title: Management of a stenotic right ventricle-pulmonary artery shunt early after the Norwood procedure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Inadequate pulmonary blood flow through a right ventricle-to-pulmonary artery (RV-PA) shunt early after the Norwood operation can be remedied by adding a modified Blalock-Taussig (mBT) shunt. We used multiscale computational modeling to determine whether the stenotic RV-PA shunt should be left in situ or removed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Models of the Norwood circulation were constructed with (1) a 5-mm RV-PA shunt, (2) a RV-PA shunt with 3- or 2-mm stenosis at the RV anastomosis, (3) a stenotic RV-PA shunt plus a 3.0- or 3.5-mm mBT shunt, or (4) a 3.5-mm mBT shunt. A hydraulic network that mathematically describes an entire circulatory system with pre-stage 2 hemodynamics was used to predict local dynamics within the Norwood circulation. Global variables including total cardiac output, mixed venous oxygen saturation, stroke work, and systemic oxygen delivery can be computed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Proximal stenosis of the RV-PA shunt results in decreased pulmonary blood flow, total cardiac output, mixed venous saturation, and oxygen delivery. Addition of a 3.0- or 3.5-mm mBT shunt leads to pulmonary overcirculation, lowers systemic oxygen delivery, and decreases coronary perfusion pressure. Diastolic runoff through the stenotic RV-PA shunt dramatically increases retrograde flow into the single ventricle. Removal of the stenotic RV-PA shunt balances systemic and pulmonary blood flow, eliminates regurgitant flow into the single ventricle, and improves systemic oxygen delivery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adding a mBT shunt to remedy a stenotic RV-PA shunt early after a Norwood operation can lead to pulmonary overcirculation and may decrease systemic oxygen delivery. The stenotic RV-PA shunt should be taken down. Conversion to an optimal mBT shunt is preferable to augmenting a stenotic RV-PA shunt with a smaller mBT shunt.
authors.affiliation: Section of Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA. hsiaty@musc.edu
authors.forename: Tain-Yen
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Hsia
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Migliavacca
authors.forename: Giancarlo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pennati
authors.forename: Rossella
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Balossino
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dubini
authors.forename: Marc R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: de Leval
authors.forename: Scott M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Bradley
authors.forename: Edward L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Bove
mesh_terms: D016122:Brachiocephalic Trunk / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D002302:Cardiac Output / Q000502:physiology; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006083:Graft Occlusion, Vascular / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D018636:Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008168:Lung / Q000098:blood supply*; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D016571:Neural Networks, Computer; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D010166:Palliative Care; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D011651:Pulmonary Artery / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D012086:Reoperation; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000502:physiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen