title: Combined congenital radial and ulnar longitudinal deficiencies: report of 2 cases.
abstract: Variation in longitudinal deficiencies is likely related to the timing and duration of an insult during early limb development. In experimental models, teratogenic insults induce ulnar deficiencies earlier in gestation than radial deficiencies. In this report, we describe the rare combination of right radial and left ulnar deficiencies in 2 cases. Interestingly, 1 case had a history of 2 separate and apparently distinct episodes of bleeding during early gestation, whereas the other demonstrated associated hematoma formation early in development. These cases also demonstrate the susceptibility for ulnar defects on the left and radial defects on the right. The authors discuss the relationship of prenatal insults on limb development and the mechanisms underlying longitudinal deficiencies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
authors.forename: Kerby C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Oberg
authors.forename: Tyler E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: Montri D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Wongworawat
authors.forename: Virchel E
authors.initials: VE
authors.lastname: Wood
mesh_terms: D002823:Chorion / Q000196:embryology*; D005260:Female; D006228:Hand Deformities, Congenital / Q000196:embryology*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications; D011884:Radius / Q000002:abnormalities*; D013933:Thumb / Q000002:abnormalities*; D014457:Ulna / Q000002:abnormalities*; D014592:Uterine Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications; D055815:Young Adult