title: High frequencies of exposure to the novel human parvovirus PARV4 in hemophiliacs and injection drug users, as detected by a serological assay for PARV4 antibodies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  PARV4 is a human parvovirus that was first detected in and cloned from an individual with a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seroconversion-like illness and that subsequently persisted in the lymphoid tissue and bone marrow. In contrast to human parvovirus B19 infections, PARV4 infections are most frequently detected in injection drug users (IDUs), particularly those who are coinfected with HIV type 1 (HIV-1). To investigate the routes of transmission of PARV4 and to ascertain whether infections are acquired through plasma-derived blood products, we developed a novel anti-PARV4 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to determine its seroprevalence in subjects with parenteral exposure.
  
  
  METHODS
  PARV4 viral protein 2 (VP2) was expressed and used as antigen in an indirect ELISA, to detect anti-PARV4 immunoglobulin G.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All 50 adult control subjects who were nonparenterally exposed to PARV4 were anti-PARV4 negative, in contrast to HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected IDUs, who had antibody frequencies of 67% and 33%, respectively. Predominantly parenteral transmission was confirmed by the finding of similar frequencies of infection among HIV-coinfected and HIV-uninfected hemophiliacs (11 of 20 individuals and 4 of 15 individuals, respectively) who were treated with nonvirally inactivated factor VIII/factor IX, whereas all but 1 of the 35 nonhemophiliac siblings of these siblings were found to be seronegative (despite having close household contact).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study provides convincing evidence that PARV4 is primarily transmitted parenterally. Evidence for widespread infection of hemophiliacs treated with nonvirally inactivated clotting factor creates fresh safety concerns for plasma-derived blood products, particularly because parvoviruses are relatively resistant to virus inactivation.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Colin P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Sharp
authors.forename: Alice
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lail
authors.forename: Sharyne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Donfield
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Simmons
authors.forename: Clifford
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Leen
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Klenerman
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Delwart
authors.forename: Edward D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Gomperts
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Simmonds
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood*; D036022:Capsid Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D002648:Child; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D005260:Female; D015967:Gene Expression Regulation, Viral / Q000502:physiology; D006467:Hemophilia A / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010322:Parvoviridae Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology; D017992:Parvovirus / Q000145:classification* / Q000276:immunology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012698:Serologic Tests; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000097:blood*; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D036022:Capsid Proteins; D014764:Viral Proteins
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