title: Molecular characterization of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 among children in Lima, Peru.
abstract: In Peru, there is a lack of information on molecular analysis in pediatric human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. At present, the mother-to-child transmission rate is estimated at approximately 2-4%. The objective of this study was to assess the molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 in infected children. Children with suspected or confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis were evaluated at two public hospitals between 2002 and 2007. Whole blood samples were obtained from 90 HIV-positive children, who were confirmed to be positive by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot. The specimens were subjected to envelope heteroduplex mobility assay (env HMA) followed by gag and pol gene region sequence analysis. Subtype B was found in 88 (98%) of 90 children and 2 (2%) children were subtype BF recombinants. This is the first report of recombinant HIV strains in HIV-infected children in Peru. Understanding the origin, diversity, and spread of HIV strains worldwide will be necessary for the development of an effective vaccine that targets pediatric populations throughout the world.
authors.affiliation: U.S. Naval Medical Research Center Detachment (NMRCD), Lima, Perú.
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Carrión
authors.forename: V A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Laguna-Torres
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Soto-Castellares
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Castillo
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Salazar
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Negron
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kolevic
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Montano
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Sánchez
authors.forename: C T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Bautista
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Oberhelman
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Kochel
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D014644:Genetic Variation; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010568:Peru / Q000453:epidemiology; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000209:etiology; D054301:gag Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D054302:pol Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral; D054301:gag Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus; D054302:pol Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
references.citation: Emerg Infect Dis. 1999 Jan-Feb;5(1):65-74
references.pmid: 10081673
references.citation: AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2002 Dec 10;18(18):1339-50
references.pmid: 12487805
references.citation: J Virol. 1994 Oct;68(10):6340-6
references.pmid: 8083973
references.citation: Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2008 May-Jun;41(3):225-31
references.pmid: 18719799
references.citation: Science. 1993 Nov 19;262(5137):1257-61
references.pmid: 8235655
references.citation: J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2005 Sep 1;40(1):57-64
references.pmid: 16123683
references.citation: AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2006 Jan;22(1):1-13
references.pmid: 16438639
references.citation: AIDS. 2001 Oct 19;15(15):F41-7
references.pmid: 11600844
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2004 Jul 8;351(2):115-7
references.pmid: 15247349
references.citation: Infect Genet Evol. 2005 Apr;5(3):209-17
references.pmid: 15737911
references.citation: AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2006 May;22(5):458-65
references.pmid: 16706624
references.citation: J Virol. 2007 Jan;81(1):427-9
references.pmid: 17050594
references.citation: AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2004 Oct;20(10):1126-33
references.pmid: 15585105