title: Biomechanics of the porcine triple bundle anterior cruciate ligament.
abstract: Several species of animals are used as a model to study human anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. In many animals, three bundles were clearly discernible during dissection in the ACL. However, there are few reports about the biomechanical role of each bundle in the porcine knee. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of each of the three bundles in the porcine knee, especially the intermediate bundle. Ten porcine knees were tested using a robotic/universal forcemoment sensor system. This system applied anterior loading of 89 N at 30 degrees, 60 degrees and 90 degrees of flexion, and a combined 7 Nm valgus and 4 Nm internal tibial torque at 30 degrees and 60 degrees of flexion before and after each bundle was selectively cut. The in situ force (N) for each bundle of the ACL was measured. Both intermediate (IM) bundle and postero-lateral (PL) bundle had significantly lower in situ force than the antero-medial (AM) bundle in anterior loading. The IM and PL bundles carried a larger proportion of the force under the torsional loads than the anterior loads. But IM bundle had a significant lower in situ force during the combined torque at 60 degrees of knee flexion, when compared intact ACL. In summary, IM bundle has a subordinate role to the AM and PL bundles. AM bundle is more dominant than IM and PL bundles. The porcine knee is a suitable model for ACL studies, especially for AP stability.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, 3471 Fifth Avenue, 1010 Kaufmann Building, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
authors.forename: Yuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.forename: Sheila J M
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Ingham
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Linde-Rosen
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Smolinski
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Horaguchi
authors.forename: Freddie H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Fu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D001182:Arthroscopy; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006614:Hindlimb / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D013264:Stifle / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D034421:Sus scrofa; D054159:Torsion, Mechanical
references.citation: Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2007 Jan;454:17-22; discussion 14
references.pmid: 17202915
references.citation: Am J Sports Med. 2005 Apr;33(4):574-82
references.pmid: 15788732
references.citation: Arthroscopy. 2000 Sep;16(6):633-9
references.pmid: 10976125
references.citation: Arthroscopy. 2008 Jan;24(1):96-105
references.pmid: 18182209
references.citation: Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1975 Jan-Feb;(106):216-31
references.pmid: 1126079
references.citation: Arthroscopy. 2002 Apr;18(4):394-8
references.pmid: 11951198
references.citation: Am J Sports Med. 1997 Mar-Apr;25(2):203-6
references.pmid: 9079174
references.citation: Am J Sports Med. 2003 Jan-Feb;31(1):19-25
references.pmid: 12531752
references.citation: Am J Sports Med. 2009 Aug;37(8):1522-30
references.pmid: 19509413
references.citation: J Orthop Res. 2008 Nov;26(11):1500-5
references.pmid: 18528857
references.citation: J Orthop Res. 1997 Mar;15(2):285-93
references.pmid: 9167633
references.citation: Am J Sports Med. 2007 Feb;35(2):223-7
references.pmid: 17158275
references.citation: J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1979 Jul;61(5):710-4
references.pmid: 582319
references.citation: Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2009 Jun;17(6):590-4
references.pmid: 19089408
references.citation: J Orthop Res. 2003 Jul;21(4):708-15
references.pmid: 12798072
references.citation: Am J Sports Med. 1997 Nov-Dec;25(6):823-9
references.pmid: 9397272
references.citation: Am J Sports Med. 2008 Nov;36(11):2158-66
references.pmid: 18669984
references.citation: Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2008 Feb;63(1):71-6
references.pmid: 18297210
references.citation: Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2007 Jan;454:35-47
references.pmid: 17075382
references.citation: J Orthop Res. 2004 Jan;22(1):85-9
references.pmid: 14656664
references.citation: Am J Sports Med. 2008 Jul;36(7):1263-74
references.pmid: 18354141
references.citation: Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2007 Oct;22(8):941-9
references.pmid: 17601640
references.citation: Am J Sports Med. 2006 Apr;34(4):577-85
references.pmid: 16282574
references.citation: Am J Sports Med. 2007 Jun;35(6):962-71
references.pmid: 17400750
references.citation: J Orthop Res. 1992 Jul;10(4):476-84
references.pmid: 1613623
references.citation: Int Orthop. 2004 Apr;28(2):91-6
references.pmid: 15224166
references.citation: Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2006 Oct;14(10):982-92
references.pmid: 16897068
references.citation: J Biomech. 1996 Dec;29(12):1577-85
references.pmid: 8945656
references.citation: J Biomech Eng. 1995 Feb;117(1):1-7
references.pmid: 7609472
references.citation: Arthroscopy. 2007 Nov;23(11):1210-7
references.pmid: 17986409
references.citation: Am J Sports Med. 2006 Mar;34(3):456-63
references.pmid: 16303880
references.citation: Arthroscopy. 2004 Dec;20(10):1015-25
references.pmid: 15592229