title: Mitochondrial dysregulation and oxidative stress in patients with chronic kidney disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic renal disease (CKD) is characterized by complex changes in cell metabolism leading to an increased production of oxygen radicals, that, in turn has been suggested to play a key role in numerous clinical complications of this pathological condition. Several reports have focused on the identification of biological elements involved in the development of systemic biochemical alterations in CKD, but this abundant literature results fragmented and not exhaustive.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To better define the cellular machinery associated to this condition, we employed a high-throughput genomic approach based on a whole transcriptomic analysis associated with classical molecular methodologies. The genomic screening of peripheral blood mononuclear cells revealed that 44 genes were up-regulated in both CKD patients in conservative treatment (CKD, n = 9) and hemodialysis (HD, n = 17) compared to healthy subjects (HS, n = 8) (p < 0.001, FDR = 1%). Functional analysis demonstrated that 11/44 genes were involved in the oxidative phosphorylation system. Western blotting for COXI and COXIV, key constituents of the complex IV of oxidative phosphorylation system, performed on an independent testing-group (12 healthy subjects, 10 CKD and 14 HD) confirmed an higher synthesis of these subunits in CKD/HD patients compared to the control group. Only for COXI, the comparison between CKD and healthy subjects reached the statistical significance. However, complex IV activity was significantly reduced in CKD/HD patients compared to healthy subjects (p < 0.01). Finally, CKD/HD patients presented higher reactive oxygen species and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine levels compared to controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Taken together these results suggest, for the first time, that CKD/HD patients may have an impaired mitochondrial respiratory system and this condition may be both the consequence and the cause of an enhanced oxidative stress.
authors.affiliation: Renal, Dialysis and Transplant Unit-Department of Emergency and Transplantation, University of Bari, Italy. simonagranata79@yahoo.it
authors.forename: Simona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Granata
authors.forename: Gianluigi
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zaza
authors.forename: Simona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Simone
authors.forename: Gaetano
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Villani
authors.forename: Dominga
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Latorre
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pontrelli
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Carella
authors.forename: Francesco Paolo
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Schena
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Grandaliano
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pertosa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006801:Humans; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010766:Phosphorylation; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV
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