title: Nanoparticle dermal absorption and toxicity: a review of the literature.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nanotechnologies are among the fastest growing areas of scientific research and have important applications in a wide variety of fields. The data suggest that in the future workers and consumers exposed to nanoparticles will significantly increase.
  At now there are gaps in understanding about the human and environmental risk that manufactured nanoparticles pose for occupational exposed people and for consumers. There is a need for assessing the health and environmental impacts, the nanoparticles life cycle, the human exposure routes, the behavior of nanoparticles in the body, and the risk for workers. Possible routes of entry into the body include inhalation, absorption through the skin or digestive tract, injection, and absorption or implantation for drugs delivery systems. In particular, dermal absorption and skin penetration of nanoparticles needs a better evaluation because few and contradictory data are present in the literature, mainly on titanium dioxide.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There are limited data on carbon-based nanoparticles and very few data on other metal nanoparticles increasingly used in industry. The article reviews the literature on the percutaneous absorption of nanoparticles and their effect on skin.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, Trieste, Italy. mcrosera@units.it
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Crosera
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bovenzi
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Maina
authors.forename: Gianpiero
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Adami
authors.forename: Caterina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zanette
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Florio
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Filon Larese
mesh_terms: D002244:Carbon / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity*; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D012867:Skin / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D012869:Skin Absorption
chemical_list: D002244:Carbon
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