title: Two mycoheterotrophic orchids from Thailand tropical dipterocarpacean forests associate with a broad diversity of ectomycorrhizal fungi.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mycoheterotrophic plants are considered to associate very specifically with fungi. Mycoheterotrophic orchids are mostly associated with ectomycorrhizal fungi in temperate regions, or with saprobes or parasites in tropical regions. Although most mycoheterotrophic orchids occur in the tropics, few studies have been devoted to them, and the main conclusions about their specificity have hitherto been drawn from their association with ectomycorrhizal fungi in temperate regions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We investigated three Asiatic Neottieae species from ectomycorrhizal forests in Thailand. We found that all were associated with ectomycorrhizal fungi, such as Thelephoraceae, Russulaceae and Sebacinales. Based on 13C enrichment of their biomass, they probably received their organic carbon from these fungi, as do mycoheterotrophic Neottieae from temperate regions. Moreover, 13C enrichment suggested that some nearby green orchids received part of their carbon from fungi too. Nevertheless, two of the three orchids presented a unique feature for mycoheterotrophic plants: they were not specifically associated with a narrow clade of fungi. Some orchid individuals were even associated with up to nine different fungi.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results demonstrate that some green and mycoheterotrophic orchids in tropical regions can receive carbon from ectomycorrhizal fungi, and thus from trees. Our results reveal the absence of specificity in two mycoheterotrophic orchid-fungus associations in tropical regions, in contrast to most previous studies of mycoheterotrophic plants, which have been mainly focused on temperate orchids.
authors.affiliation: Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CNRS, UMR 5175), Equipe Interactions Biotiques, Montpellier, France. melanie.roy@cefe.cnrs.fr
authors.forename: Mélanie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Roy
authors.forename: Santi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Watthana
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stier
authors.forename: Franck
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Richard
authors.forename: Suyanee
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vessabutr
authors.forename: Marc-André
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Selosse
mesh_terms: D002247:Carbon Isotopes / Q000032:analysis; D004271:DNA, Fungal / Q000737:chemistry*; D021903:DNA, Ribosomal Spacer / Q000032:analysis; D053958:Dipterocarpaceae; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D005658:Fungi / Q000737:chemistry / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D038821:Mycorrhizae / Q000737:chemistry / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D009587:Nitrogen Isotopes / Q000032:analysis; D029595:Orchidaceae / Q000145:classification / Q000382:microbiology*; D010802:Phylogeny; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000382:microbiology*; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013559:Symbiosis; D013785:Thailand; D014197:Trees; D014329:Tropical Climate
chemical_list: D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D004271:DNA, Fungal; D021903:DNA, Ribosomal Spacer; D009587:Nitrogen Isotopes
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