title: The role of the extracorporeal circuit in the trapping and degranulation of platelets.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although platelet (PLT) activation and degranulation are well-known phenomena during hemodialysis (HD), controversies still exist about their nature and origin.
  
  
  METHODS
  PLT characteristics [PLT numbers, mean PLT volume (MPV), PLT distribution width (PDW), PLT large cell ratio (p-LCR), immature PLT fraction] and activation status [CD62p expression, platelet factor 4 (PF4) and beta-thromboglobulin (BTG) plasma levels] were estimated in 19 patients before and during HD. Blood was sampled from both the afferent and efferent lines. Additionally, the influence of low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) on PF4 and BTG concentrations was analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CD62p expression increased in the extracorporeal circuit (ECC) in the first 30 min. Simultaneously, PLT numbers dropped markedly within the ECC. MPV, PDW and p-LCR decreased over time. Like CD62p expression, BTG reached peak values at t30, was exclusively released within the ECC and was not influenced by the application of LMWH. In contrast, PF4 was significantly released outside the ECC in response to LMWH.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PLTs are predominantly activated within the ECC and not on a remote distance. PLTs stick to the ECC, particularly after first passage. BTG is an appropriate marker for HD-induced PLT degranulation, whereas PF4 originates from both activated PLTs and LMWH-induced detachment from the endothelium. PLTs are not exhausted due to the repetitive stimulation of clinical HD. Hence, dialysis modalities with longer duration or greater frequency may be associated with a less beneficial PLT activation profile, which may counteract their clinical benefits.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Haematology and Immunology, Medical Centre Alkmaar, Alkmaar, The Netherlands. mareillegritters@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Mareille
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gritters-van den Oever
authors.forename: Marianne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schoorl
authors.forename: Margreet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schoorl
authors.forename: Piet C M
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Bartels
authors.forename: Muriel P C
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Grooteman
authors.forename: Menso J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Nubé
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001792:Blood Platelets; D015550:Cell Degranulation; D005112:Extracorporeal Circulation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019007:P-Selectin / Q000097:blood; D015539:Platelet Activation; D010978:Platelet Factor 4 / Q000097:blood; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013997:Time Factors; D001620:beta-Thromboglobulin / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D019007:P-Selectin; D001620:beta-Thromboglobulin; D010978:Platelet Factor 4