title: Influence of substructure design and spacer settings on the in vitro performance of molar zirconia crowns.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro behaviour of all-ceramic zirconia molar crowns in regard to different core designs and marginal fit.
  
  
  METHODS
  Identically shaped methacrylate molars were prepared according to the ceramic restoration directives resulting in a 1-mm deep circular shoulder preparation. They were embedded in polymethylmethacrylate resin after covering their roots with a polyether layer to simulate periodontal mobility. The crown cores were made of yttria-stabilized zirconia veneered with a corresponding veneering ceramic. The crowns were divided into 5 groups (n=8) which differed in core design and cement gap thickness: #1: simple core, 40 microm cement; #2: core with minimal occlusal support, 40 microm cement; #3: core with optimized cusp support, 40 microm cement; #4: core with optimized cusp support, 30 microm cement; #5: core with optimized cusp support, 10 microm cement. All crowns were cemented with zinc oxide phosphate cement and thermo mechanically loaded (1.2 x 10(6) x 50N; 6000x5 degrees C/55 degrees C) with identical metal ceramic restorations as antagonists. Crown failures were monitored and described. Area and direction of the chipping failures of the veneering ceramic were documented by means of scanning electron micrographs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All core designs showed chipping during chewing simulation with different numbers (defect areas). #1: 6 chippings (8.1mm(2)); #2: 2 chippings (3.5mm(2)); #3: 2 chippings (2.1mm(2)); #4: 3 chippings (5.7 mm(2)); #5: 3 chippings (7.3mm(2)).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An optimized core design reduced number and surface area of occurring chippings. A variation of the gap thickness showed no significant influence on the in vitro performance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Regensburg University Medical Center, Franz-Josef Strauss Allee 11, Regensburg, Germany. Martin.Rosentritt@klinik.uni-regensburg.de
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rosentritt
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Steiger
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Behr
authors.forename: Gerhard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Handel
authors.forename: Carola
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kolbeck
mesh_terms: D001732:Bite Force; D003442:Crowns; D018772:Dental Marginal Adaptation; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D003776:Dental Porcelain / Q000737:chemistry; D017267:Dental Prosthesis Design; D019232:Dental Restoration Failure; D003801:Dental Veneers; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D016876:Metal Ceramic Alloys / Q000737:chemistry; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008963:Molar; D011176:Post and Core Technique / Q000295:instrumentation; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties; D013696:Temperature; D019231:Tooth Preparation, Prosthodontic / Q000379:methods; D015019:Yttrium / Q000737:chemistry; D015036:Zinc Phosphate Cement / Q000737:chemistry; D015040:Zirconium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D003764:Dental Materials; D016876:Metal Ceramic Alloys; C499362:yttria stabilized tetragonal zirconia; D003776:Dental Porcelain; D015019:Yttrium; D015036:Zinc Phosphate Cement; D015040:Zirconium; C028541:zirconium oxide