The old and new therapeutic approaches to the treatment of giardiasis: where are we?
Giardia lamblia is the causative agent of giardiasis, one of the most common parasitic infections of the human intestinal tract. This disease most frequently affects children causing abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, acute or chronic diarrhea, and malabsorption syndrome. In undernourished children, giardiasis is a determining factor in retarded physical and mental development. Antigiardial chemotherapy focuses on the trophozoite stage. Metronidazole and other nitroimidazoles have been used for decades as the therapy of choice against giardiasis. In recent years many other drugs have been proposed for the treatment of giardiasis. Therefore, several synthetic and natural substances have been tested in search of new giardicidal compounds. This study is a review of drugs used in in vitro and in vivo tests, and also drugs tested in clinical trials (nonrandomized and randomized).
Busatti
Haendel G N O
HG
Departmento de Parasitologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brasil.
Santos
Joseph F G
JF
Gomes
Maria A
MA
Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1999 Mar;30(1):78-83
10695793
J Infect Dis. 1983 Feb;147(2):217-21
6827138
Indian Pediatr. 1972 Mar;9(3):143-6
4555485
Adv Parasitol. 1979;17:1-47
395833
Curr Med Res Opin. 1977;5(2):164-8
340134
Eur J Med Chem. 2006 Jan;41(1):135-41
16260067
Comb Chem High Throughput Screen. 2002 Sep;5(6):481-7
12470277
Parasite. 2000 Sep;7(3):221-6
11031759
J Parasitol. 1983 Oct;69(5):802-5
6672162
Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1985 Feb;27(2):227-9
3985604
J Ethnopharmacol. 2006 Dec 6;108(3):367-70
16846708
J Antimicrob Chemother. 1984 Nov;14(5):449-61
6511706
Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1989 Sep-Oct;83(5):647
2694502
J Trop Med Hyg. 1978 Jul;81(7):139-40
359826
Phytother Res. 2005 Aug;19(8):725-7
16177979
Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007 Jul 18;(2):CD000217
17636622
Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2003 Nov;2(6):529-41
14585063
Presse Med (1893). 1962 Jan 6;70:15-6
13883519
Scand J Infect Dis. 1981;13(4):311-2
7313587
J Infect Dis. 1992 Jun;165(6):1170-1
1583344
Parasitol Res. 2007 Aug;101(3):819-21
17387517
J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2003 Jun 1;222(11):1548-51
12784960
Proc West Pharmacol Soc. 2005;48:92-9
16416670
Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1988;82(1):104-6
3176140
Parasitology. 2004 Jun;128(Pt 6):595-602
15206461
J Infect Dis. 1982 Apr;145(4):499-504
7069230
Parasitology. 1998 Sep;117 ( Pt 3):229-34
9774787
Crit Rev Microbiol. 2002;28(2):123-47
12109771
Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1991 Jan-Feb;85(1):67-9
2068765
Microb Drug Resist. 1996 Winter;2(4):433-4
9158815
J Ethnopharmacol. 2006 Dec 6;108(3):395-7
16824716
Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1992 Sep-Oct;86(5):517-9
1475820
J Chemother. 1995 Feb;7(1):55-7
7629561
Am J Dis Child. 1981 Feb;135(2):164-6
7468550
Indian J Med Res. 1976 Jul;64(7):1015-8
992824
Scand J Infect Dis. 1978;10(3):243-6
362519
Parasitol Today. 1993 May;9(5):183-6
15463749
Clin Microbiol Infect. 2004 Jun;10(6):527-9
15191380
Scand J Infect Dis. 2002;34(12):918-20
12587625
Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 1993 Apr;87(2):169-78
8561524
Am J Hyg. 1954 Mar;59(2):209-20
13138586
J Ethnopharmacol. 1997 May;56(3):233-6
9201614
Indian Pediatr. 1995 Mar;32(3):291-4
8613282
Science. 1983 Sep 23;221(4617):1290-2
6310751
Toxicol In Vitro. 2001 Aug-Oct;15(4-5):297-301
11566552
Rev Invest Clin. 2003 Jul-Aug;55(4):444-7
14635610
Am J Dis Child. 1975 Jul;129(7):866
1096596
Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1979 Jan;28(1):19-23
434310
Vet Parasitol. 2004 Dec 9;126(1-2):37-56
15567578
Exp Parasitol. 2001 Jan;97(1):9-14
11207109
Int J Parasitol. 1990 Jul;20(4):489-96
2210942
Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol. 1985 Jan;47(1):145-8
3983467
Drugs. 1978;15 Suppl 1:30-2
657994
Int J Parasitol. 2005 Oct;35(11-12):1181-90
16159658
Med J Malaysia. 1998 Dec;53(4):408-12
10971985
J Int Med Res. 1997 May-Jun;25(3):167-70
9178149
Ann Soc Belg Med Trop. 1994 Mar;74(1):51-9
8024350
J Trop Med Hyg. 1987 Feb;90(1):9-12
3546716
Exp Parasitol. 2008 Apr;118(4):449-57
18083166
Exp Parasitol. 2006 Jul;113(3):135-41
16473351
Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2001 Sep;15(9):1409-15
11552913
Vet Parasitol. 2001 May 22;97(2):85-99
11358624
Arq Gastroenterol. 1987 Apr-Jun;24(2):102-12
3333125
Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1998 Jun;42(6):1488-92
9624499
Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1990 Jun;42(6):538-45
2372087
Int J Parasitol. 1993 Feb;23(1):35-9
8468134
East Mediterr Health J. 1999 Mar;5(2):389-90
10793818
Adv Parasitol. 1993;32:71-160
8237618
Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1991 Nov;10(11):963-5
1794369
Parasitol Res. 1991;77(2):109-14
2027878
Clin Microbiol Rev. 2001 Jan;14(1):150-64
11148007
Phytomedicine. 2006 Feb;13(3):170-5
16428024
J Ethnopharmacol. 1995 Apr;46(1):17-23
7475119
Infect Immun. 2002 Jan;70(1):11-8
11748158
Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1977 May;26(3):564-5
869108
J Pediatr. 1986 Jun;108(6):1005-10
3519912
Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2006 Jan;50(1):162-70
16377682
Ann Intern Med. 1980 Dec;93(6):802-5
6255845
Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl. 1989;169:65-9
2694346
Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1985 Jan;27(1):65-70
3872626
J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 2001 Aug;31(2):419-28
11478442
Lancet. 1979 Dec 22-29;2(8156-8157):1373
92716
J Infect Dis. 1983 Feb;147(2):222-6
6827139
Clin Exp Immunol. 1994 Mar;95(3):485-9
8137543
Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 2003 Jul;97(5):499-504
12930613
World J Gastroenterol. 2006 Oct 21;12(39):6366-70
17072963
Acta Trop. 2006 May;98(2):152-61
16678115
Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1990 Sep-Oct;84(5):694
2278074
J Trop Pediatr. 2001 Jun;47(3):176-8
11419683
Clin Microbiol Rev. 2001 Jan;14(1):114-28
11148005
East Mediterr Health J. 2006 Sep;12(5):548-54
17333792
J Parasitol. 2002 Oct;88(5):869-73
12435122
Infection. 1978;6(2):92-4
649204
Phytother Res. 1999 Mar;13(2):102-5
10190180
World J Gastroenterol. 2004 Apr 15;10(8):1215-7
15069729
J Clin Microbiol. 1985 May;21(5):678-80
3998096
Indian Pediatr. 1978 Jan;15(1):51-6
669778
Eur J Pharm Sci. 2004 Feb;21(2-3):323-9
14757505
J Infect Dis. 2001 Aug 1;184(3):381-4
11443569
Indian J Med Res. 1979 Aug;70:195-8
521089
Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1999 Jan;43(1):73-6
9869568
Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2006 Jan;50(1):344-7
16377707
Invest Clin. 2000 Sep;41(3):179-88
11029834
Arzneimittelforschung. 1975 Jan;25(1):9-14
167793
Med Sci Monit. 2008 Jan;14(1):CR19-23
18160940
J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 2007 Apr;37(1):189-204
17580577
Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1978 Jul;27(4):758-61
686240
Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1990 Mar-Apr;84(2):246-8
2167523
Phytother Res. 2007 Jan;21(1):78-80
17094176
Scand J Infect Dis. 2006;38(6-7):479-81
16798698
Scand J Infect Dis. 1996;28(5):493-5
8953680
Trends Parasitol. 2003 Nov;19(11):523-6
14580964
Q J Med. 1989 Mar;70(263):191-204
2690172
Int J Parasitol. 1995 May;25(5):593-9
7635637
J Antibiot (Tokyo). 1953 Dec;6(4):182
13152032
Parasitol Res. 2005 Oct;97(3):191-200
15991042
Curr Med Res Opin. 2006 Nov;22(11):2131-6
17076973
Fitoterapia. 2005 Jul;76(5):466-8
15975735
Parasitol Res. 1991;77(4):325-8
1866421
J Clin Invest. 1994 Dec;94(6):2283-8
7989583
Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1995 Apr;52(4):318-21
7741168
Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1978 Jan;27(1 Pt 1):201-2
626273
Methods. 2007 Aug;42(4):339-48
17560322
Indian Pediatr. 1995 Jul;32(7):779-82
8617554
Vet Parasitol. 2004 Dec 9;126(1-2):15-35
15567577
Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2007 Aug;8(12):1885-902
17696791
Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2001 Dec;65(6):705-10
11791961
J Infect Dis. 1984 Jan;149(1):90-7
6363569
Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2002 Dec;33(4):711-7
12757214
J Trop Med Hyg. 1970 Jan;73(1):15-8
5416200
J Ethnopharmacol. 2007 Feb 12;109(3):552-4
17052875
Parasitol Res. 1995;81(7):582-90
7479650
Ann Inst Pasteur (Paris). 1959 Feb;96(2):238-41
13627590
Acta Trop. 2004 Nov-Dec;92(3):237-44
15533293
J Eukaryot Microbiol. 2002 May-Jun;49(3):201-8
12120985
Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1980 Jun;11(2):280-4
7434079
Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl. 1989;169:39-46
2694341
Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1991 Sep-Oct;85(5):620-1
1664150
Pediatrics. 2007 Oct;120(4):e846-55
17908741
J Infect Dis. 1982 Jan;145(1):89-93
7054320
Parasitol Res. 2006 Mar;98(4):339-44
16378220
Indian J Pediatr. 1994 Nov-Dec;61(6):689-93
7721374
Parasitol Res. 2007 Dec;102(1):145-9
17906962
Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 2003 Jun;97(4):367-71
12831522