title: HIV & smoking in India.
abstract: There are approximately 2.5 million people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in India - the young being particularly vulnerable. The prevalence of smoking has increased in India especially among rural, lower socio-economic and illiterate men. Studies have shown that HIV-infected smokers may be at additional risk for several infectious and non-infectious complications, including malignancies and cardiovascular events. Smoking alters immunological mechanisms and suppresses host defenses in the alveolar environment. HIV-infected smokers have also been found to have a poorer response to antiretroviral therapy and a higher risk of death. HIV-infected individuals who smoke could be at a greater risk for developing TB and subsequently suffer higher morbidity and mortality than those who do not smoke. Currently available smoking cessation interventions like physician's advice, nicotine replacement therapy and pharmacological agents like bupropion and varenicline have had varying degrees of success. Smoking cessation intervention in the HIV-infected population might be more complex because of associated psychosocial problems like drug addiction, alcoholism, depression, etc. More research including clinical trials testing the efficacy of smoking cessation interventions in HIV infected persons is required in India. In addition to public health measures like banning smoking in public places and raising tobacco tax, comprehensive guidelines for health workers can help address this problem. Counselling on smoking cessation should be one of the main components of primary care, especially in the management of HIV-infected persons. This review highlights the importance of smoking cessation among HIV-infected persons in India.
authors.affiliation: Tuberculosis Research Centre (ICMR), Chennai, India.
authors.forename: S Ramesh
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Soumya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Swaminathan
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Flanigan
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Mayer
authors.forename: Raymond
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Niaura
mesh_terms: D015897:Comorbidity; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology; D006266:Health Education; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000209:etiology