Epidemiology of atherosclerosis in systemic lupus erythematosus.
Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have a significantly increased risk of atherosclerotic coronary events. Traditional risk factors, such as hypertension and hypercholesterolemia, only partly account for the increased risk of coronary disease in SLE. Other important risk factors include disease and treatment-related factors. Novel markers of coronary risk in SLE are being investigated. Several methods have been used to detect subclinical atherosclerosis in patients with SLE. Among these, scintigraphic myocardial perfusion defects have been shown to be predictive of subsequent coronary events, independent of traditional Framingham risk factors. Although the aggressive treatment of reversible risk factors, such as lipids and blood pressure, is advocated by many, no published studies have yet demonstrated a clear reduction in risk of coronary events with this approach. Elucidation of risk factors and preventive strategies for accelerated atherosclerosis in SLE is the subject of ongoing research.
Nikpour
Mandana
M
University of Toronto Lupus Clinic and the Centre for Prognosis Studies in the Rheumatic Diseases, Toronto Western Hospital, Ontario, Canada.
Urowitz
Murray B
MB
Gladman
Dafna D
DD
D000367:Age Factors; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
J Rheumatol. 1999 Oct;26(10):2137-43
10529129
N Engl J Med. 1999 Jan 7;340(1):14-22
9878640
JAMA. 2003 May 21;289(19):2560-72
12748199
Lupus. 2000;9(9):672-5
11199921
N Engl J Med. 2003 Dec 18;349(25):2407-15
14681506
Ann Rheum Dis. 2003 Nov;62(11):1071-7
14583570
Rheumatology (Oxford). 2005 Dec;44(12):1492-502
16234277
Q J Med. 1985 Apr;55(216):87-98
4011845
Circulation. 2004 Mar 9;109(9):1089-94
14993130
J Rheumatol. 2007 Jan;34(1):70-5
17117488
Hypertension. 2001 Apr;37(4):1075-82
11304506
Am J Med. 1984 Aug;77(2):286-92
6465176
Circulation. 2004 Jul 13;110(2):227-39
15249516
Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2005 May;31(2):329-54, vii-viii
15922149
Arthritis Rheum. 2008 Feb 15;59(2):169-75
18240259
N Engl J Med. 2003 Dec 18;349(25):2399-406
14681505
Circulation. 2003 Jan 28;107(3):363-9
12551853
Arthritis Rheum. 2003 Nov;48(11):3159-67
14613278
J Rheumatol. 1999 Nov;26(11):2363-8
10555892
Arthritis Rheum. 2007 Oct;56(10):3412-9
17907140
Rheumatology (Oxford). 2007 Jun;46(6):983-8
17384179
Circulation. 2003 Sep 9;108(10):1278-90
12963684
Arthritis Rheum. 2001 Oct;44(10):2331-7
11665973
N Engl J Med. 2008 Nov 20;359(21):2195-207
18997196
Am J Med. 1976 Feb;60(2):221-5
1251849
Am J Med. 1994 Mar;96(3):254-9
8154514
J Rheumatol. 2008 Jul;35(7):1300-6
18484694
Lupus. 2007;16(4):273-8
17439934
Arthritis Rheum. 2004 Dec;50(12):3947-57
15593203
J Rheumatol. 1999 Feb;26(2):325-30
9972966
Circulation. 2005 Nov 29;112(22):3384-90
16301345
Arch Intern Med. 2001 Mar 26;161(6):833-8
11268225
Am J Med. 1990 Sep;89(3):322-6
2393036
Arthritis Rheum. 1999 Jan;42(1):51-60
9920014
Rheumatology (Oxford). 2004 Jan;43(1):7-12
12867578
N Engl J Med. 1999 Jan 14;340(2):115-26
9887164
Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2008 Aug;38(1):41-54
18221991
JAMA. 1992 Aug 19;268(7):877-81
1640615
Immunobiology. 2003;207(1):13-6
12638897
J Rheumatol Suppl. 1987 Jun;14 Suppl 13:223-6
3612650
Circulation. 2003 Jan 28;107(3):499-511
12551878
J Rheumatol. 2005 May;32(5):824-7
15868616
Lancet. 1996 Oct 26;348(9035):1120-4
8888164
Haemostasis. 1981;10(2):89-96
7007179
Am J Epidemiol. 1997 Mar 1;145(5):408-15
9048514
Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2000 May;26(2):257-78
10768212
Ann Intern Med. 1999 Sep 7;131(5):352-5
10475888
Am J Med. 1992 Nov;93(5):513-9
1442853
J Rheumatol. 2009 Feb;36(2):288-94
19208561