title: The Colletotrichum orbiculare SSD1 mutant enhances Nicotiana benthamiana basal resistance by activating a mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway.
abstract: Plant basal resistance is activated by virulent pathogens in susceptible host plants. A Colletotrichum orbiculare fungal mutant defective in the SSD1 gene, which regulates cell wall composition, is restricted by host basal resistance responses. Here, we identified the Nicotiana benthamiana signaling pathway involved in basal resistance by silencing the defense-related genes required for restricting the growth of the C. orbiculare mutant. Only silencing of MAP Kinase Kinase2 or of both Salicylic Acid Induced Protein Kinase (SIPK) and Wound Induced Protein Kinase (WIPK), two mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases, allowed the mutant to infect and produce necrotic lesions similar to those of the wild type on inoculated leaves. The fungal mutant penetrated host cells to produce infection hyphae at a higher frequency in SIPK WIPK-silenced plants than in nonsilenced plants, without inducing host cellular defense responses. Immunocomplex kinase assays revealed that SIPK and WIPK were more active in leaves inoculated with mutant fungus than with the wild type, suggesting that induced resistance correlates with MAP kinase activity. Infiltration of heat-inactivated mutant conidia induced both SIPK and WIPK more strongly than did those of the wild type, while conidial exudates of the wild type did not suppress MAP kinase induction by mutant conidia. Therefore, activation of a specific MAP kinase pathway by fungal cell surface components determines the effective level of basal plant resistance.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan.
authors.forename: Shigeyuki
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Nobuaki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ishihama
authors.forename: Hirofumi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yoshioka
authors.forename: Aurélie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Huser
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: O'Connell
authors.forename: Gento
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tsuji
authors.forename: Seiji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tsuge
authors.forename: Yasuyuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kubo
mesh_terms: D020231:Colletotrichum / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D015151:Immunoblotting; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D008954:Models, Biological; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D014026:Nicotiana / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D005656:Fungal Proteins; D010940:Plant Proteins
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