title: Effect of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid on resting and exercise-induced inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers: a randomized, placebo controlled, cross-over study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of the present investigation was to determine the effects of EPA/DHA supplementation on resting and exercise-induced inflammation and oxidative stress in exercise-trained men. Fourteen men supplemented with 2224 mg EPA+2208 mg DHA and a placebo for 6 weeks in a random order, double blind cross-over design (with an 8 week washout) prior to performing a 60 minute treadmill climb using a weighted pack. Blood was collected pre and post exercise and analyzed for a variety of oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers. Blood lactate, muscle soreness, and creatine kinase activity were also measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Treatment with EPA/DHA resulted in a significant increase in blood levels of both EPA (18 +/- 2 micromol x L(-1) vs. 143 +/- 23 micromol x L(-1); p < 0.0001) and DHA (67 +/- 4 micromol x L(-1) vs. 157 +/- 13 micromol x L(-1); p < 0.0001), while no differences were noted for placebo. Resting levels of CRP and TNF-alpha were lower with EPA/DHA compared to placebo (p < 0.05). Resting oxidative stress markers were not different (p > 0.05). There was a mild increase in oxidative stress in response to exercise (XO and H2O2) (p < 0.05). No interaction effects were noted. However, a condition effect was noted for CRP and TNF-alpha, with lower values with the EPA/DHA condition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EPA/DHA supplementation increases blood levels of these fatty acids and results in decreased resting levels of inflammatory biomarkers in exercise-trained men, but does not appear necessary for exercise-induced attenuation in either inflammation or oxidative stress. This may be due to the finding that trained men exhibit a minimal increase in both inflammation and oxidative stress in response to moderate duration (60 minute) aerobic exercise.
authors.affiliation: Cardiorespiratory/Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Health and Sport Sciences, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA. rbloomer@memphis.edu
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Bloomer
authors.forename: Douglas E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Larson
authors.forename: Kelsey H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Fisher-Wellman
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Galpin
authors.forename: Brian K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Schilling
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D015444:Exercise; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology*; D010809:Physical Fitness; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid
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