title: Exploitation of a new flagellatropic phage of Erwinia for positive selection of bacterial mutants attenuated in plant virulence: towards phage therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To isolate and characterize novel bacteriophages for the phytopathogen, Erwinia carotovora ssp. atroseptica (Eca), and to isolate phage-resistant mutants attenuated in virulence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A novel flagellatropic phage was isolated on the potato-rotting bacterial species, Eca, and characterized using electron microscopy and restriction analysis. The phage, named PhiAT1, has an icosahedral head and a long, contractile tail; it belongs to the Myoviridae family. Partial sequencing revealed the presence of genes with homology to those of coliphages T4, T7 and Mu. Phage-resistant transposon mutants of Eca were isolated and studied in vitro for a number of virulence-related phenotypes; only motility was found to be affected. In vivo tuber rotting assays showed that these mutants were attenuated in virulence, presumably because the infection is unable to spread from the initial site of inoculation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Eca flagellum can act as a receptor for PhiAT1 infection, and resistant mutants are enriched for motility and virulence defects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PhiAT1 is the first reported flagellatropic phage found to infect Eca and has enabled further study of the virulence of this economically important phytopathogen.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Trauner
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Komitopoulou
authors.forename: G P C
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Salmond
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001435:Bacteriophages / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D005407:Flagella / Q000821:virology; D016679:Genome, Viral; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D016296:Mutagenesis; D017900:Myoviridae / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000648:ultrastructure; D016973:Pectobacterium carotovorum / Q000235:genetics / Q000472:pathogenicity* / Q000821:virology*; D010641:Phenotype; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology; D011198:Solanum tuberosum / Q000382:microbiology*; D014774:Virulence
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral