title: Cytotoxic drugs in drinking water: a prediction and risk assessment exercise for the thames catchment in the United kingdom.
abstract: Cytotoxic, also known as antineoplastic, drugs remain an important weapon in the fight against cancer. This study considers the water quality implications for the Thames catchment (United Kingdom) arising from the routine discharge of these drugs after use, down the drain and into the river. The review focuses on 13 different cytotoxic drugs from the alkylating agent, antimetabolite, and anthracycline antibiotic families. A geographic-information-system-based water quality model was used in the present study. The model was informed by literature values on consumption, excretion, and fate data to predict raw drinking water concentrations at the River Thames abstraction points at Farmoor, near Oxford, and Walton, in West London. To discover the highest plausible values, upper boundary values for consumption and excretion together with lower removal values for sewage treatment were used. The raw drinking water cytotoxic drug maximum concentrations at Walton (the higher of the two) representative of mean and low flow conditions were predicted to be 11 and 20 ng/L for the five combined alkylating agents, 2 and 4 ng/L for the three combined antimetabolites, and 0.05 and 0.10 ng/L the for two combined anthracycline antibiotics, respectively. If they were to escape into tap water, then the highest predicted concentrations would still be a factor of between 25 and 40 below the current recommended daily doses of concern. Although the risks may be negligible for healthy adults, more concern may be associated with special subgroup populations, such as pregnant women, their fetuses, and breast-feeding infants, due to their developmental vulnerability.
authors.affiliation: School of Geography and Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK. nicolerowney@fossilwater.ca
authors.forename: Nicole C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Rowney
authors.forename: Andrew C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Williams
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D006801:Humans; D018570:Risk Assessment; D006113:United Kingdom; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D014881:Water Supply / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical