title: Biochemical basis of immunological and retroviral responses to DNA-targeted cytosine deamination by activation-induced cytidine deaminase and APOBEC3G.
abstract: Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) and APOBEC3G catalyze deamination of cytosine to uracil on single-stranded DNA, thereby setting in motion a regulated hypermutagenic process essential for human well-being. However, if regulation fails, havoc ensues. AID plays a central role in the synthesis of high affinity antibodies, and APOBEC3G inactivates human immunodeficiency virus-1. This minireview highlights biochemical and structural properties of AID and APOBEC3G, showing how studies using the purified enzymes provide valuable insight into the considerably more complex biology governing antibody generation and human immunodeficiency virus inactivation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Molecular and Computational Biology Section, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-2910.
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chelico
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Molecular and Computational Biology Section, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-2910.
authors.forename: Phuong
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pham
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Molecular and Computational Biology Section, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-2910.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Petruska
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Molecular and Computational Biology Section, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-2910. Electronic address: mgoodman@usc.edu.
authors.forename: Myron F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Goodman
mesh_terms: D000071480:APOBEC-3G Deaminase; D000818:Animals; D020137:Base Pair Mismatch; D003564:Cytidine Deaminase / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D003596:Cytosine / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D004277:DNA, Single-Stranded / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007136:Immunoglobulins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D008958:Models, Molecular; D020836:Protein Structure, Quaternary; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D021122:Protein Subunits / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012190:Retroviridae / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D027041:Somatic Hypermutation, Immunoglobulin / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D014498:Uracil / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D000098830:AICDA (Activation-Induced Cytidine Deaminase)
chemical_list: D004277:DNA, Single-Stranded; D007136:Immunoglobulins; D021122:Protein Subunits; D014498:Uracil; D003596:Cytosine; D000098830:AICDA (Activation-Induced Cytidine Deaminase); D000071480:APOBEC-3G Deaminase; C464924:APOBEC3G protein, human; D003564:Cytidine Deaminase
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