title: Tolerance of the skull to blunt ballistic temporo-parietal impact.
abstract: Less-lethal ballistic projectiles are used by police personnel to temporarily incapacitate suspects. While the frequency of these impacts to the head is low, they account for more serious injuries than impacts to any other body region. As a result, there is an urgent need to assess the tolerance of the head to such impacts. The focus of this study was to investigate the tolerance of the temporo-parietal skull to blunt ballistic impact and establish injury criteria for risk assessment. Seven unembalmed isolated cadaver heads were subjected to fourteen impacts. Specimens were instrumented with a nine-accelerometer array as well as strain gages surrounding the impact site. Impacts were performed with a 38 mm instrumented projectile at velocities ranging from 18 to 37 m/s. CT images and autopsies were performed to document resulting fractures. Peak fracture force for the seven resulting fractures was 5633+/-2095 N. Peak deformation for fracture-producing impacts was 7.8+/-3.2 mm. The blunt criterion (BC), peak force and principal strain were determined to be the best predictors of depressed comminuted fractures. Temporo-parietal tolerance levels were consistent with previous studies. An initial force tolerance level of 2346 N is established for the temporo-parietal region for blunt ballistic impact with a 38 mm diameter impactor.
authors.affiliation: Wayne State University, Bioengineering Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Raymond
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Van Ee
authors.forename: Gregory
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Crawford
authors.forename: Cynthia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bir
mesh_terms: D000054:Acceleration; D003198:Computer Simulation; D016489:Head Injuries, Closed / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D010296:Parietal Lobe / Q000293:injuries / Q000503:physiopathology; D010812:Physical Stimulation / Q000009:adverse effects; D012887:Skull Fractures / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000293:injuries / Q000503:physiopathology; D014948:Wounds, Gunshot / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*