title: Endogenous leukemia inhibitory factor protects photoreceptor cells against light-induced degeneration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Expression of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) by a subset of Müller glia cells has recently been implicated in an endogenous survival response to photoreceptor injury in a model of inherited retinal degeneration. To investigate whether such a LIF-controlled survival pathway might be commonly induced upon photoreceptor injury independently of the nature of the toxic stimulus, we analyzed the role of LIF during light-induced retinal degeneration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Lif(+/-) and Lif(-/-) mice were exposed to 15,000 lx of white light for 2 h. Retinal morphology and rhodopsin content were analyzed nine days after light exposure. Gene expression studies were done using real-time PCR. Protein levels were determined by western blotting using specific antibodies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A lack of LIF reduced survival of photoreceptor cells after light exposure. In the absence of LIF several genes encoding molecules involved in the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (Jak/STAT) signaling pathway were not activated after light exposure. Presence or absence of LIF did not affect AKT (also known as protein kinase B, PKB) signaling and had only a mild effect on extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation. Stress-induced glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) induction was minimal in the absence of LIF.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that increased retinal expression of LIF is a general response to photoreceptor injury. Independent of the nature of the toxic insult (gene mutation, light), LIF may activate an endogenous rescue pathway that protects viable photoreceptor cells, leading to an increased photoreceptor survival in the stressed retina. This defense system may depend on the Jak/STAT pathway and may involve endothelin 2 (EDN2) but not (or only minimally) AKT and ERK1,2 signaling.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Laboratory for Retinal Cell Biology, Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bürgi
authors.forename: Marijana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Samardzija
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Grimm
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000528:radiation effects; D053605:Leukemia Inhibitory Factor / Q000172:deficiency / Q000378:metabolism*; D008027:Light; D051379:Mice; D020419:Photoreceptor Cells, Vertebrate / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D012162:Retinal Degeneration / Q000473:pathology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000528:radiation effects
chemical_list: D053605:Leukemia Inhibitory Factor; C507838:Lif protein, mouse; D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor; C494087:Stat3 protein, mouse
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