title: Mcl-1 and Bcl-xL cooperatively maintain integrity of hepatocytes in developing and adult murine liver.
abstract: Anti-apoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family, including Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, Mcl-1, Bcl-w and Bfl-1, inhibit the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis. Bcl-xL and Mcl-1 are constitutively expressed in the liver. Although previous research established Bcl-xL as a critical apoptosis antagonist in differentiated hepatocytes, the significance of Mcl-1 in the liver, especially in conjunction with Bcl-xL, has not been clear. To examine this question, we generated hepatocyte-specific Mcl-1-deficient mice by crossing mcl-1(flox/flox) mice and AlbCre mice and further crossed them with bcl-x(flox/flox) mice, giving Mcl-1/Bcl-xL-deficient mice. The mcl-1(flox/flox) AlbCre mice showed spontaneous apoptosis of hepatocytes after birth, as evidenced by elevated levels of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and caspase-3/7 activity and an increased number of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated 2'-deoxyuridine 5'-triphosphate nick-end labeling (TUNEL)-positive cells in the liver; these phenotypes were very close to those previously found in hepatocyte-specific Bcl-xL-deficient mice. Although mcl-1(flox/+) AlbCre mice did not display apoptosis, their susceptibility to Fas-mediated liver injury significantly increased. Further crossing of Mcl-1 mice with Bcl-xL mice showed that bcl-x(flox/+) mcl-1(flox/+) AlbCre mice also showed spontaneous hepatocyte apoptosis similar to Bcl-xL-deficient or Mcl-1-deficient mice. In contrast, bcl-x(flox/flox) mcl-1(flox/+) AlbCre, bcl-x(flox/+) mcl-1(flox/flox) AlbCre, and bcl-x(flox/flox) mcl-1(flox/flox) AlbCre mice displayed a decreased number of hepatocytes and a reduced volume of the liver on day 18.5 of embryogenesis and rapidly died within 1 day after birth, developing hepatic failure evidenced by increased levels of blood ammonia and bilirubin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mcl-1 is critical for blocking apoptosis in adult liver and, in the absence of Bcl-xL, is essential for normal liver development. Mcl-1 and Bcl-xL are two major anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins expressed in the liver and cooperatively control hepatic integrity during liver development and in adult liver homeostasis in a gene dose-dependent manner.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Hayato
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hikita
authors.forename: Tetsuo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takehara
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kodama
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Takuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Miyagi
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hosui
authors.forename: Hisashi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ishida
authors.forename: Kazuyoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ohkawa
authors.forename: Tatsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kanto
authors.forename: Naoki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hiramatsu
authors.forename: Xiao-Ming
authors.initials: XM
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.forename: Lothar
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hennighausen
authors.forename: Tomohide
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tatsumi
authors.forename: Norio
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hayashi
mesh_terms: D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D000483:Alleles; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology*; D051023:BH3 Interacting Domain Death Agonist Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000097:blood; D053200:Fas-Associated Death Domain Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008099:Liver / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D064549:Myeloid Cell Leukemia Sequence 1 Protein; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051020:bcl-X Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D051023:BH3 Interacting Domain Death Agonist Protein; C494812:Bcl2l1 protein, mouse; D053200:Fas-Associated Death Domain Protein; C579094:Mcl1 protein, mouse; D064549:Myeloid Cell Leukemia Sequence 1 Protein; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D051020:bcl-X Protein; D000410:Alanine Transaminase; D053148:Caspase 3
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