title: Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of a water extract of Trachelospermum jasminoides (Apocynaceae).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study investigated the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of a water extract of Trachelospermum jasminoides (WET) in ICR mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  In HPLC analysis, the fingerprint chromatogram of WET was established. Acetic acid-induced writhing response and formalin-induced pain were examined the analgesics effects of WET. WET on lambda-Carrageenan(carr)-induced paw edema was performed. We investigate the anti-inflammatory mechanism of WET via studies of the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GRx) in the liver and the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitrite oxide (NO) in the edema paw. Serum NO and TNF-alpha were also measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The fingerprint chromatogram of WET was established through HPLC analysis, and implies that WET contains the active ingredient gallic acid, chlorgenic acid, caffeic acid, taxifolin, isoquercitrin and quercetin. WET significantly inhibited the numbers of acetic acid-induced writhing responses and the formalin-induced pain in the late phase. In the anti-inflammatory test, WET inhibited the development of paw edema induced by carr. WET decreased the paw edema at the third, fourth and fifth hour after carr administration, and increased the activities of SOD, GPx and GRx in the liver tissue and decreased the MDA level in the edema paw at the third hour after carr injection. WET decreased the level of NO in edematous paw tissue and in serum level, and diminished the level of serum TNF-alpha at the fifth hour after carr injection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrated that WET is an effective anti-inflammatory agent in carr-induced inflammation. WET probably exerts anti-inflammatory effects by suppressing TNF-alpha and NO. The anti-inflammatory mechanism of WET might be related to the decrease in the level of MDA in the edema paw via increasing the activities of SOD, GPx and GRx in the liver.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan. soybean13mtdtw@gmail.com
authors.forename: Ming-Jyh
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Sheu
authors.forename: Pei-Yu
authors.initials: PY
authors.lastname: Chou
authors.forename: Hsu-Chen
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Chieh-Hsi
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Guan-Jhong
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Bor-Sen
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Jwo-Sheng
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Yi-Chung
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Chien
authors.forename: Ming-Hsing
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D019342:Acetic Acid; D000700:Analgesics / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D029062:Apocynaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects*; D002351:Carrageenan; D004487:Edema / Q000188:drug therapy; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005557:Formaldehyde; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D005419:Flavonoids; D010636:Phenols; D010936:Plant Extracts; D005557:Formaldehyde; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D002351:Carrageenan; D019342:Acetic Acid