title: Type D personality and mortality in peripheral arterial disease: a pilot study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Type D personality refers to the tendency to experience negative emotions and to inhibit self-expression in social interaction and has been shown to be an independent predictor of mortality in cardiac disease. Information about the effects of psychological traits on prognosis is lacking in cases of peripheral arterial disease (PAD).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine whether type D personality predicts all-cause mortality in PAD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pilot follow-up study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Vascular surgery department of a teaching hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 184 patients with symptomatic PAD (mean [SD] age, 64.8 [9.8] years) were followed up for 4 years (interquartile range, 3.5-4.5 years).
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients completed the type D Scale-14 measure of type D personality at baseline. Information about all-cause mortality was obtained from patient medical files.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During 4-year follow-up, 16 patients (8.7%) died. Adjusting for age and sex, type D personality was predictive of mortality (P = .03). Ankle-brachial index (P = .05), age (P = .009), diabetes mellitus (P = .02), pulmonary disease (P = .09), and renal disease (P = .02) were also predictive of mortality. Multivariable logistic regression revealed that age, diabetes, and renal disease were independent predictors of all-cause mortality (odds ratios, 1.1-2.3). After adjustment for these clinical predictors, patients with type D personality still had a more than 3-fold increased risk of death (odds ratio, 3.5; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-11.1; P = .04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Type D personality predicts an increased risk of all-cause mortality in PAD, above and beyond traditional risk factors. Further research is needed to confirm these findings, but this pilot study suggests that the assessment of type D personality may be useful for detecting high-risk patients with PAD.
authors.affiliation: Center of Research on Psychology in Somatic Diseases, Department of Medical Psychology, Tilburg University, PO Box 90153, 5000 LE Tilburg, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Annelies E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Aquarius
authors.forename: Kim G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Smolderen
authors.forename: Jaap F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Hamming
authors.forename: Jolanda
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: De Vries
authors.forename: Patrick W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Vriens
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Denollet
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D055109:Ankle Brachial Index; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016491:Peripheral Vascular Diseases / Q000401:mortality* / Q000523:psychology*; D010551:Personality / Q000145:classification*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011379:Prognosis; D011788:Quality of Life; D012307:Risk Factors