title: Modified L'Episcopo tendon transfers for irreparable rotator cuff tears: 5-year follow-up.
abstract: Patients with posterosuperior cuff tears lose functional external rotation of the shoulder. Latissimus dorsi and teres major transfer is performed to restore external rotation. Twenty patients with a mean age was 55.8 +/- 6 years underwent this procedure and were examined at averages of 24.7 (n = 17) and 70.6 (n = 13) months. Two patients did not improve presumably because of failure of the transfer. The Constant and Murley score increased from 55.6 to 90.4 after 2 years and to 87.9 after 5 years. The mean active flexion increased from 119.4 degrees to 169.3 degrees and reached 170 degrees after 5 years, and mean external rotation increased from 12 degrees to 35 degrees , finally reaching 23 degrees . The grade of cuff arthritis progressed from initially Grade 1 in 17% and Grade 2 in 28% to Grade 2 in 8%, Grade 3 in 69%, and Grade 4 in 15% at final followup. The acromiohumeral distance increased from 4.5 mm to 6 mm and decreased to 3.8 mm after 5 years. Electromyographic analysis showed activity during isometric internal and external rotation in the transferred muscle in all patients. The L'Episcopo procedure can restore shoulder function, but cuff arthropathy may progress.
  
  
  METHODS
  Level IV, therapeutic study. See Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
authors.affiliation: Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Centrum für muskuloskeletale Chirurgie, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany. christian.gerhardt@charite.de
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gerhardt
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lehmann
authors.forename: Sven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lichtenberg
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Magosch
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Habermeyer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D004576:Electromyography; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008875:Middle Aged; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000209:etiology; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011859:Radiography; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D020127:Recovery of Function; D017006:Rotator Cuff / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D000070636:Rotator Cuff Injuries; D012421:Rupture; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D020069:Shoulder Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D013708:Tendon Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D013709:Tendon Transfer / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
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