Vitamin K-dependent gamma-glutamylcarboxylase in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.).
Due to problems with bone deformities in farmed Atlantic salmon, there is a growing interest in the possible involvement of vitamin K in normal bone development, and sensitive biomarkers for evaluating vitamin K status are therefore needed. The vitamin K-dependent (VKD) enzyme gamma-glutamylcarboxylase (GGCX, EC 6.4.x.x) requires vitamin K as a cofactor for its post-translational modification of glutamic acid (Glu) residues to gamma-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla) residues in VKD proteins, and is required for their function in haemostasis and bone metabolism. The present study was designed to evaluate the enzyme assay for GGCX activity in isolated liver microsomes and its distribution in the tissues of Atlantic salmon. The effect of KH(2) and menadione on the GGCX activity in salmon liver was also compared. Results from the present study show a widespread tissue distribution and expression of GGCX in Atlantic salmon. The GGCX activity and ggcx expression in all bony tissues examined imply the presence of vitamin K, and suggest the involvement of vitamin K in bone metabolism of Atlantic salmon. We propose the GGCX assay as a sensitive marker for vitamin K status, and confirm that menadione does not work as a cofactor for GGCX in Atlantic salmon liver.
Krossøy
Christel
C
National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES), PO Box 2029, Nordnes, 5817, Bergen, Norway.|Department of Biology, University of Bergen, 5020, Bergen, Norway.
Lock
Erik-Jan
EJ
National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES), PO Box 2029, Nordnes, 5817, Bergen, Norway.
Ørnsrud
Robin
R
National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES), PO Box 2029, Nordnes, 5817, Bergen, Norway. robin.ornsrud@nifes.no.
D000818:Animals; D001846:Bone Development / Q000502:physiology*; D019735:Carbon-Carbon Ligases / Q000378:metabolism*; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D019295:Computational Biology; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D008862:Microsomes, Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D010802:Phylogeny; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D020317:Salmo salar / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D014812:Vitamin K / Q000378:metabolism*
D017931:DNA Primers; D014812:Vitamin K; D019735:Carbon-Carbon Ligases; C020660:glutamyl carboxylase
Vitam Horm. 2008;78:35-62
18374189
Nutr Rev. 1998 Aug;56(8):223-30
9735675
Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1979 Sep;161(4):498-501
482281
Nature. 1997 Mar 6;386(6620):78-81
9052783
BMC Mol Biol. 2005 Nov 17;6:21
16293192
J Biol Chem. 2003 Nov 7;278(45):43919-27
12920130
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Jan 20;95(2):466-71
9435215
Exp Cell Res. 1998 Sep 15;243(2):334-46
9743593
Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1998 Jul 30;248(3):783-8
9704005
J Biol Chem. 1976 May 10;251(9):2770-6
177420
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Mar 15;88(6):2236-40
2006163
Mol Cell Biol. 1993 Aug;13(8):4976-85
8336730
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1974 Jul;71(7):2730-3
4528109
Vitam Horm. 2008;78:131-56
18374193
Vitam Horm. 2008;78:157-84
18374194
Biochem J. 1983 Nov 15;216(2):249-57
6661195
Blood. 1990 May 1;75(9):1753-62
2184900
J Biol Chem. 1993 Apr 25;268(12):8735-42
8473318
J Biol Chem. 1981 Nov 10;256(21):11032-5
7287748
Biochim Biophys Acta. 1990 May 16;1034(2):170-5
2112953
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Jun 24;100(13):7527-32
12808152
J Nutr. 2000 Aug;130(8):1877-80
10917896
J Nutr. 2003 Mar;133(3):873S-874S
12612172
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Oct 24;103(43):15794-9
17043233
Trends Mol Med. 2004 Jul;10(7):299-302
15242675
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Sep;86(18):6893-7
2780546
Eur J Biochem. 2002 Dec;269(24):6162-72
12473112
J Bone Miner Metab. 2008;26(1):9-12
18095058
Annu Rev Nutr. 1988;8:565-83
3060178
J Anat. 2009 Dec;215(6):663-72
19811564
J Biol Chem. 1974 Oct 10;249(19):6347-50
4214105
Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol. 2005 May;141(1):77-87
15820137
Blood Cells Mol Dis. 2001 Nov-Dec;27(6):992-9
11831865
Mol Biol Evol. 2007 Aug;24(8):1596-9
17488738
J Biol Chem. 2000 Nov 17;275(46):36245-9
10893417
Bone. 1998 Sep;23(3):187-96
9737340
J Biol Chem. 2000 Jun 16;275(24):18291-6
10748045
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Feb 5;99(3):1264-9
11818531
Heart. 2001 Jan;85(1):13-7
11119453
Nephrology (Carlton). 2006 Oct;11(5):455-61
17014561
Arch Biochem Biophys. 1978 Dec;191(2):571-7
742892
Science. 1991 Dec 13;254(5038):1634-6
1749935