title: Anxiety and depression after acute myocardial infarction: an 18-month follow-up study with repeated measures and comparison with a reference population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recently, there has been substantial improvement in coronary care and a corresponding reduction in mortality after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Some studies suggest that improved prognosis has led to reduced levels of anxiety and depression after AMI, in both the short and long term. The aims of this study were to assess symptoms of anxiety and depression from the acute event to 18 months following AMI, and to compare results with levels in the Norwegian reference population.
  
  
  METHODS
  The progress of 288 patients was monitored using self-reports 3, 6, 12 and 18 months after AMI. Anxiety and depression were measured by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Reference population data were obtained from the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study 1995-1997 (the HUNT 2 Study).
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline, 19.7 and 13.6% of AMI patients reported high levels of anxiety and depressive symptoms, respectively. At baseline, AMI patients were more anxious, but not more depressed, when compared with the reference population (P<0.001 and P = 0.092, respectively). After 3-18 months, AMI patients' levels of anxiety and depression were not higher than levels in the reference population. Anxiety and depression at baseline and after 3 months were the best predictors of anxiety and depression after 18 months, although complications, bed days and lifestyle improvement also significantly predicted depression after 18 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Initially, AMI patients had higher levels of anxiety, but not depressive symptoms. After 3-18 months, these patients were not more anxious or depressed than the Norwegian reference population.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Clinical Research, Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway. tove.aminda.hanssen@helse-bergen.no
authors.forename: Tove Aminda
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Hanssen
authors.forename: Jan Erik
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Nordrehaug
authors.forename: Geir Egil
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Eide
authors.forename: Ingvar
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bjelland
authors.forename: Berit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rokne
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001007:Anxiety / Q000209:etiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D009664:Norway; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome