title: High cytomegalovirus load and prolonged virus excretion in breast milk increase risk for viral acquisition by very low birth weight infants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Breast milk is the main source of postnatal human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between HCMV load in breast milk and viral transmission to very low birth weight (VLBW) infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Breast-fed VLBW infants who were born to HCMV-seropositive mothers and who were managed in a neonatal intensive care unit were enrolled in the study. Blood from mothers and infants was tested for HCMV antibodies after birth. Breast milk was collected for viral culture and HCMV load measurement. Urine from the babies was obtained for HCMV-DNA detection. Symptoms of HCMV infection were recorded and evaluated by neonatologists.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 23 evaluated mothers during a 1-year period, 19 were HCMV seropositive; 17 of the women had detectable HCMV-DNA in their breast milk whey. Of the 23 infants born to the 19 seropositive mothers, 8 infants of 8 mothers had HCMV-DNA detected in the urine, indicating that they were infected, even though the breast milk was always frozen prior to feeding. Three infected infants had symptoms. At 4 weeks after delivery, the median viral load in breast milk from mothers of the 8 infected infants was significantly higher than that from mothers of the 15 noninfected infants (P = 0.04). HCMV was detectable in breast milk for a significantly longer period in mothers of infected infants (7.5 vs. 2.6 weeks P = 0.03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High HCMV load and prolonged virus excretion in breast milk are maternal risk factors for viral transmission to VLBW infants.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Wai-Tim
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Jim
authors.forename: Chyong-Hsin
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Shu
authors.forename: Nan-Chang
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.forename: Jui-Hsing
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Han-Yang
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Hung
authors.forename: Chun-Chih
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.forename: Hsin-An
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Kao
authors.forename: Tsai-Yin
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: Chia-Lien
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Chiang
authors.forename: Fu-Yuan
authors.initials: FY
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D003587:Cytomegalovirus / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D003586:Cytomegalovirus Infections / Q000635:transmission*; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D019102:Infant, Very Low Birth Weight; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; D008297:Male; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000821:virology*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000821:virology*; D013997:Time Factors; D014556:Urine / Q000821:virology; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral