title: Issues related to deep brain stimulation for treatment-refractory Tourette's syndrome.
abstract: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has been used in a small number of patients with Tourette's syndrome and results on tics and comorbidities have been promising. The choice of the DBS target appears to influence the effectiveness; preliminary studies and case reports suggest that certain target areas may be more effective than others in patients with specific symptoms and comorbidities. Clinical data on the effect of DBS on tics and behavioral symptoms support its use in patients with severe, refractory Tourette's syndrome, particularly in younger adults who have a greater severity and prevalence of tics and comorbidities, and are more likely to experience social impairment. Although DBS has shown potential as an 'add-on' therapy for Tourette's syndrome patients failing to show adequate improvement with conventional conservative treatments, several issues remain to be resolved, including patient selection, choice of target, and adverse effects. Successful DBS requires an experienced multidisciplinary team for the management of these complex pre-, peri- and postoperative issues. Future studies should include establishment of consistent inclusion criteria and specific practical requirements for clinical trials, evaluation of the impact of DBS on non-tic symptoms and their influence on outcome, social impairment and quality of life, and the identification of optimum neurophysiologically based DBS targets for improved efficacy in specific patient subtypes.
authors.affiliation: Tourette Centre and Functional Neurosurgery, Istituto Galeazzi IRCCS, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Mauro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Porta
authors.forename: Domenico
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Servello
authors.forename: Domenico
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sevello
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sassi
authors.forename: Arianna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brambilla
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Defendi
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Priori
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Robertson
mesh_terms: D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D010348:Patient Care Team; D018579:Patient Selection; D011788:Quality of Life; D005879:Tourette Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*