Contamination of perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in Chao Phraya River and Bangpakong River, Thailand.
Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) have been used for many years, and are distributed all over the world. This study focused on occurrences of PFCs, especially perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctonoic acid (PFOA) in Thai rivers and industrial estate discharges, while comparing results with rivers of other Asian countries (Japan, China, and Malaysia). Surveys were conducted in Chao Phraya River, Bangpakong River and three industrial estates. A solid phase extraction (SPE) and HPLC-ESI-MS/MS were used for the analysis of these chemicals. The average concentrations of PFOS and PFOA were 1.9 and 4.7 ng/L, respectively in Chao Phraya River, while lower concentrations were detected in Bangpakong River with the averages of 0.7 ng/L for both PFOS and PFOA. Higher concentrations were detected in all industrial estate discharges with the averages of 64.3 ng/L for PFOA and 17.9 ng/L for PFOS., Total loadings from three industrial estates were 1.93 g/d for PFOS and 11.81 g/d for PFOA. The concentration levels in Thai rivers were less than rivers in Japan, China, and Malaysia. However, PFCs loading rate of Chao Phraya River was much higher than Yodo River (Japan), due to the higher flow rate. The other six PFCs were found above the Limit of Quantification (LOQ) in most samples. PFHxS and PFNA were also highly detected in some river samples.
Kunacheva
Chinagarn
C
Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Kyoto University, 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu Shiga, 520-8011, Japan. ckbezz@biwa.eqc.kyoto-u.ac.jp
Boontanon
Suwanna Kitpati
SK
Fujii
Shigeo
S
Tanaka
Shuhei
S
Musirat
Chanatip
C
Artsalee
Chattakarn
C
Wongwattana
Thana
T
D017738:Alkanesulfonic Acids / Q000032:analysis*; D002210:Caprylates / Q000032:analysis*; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D003625:Data Collection; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000032:analysis*; D005843:Geography; D007220:Industrial Waste / Q000032:analysis; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D045483:Rivers / Q000737:chemistry*; D013785:Thailand; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
D017738:Alkanesulfonic Acids; D002210:Caprylates; D005466:Fluorocarbons; D007220:Industrial Waste; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C023036:perfluorooctanoic acid; C076994:perfluorooctane sulfonic acid