title: The place of premedication in pediatric practice.
abstract: Behind the multiple arguments for and against the use of premedication, sedative drugs in children is a noble principle that of minimizing psychological trauma related to anesthesia and surgery. However, several confounding factors make it very difficult to reach didactic evidence-based conclusions. One of the key confounding issues is that the nature of expectations and responses for both parent and child vary greatly in different environments around the world. Studies applicable to one culture and to one hospital system (albeit multicultural) may not apply elsewhere. Moreover, the study of hospital-related distress begins at the start of the patient's journey and ends long after hospital discharge; it cannot be focused completely on just the moment of anesthetic induction. Taking an example from actual practice experience, the trauma caused by the actual giving of a premedication to a child who absolutely does not want it and may struggle may not be recorded in a study but could form a significant component of overall effect and later psychological pathology. Clearly, attitudes by health professionals and parents to the practice of routine pediatric premedication, vary considerably, often provoking strong opinions. In this pro-con article we highlight two very different approaches to premedication. It is hoped that this helps the reader to critically re-evaluate a practice, which was universal historically and now in many centers is more selective.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Care, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Abraham
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rosenbaum
authors.forename: Zeev N
authors.initials: ZN
authors.lastname: Kain
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Larsson
authors.forename: Per-Arne
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Lönnqvist
authors.forename: Andrew R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Wolf
mesh_terms: D000758:Anesthesia; D000777:Anesthetics / Q000009:adverse effects; D001007:Anxiety / Q000517:prevention & control; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D008874:Midazolam; D010372:Pediatrics / Q000639:trends*; D011292:Premedication / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000639:trends*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D000777:Anesthetics; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D008874:Midazolam