title: Risk factors for recurrent bile duct stones after endoscopic papillary balloon dilation: long-term follow-up study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Little is known about the long-term results of endoscopic papillary balloon dilation (EPBD) for bile duct stones.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1995 and 2000, 204 patients with bile duct stones successfully underwent EPBD and stone removal. Complete stone clearance was confirmed using balloon cholangiography and intraductal ultrasonography (IDUS). Long-term outcomes of EPBD were investigated retrospectively in the year 2007, and risk factors for stone recurrence were multivariately analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Long-term information was available in 182 cases (89.2%), with a mean overall follow-up duration of 9.3 years. Late biliary complications occurred in 22 patients (12.1%), stone recurrence in 13 (7.1%), cholangitis in 10 (5.5%), cholecystitis in four, and gallstone pancreatitis in one. In 11 of 13 patients (84.6%), stone recurrence developed within 3 years after EPBD. All recurrent stones were bilirubinate. Multivariate analysis identified three risk factors for stone recurrence: dilated bile duct (>15 mm), previous cholecystectomy, and no confirmation of clean duct using IDUS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Approximately 7% of patients develop stone recurrence after EPBD; however, retreatment with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography is effective. Careful follow up is necessary in patients with dilated bile duct or previous cholecystectomy. IDUS is useful for reducing stone recurrence after EPBD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan. ohashi@jichi.ac.jp
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ohashi
authors.forename: Kiichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tamada
authors.forename: Shinichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wada
authors.forename: Hisashi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hatanaka
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tomiyama
authors.forename: Shigeo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tano
authors.forename: Katsuyuki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakazawa
authors.forename: Kentaro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sugano
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002404:Catheterization / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002760:Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde; D016145:Endoscopy, Digestive System; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D042882:Gallstones / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012008:Recurrence; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult