title: Connexin channels and phospholipids: association and modulation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  For membrane proteins, lipids provide a structural framework and means to modulate function. Paired connexin hemichannels form the intercellular channels that compose gap junction plaques while unpaired hemichannels have regulated functions in non-junctional plasma membrane. The importance of interactions between connexin channels and phospholipids is poorly understood.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Endogenous phospholipids most tightly associated with purified connexin26 or connexin32 hemichannels or with junctional plaques in cell membranes, those likely to have structural and/or modulatory effects, were identified by tandem electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry using class-specific interpretative methods. Phospholipids were characterized by headgroup class, charge, glycerol-alkyl chain linkage and by acyl chain length and saturation. The results indicate that specific endogenous phospholipids are uniquely associated with either connexin26 or connexin32 channels, and some phospholipids are associated with both. Functional effects of the major phospholipid classes on connexin channel activity were assessed by molecular permeability of hemichannels reconstituted into liposomes. Changes to phospholipid composition(s) of the liposome membrane altered the activity of connexin channels in a manner reflecting changes to the surface charge/potential of the membrane and, secondarily, to cholesterol content. Together, the data show that connexin26 and connexin32 channels have a preference for tight association with unique anionic phospholipids, and that these, independent of headgroup, have a positive effect on the activity of both connexin26 and connexin32 channels. Additionally, the data suggest that the likely in vivo phospholipid modulators of connexin channel structure-function that are connexin isoform-specific are found in the cytoplasmic leaflet. A modulatory role for phospholipids that promote negative curvature is also inferred.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study is the first to identify (endogenous) phospholipids that tightly associate with connexin channels. The finding that specific phospholipids are associated with different connexin isoforms suggests connexin-specific regulatory and/or structural interactions with lipid membranes. The results are interpreted in light of connexin channel function and cell biology, as informed by current knowledge of lipid-protein interactions and membrane biophysics. The intimate involvement of distinct phospholipids with different connexins contributes to channel structure and/or function, as well as plaque integrity, and to modulation of connexin channels by lipophilic agents.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey 07103, USA. lockeda@umdnj.edu
authors.forename: Darren
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Locke
authors.forename: Andrew L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Harris
mesh_terms: D002784:Cholesterol / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D000072259:Connexin 26; D017630:Connexins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D017629:Gap Junctions / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D008081:Liposomes / Q000378:metabolism*; D010539:Permeability; D010743:Phospholipids / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D011485:Protein Binding / Q000502:physiology; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000378:metabolism; D020836:Protein Structure, Quaternary; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D000097002:Gap Junction beta-1 Protein
chemical_list: D002784:Cholesterol; D000072259:Connexin 26; D017630:Connexins; D008081:Liposomes; D010743:Phospholipids; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D000097002:Gap Junction beta-1 Protein; C000607042:GJB2 protein, human
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