title: H3N2 influenza A virus replicates in immortalized human first trimester trophoblast cell lines and induces their rapid apoptosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Epidemiological data suggested that pandemic influenza increased the risks of spontaneous abortion and premature labor, while seasonal influenza also increased the risk of schizophrenia in adolescence. However, their pathogenesis is so far unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  The first trimester trophoblast cell lines, namely, Swan71 and HTR8 cells were challenged with A/Udorn/72 influenza virus (H3N2). At indicated time points, cells were examined for expression of influenza proteins. Viral replication in culture media, apoptosis and the expression of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-G were also examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intracellular localization of viral proteins was observed. Twenty-four hours after inoculation, virus was detected in culture media while most cells fell into apoptosis. During apoptosis, expression of HLA-G was unchanged.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We revealed replication of low pathogenic influenza virus in the first trimester trophoblast cell lines. Placental damages are likely to be induced by direct cytopathic effects of influenza virus and subsequent apoptosis rather than down regulation of HLA-G expression and subsequent rejection by maternal immune system.
authors.affiliation: Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Quang Duy
authors.initials: QD
authors.lastname: Trinh
authors.forename: Yasuyuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Izumi
authors.forename: Shihoko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Komine-Aizawa
authors.forename: Toshikatsu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shibata
authors.forename: Yoshitaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shimotai
authors.forename: Kazumichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kuroda
authors.forename: Masashi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mizuguchi
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ushijima
authors.forename: Gil
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mor
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hayakawa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000956:Antigens, Viral / Q000276:immunology; D017209:Apoptosis; D002460:Cell Line; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D006680:HLA Antigens / Q000276:immunology; D059951:HLA-G Antigens; D015395:Histocompatibility Antigens Class I / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D053122:Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype / Q000502:physiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D014327:Trophoblasts / Q000166:cytology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology*; D014779:Virus Replication
chemical_list: D000956:Antigens, Viral; D006680:HLA Antigens; D059951:HLA-G Antigens; D015395:Histocompatibility Antigens Class I; D012367:RNA, Viral
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