title: Distinct concentration-dependent effects of the polo-like kinase 1-specific inhibitor GSK461364A, including differential effect on apoptosis.
abstract: Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) is a conserved serine/threonine kinase that plays an essential role in regulating the many processes involved in mitotic entry and progression. In humans, Plk1 is expressed primarily during late G(2) and M phases and, in conjunction with Cdk1/cyclin B1, acts as master regulatory kinases for the myriad protein substrates involved in mitosis. Plk1 overexpression is strongly associated with cancer and has been correlated with poor prognosis in a broad range of human tumor types. We have identified a potent, selective, reversible, ATP-competitive inhibitor of Plk1, GSK461364A, capable of inhibiting cell growth of most proliferating cancer cell lines tested. We observe distinct cell cycle effects of GSK461364A depending on the dose used. The predominant phenotype for cells treated with GSK461364A is prometaphase arrest with characteristic collapsed polar polo spindle. At high concentrations, GSK461364A delays mitotic entry in G(2) followed by gradual progression into terminal mitosis; in some cell lines, this correlates with decreased apoptosis. Cell culture growth inhibition by GSK461364A can be cytostatic or cytotoxic but leads to tumor regression in xenograft tumor models under proper dose scheduling. Finally, we describe pharmacodynamic biomarkers of GSK461364A activity (pHH3 and Plk1) that are currently being evaluated in human cancer clinical trials.
authors.affiliation: GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, USA. Aidan.G.Gilmartin@GSK.com
authors.forename: Aidan G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Gilmartin
authors.forename: Maureen R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Bleam
authors.forename: Mark C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Richter
authors.forename: Symon G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Erskine
authors.forename: Ryan G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Kruger
authors.forename: Lenore
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Madden
authors.forename: Daniel F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Hassler
authors.forename: Gary K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Richard R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Gontarek
authors.forename: Mary P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Courtney
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sutton
authors.forename: Melody A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Diamond
authors.forename: Jeffrey R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: Sylvie G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Laquerre
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D016195:G2 Phase / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D008938:Mitosis / Q000187:drug effects; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology; D009374:Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D013876:Thiophenes / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000097869:Polo-Like Kinase 1
chemical_list: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D013876:Thiophenes; D000097869:Polo-Like Kinase 1; C544835:GSK 461364A