Development and analysis of multi-layer scaffolds for tissue engineering.
The development of 3D scaffolds consisting of stacked multi-layered porous sheets featuring microchannels is proposed and investigated in this work. In this concept, the inner-porosity of the sheets allows diffusion of nutrients and signalling products between the layers whereas the microchannels facilitate nutrient supply on all layers as they provide space for the culture medium to be perfused throughout the scaffold. Besides the above, these scaffolds have excellent distribution of the cells as seeding and attaching of the cells occurs on individual layers that are subsequently stacked. In addition, these scaffolds enable gaining local data from within the scaffolds as unstacking of the stacked layers allows for determination of various parameters per layer. Here, we show the proof of this concept by culturing C2C12 pre-myoblasts and A4-4 cells on stacked Poly(l-lactic acid) (PLLA) sheets featuring microchannels. The results obtained for culturing under static conditions clearly indicate that despite inhibited cell proliferation due to nutrient limitations, diffusion between the layers takes place and cells on various layers stay viable and also affect each other. Under dynamic conditions, medium flow through the channels improves nutrient availability to the cells on the various layers, drastically increasing cell proliferation on all layers.
Papenburg
Bernke J
BJ
Membrane Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine (MIRA), University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands.
Liu
Jun
J
Higuera
Gustavo A
GA
Barradas
Ana M C
AM
de Boer
Jan
J
van Blitterswijk
Clemens A
CA
Wessling
Matthias
M
Stamatialis
Dimitrios
D
D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D016466:CHO Cells; D002460:Cell Line; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D006224:Cricetinae; D003412:Cricetulus; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D008853:Microscopy; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D011091:Polyesters; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry*
D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D011091:Polyesters; D011108:Polymers; D019344:Lactic Acid; C033616:poly(lactide)