title: Childhood abuse is associated with increased startle reactivity in adulthood.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Understanding the neurobiological correlates of childhood maltreatment is critical to delineating stress-related psychopathology. The acoustic startle response (ASR) is a subcortical reflex modulated by neural systems implicated in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The ASR is conserved across species and is increased in rodent models of developmental stress.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured ASR to a 40 ms noise probe as well as fear-potentiated startle using electromyographic recordings of the eyeblink in a primarily African American sample (N=60) from a highly traumatized civilian population. We assessed self-reported history of abuse with the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire and current symptoms with the PTSD Symptom Scale and the Beck Depression Inventory.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that subjects reporting a history of high levels of physical or sexual abuse had increased startle on all trial types relative to those with low abuse (P<.01). This effect remained significant after co-varying for the subjects' age and sex, as well as PTSD and depression symptoms. Perceived childhood sexual abuse was the greatest predictor of increased startle response. Notably, emotional abuse in childhood did not affect baseline startle, and all groups demonstrated equivalent levels of fear-potentiated startle.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The long-lasting effects of early life trauma result in increased risk for adult psychopathology. These new data demonstrate that a self-report history of child abuse is related to altered baseline startle response that is not accounted for by PTSD or depression symptoms. Increased startle may be a biomarker of stress responsiveness that can be a persevering consequence of early trauma exposure during childhood.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA. tjovano@emory.edu
authors.forename: Tanja
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jovanovic
authors.forename: Nineequa Q
authors.initials: NQ
authors.lastname: Blanding
authors.forename: Seth D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Norrholm
authors.forename: Erica
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Duncan
authors.forename: Bekh
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bradley
authors.forename: Kerry J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Ressler
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D054523:Adult Survivors of Child Abuse / Q000523:psychology*; D001741:Black or African American / Q000523:psychology*; D001143:Arousal; D001767:Blinking; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology*; D002650:Child Abuse, Sexual / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology*; D004576:Electromyography; D005239:Fear / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010555:Personality Inventory; D013216:Reflex, Startle; D012307:Risk Factors; D055139:Sensory Gating; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology*; D044465:White People / Q000523:psychology
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