title: Regulatory mechanisms for adipose tissue M1 and M2 macrophages in diet-induced obese mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize the phenotypic changes of adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) under different conditions of insulin sensitivity.
  
  
  METHODS
  The number and the expressions of marker genes for M1 and M2 macrophages from mouse epididymal fat tissue were analyzed using flow cytometry after the mice had been subjected to a high-fat diet (HFD) and pioglitazone treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most of the CD11c-positive M1 macrophages and the CD206-positive M2 macrophages in the epididymal fat tissue were clearly separated using flow cytometry. The M1 and M2 macrophages exhibited completely different gene expression patterns. Not only the numbers of M1 ATMs and the expression of M1 marker genes, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, but also the M1-to-M2 ratio were increased by an HFD and decreased by subsequent pioglitazone treatment, suggesting the correlation with whole-body insulin sensitivity. We also found that the increased number of M2 ATMs after an HFD was associated with the upregulated expression of interleukin (IL)-10, an anti-inflammatory Th2 cytokine, in the adipocyte fraction as well as in adipose tissue. The systemic overexpression of IL-10 by an adenovirus vector increased the expression of M2 markers in adipose tissue.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  M1 and M2 ATMs constitute different subsets of macrophages. Insulin resistance is associated with both the number of M1 macrophages and the M1-to-M2 ratio. The increased expression of IL-10 after an HFD might be involved in the increased recruitment of M2 macrophages.
authors.affiliation: First Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science for Research, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Shiho
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fujisaka
authors.forename: Isao
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Usui
authors.forename: Agussalim
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bukhari
authors.forename: Masashi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ikutani
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Oya
authors.forename: Yukiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kanatani
authors.forename: Koichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tsuneyama
authors.forename: Yoshinori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nagai
authors.forename: Kiyoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takatsu
authors.forename: Masaharu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Urakaze
authors.forename: Masashi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: Kazuyuki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tobe
mesh_terms: D000256:Adenoviridae / Q000235:genetics; D017667:Adipocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D000818:Animals; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000494:pharmacology; D004822:Epididymis; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D015870:Gene Expression; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D006706:Homeostasis; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000235:genetics; D008264:Macrophages / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008820:Mice, Obese; D009765:Obesity / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000077205:Pioglitazone; D012313:RNA / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017154:Stromal Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D045162:Thiazolidinediones / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D016753:Interleukin-10; D012313:RNA; D000077205:Pioglitazone
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