title: The use of fixatives for response to a radiation dispersal devise attack--a review of the current (2009) state-of-the-art.
abstract: Radiation dispersal devices (RDDs), or dirty bombs, are terrorist weapons designed to scatter radioactive materials in large urban areas. Although the main intent of a RDD is to produce general panic and chaos, other impacts such as health, environmental, property and economical damage may also occur. Although one certain method of reducing health risks from a RDD event is to remove the radioactive contaminants from the environment immediately, rapid cleanup after a RDD event may be impossible in many cases. However, preventing the migration of the radioactive contaminant is crucial. Although it may be necessary to allow the contaminant to remain in place, preventing its migration is still essential. Fixatives can reduce or eliminating migration potential of a contaminant introduced by a RDD. This paper reviews the significance of fixatives in response to a RDD event and some of the products which have been identified for such a purpose. Many of the products are promising for application. However, many reports lack quantitative information to allow for effective comparative evaluation. Further, key parameters, such as shelf life and product toxicity, are not typically evaluated. We recommend that standardized performance parameters be established to allow for better comparative evaluation.
authors.affiliation: Physical Science Laboratory, New Mexico State University, MSC PSL, Las Cruces, NM 88003-8001, USA. rparra@psl.nmsu.edu
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Parra
authors.forename: V F
authors.initials: VF
authors.lastname: Medina
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Conca
mesh_terms: D000336:Aerosols / Q000737:chemistry; D000538:Aluminum Silicates / Q000737:chemistry; D054042:Bombs; D000077215:Clay; D052918:Environmental Restoration and Remediation / Q000379:methods; D006838:Hydrocarbons / Q000737:chemistry; D007700:Kinetics; D008031:Lignin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000737:chemistry; D011834:Radiation Monitoring; D011835:Radiation Protection / Q000379:methods*; D011837:Radiation-Protective Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D018788:Radioactive Hazard Release; D023481:Terrorism; D017641:Zeolites / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D000538:Aluminum Silicates; D006838:Hydrocarbons; D011837:Radiation-Protective Agents; D017641:Zeolites; C006647:asphalt; C001545:lignosulfuric acid; D008031:Lignin; D000077215:Clay