title: Pro-oxidative and pro-apoptotic action of defatted seeds of Oenothera paradoxa on human skin melanoma cells.
abstract: Three extracts of defatted seeds of Oenothera paradoxa Hudziok, aqueous extract, 60% ethanolic extract, and 30% isopropanolic extract, differing by their total content of phenolic compounds and by their contents of individual polyphenols, were investigated in this study. The extracts exerted cytotoxic action on HTB-140 human skin melanoma cells. After 24 h of incubation, IC(50) values of 169.7 +/- 5.9 micog/mL, 72.4 +/- 3.8 microg/mL, and 155.3 +/- 6.3 microg/mL were obtained for HTB-140 cells with the aqueous extract, 60% ethanolic extract, and 30% isopropanolic extract at the tested concentrations (5-200 microg/mL), respectively, while IC(50) for normal fibroblast cells NHDFs was not attained. Moreover, for HTB-140 cells, LD(50) (concentration at which 50% of cells were dead) of 89.2 +/- 4.3 microg/mL and 181.4 +/- 6.5 microg/mL were obtained with 60% ethanolic extract and 30% isopropanolic extract, respectively. In melanoma cells, all three extracts caused a concentration-dependent increase of ROS production, GSH, and ATP lowering, and appearance of phosphatidylserine on the external surface of cellular membranes where it was bound to annexin V-FITC; furthermore, apoptosis without activation of caspase-3 took place. The most effective was 60% ethanolic extract, which had the greatest total content of phenolic compounds and the greatest content of pentagalloyloglucose (PGG).
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Edyta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jaszewska
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kośmider
authors.forename: Anna K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Kiss
authors.forename: Marek
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Naruszewicz
mesh_terms: D019840:2-Propanol; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000032:analysis; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D000431:Ethanol; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000032:analysis; D005978:Glutathione / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D008545:Melanoma / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D031664:Oenothera; D016877:Oxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D059808:Polyphenols; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D005419:Flavonoids; D016877:Oxidants; D010636:Phenols; D010936:Plant Extracts; D059808:Polyphenols; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D000431:Ethanol; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D005978:Glutathione; D019840:2-Propanol