Cardiac strong inward rectifier potassium channels.
Cardiac I(K1) and I(KACh) are the major potassium currents displaying classical strong inward rectification, a unique property that is critical for their roles in cardiac excitability. In the last 15 years, research on I(K1) and I(KACh) has been propelled by the cloning of the underlying inwardly rectifying potassium (Kir) channels, the discovery of the molecular mechanism of strong rectification and the linking of a number of disorders of cardiac excitability to defects in genes encoding Kir channels. Disease-causing mutations in Kir genes have been shown experimentally to affect one or more of the following channel properties: structure, assembly, trafficking, and regulation, with the ultimate effect of a gain- or a loss-of-function of the channel. It is now established that I(K1) and I(KACh) channels are heterotetramers of Kir2 and Kir3 subunits, respectively. Each homomeric Kir channel has distinct biophysical and regulatory properties, and individual Kir subunits often display different patterns of regional, cellular, and membrane distribution. These differences are thought to underlie important variations in the physiological properties of I(K1) and I(KACh). It has become increasingly clear that the contribution of I(K1) and I(KACh) channels to cardiac electrical activity goes beyond their long recognized role in the stabilization of resting membrane potential and shaping the late phase of action potential repolarization in individual myocytes but extends to being critical elements determining the overall electrical stability of the heart.
Anumonwo
Justus M B
JM
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5622, USA.
Lopatin
Anatoli N
AN
D000200:Action Potentials / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D006321:Heart / Q000502:physiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D008954:Models, Biological; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D024661:Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
D024661:Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying
J Mol Cell Cardiol. 1999 Dec;31(12):2207-13
10640448
J Physiol. 1995 Aug 1;486 ( Pt 3):661-78
7473227
J Physiol. 2001 Apr 1;532(Pt 1):115-26
11283229
J Physiol. 1991 Sep;441:673-84
1667803
J Physiol. 1970 Mar;207(1):165-90
5503866
Nature. 1993 Aug 26;364(6440):802-6
8355805
Cell. 2002 Dec 27;111(7):957-65
12507423
J Gen Physiol. 1995 Jul;106(1):1-23
7494135
J Biol Chem. 2003 Dec 5;278(49):49537-48
14504281
Circ Res. 2004 Aug 6;95(3):325-32
15231687
Circ Res. 1995 Mar;76(3):343-50
7859381
J Gen Physiol. 1999 Apr;113(4):555-64
10102936
Circ Res. 2000 Jul 21;87(2):160-6
10904001
J Gen Physiol. 2002 Oct;120(4):539-51
12356855
J Physiol. 2007 Jul 15;582(Pt 2):675-93
17478540
Am J Physiol. 1989 May;256(5 Pt 2):H1450-61
2524172
J Physiol. 2001 Mar 15;531(Pt 3):645-60
11251047
J Biol Chem. 1995 Dec 1;270(48):28660-7
7499385
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2007 Dec;293(6):H3558-67
17890431
Circ Res. 1998 May 18;82(9):947-56
9598592
FEBS Lett. 1994 Jun 13;346(2-3):251-6
8013643
Eur Heart J. 1999 Feb;20(3):174-95
10082151
Nat Med. 2004 May;10(5):463-4
15122246
Circ Res. 2004 May 28;94(10):1332-9
15087421
Science. 2003 Jan 10;299(5604):251-4
12522251
FEBS Lett. 1994 Dec 19;356(2-3):199-203
7805837
Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2000 Sep;279(3):C771-84
10942728
J Biol Chem. 1995 Apr 21;270(16):9289-94
7721849
J Clin Invest. 1993 Apr;91(4):1521-31
8386189
Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2005 Jul 15;332(4):1012-9
15922306
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994 Jun 21;91(13):6240-4
8016146
J Gen Physiol. 2000 Apr;115(4):391-404
10736307
J Physiol. 2003 Jul 1;550(Pt 1):169-80
12879867
J Physiol. 1972 Aug;225(1):57-83
4679725
Pflugers Arch. 1992 Aug;421(5):431-9
1361052
J Physiol. 1994 Jul 1;478 ( Pt 1):1-6
7965824
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Dec 26;104(52):20990-5
18093912
Pflugers Arch. 1969;307(3):190-203
5813636
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2002 Jul;283(1):H412-22
12063316
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 May 28;99(11):7774-9
12032359
Circulation. 2005 May 31;111(21):2720-6
15911703
Cardiovasc Res. 1991 Jan;25(1):17-26
2054826
J Biol Chem. 2001 Aug 3;276(31):28873-80
11384974
J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001 Jun 15;37(8):2136-43
11419900
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2003 Nov;285(5):H1837-48
12869373
Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2007 Jul;375(5):311-22
17534603
Biophys J. 1998 Nov;75(5):2313-22
9788926
Circulation. 2000 Jun 6;101(22):2631-8
10840016
J Gen Physiol. 1995 Nov;106(5):923-55
8648298
Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med. 2005 Feb;2(2):84-7
16265378
Heart Rhythm. 2006 Jul;3(7):800-5
16818210
Cell. 1995 Mar 10;80(5):805-11
7889574
Neuron. 2002 Jun 13;34(6):933-44
12086641
J Cell Sci. 2001 Mar;114(Pt 5):987-98
11181181
J Physiol. 1988 Nov;405:123-45
2855639
Channels (Austin). 2007 Mar-Apr;1(2):124-34
18690021
Cardiovasc Res. 2002 May;54(2):397-404
12062344
Am J Physiol. 1994 May;266(5 Pt 2):H1812-21
8203580
Br J Pharmacol. 2003 Oct;140(3):576-84
14522844
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Feb 3;95(3):1307-12
9448327
Circulation. 1998 Dec 1;98(22):2422-8
9832487
Cell Physiol Biochem. 2008;21(4):259-68
18441514
J Physiol. 1996 Jun 15;493 ( Pt 3):801-18
8799901
Acta Physiol Scand. 1993 Oct;149(2):133-42
8266802
Heart Rhythm. 2007 Mar;4(3):323-9
17341397
Circulation. 1994 Nov;90(5):2213-24
7955176
Nature. 1987 Jan 8-14;325(7000):156-9
2433601
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Apr;84(8):2560-4
2436236
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996 Oct 15;93(21):12014-9
8876254
J Biol Chem. 1999 Dec 17;274(51):36065-72
10593888
Annu Rev Physiol. 1997;59:193-220
9074761
Circ Res. 2009 Feb 13;104(3):355-64
19122180
J Physiol. 2004 Aug 15;559(Pt 1):103-20
15194740
J Physiol. 2000 Jul 15;526 Pt 2:341-7
10896722
Nature. 2002 Sep 12;419(6903):132-3
12226654
Sci STKE. 2001 Dec 04;2001(111):re19
11734659
J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2003 Apr;35(4):367-78
12689816
J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2008 Jan;44(1):84-94
18035370
Circ Res. 1992 Jan;70(1):91-103
1727690
Pflugers Arch. 1978 Nov 30;377(3):193-200
569814
Cardiology. 2000;94(2):99-102
11173780
Neuron. 1995 May;14(5):1047-54
7748552
J Biol Chem. 1994 Sep 16;269(37):23274-9
8083233
Circ Res. 1997 Jun;80(6):772-81
9168779
Am J Hum Genet. 2002 Sep;71(3):663-8
12148092
Nature. 1983 May 19-25;303(5914):250-3
6302520
J Physiol. 2000 Mar 15;523 Pt 3:593-605
10718740
Cell. 2001 May 18;105(4):511-9
11371347
N Engl J Med. 1997 May 29;336(22):1575-86
9164815
Cardiovasc Res. 2003 Aug 1;59(2):328-38
12909316
Pflugers Arch. 1996 Apr;431(6):814-27
8927497
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2004 Dec;287(6):H2790-802
15271672
Circulation. 1995 Mar 1;91(5):1512-9
7867192
Heart Rhythm. 2008 Oct;5(10):1453-4
18929334
Neuroreport. 1994 Dec 20;5(18):2501-5
7696590
Biophys J. 2006 Jun 1;90(11):4018-34
16513790
J Gen Physiol. 2005 Apr;125(4):413-26
15795311
Nihon Ika Daigaku Zasshi. 1990 Aug;57(4):308-21
2229329
J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 1998 Mar;9(3):299-311
9554735
Circulation. 2005 Dec 13;112(24):3697-706
16330682
Science. 1994 Nov 11;266(5187):1068-72
7973666
J Biol Chem. 1996 Mar 15;271(11):6114-21
8626398
Pflugers Arch. 2007 Oct;455(1):83-95
17520276
J Physiol. 2007 Jan 1;578(Pt 1):315-26
17095564
Life Sci. 1995 Mar 17;56(17):1407-14
8847952
Ital Heart J. 2005 Mar;6(3):241-8
15875515
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2002 Sep;283(3):H1123-33
12181143
J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2003 Jun;14(6):621-31
12875424
J Biol Chem. 2000 Oct 13;275(41):31573-80
10896660
J Biol Chem. 1994 Aug 12;269(32):20468-74
8051145
Cardiovasc Res. 2000 Nov;48(2):300-9
11054476
J Gen Physiol. 2006 May;127(5):467-80
16606689
Nature. 1993 Mar 11;362(6416):127-33
7680768
Circ Res. 2001 Dec 7;89(12):1216-23
11739288
Cardiovasc Res. 2005 Nov 1;68(2):204-12
16083867
Ann Biomed Eng. 2000 Aug;28(8):951-7
11144680
Circ Res. 2005 Apr 15;96(7):800-7
15761194
Nat Neurosci. 2005 Mar;8(3):279-87
15723059
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2002 Aug;283(2):H715-24
12124220
Science. 2003 Jun 20;300(5627):1922-6
12738871
Pharmacol Rev. 2005 Dec;57(4):509-26
16382105
J Biol Chem. 1991 Nov 5;266(31):20803-9
1718969
Circ Res. 2005 Apr 15;96(7):703-4
15831819
Pflugers Arch. 1982 Mar;393(1):15-22
6283467
Pflugers Arch. 1992 Dec;422(3):280-6
1336853
Biophys J. 1976 Apr;16(4):367-72
1252586
J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2007 Jul;43(1):27-38
17498734
Biophys J. 1987 Oct;52(4):519-25
2445390
Heart Rhythm. 2009 Mar;6(3):393-400
19251218
Neuron. 1996 Feb;16(2):423-9
8789957
Nature. 1960 Nov 5;188:495
13717088
J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2000 Nov;32(11):2007-24
11040105
J Physiol. 2008 Apr 1;586(7):1833-48
18276733
Neuron. 1998 Jan;20(1):103-14
9459446
Cardiovasc Res. 2003 Oct 1;59(4):863-73
14553826
Biophys J. 1996 Jun;70(6):2680-7
8744305
Nature. 1980 Jul 3;286(5768):68-71
7393326
J Physiol. 1993 Oct;470:295-311
8308731
Circulation. 2004 May 25;109(20):2394-7
15159330
J Physiol. 2005 Nov 1;568(Pt 3):749-66
16109731
Circulation. 2004 Jan 6;109(1):30-5
14676148
J Biol Chem. 2002 Sep 27;277(39):35815-8
12118013
Cell. 1995 Jan 13;80(1):149-54
7813010
Circ Res. 2001 Jun 8;88(11):1159-67
11397782
J Clin Invest. 2003 May;111(10):1529-36
12750402
Hum Mol Genet. 2006 Jul 15;15(14):2185-91
16772329
J Physiol. 2006 Mar 1;571(Pt 2):287-302
16373386
Circ Res. 1993 Aug;73(2):379-85
8330380
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Apr 2;99(7):4325-30
11904384
Am J Physiol. 1997 Apr;272(4 Pt 2):H1741-50
9139958
J Physiol. 2001 Dec 15;537(Pt 3):979-92
11744770
Nature. 1995 Mar 9;374(6518):135-41
7877685
J Gen Physiol. 2004 Nov;124(5):541-54
15477380
Nature. 1994 Nov 24;372(6504):366-9
7969496
J Gen Physiol. 1997 Feb;109(2):229-43
9041451
J Exp Biol. 2008 Jul;211(Pt 13):2162-71
18552306
J Neurosci. 1998 Jun 1;18(11):4096-105
9592090
Am J Hum Genet. 2004 Nov;75(5):899-905
15368194
Circulation. 2002 Jul 2;106(1):69-74
12093772
Basic Res Cardiol. 2007 Sep;102(5):416-28
17546530
J Mol Cell Cardiol. 1997 Feb;29(2):721-32
9140829
FEBS Lett. 1993 Dec 28;336(3):375-80
8282096
Cell. 1995 Mar 10;80(5):795-803
7889573
J Physiol. 2005 Mar 15;563(Pt 3):713-24
15668212
Pflugers Arch. 2002 Dec;445(3):311-20
12466932
J Physiol. 1972 Aug;225(1):33-56
4547276
Science. 1996 Aug 16;273(5277):956-9
8688080
Heart Rhythm. 2007 Apr;4(4):487-96
17399639
Science. 1998 Apr 3;280(5360):69-77
9525859
J Physiol. 2001 Jun 15;533(Pt 3):697-710
11410627
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Jan 21;100(2):745-50
12525701
Pflugers Arch Gesamte Physiol Menschen Tiere. 1968;301(2):91-108
5243257
J Physiol. 2007 Nov 15;585(Pt 1):3-13
17884923
J Physiol. 1998 Aug 1;510 ( Pt 3):755-71
9660891
Circ Res. 2002 Oct 18;91(8):e21-6
12386154