hepatocytes of the DEN + PBO group, but altered foci were negative or weakly positive for ATF3. The nuclei of hepatocytes within ATF3-negative foci were positive for cyclin D. Thus PBO can induce oxidative stress, activate the MAPK pathway, and increase ATF3 transcript levels in hepatocytes outside the altered foci during the early stage of PBO-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in mice.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.
authors.forename: Masaomi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kawai
authors.forename: Yukie
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Saegusa
authors.forename: Meilan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Yasuaki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Dewa
authors.forename: Jihei
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nishimura
authors.forename: Tomoaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Harada
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shibutani
authors.forename: Kunitoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mitsumori
mesh_terms: D051700:Activating Transcription Factor 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D015197:Carcinogenicity Tests / Q000379:methods; D056741:Cyclin D / Q000378:metabolism; D004052:Diethylnitrosamine / Q000633:toxicity; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008099:Liver / Q000473:pathology; D008114:Liver Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D008862:Microsomes, Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D009929:Organ Size / Q000187:drug effects; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D010574:Pesticide Synergists / Q000633:toxicity*; D010882:Piperonyl Butoxide / Q000633:toxicity*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D051700:Activating Transcription Factor 3; C103002:Atf3 protein, mouse; D056741:Cyclin D; D010574:Pesticide Synergists; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D004052:Diethylnitrosamine; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase; D010882:Piperonyl Butoxide