title: The spontaneously hypertensive rat model of ADHD--the importance of selecting the appropriate reference strain.
abstract: Although several molecular and genetic manipulations may produce hyperactive animals, hyperactivity alone is insufficient for the animal to qualify as a model of ADHD. Based on a wider range of criteria - behavioral, genetic and neurobiological - the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) obtained from Charles River, Germany (SHR/NCrl) at present constitutes the best validated animal model of ADHD combined subtype (ADHD-C), and the Wistar Kyoto substrain obtained from Harlan, UK (WKY/NHsd) is its most appropriate control. Although other rat strains may behave like WKY/NHsd rats, genetic results indicate significant differences when compared to the WKY/NHsd substrain, making them less suitable controls for the SHR/NCrl. The use of WKY/NCrl, outbred Wistar, Sprague Dawley or other rat strains as controls for SHRs may produce spurious neurobiological differences. Consequently, data may be misinterpreted if insufficient care is taken in the selection of the control group. It appears likely that the use of different control strains may underlie some of the discrepancies in results and interpretations in studies involving the SHR and WKY. Finally, we argue that WKY rats obtained from Charles River, Germany (WKY/NCrl) provide a promising model for the predominantly inattentive subtype of ADHD (ADHD-PI); in this case also the WKY/NHsd substrain should be used as control.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway. terje.sagvolden@medisin.uio.no
authors.forename: Terje
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sagvolden
authors.forename: Espen Borgå
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Johansen
authors.forename: Grete
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wøien
authors.forename: S Ivar
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Walaas
authors.forename: Jon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Storm-Mathisen
authors.forename: Linda Hildegard
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Bergersen
authors.forename: Oivind
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Hvalby
authors.forename: Vidar
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: Heidi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Aase
authors.forename: Vivienne A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Russell
authors.forename: Peter R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Killeen
authors.forename: Tania
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dasbanerjee
authors.forename: Frank A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Middleton
authors.forename: Stephen V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Faraone
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity / Q000235:genetics; D051381:Rats; D011918:Rats, Inbred SHR; D011921:Rats, Inbred WKY; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology; D013045:Species Specificity
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