title: Application of the Dietary Reference Intakes in developing a recommendation for pregnancy iron supplements in Canada.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  For many pregnant Canadian women, usual iron intakes from food appear to be inadequate compared with Dietary Reference Intake requirement estimates.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Dietary intake modeling was undertaken to determine an amount of iron supplementation that would confer acceptably low prevalence of apparently inadequate and apparently excessive intakes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The distribution of usual dietary iron intakes was estimated with the use of 24-h recalls from pregnant women aged 19-50 y in the Canadian Community Health Survey, Cycle 2.2. The prevalence of usual intakes below the Estimated Average Requirement for pregnancy (22 mg/d) or above the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (45 mg/d) was estimated. Iterative modeling with incremental iron supplement was performed to determine a suitable supplement amount. Because the sample of pregnant women was small (148 day 1 recalls), estimates of the tails of the distributions had large SDs, and supporting analyses based on intake data from nonpregnant women (4540 day 1 recalls) were made.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Daily supplementation shifted the intake distribution curve without changing its shape. Supplementation with 16 mg iron/d was consistent with low (<3%) prevalence of apparently inadequate intakes. This amount of supplementation should not be associated with an increase in apparently excessive intakes by pregnant women in this population.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  On the basis of Dietary Reference Intakes, an iron supplement of 16 mg/d throughout pregnancy is justified as both efficacious and safe for healthy women living in Canadian households. This does not preclude the need for therapeutic iron doses for some individuals on the basis of iron status. The method can be applied to other populations if suitable baseline iron intake data are available.
authors.affiliation: Nutrition Research Division, Food Directorate and the Office of Nutrition Policy and Promotion, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada. kevin_cockell@hc-sc.gc.ca
authors.forename: Kevin A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Cockell
authors.forename: Doris C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Hélène
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lowell
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018798:Anemia, Iron-Deficiency / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D015930:Diet Records; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005260:Female; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D006801:Humans; D007501:Iron / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019266:Iron, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D011247:Pregnancy; D015995:Prevalence; D012016:Reference Values; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D019266:Iron, Dietary; D007501:Iron