title: Novel metabolic routes during the oxidation of hydroxylated aromatic acids by the yeast Arxula adeninivorans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To complete our study on tannin degradation via gallic acid by the biotechnologically interesting yeast Arxula adeninivorans as well as to characterize new degradation pathways of hydroxylated aromatic acids.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With glucose-grown cells of A. adeninivorans, transformation experiments with hydroxylated derivatives of benzoic acid were carried out. The 12 metabolites were analysed and identified by high performance liquid chromatography and GC/MS. The yeast is able to transform the derivatives by oxidative and nonoxidative decarboxylation as well as by methoxylation. The products of nonoxidative decarboxylation of protocatechuate and gallic acid are substrates for further ring fission.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Whereas other organisms use only one route of transformation, A. adeninivorans is able to carry out three different pathways (oxidative, nonoxidative decarboxylation and methoxylation) on one hydroxylated aromatic acid. The determination of the KM-values for protocatechuate and gallic acid in crude extracts of cells of A. adeninivorans cultivated with protocatechuate and gallic acid, respectively, suggests that the decarboxylation of protocatechuate and gallic acid may be catalysed by the same enzyme.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This transformation pathway of protocatechuate and gallic acid via nonoxidative decarboxylation up to ring fission is novel and has not been described so far. This is also the first report of nonoxidative decarboxylation of gallic acid by a eukaryotic micro-organism.
authors.affiliation:  Institute of Microbiology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sietmann
authors.affiliation:  Institute of Microbiology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Uebe
authors.affiliation:  Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, Germany.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Böer
authors.affiliation:  Institute of Microbiology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bode
authors.affiliation:  Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, Germany.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kunze
authors.affiliation:  Institute of Microbiology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schauer
mesh_terms: D003653:Decarboxylation; D005707:Gallic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D062385:Hydroxybenzoates / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010226:Parabens / Q000378:metabolism*; D004718:Saccharomycetales / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D013634:Tannins / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D062385:Hydroxybenzoates; D010226:Parabens; D013634:Tannins; C009091:protocatechuic acid; D005707:Gallic Acid; C038193:4-hydroxybenzoic acid
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