title: Rapamycin selectively inhibits expression of an inducible keratin (K6a) in human keratinocytes and improves symptoms in pachyonychia congenita patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The macrolide sirolimus (rapamycin) selectively blocks translation of mRNAs containing a terminal 5' oligopyrimidine (TOP) tract by altering the activity of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and inhibiting downstream mTOR pathway components involved in TOP mRNA translation. The skin disorder pachyonychia congenita (PC) is caused by mutations in the inducible keratins (K) including K6a, K6b, K16 and K17. Published sequence data suggest the 5' untranslated regions of K6a and K6b mRNAs contain 5' TOP motifs and therefore may be sensitive to rapamycin treatment.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Determine if mTOR inhibitors (rapamycin, temsirolimus or everolimus) are viable drug candidates for treatment of PC and other disorders caused by inappropriate expression of K6a and K6b.
  
  
  METHODS
  5' RACE analysis was used to map the transcriptional start sites for K5, K6a, K6b, K14, K16 and K17. The sensitivity of these keratins to mTOR inhibitors was determined by Western and qPCR analysis following treatment of a human HaCaT keratinocyte cell line with rapamycin, temsirolimus or everolimus. A small off-label study was undertaken using orally administered rapamycin in three PC patients and the effects were monitored by clinical examination, photography, a validated Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) and a pain and activity diary.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sequence comparison and 5' RACE analysis of the 5' untranslated regions of K6a and K6b revealed putative TOP regulatory elements. Treatment of a human HaCaT keratinocyte cell line with mTOR inhibitors (rapamycin, temsirolimus or everolimus) resulted in selective K6a repression. Furthermore, treatment of this HaCaT cell line with siRNAs targeting components of the mTOR pathway altered the levels of K6a expression. To test the ability of rapamycin to ameliorate PC symptoms, an off-label study was conducted. PC patient clinical responses to oral rapamycin showed a therapeutic response in callus character as well as subjective improvement. Of particular note, rapamycin greatly reduced the presence of painful cutaneous thromboses after reaching therapeutic serum levels. The well-known rapamycin side effects led to the early withdrawal of all of the patients from the study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rapamycin selectively blocks K6a expression in human keratinocytes. The improvement of symptoms in PC patients following rapamycin treatment suggests rapamycin (or rapamycin analogs) may be a therapeutic option, particularly if topical formulations can be developed that avoid the side effects associated with systemic administration.
authors.affiliation: TransDerm, Inc., Santa Cruz, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Robyn P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Hickerson
authors.forename: Devin
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Leake
authors.forename: Lana N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Pho
authors.forename: Sancy A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Leachman
authors.forename: Roger L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Kaspar
mesh_terms: D020121:5' Untranslated Regions; D000284:Administration, Oral; D001483:Base Sequence; D002460:Cell Line; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D000068338:Everolimus; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D053553:Keratin-6 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D053549:Pachyonychia Congenita / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D010146:Pain / Q000235:genetics / Q000517:prevention & control; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D011788:Quality of Life; D038641:RNA 5' Terminal Oligopyrimidine Sequence; D034622:RNA Interference; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D020123:Sirolimus / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; D013997:Time Factors; D024363:Transcription Initiation Site; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D020121:5' Untranslated Regions; C507569:KRT6A protein, human; D053553:Keratin-6; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C401859:temsirolimus; D000068338:Everolimus; D011494:Protein Kinases; C546842:MTOR protein, human; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; D020123:Sirolimus