title: Cerebellum development during childhood and adolescence: a longitudinal morphometric MRI study.
abstract: In addition to its well-established role in balance, coordination, and other motor skills, the cerebellum is increasingly recognized as a prominent contributor to a wide array of cognitive and emotional functions. Many of these capacities undergo dramatic changes during childhood and adolescence. However, accurate characterization of co-occurring anatomical changes has been hindered by lack of longitudinal data and methodologic challenges in quantifying subdivisions of the cerebellum. In this study we apply an innovative image analysis technique to quantify total cerebellar volume and 11 subdivisions (i.e. anterior, superior posterior, and inferior posterior lobes, corpus medullare, and three vermal regions) from anatomic brain MRI scans from 25 healthy females and 25 healthy males aged 5-24 years, each of whom was scanned at least three times at approximately 2-year intervals. Total cerebellum volume followed an inverted U shaped developmental trajectory peaking at age 11.8 years in females and 15.6 years in males. Cerebellar volume was 10% to 13% larger in males depending on the age of comparison and the sexual dimorphism remained significant after covarying for total brain volume. Subdivisions of the cerebellum had distinctive developmental trajectories with more phylogenetically recent regions maturing particularly late. The cerebellum's unique protracted developmental trajectories, sexual dimorphism, preferential vulnerability to environmental influences, and frequent implication in childhood onset disorders such as autism and ADHD make it a prime target for pediatric neuroimaging investigations.
authors.affiliation: Child Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health/NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. h.tiemeier@erasmusmc.nl
authors.forename: Henning
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tiemeier
authors.forename: Rhoshel K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Lenroot
authors.forename: Deanna K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Greenstein
authors.forename: Lan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tran
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pierson
authors.forename: Jay N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Giedd
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002525:Cerebellar Cortex / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000254:growth & development*; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D055815:Young Adult
references.citation: Comput Med Imaging Graph. 2002 Jul-Aug;26(4):251-64
references.pmid: 12074920
references.citation: Arch Neurol. 1998 Dec;55(12):1561-8
references.pmid: 9865801
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2007 Jun 15;61(12):1361-9
references.pmid: 16950217
references.citation: Neuropsychopharmacology. 2004 Feb;29(2):373-84
references.pmid: 14583743
references.citation: J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2004 Summer;16(3):367-78
references.pmid: 15377747
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 May 25;101(21):8174-9
references.pmid: 15148381
references.citation: Cortex. 2002 Sep;38(4):491-8
references.pmid: 12465664
references.citation: Neural Comput. 1999 Nov 15;11(8):2061-80
references.pmid: 10578044
references.citation: Nat Neurosci. 2003 Mar;6(3):309-15
references.pmid: 12548289
references.citation: Annu Rev Neurosci. 1997;20:61-90
references.pmid: 9056708
references.citation: AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2003 Apr;24(4):644-7
references.pmid: 12695196
references.citation: Neurosci Lett. 1999 Aug 6;270(3):149-52
references.pmid: 10462116
references.citation: Trends Neurosci. 1998 Sep;21(9):367-9
references.pmid: 9735943
references.citation: IEEE Trans Med Imaging. 2002 Oct;21(10):1280-91
references.pmid: 12585710
references.citation: J Hum Evol. 2003 Apr;44(4):401-29
references.pmid: 12727461
references.citation: IEEE Trans Med Imaging. 1998 Feb;17(1):87-97
references.pmid: 9617910
references.citation: Science. 1997 Oct 17;278(5337):412-9
references.pmid: 9334292
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2005 Jun 1;57(11):1263-72
references.pmid: 15949998
references.citation: Child Dev. 2000 Jan-Feb;71(1):44-56
references.pmid: 10836557
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2002 Sep;17(1):61-76
references.pmid: 12482068
references.citation: Brain Res. 1979 Mar 16;163(2):195-205
references.pmid: 427544
references.citation: J Chem Neuroanat. 2003 Dec;26(4):243-52
references.pmid: 14729127
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2001 Jan 15;21(2):700-12
references.pmid: 11160449
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2007 Jul 15;36(4):1065-73
references.pmid: 17513132
references.citation: J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2006 Dec;102(1-5):187-94
references.pmid: 17113981
references.citation: J Neurosci. 1993 Jul;13(7):2801-20
references.pmid: 8331373
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2009 May 15;46(1):39-46
references.pmid: 19457380
references.citation: Cereb Cortex. 1996 Sep-Oct;6(5):726-36
references.pmid: 8921207
references.citation: Cereb Cortex. 1996 Jul-Aug;6(4):551-60
references.pmid: 8670681
references.citation: Neuroimage. 1998 May;7(4 Pt 1):368-76
references.pmid: 9626676
references.citation: Brain Res. 2006 Apr 14;1083(1):39-49
references.pmid: 16542644
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2009 Jan 15;44(2):489-501
references.pmid: 18835452
references.citation: J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1994 Mar-Apr;18(2):192-205
references.pmid: 8126267
references.citation: Nat Rev Neurosci. 2006 Jul;7(7):511-22
references.pmid: 16791141
references.citation: Eur Psychiatry. 2008 Jun;23(4):289-99
references.pmid: 17765485
references.citation: Development. 1990 Jan;108(1):19-31
references.pmid: 2351063
references.citation: Eur J Neurosci. 1993 Sep 1;5(9):1145-55
references.pmid: 8281319
references.citation: Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars). 1994;54(2):151-4
references.pmid: 8053411
references.citation: AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2001 Jun-Jul;22(6):1161-7
references.pmid: 11415913
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2005 May 1;25(4):1146-60
references.pmid: 15850732
references.citation: AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1994 Jan;162(1):123-30
references.pmid: 8273650
references.citation: Crit Rev Biomed Eng. 1994;22(5-6):401-65
references.pmid: 8631195
references.citation: Brain Res Dev Brain Res. 2003 Oct 10;145(1):117-39
references.pmid: 14519499
references.citation: J Neurocytol. 2002 Mar-Jun;31(3-5):373-85
references.pmid: 12815254
references.citation: Brain. 2000 May;123 ( Pt 5):1051-61
references.pmid: 10775549
references.citation: Cerebellum. 2006;5(2):77-88
references.pmid: 16818382
references.citation: Rev Neurol (Paris). 1990;146(10):564-9
references.pmid: 2263818
references.citation: Int Rev Neurobiol. 1997;41:61-82
references.pmid: 9378611