Unraveling the evolution of cytokinin signaling.
The conquest of the land by plants required dramatic morphological and metabolic adaptations. Complex developmental programs under tight regulation evolved during this process. Key regulators of plant development are phytohormones, such as cytokinins. Cytokinins are adenine derivatives that affect various processes in plants. The cytokinin signal transduction system, which is mediated via a multistep variant of the bacterial two-component signaling system, is well characterized in the model plant Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). To understand the origin and evolutionary pattern of this signaling pathway, we surveyed the genomes of several sequenced key plant species ranging from unicellular algae, moss, and lycophytes, to higher land plants, including Arabidopsis and rice (Oryza sativa), for proteins involved in cytokinin signal transduction. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the hormone-binding receptor and a class of negative regulators first appeared in land plants. Other components of the signaling pathway were present in all species investigated. Furthermore, we found that the receptors evolved under different evolutionary constraints from the other components of the pathway: The number of receptors remained fairly constant, while the other protein families expanded.
Pils
Birgit
B
Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom.
Heyl
Alexander
A
D005075:Biological Evolution; D019068:Bryopsida / Q000378:metabolism; D003583:Cytokinins / Q000378:metabolism*; D020440:Gene Duplication; D008954:Models, Biological; D010802:Phylogeny; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013997:Time Factors
D003583:Cytokinins; D010940:Plant Proteins; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface
Science. 2002 Apr 5;296(5565):92-100
11935018
Trends Plant Sci. 2008 Feb;13(2):85-92
18262459
Bioinformatics. 2001 Aug;17(8):754-5
11524383
Trends Biochem Sci. 2001 Oct;26(10):582-4
11590001
BMC Plant Biol. 2006 Feb 13;6:1
16472405
Plant Physiol. 2004 Apr;134(4):1654-61
15064375
Nature. 2001 Sep 27;413(6854):383-9
11574878
Science. 2002 Apr 5;296(5565):79-92
11935017
Protein Sci. 2005 Jan;14(1):202-8
15576555
Genes Dev. 2004 Apr 15;18(8):926-36
15078816
Virology. 2001 Aug 15;287(1):112-32
11504547
Syst Biol. 2007 Aug;56(4):564-77
17654362
PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Nov 3;2(11):e143
17083272
Curr Opin Plant Biol. 2003 Oct;6(5):480-8
12972049
Nature. 2004 Aug 26;430(7003):1031-4
15329722
J Comput Biol. 2000;7(6):761-76
11382360
Nature. 2005 May 5;435(7038):43-57
15875012
Annu Rev Microbiol. 2007;61:453-75
17506670
Plant Physiol. 2007 Nov;145(3):786-800
17905863
Plant Cell. 2006 Jan;18(1):40-54
16361392
Cell. 2007 Apr 20;129(2):229-34
17448980
Trends Biochem Sci. 2001 Oct;26(10):579-82
11590000
Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol. 2001 Jun;52:89-118
11337393
Yeast. 1996 Dec;12(16):1603-5
9123964
BMC Evol Biol. 2007 Apr 17;7:62
17439640
Plant Cell. 2004 Jun;16(6):1365-77
15155880
Development. 2008 Mar;135(5):819-27
18216168
Development. 2006 May;133(10):1857-69
16651539
J Exp Bot. 2006;57(15):4225-33
17099079
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Oct 17;103(42):15511-6
17030812
Plant Cell Physiol. 2005 Feb;46(2):339-55
15695462
Plant Cell. 2006 Nov;18(11):3073-87
17122069
Science. 2007 Oct 12;318(5848):245-50
17932292
Plant Mol Biol. 2003 May;52(2):331-41
12856940
Plant Physiol. 2005 Mar;137(3):1057-66
15728338
Curr Biol. 2006 Dec 19;16(24):R1033-5
17174910
Syst Biol. 2003 Oct;52(5):696-704
14530136
Gene. 2006 Nov 1;382:57-65
16919402
Nucleic Acids Res. 2006 Jan 1;34(Database issue):D247-51
16381856
Plant Cell. 2005 Nov;17(11):3007-18
16227453
Bioinformatics. 1998;14(9):755-63
9918945
Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2002 Sep;66(9):1853-8
12400683
Plant Cell Physiol. 2005 May;46(5):677-85
15767264
Science. 2006 Sep 15;313(5793):1596-604
16973872
Mol Biol Evol. 2007 Mar;24(3):723-31
17172635
Plant Cell. 2004 Mar;16(3):658-71
14973166
Science. 2008 Jan 4;319(5859):64-9
18079367
Trends Biochem Sci. 2001 Jun;26(6):369-76
11406410
Plant Cell Physiol. 2004 Jan;45(1):28-39
14749483
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Aug 1;103(31):11647-52
16868079
Plant Physiol. 2002 Jun;129(2):500-15
12068096
Plant Physiol. 2004 Jun;135(2):927-37
15173562
Microbiology (Reading). 2005 Jul;151(Pt 7):2159-2173
16000707
Plant Physiol. 2007 Feb;143(2):555-7
17284581
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Jun 8;101(23):8821-6
15166290
BMC Plant Biol. 2008 Jul 15;8:77
18625081
Curr Opin Plant Biol. 2004 Oct;7(5):499-505
15337091
Plant Cell Physiol. 2004 Aug;45(8):1063-77
15356332
Genetics. 2008 May;179(1):31-9
18493038
Mol Phylogenet Evol. 2003 Dec;29(3):456-63
14615186
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Jul 18;103(29):11081-5
16832061
Genomics. 2007 Jun;89(6):697-707
17408920
Nucleic Acids Res. 2004 Mar 19;32(5):1792-7
15034147
Mol Genet Genomics. 2007 Oct;278(4):393-402
17593393
Comput Appl Biosci. 1992 Jun;8(3):275-82
1633570
Int J Biol Macromol. 2007 Feb 20;40(3):182-92
16899291