title: Biomarkers in cervical cancer.
abstract: Cervical cancer, a potentially preventable disease, remains the second most common malignancy in women worldwide. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the single most important etiological agent in cervical cancer, contributing to neoplastic progression through the action of viral oncoproteins, mainly E6 and E7. Cervical screening programs using Pap smear testing have dramatically improved cervical cancer incidence and reduced deaths, but cervical cancer still remains a global health burden. The biomarker discovery for accurate detection and diagnosis of cervical carcinoma and its malignant precursors (collectively referred to as high-grade cervical disease) represents one of the current challenges in clinical medicine and cytopathology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Catholic University Medical College, 505 Banpodong, Seochogu, Seoul, 137-040, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Eun-Kyoung
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Yim
authors.forename: Jong-Sup
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Park
references.citation: Clin Sci (Lond). 2006 May;110(5):525-41
references.pmid: 16597322
references.citation: Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1996 Oct;175(4 Pt 2):1110-3
references.pmid: 8885795
references.citation: Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2002 Dec;29(4):673-83
references.pmid: 12509091
references.citation: Trends Mol Med. 2002 Jun;8(6):288-93
references.pmid: 12067615
references.citation: Int J Gynecol Cancer. 1993 May;3(3):154-158
references.pmid: 11578336
references.citation: J Clin Pathol. 2003 Jan;56(1):56-63
references.pmid: 12499437
references.citation: EMBO J. 1996 Apr 15;15(8):1950-60
references.pmid: 8617242
references.citation: Cancer. 1991 Sep 15;68(6):1340-50
references.pmid: 1651807
references.citation: Virology. 1999 Jul 5;259(2):305-13
references.pmid: 10388655
references.citation: Science. 1995 Jul 28;269(5223):529-31
references.pmid: 7624774
references.citation: Gynecol Oncol. 1994 Nov;55(2):169-73
references.pmid: 7959279
references.citation: Genes Dev. 1998 Jul 1;12(13):2061-72
references.pmid: 9649509
references.citation: Gynecol Oncol. 1996 Aug;62(2):192-8
references.pmid: 8751548
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2000 Mar 31;275(13):9534-41
references.pmid: 10734102
references.citation: J Virol. 2000 Oct;74(20):9680-93
references.pmid: 11000240
references.citation: Pathol Int. 1998 Aug;48(8):580-5
references.pmid: 9736404
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 Feb 16;96(4):1291-6
references.pmid: 9990017
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Dec 8;95(25):14932-7
references.pmid: 9843993
references.citation: Int J Cancer. 1991 Feb 1;47(3):376-9
references.pmid: 1704354
references.citation: Oncogene. 1995 Nov 2;11(9):1859-64
references.pmid: 7478615
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2003 Sep 26;278(39):38059-67
references.pmid: 12837750
references.citation: Gynecol Oncol. 1996 Jun;61(3):373-7
references.pmid: 8641618
references.citation: Arch Virol. 2006 Oct;151(10):1961-72
references.pmid: 16710631
references.citation: J Virol. 2003 Nov;77(22):12331-5
references.pmid: 14581569
references.citation: Int J Cancer. 2001 Apr 15;92(2):276-84
references.pmid: 11291057
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 2000 Nov;20(21):8244-53
references.pmid: 11027293
references.citation: Virology. 1996 Jan 1;215(1):73-82
references.pmid: 8553588
references.citation: J Virol. 1993 May;67(5):2521-8
references.pmid: 8386265
references.citation: J Virol. 2002 Sep;76(17):8710-21
references.pmid: 12163591
references.citation: Oncogene. 1992 Aug;7(8):1541-7
references.pmid: 1321402
references.citation: Oncogene. 2002 Aug 1;21(33):5088-96
references.pmid: 12140759
references.citation: J Clin Oncol. 1996 Jan;14(1):111-8
references.pmid: 8558185
references.citation: Clin Cancer Res. 1999 Aug;5(8):2121-32
references.pmid: 10473096
references.citation: Cancer. 1992 Sep 15;70(6):1545-50
references.pmid: 1355399
references.citation: Gynecol Oncol. 1996 Apr;61(1):16-21
references.pmid: 8626110
references.citation: Int J Gynecol Pathol. 1996 Apr;15(2):131-6
references.pmid: 8786202
references.citation: Radiother Oncol. 1995 Oct;37(1):1-9
references.pmid: 8539450
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Feb 5;99(3):1347-52
references.pmid: 11805305
references.citation: Br J Cancer. 2003 Jan 27;88(2):257-62
references.pmid: 12610511
references.citation: Future Oncol. 2005 Feb;1(1):37-50
references.pmid: 16555974
references.citation: J Gen Virol. 1999 Jun;80 ( Pt 6):1513-1517
references.pmid: 10374970
references.citation: J Virol. 2001 Jan;75(1):151-60
references.pmid: 11119584
references.citation: J Clin Pathol. 1990 Mar;43(3):184-92
references.pmid: 2185282
references.citation: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2002 Aug 30;296(4):962-9
references.pmid: 12200142
references.citation: Curr Opin Chem Biol. 2000 Oct;4(5):489-94
references.pmid: 11006534
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997 Oct 14;94(21):11612-6
references.pmid: 9326658
references.citation: Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev. 1996;13:19-50
references.pmid: 8948108
references.citation: EMBO J. 2002 Sep 2;21(17):4741-8
references.pmid: 12198176
references.citation: Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2002 Dec;29(4):701-34
references.pmid: 12509093
references.citation: Biol Cell. 2003 Jan-Feb;95(1):17-26
references.pmid: 12753950
references.citation: Oncogene. 1999 Dec 13;18(53):7690-700
references.pmid: 10618709
references.citation: Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2003 Mar;188(3 Suppl):S8-12
references.pmid: 12634625
references.citation: Virology. 1998 Jul 20;247(1):74-85
references.pmid: 9683573
references.citation: Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1998 Jul 1;41(4):823-30
references.pmid: 9652844
references.citation: Acta Cytol. 1998 Jan-Feb;42(1):25-32
references.pmid: 9479321
references.citation: Oncogene. 1996 Dec 5;13(11):2323-30
references.pmid: 8957073
references.citation: Cancer. 1996 Nov 1;78(9):1942-51
references.pmid: 8909315
references.citation: Science. 1989 Feb 17;243(4893):934-7
references.pmid: 2537532
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2000 Mar 10;275(10):6764-9
references.pmid: 10702232
references.citation: Oncogene. 2002 Aug 29;21(38):5940-5
references.pmid: 12185595
references.citation: Gynecol Oncol. 1990 Nov;39(2):186-94
references.pmid: 2227594
references.citation: Gynecol Obstet Invest. 1992;34(2):65-72
references.pmid: 1398266
references.citation: Histopathology. 1993 Apr;22(4):355-60
references.pmid: 8514278
references.citation: Gut. 2002 Mar;50(3):373-7
references.pmid: 11839717
references.citation: Int J Gynecol Pathol. 1996 Jan;15(1):23-7
references.pmid: 8852442
references.citation: Gynecol Oncol. 1995 Jul;58(1):28-33
references.pmid: 7789886
references.citation: Oncol Rep. 2001 Sep-Oct;8(5):1063-6
references.pmid: 11496317
references.citation: Acta Cytol. 2002 Jan-Feb;46(1):25-9
references.pmid: 11843554
references.citation: Acta Cytol. 2000 May-Jun;44(3):310-8
references.pmid: 10833984
references.citation: J Pathol. 1991 Oct;165(2):173-8
references.pmid: 1683905
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 2002 Aug;22(16):5801-12
references.pmid: 12138191
references.citation: Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2001 Oct;185(4):939-43
references.pmid: 11641682
references.citation: Int J Gynecol Pathol. 1994 Oct;13(4):337-41
references.pmid: 7814195
references.citation: Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1999 Feb;180(2 Pt 1):290-8
references.pmid: 9988789
references.citation: Oncogene. 1999 Oct 7;18(41):5620-30
references.pmid: 10523841
references.citation: EMBO J. 1999 May 4;18(9):2449-58
references.pmid: 10228159
references.citation: J Natl Cancer Inst. 2002 Jul 17;94(14):1071-9
references.pmid: 12122098
references.citation: J Virol. 1992 Dec;66(12):6893-902
references.pmid: 1331501
references.citation: Int J Gynecol Pathol. 1994 Jan;13(1):37-44
references.pmid: 8112955
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 2000 Sep;20(17):6483-95
references.pmid: 10938125
references.citation: Genes Dev. 1997 Aug 15;11(16):2101-11
references.pmid: 9284049
references.citation: Br J Cancer. 1992 May;65(5):783-5
references.pmid: 1586610
references.citation: Am J Clin Pathol. 1993 Jul;100(1):22-6
references.pmid: 8102221
references.citation: Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002 Jun;186(6):1308-14
references.pmid: 12066114
references.citation: J Cell Sci. 2001 Apr;114(Pt 8):1447-54
references.pmid: 11282021
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997 Apr 29;94(9):4412-7
references.pmid: 9114003
references.citation: Oncogene. 2000 Nov 2;19(46):5270-80
references.pmid: 11077444
references.citation: Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2003 Mar;188(3 Suppl):S13-20
references.pmid: 12634626
references.citation: Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 1989 May 5;114(18):700-5
references.pmid: 2714197
references.citation: Lancet. 2002 Jun 1;359(9321):1917-9
references.pmid: 12057556
references.citation: DNA Cell Biol. 2004 Dec;23(12):826-35
references.pmid: 15684709
references.citation: J Interferon Cytokine Res. 2006 Jul;26(7):455-61
references.pmid: 16800784
references.citation: J Pathol. 1999 Sep;189(1):12-9
references.pmid: 10451482
references.citation: Obstet Gynecol. 1999 Mar;93(3):353-8
references.pmid: 10074978
references.citation: Am J Surg Pathol. 1993 Feb;17(2):117-22
references.pmid: 8422109
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2002 Jun 14;277(24):21730-9
references.pmid: 11934887
references.citation: Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 1993 Dec;43(3):289-96
references.pmid: 7907040
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2000 May 19;275(20):14824-30
references.pmid: 10809724
references.citation: Gut. 2002 Mar;50(3):290-1
references.pmid: 11839701
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 1999 Jan;19(1):733-44
references.pmid: 9858596
references.citation: Cancer. 1995 Sep 1;76(5):807-13
references.pmid: 8625184
references.citation: J Virol. 2001 Dec;75(23):11791-802
references.pmid: 11689660
references.citation: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1998 Aug 10;249(1):258-62
references.pmid: 9705868
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2004 Jun 11;279(24):25729-44
references.pmid: 15073179
references.citation: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1991 Nov 27;181(1):51-8
references.pmid: 1958219