title: Prostate-specific antigen velocity for early detection of prostate cancer: result from a large, representative, population-based cohort.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It has been suggested that changes in prostate-specific antigen (PSA) over time (ie, PSA velocity [PSAV]) aid prostate cancer detection. Some guidelines do incorporate PSAV cut points as an indication for biopsy.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate whether PSAV enhances prediction of biopsy outcome in a large, representative, population-based cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  There were 2742 screening-arm participants with PSA <3 ng/ml at initial screening in the European Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer in Rotterdam, Netherlands, or Göteborg, Sweden, and who were subsequently biopsied during rounds 2-6 due to elevated PSA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Total, free, and intact PSA and human kallikrein 2 were measured for 1-6 screening rounds at intervals of 2 or 4 yr. We created logistic regression models to predict prostate cancer based on age and PSA, with or without free-to-total PSA ratio (%fPSA). PSAV was added to each model and any enhancement in predictive accuracy assessed by area under the curve (AUC).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PSAV led to small enhancements in predictive accuracy (AUC of 0.569 vs 0.531; 0.626 vs 0.609 if %fPSA was included), although not for high-grade disease. The enhancement depended on modeling a nonlinear relationship between PSAV and cancer. There was no benefit if we excluded men with higher velocities, which were associated with lower risk. These results apply to men in a screening program with elevated PSA; men with prior negative biopsy were not evaluated in this study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In men with PSA of about ≥3 ng/ml, we found little justification for formal calculation of PSAV or for use of PSAV cut points to determine biopsy. Informal assessment of PSAV will likely aid clinical judgment, such as a sudden rise in PSA suggesting prostatitis, which could be further evaluated before biopsy.
authors.affiliation: Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, 307 E. 63rd St., New York, NY 10021, USA. vickersa@mskcc.org
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Vickers
authors.forename: Tineke
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wolters
authors.forename: Caroline J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Savage
authors.forename: Angel M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Cronin
authors.forename: M Frank
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: O'Brien
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pettersson
authors.forename: Monique J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Roobol
authors.forename: Gunnar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Aus
authors.forename: Peter T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Scardino
authors.forename: Jonas
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hugosson
authors.forename: Fritz H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Schröder
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lilja
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001706:Biopsy; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015337:Multicenter Studies as Topic; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009426:Netherlands; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013548:Sweden; D013997:Time Factors; D020840:Tissue Kallikreins / Q000097:blood; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D020840:Tissue Kallikreins; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen
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