title: GSK-3 phosphorylates delta-catenin and negatively regulates its stability via ubiquitination/proteosome-mediated proteolysis.
abstract: Delta-catenin was first identified because of its interaction with presenilin-1, and its aberrant expression has been reported in various human tumors and in patients with Cri-du-Chat syndrome, a form of mental retardation. However, the mechanism whereby delta-catenin is regulated in cells has not been fully elucidated. We investigated the possibility that glycogen-synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) phosphorylates delta-catenin and thus affects its stability. Initially, we found that the level of delta-catenin was greater and the half-life of delta-catenin was longer in GSK-3beta(-/-) fibroblasts than those in GSK-3beta(+/+) fibroblasts. Furthermore, four different approaches designed to specifically inhibit GSK-3 activity, i.e. GSK-3-specific chemical inhibitors, Wnt-3a conditioned media, small interfering RNAs, and GSK-3alpha and -3beta kinase dead constructs, consistently showed that the levels of endogenous delta-catenin in CWR22Rv-1 prostate carcinoma cells and primary cortical neurons were increased by inhibiting GSK-3 activity. In addition, it was found that both GSK-3alpha and -3beta interact with and phosphorylate delta-catenin. The phosphorylation of DeltaC207-delta-catenin (lacking 207 C-terminal residues) and T1078A delta-catenin by GSK-3 was noticeably reduced compared with that of wild type delta-catenin, and the data from liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analyses suggest that the Thr(1078) residue of delta-catenin is one of the GSK-3 phosphorylation sites. Treatment with MG132 or ALLN, specific inhibitors of proteosome-dependent proteolysis, increased delta-catenin levels and caused an accumulation of ubiquitinated delta-catenin. It was also found that GSK-3 triggers the ubiquitination of delta-catenin. These results suggest that GSK-3 interacts with and phosphorylates delta-catenin and thereby negatively affects its stability by enabling its ubiquitination/proteosome-mediated proteolysis.
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Drug Development, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea.
authors.forename: Minsoo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.forename: Hangun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Ilhwan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Ja-Hye
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Wei-Tao
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Cong
authors.forename: Moon-Chang
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Baek
authors.forename: Sonja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bareiss
authors.forename: Hyunkyoung
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ki
authors.forename: Qun
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Jinhyung
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: No
authors.forename: Inho
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.forename: Jung-Kap
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Kwonseop
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D051177:Catenins; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000378:metabolism*; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned / Q000494:pharmacology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000378:metabolism; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 / Q000378:metabolism*; D000071679:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex / Q000737:chemistry*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D025801:Ubiquitin / Q000737:chemistry*; D000095002:Delta Catenin
chemical_list: D051177:Catenins; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D025801:Ubiquitin; C000605506:GSK3B protein, human; D000071679:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; C000605507:Gsk3b protein, mouse; C000605508:Gsk3b protein, rat; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3; C448021:glycogen synthase kinase 3 alpha; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex; D000095002:Delta Catenin
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