Cigarette smoking, oxidative stress, the anti-oxidant response through Nrf2 signaling, and Age-related Macular Degeneration.
Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness among the elderly. While excellent treatment has emerged for neovascular disease, treatment for early AMD is lacking due to an incomplete understanding of the early molecular events. Cigarette smoking is the strongest epidemiologic risk factor, yet we do not understand how smoking contributes to AMD. Smoking related oxidative damage during the early phases of AMD may play an important role. This review explores how cigarette smoking and oxidative stress to the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) might contribute to AMD, and how the transcription factor Nrf2 can activate a cytoprotective response.
Cano
Marisol
M
Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Thimmalappula
Rajesh
R
Fujihara
Masashi
M
Nagai
Norihiro
N
Sporn
Michael
M
Wang
Ai Ling
AL
Neufeld
Arthur H
AH
Biswal
Shyam
S
Handa
James T
JT
D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000503:physiopathology; D051379:Mice; D051267:NF-E2-Related Factor 2 / Q000494:pharmacology; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D055213:Retinal Pigment Epithelium / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*
D000975:Antioxidants; D051267:NF-E2-Related Factor 2; C495635:NFE2L2 protein, human
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