title: Development of a symptom score for dysfunctional elimination syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Dysfunctional elimination syndrome is a heterogeneous syndrome with no widely accepted diagnostic criteria. Previously developed questionnaires provide incomplete psychometric assessment. We developed a discriminative questionnaire for diagnosing dysfunctional elimination syndrome and assessed its validity and reliability.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 14-item 5-point Likert scale questionnaire was devised using literature review, expert opinions and patient input. The questionnaire was administered to 62 children 4 to 16 years old (median age 8) clinically diagnosed with dysfunctional elimination syndrome by a pediatric urologist, of whom 71% were female. It was also administered to 50 healthy controls 4 to 16 years old (median age 7), of whom 66% were female. Children with structural abnormalities were excluded from study. To assess reliability 50 participants were asked to complete the questionnaire again 1 week later.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median total score in cases and controls was 14 of 52 (range 4 to 30) and 6 of 52 (range 1 to 13), respectively. The difference was statistically significant (p = 0.001). Discriminant function analysis showed 80% accuracy. ROC curve showed a score of 11 as the optimum threshold with an AUC of 0.903 (95% CI 0.814-0.948). Test-retest reliability was 84.5% (p = 0.001). Factor analysis showed unloading on 4 factors, corresponding to urinary incontinence, urgency, obstructive symptoms and constipation/fecal soiling. Of participants 85% classified the questionnaire as very easy or easy to complete.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This new questionnaire is valid and reliable for diagnosing dysfunctional elimination syndrome. It can be used as a clinical or research instrument.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: Kourosh
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Afshar
authors.forename: Amir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mirbagheri
authors.forename: Heidi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: Andrew E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: MacNeily
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014555:Urination Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*