title: Visceral organ cross-sensitization - an integrated perspective.
abstract: Viscero-somatic referral and sensitization has been well documented clinically and widely investigated, whereas viscero-visceral referral and sensitization (termed cross-organ sensitization) has only recently received attention as important to visceral disease states. Because second order neurons in the CNS have been extensively shown to receive convergent input from different visceral organs, it has been assumed that cross-organ sensitization arises by the same convergence-projection mechanism as advanced for viscero-somatic referral and sensitization. However, increasing evidence also suggests participation of peripheral mechanisms to explain referral and sensitization. We briefly summarize behavioral, morphological and physiological support of and focus on potential mechanisms underlying cross-organ sensitization.
authors.affiliation: Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA. Pablo_Brumovsky@yahoo.com
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Brumovsky
authors.forename: G F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Gebhart
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000502:physiology*; D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000502:physiology; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000294:innervation; D006801:Humans; D040542:Mechanotransduction, Cellular / Q000502:physiology; D012679:Sense Organs / Q000294:innervation* / Q000502:physiology*; D012867:Skin / Q000294:innervation; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000294:innervation; D017833:Visceral Afferents / Q000502:physiology*
references.citation: Cleve Clin J Med. 2007 Feb;74 Suppl 1:S30-3
references.pmid: 17455540
references.citation: Neuroscience. 2004;126(3):585-90
references.pmid: 15183508
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1997 Sep;273(3 Pt 2):R1147-57
references.pmid: 9321898
references.citation: Gut. 2002 Jul;51 Suppl 1:i6-10
references.pmid: 12077055
references.citation: Neuroscience. 2000;95(1):189-95
references.pmid: 10619475
references.citation: J Neurosci Res. 2008 Sep;86(12):2746-52
references.pmid: 18478547
references.citation: Brain. 2002 Feb;125(Pt 2):421-35
references.pmid: 11844741
references.citation: Gut. 2006 Jul;55(7):920-5
references.pmid: 16492716
references.citation: Neuroreport. 2004 Jun 7;15(8):1299-302
references.pmid: 15167553
references.citation: Auton Neurosci. 2006 Dec 30;130(1-2):1-5
references.pmid: 16798102
references.citation: Brain Res. 2004 May 22;1008(2):193-7
references.pmid: 15145756
references.citation: Postgrad Med J. 2005 Aug;81(958):515-8
references.pmid: 16085743
references.citation: Pain. 2005 Dec 15;119(1-3):191-200
references.pmid: 16297555
references.citation: Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2007;(177):181-216
references.pmid: 17087124
references.citation: Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2006 Oct;18(10):936-48
references.pmid: 16961697
references.citation: Folia Histochem Cytobiol. 2003;41(4):201-11
references.pmid: 14677759
references.citation: Regul Pept. 1998 Oct 16;77(1-3):113-20
references.pmid: 9809804
references.citation: Lancet. 2000 Sep 30;356(9236):1154-9
references.pmid: 11030295
references.citation: Neurosci Lett. 2001 May 25;304(3):149-52
references.pmid: 11343824
references.citation: Gut. 1986 Jan;27(1):37-40
references.pmid: 3949235
references.citation: Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2001 Nov;281(5):G1196-202
references.pmid: 11668028
references.citation: Brain Res. 2007 Apr 13;1141:84-91
references.pmid: 17280649
references.citation: Eur Urol. 2008 Jan;53(1):33-6
references.pmid: 17961909
references.citation: Pain. 1990 May;41(2):167-234
references.pmid: 2195438
references.citation: Neuroscience. 1993 Sep;56(2):367-78
references.pmid: 8247267
references.citation: J Neurophysiol. 1992 Oct;68(4):1160-6
references.pmid: 1432075
references.citation: Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2007 Nov;293(5):F1461-7
references.pmid: 17715261
references.citation: Neuropharmacology. 2003 Feb;44(2):163-70
references.pmid: 12623214
references.citation: Neuron. 2006 Oct 5;52(1):77-92
references.pmid: 17015228
references.citation: J Pain. 2007 Jun;8(6):522-9
references.pmid: 17434802
references.citation: Pain. 1994 Jul;58(1):117-128
references.pmid: 7970834
references.citation: J Neurophysiol. 2003 Jan;89(1):2-11
references.pmid: 12522154
references.citation: J Neurophysiol. 1993 Mar;69(3):868-83
references.pmid: 8385199
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2008 Jun 11;28(24):6281-4
references.pmid: 18550771
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2005 Mar 9;25(10):2576-85
references.pmid: 15758167
references.citation: Exp Neurol. 2007 Apr;204(2):667-79
references.pmid: 17303123
references.citation: Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Sep;295(3):E559-68
references.pmid: 18577691
references.citation: J Neurophysiol. 1993 Feb;69(2):533-44
references.pmid: 8459284
references.citation: Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2006 Jun;290(6):F1478-87
references.pmid: 16403832
references.citation: Urology. 2007 Apr;69(4 Suppl):53-9
references.pmid: 17462481
references.citation: J Assoc Physicians India. 2000 Sep;48(9):940, 943
references.pmid: 11198810
references.citation: Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 2008 Jul;9(7):716-25
references.pmid: 18600577
references.citation: Urology. 1997 May;49(5A Suppl):52-7
references.pmid: 9146002
references.citation: Eur J Neurosci. 2003 Dec;18(12):3311-24
references.pmid: 14686904
references.citation: J Clin Psychiatry. 2002;63 Suppl 11:6-10
references.pmid: 12562137
references.citation: J Physiol. 1916 May 15;50(4):225-58
references.pmid: 16993339
references.citation: Fertil Steril. 2006 Oct;86(4 Suppl):1067-73
references.pmid: 16962120
references.citation: J Urol. 2005 Dec;174(6):2405-8
references.pmid: 16280857
references.citation: Brain Res. 2000 Jul 21;871(2):181-91
references.pmid: 10899285
references.citation: Pain. 2002 Feb;95(3):247-257
references.pmid: 11839424
references.citation: Gastroenterology. 2005 Dec;129(6):1967-78
references.pmid: 16344065
references.citation: Eur J Neurosci. 2007 Jun;25(12):3570-5
references.pmid: 17610576
references.citation: Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2008 Nov;295(5):F1324-35
references.pmid: 18632800
references.citation: J Physiol. 1981;319:43-52
references.pmid: 7320920
references.citation: Science. 2005 Jun 10;308(5728):1587-9
references.pmid: 15947176
references.citation: Horm Behav. 2003 Aug;44(2):123-31
references.pmid: 13129484
references.citation: Brain. 1948 Jun;71(2):184-211
references.pmid: 18890914
references.citation: Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 1991 May;69(5):627-34
references.pmid: 1863913
references.citation: Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2007 Jan;292(1):F123-30
references.pmid: 16926445
references.citation: Eur J Neurosci. 2003 Dec;18(12):3325-34
references.pmid: 14686905
references.citation: Neuron. 1996 Jul;17(1):135-45
references.pmid: 8755485
references.citation: Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2006 Oct;291(4):G658-65
references.pmid: 16500917
references.citation: Urol Clin North Am. 2008 Feb;35(1):81-9; vi
references.pmid: 18061026
references.citation: Neurosci Lett. 2001 May 18;304(1-2):61-4
references.pmid: 11335055
references.citation: Curr Urol Rep. 2008 Jul;9(4):314-9
references.pmid: 18765131
references.citation: Brain Res. 2007 Jun 4;1152:75-86
references.pmid: 17433808
references.citation: Eur J Neurosci. 2001 Oct;14(8):1203-8
references.pmid: 11703449
references.citation: Neurosci Lett. 1992 Apr 13;138(1):149-52
references.pmid: 1383876
references.citation: Neurosci Lett. 1982 Aug 16;31(2):123-8
references.pmid: 7133547
references.citation: Neuroreport. 2004 Dec 3;15(17):2601-5
references.pmid: 15570160
references.citation: Exp Physiol. 2002 Mar;87(2):239-244
references.pmid: 29345433
references.citation: Expert Opin Ther Targets. 2009 Jan;13(1):69-81
references.pmid: 19063707
references.citation: Neurosci Lett. 2002 Oct 25;332(1):29-32
references.pmid: 12377377
references.citation: Neuroscience. 2007 Nov 9;149(3):660-72
references.pmid: 17920206
references.citation: Pain. 1992 Jun;49(3):373-382
references.pmid: 1408304
references.citation: Brain Res. 2003 May 9;971(2):210-20
references.pmid: 12706237
references.citation: Neurosci Lett. 2001 Nov 2;313(1-2):49-52
references.pmid: 11684337
references.citation: Neuroreport. 2007 Feb 12;18(3):209-12
references.pmid: 17314658
references.citation: Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2004 Aug;287(2):F245-51
references.pmid: 15271687
references.citation: J Neurosci. 1994 Jun;14(6):3958-68
references.pmid: 8207499
references.citation: J Neurosci Methods. 1983 Jul;8(3):211-24
references.pmid: 6621094
references.citation: Brain Res. 1984 Nov 12;321(2):267-77
references.pmid: 6498518
references.citation: Eur Urol. 2008 Jan;53(1):60-7
references.pmid: 17900797
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1984 Dec;247(6 Pt 2):R995-1002
references.pmid: 6507655
references.citation: Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2006 Mar;290(3):G451-7
references.pmid: 16195421
references.citation: Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2007 Nov;293(5):R2052-8
references.pmid: 17761515
references.citation: Neurosci Lett. 1982 Nov 16;33(1):1-6
references.pmid: 6296733
references.citation: J Comp Neurol. 1992 May 22;319(4):615-23
references.pmid: 1619047
references.citation: J Urol. 2008 Oct;180(4):1373-7
references.pmid: 18707715
references.citation: Exp Neurol. 1997 Oct;147(2):389-400
references.pmid: 9344563
references.citation: Biophys J. 2003 Apr;84(4):2181-91
references.pmid: 12668427
references.citation: Nat Rev Neurosci. 2009 Jan;10(1):23-36
references.pmid: 19096368
references.citation: Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2007 Feb;28(2):93-102
references.pmid: 17222466
references.citation: Physiol Behav. 2005 Oct 15;86(3):272-80
references.pmid: 16139851
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 2008 Feb;118(2):763-76
references.pmid: 18172555
references.citation: Brain Res. 2007 Dec;1186:180-7
references.pmid: 17997398
references.citation: J Auton Nerv Syst. 1996 Jul 5;59(3):151-8
references.pmid: 8832521
references.citation: Pain. 2007 Apr;128(3):235-243
references.pmid: 17070995
references.citation: Pain. 2007 Nov;132 Suppl 1:S150-S159
references.pmid: 17959309
references.citation: Am J Gastroenterol. 2004 May;99(5):813-20
references.pmid: 15128342
references.citation: Neuroscience. 2008 May 15;153(3):803-13
references.pmid: 18424003
references.citation: Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 1999 Aug;23(6):1103-12
references.pmid: 10621952
references.citation: Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl. 2001;(207):35-43; discussion 106-25
references.pmid: 11409613
references.citation: J Soc Gynecol Investig. 1996 Nov-Dec;3(6):342-9
references.pmid: 8923419
references.citation: Cell Biol Toxicol. 2007 Sep;23(5):303-12
references.pmid: 17225077
references.citation: J Neurosci. 1996 Aug 1;16(15):4733-41
references.pmid: 8764660
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2002 Oct 1;22(19):8352-6
references.pmid: 12351708
references.citation: Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2008 Dec;9(17):2979-94
references.pmid: 19006474
references.citation: Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2006 Dec;291(6):R1592-601
references.pmid: 16946082
references.citation: Neuropeptides. 2008 Jun;42(3):311-7
references.pmid: 18328558
references.citation: Acta Chir Scand. 1963 Sep;126:244-50
references.pmid: 14062919
references.citation: Gastroenterology. 2005 Jun;128(7):1953-64
references.pmid: 15940629
references.citation: Exp Brain Res. 1999 Feb;124(4):395-421
references.pmid: 10090653
references.citation: J Physiol. 1982 Jan;322:45-52
references.pmid: 7069626
references.citation: Eur J Pain. 2009 Jan;13(1):35-7
references.pmid: 18993095
references.citation: Pain. 2009 Mar;142(1-2):75-88
references.pmid: 19167822
references.citation: Pflugers Arch. 1986 Nov;407(5):510-8
references.pmid: 3786110
references.citation: Urology. 2004 Jul;64(1):182-6
references.pmid: 15245967
references.citation: Sheng Li Xue Bao. 2008 Oct 25;60(5):605-9
references.pmid: 18958368
references.citation: Experientia. 1987 Jul 15;43(7):801-13
references.pmid: 3297768
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2002 Aug 15;22(16):7147-53
references.pmid: 12177210
references.citation: Pain. 2001 Apr;91(3):219-226
references.pmid: 11275377