title: Development of a RVFV ELISA that can distinguish infected from vaccinated animals.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rift Valley Fever Virus is a pathogen of humans and livestock that causes significant morbidity and mortality throughout Africa and the Middle East. A vaccine that would protect animals from disease would be very beneficial to the human population because prevention of the amplification cycle in livestock would greatly reduce the risk of human infection by preventing livestock epizootics. A mutant virus, constructed through the use of reverse genetics, is protective in laboratory animal models and thus shows promise as a potential vaccine. However, the ability to distinguish infected from vaccinated animals is important for vaccine acceptance by national and international authorities, given regulations restricting movement and export of infected animals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this study, we describe the development of a simple assay that can be used to distinguish naturally infected animals from ones that have been vaccinated with a mutant virus. We describe the cloning, expression and purification of two viral proteins, and the development of side by side ELISAs using the two viral proteins.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A side by side ELISA can be used to differentiate infected from vaccinated animals. This assay can be done without the use of biocontainment facilities and has potential for use in both human and animal populations.
authors.affiliation: Special Pathogens Branch, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA. gsz5@cdc.gov
authors.forename: Anita K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: McElroy
authors.forename: César G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Albariño
authors.forename: Stuart T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Nichol
mesh_terms: D000349:Africa; D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood*; D000956:Antigens, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008877:Middle East; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D012295:Rift Valley Fever / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D012296:Rift Valley fever virus / Q000276:immunology*; D014765:Viral Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D000956:Antigens, Viral; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D014765:Viral Vaccines
references.citation: Vaccine. 1986 Sep;4(3):179-84
references.pmid: 3532605
references.citation: J Med Virol. 2006 Jun;78(6):787-91
references.pmid: 16628582
references.citation: J Immunol. 1962 Nov;89:660-71
references.pmid: 13990748
references.citation: J Virol Methods. 2007 Dec;146(1-2):119-24
references.pmid: 17645952
references.citation: J Virol. 2004 Sep;78(18):9798-806
references.pmid: 15331713
references.citation: Onderstepoort J Vet Res. 2003 Mar;70(1):49-64
references.pmid: 12825681
references.citation: Vaccine. 1991 Jan;9(1):35-41
references.pmid: 2008798
references.citation: J Immunol. 1964 Aug;93:293-9
references.pmid: 14202259
references.citation: Vaccine. 1985 Jun;3(2):117-22
references.pmid: 4036270
references.citation: J Virol. 2008 Mar;82(6):2681-91
references.pmid: 18199647
references.citation: MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2007 Feb 2;56(4):73-6
references.pmid: 17268404
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Jan 20;106(3):955-9
references.pmid: 19144928
references.citation: Vet Microbiol. 2008 Feb 5;127(1-2):21-8
references.pmid: 17884306
references.citation: Onderstepoort J Vet Res. 2002 Mar;69(1):95-8
references.pmid: 12092782
references.citation: Vet Microbiol. 2007 Mar 31;121(1-2):29-38
references.pmid: 17187944
references.citation: Am J Vet Res. 1997 Oct;58(10):1104-9
references.pmid: 9328662
references.citation: J Virol Methods. 2007 Mar;140(1-2):106-14
references.pmid: 17174410
references.citation: Am J Vet Res. 1987 Jul;48(7):1042-7
references.pmid: 3631685
references.citation: Vaccine. 1985 Jun;3(2):123-7
references.pmid: 4036271
references.citation: Vaccine. 1991 Oct;9(10):710-4
references.pmid: 1759489
references.citation: J Virol. 1999 Jun;73(6):5018-25
references.pmid: 10233964
references.citation: J Virol. 2006 Mar;80(6):2933-40
references.pmid: 16501102
references.citation: Clin Infect Dis. 2003 Oct 15;37(8):1084-92
references.pmid: 14523773
references.citation: Vaccine. 1999 Aug 20;18(1-2):181-9
references.pmid: 10501248
references.citation: Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1986 May;35(3):660-2
references.pmid: 3706629
references.citation: J Virol. 2000 Feb;74(3):1538-43
references.pmid: 10627566
references.citation: Prev Vet Med. 2007 Nov 15;82(1-2):72-82
references.pmid: 17570545
references.citation: Virology. 2007 Mar 15;359(2):459-65
references.pmid: 17070883
references.citation: Curr Mol Med. 2005 Dec;5(8):827-34
references.pmid: 16375716
references.citation: J Virol. 2001 Feb;75(3):1371-7
references.pmid: 11152510