title: Do sex steroids exert sex-specific and/or opposite effects on gene expression in lacrimal and meibomian glands?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We hypothesize that sex steroids induce sex-specific and/or opposite effects in the lacrimal and meibomian glands and that these actions may influence the prevalence of dry eye syndrome. The objective of this study was to begin to test this hypothesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Lacrimal and meibomian glands were obtained from ovariectomized mice that had been treated with testosterone or control vehicle for 14 days. Samples were processed for the isolation of RNA, and analyzed for differentially expressed mRNAs using CodeLink Bioarrays and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) techniques. Data were compared to those obtained following testosterone treatment of orchiectomized mice, as well as after the administration of 17beta-estradiol and/or progesterone to ovariectomized mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our findings demonstrate that testosterone regulates the expression of thousands of genes in the lacrimal and meibomian glands of ovariectomized mice. The magnitude and extent of these hormonal effects, which encompassed numerous biological, molecular, and cellular ontologies, was tissue-dependent. Particularly notable was the androgen stimulation of meibomian gland genes related to lipid metabolic pathways, and the suppression of genes associated with keratinization. Many of the genes regulated by testosterone in female tissues were identical to those controlled by androgens in male lacrimal and meibomian glands. However, some genes were modulated in a sex-specific manner. In addition, a number of the androgen-regulated genes in female glands were altered in the opposite direction by 17beta-estradiol and/or progesterone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results support our hypothesis that sex steroids may induce sex-specific and/or opposite effects in the lacrimal and meibomian glands. Whether these actions contribute to the prevalence of dry eye remains to be determined.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA. david.sullivan@schepens.harvard.edu
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Sullivan
authors.forename: Roderick V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: Tomo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Stephen M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Richards
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019070:Cell Lineage / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D004958:Estradiol / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007765:Lacrimal Apparatus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008537:Meibomian Glands / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D010052:Ovariectomy; D011374:Progesterone / Q000494:pharmacology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D013739:Testosterone / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones; D013739:Testosterone; D011374:Progesterone; D004958:Estradiol
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