title: A multilevel analysis of individual, household, and neighborhood correlates of intimate partner violence among low-income pregnant women in Jefferson county, Alabama.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined individual, household, and neighborhood correlates of intimate partner violence (IPV) before and during pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used multilevel modeling to investigate IPV among 2887 pregnant women in 112 census tracts who sought prenatal care in 8 public clinics in Jefferson County, Alabama, from 1997 through 2001. Data were collected from the Perinatal Emphasis Research Center project, the 2000 Census, and the local Sheriff and Police Departments Uniform Crime Reports for 1997 through 2001.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants were predominantly young, African American, on Medicaid, and residents of low-income neighborhoods. The prevalence of past-year male partner-perpetrated physical or sexual violence was 7.4%. Neighborhood residential stability, women performing most of the housework (lack of involvement among partners), being unmarried (being in an uncommitted relationship), and alcohol use were positively associated with elevated IPV risk. Significant protective factors for IPV included older age at first vaginal intercourse and a greater sense of mastery (e.g., the perception of oneself as an effective person).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both neighborhood contextual and individual and household compositional effects are associated with IPV among low-income pregnant women. The results imply that combined interventions to improve neighborhood conditions and strengthen families may effectively reduce IPV.
authors.affiliation: Department of Maternal and Child Health, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA. youliqing@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Russell S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Kirby
authors.forename: Robert T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Sigler
authors.forename: Sean-Shong
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.forename: Mark E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Lagory
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Goldenberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000193:education / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000407:Alabama / Q000453:epidemiology; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000453:epidemiology; D018585:Battered Women / Q000193:education / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D017533:Marital Status; D008423:Maternal Age; D008484:Medicaid / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008960:Models, Psychological; D055361:Multilevel Analysis; D011203:Poverty / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology; D015995:Prevalence; D012111:Residence Characteristics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012307:Risk Factors; D020377:Self Efficacy; D013179:Spouse Abuse / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014481:United States
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