title: Hemoglobin induces the expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in dendritic cells through the activation of PI3K, PKC, and NF-kappaB and the generation of reactive oxygen species.
abstract: Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the kynurenine (Kyn) pathway of tryptophan (Trp) metabolism. IDO is immunosuppressive and is induced by inflammation in macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs). Previous studies have shown the serum Kyn/Trp levels in patients with hemolytic anemia to be notably high. In the present study, we demonstrated that hemoglobin (Hb), but not hemin or heme-free globin (Apo Hb), induced IDO expression in bone marrow-derived myeloid DCs (BMDCs). Hb induced the phosphorylation and degradation of I kappaB alpha. Hb-induced IDO expression was inhibited by inhibitors of PI3-kinase (PI3K), PKC and nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB. Hb translocated both RelA and p52 from the cytosol to the nucleus and induced the intracellular generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Hb-induced IDO expression was inhibited by anti-oxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) or mixtures of SOD and catalase, however, IDO expression was enhanced by 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole, an inhibitor of catalase, suggesting that the generation of ROS such as O(2) (-), H(2)O(2), and hydroxyl radical is required for the induction of IDO expression. The generation of ROS was inhibited by a PKC inhibitor, and this action was further enhanced by addition of a PI3K inhibitor. Hb induced Akt phosphorylation, which was inhibited by a PI3K inhibitor and enhanced by a PKC inhibitor. These results suggest that the activation of NF-kappaB through the PI3K-PKC-ROS and PI3K-Akt pathways is required for the Hb-induced IDO expression in BMDCs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Technology, Nagoya University School of Health Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.
authors.forename: Nanako
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ogasawara
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Oguro
authors.forename: Toshitsugu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sakabe
authors.forename: Miyoko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Matsushima
authors.forename: Osamu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Takikawa
authors.forename: Ken-ichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Isobe
authors.forename: Fumihiko
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nagase
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001059:Apoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D002417:Cattle; D002460:Cell Line; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology*; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D004790:Enzyme Induction / Q000187:drug effects; D006418:Heme / Q000378:metabolism; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D050503:Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism*; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000378:metabolism*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D001059:Apoproteins; D006454:Hemoglobins; D050503:Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase; D016328:NF-kappa B; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D006418:Heme; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D011493:Protein Kinase C