title: The practice of and documentation on withholding and withdrawing life support: a retrospective study in two Dutch intensive care units.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We determined how often life support was withheld or withdrawn in patients who died in the intensive care unit (ICU) or early after ICU discharge and evaluated documentation on decisions regarding these changes in life support orders.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a retrospective study in a university hospital and a general teaching hospital. Charts of patients who died during ICU stay or within 7 days after ICU discharge in 2005 were reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 2578 admitted patients, 356 patients (14%) died either in the ICU or within 7 days after ICU discharge. For 9 patients data were missing, leaving 347 patients for analysis. Seventy-seven patients (22%) died with full life support, 85 (25%) died while treatment was being withheld, and 185 (53%) patients died while treatment was being withdrawn. One or more changes in life support orders were noted in 266 patients (77%). Only 8% of the patients were recorded to be incapacitated at the time of the change. Patients' preferences regarding life support were documented in less than one-quarter of cases. In approximately one third of cases, it was not documented which member(s) of the ICU team were involved in an end-of-life decision. In the documented cases, end-of-life decisions were made along with the patient (7%) or with the patient's representatives (59%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ICU nonsurvivors and patients who die shortly after ICU discharge predominantly die with orders to withhold or withdraw life support. Documentation on the decisions to forgo full life support is poor.
authors.affiliation: Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Gelre Hospitals, Location Lukas, Apeldoorn, The Netherlands. p.spronk@gelre.nl
authors.forename: Peter E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Spronk
authors.forename: Alexej V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Kuiper
authors.forename: Johannes H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Rommes
authors.forename: Joke C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Korevaar
authors.forename: Marcus J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Schultz
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003422:Critical Care / Q000379:methods; D004282:Documentation; D005066:Euthanasia, Passive / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D008020:Life Support Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013727:Terminal Care / Q000379:methods*; D028761:Withholding Treatment