title: Evidence for epistasis between the 5-HTTLPR and the dopamine   D4 receptor polymorphisms in externalizing behavior among   15-year-olds.
abstract: The present study aimed to clarify the functional role of genes in the dopamine and serotonin systems by examining whether polymorphisms in these genes are related to adolescent externalizing behavior either alone or in interaction with each other. Participants were selected from an ongoing prospective study of the outcome of early risk factors. At age 15 years, 298 adolescents (144 males, 154 females) completed the Youth Self Report, 296 primary caregivers the Child Behavior Checklist and 253 teachers the Teacher Report Form. DNA was genotyped for the DRD4 exon III VNTR and the 5-HTTLPR polymorphisms. Results revealed that individuals with the DRD4 7r allele reported significantly more externalizing behavior than carriers of other variants. In addition, a significant interaction emerged, indicating that adolescents carrying two copies of the 5-HTTLPR short allele and the DRD4 7r variant scored highest on aggressive and/or delinquent behavior compared to other genotypes. This result suggests an effect of 5-HTTLPR on externalizing behavior in the presence of DRD4 7r but no effect in its absence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, J 5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hohmann
authors.forename: Katja
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fellinger
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Banaschewski
authors.forename: Martin H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: Günter
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Esser
authors.forename: Manfred
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Laucht
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000374:Aggression; D000483:Alleles; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004843:Epistasis, Genetic; D005178:Faculty; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007604:Juvenile Delinquency; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000235:genetics*; D010290:Parents; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D050638:Receptors, Dopamine D4 / Q000235:genetics*; D012307:Risk Factors; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D050486:Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: C493230:SLC6A4 protein, human; D050486:Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; D050638:Receptors, Dopamine D4
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