title: Recent developments in phasing and structure refinement for macromolecular crystallography.
abstract: Central to crystallographic structure solution is obtaining accurate phases in order to build a molecular model, ultimately followed by refinement of that model to optimize its fit to the experimental diffraction data and prior chemical knowledge. Recent advances in phasing and model refinement and validation algorithms make it possible to arrive at better electron density maps and more accurate models.
authors.affiliation: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, BLDG 64R0121, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. PDAdams@lbl.gov
authors.forename: Paul D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.forename: Pavel V
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Afonine
authors.forename: Ralf W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Grosse-Kunstleve
authors.forename: Randy J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Read
authors.forename: Jane S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.forename: Thomas C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Terwilliger
mesh_terms: D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D046911:Macromolecular Substances / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D008958:Models, Molecular
chemical_list: D046911:Macromolecular Substances
references.citation: Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr. 2007 Apr;63(Pt 4):447-57
references.pmid: 17372348
references.citation: Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr. 2005 Jul;61(Pt 7):976-81
references.pmid: 15983421
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 May 8;104(19):7869-74
references.pmid: 17470791
references.citation: J Mol Biol. 1999 Jan 29;285(4):1711-33
references.pmid: 9917407
references.citation: Nat Protoc. 2008;3(7):1171-9
references.pmid: 18600222
references.citation: Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr. 2004 Dec;60(Pt 12 Pt 1):2210-21
references.pmid: 15572774
references.citation: Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr. 1996 Jan 1;52(Pt 1):43-8
references.pmid: 15299724
references.citation: Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr. 1999 Apr;55(Pt 4):849-61
references.pmid: 10089316
references.citation: Protein Sci. 2009 Jan;18(1):229-39
references.pmid: 19177366
references.citation: J Struct Funct Genomics. 2009 Mar;10(1):83-93
references.pmid: 19002604
references.citation: Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr. 2005 Apr;61(Pt 4):458-64
references.pmid: 15805601
references.citation: Nature. 1996 May 23;381(6580):272
references.pmid: 8692262
references.citation: Structure. 2003 Feb;11(2):217-24
references.pmid: 12575941
references.citation: J Struct Funct Genomics. 2005;6(1):1-11
references.pmid: 15965733
references.citation: Structure. 2007 Aug;15(8):955-62
references.pmid: 17698000
references.citation: Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr. 1997 May 1;53(Pt 3):240-55
references.pmid: 15299926
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 2007 Jul;35(Web Server issue):W375-83
references.pmid: 17452350
references.citation: Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr. 1999 Jan;55(Pt 1):191-205
references.pmid: 10089410
references.citation: Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr. 1998 Sep 1;54(Pt 5):905-21
references.pmid: 9757107
references.citation: Proteins. 2003 Feb 15;50(3):437-50
references.pmid: 12557186
references.citation: Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr. 2005 Jul;61(Pt 7):850-5
references.pmid: 15983406
references.citation: Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr. 2002 Oct;58(Pt 10 Pt 2):1772-9
references.pmid: 12351820
references.citation: Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr. 2008 Jan;64(Pt 1):61-9
references.pmid: 18094468
references.citation: Acta Crystallogr A. 2008 Jan;64(Pt 1):123-34
references.pmid: 18156678
references.citation: Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr. 2004 Dec;60(Pt 12 Pt 1):2240-9
references.pmid: 15572777
references.citation: Curr Opin Struct Biol. 2002 Aug;12(4):431-40
references.pmid: 12163064
references.citation: Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr. 2002 Mar;58(Pt 3):494-506
references.pmid: 11856836
references.citation: Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr. 2001 Jan;57(Pt 1):122-33
references.pmid: 11134934
references.citation: Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr. 1999 Jan;55(Pt 1):181-90
references.pmid: 10089409
references.citation: Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr. 2004 Apr;60(Pt 4):796-9
references.pmid: 15039589
references.citation: Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr. 2004 Jul;60(Pt 7):1220-8
references.pmid: 15213383
references.citation: Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr. 2004 Dec;60(Pt 12 Pt 1):2144-9
references.pmid: 15572767
references.citation: Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr. 2000 Aug;56(Pt 8):965-72
references.pmid: 10944333
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Feb 12;105(6):1844-8
references.pmid: 18250329
references.citation: Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr. 1998 Nov 1;54(Pt 6 Pt 2):1285-94
references.pmid: 10089505
references.citation: Nature. 1992 Jan 30;355(6359):472-5
references.pmid: 18481394
references.citation: Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr. 2004 Jul;60(Pt 7):1229-36
references.pmid: 15213384
references.citation: Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr. 2008 May;64(Pt 5):515-24
references.pmid: 18453687
references.citation: Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr. 2008 Jan;64(Pt 1):125-32
references.pmid: 18094476
references.citation: Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr. 2008 Jul;D64(Pt 7):711-29
references.pmid: 18566507
references.citation: Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr. 2008 Aug;D64(Pt 8):864-73
references.pmid: 18645235
references.citation: Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr. 2009 Feb;65(Pt 2):128-33
references.pmid: 19171967
references.citation: Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr. 2001 Oct;57(Pt 10):1373-82
references.pmid: 11567148
references.citation: Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr. 2004 Dec;60(Pt 12 Pt 1):2126-32
references.pmid: 15572765
references.citation: Nat Struct Biol. 2003 Oct;10(10):856-63
references.pmid: 12949490
references.citation: Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr. 2002 Nov;58(Pt 11):1948-54
references.pmid: 12393927
references.citation: Methods Enzymol. 1997;276:472-494
references.pmid: 27799110
references.citation: Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr. 2003 Nov;59(Pt 11):1891-902
references.pmid: 14573943
references.citation: Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr. 2004 Dec;60(Pt 12 Pt 1):2196-201
references.pmid: 15572772
references.citation: RNA. 2008 Mar;14(3):465-81
references.pmid: 18192612
references.citation: Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr. 1996 Jan 1;52(Pt 1):30-42
references.pmid: 15299723
references.citation: Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr. 1999 Jul;55(Pt 7):1309-19
references.pmid: 10393297
references.citation: Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr. 2009 Jun;65(Pt 6):567-73
references.pmid: 19465771
references.citation: Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr. 2004 Mar;60(Pt 3):432-8
references.pmid: 14993666
references.citation: Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr. 2003 Nov;59(Pt 11):1966-73
references.pmid: 14573951
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 2007 Jan;35(Database issue):287-90
references.pmid: 17202175
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 2004 Jul 1;32(Web Server issue):W606-9
references.pmid: 15215460
references.citation: Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr. 2009 Feb;65(Pt 2):169-75
references.pmid: 19171972
references.citation: J Appl Crystallogr. 2007 Aug 1;40(Pt 4):658-674
references.pmid: 19461840
references.citation: Methods Enzymol. 1985;115:90-112
references.pmid: 4079800