title: Therapeutic vaccines for malignant brain tumors.
abstract: Malignant gliomas are the most common and aggressive form of brain tumors. Current therapy consists of surgical resection, followed by radiation therapy and concomitant chemotherapy. Despite these treatments, the prognosis for patients is poor. As such, investigative therapies including tumor vaccines have targeted this devastating condition. Recent clinical trials involving immunotherapy, specifically dendritic cell (DC) based vaccines, have shown promising results. Overall, these vaccines are well tolerated with few documented side effects. In many patients receiving vaccines, tumor progression was delayed and the median overall survival of these patients was prolonged. Despite these encouraging results, several factors have limited the efficacy of DC vaccines. Here we discuss the potential of DC vaccines as adjuvant therapy and current obstacles of generating highly pure and potent DC vaccines in the context of malignant glioma. Taken together, the results from earlier clinical studies justify additional clinical trials aimed at improving the efficacy of DC vaccines.
authors.affiliation: Division of Transfusion Medicine;
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Gustafson
authors.forename: Keith L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Knutson
authors.forename: Allan B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Dietz
references.citation: J Leukoc Biol. 1996 Feb;59(2):208-18
references.pmid: 8603993
references.citation: J Neurooncol. 2005 May;73(1):29-36
references.pmid: 15933813
references.citation: J Transl Med. 2007 Dec 19;5:68
references.pmid: 18093336
references.citation: Oncogene. 2005 Aug 4;24(33):5226-34
references.pmid: 15897911
references.citation: Eur J Immunol. 1997 Dec;27(12):3135-42
references.pmid: 9464798
references.citation: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2000 Sep 7;275(3):731-8
references.pmid: 10973791
references.citation: Gene Ther Mol Biol. 2006;10(A):133-146
references.pmid: 16810329
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2006 Nov 1;66(21):10247-52
references.pmid: 17079441
references.citation: Clin Cancer Res. 2004 Aug 15;10(16):5316-26
references.pmid: 15328167
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2004 Jul 15;64(14):4973-9
references.pmid: 15256471
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Jan 8;99(1):351-8
references.pmid: 11773639
references.citation: Transfus Med. 2004 Apr;14(2):81-96
references.pmid: 15113373
references.citation: J Neurooncol. 2003 Aug-Sep;64(1-2):71-6
references.pmid: 12952288
references.citation: Nat Med. 2004 May;10(5):475-80
references.pmid: 15122249
references.citation: Mayo Clin Proc. 2007 Oct;82(10):1271-86
references.pmid: 17908533
references.citation: J Immunother. 2007 Jan;30(1):1-15
references.pmid: 17198079
references.citation: Nat Rev Immunol. 2007 Oct;7(10):790-802
references.pmid: 17853902
references.citation: Cancer Cell. 2006 May;9(5):391-403
references.pmid: 16697959
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2006 Mar 15;66(6):3294-302
references.pmid: 16540683
references.citation: Virchows Arch. 2001 Aug;439(2):176-84
references.pmid: 11561758
references.citation: Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2006 Mar;55(3):237-45
references.pmid: 16047143
references.citation: Trends Immunol. 2006 Jan;27(1):49-55
references.pmid: 16310411
references.citation: Blood. 2002 Jul 1;100(1):174-7
references.pmid: 12070024
references.citation: Blood. 2004 Oct 15;104(8):2235-46
references.pmid: 15231572
references.citation: Methods. 2003 Jul;30(3):256-68
references.pmid: 12798140
references.citation: Clin Cancer Res. 2003 Nov 1;9(14):5091-100
references.pmid: 14613986
references.citation: Neuro Oncol. 2006 Jul;8(3):234-43
references.pmid: 16723631
references.citation: J Exp Med. 2003 Jul 21;198(2):267-79
references.pmid: 12874260
references.citation: Clin Cancer Res. 2005 Aug 1;11(15):5515-25
references.pmid: 16061868
references.citation: Eur J Immunol. 2007 Mar;37(3):686-95
references.pmid: 17301951
references.citation: Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2005 Aug;54(8):721-8
references.pmid: 16010587
references.citation: Br J Cancer. 2003 Oct 6;89(7):1172-9
references.pmid: 14520441
references.citation: J Immunother. 2004 Nov-Dec;27(6):452-9
references.pmid: 15534489
references.citation: J Neurooncol. 2003 Aug-Sep;64(1-2):161-76
references.pmid: 12952297
references.citation: Clin Cancer Res. 2005 Jul 15;11(14):5292-9
references.pmid: 16033848
references.citation: Neuro Oncol. 2004 Jul;6(3):218-26
references.pmid: 15279714
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996 Mar 19;93(6):2588-92
references.pmid: 8637918
references.citation: Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2008 Mar;57(3):285-8
references.pmid: 17721782
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2005 Oct 20;353(16):1711-23
references.pmid: 16236742
references.citation: Biotechnol Prog. 2005 Jul-Aug;21(4):1289-96
references.pmid: 16080713
references.citation: J Clin Oncol. 2004 Nov 1;22(21):4272-81
references.pmid: 15452186
references.citation: J Exp Med. 2004 Mar 15;199(6):815-24
references.pmid: 15024047
references.citation: Cell Tissue Res. 2006 Aug;325(2):263-76
references.pmid: 16557385
references.citation: Clin Exp Immunol. 1999 Mar;115(3):577-83
references.pmid: 10193437
references.citation: J Immunol. 1996 Nov 1;157(9):3850-9
references.pmid: 8892615
references.citation: Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2002 Jun;51(4):190-9
references.pmid: 12012106
references.citation: Br J Cancer. 2004 Nov 1;91(9):1656-62
references.pmid: 15477864
references.citation: Clin Cancer Res. 2005 Jun 1;11(11):4160-7
references.pmid: 15930352
references.citation: J Immunol. 2007 Dec 15;179(12):8216-24
references.pmid: 18056365
references.citation: Neurosurgery. 2006 Oct;59(4):902-9; discussion 909-10
references.pmid: 17038955
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2007 Nov 1;67(21):10528-37
references.pmid: 17974997
references.citation: J Neurosurg Sci. 1990 Apr-Jun;34(2):145-8
references.pmid: 2092095
references.citation: J Immunol. 1995 Apr 15;154(8):3821-35
references.pmid: 7706722
references.citation: Immunity. 2003 May;18(5):605-17
references.pmid: 12753738
references.citation: J Exp Med. 1994 Apr 1;179(4):1109-18
references.pmid: 8145033
references.citation: J Neuroimmunol. 1998 Apr 15;84(2):164-71
references.pmid: 9628459
references.citation: Brain. 2008 Mar;131(Pt 3):785-99
references.pmid: 18156156
references.citation: J Immunother. 2004 May-Jun;27(3):220-6
references.pmid: 15076139
references.citation: Front Biosci. 2006 May 01;11:1932-44
references.pmid: 16368569
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2001 Feb 1;61(3):842-7
references.pmid: 11221866
references.citation: Clin Cancer Res. 2005 Aug 15;11(16):5900-11
references.pmid: 16115932
references.citation: Clin Cancer Res. 2006 Apr 1;12(7 Pt 2):2346s-2352s
references.pmid: 16609057
references.citation: Oncogene. 2008 Mar 27;27(14):2091-6
references.pmid: 17934519
references.citation: J Clin Neurosci. 2006 Aug;13(7):747-51
references.pmid: 16908158
references.citation: Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2002 Oct;51(8):424-30
references.pmid: 12202903
references.citation: Blood. 2006 Feb 15;107(4):1528-36
references.pmid: 16239433
references.citation: J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2004 Mar;63(3):223-32
references.pmid: 15055446
references.citation: Neuro Oncol. 2004 Jul;6(3):236-46
references.pmid: 15279716
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2005 Mar 10;352(10):987-96
references.pmid: 15758009
references.citation: J Neuroimmunol. 1998 Apr 15;84(2):238-49
references.pmid: 9628469