title: Platelet P2Y12 receptor inhibition by thienopyridines: status and future.
abstract: Thienopyridines have a well-established role in the treatment of coronary artery disease, especially in the setting of acute coronary syndromes and percutaneous coronary interventions. Ticlopidine, the first FDA-approved thienopyridine, was shown to be effective in reducing coronary events in high risk patients, but the original enthusiasm was hampered by concerns about its serious bone marrow toxicity. Clopidogrel a second generation thienopyridine with lesser side effects, is not only at least as effective as ticlopidine, but in combination with a low dose of aspirin, has been demonstrated to reduce the risk of major cardiovascular events in acute coronary syndrome patients in large-scale, randomised trials. Recent studies have highlighted major flaws in clopidogrel pharmacokinetics due to its delayed onset of action, and much attention has been devoted to the phenomenon of clopidogrel 'resistance'. Among the novel, third generation thienopyridines, prasugrel as compared to clopidogrel has demonstrated lower inter-patient response variability and a reduced incidence of ischaemic events, but at an increased risk of major bleeding. Currently, several studies are continuing to test new direct P2Y12 receptor antagonists, such as cangrelor and AZD6140, characterised by a faster reversal of platelet inhibition.
authors.affiliation: Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Cardiovascular Medicine, Largo F. Vito, 1, Rome, 00168, Italy. i.porto@doctors.org.uk
authors.forename: Italo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Porto
authors.forename: Simona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Giubilato
authors.forename: Giovanni Luigi
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: De Maria
authors.forename: Luigi Marzio
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Biasucci
authors.forename: Filippo
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Crea
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001792:Blood Platelets / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D055808:Drug Discovery / Q000639:trends*; D006801:Humans; D015394:Molecular Structure; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011485:Protein Binding; D058919:Purinergic P2 Receptor Antagonists; D011725:Pyridines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D058925:Receptors, Purinergic P2Y12
chemical_list: C548576:P2RY12 protein, human; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D058919:Purinergic P2 Receptor Antagonists; D011725:Pyridines; D058925:Receptors, Purinergic P2Y12; C446540:thienopyridine