Caring for special populations: total pain theory in advanced heart failure: applications to research and practice.
OBJECTIVE
Total pain theory.


OBJECTIVE
Describe total pain theory and apply it to research and practice in advanced heart failure (HF).


METHODS
Total pain theory provides a holistic perspective for improving care, especially at the end of life. In advanced HF, multiple domains of well-being known to influence pain perception are adversely affected by declining health and increasing frailty. A conceptual framework is suggested which addresses domains of well-being identified by total pain theory.


CONCLUSIONS
By applying total pain theory, providers may be more effective in mitigating the suffering of individuals with progressive, life-limiting diseases.
Goebel
Joy R
JR
Department of Nursing, California State University, Long Beach, CA, USA. jgoebel@csulb.edu
Doering
Lynn V
LV
Lorenz
Karl A
KA
Maliski
Sally L
SL
Nyamathi
Adeline M
AM
Evangelista
Lorraine S
LS
D006333:Heart Failure / Q000451:nursing* / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D009742:Nursing Theory; D010146:Pain / Q000451:nursing* / Q000523:psychology*; D010166:Palliative Care; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D029181:Spirituality; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000451:nursing / Q000523:psychology
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