title: GCP inspections in Germany and Europe following the implementation of the Directive 2001/20/EC.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The implementation of the Clinical Trials Directive 2001/20/EC and the Good Clinical Practice Directive 2005/28/EC fundamentally restructured and harmonized the conduct of clinical trials in Europe. GCP inspections - which affect study sites, laboratories, sponsors and contract research organizations (CRO) alike - make up an important part of these regulations. A common understanding of how these regulations apply in daily life is however not always ensured.
  
  
  METHODS
  A working group of the Clinical Research/Quality Assurance subcommittee of the German Association of Research-Based Pharmaceutical Companies (VFA) was established to outline the regulatory requirements, the experience gathered with inspections by means of a survey and to set up guidance on how to manage an inspection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The survey, conducted with the help of 15 pharmaceutical companies within the VFA, included a total of 224 inspections (74 inspections in Germany, 150 from other European countries). Most frequent findings in and outside Germany were related to "documentation" (40.5% vs. 21.3%), "investigational new drugs" (16.2% vs. 14.7%), "drug safety" (13.5% vs. 8%) and "application for a clinical trial authorization" (5.4% vs. 12%). From a German perspective, key findings of this working group were the necessity for a clear differentiation of responsibilities between national and federal as well as international authorities, a harmonization of inspection procedures and topics, and a clarification of whether pre-study/on-study and pre-approval/post-approval GCP inspections of the federal higher authority are included in the "Zentralstelle der Länder für Gesundheitsschutz bei Arzneimitteln und Medizinprodukten" (ZLG) requirements. The survey illustrated, that inspections usually are conducted at the investigational site, and that most of the findings are well known and thus could be prevented by communicating and discussing audit results more intensely within study groups. Again, the survey illustrated, that a harmonization of inspections appears warranted. Finally a code of practice is provided that considers these findings and delivers a basis for a successful inspection whether at the sponsor or the GCP site.
authors.affiliation: Pfizer Pharma GmbH, Berlin, Germany. claus.goebel@pfizer.com
authors.forename: Claus
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Göbel
authors.forename: Dieter
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Baier
authors.forename: Birgit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ruhfus
authors.forename: Ferdinand
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hundt
mesh_terms: D002985:Clinical Protocols; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D005060:Europe; D005858:Germany; D019983:Guideline Adherence; D006801:Humans; D007391:International Cooperation; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D012189:Retrospective Studies