title: Methodology for surveillance of antimicrobials use among out-patients in Delhi.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Determining antibiotic use in the population is problematic in India, as there are no population level databases on prescriptions and over-the-counter sales. This study attempts to establish a methodology for surveillance of antibiotic use in the community.
  
  
  METHODS
  Antibiotic use was monitored in fi ve municipal wards of Delhi, from January-December 2004. Thirty co-operative retail pharmacies were enrolled in Inderpuri (7), Karol Bagh (3), Patel Nagar (5), Rajinder Nagar (6) and Rajouri Garden (9); data on antibiotic use were collected in two ways. Firstly, bulk purchase data were collected by recording the quantities of all antibiotics purchased by these pharmacies every month over one year. Secondly, 15-25 'exit interviews' were conducted with patients leaving the enrolled pharmacies every month. Antibiotic use from bulk purchase data was measured as defined daily dose (DDD)/1000 population and from exit interview data as DDD/1000 patients visiting the pharmacy during data collection and also as per cent patients receiving an antibiotic.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bulk purchase and exit interview data showed some similar patterns of antibiotic use with a growing peak in the consumption of most antibiotics classes in the months of February and March. Use of the fluoroquinolone group (J01MA) was much higher than other antibiotic classes by both methods. Exit interviews revealed that 21 per cent of persons who visited the pharmacies bought antibiotics. Both measures of use from exiting patient interviews showed the same trend over time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both drug use methods can be used to measure antibiotic use in the private retail pharmacies and outpatient department of public facilities. Surveillance of antimicrobial drug use from private retail pharmacies in a municipal zone in Delhi indicated overuse of antimicrobial drugs, particularly fluoroquinolines.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi, India. anitakotwani@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kotwani
authors.forename: Kathleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Holloway
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Chaudhury
mesh_terms: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D004363:Drug Utilization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D010045:Outpatients / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011159:Population Surveillance / Q000379:methods*; D014505:Urban Population
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents