title: Radiographic effect of different radiopacifiers on a potential retrograde filling material.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to evaluate the radiopacity of white Portland cement (PC) associated with bismuth oxide (Bi(2)O(3)), barium sulfate (BaSO(4)), iodoform (CHI(3)), and zirconium oxide (ZrO(2)). White mineral trioxide aggregate (WMTA) and PC without radiopacifier were used as positive and negative controls, respectively.
  
  
  METHODS
  Following International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 6876/2001, 5 circular specimens (10 x 1 mm) were made from each material. After the materials set, radiographs were taken using occlusal film and a graduated aluminum step-wedge varying in thickness from 2 to 16 mm. The dental X-ray unit (GE1000) was set at 50 Kvp, 10 mA, 18 pulses/s, and distance of 33.5 cm. The radiographs were digitized, and radiopacity was compared with the aluminum step-wedge, using Wixwin-2000 software (Gendex). Data (mm Al) were analyzed using analysis of variance and Tukey tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The PC + Bi(2)O(3) and WMTA samples presented greater radiopacity (5.88 and 5.72 mm Al, respectively), followed by PC + ZrO(2) (3.87 mm Al) and PC + CHI(3) (3.50 mm Al). The PC + BaSO(4) and PC samples presented the lowest radiopacity values (2.35 and 1.69 mm Al, respectively), which were below the minimum value recommended by the ISO.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Analysis of the present results led to the conclusion that all of the materials tested presented acceptable radiopacity, except PC + BaSO(4) and pure PC.
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil.
authors.forename: Eduardo Antunes
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Bortoluzzi
authors.forename: Juliane Maria
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Guerreiro-Tanomaru
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tanomaru-Filho
authors.forename: Marco Antonio Hungaro
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Duarte
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D017607:Aluminum Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D001466:Barium Sulfate / Q000737:chemistry; D001729:Bismuth / Q000737:chemistry; D017610:Calcium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000737:chemistry*; D003738:Dental Cements / Q000737:chemistry; D003786:Dental Pulp Cavity / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D004338:Drug Combinations; D006801:Humans; D006847:Hydrocarbons, Iodinated / Q000737:chemistry; D008422:Materials Testing; D010087:Oxides / Q000737:chemistry; D019252:Radiography, Dental, Digital; D012184:Retrograde Obturation; D012387:Root Canal Filling Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D017640:Silicates / Q000737:chemistry; D012984:Software; D015040:Zirconium / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D017607:Aluminum Compounds; D017610:Calcium Compounds; D003287:Contrast Media; D003738:Dental Cements; D004338:Drug Combinations; D006847:Hydrocarbons, Iodinated; D010087:Oxides; D012387:Root Canal Filling Materials; D017640:Silicates; C086631:mineral trioxide aggregate; D001466:Barium Sulfate; C033301:bismuth oxide; D015040:Zirconium; C010473:iodoform; C028541:zirconium oxide; D001729:Bismuth