title: Prevalence of i.v. thiopental use in psychiatric emergency settings in Japan.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Because i.v. barbiturates such as thiopental carry the risk of apnea and laryngeal spasm in asthmatic patients, reducing the use of barbiturate in emergency situations is important. The purpose of the present study was therefore to investigate the prevalence of i.v. thiopental as a choice of sedation in behavioral emergency settings, we conducted a cross-sectional multicenter study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Psychiatric emergency departments of seven hospitals were studied during a 4-month period. Patients with a score >15 on the Excited Component of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS-EC) who received i.v. medication were included in the study. Drugs were chosen according to the Japanese guidelines, in which the first injection was either haloperidol or benzodiazepine in accordance with clinical requirements. A second injection, which was the opposite drug to the first injection was administered as needed. Only when excitement obviously increased following the first injection, which was considered uncontrollable without thiopental according to expert experience, was thiopental given as a second injection. A total of 137 patients were included. The mean age was 40.4 years (SD 13.1), and the rate of male gender, drug-naïve, and F2 (schizophrenia, schizotypal and delusional disorders) on the ICD-10 were 48.9%, 29.9%, and 65.7%, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The rate of patients treated with thiopental as a second injection was 8.0% (n = 11). All of the first injections in patients treated with thiopental were not haloperidol but benzodiazepines (P = 0.0072).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because this multicenter study has an epidemiological character, the prevalence of i.v. thiopental use in psychiatric emergency settings in Japan is considered to be 8.0%.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. khatta@juntendo.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Kotaro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hatta
authors.forename: Mitsuru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Kenichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hamakawa
authors.forename: Toru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wakejima
authors.forename: Takao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nishimura
authors.forename: Toshitaka
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kawabata
authors.forename: Toyoaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hirata
authors.forename: Chie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Usui
authors.forename: Yutaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sawa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004637:Emergency Services, Psychiatric / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006220:Haloperidol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage; D007275:Injections, Intravenous / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D013874:Thiopental / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D006220:Haloperidol; D013874:Thiopental