title: Design of porous microparticles with single-micron size by novel spray freeze-drying technique using four-fluid nozzle.
abstract: Spray freeze-drying (SFD) process, which is a novel particle design technique previously developed by authors, has been improved by using four-fluid nozzle (4N) instead of conventional two-fluid nozzle (2N) to expand its application in pharmaceutical industry. Aqueous spray solutions of the drug and the polymeric carrier were separately supplied into 4N, and atomized while colliding with each other at the tip of nozzle. The droplets of mixed solutions were directly immersed into liquid nitrogen and immediately frozen to form a suspension. Then, the iced droplets were lyophilized by freeze-dryer to prepare the composite particles of the drug and carrier. This process has been used in the present study to modify and enhance the dissolution profiles of poorly water-soluble drug, phenytoin. Water-soluble and enteric polymeric carriers in pharmaceutical use were used as a dissolution modifier. The SFD composite particles prepared by using 4N were fully characterized compared to those using 2N from morphological and physicochemical perspectives. It was found that the particles have fine porous structure producing vast specific surface area. Further, phenytoin was completely dispersed as amorphous state in the polymeric matrix with higher carrier ratio than phenytoin:carrier = 1:3. The dissolution of phenytoin from the water-soluble carrier-based particles was greatly enhanced because of large effective surface area and disappearance of crystalline. On the other hand, the release profiles from enteric carrier-based particles showed the typical enteric patterns, that is, delayed in acidic medium and accelerated in neutral pH. The results demonstrated that SFD technique using 4N has potential to develop the novel solubilized formulation for poorly water-soluble APIs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan. niwat@ccmfs.meijo-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Toshiyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Niwa
authors.forename: Hiroko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shimabara
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kondo
authors.forename: Kazumi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Danjo
mesh_terms: D000336:Aerosols; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D004337:Drug Carriers; D004867:Equipment Design; D005612:Freeze Drying / Q000295:instrumentation; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D065347:Hypromellose Derivatives; D007700:Kinetics; D008747:Methylcellulose / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry; D010316:Particle Size; D010672:Phenytoin / Q000737:chemistry*; D011109:Polymethacrylic Acids / Q000737:chemistry*; D016062:Porosity; D012995:Solubility; D013499:Surface Properties; D013678:Technology, Pharmaceutical / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D004337:Drug Carriers; D011109:Polymethacrylic Acids; C038300:methylmethacrylate-methacrylic acid copolymer; D065347:Hypromellose Derivatives; D010672:Phenytoin; D008747:Methylcellulose