title: Rehabilitative ultrasound imaging is a valid measure of trunk muscle size and activation during most isometric sub-maximal contractions: a systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Is rehabilitative ultrasound imaging a valid measure of trunk muscle size and activation? Are rehabilitative ultrasound imaging measures sensitive to change?
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic review of studies of criterion-related validity, construct validity, and sensitivity to change.
  
  
  METHODS
  People with low back pain and asymptomatic controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Trunk muscle size and activation measured by rehabilitative ultrasound imaging, MRI and/or EMG.
  
  
  RESULTS
  37 studies were included. 10 studies investigated criterion-related validity and provided evidence that while ultrasound may be a valid measure of trunk muscle size, the validity of ultrasound to quantify muscle activation is context-dependent, depending on the muscle involved, the contraction strategy utilised, and the intensity of muscle contraction. 23 studies provided evidence of construct validity by demonstrating the ability of ultrasound measurement to differentiate individuals in terms of back pain, anthropometry, and postures. Six studies contained a limited amount of information about sensitivity to change. CONCLUSIONS. It is valid to use rehabilitative ultrasound imaging to measure trunk muscle size and activation during most isometric sub-maximal contractions. Ultrasound measures appear sensitive to both positive and negative change.
authors.affiliation: Physical Therapy Department, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA. shanekoppenhaver@mac.com
authors.forename: Shane L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Koppenhaver
authors.forename: Jeffrey J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Hebert
authors.forename: Eric C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Parent
authors.forename: Julie M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Fritz
mesh_terms: D004576:Electromyography; D006801:Humans; D007537:Isometric Contraction; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008161:Lumbosacral Region / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D013909:Thorax / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014463:Ultrasonography