title: Using a competency-based approach to identify the management behaviours required to manage workplace stress in nursing: a critical incident study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify the specific management behaviours associated with the effective management of stress in nursing; and to build a stress management competency framework that can be integrated and compared with nurse management frameworks.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Workplace stress is a significant problem in healthcare, especially within nursing. While there is a reasonable consensus regarding the sources of stress and its impact on health and well-being, little is known about the specific line manager behaviours that are associated with the effective and ineffective management of stress.
  
  
  METHODS
  Semi-structured interviews using critical incident technique were conducted with 41 employees working within 5 National Health Service (NHS) trusts within the United Kingdom. Data were transcribed and analysed using content analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  19 competencies (or sets of behaviour) were identified in the management of stress in employees. The 3 most frequently reported competencies: managing workload and resources, individual consideration and participative approach, are discussed in detail with illustrative quotes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Managers are vital in the reduction and management of stress at work. Importantly, the 2 of the 3 dominant competencies, managing workload and resources and individual consideration, do not feature in the UK's NHS Knowledge and Skills Framework, suggesting there are important skills gaps with regard to managing workplace stress. The implications of this approach for training and development, performance appraisal and assessment are discussed. Interventions to support managers develop effective behaviours are required to help reduce and manage stress at work.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, New Cross SE14 7NW, UK.
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yarker
authors.forename: Emma
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Donaldson-Feilder
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Flaxman
authors.forename: Fehmidah
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Munir
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D002055:Burnout, Professional / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D003142:Communication; D003419:Crisis Intervention; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007400:Interprofessional Relations; D007857:Leadership; D008297:Male; D016294:Models, Nursing; D009718:Nurse Administrators / Q000193:education / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000523:psychology; D024802:Nurse's Role / Q000523:psychology; D015404:Nursing Methodology Research; D009740:Nursing Staff / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000523:psychology*; D009745:Nursing, Supervisory / Q000458:organization & administration; D010559:Personnel Management / Q000379:methods*; D011361:Professional Competence; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D006113:United Kingdom; D016526:Workload / Q000523:psychology; D017132:Workplace / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000523:psychology