title: Risks of intracranial hemorrhage in patients with Parkinson's disease receiving deep brain stimulation and ablation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study analyzed risk factors for hemorrhage in a large series of deep brain stimulation (DBS) and ablation procedures in patients with advanced Parkinson's disease (PD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Six hundred and forty four subjects with advanced PD treated with DBS or ablation procedures between March 1999 and December 2007 were enrolled in the study. Procedures were performed by the same surgeon, and included DBS in 126 patients, ablation in 507 patients and DBS after prior unilateral ablation procedures in 11 patients. Of 796 target procedures, 207 were DBS including 202 subthalamic nucleus (STN) targets, 3 ventralis intermedius nucleus (Vim) targets and 2 globus pallidus internus (GPi) targets, and the others were 589 ablation procedures including 474 GPi targets and 115 Vim targets. Postoperative CT or MRI was performed in all patients within 24 h of lead implantation or ablation treatment. Statistical correlation analysis of risk factors for intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) was performed by stepwise logistic regression. Explanatory variables were patient age, sex, blood pressure, anatomical targets, the number of microelectrode recording (MER) penetrations and surgical modality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Postoperative symptomatic ICH occurred in 10 cases (8 pallidotomy and 2 thalamotomy) and asymptomatic ICH in 14 cases (9 pallidotomy, 4 thalamotomy and 1 DBS). Hypertension and surgical modality were significant factors contributing to hemorrhage (both P < 0.05). The likelihood of hemorrhage in hypertensive patients was 2.5 times that in normotensive patients. The risk of hemorrhage during ablation was 5.4 times that in DBS. The number of MER trajectories did not significantly correlate with ICH occurrence (P = 0.07). No statistically significant difference was found in age, sex and anatomical targets.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrated that hypertension is a risk factor for ICH in PD patients. DBS is generally a safe surgical modality as compared with ablation. Increasing microelectrode trajectories seemed to increase the risk of ICH, but no statistically significant difference was found (P = 0.07).
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
authors.forename: Hu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xiaowu
authors.forename: Jiang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xiufeng
authors.forename: Zhou
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xiaoping
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bin
authors.forename: Wang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Laixing
authors.forename: Cao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yiqun
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jinchuan
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Aiguo
authors.forename: Liu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jianmin
mesh_terms: D055011:Ablation Techniques / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D005917:Globus Pallidus / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D020300:Intracranial Hemorrhages / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000628:therapy*; D012307:Risk Factors; D020531:Subthalamic Nucleus / Q000502:physiology; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods