title: Underwater study of arterial blood pressure in breath-hold divers.
abstract: Knowledge regarding arterial blood pressure (ABP) values during breath-hold diving is scanty. It derives from a few reports of measurements performed at the water's surface, showing slight or no increase in ABP, and from a single study of two simulated deep breath-hold dives in a hyperbaric chamber. Simulated dives showed an increase in ABP to values considered life threatening by standard clinical criteria. For the first time, using a novel noninvasive subaquatic sphygmomanometer, we successfully measured ABP in 10 healthy elite breath-hold divers at a depth of 10 m of freshwater (mfw). ABP was measured in dry conditions, at the surface (head-out immersion), and twice at a depth of 10 mfw. Underwater measurements of ABP were obtained in all subjects. Each measurement lasted 50-60 s and was accomplished without any complications or diver discomfort. In the 10 subjects as a whole, mean ABP values were 124/93 mmHg at the surface and 123/94 mmHg at a depth of 10 mfw. No significant statistical differences were found when blood pressure measurements at the water surface were compared with breath-hold diving conditions at a depth of 10 mfw. No systolic blood pressure values >140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure values >115 mmHg were recorded. In conclusion, direct measurements of ABP during apnea diving showed no or only mild increases in ABP. However, our results cannot be extended over environmental conditions different from those of the present study.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Arne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sieber
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: L'abbate
authors.forename: Mirko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Passera
authors.forename: Erika
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Garbella
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Benassi
authors.forename: Remo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bedini
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000502:physiology; D000328:Adult; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D004242:Diving / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007101:Immersion / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015656:Respiratory Mechanics / Q000502:physiology*