title: Mechanisms of the action of povidone-iodine against human and avian influenza A viruses: its effects on hemagglutination and sialidase activities.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Influenza virus infection causes significant morbidity and mortality and has marked social and economic impacts throughout the world. The influenza surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA), act cooperatively to support efficient influenza A virus replication and provide the most important targets for anti-influenza chemotherapy. In this study, povidone-iodine (PVP-I), which has a broad-spectrum microbicidal property, was examined for its inhibitory effects against influenza virus infection in MDCK cells and the mechanisms of PVP-I action on HA and NA were revealed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results obtained using a novel fluorescence- and chromogenic-based plaque inhibition assay showed that 1.56 mg/ml PVP-I inhibited infections in MDCK cells of human (8 strains) and avian (5 strains) influenza A viruses, including H1N1, H3N2, H5N3 and H9N2, from 23.0-97.5%. A sialidase inhibition assay revealed that PVP-I inhibited N1, N2 and N3 neuraminidases with IC50 values of 9.5-212.1 microg/ml by a mixed-type inhibition mechanism. Receptor binding inhibition and hemagglutinin inhibition assays indicated that PVP-I affected viral hemagglutinin rather than host-specific sialic acid receptors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mechanisms of reduction of viral growth in MDCK cells by PVP-I involve blockade of viral attachment to cellular receptors and inhibition of viral release and spread from infected cells. Therefore, PVP-I is useful to prevent infection and limit spread of human and avian influenza viruses.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Rangsit Campus, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand. snongluk@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Nongluk
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sriwilaijaroen
authors.forename: Prapon
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wilairat
authors.forename: Hiroaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hiramatsu
authors.forename: Tadanobu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Morihiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: Yasuhiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: Masato
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tashiro
authors.forename: Yasuo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Suzuki
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001717:Birds; D002460:Cell Line; D002642:Chick Embryo; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D006384:Hemagglutination / Q000187:drug effects; D019267:Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000276:immunology; D053122:Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000276:immunology; D053124:Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000276:immunology; D053127:Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000276:immunology; D009980:Influenza A virus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000276:immunology; D005585:Influenza in Birds / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D009439:Neuraminidase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D011206:Povidone-Iodine / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D019267:Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus; D011206:Povidone-Iodine; D009439:Neuraminidase
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