title: Assessment of cortical bone elasticity and strength: mechanical testing and ultrasound provide complementary data.
abstract: Cortical bone is a compact tissue with anisotropic macroscopic mechanical properties determined by a microstructure and the quality of a mineralised collagen matrix. Anisotropic elastic properties and strength are usually measured on different groups of sample which can hardly be pooled; as a consequence little is known on the relationships between strength and elasticity in the different anatomical directions. A method is presented to measure on a same cortical bone sample: (1) Young's modulus and strength (sigma(max)) in the longitudinal direction; (2) stiffness (C(11)) in the transverse direction. Longitudinal and transverse direction are taken along and perpendicular to the diaphysis axis, respectively. Ultrasonic techniques yield Young's modulus (E(a)) and C(11); three-point bending tests yield Young's modulus (E) and sigma(max). The relationships between strength, elasticity and density and their anatomical distributions were investigated for 36 human femur samples. (i) A marginal negative correlation was obtained for E(a) and C(11) (R=-0.21; p=0.08); (ii) sigma(max) was significantly correlated to E and E(a) (R approximately 0.5; p<0.005) but not to C(11) (p>0.2); (iii) density was not correlated with E and moderately with strength (R=0.38; p<0.3). Small density variability (+/-30 kg m(-3)) may partly explain the results. The techniques presented are suited to a systematic characterization of bone samples.
authors.affiliation: UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7623, LIP, F-75005, Paris, France. quentin.grimal@upmc.fr
authors.forename: Quentin
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Grimal
authors.forename: Sylvain
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Haupert
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mitton
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vastel
authors.forename: Pascal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Laugier
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016880:Anisotropy; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D015519:Bone Density; D019245:Compressive Strength; D055119:Elastic Modulus; D004548:Elasticity; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D005269:Femur / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011312:Pressure; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013718:Tensile Strength; D014465:Ultrasonics; D014463:Ultrasonography