title: Effect of caregiver gender, age, and feedback prompts on chest compression rate and depth.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Quality of chest compressions (CC) is an important determinant of resuscitation outcome for cardiac arrest patients.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To characterize the quality of CC performed by hospital personnel, evaluate for predictors of CC performance, and determine the effects of audiovisual feedback on CC performance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven hundred and fifty four individuals participated in a CPR quality improvement challenge at 30 US hospitals. Participants performed 2min of CC on a manikin with an accelerometer-based system for measuring both rate (CC/min) and depth (in.) of CC (AED Plus:ZOLL Medical). Real-time audiovisual feedback was disabled. A subset of participants performed a second trial of CC with the audiovisual feedback prompts activated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean depth of CC was below AHA minimum guidelines (<1.5in.) for 34% (1.30+/-0.14in.) and above maximum guidelines (>2.0in.) for 12% of participants (2.20+/-0.22in.). Depth of CC was greater for male vs. female (p<0.001) and younger vs. older (p=0.009) but did not differ between ACLS, BCLS, and non-certified participants (p=0.6). Predictors of CC depth included CC rate (r(part)=-0.34, p<0.0001), gender (r(part)=0.13, p=0.001), and age (r(part)=-0.09, p=0.02). Mean depth of CC increased, mean rate decreased, and variance in CC depth and rate declined when feedback was used (p< or =0.0001 vs. without feedback). The percentage of CC performed within AHA guidelines (1.5-2in.) improved from 15 to 78% with feedback.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The quality of CC performed by personnel at US hospitals as judged by their performance on a manikin is often suboptimal. Quality of CC can be improved with use of CPR feedback technologies.
authors.affiliation: Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States. mpeberdy@aol.com
authors.forename: Mary Ann
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Peberdy
authors.forename: Annemarie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Silver
authors.forename: Joseph P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Ornato
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation / Q000592:standards; D030141:Feedback, Psychological; D005260:Female; D006282:Health Personnel; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009726:Nurses; D011312:Pressure; D012737:Sex Factors; D013338:Students, Nursing; D055815:Young Adult