title: Effects of gender on response to treatment with rivastigmine in mild cognitive impairment: A post hoc statistical modeling approach.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Epidemiologic studies have identified several demographic factors, including gender, that may influence the progression from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to Alzheimer's disease (AD).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This analysis aimed to develop a sensitive model for detecting treatment benefits in patients with MCI by controlling for factors that predict progression to AD. The study used this statistical modeling to investigate the effect of gender on treatment response in patients with MCI.
  
  
  METHODS
  This post hoc analysis used data from the InDDEx (Investigation in Delay to Diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease with Exelon) study, a long-term (3- to 4-year), multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of rivastigmine 3- to 12-mg/d capsules in 1018 patients with MCI. Baseline variables that were significantly associated with progression to AD within the InDDEx study population were identified. A Cox proportional hazards multivariate regression model that adjusted for these predictive factors was applied to the overall study population and to the gender subgroups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 31 baseline variables analyzed, 13 were found to be significantly associated with progression to AD in the overall population. After adjustment using the Cox proportional hazards regression model, rivastigmine was associated with a significantly lower risk for progression to AD compared with placebo in the overall population (1016 patients; hazard ratio [HR] = 0.747; P = 0.045). This effect of rivastigmine was evident in women (530 patients; HR = 0.676; P = 0.046) but not in men.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In these patients with MCI, a significant decrease in the risk for progression to AD was found with rivastigmine over 3 to 4 years. The proportion of women whose disease progressed to AD was significantly lower in the rivastigmine group than the placebo group (P = 0.046). This effect was not found in men. These data suggest that prospectively adjusting for predictive factors could lead to a more accurate estimation of treatment benefits in future studies of MCI.
authors.affiliation: Alzheimer's Disease Center, Silberstein Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA. steven.ferris@nyumc.org
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ferris
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lane
authors.forename: Nikolaos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sfikas
authors.forename: Bengt
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Winblad
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Farlow
authors.forename: Howard H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Feldman
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D048448:Phenylcarbamates / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D000068836:Rivastigmine; D012737:Sex Factors
chemical_list: D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D048448:Phenylcarbamates; D000068836:Rivastigmine