title: Response to a cardiac event in relation to cardiac knowledge and risk perception in a Lebanese sample: a cross sectional survey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Heart disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in many countries, including Lebanon. The continuing advances in the treatment of heart disease have improved patient outcomes significantly over the years. Nevertheless, prompt treatment remains essential to treatment success, which depends on the person's early recognition of cardiac symptoms and quick seeking of care.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of the study was to examine the relationship between knowledge of symptoms of heart disease, perceived cardiac risk and the potential response to a heart attack in a sample of Lebanese adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross sectional descriptive survey design was used. A convenience sample of 399 adult hospital visitors who did not have heart disease were interviewed in two major referral hospitals in Beirut.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Illness Perception Questionnaire and the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System were used; in addition an open-ended question was asked to elicit what the visitor would do in case he/she experienced cardiac symptoms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  While most participants (94%) correctly recognized major symptoms of heart disease (like chest pain and dyspnea), they also reported irrelevant symptoms to be associated with heart disease (like irritability by 68% and muscle cramps by 52%). Only 21% of participants reported that they would seek emergency care as their first response if they were experiencing a heart attack. Knowledge of symptoms and perceived cardiac risk were not associated with the response to a heart attack. Being single was the only significant predictor of choosing the appropriate response when experiencing a cardiac event.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings suggest lack of adequate knowledge of cardiac symptoms and a high potential for inappropriate responses when symptoms occur. Public health heart health campaigns are needed to raise awareness about heart disease in Lebanon.
authors.affiliation: Rafic Hariri School of Nursing, American University of Beirut, P.O. Box 11-0236, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon. sn00@aub.edu.lb
authors.forename: Samar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Noureddine
authors.forename: Erika Sivarajan
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Froelicher
authors.forename: Abla M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Sibai
authors.forename: Habib
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dakik
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001294:Attitude to Health; D040343:Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D004632:Emergency Medical Services; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D007861:Lebanon; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D015404:Nursing Methodology Research; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012648:Self Care / Q000379:methods / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires