title: Effects of age and mild cognitive impairment on the pain response system.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Both age and dementia have been shown to have an effect on nociception and pain processing. The question arises whether mild cognitive impairment (MCI), which is thought to be a transitional stage between normal ageing and dementia, is also associated with alterations in pain processing.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present study was to answer this question by investigating the impact of age and MCI on the pain response system.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty young subjects, 45 cognitively unimpaired elderly subjects and 42 subjects with MCI were investigated by use of an experimental multi-method approach. The subjects were tested for their subjective (pain ratings), motor (RIII reflex), facial (Facial Action Coding System) and their autonomic (sympathetic skin response and evoked heart rate response) responses to noxious electrical stimulation of the nervus suralis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found significant group differences in the autonomic responses to noxious stimulation. The sympathetic skin response amplitude was significantly reduced in the cognitively unimpaired elderly subjects compared to younger subjects and to an even greater degree in subjects with MCI. The evoked heart rate response was reduced to a similar degree in both groups of aged subjects. Regression analyses within the two groups of the elderly subjects revealed that age and, in the MCI group, cognitive status were significant predictors of the decrease in autonomic responsiveness to noxious stimulation. Except for the autonomic parameters, no other pain parameter differed between the three groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The pain response system appeared to be quite unaltered in MCI patients compared to cognitively unimpaired individuals of the same age. Only the sympathetic responsiveness qualified as an indicator of early aging effects as well as of pathophysiology associated with MCI, which both seemed to affect the pain system independently from each other.
authors.affiliation: Physiological Psychology, Otto-Friedrich University Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany. miriam.kunz@uni-bamberg.de
authors.forename: Miriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kunz
authors.forename: Veit
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mylius
authors.forename: Karsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schepelmann
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lautenbacher
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000502:physiology*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult