title: The angiogenic factor midkine is regulated by dexamethasone and retinoic acid during alveolarization and in alveolar epithelial cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A precise balance exists between the actions of endogenous glucocorticoids (GC) and retinoids to promote normal lung development, in particular during alveolarization. The mechanisms controlling this balance are largely unknown, but recent evidence suggests that midkine (MK), a retinoic acid-regulated, pro-angiogenic growth factor, may function as a critical regulator. The purpose of this study was to examine regulation of MK by GC and RA during postnatal alveolar formation in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Newborn rats were treated with dexamethasone (DEX) and/or all-trans-retinoic acid (RA) during the first two weeks of life. Lung morphology was assessed by light microscopy and radial alveolar counts. MK mRNA and protein expression in response to different treatment were determined by Northern and Western blots. In addition, MK protein expression in cultured human alveolar type 2-like cells treated with DEX and RA was also determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lung histology confirmed that DEX treatment inhibited and RA treatment stimulated alveolar formation, whereas concurrent administration of RA with DEX prevented the DEX effects. During normal development, MK expression was maximal during the period of alveolarization from postnatal day 5 (PN5) to PN15. DEX treatment of rat pups decreased, and RA treatment increased lung MK expression, whereas concurrent DEX+RA treatment prevented the DEX-induced decrease in MK expression. Using human alveolar type 2 (AT2)-like cells differentiated in culture, we confirmed that DEX and cAMP decreased, and RA increased MK expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that MK is expressed by AT2 cells, and is differentially regulated by corticosteroid and retinoid treatment in a manner consistent with hormonal effects on alveolarization during postnatal lung development.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA. zhangh@email.chop.edu
authors.forename: Huayan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Samuel J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Garber
authors.forename: Zheng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.forename: Joseph P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Foley
authors.forename: Gopi S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Mohan
authors.forename: Minesh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jobanputra
authors.forename: Feige
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kaplan
authors.forename: Neil B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Sweezey
authors.forename: Linda W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Gonzales
authors.forename: Rashmin C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Savani
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D042501:Angiogenic Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D000078792:Midkine; D011650:Pulmonary Alveoli / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013997:Time Factors; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D042501:Angiogenic Proteins; D016207:Cytokines; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D000078792:Midkine; D014212:Tretinoin; D003907:Dexamethasone; D000242:Cyclic AMP
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