title: Long-term outcome after lithium augmentation in unipolar depression: focus on HPA system activity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lithium augmentation is a first-line strategy for depressed patients resistant to antidepressive therapy, but little is known about patients' subsequent long-term course or outcome predictors. We investigated long-term outcomes of unipolar depressed patients who had participated in a study on the effects of lithium augmentation on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical system using the combined dexamethasone/corticotrophin-releasing hormone (DEX/CRH) test.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve to 28 months (mean 18.6 +/- 4.6 months) after lithium augmentation, 23 patients were assessed with a standardized interview, of which 18 patients had complete DEX/CRH test results. Relapse was diagnosed by DSM-IV criteria (Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV; SCID I).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only 11 patients (48%) had a favorable follow-up, defined as absence of major depressive episodes during the observation period. Patients with a favorable and an unfavorable course did not differ in clinical or sociodemographic parameters, endocrinological results or continuation of lithium. However, fewer previous depressive episodes tended to correlate (p = 0.09) with a favorable course.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results from studies using the DEX/CRH test to predict relapse in depressed patients treated with antidepressants were not replicated for lithium augmentation. Our finding could reflect the elevation of DEX/CRH results by lithium, independent of clinical course. Limitations of the study are its small sample size, the heterogeneous clinical baseline conditions and the lack of lithium serum levels. The fact that lithium continuation did not predict the course might be related to the difference between the efficacy of lithium in controlled studies and its effectiveness in naturalistic settings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany. mazda.adli@charite.de
authors.forename: Mazda
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Adli
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bschor
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lucka
authors.forename: Ute
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Lewitzka
authors.forename: Marcus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ising
authors.forename: Manfred
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Uhr
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mueller-Oerlinghausen
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Baethge
mesh_terms: D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone / Q000378:metabolism; D003346:Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000378:metabolism; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000378:metabolism; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008094:Lithium / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010913:Pituitary-Adrenal System / Q000187:drug effects*; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012008:Recurrence; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D005938:Glucocorticoids; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs; D003907:Dexamethasone; D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; D003346:Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone; D008094:Lithium; D006854:Hydrocortisone