title: Interaction of contraceptive antimicrobial peptide nisin with target cell membranes: implications for use as vaginal microbicide.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nisin, a naturally occurring antimicrobial peptide (AMP), is currently the focus of clinical trials as an intravaginal microbicide. Therefore its mechanism of interaction with various cell membranes was studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  Flow cytometry was used for quantitative estimation of membrane damage by nisin which was further determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Affinity of nisin for different unilamellar liposome vesicles was determined spectroflurometrically and confirmed using laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Propidium iodide (PI) staining by flow cytometry exhibited selective membrane permeabilizing effect of nisin on sperm and bacterial membranes which correlated with ultrastructural changes. In vitro interaction of nisin with liposome model vesicles revealed significant leakage of calcein from liposomes composed of phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylglycerol (POPC/POPG) (e.g., bacteria) and phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylserine (POPC/POPS) (e.g., spermatozoa) as compared to phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylethanolamine (POPC/POPE) vesicles (e.g., red blood corpuscles). LSCM results were in complete agreement with cell membrane affinity studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This unique property of nisin can be exploited in the development of a safe and effective vaginal microbicide for the prevention of sexually transmitted infections/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (STIs/AIDS) and unplanned pregnancies.
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Mumbai, India.
authors.forename: Sadhana M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Clara C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Aranha
authors.forename: Jayesh R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Bellare
authors.forename: K V R
authors.initials: KV
authors.lastname: Reddy
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000187:drug effects*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D003270:Contraceptive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects; D004910:Erythrocyte Membrane / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D008081:Liposomes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D008297:Male; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D009561:Nisin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000187:drug effects; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects; D014621:Vagina / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D003270:Contraceptive Agents; D008081:Liposomes; D009561:Nisin