title: Ultrasound imaging of normal displacement of the extensor carpi ulnaris tendon within the ulnar groove in 12 forearm-wrist positions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Instability of the extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU) tendon can be a difficult clinical diagnosis because of normal changes in tendon position during wrist motion. Our goal was to determine the normal variation of ECU tendon displacement in 12 forearm-wrist positions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ultrasound imaging of the ECU tendons of 40 symptom-free wrists of healthy volunteers (13 women, seven men; mean age, 22.3 years; range, 20-25 years) was performed. Each ECU tendon was examined in 12 positions: four wrist positions (ulnar deviation, radial deviation, flexion, and extension) in each of three forearm positions (pronation, supination, and neutral).
  
  
  RESULTS
  ECU tendon displacement in the right hand was not significantly different from that in the left, and displacement in men did not differ significantly from that in women. There was a small but significant difference between displacement in the dominant and that in the nondominant hand (p < 0.02). Mean ECU tendon displacement was greatest in the supinated forearm position (p < 0.001) followed by the neutral position (p < 0.001) and was least in the pronated position (p < 0.001). Both ulnar deviation (p < 0.001) and flexion (p < 0.002) were associated with greater ECU tendon displacement than were radial deviation (p < 0.001) and extension (p < 0.002). Maximum percentage displacement volar to the ulnar border of the groove was 50% in flexed supination and ulnar deviation. The maximum displaced distance volar to the ulnar border of the groove was 5 mm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sonographic evaluation of the ECU tendon is simple and practical. Knowledge of normal ECU displacement relative to the ulnar groove may help in evaluation of ulnar-sided wrist pain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 600 Highland Ave., CSC E3/311, Madison, WI 53792-3252, USA.
authors.forename: Kenneth S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Robert H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Ablove
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Arthur A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: De Smet
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Haaland
authors.forename: Jason P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Fine
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D005542:Forearm / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008297:Male; D011187:Posture; D012016:Reference Values; D013710:Tendons / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014457:Ulna / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014955:Wrist Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D055815:Young Adult
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