title: Treatment of early and late kainic acid-induced status epilepticus with the noncompetitive AMPA receptor antagonist GYKI 52466.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Benzodiazepines such as diazepam may fail to effectively treat status epilepticus because benzodiazepine-sensitive GABA(A) receptors are progressively internalized with continued seizure activity. Ionotropic glutamate receptors, including AMPA receptors, are externalized, so that AMPA receptor antagonists, which are broad-spectrum anticonvulsants, could be more effective treatments for status epilepticus. We assessed the ability of the noncompetitive AMPA receptor antagonist GYKI 52466 to protect against kainic acid-induced status epilepticus in mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Groups of animals treated with kainic acid received GYKI 52466 (50 mg/kg followed in 15 min by 50 mg/kg) or diazepam (25 mg/kg followed in 20 min by 12.5 mg/kg) beginning at 5 min of continuous seizure activity or 25 min later. The duration of seizure activity was determined by EEG recording from epidural cortical electrodes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both GYKI 52466 and diazepam rapidly terminated electrographic and behavioral seizures when administered early. However, diazepam-treated animals exhibited more seizure recurrences. With late administration, GYKI 52466 also rapidly terminated seizures and they seldom recurred, whereas diazepam was slow to produce seizure control and recurrences were common. Although both treatments caused sedation, GYKI 52466-treated animals retained neurological responsiveness whereas diazepam-treated animals did not. GYKI 52466 did not affect blood pressure whereas diazepam caused a sustained drop in mean arterial pressure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Noncompetitive AMPA receptor antagonists represent a promising approach for early treatment of status epilepticus; they may also be effective at later times when there is refractoriness to benzodiazepines.
authors.affiliation: Epilepsy Research Section, National Institute for Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. brita.fritsch@uniklinik-freiburg.de
authors.forename: Brita
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fritsch
authors.forename: Jeffrey J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Stott
authors.forename: Joy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Joelle Donofrio
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Rogawski
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D003975:Diazepam / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004351:Drug Resistance; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D007608:Kainic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D018091:Receptors, AMPA / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000187:drug effects; D013226:Status Epilepticus / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D018091:Receptors, AMPA; C061950:GYKI 52466; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D003975:Diazepam; D007608:Kainic Acid
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