title: Multiple var2csa-type PfEMP1 genes located at different chromosomal loci occur in many Plasmodium falciparum isolates.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The var2csa gene encodes a Plasmodium falciparum adhesion receptor which binds chondroitin sulfate A (CSA). This var gene is more conserved than other PfEMP1/var genes and is found in all P. falciparum isolates. In isolates 3D7, FCR3/It4 and HB3, var2csa is transcribed from a sub-telomeric position on the left arm of chromosome 12, but it is not known if this location is conserved in all parasites. Genome sequencing indicates that the var2csa gene is duplicated in HB3, but whether this is true in natural populations is uncertain.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To assess global variation in the VAR2CSA protein, sequence variation in the DBL2X region of var2csa genes in 54 P.falciparum samples was analyzed. Chromosome mapping of var2csa loci was carried out and a quantitative PCR assay was developed to estimate the number of var2csa genes in P.falciparum isolates from the placenta of pregnant women and from the peripheral circulation of other malaria patients. Sequence analysis, gene mapping and copy number quantitation in P.falciparum isolates indicate that there are at least two loci and that both var2csa-like genes can be transcribed. All VAR2CSA DBL2X domains fall into one of two distinct phylogenetic groups possessing one or the other variant of a large (approximately 26 amino acid) dimorphic motif, but whether either motif variant is linked to a specific locus is not known.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Two or more related but distinct var2csa-type PfEMP1/var genes exist in many P. falciparum isolates. One gene is on chromosome 12 but additional var2csa-type genes are on different chromosomes in different isolates. Multiplicity of var2csa genes appears more common in infected placentae than in samples from non-pregnant donors indicating a possible advantage of this genotype in pregnancy associated malaria.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of International Health, Immunology & Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen & Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Adam F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Sander
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Salanti
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lavstsen
authors.forename: Morten A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.forename: Pamela
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Magistrado
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lusingu
authors.forename: Nicaise Tuikue
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Ndam
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Arnot
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D015139:Blotting, Southern; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D017931:DNA Primers; D016521:Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; D008958:Models, Molecular; D010802:Phylogeny; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000235:genetics*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015800:Protozoan Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D015800:Protozoan Proteins; C085731:erythrocyte membrane protein 1, Plasmodium falciparum
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