title: Anxiety, depression, and pain: differences by primary cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Disease-related cancer pain is a multidimensional phenomenon. Psychological factors that may alter pain perception in cancer patients have not been well studied. The study purpose was to explore differences in pain, anxiety, and depression by type of primary cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a cross-sectional study of consecutive patients (80% male, mean age 60.5 +/- 11.5 years) undergoing radiation treatment for head/neck (HNC, n = 93), lung (LC, n = 146), or prostate (PC, n = 63) cancers, patients reported pain quality, pattern, and intensity with the McGill Pain Questionnaire. They also completed the State Trait Anxiety Inventory, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, and Coping Strategies Questionnaire. Comparative statistics, correlation coefficients, and multivariate regression analysis were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Worst pain intensity was significantly greater in LC subjects compared to HNC (p < 0.05) and PC (p < 0.001). Pain quality ratings were significantly greater for individuals with LC compared to PC (p < 0.05), and the regression analyses indicated that pain quality ratings were partially predicted by having LC. Depression levels approached clinical significance and were greatest for individuals with LC. Catastrophizing was correlated with high levels of depression (p < 0.01) and anxiety (p < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Individuals with cancer undergoing radiation treatment experienced clinically significant levels of unrelieved cancer pain despite standard pain management. Pain intensity and quality ratings were greatest for LC individuals and may contribute to symptoms of depression. Catastrophizing may contribute to psychological factors which may impact the pain experience. Tailored treatments that meet cancer patients' psychosocial and medical needs may result in improved pain management and functional ability.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Medicine & Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612-7213, USA. fischerd@uic.edu
authors.forename: Dena J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.forename: Dana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Villines
authors.forename: Young Ok
authors.initials: YO
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Joel B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Epstein
authors.forename: Diana J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Wilkie
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D001007:Anxiety / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology / Q000532:radiotherapy; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology / Q000532:radiotherapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010146:Pain / Q000145:classification / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology / Q000532:radiotherapy
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