title: Down or up? Explaining positive and negative emotions in parents of children with Down's syndrome: Goals, cognitive coping, and resources.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Some studies find that parents of children with Down's syndrome may experience symptoms of depression, while other studies find that parents adapt well. This study aimed to clarify this variability in adaptive strength by investigating a stress-coping model to explain depressive symptoms and positive affect.
  
  
  METHODS
  Questionnaires were completed by 553 parents of children (aged 0-18) with Down's syndrome, containing measures of goal disturbance, cognitive coping, social support, partner bonding, and coping self-efficacy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Different models for positive affect and depressive symptoms were found. The coping strategies of self-blame and rumination were positively related to depressive symptoms, and positive reappraisal was positively related to positive affect. Partner bonding characteristics played relevant roles in both models, as did coping self-efficacy and goal disturbance. Social support seemed mainly relevant in explaining positive affect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Different psychological factors were related to depressive symptoms and positive affect in parents of children with Down's syndrome. Implications are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical, Health and Neuropsychology, Leiden University, The Netherlands. s.m.vanderveek@amc.uva.nl
authors.forename: Shelley M C
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Van Der Veek
authors.forename: Vivian
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kraaij
authors.forename: Nadia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Garnefski
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003071:Cognition; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology; D004314:Down Syndrome; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006040:Goals; D006295:Health Resources; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008960:Models, Psychological; D009769:Object Attachment; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D011788:Quality of Life; D012944:Social Support; D018454:Spouses / Q000523:psychology; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires