title: Running GAGs: myxoid matrix in tumor pathology revisited: what's in it for the pathologist?
abstract: Ever since Virchow introduced the entity myxoma, abundant myxoid extracellular matrix (ECM) has been recognized in various reactive and neoplastic lesions. Nowadays, the term "myxoid" is commonly used in daily pathological practice. But what do today's pathologists mean by it, and what does the myxoid ECM tell the pathologist? What is known about the exact composition and function of the myxoid ECM 150 years after Virchow? Here, we give an overview of the composition and constituents of the myxoid ECM as known so far and demonstrate the heterogeneity of the myxoid ECM among different tumors. We discuss the possible role of the predominant constituents of the myxoid ECM and attempt to relate them to differences in clinical behavior. Finally, we will speculate on the potential relevance of this knowledge in daily pathological practice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, L1Q, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Stefan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Willems
authors.forename: Malgorzata
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wiweger
authors.forename: J Frans Graadt
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: van Roggen
authors.forename: Pancras C W
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Hogendoorn
mesh_terms: D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D005354:Fibrosarcoma / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D009232:Myxoma / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D012509:Sarcoma / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D006025:Glycosaminoglycans
references.citation: Bioessays. 2007 Aug;29(8):758-71
references.pmid: 17621645
references.citation: Dermatologica. 1956 Oct;113(4):219-25
references.pmid: 13384067
references.citation: Am J Surg Pathol. 1990 Sep;14(9):801-9
references.pmid: 2167613
references.citation: Dev Dyn. 2008 Oct;237(10):2622-42
references.pmid: 18629873
references.citation: Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2006 Oct;18(5):463-71
references.pmid: 16919434
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 1997 Feb 10;136(3):729-43
references.pmid: 9024701
references.citation: Am J Surg Pathol. 2000 Jul;24(7):927-36
references.pmid: 10895815
references.citation: Am J Pathol. 2001 Apr;158(4):1465-72
references.pmid: 11290564
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1997 Aug 15;272(33):20414-9
references.pmid: 9252349
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2008 Aug 1;283(31):21305-9
references.pmid: 18463092
references.citation: Am J Clin Pathol. 2001 Aug;116(2):271-7
references.pmid: 11488075
references.citation: Acta Neuropathol. 1982;57(4):299-305
references.pmid: 7136509
references.citation: Q J Microsc Sci. 1950 Dec;91(4):477-9
references.pmid: 24540170
references.citation: J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002 Dec 18;40(12):2072-81
references.pmid: 12505216
references.citation: Am J Dermatopathol. 1995 Feb;17(1):36-41
references.pmid: 7535018
references.citation: J Cutan Pathol. 2006 Mar;33(3):227-30
references.pmid: 16466510
references.citation: J Pathol. 2003 Jul;200(4):423-8
references.pmid: 12845610
references.citation: J Cell Mol Med. 2009 Jul;13(7):1291-301
references.pmid: 19320777
references.citation: Cell Mol Life Sci. 2007 Jul;64(13):1591-6
references.pmid: 17502996
references.citation: Hum Pathol. 1985 Jun;16(6):621-8
references.pmid: 3997139
references.citation: J Struct Biol. 2006 Aug;155(2):294-305
references.pmid: 16884925
references.citation: Mod Pathol. 2008 Oct;21(10):1282-92
references.pmid: 18622387
references.citation: Dermatology. 2002;205(2):122-6
references.pmid: 12218225
references.citation: Virchows Arch. 2005 Nov;447(5):828-34
references.pmid: 16021506
references.citation: Dev Dyn. 2000 Jun;218(2):235-59
references.pmid: 10842355
references.citation: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1999 Apr;19(4):1004-13
references.pmid: 10195929
references.citation: Cancer. 1977 Apr;39(4):1672-85
references.pmid: 192434
references.citation: Ann Diagn Pathol. 2000 Aug;4(4):207-17
references.pmid: 10982298
references.citation: Lancet Oncol. 2009 May;10(5):508-15
references.pmid: 19410195
references.citation: Br J Cancer. 1991 Aug;64(2):307-14
references.pmid: 1909886
references.citation: Am J Dermatopathol. 1998 Feb;20(1):41-7
references.pmid: 9504668
references.citation: Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2007 Oct;293(4):R1552-60
references.pmid: 17699562
references.citation: Pathol Int. 1994 Jun;44(6):448-53
references.pmid: 8055111
references.citation: J Cutan Pathol. 2008 Feb;35(2):186-91
references.pmid: 18190443
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2005 Nov 18;280(46):38537-43
references.pmid: 16129687
references.citation: Acta Orthop Scand. 1990 Apr;61(2):99-105
references.pmid: 2193480
references.citation: Histochemie. 1965 Oct 1;5(3):221-33
references.pmid: 4223499
references.citation: J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2000 Jun;126(6):320-4
references.pmid: 10870641
references.citation: Am J Surg Pathol. 1994 Jul;18(7):668-76
references.pmid: 8017561
references.citation: J Cell Physiol. 2001 Dec;189(3):266-74
references.pmid: 11748584
references.citation: Pathol Int. 2001 Apr;51(4):248-56
references.pmid: 11350606
references.citation: J Pathol. 2009 Apr;217(5):716-27
references.pmid: 19199331
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 1994 Mar;124(5):817-25
references.pmid: 8120102
references.citation: Cytogenet Cell Genet. 1996;72(2-3):171-4
references.pmid: 8978765
references.citation: Ultrastruct Pathol. 1984;6(1):69-81
references.pmid: 6203201
references.citation: Am J Surg Pathol. 1996 Apr;20(4):391-405
references.pmid: 8604805
references.citation: Exp Cell Res. 1996 Dec 15;229(2):388-97
references.pmid: 8986622
references.citation: Mod Pathol. 2004 Feb;17(2):214-21
references.pmid: 14657948
references.citation: Dermatology. 2003;207(1):104-6
references.pmid: 12835568
references.citation: Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 2005 Oct;44(2):204-11
references.pmid: 16001434
references.citation: Am J Clin Pathol. 2009 May;131(5):701-9
references.pmid: 19369631
references.citation: Am J Vet Res. 2005 Aug;66(8):1408-14
references.pmid: 16173485
references.citation: Matrix Biol. 2006 Oct;25(8):484-91
references.pmid: 16979885
references.citation: Acta Neuropathol. 1985;68(1):80-2
references.pmid: 3931407
references.citation: JAMA. 1965 Jan 4;191:15-20
references.pmid: 14222964
references.citation: Pathol Res Pract. 1999;195(6):391-7
references.pmid: 10399179
references.citation: J Pathol. 2004 Aug;203(4):953-60
references.pmid: 15258999
references.citation: J Cell Sci. 2005 Apr 1;118(Pt 7):1341-53
references.pmid: 15788652
references.citation: Ann Thorac Surg. 2004 Feb;77(2):532-6
references.pmid: 14759433
references.citation: Cancer. 1975 Sep;36(3):985-94
references.pmid: 241481
references.citation: Dev Dyn. 2003 Feb;226(2):268-79
references.pmid: 12557205
references.citation: Am J Surg Pathol. 1981 Jul;5(5):443-58
references.pmid: 6269445
references.citation: Histopathology. 2008 Mar;52(4):465-74
references.pmid: 18315599
references.citation: Mod Pathol. 2004 Apr;17(4):482-8
references.pmid: 14976536
references.citation: Mod Pathol. 2006 Mar;19(3):407-16
references.pmid: 16415793
references.citation: Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2002 Oct;14(5):617-23
references.pmid: 12231358
references.citation: Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2008 Oct;20(5):495-501
references.pmid: 18640274
references.citation: Ann Surg. 1948 May;127(4):706-19
references.pmid: 18917127
references.citation: Int J Gynecol Pathol. 1996 Oct;15(4):320-5
references.pmid: 8886879
references.citation: J Cell Physiol. 2007 Dec;213(3):565-73
references.pmid: 17680633
references.citation: Presse Med. 1967 Oct 25;75(44):2223-8
references.pmid: 6054147
references.citation: Chem Biol Drug Des. 2008 Dec;72(6):455-82
references.pmid: 19090915
references.citation: Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2007 Oct;19(5):578-83
references.pmid: 17942296
references.citation: Hum Pathol. 1972 Sep;3(3):421-35
references.pmid: 4261659
references.citation: Am J Surg Pathol. 2003 Apr;27(4):421-31
references.pmid: 12657926
references.citation: J Pathol. 2008 Sep;216(1):1-14
references.pmid: 18680111
references.citation: Jpn J Clin Oncol. 1991 Dec;21(6):447-52
references.pmid: 1805049
references.citation: Cancer Genet Cytogenet. 1986 Dec;23(4):291-9
references.pmid: 3779625
references.citation: J Pathol. 2003 Jul;200(4):429-47
references.pmid: 12845611
references.citation: J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1952 Oct;34 A(4):820-6
references.pmid: 12990622
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2007 Dec 7;282(49):35887-98
references.pmid: 17942398
references.citation: Am J Surg Pathol. 1993 Jun;17(6):595-600
references.pmid: 8333558
references.citation: Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand A. 1977 Mar;85A(2):127-40
references.pmid: 15396
references.citation: Histopathology. 1999 Oct;35(4):291-312
references.pmid: 10564384
references.citation: Medicine (Baltimore). 1985 Jul;64(4):270-83
references.pmid: 4010501
references.citation: Am J Clin Pathol. 1980 Dec;74(6):759-64
references.pmid: 7446487
references.citation: Cancer Lett. 2006 Dec 8;244(2):143-63
references.pmid: 16632194