title: Prophylactic antiemetics in oral and maxillofacial surgery: a requiem?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) after oral and maxillofacial surgical procedures and to evaluate the rationale behind prophylactic antiemetic medications.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 167 patients, irrespective of age and gender, undergoing oral and maxillofacial surgical procedures under general anesthesia/dissociative anesthesia, were included. Risk factors associated with PONV such as gender, type of anesthetic agent used, nature of surgical procedure, surgical approach used, and duration of surgery and postoperative use of opioids were assessed. A "watch and wait" policy was adopted in all cases of recorded PONV with gastric lavage (GL) to be performed in patients with more than 2 episodes of PONV in the 6-hour postoperative period. The efficacy of such an intervention was also assessed. Antiemetic medications were given in only those cases which did not respond favorably to GL. A chi(2) test was performed using SPSS software (Chicago, IL) to determine statistical significance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 167 patients included, 19 patients experienced episodes of PONV. GL was performed in 3 patients, and all showed cessation of emesis after this intervention. No antiemetic medications were administered. A significant association was observed between PONV and female gender, duration of surgery, type of anesthetic agent used, and specific surgical procedures such as oncologic and temporomandibular joint surgeries. The role of surgical approach and the use of opioids in the postoperative period on the incidence of PONV were found to be insignificant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Information regarding the incidence of PONV after oral and maxillofacial surgical procedures remains scanty. We conclude that there does not appear to be a rationale for the prophylactic administration of antiemetic drugs in such surgical procedures. A watch-and-wait policy and simple GL may provide significant relief. Antiemetic medications are to be considered only in case of non-responders and intractable PONV.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, DJ College of Dental Sciences and Research, Modinagar, UP, India. mohanalexin@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Mohan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alexander
authors.forename: Balasubramanian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Krishnan
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Yuvraj
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000766:Anesthesia, Dental / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D000768:Anesthesia, General / Q000009:adverse effects; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative / Q000009:adverse effects; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000009:adverse effects; D000932:Antiemetics / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005751:Gastric Lavage; D006221:Halothane / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D007649:Ketamine / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009609:Nitrous Oxide / Q000009:adverse effects; D019647:Oral Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D020250:Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000628:therapy; D011300:Preoperative Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D000932:Antiemetics; D007649:Ketamine; D009609:Nitrous Oxide; D006221:Halothane