title: Cognitive behavioral management of Tourette's syndrome and chronic tic disorder in medicated and unmedicated samples.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) and medication can be administered in combination in treating tic disorders but there are no studies evaluating the effectiveness of CBT with and without medication. The current study compares the efficacy of CBT in combination with medication and without medication.
  
  
  METHODS
  CBT was administered in a consecutively referred sample of 76 people diagnosed either with Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome or chronic tic disorder. The sample was divided into a medicated and a non-medicated group. Twenty three were stabilized on medication and 53 were not receiving medication. Measures administered pre- and post-CBT in both groups included: main outcome measure of Tourette Syndrome Global Scale and measures of mood.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Repeated measures analysis of variance on the initial sample revealed no difference between medicated and non-medicated groups in outcome. A further analysis comparing the 23 receiving medication with 23 not receiving medication matched on baseline clinical variables also yielded no significant group differences, either in treatment outcome on main tic outcome measures or on other clinically relevant questionnaires.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CBT for tic disorders is an effective treatment administered either in combination with medication or alone.
authors.affiliation: Fernand-Seguin Research Centre, Louis-H. Lafontaine Hospital 7331 Hochelaga St. Montreal (Quebec) H1N 3V2 Canada. kieron.oconnor@umontreal.ca
authors.forename: Kieron P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: O'Connor
authors.forename: Anick
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Laverdure
authors.forename: Annie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Taillon
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Stip
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Borgeat
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lavoie
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D000368:Aged; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013981:Tic Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000628:therapy*; D005879:Tourette Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D011619:Psychotropic Drugs
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