title: Diagnosis of conjunctivitis in primary care: comparison of two different culture procedures.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In general practice, infectious conjunctivitis is a common and mostly (64%) self-limiting disorder. In case of an aberrant course or severe symptoms, a general practitioner may take a culture. Direct inoculation is considered the reference standard, but usually a swab is sent to a laboratory.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare the diagnostic performance of the swab, transported by surface mail with direct inoculation.
  
  
  METHODS
  19 general practitioners took two samples of the conjunctiva from 88 patients with symptoms suggestive of infectious conjunctivitis by rolling a cotton swab across the conjunctiva of the lower fornix. One swab was used to inoculate three agar plates directly, while the other was sent in a Stuart medium to the laboratory and inoculated at the time of arrival. The numbers of positive cultures of both methods were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A pathogen was found in 31 of 88 samples (35% (95% CI 26 to 46)). Surprisingly, the number of positive cultures was higher for the Stuart medium (27/88) than for direct inoculation (23/88). The difference was 4.5% (90% CI 0 to 12, p = 0.388; one-sided McNemar test for paired proportions). In five of the 19 samples that were positive in both tests, the cultured pathogens were different.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Stuart medium detected more bacteria than direct inoculation. The lower 90% CI, testing non-inferiority at p = 0.05, indicates that it is unlikely that the Stuart medium misses any positive cultures compared with direct inoculation.
authors.affiliation: Academic Medical Center, Department of General Practice, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. e.tellegen@wanadoo.nl
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tellegen
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ter Riet
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Sloos
authors.forename: H C P M
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: van Weert
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification; D001431:Bacteriological Techniques / Q000379:methods; D003228:Conjunctiva / Q000382:microbiology; D003234:Conjunctivitis, Bacterial / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003470:Culture Media; D006801:Humans; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000379:methods; D013048:Specimen Handling / Q000379:methods; D014186:Transportation
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media