title: Epilepsia partialis continua in type 1 diabetes: evolution into epileptic encephalopathy with continuous spike-waves during slow sleep.
abstract: Hyperglycemic status may be rarely complicated by Epilepsia partialis continua (EPC) that usually responds to metabolic normalization. Anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies (GAD-Ab) play a pivotal role in the autoimmune process that leads to clinical onset of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). GAD-Ab have been recently reported in association with rare forms of refractory epilepsy, with or without association to T1DM. Here we describe a young patient who developed EPC five months after T1DM onset; GAD-Ab were detected in his cerebrospinal fluid with evidence of oligoclonal bands. His epileptic disorder evolved over time into drug-resistant epilepsy with continuous spike-waves during slow sleep and severe behavioral impairment. The role of both metabolic imbalance and GAD autoimmunity is discussed.
authors.affiliation: OU Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Giannina Gaslini Institute, Largo G Gaslini 5, 16100 Genoa, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria Giuseppina
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Baglietto
authors.forename: Maria Margherita
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Mancardi
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Giannattasio
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Minuto
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rossi
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Capovilla
authors.forename: Edvige
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Veneselli
authors.forename: Renata
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lorini
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: d'Annunzio
mesh_terms: D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid* / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018450:Disease Progression; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004576:Electromyography; D017036:Epilepsia Partialis Continua / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid* / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005968:Glutamate Decarboxylase / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D043025:Oligoclonal Bands / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D043025:Oligoclonal Bands; D005968:Glutamate Decarboxylase
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