title: Oxidative stress and apoptosis are induced in human endothelial cells exposed to urban particulate matter.
abstract: Correlations between exposure to particle matter (PM) with an aerodynamic diameter <or= 2.5 or 10microm (PM(2.5) and PM(10), respectively) with cardiovascular effects have been demonstrated recently. Endothelial cells seem to play a relevant role in the responses to PM due to their participation in pro-inflammatory events. In this study we determined the effect of PM(2.5) and PM(10) from Mexico City on human endothelial cells by means of evaluating reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), NF-kappaB translocation and cell death. For this purpose we used human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) as a model. The production of ROS was determined by the reduction of H(2)DCFDA and NO by Griess reagent. The translocation of NF-kappaB was evaluated by Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay (EMSA) and the cellular death by the translocation of phosphatidylserine. TNF-alpha was used as a positive control for endothelial cell activation. PM(2.5) and PM(10) induced the production of ROS (77% and 126% increase, respectively, vs. control) and NO (up to 132% and 233% increase, respectively, vs. control). PM(2.5) and PM(10) also induced the nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB. All these events were associated with apoptosis. In conclusion, the activation of HUVEC induced by PM(2.5) and PM(10) is related with an oxidative stress, suggesting that these particles may participate in the development of cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, México D.F., Mexico.
authors.forename: Angélica
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Montiel-Dávalos
authors.forename: María de Jesús
authors.initials: Mde J
authors.lastname: Ibarra-Sánchez
authors.forename: José Luis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Ventura-Gallegos
authors.forename: Ernesto
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Alfaro-Moreno
authors.forename: Rebeca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: López-Marure
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D002460:Cell Line; D024202:Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D010316:Particle Size; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000633:toxicity*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D014178:Translocation, Genetic; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016328:NF-kappa B; D052638:Particulate Matter; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D009569:Nitric Oxide