title: Dietary glycaemic index, glycaemic load and subsequent changes of weight and waist circumference in European men and women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether dietary glycaemic index (GI) and glycaemic load (GL) were associated with subsequent weight and waist circumference change.
  
  
  METHODS
  Population-based prospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five European countries, which are Denmark, Germany, Italy, The Netherlands and the United Kingdom.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 89,432 participants, aged 20-78 years (mean =53 years) at baseline and followed for 1.9-12.5 years (mean=6.5 years). All participants were free of self-reported cancer, cardiovascular diseases and diabetes at baseline.
  
  
  METHODS
  Glycaemic index and GL were calculated on the basis of dietary intake assessed by food frequency questionnaires and by using a GI table developed for this study with published GI values as the main sources. Anthropometric data were collected both at baseline and at the end of follow-up. Multiple linear regression analyses were conducted in each centre and random-effect meta-analyses were used to combine the effects. Adjustment was made for baseline anthropometrics, demographic and lifestyle factors, follow-up duration and other dietary factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean GI and GL were 57 and 134, respectively. Associations of GI and GL with subsequent changes of weight and waist circumference were heterogeneous across centres. Overall, with every 10-unit higher in GI, weight increased by 34 g per year (95% confidence interval (CI): -47, 115) and waist circumference increased by 0.19 cm per year (95% CI: 0.11, 0.27). With every 50-unit higher in GL, weight increased by 10 g per year (95% CI: -65, 85) and waist circumference increased by 0.06 cm per year (95% CI: -0.01, 0.13).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings do not support an effect of GI or GL on weight change. The positively significant association between GI, not GL, and subsequent gain in waist circumference may imply a beneficial role of lower GI diets in the prevention of abdominal obesity. However, further studies are needed to confirm this finding given the small effect observed in this study.
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands. huaidong.du@rivm.nl
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Du
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: van der A
authors.forename: M M E
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: van Bakel
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Slimani
authors.forename: N G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Forouhi
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Wareham
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Halkjaer
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tjønneland
authors.forename: M U
authors.initials: MU
authors.lastname: Jakobsen
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Overvad
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Schulze
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Buijsse
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Boeing
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Palli
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Masala
authors.forename: T I A
authors.initials: TI
authors.lastname: Sørensen
authors.forename: W H M
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Saris
authors.forename: E J M
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Feskens
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology*; D004032:Diet; D004034:Diet Surveys; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D038321:Glycemic Index / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055105:Waist Circumference / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D008055:Lipids