title: Evaluating sex differences in population-based utilization of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators: role of cardiac conditions and noncardiac comorbidities.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The influence of age and comorbidities on sex-specific implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) use for primary or secondary prevention is undefined.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of age and comorbidities on sex-specific ICD use.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sex disparities and sex-specific trends in ICD implantation according to indication in patients with cardiac arrest (1998-2007) in Ontario, Canada, were examined. Use of ICDs for primary prevention in patients with myocardial infarction (2002-2007) or heart failure (2005-2007) also was examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 9,246 eligible secondary prevention patients (age 66.3 +/- 14.3 years; 3,577 women [39%]) with cardiac arrest, men were more likely to undergo ICD implantation, with an age-, comorbidity-, and arrhythmia-adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of 1.92 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.66-2.23). Among 105,516 patients with myocardial infarction (age 68.3 +/- 12.7 years; 42,987 women [41%]), men were threefold more likely to undergo ICD implantation, with an adjusted HR of 3.00 (95% CI: 2.53-3.55). Among 61,160 patients with heart failure (age 76.2 +/- 12.0 years; 31,575 women [52%]), ICD implantation was more likely in men, with an adjusted HR of 3.01 (95% CI: 2.59-3.50). The odds of ICD implant for secondary prevention increased over time by 21% (95% CI: 13%-30%) in women and by 6% (95% CI: 2%-11%) in men, but rates of ICD use in men for primary prevention indications were persistently higher.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Men were more likely to undergo defibrillator implant than were women for primary and secondary prevention. Age and comorbidities did not account for the observed sex differences. Although sex differences in secondary prevention are declining over time, disparities in primary prevention persist.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Derek R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: MacFadden
authors.forename: Jack V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Tu
authors.forename: Alice
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chong
authors.forename: Peter C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Austin
authors.forename: Douglas S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D002170:Canada; D015897:Comorbidity; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D016757:Death, Sudden, Cardiac / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D009864:Ontario; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors