title: Pre- and postnatal nutritional histories influence reproductive maturation and ovarian function in the rat.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  While prepubertal nutritional influences appear to play a role in sexual maturation, there is a need to clarify the potential contributions of maternal and childhood influences in setting the tempo of reproductive maturation. In the present study we employed an established model of nutritional programming to evaluate the relative influences of prenatal and postnatal nutrition on growth and ovarian function in female offspring.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pregnant Wistar rats were fed either a calorie-restricted diet, a high fat diet, or a control diet during pregnancy and/or lactation. Offspring then were fed either a control or a high fat diet from the time of weaning to adulthood. Pubertal age was monitored and blood samples collected in adulthood for endocrine analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We report that in the female rat, pubertal timing and subsequent ovarian function is influenced by the animal's nutritional status in utero, with both maternal caloric restriction and maternal high fat nutrition resulting in early pubertal onset. Depending on the offspring's nutritional history during the prenatal and lactational periods, subsequent nutrition and body weight gain did not further influence offspring reproductive tempo, which was dominated by the effect of prenatal nutrition. Whereas maternal calorie restriction leads to early pubertal onset, it also leads to a reduction in adult progesterone levels later in life. In contrast, we found that maternal high fat feeding which also induces early maturation in offspring was associated with elevated progesterone concentrations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These observations are suggestive of two distinct developmental pathways leading to the acceleration of pubertal timing but with different consequences for ovarian function. We suggest different adaptive explanations for these pathways and for their relationship to altered metabolic homeostasis.
authors.affiliation: The Liggins Institute and the National Research Centre for Growth and Development, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. d.sloboda@auckland.ac.nz
authors.forename: Deborah M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Sloboda
authors.forename: Graham J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Howie
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pleasants
authors.forename: Peter D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Gluckman
authors.forename: Mark H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Vickers
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D006128:Growth; D039382:Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D010053:Ovary / Q000502:physiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012098:Reproduction
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats
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