Rheumatoid arthritis and smoking: putting the pieces together.
Besides atherosclerosis and lung cancer, smoking is considered to play a major role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. It has long been known that there is a connection between rheumatoid factor-positive rheumatoid arthritis and cigarette smoking. Recently, an important gene-environment interaction has been revealed; that is, carrying specific HLA-DRB1 alleles encoding the shared epitope and smoking establish a significant risk for anti-citrullinated protein antibody-positive rheumatoid arthritis. We summarize how smoking-related alteration of the cytokine balance, the increased risk of infections (the possibility of cross-reactivity) and modifications of autoantigens by citrullination may contribute to the development of rheumatoid arthritis.
Baka
Zsuzsanna
Z
Department of Genetics, Cell and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, Budapest, Hungary. zsuzsannabaka@gmail.com
Buzás
Edit
E
Nagy
György
G
D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000276:immunology; D001324:Autoantigens / Q000276:immunology; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006684:HLA-DR Antigens / Q000235:genetics; D059811:HLA-DRB1 Chains; D006801:Humans; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*
D001323:Autoantibodies; D001324:Autoantigens; D006684:HLA-DR Antigens; D059811:HLA-DRB1 Chains
Epidemiology. 1994 Sep;5(5):525-32
7986867
Am J Med. 2006 Jun;119(6):503.e1-9
16750964
Br J Pharmacol. 2007 Aug;151(7):915-29
17502850
N Engl J Med. 1967 Feb 23;276(8):421-7
6019163
Ann Rheum Dis. 2006 Mar;65(3):366-71
16014670
Arthritis Rheum. 1999 May;42(5):910-7
10323446
Respiration. 1992;59(2):77-80
1620985
Ann Rheum Dis. 2006 May;65(5):601-6
16166104
Am J Med. 2002 Apr 15;112(6):465-71
11959057
Arthritis Rheum. 2007 Feb;56(2):425-32
17265477
Clin Rheumatol. 2008 Oct;27(10):1243-8
18427872
Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2007 Nov;37(5):617-23
17600310
J Dermatol Sci. 2009 Jan;53(1):34-9
18752933
Arthritis Res Ther. 2006;8(4):R133
16872514
J Immunol. 2008 Feb 1;180(3):1895-902
18209087
Rheumatology (Oxford). 2008 Jun;47(6):849-54
18390589
Neuroimmunomodulation. 2006;13(5-6):277-82
17709949
Annu Rev Immunol. 2008;26:651-75
18173373
Clin Dev Immunol. 2006 Mar;13(1):41-8
16603443
Ann Rheum Dis. 2008 Oct;67(10):1488-92
18413445
J Immunol. 2003 Jul 15;171(2):538-41
12847215
Nat Rev Immunol. 2007 Jun;7(6):429-42
17525752
Joint Bone Spine. 2007 Oct;74(5):418-26
17625943
Arthritis Rheum. 2004 Nov;50(11):3485-94
15529392
Arthritis Rheum. 2007 May;56(5):1446-53
17469102
Rheumatology (Oxford). 2000 Nov;39(11):1202-5
11085797
Arthritis Res Ther. 2008;10(3):R52
18462498
Arthritis Rheum. 2007 Sep;56(9):2913-8
17763436
J Rheumatol. 1999 Jan;26(1):47-54
9918239
J Contemp Dent Pract. 2008 Nov 01;9(7):97-107
18997922
Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1990 Feb;162(2):502-14
2178432
Pharmacol Ther. 2008 Feb;117(2):244-79
18155297
J Infect Dis. 1988 Dec;158(6):1309-16
3143765
Am Heart J. 1987 Apr;113(4):1006-10
3565227
Am J Hum Genet. 2007 May;80(5):867-75
17436241
JAMA. 2006 May 17;295(19):2275-85
16705109
Lupus. 2006;15(11):737-45
17153844
Ann Rheum Dis. 1990 Dec;49(12):980-2
2270970
Arthritis Rheum. 1997 Nov;40(11):1955-61
9365083
Mol Cell Biol. 2008 Aug;28(15):4745-58
18505818
Contraception. 1987 May;35(5):457-64
3621942
Ann Rheum Dis. 2009 Feb;68(2):201-8
18390910
J Immunol. 2001 Mar 15;166(6):4177-84
11238669
Am J Hum Genet. 2004 Aug;75(2):330-7
15208781
Ann Rheum Dis. 1990 Oct;49(10):753-6
2241263
Ann Rheum Dis. 2003 Sep;62(9):835-41
12922955
Mediators Inflamm. 1993;2(6):423-8
18475558
Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2005 Nov-Dec;23(6):861-6
16396705
Ann Rheum Dis. 2001 Mar;60(3):223-7
11171682
Arthritis Rheum. 2006 Jan;54(1):38-46
16385494
Ann Rheum Dis. 2008 Nov;67(11):1529-34
18198196
Chest. 1993 Feb;103(2):479-83
8432140
Arch Pharm Res. 2008 Mar;31(3):337-41
18409047
Arthritis Rheum. 2007 Nov;56(11):3541-53
17968929
Rheumatol Int. 1981;1(3):145-6
7346969
J Immunol. 2001 Dec 1;167(11):6518-24
11714820
Nature. 2007 Jun 7;447(7145):661-78
17554300
Arthritis Rheum. 2006 Mar;54(3):733-41
16508937
Arthritis Res Ther. 2008;10(3):R51
18462485
Ann Rheum Dis. 2007 Aug;66(8):1066-71
17237117
Ann Rheum Dis. 1997 Aug;56(8):463-9
9306868
J Physiol Pharmacol. 2007 Nov;58 Suppl 5(Pt 1):263-74
18204136
Am J Physiol. 1994 Jan;266(1 Pt 1):L92-100
8304473
N Engl J Med. 2007 Sep 20;357(12):1250-1
17804837
Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 1994 Feb;17(1):77-84
8004937
Mol Endocrinol. 2007 Jul;21(7):1617-29
17456793
Int J Cosmet Sci. 2007 Jun;29(3):147-68
18489346
Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 1994 Nov;11(5):631-7
7946392
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Feb 4;100(3):1169-73
12552119
Rheumatology (Oxford). 2008 Apr;47(4):399-402
18263596
Nature. 2003 Jan 23;421(6921):384-8
12508119
Arthritis Rheum. 2004 Oct;50(10):3085-92
15476204
Arthritis Rheum. 2008 Jul;58(7):1958-67
18576335
J Rheumatol. 1993 Nov;20(11):1830-5
8308766
Rheumatology (Oxford). 2006 Oct;45(10):1223-9
16585133
Rheumatology (Oxford). 2006 Jun;45(6):734-40
16403829
Arthritis Res Ther. 2003;5(3):R158-62
12723987
Int Immunol. 2004 Oct;16(10):1507-14
15339882
Neurochem Res. 2007 Feb;32(2):251-6
17031564
Biochemistry. 2006 Oct 3;45(39):11727-36
17002273
Ann Rheum Dis. 2006 Sep;65(9):1163-7
16887863
Biomed Pharmacother. 2004 Nov;58(9):527-30
15511611
Immunol Rev. 2005 Apr;204:74-86
15790351
J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2000 Aug;106(2):280-7
10932071
Ann Rheum Dis. 2008 Apr;67(4):466-70
17660221
J Rheumatol. 2001 Oct;28(10):2168-75
11669151
Ann Rheum Dis. 2009 May;68(5):648-53
18467516
Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2000 Sep;6(5):415-9
10958232
J Biochem. 2008 Sep;144(3):393-8
18583356
Arthritis Rheum. 2007 Jun;56(6):1745-53
17530703
Chem Immunol Allergy. 2007;93:161-180
17369705
Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2006;38(10):1662-77
16730216
Nature. 2000 May 25;405(6785):458-62
10839541
Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2000 Apr 1;164(1):65-72
10739745