title: Intervention for hazardous alcohol use and high level of stress in university freshmen: a comparison between an intervention and a control university.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The first year of university studies is associated with increased levels of alcohol drinking and stress. This study examines the one-year outcome of both primary and secondary interventions of one alcohol programme and one stress intervention programme at an intervention university in comparison with a control university.
  
  
  METHODS
  At the intervention university all freshmen were offered a primary prevention programme for hazardous alcohol use and stress management and, in addition, those who had high ratings for stress and/or hazardous alcohol use were offered a secondary intervention programme for alcohol consumption and/or stress management. Freshmen still attending the two universities one year later responded to follow-up questionnaires.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The primary alcohol and stress interventions were associated with lower alcohol expectancies and mental symptoms, but no differences in AUDIT scores (-0.2, CI 95% -0.5 to 0.1), estimated blood alcohol concentrations or stress in comparison to freshmen at the control university. The secondary alcohol interventions were associated with decreased AUDIT (-1.1, CI 95% -2.0 to -0.2) as well as alcohol expectancies, blood alcohol concentrations, stress and mental symptoms in comparison to high-risk freshmen at the control university. The secondary stress interventions were associated with decreased mental symptoms and alcohol expectancies, but not stress, AUDIT scores (-0.6, CI 95% -1.4 to 0.2) and blood alcohol concentrations in comparison to high-risk freshmen at the control university.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that both primary and secondary alcohol and stress interventions have 1-year effects in university freshmen and could be implemented in university settings.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Alcohol Research, Department of Health Sciences, Lund University, Malmö University Hospital, Sweden. claes.andersson@med.lu.se
authors.forename: Claes
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Andersson
authors.forename: Kent O
authors.initials: KO
authors.lastname: Johnsson
authors.forename: Mats
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Berglund
authors.forename: Agneta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ojehagen
mesh_terms: D019973:Alcohol-Related Disorders / Q000097:blood / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants / Q000097:blood; D000431:Ethanol / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008603:Mental Health; D011581:Psychological Tests; D012309:Risk-Taking; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000097:blood / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013334:Students; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014495:Universities
chemical_list: D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants; D000431:Ethanol