title: Simple and rapid analysis of aristolochic acid contained in crude drugs and Kampo formulations with solid-phase extraction and HPLC photodiode-array detection.
abstract: Simple and rapid analysis of aristolochic acid (AA) in crude drugs and Kampo extracts using a solid-phase extraction method and HPLC-PDA analysis was investigated. Extraction of AA from samples was accomplished by adding methanol containing 1% ammonia. The addition of ammonia ionized the AA of acidic substances so that they adhered to an acrylamide copolymer of a strong anion exchange resin (Sep-Pak QMA) coupled to diol silica easily. Furthermore, a mixture of acetonitrile-water-phosphoric acid (75:25:2, v/v) was effective in isolating AA from its carrier. Since almost all interfering peaks originating from contaminants in crude drugs and Kampo extract formulations could be removed, a satisfactory HPLC chromatogram of AA was obtained. A good result was also obtained when Aristolochiaceae and crude drugs containing AA were tested. Particularly in the case of the medicinal parts of Asarum, several interfering peaks and a ghost peak detected near the AA peak were eliminated. The AA contents of two Kampo extract formulations, tokishigyakukagoshuyushokyoto and ryutanshakanto, were calculated by HPLC analysis. The AA content (the sum of AA-I and AA-II) was 1.25-6.13 mg per daily dose. From an additional recovery experiment for Kampo formulations, high recovery rates of AA were obtained. Neither LC/MS nor special instrumentation was necessary. Our results suggest that this simple, quick, and sensitive analytical method to detect AA in crude drugs and Kampo extract formulations would be valuable in safety inspections of AA in crude drugs and their products.
authors.affiliation: Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 1-3-69 Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-0025, Japan. ktyamasa@iph.pref.osaka.jp
authors.forename: Katsuhiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamasaki
authors.forename: Takaomi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tagami
authors.forename: Masami
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kawaguchi
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Okihashi
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takatori
authors.forename: Yoshikazu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sakagami
authors.forename: Setsuko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sekita
authors.forename: Motoyoshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Satake
mesh_terms: D034341:Aristolochic Acids / Q000032:analysis*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D020835:Medicine, Kampo; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D034341:Aristolochic Acids; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal; C000228:aristolochic acid I; C042310:aristolochic acid II
references.citation: Food Chem Toxicol. 2003 Jan;41(1):29-36
references.pmid: 12453725
references.citation: J Chromatogr A. 2008 Feb 22;1182(1):85-92
references.pmid: 18215398
references.citation: Anal Bioanal Chem. 2004 Jan;378(2):388-90
references.pmid: 13680054
references.citation: Pharmazie. 2002 Oct;57(10):686-9
references.pmid: 12426949
references.citation: Lancet. 2006 Jul 22;368(9532):338
references.pmid: 16860704
references.citation: J Chromatogr A. 2000 Dec 22;904(1):57-64
references.pmid: 11209901
references.citation: J Chromatogr A. 2007 Sep 14;1164(1-2):113-9
references.pmid: 17631302
references.citation: Nihon Jinzo Gakkai Shi. 1997 May;39(4):438-40
references.pmid: 9198368
references.citation: J AOAC Int. 2007 Jul-Aug;90(4):925-33
references.pmid: 17760329
references.citation: Nihon Jinzo Gakkai Shi. 2005;47(4):474-80
references.pmid: 15971892
references.citation: Nihon Jinzo Gakkai Shi. 1997 Dec;39(8):794-7
references.pmid: 9483946
references.citation: J Chromatogr A. 2004 Sep 17;1049(1-2):211-7
references.pmid: 15499935
references.citation: J Ethnopharmacol. 1999 Feb;64(2):185-9
references.pmid: 10197755
references.citation: J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2002 Jan 5;766(1):169-74
references.pmid: 11820292
references.citation: Lancet. 1993 Feb 13;341(8842):387-91
references.pmid: 8094166