title: Caring for special populations: total pain theory in advanced heart failure: applications to research and practice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Total pain theory.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Describe total pain theory and apply it to research and practice in advanced heart failure (HF).
  
  
  METHODS
  Total pain theory provides a holistic perspective for improving care, especially at the end of life. In advanced HF, multiple domains of well-being known to influence pain perception are adversely affected by declining health and increasing frailty. A conceptual framework is suggested which addresses domains of well-being identified by total pain theory.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  By applying total pain theory, providers may be more effective in mitigating the suffering of individuals with progressive, life-limiting diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, California State University, Long Beach, CA, USA. jgoebel@csulb.edu
authors.forename: Joy R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Goebel
authors.forename: Lynn V
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Doering
authors.forename: Karl A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Lorenz
authors.forename: Sally L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Maliski
authors.forename: Adeline M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Nyamathi
authors.forename: Lorraine S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Evangelista
mesh_terms: D006333:Heart Failure / Q000451:nursing* / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D009742:Nursing Theory; D010146:Pain / Q000451:nursing* / Q000523:psychology*; D010166:Palliative Care; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D029181:Spirituality; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000451:nursing / Q000523:psychology
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