title: Clinical evaluation of simultaneous confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy imaging combined with high-resolution, spectral-domain optical coherence tomography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the clinical relevance of a new diagnostic modality, simultaneous confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (cSLO) and high-speed, high-resolution, spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT), for the visualization of macular pathologies.
  
  
  METHODS
  OCT images and simultaneous recording of fluorescein angiography, indocyanine green (ICG) angiography, infrared, and blue reflectance ('red-free') or fundus autofluorecence (FAF) images were obtained with a novel imaging device (Spectralis HRA + OCT; Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany). An optically pumped solid-state laser generated the excitation wavelength (488 nm) required for blue reflectance, FAF and fluorescein angiography images. For ICG angiography and infrared imaging, diode laser sources at 790 and 815 nm were used. For OCT, 40 000 A-scans per second were acquired with 7 μm axial and 14 μm lateral optical resolution. The B-scans covering a transversal range of 30° had a scan width up to 1.536 A-scans with a digital lateral resolution of 5 μm/pixel, a scan depth of 1.8 mm with 3.5 μm/pixel digital axial resolution and a scan rate of up to 48 B-scans/second. In addition, volume scans could be obtained at 15, 20 and 30° fields of view. An integrated eye tracking allowed for live averaging of cSLO images as well as OCT B-scans.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Early, neovascular and atrophic age-related macular degeneration, macular telangiectasia, retinal arterial, branch vein occlusion and other pathologies were imaged, and cSLO and OCT frames correlated. Fluorescein and ICG angiographic phenomena recorded in cSLO images could be analysed accurately in corresponding OCT cross-sections. Abnormal FAF signals were correlated to alterations at the outer retinal/retinal pigment epithelial cell layer in high-resolution OCT scans. Three-dimensional OCT enabled comprehensive retinal coverage. The imaging software tracked eye movements accurately. Averaging of live B-scans enhanced image quality considerably.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combined cSLO/OCT system allowed for simultaneous recordings of topographic and tomographic images with accurate correlation between the confocal angiograms, FAF images as well as other imaging modes with the OCT scans. The instrument thus provides simultaneous multi-modal imaging of retinal pathologies and disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Hans-Martin
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Helb
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Charbel Issa
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fleckenstein
authors.forename: Steffen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schmitz-Valckenberg
authors.forename: Hendrik P N
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Scholl
authors.forename: Carsten H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Eter
authors.forename: Frank G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Holz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004396:Coloring Agents; D005260:Female; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D006801:Humans; D007208:Indocyanine Green; D007834:Lasers; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019721:Ophthalmoscopes; D009887:Ophthalmoscopy; D012160:Retina / Q000473:pathology*; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence / Q000295:instrumentation*
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D007208:Indocyanine Green