title: Seasonal clines of evolutionarily stable reproductive effort in insects.
abstract: For ectotherms, growth and reproduction are possible only during a limited period of the year in seasonal environments. In insects, fitness is generally maximized by producing as many generations as possible within a season, and in many species, the number of generations produced (voltinism) increases with increasing season length. In this study, we analyzed variation in adult life histories in insects along a climatic gradient. The analyzed trait is reproductive effort (resource allocation to reproduction). We begin by formalizing the trade-off between current reproduction and subsequent survival generated by reproductive effort. It appeared that reproductive effort is correlated positively with early fecundity and negatively with lifetime fecundity and life span. Then, deriving from that trade-off, we analyze the evolutionary stability of different schedules of age-specific fecundity that are generated by divergent reproductive effort. The analysis was carried out in season lengths that promote either univoltine or bivoltine phenology. The evolutionarily stable reproductive effort decreases with increasing season length in both phenologies, with a sudden increase when a change from univoltine to partially bivoltine phenology takes place. Reproductive effort responds strongly to changing phenology when density-dependent mortality occurs during diapause and weakly when juvenile mortality is density dependent.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, 90014 Oulu, Finland. sami.kivela@oulu.fi
authors.forename: Sami M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Kivelä
authors.forename: Panu
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Välimäki
authors.forename: Jari
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Oksanen
authors.forename: Arja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kaitala
authors.forename: Veijo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kaitala
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D002980:Climate; D005260:Female; D007313:Insecta; D008957:Models, Genetic; D052287:Oviparity; D012621:Seasons; D012641:Selection, Genetic