title: Urgent capsule endoscopy is useful in severe obscure-overt gastrointestinal bleeding.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  With capsule endoscopy (CE) it is possible to examine the entire small bowel. The present study assessed the diagnostic yield of CE in severe obscure-overt gastrointestinal bleeding (OOGIB).
  
  
  METHODS
  During a 3-year period, 15 capsule examinations (4.5% of all CE in a single institution) were carried out in 15 patients (11 men; mean age 69.9 +/- 20.1 years) with severe ongoing bleeding, defined as persistent melena and/or hematochezia, with hemodynamic instability and the need for significant red blood cell transfusion. CE was carried out after non-diagnostic standard upper and lower endoscopy. The mean time from admission until CE was 4.1 +/- 4.4 days (0-15 days).
  
  
  RESULTS
  CE revealed active bleeding in seven patients and signs of recent bleeding in four. Etiology of bleeding was correctly diagnosed in 11 patients (73.3%) (portal hypertension enteropathy, three patients; subepithelial ulcerated lesion, two patients; angiodysplasia, two patients; jejunal ulcer with visible vessel, one patient; multiple small bowel ulcers, one patient; jejunal tumor, one patient; jejunal mucosa irregularity with adherent clot, one patient). One patient (6.7%) had active bleeding but no visible lesion. As a consequence of the capsule findings, specific therapeutic measures were undertaken in 11 patients (73.3%) with five managed conservatively, four endoscopically and two surgically. Two patients experienced bleeding recurrence. One of them, with a probable small bowel tumor, refused any other interventions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CE is useful in patients with severe OOGIB by providing positive findings in the majority of patients, with subsequent impact on therapeutic procedures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Coimbra University Hospital, Coimbra, Portugal. nunoperesalmeida@gmail.com
authors.forename: Nuno
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Almeida
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Figueiredo
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lopes
authors.forename: Paulo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Freire
authors.forename: Clotilde
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lérias
authors.forename: Hermano
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gouveia
authors.forename: Maximino C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Leitão
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D053704:Capsule Endoscopy; D016145:Endoscopy, Digestive System; D005260:Female; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged