title: [Association of 14 polymorphisms in the five candidate genes and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common behavior disorders in childhood and adolescent. The etiology of ADHD is unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between each of the 14 polymorphisms in the five candidate genes and ADHD, and between the combination of some polymorphisms in those genes and ADHD, in attempting to examine whether combinations of genotypes would confer a significant susceptibility to ADHD.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and thirty-nine children with ADHD and one hundred and nineteen normal children were enrolled. Eight single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of three candidate genes were examined with PCR and RFLP techniques. 48 bp VNTR in DRD4 gene was examined with PCR, nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and silver staining. Five microsatellites (MS) of three candidate genes were examined with genotyping. The relationship between the combinations of 12 polymorphisms and ADHD was examined with logistic regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  1.The frequency of 1065T/1065T genotype and the 1065T allele were significantly higher in ADHD children than that in normal controls (P<0.05). The frequency of -48G/-48G genotype of the A-48G polymorphism of DRD1 gene was significantly lower in ADHD children than that in normal controls (P<0.05). 2. A specific combination of three polymorphisms in the two genes showing an association with ADHD gave a prediction level of 77.5%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The T1065G polymorphism in the SNAP-25 may be associated with ADHD. The 1065T/1065T genotype and the 1065T allele may be a risk factor for ADHD. The A-48G polymorphism of DRDI may be associated with ADHD. The -48G/-48G genotype may be a protective factor for ADHD. The specific combination of three sites of SNP in SNAP-25 gene and DRDI gene is found and shows an association with ADHD in 12 polymorphisms of the five candidate genes on glutamatergic/dopaminergic pathway.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Mental Health, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
authors.forename: Xue-Ping
authors.initials: XP
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Lin-Yan
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: Ai-Ling
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Xue-Rong
authors.initials: XR
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: Kun
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Xia
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000235:genetics*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D018598:Minisatellite Repeats; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D050637:Receptors, Dopamine D3 / Q000235:genetics*; D050638:Receptors, Dopamine D4 / Q000235:genetics*; D050641:Receptors, Dopamine D5 / Q000235:genetics*; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000235:genetics*; D050825:Synaptosomal-Associated Protein 25 / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D050637:Receptors, Dopamine D3; D050638:Receptors, Dopamine D4; D050641:Receptors, Dopamine D5; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D050825:Synaptosomal-Associated Protein 25; C493593:DRD3 protein, human; C493599:DRD4 protein, human; C493605:DRD5 protein, human