title: Impulsivity as a behavioral measure of withdrawal of orally delivered PCP and nondrug rewards in male and female monkeys.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Withdrawal of phencyclidine (PCP), ethanol (ETOH), and other drugs reduces operant responding maintained by food.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Experiment 1 examined the effects of withdrawing daily short access (2 h) to drug on impulsivity for saccharin (SACC) using a delay discounting task and comparing male and female rhesus monkeys. Experiment 2 examined the effects of withdrawing a nondrug substance (e.g., food or SACC) on impulsivity for PCP.
  
  
  METHODS
  In experiment 1, either PCP or ETOH was available daily with water for 2 h under a fixed ratio 16 (FR 16) or FR 8 schedule, respectively. In a second component, SACC was available for 45 min under a delay discounting schedule. Next, water was substituted, and drug access was then restored. In experiment 2, PCP was available under a delay discounting schedule during food satiation or restriction or during concurrent SACC vs water access.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In experiment 1, withdrawal of 0.5 mg/ml PCP increased impulsivity for SACC, but not SACC intake, in males and females. During 16% ETOH access, impulsivity for SACC was elevated compared to baseline water access, and it returned to baseline levels during ETOH withdrawal. In experiment 2, food restriction resulted in increased PCP intake in males and females and increases in impulsivity for PCP that were greater in males than in females. SACC withdrawal had no effect on impulsivity for PCP or PCP intake.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Withdrawal of PCP and reduced food access increased impulsivity for SACC or PCP, respectively. Impulsivity is a sensitive indicator of drug dependence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, MMC 392, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA. mcarroll@umn.edu
authors.forename: Marilyn E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Carroll
authors.forename: Jami L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Mach
authors.forename: Rachel M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: La Nasa
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Newman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants / Q000009:adverse effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D000431:Ethanol / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D005518:Food Preferences / Q000187:drug effects; D006213:Hallucinogens / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007175:Impulsive Behavior / Q000209:etiology*; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008297:Male; D010622:Phencyclidine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D012055:Reinforcement Schedule; D012439:Saccharin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D012527:Satiation / Q000187:drug effects; D012646:Self Administration; D012737:Sex Factors; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000209:etiology*; D013549:Sweetening Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants; D006213:Hallucinogens; D013549:Sweetening Agents; D000431:Ethanol; D012439:Saccharin; D010622:Phencyclidine
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