title: No association between fruit, vegetables, antioxidant nutrients and risk of renal cell carcinoma.
abstract: Previous epidemiologic studies that have examined the relationship between renal cell carcinoma (RCC) risk and intakes of plant foods and antioxidant nutrients have yielded inconsistent results. We therefore examined the associations between intakes of fruit, vegetables, carotenoids, flavonoids, vitamin E and vitamin C and RCC risk in the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention (ATBC) Study cohort. At baseline, 27,062 male Finnish smokers aged 50-69 years completed a 276-item dietary questionnaire that included questions on frequency of consumption and portion size. During up to 19 years of follow-up, 255 men developed RCC. Cox proportional hazards models were utilized to estimate relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Despite a large range in intake, no association was observed between fruit, vegetables or antioxidant nutrients and RCC risk. For example, multivariate RRs and 95% CIs for the highest versus the lowest quartile of intake were 0.79 (0.55-1.14), 1.23 (0.85-1.79), 1.09 (0.74-1.60), 0.83 (0.57-1.21), 1.09 (0.73-1.64) and 0.99 (0.67-1.46) for fruit, vegetables, total carotenoids, total flavonoids, total vitamin E and vitamin C, respectively (all p values for trend > 0.05). Our results indicate that diet may not play a large role in the etiology of RCC in male smokers, although further examination of these associations in nonsmokers, women and diverse racial populations is warranted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bertoia
authors.forename: Demetrius
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Albanes
authors.forename: Susan T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Mayne
authors.forename: Satu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Männistö
authors.forename: Jarmo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Virtamo
authors.forename: Margaret E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Wright
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004032:Diet / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005387:Finland; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014675:Vegetables / Q000737:chemistry*; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D005419:Flavonoids; D014810:Vitamin E; D002338:Carotenoids; D001205:Ascorbic Acid
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