title: Sensory feedback dependence hypothesis in persons who stutter.
abstract: The present study investigated the role of sensory feedback (auditory, proprioception, and tactile) at the intra- and inter-gestural levels of speech motor coordination in normal and fast speech rate conditions in two groups: (1) persons who stutter (PWS) and (2) those who do not (PNS). Feedback perturbations were carried out with the use of masking noise (auditory), tendon vibration (proprioception), and nonwords that differed in the amount of required tactile lip contact (/api/+tactile and /awi/-tactile). Comparisons were also made between jaw-free and jaw-immobilized (with a bite-block) task conditions. It was hypothesized that if PWS depend more strongly on sensory feedback control during speech production, they would show an increase in variability of movement coordination in the combined presence of fast speech rates and feedback perturbations, in particular, when jaw motions are blocked and adaptations in the other articulators are required to achieve the task goals. Significant feedback perturbation effects were found for both groups, but the only significant between-group effect was found at fast speech rates in the jaw-free condition, showing that control speakers were more perturbed at the intra-gestural level of coordination than PWS when simultaneous (auditory, proprioceptive, and tactile) perturbations were present. The findings do not provide support for either the feedback dependency or the sensory deficit hypotheses described in the literature to explain movement characteristics found in fluent speech production of PWS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Speech-Language Pathology, Oral Dynamics Laboratory, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1V7. a.namasivayam@utoronto.ca
authors.forename: Aravind Kumar
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Namasivayam
authors.forename: Pascal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: van Lieshout
authors.forename: William E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: McIlroy
authors.forename: Luc
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: De Nil
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D056228:Feedback, Sensory / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007568:Jaw / Q000503:physiopathology; D008046:Lip / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D010470:Perceptual Masking / Q000502:physiology; D011434:Proprioception / Q000502:physiology*; D012016:Reference Values; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D013067:Speech Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D013342:Stuttering / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D013710:Tendons / Q000503:physiopathology; D014110:Touch / Q000502:physiology*; D014159:Transducers; D014705:Verbal Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult