title: Butyrate-induced transcriptional changes in human colonic mucosa.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fermentation of dietary fiber in the colon results in the production of short chain fatty acids (mainly propionate, butyrate and acetate). Butyrate modulates a wide range of processes, but its mechanism of action is mostly unknown. This study aimed to determine the effects of butyrate on the transcriptional regulation of human colonic mucosa in vivo.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five hundred genes were found to be differentially expressed after a two week daily butyrate administration with enemas. Pathway analysis showed that the butyrate intervention mainly resulted in an increased transcriptional regulation of the pathways representing fatty acid oxidation, electron transport chain and oxidative stress. In addition, several genes associated with epithelial integrity and apoptosis, were found to be differentially expressed after the butyrate intervention.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Colonic administration of butyrate in concentrations that can be achieved by consumption of a high-fiber diet enhances the maintenance of colonic homeostasis in healthy subjects, by regulating fatty acid metabolism, electron transport and oxidative stress pathways on the transcriptional level and provide for the first time, detailed molecular insight in the transcriptional response of gut mucosa to butyrate.
authors.affiliation: TI Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands. s.vanhoutvin@intmed.unimaas.nl
authors.forename: Steven A L W
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Vanhoutvin
authors.forename: Freddy J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Troost
authors.forename: Henrike M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Hamer
authors.forename: Patrick J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Lindsey
authors.forename: Ger H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Koek
authors.forename: Daisy M A E
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Jonkers
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kodde
authors.forename: Koen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Venema
authors.forename: Robert J M
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Brummer
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D020148:Butyric Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003106:Colon / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D017931:DNA Primers; D006801:Humans; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D020148:Butyric Acid
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