title: Nutrigenetics in the light of human evolution.
abstract: Bio-cultural adaptations to new foods played a key role in human evolution. The fossil record and sequence differences between human and chimpanzee genes point to a major dietary shift at the stem of human evolution. The earliest representatives of the human lineage diverged from the ancestors of chimpanzees because of their better adaptation to hard and abrasive foods. Bipedalism and modifications of the hand, which allowed tool manufacture and use, impacted on dietary flexibility, facilitating access to foods of animal origin. This promoted major anatomic, physiologic and metabolic adaptations. Encephalization, which requires high-quality diet, characterizes the evolutionary sequence that, through the Homo ergaster/erectus stages, led to our species, Homo sapiens, which originated in Africa about 200,000 years ago. At the end of the Ice Age, climatic changes and human impact determined a major food crisis, which triggered the agricultural revolution. This affected nutrition and health, with rapid evolutionary adaptations through the selection of genetic variants that allowed better utilization of new foods, different in relation to geography and culture. Today population growth, globalization and economic pressure powerfully affect diets worldwide. We must take into account our evolutionary past to meet the present nutritional challenges.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology and Neuroscience, Section of Molecular Pathology, G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy.
authors.forename: Fabio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Verginelli
authors.forename: Federica
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Aru
authors.forename: Pasquale
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Battista
authors.forename: Renato
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mariani-Costantini
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000383:Agriculture; D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D049628:Body Size; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D004032:Diet; D015186:Hominidae; D006801:Humans; D054647:Nutrigenomics; D009929:Organ Size; D010641:Phenotype