title: Histone deacetylase inhibitors decrease proliferation potential and multilineage differentiation capability of human mesenchymal stem cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Histone deacetylase (HDAC) is an important therapeutic target in cancer. Two of the main anticancer mechanisms of HDAC inhibitors are induction of terminal differentiation and inhibition of cell proliferation. To investigate the role of HDAC in maintenance of self-renewal and cell proliferation, we treated mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) that originated from adipose tissue or umbilical cord blood with valproic acid (VPA) and sodium butyrate (NaBu).
  
  
  METHODS
  Human MSCs were isolated from mammary fat tissue and cord blood. We performed MTT assay and flow cytometry-based cell cycle analysis to assess self-renewal of MSCs. In vitro differentiation assays into osteogenic, adipogenic, neurogenic and chondrogenic lineages were conducted to investigate MSC multipotency. Immunocytochemistry, Western blot and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction were used to interrogate molecular pathways.
  
  
  RESULTS
  VPA and NaBu flattened the morphology of MSCs and inhibited their growth. VPA and NaBu activated the transcription of p21(CIP1/WAF1) by increasing the acetylation of histone H3 and H4 and eventually blocked the cell cycle at G2/M phase. The expression level of p16(INK4A), a cdk inhibitor that is closely related to cellular senescence, was not changed by HDAC inhibitor treatment. We performed controlled differentiation into bone, fat, cartilage and nervous tissue to elucidate the role of HDAC in the pluripotency of MSC to differentiate into functional tissues. VPA and NaBu decreased the efficiency of adipogenic, chondrogenic, and neurogenic differentiation as visualized by specific staining and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. In contrast, osteogenic differentiation was elevated by HDAC inhibitor treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HDAC activity is essential for maintaining the self-renewal and pluripotency of MSCs.
authors.affiliation: Adult Stem Cell Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: J-R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: M-S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Seo
authors.forename: K-H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Roh
authors.forename: S-B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: J-W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Seo
authors.forename: Y-S
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: S-K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: J-W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: K-S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Kang
mesh_terms: D015153:Blotting, Western; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects*; D019070:Cell Lineage; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21 / Q000378:metabolism; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D010012:Osteogenesis; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: C493956:CDKN1A protein, human; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors
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