title: Temporal expression of cytokines in rat cutaneous, fascial, and intestinal wounds: a comparative study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies have shown that healing in intestinal wounds is proportionally faster than skin. Cytokines and growth factors play a major role in these coordinated wound-healing events. We hypothesized that this more rapid intestinal healing is due to an early upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, and IFN-gamma), followed by increases in the expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and growth factor TGF-beta.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four wounds (skin, fascia, small intestinal, and colonic anastomosis) were created in each of 48 juvenile male Sprague Dawley rats; tissue samples of each site were harvested at 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, and 14 days postoperatively (n = 8/group) and levels of IL-1beta, IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, IL-10 and TGF-beta expression from each site were measured using ELISA kits.
  
  
  RESULTS
  IL-1beta expression peaked earlier in small-intestinal and colonic wounds when compared to skin or fascia (e.g., small intestine: day 3 and colon day 5, P < 0.05 by ANOVA). Post-wounding levels of TNF-alpha were elevated in fascial wounds, but decreased in small-intestinal and colonic wounds. IFN-gamma levels were not significantly altered in any wounds. IL-10 showed a similar downregulation pattern in all wounds, while TGF-B levels were decreased in colonic and fascial wounds, but relatively unchanged in SI and skin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An earlier peak in IL-1beta levels and a consistent decrease in TNF-alpha were seen in healing intestinal tissues; but no clear pattern of increased anti-inflammatory or regulatory cytokines was seen, which might explain the earlier healing of intestinal tissues. Additional studies are required to determine the role of individual cytokines, or the intrinsic reactivity of the tissues may explain the site specific differences of healing rates in different tissues.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of Colorectal Surgery, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
authors.forename: Ahmad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zubaidi
authors.forename: W Donald
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Buie
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Hart
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sigalet
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003106:Colon / Q000276:immunology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D062109:Dermatologic Surgical Procedures; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005205:Fascia / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D000071938:Fasciotomy; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000378:metabolism; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000378:metabolism; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000276:immunology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D023421:Models, Animal; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012867:Skin / Q000276:immunology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative; D013997:Time Factors; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D014945:Wound Healing
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10; D007371:Interferon-gamma
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