title: Missense and nonsense mutations in melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) gene of different goat breeds: association with red and black coat colour phenotypes but with unexpected evidences.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Agouti and Extension loci control the relative amount of eumelanin and pheomelanin production in melanocytes that, in turn, affects pigmentation of skin and hair. The Extension locus encodes the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) whose permanent activation, caused by functional mutations, results in black coat colour, whereas other inactivating mutations cause red coat colour in different mammals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The whole coding region of the MC1R gene was sequenced in goats of six different breeds showing different coat colours (Girgentana, white cream with usually small red spots in the face; Maltese, white with black cheeks and ears; Derivata di Siria, solid red; Murciano-Granadina, solid black or solid brown; Camosciata delle Alpi, brown with black stripes; Saanen, white; F1 goats and the parental animals). Five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified: one nonsense mutation (p.Q225X), three missense mutations (p.A81V, p.F250V, and p.C267W), and one silent mutation. The stop codon at position 225 should cause the production of a shorter MC1R protein whose functionality may be altered. These SNPs were investigated in a larger sample of animals belonging to the six breeds. The Girgentana breed was almost fixed for the p.225X allele. However, there was not complete association between the presence of red spots in the face and the presence of this allele in homozygous condition. The same allele was identified in the Derivata di Siria breed. However, its frequency was only 33%, despite the fact that these animals are completely red. The p.267W allele was present in all Murciano-Granadina black goats, whereas it was never identified in the brown ones. Moreover, the same substitution was present in almost all Maltese goats providing evidence of association between this mutation and black coat colour.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  According to the results obtained in the investigated goat breeds, MC1R mutations may determine eumelanic and pheomelanic phenotypes. However, they are probably not the only factors. In particular, the surprising not complete association of the nonsense mutation (p.Q225X) with red coat colour raises a few hypotheses on the determination of pheomelanic phenotypes in goats that should be further investigated.
authors.affiliation: DIPROVAL, Sezione di Allevamenti Zootecnici, University of Bologna, 42100 Reggio Emilia, Italy. luca.fontanesi@unibo.it
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fontanesi
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Beretti
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Riggio
authors.forename: Stefania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dall'Olio
authors.forename: Elena Gómez
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: González
authors.forename: Raffaella
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Finocchiaro
authors.forename: Roberta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Davoli
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Russo
authors.forename: Baldassare
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Portolano
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D018389:Codon, Nonsense; D005838:Genotype; D006041:Goats / Q000235:genetics*; D006200:Hair Color / Q000235:genetics*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D020125:Mutation, Missense; D010641:Phenotype; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D044102:Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 1 / Q000235:genetics*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D018389:Codon, Nonsense; D044102:Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 1
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