title: Intestinal glucose uptake protects liver from lipopolysaccharide and D-galactosamine, acetaminophen, and alpha-amanitin in mice.
abstract: We have recently observed that oral administration of D-glucose saves animals from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced death. This effect is the likely consequence of glucose-induced activation of the sodium-dependent glucose transporter-1. In this study, we investigated possible hepatoprotective effects of glucose-induced, sodium-dependent, glucose transporter-1 activation. We show that oral administration of D-glucose, but not of either D-fructose or sucrose, prevents LPS-induced liver injury, as well as liver injury and death induced by an overdose of acetaminophen. In both of these models, physiological liver morphology is maintained and organ protection is confirmed by unchanged levels of the circulating markers of hepatotoxicity, such as alanine transaminase or lactate dehydrogenase. In addition, D-glucose was found to protect the liver from alpha-amanitin-induced liver injury. In this case, in contrast to the previously described models, a second signal had to be present in addition to glucose to achieve protective efficacy. Toll-like receptor 4 stimulation that was induced by low doses of LPS was identified as such a second signal. Eventually, the protective effect of orally administered glucose on liver injury induced by LPS, overdose of acetaminophen, or alpha-amanitin was shown to be mediated by the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10. These findings, showing glucose-induced protective effects in several animal models of liver injury, might be relevant in view of possible therapeutic interventions against different forms of acute hepatic injury.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Human Morphology and Biomedical Sciences Città Studi, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Mangiagalli 31, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zanobbio
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Palazzo
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gariboldi
authors.forename: Giuseppina F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Dusio
authors.forename: Diego
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cardani
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mauro
authors.forename: Fabrizio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Marcucci
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Balsari
authors.forename: Cristiano
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rumio
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000009:adverse effects; D000284:Administration, Oral; D053959:Alpha-Amanitin / Q000633:toxicity; D000818:Animals; D056486:Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; D005632:Fructose / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005688:Galactosamine / Q000009:adverse effects; D005947:Glucose / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016753:Interleukin-10; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000633:toxicity; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D015398:Signal Transduction; D051269:Sodium-Glucose Transporter 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D013395:Sucrose / Q000008:administration & dosage; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D053959:Alpha-Amanitin; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D051269:Sodium-Glucose Transporter 1; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D016753:Interleukin-10; D005632:Fructose; D000082:Acetaminophen; D013395:Sucrose; D005688:Galactosamine; D005947:Glucose
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