title: Regenerative treatment of peri-implantitis using bone substitutes and membrane: a systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This systematic review aimed to assess the available literature for regenerative treatment of peri-implantitis using bone graft substitutes and membranes.
  
  
  METHODS
  A search in electronic databases was conducted to assess all types of clinical studies treating bone defects derived from peri-implantitis using guided bone regeneration (GBR) techniques.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the first screening, 399 titles were identified. Finally, 17 articles reporting on 173 implants were included. The articles mainly focused on radiographic bone fill of the defect. Qualitative measures of "bone fill" were reported: 10.4% of the implants showed complete "bone fill," whereas 85.5% revealed incomplete defect closure. No bone fill was shown in 4.0%. Little information (in 53.2%) was provided regarding the probing depth before or after treatment. Data concerning the inflammatory status of soft tissues were also scarce and only reported in three studies. A large heterogeneity concerning disinfection protocols and regenerative materials used was found. The high percentage of low-quality studies rendered a meta-analysis impossible.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Complete fill of the bony defect using GBR seems not to be a predictable outcome. The mucosal health status is left unconsidered in most studies. Well-controlled trials are needed to determine predictable treatment protocols for the successful regenerative treatment of peri-implantitis using GBR technique.
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and Cariology, Center for Dental and Oral Medicine, University of Zürich, Plattenstrasse 11, Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Philipp
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sahrmann
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Attin
authors.forename: Patrick R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Schmidlin
mesh_terms: D016301:Alveolar Bone Loss / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018786:Bone Substitutes / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015921:Dental Implants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016557:Guided Tissue Regeneration, Periodontal / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D018786:Bone Substitutes; D015921:Dental Implants; D008567:Membranes, Artificial