title: Gender differences in the symptoms of major depression and in  the level of social functioning in public primary care patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are no great differences in the symptom profiles of depression between the genders in observer rating scales, but women self-report more symptoms.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare gender differences in symptom profiles of clinical depression in primary care with a short self-report depression scale and an observer-rated scale for social functioning.
  
  
  METHODS
  A sample of 436 primary care patients aged 18-64 years were screened using the Depression Scale (DEPS) and interviewed using the Present State Examination (PSE). Level of social functioning was also assessed. Sum scores and single items of DEPS were compared between men and women in the groups of both depressive and non-depressive patients,and the interactions between gender and depression were analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Depressive men scored poorer on both instruments. Feeling that everything is an effort and feeling worthless were typical for depressive men. Feeling blue was more typical for non-depressive women than for non-depressive men.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this sample of primary care patients, there were differences in the symptom profiles of depression between men and women. Depressive men more commonly had serious symptoms than depressive women. Clinically, male depression deserves more attention. The psychosocial profile of public primary care patients in Finland warrants further research.
authors.affiliation: University of Tampere, Medical School/Tampere University Hospital, Psychiatric Clinic, Finland. outi.poutanen@uta.fi
authors.forename: Outi
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Poutanen
authors.forename: Anna-Maija
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Koivisto
authors.forename: Aino
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mattila
authors.forename: Matti
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Joukamaa
authors.forename: Raimo K R
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Salokangas
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland; D006801:Humans; D007406:Interview, Psychological; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010361:Patients; D011320:Primary Health Care; D017150:Public Sector; D012737:Sex Factors; D012917:Social Adjustment; D012919:Social Behavior; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult