title: Updated fracture incidence rates for the US version of FRAX.
abstract: On the basis of updated fracture and mortality data, we recommend that the base population values used in the US version of FRAX be revised. The impact of suggested changes is likely to be a lowering of 10-year fracture probabilities.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Evaluation of results produced by the US version of FRAX indicates that this tool overestimates the likelihood of major osteoporotic fracture. In an attempt to correct this, we updated underlying fracture and mortality rates for the model.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used US hospital discharge data from 2006 to calculate annual age- and sex-specific hip fracture rates and age-specific ratios to estimate clinical vertebral fracture rates. To estimate the incidence of any one of four major osteoporotic fractures, we first summed these newly derived hip and vertebral fracture estimates with Olmsted County, MN, wrist and upper humerus fracture rates, and then applied 10-20% discounts for overlap.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with rates used in the current FRAX tool, 2006 hip fracture rates are about 16% lower, with greatest reductions observed among those below age 65 years; major osteoporotic fracture rates are about one quarter lower, with similar reductions across all ages.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We recommend revising the US-FRAX by updating current base population values for hip fracture and major osteoporotic fracture. The impact of these revisions on FRAX is likely to be lowering of 10-year fracture probabilities, but more precise estimates of the impact of these changes will be available after these new rates are incorporated into the FRAX tool.
authors.affiliation: Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program, Oakland, CA, USA. doc.ettinger@gmail.com
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ettinger
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Black
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dawson-Hughes
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Pressman
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Melton
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000465:Algorithms; D005260:Female; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006620:Hip Fractures / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D058866:Osteoporotic Fractures / Q000453:epidemiology; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D017678:Sex Distribution; D016103:Spinal Fractures / Q000453:epidemiology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
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