Molybdenum cofactors, enzymes and pathways.
The trace element molybdenum is essential for nearly all organisms and forms the catalytic centre of a large variety of enzymes such as nitrogenase, nitrate reductases, sulphite oxidase and xanthine oxidoreductases. Nature has developed two scaffolds holding molybdenum in place, the iron-molybdenum cofactor and pterin-based molybdenum cofactors. Despite the different structures and functions of molybdenum-dependent enzymes, there are important similarities, which we highlight here. The biosynthetic pathways leading to both types of cofactor have common mechanistic aspects relating to scaffold formation, metal activation and cofactor insertion into apoenzymes, and have served as an evolutionary 'toolbox' to mediate additional cellular functions in eukaryotic metabolism.
Schwarz
Günter
G
Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry & Centre for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, 47 Zuelpicher Street, 50674 Cologne, Germany. gschwarz@uni-koeln.de
Mendel
Ralf R
RR
Ribbe
Markus W
MW
D000818:Animals; D003067:Coenzymes / Q000172:deficiency / Q000378:metabolism*; D003300:Copper / Q000378:metabolism; D004798:Enzymes / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007501:Iron / Q000378:metabolism; D008667:Metalloproteins / Q000172:deficiency / Q000378:metabolism*; D000090006:Molybdenum Cofactors; D009711:Nucleotides / Q000378:metabolism; D011621:Pteridines / Q000378:metabolism*; D011622:Pterins / Q000378:metabolism
D003067:Coenzymes; D003300:Copper; D004798:Enzymes; D007501:Iron; D008667:Metalloproteins; D000090006:Molybdenum Cofactors; D009711:Nucleotides; D011621:Pteridines; D011622:Pterins; C022261:molybdopterin
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 Nov 7;97(23):12908-13
11050171
Nature. 1997 May 22;387(6631):370-6
9163420
Structure. 2003 Oct;11(10):1251-63
14527393
Plant Cell. 2005 Apr;17(4):1167-79
15772287
Cell Mol Life Sci. 2005 Dec;62(23):2792-810
16261263
Biochim Biophys Acta. 2007 May;1774(5):527-39
17459792
Am J Hum Genet. 2001 Jan;68(1):208-13
11095995
J Biol Chem. 2001 Nov 2;276(44):40381-4
11553608
J Biol Chem. 1995 Jan 20;270(3):1082-7
7836363
J Biol Chem. 1992 May 25;267(15):10199-202
1587808
J Biol Chem. 2001 Jun 22;276(25):22024-31
11290749
J Biol Chem. 1995 Nov 10;270(45):26890-6
7592933
J Biol Chem. 2004 Apr 16;279(16):15994-9
14761975
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 Sep 26;97(20):10723-8
11005854
J Biol Chem. 2005 Jul 1;280(26):24999-5007
15863498
J Bacteriol. 1984 Apr;158(1):187-94
6370956
Nature. 2004 Aug 12;430(7001):803-6
15306815
Trends Mol Med. 2001 Feb;7(2):64-9
11286757
Nature. 2001 Nov 15;414(6861):325-9
11713534
J Inorg Biochem. 2007 Nov;101(11-12):1630-41
17521738
J Biol Chem. 2003 Mar 28;278(13):10885-90
12519777
Toxicology. 1986 Dec 15;42(2-3):99-109
3541288
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Apr 4;103(14):5297-301
16567617
Drug Discov Today. 2005 Aug 15;10(16):1103-9
16182195
Arch Biochem Biophys. 2005 Jan 1;433(1):107-16
15581570
J Bacteriol. 1997 Sep;179(18):5963-6
9294461
Chem Rev. 1996 Nov 7;96(7):3013-3030
11848850
J Biol Chem. 2006 Oct 13;281(41):30534-41
16893897
J Biol Chem. 2006 Nov 17;281(46):34796-802
16973608
Nat Struct Biol. 2001 Jan;8(1):42-6
11135669
Biochemistry. 2005 Oct 4;44(39):12955-69
16185064
Chem Rev. 1996 Nov 7;96(7):2983-3012
11848849
J Biol Chem. 2006 Oct 6;281(40):30186-94
16873364
Science. 2002 Apr 12;296(5566):352-6
11951047
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Aug 19;105(33):11679-84
18697927
J Biol Chem. 2003 Apr 18;278(16):14523-32
12571226
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Nov 14;103(46):17119-24
17050696
J Biol Chem. 2001 Dec 14;276(50):46989-94
11598126
Science. 1992 Sep 18;257(5077):1653-9
1529353
Biochim Biophys Acta. 2008 Sep;1778(9):1897-929
17964535
Trends Biochem Sci. 2002 Jul;27(7):360-7
12114025
Biochemistry. 2008 Jan 15;47(2):615-26
18092812
J Biol Chem. 2007 Jul 20;282(29):21561-71
17517886
Chem Rev. 2004 Feb;104(2):1159-73
14871152
Biochemistry. 2008 Jan 22;47(3):949-56
18154309
J Biol Inorg Chem. 2007 May;12(4):449-60
17203313
J Biol Inorg Chem. 2009 Jun;14(5):663-72
19234723
Met Ions Biol Syst. 2002;39:31-74
11913129
Hum Mutat. 2003 Jun;21(6):569-76
12754701
Structure. 2000 Nov 15;8(11):1115-25
11080634
Cell. 2008 Jul 25;134(2):268-78
18662542
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Nov 14;103(46):17125-30
17062756
J Mol Biol. 2008 Jun 13;379(4):881-99
18485362
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Dec 11;104(50):20126-30
18077439
J Biol Inorg Chem. 2004 Oct;9(7):791-9
15311335
Biochemistry. 2009 Mar 24;48(11):2310-20
19206188
Nature. 2007 Mar 8;446(7132):213-6
17322901
J Biol Chem. 2006 Jun 9;281(23):15701-8
16597619
J Biol Chem. 2004 Oct 8;279(41):43035-45
15273247
Biochem J. 2003 May 15;372(Pt 1):15-32
12578558
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Dec 10;99(25):15971-6
12475995
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Nov 20;104(47):18807-12
18003916
Hum Mol Genet. 2004 Jun 15;13(12):1249-55
15115759
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 Feb 16;96(4):1333-8
9990024
Science. 2002 Sep 6;297(5587):1696-700
12215645
Microbiology (Reading). 2007 Mar;153(Pt 3):633-651
17322183
Free Radic Biol Med. 2002 Sep 15;33(6):774-97
12208366
J Bacteriol. 2006 Sep;188(18):6498-505
16952940
Annu Rev Plant Biol. 2006;57:623-47
16669776
Annu Rev Biochem. 2005;74:247-81
15952888
J Biol Chem. 2005 Feb 11;280(6):4213-8
15561708
J Biol Chem. 2002 Apr 19;277(16):14299-305
11823455
FEBS J. 2009 May;276(10):2762-74
19368556
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Apr 20;101(16):5946-51
15073332
Pediatrics. 2005 Sep;116(3):757-66
16140720
J Biol Chem. 2001 Sep 28;276(39):36268-74
11459846
J Biol Chem. 2002 May 24;277(21):18303-12
11891227
J Biol Chem. 1993 Jun 25;268(18):13493-8
8514781
J Biol Chem. 2006 Mar 10;281(10):6884-8
16407262
Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol. 1999 Jun;50:277-303
15012211
J Biol Chem. 2004 Oct 1;279(40):41398-403
15247236
Cell. 1997 Dec 26;91(7):973-83
9428520
Annu Rev Nutr. 1991;11:121-40
1892697
Structure. 2002 Jan;10(1):115-25
11796116
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Mar 1;102(9):3236-41
15728375
Biochemistry. 2008 Apr 1;47(13):3973-81
18314963
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Jan 31;103(5):1238-43
16423898
Am J Hum Genet. 1999 Mar;64(3):698-705
10053003
Hum Mol Genet. 2002 Dec 15;11(26):3309-17
12471057
Biochim Biophys Acta. 2006 Jul;1763(7):621-35
16784786
J Biol Chem. 2006 Jul 7;281(27):18343-50
16636046
FEBS Lett. 2005 Dec 19;579(30):6786-90
16310786
J Biol Chem. 2004 Dec 31;279(53):55241-6
15504727
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 May 2;103(18):6829-34
16632608
J Biol Chem. 2008 Apr 11;283(15):9642-50
18258600
PLoS Genet. 2008 Feb 29;4(2):e1000004
18454190
Nat Struct Biol. 2003 Sep;10(9):681-7
12910261