title: Structure and epimerase activity of anthocyanidin reductase from Vitis vinifera.
abstract: Together with leucoanthocyanidin reductase, anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) is one of the two enzymes of the flavonoid-biosynthesis pathway that produces the flavan-3-ol monomers required for the formation of proanthocyanidins or condensed tannins. It has been shown to catalyse the double reduction of anthocyanidins to form 2R,3R-flavan-3-ols, which can be further transformed to the 2S,3R isomers by non-enzymatic epimerization. ANR from grape (Vitis vinifera) was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified. Unexpectedly, RP-HPLC, LC-MS and NMR experiments clearly established that the enzyme produces a 50:50 mixture of 2,3-cis and 2,3-trans flavan-3-ols which have been identified by chiral chromatography to be 2S,3S- and 2S,3R-flavan-3-ols, i.e. the naturally rare (+)-epicatechin and (-)-catechin, when cyanidin is used as the substrate of the reaction. The first three-dimensional structure of ANR is described at a resolution of 2.2 A and explains the inactivity of the enzyme in the presence of high salt concentrations.
authors.affiliation: Chimie et Biologie des Macromolécules et des Nanoobjets UMR CNRS 5248, Bâtiment B8, Avenue des Facultés, Université Bordeaux 1, Talence CEDEX, France.
authors.forename: Mahmoud
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gargouri
authors.forename: Claude
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Manigand
authors.forename: Chloé
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Maugé
authors.forename: Thierry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Granier
authors.forename: Béatrice
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Langlois d'Estaintot
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Cala
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Pianet
authors.forename: Katell
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bathany
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chaudière
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gallois
mesh_terms: D000494:Allosteric Regulation; D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000378:metabolism*; D003460:Crystallization; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000235:genetics; D007536:Isomerism; D009247:NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D011487:Protein Conformation; D019998:Racemases and Epimerases / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D019076:Transgenes / Q000235:genetics; D027843:Vitis / Q000201:enzymology
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D009247:NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases; D019998:Racemases and Epimerases