title: Amphetamine reduces vesicular dopamine content in dexamethasone-differentiated PC12 cells only following L-DOPA exposure.
abstract: Amphetamine (AMPH) increases brain dopamine (DA) levels via reversal of the membrane DA transporter. Additional mechanisms have been suggested, including inhibition of vesicular monoamine transporters and vesicular leakage of DA and Ca(2+). According to the widely-accepted weak base theory, AMPH disrupts the proton gradient required for filling vesicles with DA. As a result, DA and Ca(2+) will leak from vesicles, giving rise to exocytosis of less-filled vesicles. As several contradictions have been described, the aim of the present study was to re-examine this theory using amperometry and Fura-2 imaging to measure AMPH-induced changes in exocytosis and intracellular Ca(2+) levels, respectively, in PC12 and chromaffin cells. Unexpectedly, 15 min exposure to AMPH (20-200 microM) does not affect the amount of DA released per vesicle, the frequency of exocytosis or intracellular Ca(2+) levels in PC12 cells or chromaffin cells. Comparable results were found following prolonged exposure to AMPH (45 min) or at 37 degrees C. When cells were pre-treated with the DA precursor L-DOPA, vesicle content increased to approximately 150%. When these pre-treated cells are exposed to AMPH, vesicle content is strongly reduced. These results indicate that in dexamethasone-differentiated PC12 cells AMPH-induced vesicle leakage occurs only under specific conditions, therefore arguing for re-evaluation of the theory of AMPH-induced vesicular DA leakage.
authors.affiliation: Neurotoxicology Research Group, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands. l.hondebrink@uu.nl
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hondebrink
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Meulenbelt
authors.forename: Johan G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Timmerman
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van den Berg
authors.forename: Remco H S
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Westerink
mesh_terms: D000661:Amphetamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D019439:Chromaffin Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000494:pharmacology; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism*; D015259:Dopamine Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004347:Drug Interactions; D005260:Female; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000494:pharmacology; D007980:Levodopa / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects*; D016716:PC12 Cells; D051381:Rats; D013572:Synaptic Vesicles / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015259:Dopamine Agents; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D007980:Levodopa; D003907:Dexamethasone; D000661:Amphetamine; D002118:Calcium; D004298:Dopamine