title: Are infant mortality rate declines exponential? The general pattern of 20th century infant mortality rate decline.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Time trends in infant mortality for the 20th century show a curvilinear pattern that most demographers have assumed to be approximately exponential. Virtually all cross-country comparisons and time series analyses of infant mortality have studied the logarithm of infant mortality to account for the curvilinear time trend. However, there is no evidence that the log transform is the best fit for infant mortality time trends.
  
  
  METHODS
  We use maximum likelihood methods to determine the best transformation to fit time trends in infant mortality reduction in the 20th century and to assess the importance of the proper transformation in identifying the relationship between infant mortality and gross domestic product (GDP) per capita. We apply the Box Cox transform to infant mortality rate (IMR) time series from 18 countries to identify the best fitting value of lambda for each country and for the pooled sample. For each country, we test the value of lambda against the null that lambda = 0 (logarithmic model) and against the null that lambda = 1 (linear model). We then demonstrate the importance of selecting the proper transformation by comparing regressions of ln(IMR) on same year GDP per capita against Box Cox transformed models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Based on chi-squared test statistics, infant mortality decline is best described as an exponential decline only for the United States. For the remaining 17 countries we study, IMR decline is neither best modelled as logarithmic nor as a linear process. Imposing a logarithmic transform on IMR can lead to bias in fitting the relationship between IMR and GDP per capita.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The assumption that IMR declines are exponential is enshrined in the Preston curve and in nearly all cross-country as well as time series analyses of IMR data since Preston's 1975 paper, but this assumption is seldom correct. Statistical analyses of IMR trends should assess the robustness of findings to transformations other than the log transform.
authors.affiliation: Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N, Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. dbishai@jhsph.edu.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bishai
authors.forename: Marjorie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Opuni
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