title: Effect of water soluble vitamins on Zn transport of Caco-2 cells and their implications under oxidative stress conditions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The role of different water soluble vitamins in Zn metabolism beyond intestinal Zn absorption is poorly explored.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Using Caco-2 cells, effects of different vitamins on intestinal Zn transport and their implications under oxidative stress (OS) were investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cells were apically treated with Zn (25 muM) and vitamins (Folic acid (FA), Nicotinic acid (NA), Ascorbic acid (AA), riboflavin, thiamine, pyridoxine) for 60 min. The effect of most promising vitamins on zinc transport, antioxidant enzymes (Catalase, Glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase), and intracellular OS status (ROS generation and mitochondrial transmembrane potential) were investigated. OS was generated by tert-butyl hydro peroxide and results for each vitamin were compared with respective Zn containing controls with and without OS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Without OS, Zn transport was slightly enhanced in presence of NA, while it was significantly reduced by thiamine, riboflavin, and pyridoxine. Under OS, NA significantly (P < 0.01) enhanced Zn transport in dose-dependent manner, while, pyridoxine and AA moderately improved it. Under both conditions, Zn transport exhibited decreasing trend with increase of FA. The antioxidant enzyme and OS markers levels varied significantly in Zn + vitamins. With Zn + FA + OS, enzyme activities decreased maximally, with twofold increase in 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCF-DA) (P < 0.01) and lowering of rhodamine fluorescence (P < 0.05). In Zn + AA + OS, DCF-DA fluorescence increased (P < 0.05) but with NA, cellular enzymes, and antioxidant profile were improved.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results for the first time demonstrate advantageous effects of NA and deleterious consequences of FA with no effect by AA on Zn transport, especially under OS. These observed changes in the transport of Zn seem to have an impact on OS markers.
authors.affiliation: Agharkar Research Institute, G.G. Agarkar Road, Pune, 411004, India.
authors.forename: Rashmi Santosh
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Tupe
authors.forename: Vaishali Vilas
authors.initials: VV
authors.lastname: Agte
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D001692:Biological Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007408:Intestinal Absorption / Q000187:drug effects; D009525:Niacin / Q000494:pharmacology; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology*; D012995:Solubility; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D014815:Vitamins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014867:Water; D015032:Zinc / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D014815:Vitamins; D014867:Water; D009525:Niacin; D005492:Folic Acid; D002374:Catalase; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D015032:Zinc; D001205:Ascorbic Acid
references.citation: J Nutr. 2000 May;130(5S Suppl):1432S-6S
references.pmid: 10801956
references.citation: Arch Biochem Biophys. 1978 Feb;186(1):189-95
references.pmid: 24422
references.citation: Free Radic Biol Med. 2003 Feb 15;34(4):443-55
references.pmid: 12566070
references.citation: J Dairy Sci. 2004 Nov;87(11):3629-37
references.pmid: 15483146
references.citation: Free Radic Biol Med. 1998 Oct;25(6):660-5
references.pmid: 9801065
references.citation: J Inorg Biochem. 1980 Jan;12(1):71-8
references.pmid: 7189547
references.citation: J Agric Food Chem. 2008 Nov 26;56(22):10967-72
references.pmid: 18947232
references.citation: Br Med J. 1960 Apr 9;1(5179):1099-102
references.pmid: 13809099
references.citation: Life Sci. 2000 Apr 7;66(20):1905-13
references.pmid: 10821115
references.citation: J Nutr. 1994 Apr;124(4):580-7
references.pmid: 8145081
references.citation: J Nutr. 1996 Jan;126(1):251-8
references.pmid: 8558308
references.citation: J Nutr. 2000 May;130(5S Suppl):1374S-7S
references.pmid: 10801946
references.citation: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1987 Dec 31;149(3):889-96
references.pmid: 3122747
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1999 Apr;276(4):G958-64
references.pmid: 10198340
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1979 May 25;254(10):4245-52
references.pmid: 374409
references.citation: J Nutr. 1994 Apr;124(4):508-16
references.pmid: 8145072
references.citation: J Nutr. 2008 Sep;138(9):1664-70
references.pmid: 18716167
references.citation: J Nutr. 1998 Oct;128(10):1794-801
references.pmid: 9772151
references.citation: Free Radic Biol Med. 2001 Aug 1;31(3):304-14
references.pmid: 11461767
references.citation: Biochem Pharmacol. 1984 Jun 1;33(11):1801-7
references.pmid: 6145422
references.citation: J Nutr. 1992 Jun;122(6):1242-7
references.pmid: 1316957
references.citation: Biochim Biophys Acta. 1998 Sep 16;1404(3):393-404
references.pmid: 9739168
references.citation: FEBS Lett. 1998 Sep 11;435(1):11-5
references.pmid: 9755849
references.citation: Toxicol In Vitro. 2000 Jun;14(3):219-26
references.pmid: 10806372
references.citation: Nutr Res. 2008 Jun;28(6):406-13
references.pmid: 19083439
references.citation: Free Radic Res. 2000 Dec;33(6):819-30
references.pmid: 11237104
references.citation: Biofactors. 2007;30(1):27-34
references.pmid: 18198399
references.citation: Biochem Pharmacol. 1999 Mar 15;57(6):685-95
references.pmid: 10037455
references.citation: J Agric Food Chem. 2002 Jan 16;50(2):390-5
references.pmid: 11782213
references.citation: Metabolism. 1984 Jun;33(6):491-501
references.pmid: 6727650
references.citation: J Lab Clin Med. 2002 May;139(5):311-5
references.pmid: 12032492
references.citation: Pharm Res. 2001 Oct;18(10):1420-5
references.pmid: 11697467
references.citation: J Pharm Sci. 2000 Jun;89(6):826-33
references.pmid: 10824142
references.citation: J Surg Res. 2000 Dec;94(2):178-84
references.pmid: 11104659
references.citation: J Nutr. 1996 Jun;126(6):1701-12
references.pmid: 8648446
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2007 May 11;282(19):14389-93
references.pmid: 17355957
references.citation: Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1987;57(1):87-90
references.pmid: 3583599
references.citation: Carcinogenesis. 1999 Nov;20(11):2153-7
references.pmid: 10545419
references.citation: J Cell Physiol. 1992 Apr;151(1):1-7
references.pmid: 1560036
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 1979 Dec;32(12):2495-9
references.pmid: 506973
references.citation: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2004 Jun 11;318(4):992-7
references.pmid: 15147971
references.citation: FASEB J. 1988 Oct;2(13):2884-90
references.pmid: 2458983
references.citation: Free Radic Biol Med. 1999 May;26(9-10):1194-201
references.pmid: 10381190
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1997 Oct;273(4):G812-23
references.pmid: 9357822
references.citation: Arch Biochem Biophys. 1993 May;302(2):348-55
references.pmid: 8387741
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1951 Nov;193(1):265-75
references.pmid: 14907713
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2000 Oct 13;275(41):31819-25
references.pmid: 10896936
references.citation: Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 1977;17:133-48
references.pmid: 326160