title: A mechanism of transposon-mediated directed mutation.
abstract: Directed mutation is a proposed process that allows mutations to occur at higher frequencies when they are beneficial. Until now, the existence of such a process has been controversial. Here we describe a novel mechanism of directed mutation mediated by the transposon, IS5 in Escherichia coli. crp deletion mutants mutate specifically to glycerol utilization (Glp(+)) at rates that are enhanced by glycerol or the loss of the glycerol repressor (GlpR), depressed by glucose or glpR overexpression, and RecA-independent. Of the four tandem GlpR binding sites (O1-O4) upstream of the glpFK operon, O4 specifically controls glpFK expression while O1 primarily controls mutation rate in a process mediated by IS5 hopping to a specific site on the E. coli chromosome upstream of the glpFK promoter. IS5 insertion into other gene activation sites is unaffected by the presence of glycerol or the loss of GlpR. The results establish an example of transposon-mediated directed mutation, identify the protein responsible and define the mechanism involved.
authors.affiliation: Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA.
authors.forename: Zhongge
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA.
authors.forename: Milton H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Saier
mesh_terms: D004251:DNA Transposable Elements; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; D005990:Glycerol / Q000378:metabolism; D016254:Mutagenesis, Insertional; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D009154:Mutation; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D004251:DNA Transposable Elements; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; C101651:GlpR protein, E coli; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D005990:Glycerol
references.citation: Cell. 2000 Nov 22;103(5):723-31
references.pmid: 11114329
references.citation: J Mol Biol. 1994 Feb 4;235(5):1406-20
references.pmid: 8107082
references.citation: Mol Gen Genet. 1988 Nov;214(3):433-8
references.pmid: 2851094
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 1996 Dec;178(24):7080-9
references.pmid: 8955387
references.citation: Gene. 1987;53(1):85-96
references.pmid: 3596251
references.citation: Science. 1998 Nov 6;282(5391):1133-5
references.pmid: 9804552
references.citation: Mol Microbiol. 2004 May;52(4):1055-67
references.pmid: 15130124
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1992 Mar 25;267(9):6122-31
references.pmid: 1372899
references.citation: Mol Microbiol. 2004 May;52(3):643-50
references.pmid: 15101972
references.citation: Genetics. 2004 Feb;166(2):669-80
references.pmid: 15020458
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 1997 Mar;179(5):1550-4
references.pmid: 9045812
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 2004 Jun;186(11):3516-24
references.pmid: 15150239
references.citation: Genes Dev. 1993 Dec;7(12B):2510-9
references.pmid: 8276235
references.citation: Curr Biol. 1996 Jul 1;6(7):817-20
references.pmid: 8805293
references.citation: Mol Microbiol. 2006 May;60(4):820-7
references.pmid: 16677295
references.citation: J Mol Biol. 1988 Jan 5;199(1):35-45
references.pmid: 2451025
references.citation: Mol Cell. 2005 Sep 16;19(6):791-804
references.pmid: 16168374
references.citation: Mutat Res. 2005 Jan 6;569(1-2):3-11
references.pmid: 15603749
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 2004 Nov;186(22):7529-37
references.pmid: 15516564
references.citation: Nature. 1988 Sep 8;335(6186):142-5
references.pmid: 3045565
references.citation: Annu Rev Microbiol. 2006;60:477-501
references.pmid: 16761951
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 Apr 27;96(9):5089-94
references.pmid: 10220423
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Feb 15;89(4):1244-8
references.pmid: 1311089
references.citation: Microbiology (Reading). 1997 Mar;143 ( Pt 3):847-854
references.pmid: 9084168
references.citation: PLoS Genet. 2006 Apr;2(4):e48
references.pmid: 16604155
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Feb 19;99(4):2164-9
references.pmid: 11830643
references.citation: Nat Rev Genet. 2001 Jul;2(7):504-15
references.pmid: 11433357
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 1999 Feb;181(4):1149-55
references.pmid: 9973340
references.citation: Genetics. 1943 Nov;28(6):491-511
references.pmid: 17247100
references.citation: Genes Cells. 2000 Apr;5(4):239-50
references.pmid: 10792463
references.citation: Annu Rev Genet. 1999;33:57-88
references.pmid: 10690404
references.citation: Annu Rev Microbiol. 1976;30:535-78
references.pmid: 825019
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 Jun 6;97(12):6640-5
references.pmid: 10829079
references.citation: Cell. 1985 Nov;43(1):117-30
references.pmid: 3000598
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 1989 Nov;171(11):6097-105
references.pmid: 2553671
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 1988 May;170(5):2352-8
references.pmid: 2834341
references.citation: Genetics. 1991 Aug;128(4):695-701
references.pmid: 1916241
references.citation: PLoS Genet. 2009 Oct;5(10):e1000689
references.pmid: 19834539
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2002 Aug 30;277(35):31373-80
references.pmid: 12077137
references.citation: Mol Microbiol. 2005 Sep;57(6):1593-607
references.pmid: 16135227
references.citation: Genetics. 2004 Nov;168(3):1159-76
references.pmid: 15579677
references.citation: Cell. 1998 May 29;93(5):897-908
references.pmid: 9630232
references.citation: Microbiology (Reading). 2004 May;150(Pt 5):1457-1466
references.pmid: 15133107
references.citation: Trends Microbiol. 2002 Dec;10(12):580-4
references.pmid: 12564995
references.citation: Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 1998 Sep;62(3):725-74
references.pmid: 9729608
references.citation: Mol Gen Genet. 1985;201(1):51-5
references.pmid: 2997582
references.citation: Res Microbiol. 2004 Jun;155(5):342-51
references.pmid: 15207866
references.citation: Genetics. 2001 Dec;159(4):1449-65
references.pmid: 11779788
references.citation: PLoS Biol. 2004 Dec;2(12):e399
references.pmid: 15550983
references.citation: Nature. 1981 Oct 22;293(5834):625-9
references.pmid: 6270569
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 1998 Nov;180(21):5529-39
references.pmid: 9791100
references.citation: Science. 1994 Apr 8;264(5156):258-60
references.pmid: 8146657
references.citation: EMBO J. 1997 Jun 2;16(11):3303-11
references.pmid: 9214645
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1989 Feb 15;264(5):3028-34
references.pmid: 2644277
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 1999 Dec;181(24):7500-8
references.pmid: 10601207
references.citation: Mol Biol Evol. 1998 Jan;15(1):1-5
references.pmid: 9491599
references.citation: Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol. 2007 Sep-Oct;42(5):399-435
references.pmid: 17917874
references.citation: Annu Rev Genet. 1988;22:147-68
references.pmid: 3071247