title: Pharmacologic therapy in patients with chronic heart failure and chronic kidney disease: a complex issue.
abstract: Chronic kidney disease is common in patients with chronic heart failure and has important clinical implications. The coexistence of these two syndromes is associated with a higher risk of adverse outcome and increases the difficulties of heart failure treatment because of the complex interplay between renal dysfunction and pharmacologic therapy. The underrepresentation of patients with chronic kidney disease in most heart failure trials contributes to the suboptimal treatment of this high-risk population in clinical practice. In the present review, we briefly examine the pathophysiologic mechanisms connecting chronic kidney disease and chronic heart failure and discuss the therapeutic approach to patients affected by both conditions.
authors.affiliation: Struttura Complessa di Medicina Interna, Ente Ospedaliero Ospedali Galliera, Genoa, Italy. nicola.acquarone@galliera.it
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Acquarone
authors.forename: Cristoforo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Castello
authors.forename: Giancarlo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Antonucci
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lione
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bellotti
mesh_terms: D002317:Cardiovascular Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D007677:Kidney Function Tests; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D002317:Cardiovascular Agents