title: Coping responses by adults who stutter: part II. Approaching the problem and achieving agency.
abstract: As with the first of two companion manuscripts, this investigation employed a grounded theory approach to identify patterns of coping responses by adults responding to the stress resulting from the threat of stuttering. The companion paper described emotion-based avoidant coping responses that were used to protect both the speaker and the listener from experiencing discomfort associated with stuttering. This paper describes two cognitive-based approach patterns that emphasize self-focused and problem-focused forms of coping. The first of the cognitive-based coping patterns involved speakers approaching stuttering with a broader perspective about themselves and the experience of stuttering, resulting in an improved self-concept and increased self-confidence. The second coping pattern involved speakers focusing on their own goals which results in increased agency and self-confidence. Participants described the development of more functional coping responses. They moved from emotion-based avoidant patterns of coping that focused on protecting the self and the listener from experiencing discomfort associated with stuttering to cognitive-based approach patterns that focused on the needs of the speaker. As the participants chose to approach rather than avoid or escape stuttering, they experienced many positive social, physical, cognitive, and affective results.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The reader will be able to: (1) describe, from the perspective of a select group of adults who stutter, the themes associated with the process of coping with stuttering, (2) describe the basic rationale for the procedures associated with grounded theory methods, (3) describe the factors that influence coping choices, and (4) explain the factors that contribute the use of approach-oriented and agentic coping strategies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Communication Disorders, 1199 Haley Center, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA. lwp0002@auburn.edu
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Plexico
authors.forename: Walter H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Manning
authors.forename: Heidi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Levitt
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D001294:Attitude to Health; D002755:Choice Behavior; D003071:Cognition; D004496:Education, Continuing; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008960:Models, Psychological; D011340:Problem Solving; D012649:Self Concept; D013342:Stuttering / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D055815:Young Adult