title: The elastic properties of the Cryptococcus neoformans capsule.
abstract: Microbial capsules are important for virulence, but their architecture and physical properties are poorly understood. The human pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus neoformans has a large polysaccharide capsule that is necessary for virulence and is the target of protective antibody responses. To study the C. neoformans capsule we developed what we believe is a new approach whereby we probed the capsular elastic properties by applying forces using polystyrene beads manipulated with optical tweezers. This method allowed us to determine the Young's modulus for the capsule in various conditions that affect capsule growth. The results indicate that the Young's modulus of the capsule decreases with its size and increases with the Ca(2+) concentration in solution. Also, capsular polysaccharide manifests an unexpected affinity for polystyrene beads, a property that may function in attachment to host cells and environmental structures. Bead probing with optical tweezers provides a new, nondestructive method that may have wide applicability for studying the effects of growth conditions, immune components, and drugs on capsular properties.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Bronx, New York, USA. scarvaja@aecom.yu.edu
authors.forename: Susana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Frases
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pontes
authors.forename: Leonardo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nimrichter
authors.forename: Marcio L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.forename: Nathan B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Viana
authors.forename: Arturo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Casadevall
mesh_terms: D003455:Cryptococcus neoformans / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000502:physiology*; D055119:Elastic Modulus / Q000502:physiology; D052898:Optical Tweezers; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000502:physiology*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical
chemical_list: D011134:Polysaccharides
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