title: Partial direct contact transmission in ferrets of a mallard H7N3 influenza virus with typical avian-like receptor specificity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Avian influenza viruses of the H7 subtype have caused multiple outbreaks in domestic poultry and represent a significant threat to public health due to their propensity to occasionally transmit directly from birds to humans. In order to better understand the cross species transmission potential of H7 viruses in nature, we performed biological and molecular characterizations of an H7N3 virus isolated from mallards in Canada in 2001.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sequence analysis that the HA gene of the mallard H7N3 virus shares 97% identity with the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H7N3 virus isolated from a human case in British Columbia, Canada in 2004. The mallard H7N3 virus was able to replicate in quail and chickens, and transmitted efficiently in quail but not in chickens. Interestingly, although this virus showed preferential binding to analogs of avian-like receptors with sialic acid (SA) linked to galactose in an alpha2-3 linkage (SAalpha2-3Gal), it replicated to high titers in cultures of primary human airway epithelial (HAE) cells, comparable to an avian H9N2 influenza virus with human-like alpha2-6 linkage receptors (SAalpha2-6Gal). In addition, the virus replicated in mice and ferrets without prior adaptation and was able to transmit partially among ferrets.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings highlight the importance and need for systematic in vitro and in vivo analysis of avian influenza viruses isolated from the natural reservoir in order to define their zoonotic potential.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, College Park, MD 20742, USA. songhc@umd.edu
authors.forename: Haichen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Hongquan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wan
authors.forename: Yonas
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Araya
authors.forename: Daniel R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Perez
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001717:Birds; D002170:Canada; D002460:Cell Line; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D005289:Ferrets; D006801:Humans; D009980:Influenza A virus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology*; D005585:Influenza in Birds / Q000378:metabolism / Q000635:transmission* / Q000821:virology; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000378:metabolism / Q000635:transmission* / Q000821:virology; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011485:Protein Binding; D011991:Receptors, Virus / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D013045:Species Specificity; D053585:Virus Attachment; D014779:Virus Replication
chemical_list: D011991:Receptors, Virus
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