title: Ultrasound in the evaluation of the inflammatory myopathies.
abstract: The lack of precise measures of disease activity may complicate the care of patients with inflammatory myopathies (IM). Techniques currently available to physicians in practice rely on measurement of function, strength, laboratory indices, muscle biopsy, and imaging techniques. Although MRI has become the method of choice to assess IM, it is expensive, difficult for some patients to tolerate, and contraindicated in those with pacemakers, aneurysm clips, and other ferromagnetic biomedical implants. Ultrasonography is an alternative approach to image the muscular system. Newer applications of ultrasound, such as power Doppler sonography (PDS), contrast-enhanced ultrasound, and sonoelastography, show some promising results in further characterizing normal and pathologic states. Technical improvements, including extended field-of-view, compound imaging, and harmonic imaging, further enhance one's ability to display changes in muscle morphology. This article reviews the sonographic appearances of normal and pathologic muscle with respect to inflammatory myopathies.
authors.affiliation: Division of Ultrasound and Body Imaging, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA. adlerr@hss.edu
authors.forename: Ronald S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Adler
authors.forename: Giovanna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Garofalo
mesh_terms: D004487:Edema / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D009220:Myositis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color
references.citation: Ultrasound Med Biol. 2009 Mar;35(3):443-6
references.pmid: 19081667
references.citation: J Ultrasound Med. 1997 Dec;16(12):831-42
references.pmid: 9401998
references.citation: Ultrason Imaging. 1993 Apr;15(2):73-88
references.pmid: 8346612
references.citation: Medicine (Baltimore). 1977 Jul;56(4):255-86
references.pmid: 327194
references.citation: J Rheumatol. 1993 Jul;20(7):1105-7
references.pmid: 8371200
references.citation: J Ultrasound Med. 2004 Aug;23(8):1031-4
references.pmid: 15284460
references.citation: Radiology. 2006 Feb;238(2):640-9
references.pmid: 16371585
references.citation: Muscle Nerve. 2008 Jun;37(6):679-93
references.pmid: 18506712
references.citation: J Biomech. 1995 Oct;28(10):1145-54
references.pmid: 8550633
references.citation: Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 2007 Jun;11(2):192-8
references.pmid: 18095250
references.citation: AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1997 Jun;168(6):1525-30
references.pmid: 9168718
references.citation: J Biomech. 2005 Jul;38(7):1543-50
references.pmid: 15922766
references.citation: Ultrasound Q. 2005 Jun;21(2):87-94; quiz 150, 153-4
references.pmid: 15905818
references.citation: J Rheumatol. 1995 Mar;22(3):473-7
references.pmid: 7783064
references.citation: Skeletal Radiol. 2008 Jan;37(1):43-8
references.pmid: 17962939
references.citation: J Biomech. 2009 Mar 11;42(4):537-40
references.pmid: 19171346
references.citation: Ultrasound Q. 2003 Mar;19(1):27-37
references.pmid: 12970614
references.citation: Radiology. 1994 Mar;190(3):853-6
references.pmid: 8115639
references.citation: Am J Hum Biol. 2006 Nov-Dec;18(6):845-8
references.pmid: 17039483
references.citation: Magn Reson Imaging. 1999 Feb;17(2):183-91
references.pmid: 10215472
references.citation: J Rheumatol. 2001 Jun;28(6):1271-82
references.pmid: 11409119
references.citation: J Rheumatol. 1991 Nov;18(11):1693-700
references.pmid: 1787491
references.citation: Ann Rheum Dis. 1987 Aug;46(8):569-72
references.pmid: 3662649
references.citation: APMIS. 2005 May;113(5):353-60
references.pmid: 16011662
references.citation: Radiol Clin North Am. 1996 Mar;34(2):427-39, xii
references.pmid: 8633124
references.citation: Radiology. 1997 Jun;203(3):877-80
references.pmid: 9169720
references.citation: J Ultrasound Med. 1989 Aug;8(8):463-6
references.pmid: 2668559
references.citation: J Neurol Sci. 1993 May;116(1):82-92
references.pmid: 8509807
references.citation: Semin Ultrasound CT MR. 2001 Feb;22(1):1-10
references.pmid: 11300583
references.citation: AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2002 Dec;179(6):1629-31
references.pmid: 12438067
references.citation: Arch Dermatol. 1994 Oct;130(10):1294-9
references.pmid: 7944512
references.citation: J Ultrasound Med. 2006 Jan;25(1):1-6
references.pmid: 16371549
references.citation: J Neurol. 2006 Dec;253(12):1625-32
references.pmid: 17219033
references.citation: Radiology. 1990 Nov;177(2):473-9
references.pmid: 2217788
references.citation: Radiology. 1995 Oct;197(1):183-90
references.pmid: 7568820
references.citation: South Med J. 1998 Jan;91(1):17-22
references.pmid: 9438396
references.citation: Clin Physiol. 1985 Apr;5(2):145-54
references.pmid: 3888498
references.citation: Skeletal Radiol. 2006 Feb;35(2):113-6
references.pmid: 16205923