title: Continuous peripheral nerve blocks for postoperative analgesia in children: feasibility and side effects in a cohort study of 339 catheters.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Perioperative continuous peripheral nerve blocks (CPNB) are increasingly being used in children. Only one previous study has reported adverse events of CPNB in a high number of pediatric cases. We evaluated the indications, block efficacy, and adverse events related to CPNB in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  All CPNBs that were performed in children for postoperative analgesia over a 5-year period at the Montpellier University Hospital in France were included in this study. The first bolus dose and the continuous doses of local anesthetic were not standardized. In the postoperative period, demographic data, quality of analgesia, amount of rescue analgesic medication, child/parent satisfaction, and adverse events were recorded in our Departmental Regional Anesthesia registry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 339 catheters were evaluated in 292 children ASA physical status I to III. The median age was 8 yr (0.6-17 yr) and the median weight was 28 kg (7-116 kg). The main surgical indications were hip, femoral, or tibial osteotomies (44.5%) and club foot repair (27.4%). The local anesthetics used were either bupivacaine or ropivacaine. The mean volume of the local anesthetic bolus dose was 0.49 +/- 0.16 mL . kg(-1), and the mean regimen of local anesthetic continuous infusion was 0.11 +/- 0.04 mL . kg(-1) . hr(-1). The median duration of CPNB was 61.6 hr (range 0-264 hr). Pain relief, which was evaluated with the children at rest, was considered optimal in the majority of patients throughout the study period. The Children and Infants Postoperative Pain Scale (CHIPPS) was used in children age 0-6 yr and the Visual Analog Pain Scale (VAS) was used in children 7 yr and older. There were no major adverse events. There were 211 minor adverse events recorded in 153 CPNBs (45.1%). The most frequently reported complication (20.1%) involved mechanical problems with the catheter, followed by nausea and vomiting (14.7%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CPNBs are indicated after orthopedic surgery in children. Our results demonstrate that CPNBs are feasible in the pediatric setting, and in skilled hands, they promote prolonged analgesia in the majority of patients without major adverse events. The most common minor adverse events are catheter-related mechanical problems and postoperative nausea and vomiting.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Lapeyronie University Hospital, Montpellier, France. c-dadure@chu-montpellier.fr
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dadure
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bringuier
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Raux
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rochette
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Troncin
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Canaud
authors.forename: Jean-François
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Lubrano-Lavadera
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Capdevila
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000577:Amides / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002404:Catheterization / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004868:Equipment Failure; D005260:Female; D005602:France; D006785:Hospitals, University; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D020250:Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D012042:Registries; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D000077212:Ropivacaine
chemical_list: D000577:Amides; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D000077212:Ropivacaine; D002045:Bupivacaine