title: Incomplete immunological recovery following anti-tuberculosis treatment in HIV-infected individuals with active tuberculosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection has been shown to result in increased HIV replication and disease progression in HIV-infected individuals through increased immune activation. The objective of this study was to correlate plasma levels of immune activation markers with the presence of tuberculosis (TB) in HIV-infected and uninfected individuals, and to study the changes following anti-tuberculosis treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Plasma markers of immune activation - neopterin, beta-2-microglobulin (beta2M) and soluble tumour necrosis factor alpha receptor type I (sTNFalpha-RI) were measured by ELISA in 42 HIV positive TB patients (HIV+TB+) undergoing a six-month course of TB chemotherapy. Thirty seven HIV+ persons without active TB, 38 TB patients without HIV infection, and 62 healthy volunteers served as controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plasma levels of all three markers were elevated in HIV+ individuals, more so in those with active TB. When HIV+ individuals were further categorized based on CD4+ T cell counts, HIV+TB+ patients with CD4+ T cells counts <or=200 cells/microl were found to have the highest levels at baseline with a steep fall in neopterin and sTNFalpha-RI during treatment, but in most instances the levels did not drop to normal. beta2M levels remained persistently high despite completing TB treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings of the study suggest that both HIV and TB act synergistically to activate the host immune system. Although ATT was effective in clearing M. tuberculosis infection, a high proportion of HIV+ TB patients continued to have levels well above the normal range, indicating that underlying immune activation persists despite TB treatment. None of the markers were specific enough to be used to assess cure of TB.
authors.affiliation: Tuberculosis Research Centre (ICMR), Chennai, India.
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Hanna
authors.forename: Kaustuv
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nayak
authors.forename: Sudha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Subramanyam
authors.forename: Perumal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Venkatesan
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Narayanan
authors.forename: Soumya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Swaminathan
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D002452:Cell Count; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D004977:Ethambutol / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D007538:Isoniazid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019798:Neopterin / Q000097:blood; D011718:Pyrazinamide / Q000627:therapeutic use; D047888:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I / Q000097:blood; D012293:Rifampin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology*; D001613:beta 2-Microglobulin / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D047888:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I; D001613:beta 2-Microglobulin; D011718:Pyrazinamide; D019798:Neopterin; D004977:Ethambutol; D007538:Isoniazid; D012293:Rifampin