title: Nonproteolytic induction of catalytic activity into the single-chain form of urokinase-type plasminogen activator by dipeptides.
abstract: Serine proteases are initially synthesized as single-chain proenzymes with activities that are many orders of magnitude lower than those of the mature enzyme. Proteolytic cleavage of an exposed loop liberates a new amino terminus that inserts into a hydrophobic pocket and forms a stabilizing salt bridge with a ubiquitously conserved aspartate residue, resulting in a conformational change organizing the mature oxyanion hole. In a decisive 1976 work, Huber and Bode [Bode, W., and Huber, R. (1976) FEBS Lett. 68, 231-236] demonstrated that peptides sequentially similar to the new amino terminus in combination with a catalytic site inhibitor could specifically induce a trypsin-like conformation in trypsinogen. We now demonstrate that an Ile-Ile or Ile-Val dipeptide can induce limited enzyme activity in the single-chain zymogen form of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) or its K158A variant, which cannot be activated proteolytically. Furthermore, the slow formation of a covalent serpin-protease complex between single-chain uPA and PAI-1 is significantly accelerated in the presence of specific dipeptide sequences. The technique of using a dipeptide mimic as a surrogate for the liberated amino terminus further provides a novel means by which to covalently label the immature active site of single-chain uPA with a fluorescent probe, permitting fluorescence approaches for direct observations of conformational changes within the protease domain during zymogen activation. These data demonstrate the structural plasticity of the protease domain, reinforce the notion of "molecular sexuality", and provide a novel way of studying conformational changes of zymogens during proteolytic activation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark.
authors.forename: Kenneth A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Bøtkjaer
authors.forename: Aleksandra A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Byszuk
authors.forename: Lisbeth M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.forename: Anni
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.forename: Peter A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Andreasen
authors.forename: Grant E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Blouse
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002384:Catalysis; D002417:Cattle; D002863:Chromogenic Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D004151:Dipeptides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D004790:Enzyme Induction; D004792:Enzyme Precursors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000502:physiology; D013379:Substrate Specificity; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D002863:Chromogenic Compounds; D004151:Dipeptides; D004792:Enzyme Precursors; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator