title: Hippocampal MRI volumetry at 3 Tesla: reliability and practical guidance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although volumetry of the hippocampus is considered to be an established technique, protocols reported in literature are not described in great detail. This article provides a complete and detailed protocol for hippocampal volumetry applicable to T1-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) images acquired at 3 Tesla, which has become the standard for structural brain research.
  
  
  METHODS
  The protocol encompasses T1-weighted image acquisition at 3 Tesla, anatomic guidelines for manual hippocampus delineation, requirements of delineation software, reliability measures, and criteria to assess and ensure sufficient reliability. Moreover, the validity of the correction for total intracranial volume size was critically assessed. The protocol was applied by 2 readers to the MR images of 36 patients with cryptogenic localization-related epilepsy, 4 patients with unilateral hippocampal sclerosis, and 20 healthy control subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The uncorrected hippocampal volumes were 2923 +/- 500 mm3 (mean +/- SD) (left) and 3120 +/- 416 mm3 (right) for the patient group and 3185 +/- 411 mm3 (left) and 3302 +/- 411 mm3 (right) for the healthy control group. The volume of the 4 pathologic hippocampi of the patients with unilateral hippocampal sclerosis was 2980 +/- 422 mm3. The inter-reader reliability values were determined: intraclass-correlation-coefficient (ICC) = 0.87 (left) and 0.86 (right), percentage volume difference (VD) = 7.0 +/- 4.7% (left) and 6.0 +/- 3.8% (right), and overlap ratio (OR) = 0.82 +/- 0.04 (left) and 0.82 +/- 0.03 (right). The positive Pearson correlation between hippocampal volume and total intracranial volume was found to be low: r = 0.48 (P = 0.03, left) and r = 0.62 (P = 0.004, right) and did not significantly reduce the volumetric variances, showing the limited benefit of the brain size correction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A protocol was described to determine hippocampal volumes based on 3 Tesla MR images with high inter-reader reliability. Although the reliability of hippocampal volumetry at 3 Tesla was similar to the literature values obtained at 1.5 Tesla, hippocampal border definition is argued to be more confident and easier because of the improved signal-to-noise characteristics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Cécile R L P N
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Jeukens
authors.forename: Mariëlle C G
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Vlooswijk
authors.forename: H J Marian
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Majoie
authors.forename: Marc C T F M
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: de Krom
authors.forename: Albert P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Aldenkamp
authors.forename: Paul A M
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Hofman
authors.forename: Jacobus F A
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Jansen
authors.forename: Walter H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Backes
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity