title: PKC phosphorylation of titin's PEVK element: a novel and conserved pathway for modulating myocardial stiffness.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Protein kinase C (PKC) regulates contractility of cardiac muscle cells by phosphorylating thin- and thick- filament-based proteins. Myocardial sarcomeres also contain a third myofilament, titin, and it is unknown whether titin can be phosphorylated by PKC and whether it affects passive tension.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of PKC on titin phosphorylation and titin-based passive tension.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Phosphorylation assays with PKCalpha revealed that titin is phosphorylated in skinned myocardial tissues; this effect is exacerbated by pretreating with protein phosphatase 1. In vitro phosphorylation of recombinant protein representing titin's spring elements showed that PKCalpha targets the proline - glutamate - valine - lysine (PEVK) spring element. Furthermore, mass spectrometry in combination with site-directed mutagenesis identified 2 highly conserved sites in the PEVK region that are phosphorylated by PKCalpha (S11878 and S12022); when these 2 sites are mutated to alanine, phosphorylation is effectively abolished. Mechanical experiments with skinned left ventricular myocardium revealed that PKCalpha significantly increases titin-based passive tension, an effect that is reversed by protein phosphatase 1. Single molecule force-extension curves show that PKCalpha decreases the PEVK persistence length (from 1.20 nm to 0.55 nm), without altering the contour length, and using a serially-linked wormlike chain model we show that this increases titin-based passive force with a sarcomere length dependence that is similar to that measured in skinned myocardium after PKCalpha phosphorylation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PKC phosphorylation of titin is a novel and conserved pathway that links myocardial signaling and myocardial stiffness.
authors.affiliation: Sarver Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hidalgo
authors.forename: Bryan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hudson
authors.forename: Julius
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bogomolovas
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Marion
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Greaser
authors.forename: Siegfried
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Labeit
authors.forename: Henk
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Granzier
mesh_terms: D020816:Amino Acid Motifs; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D064211:Connectin; D004548:Elasticity; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000201:enzymology; D006801:Humans; D008239:Lysine; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009124:Muscle Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D009129:Muscle Tonus; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D009154:Mutation; D009200:Myocardial Contraction; D009206:Myocardium / Q000201:enzymology*; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011392:Proline; D051571:Protein Kinase C-alpha / Q000378:metabolism*; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D054645:Protein Phosphatase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational; D051381:Rats; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013552:Swine; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D013997:Time Factors; D014633:Valine
chemical_list: D064211:Connectin; D009124:Muscle Proteins; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; C577285:TTN protein, human; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D011392:Proline; D011494:Protein Kinases; D051571:Protein Kinase C-alpha; D054645:Protein Phosphatase 1; D014633:Valine; D008239:Lysine
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