title: Oncogenic Ras, but not (V600E)B-RAF, protects from cholesterol depletion-induced apoptosis through the PI3K/AKT pathway in colorectal cancer cells.
abstract: Cholesterol is necessary for proliferation and survival of transformed cells. Here we analyse the effect of cholesterol depletion on apoptosis and the mechanisms underlying this effect in colorectal cancer cells carrying oncogenic Ras or (V600E)B-RAF mutations. We show that chronic cholesterol depletion achieved with lipoprotein-deficient serum (LPDS) and 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-HC) treatment results in a significant increase in apoptosis in HT-29 and Colo-205 cells containing the (V600E)B-RAF mutation, but not in HCT-116 and LoVo cells harbouring the (G13D)Ras mutation, or BE cells, which possess two mutations, (G13D)Ras and (G463V)B-RAF. We also demonstrate that oncogenic Ras protects from apoptosis induced by cholesterol depletion through constitutive activation of the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway. The specific activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway by overexpression of the (V12)RasC40 mutant or a constitutively active AKT decreases the LPDS plus 25-HC-induced apoptosis in HT-29 cells, whereas PI3K inhibition or abrogation of AKT expression renders HCT-116 sensitive to cholesterol depletion-induced apoptosis. Moreover, our data show that LPDS plus 25-HC increases the activity of c-Jun N-terminal kinase proteins only in HT-29 cells and that the inhibition of this kinase blocks the apoptosis induced by LPDS plus 25-HC. Finally, we demonstrate that AKT hyperactivation by oncogenic Ras protects from apoptosis, preventing the activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase by cholesterol depletion. Thus, our data demonstrate that low levels of cholesterol induce apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells without oncogenic Ras mutations. These results reveal a novel molecular characteristic of colon tumours containing Ras or B-RAF mutations and should help in defining new targets for cancer therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Calleros
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Hernández
authors.forename: Pablo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Baquero
authors.forename: María José
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Toro
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chiloeches
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells; D019943:Amino Acid Substitution; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D002417:Cattle; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000378:metabolism; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D011905:Genes, ras / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D019073:HT29 Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D006888:Hydroxycholesterols / Q000494:pharmacology; D008074:Lipoproteins / Q000097:blood; D048670:MAP Kinase Kinase 4 / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D000081082:Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; D048493:Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism*; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D002784:Cholesterol; D006888:Hydroxycholesterols; D008074:Lipoproteins; D048670:MAP Kinase Kinase 4; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D000081082:Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; D048493:Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; C007997:25-hydroxycholesterol