title: Multiple sclerosis, immunomodulators, and pregnancy outcome: a prospective observational study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is still uncertainty about the management of pregnant women exposed to immunomodulatory therapy for treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) in pregnancy.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the safety of interferon (IFN)-beta1a, IFN-beta1b, and glatiramer acetate (GA) for treatment of MS during pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective observational cohort study was performed with patients enrolled through a drug risk assessment by the Teratology Information Service (TIS), Berlin, from 1996 to 2007. Pregnancy outcomes for four groups of women were compared: two exposed groups (IFN, n = 69; GA, n = 31), MS patients without exposure to IFN or GA (n = 64) and a healthy comparative group (n = 1556).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Spontaneous abortion rates were in normal range for all groups except the small subgroup of IFN-beta1b exposed (n = 21), where 28% aborted spontaneously. There were two major birth defects in the GA group (club feet and atrioventricular canal) and none in the IFN cohort. Preterm delivery was not significantly different between exposed cohorts and healthy controls. The adjusted mean birth weight was in normal range in all groups (>3200 g), but newborns exposed to IFN had a significantly lower birth weight.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that neither GA nor IFN constitutes a major risk for prenatal developmental toxicity.
authors.affiliation: Pharmakovigilanz- und Beratungszentrum für Embryonaltoxikologie Berlin, Berlin Institute for Clinical Teratology and Drug Risk Assessment in Pregnancy, Berliner Betrieb für Zentrale Gesundheitliche Aufgaben, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Weber-Schoendorfer
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schaefer
mesh_terms: D000022:Abortion, Spontaneous / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001724:Birth Weight; D015331:Cohort Studies; D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D000068717:Glatiramer Acetate; D006801:Humans; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D000068556:Interferon beta-1a; D000068576:Interferon beta-1b; D016899:Interferon-beta / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology; D010455:Peptides / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D007155:Immunologic Factors; D010455:Peptides; D000068576:Interferon beta-1b; D000068717:Glatiramer Acetate; D016899:Interferon-beta; D000068556:Interferon beta-1a