title: Effects of erythropoietin on emotional processing biases in patients with major depression: an exploratory fMRI study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Erythropoietin (Epo) has neurotrophic effects and may be a novel therapeutic agent in the treatment of depression. We have found antidepressant-like effects of Epo on emotional processing and mood in healthy volunteers.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The current study aimed to explore the effects of Epo on the neural processing of emotional information in depressed patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventeen patients with acute major depressive disorder were randomised to receive Epo (40,000 IU) or saline iv in a double-blind, parallel-group design. On day 3, we assessed neural responses to positive, negative and neutral pictures during fMRI followed by picture recall after the scan. Mood and blood parameters were assessed at baseline and on day 3.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Epo reduced neural response to negative vs. positive pictures 3 days post-administration in a network of areas including the hippocampus, ventromedial prefrontal and parietal cortex. After the scan, Epo-treated patients showed improved memory compared with those that were given placebo. The effects occurred in the absence of changes in mood or haematological parameters, suggesting that they originated from direct neurobiological actions of Epo.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings are similar to the effects of conventional antidepressants and opposite to the negative biases in depression. The central effects of Epo therefore deserve further investigation as a potential antidepressant mechanism.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark. kamilla@miskowiak.dk
authors.forename: Kamilla W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Miskowiak
authors.forename: Elisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Favaron
authors.forename: Sepehr
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hafizi
authors.forename: Becky
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Inkster
authors.forename: Guy M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Goodwin
authors.forename: Philip J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Cowen
authors.forename: Catherine J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Harmer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015982:Bias; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D001931:Brain Mapping; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004644:Emotions / Q000187:drug effects*; D004921:Erythropoietin / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005149:Facial Expression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D011930:Reaction Time; D021641:Recognition, Psychology / Q000187:drug effects; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D004921:Erythropoietin; D010100:Oxygen
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