title: Membrane oestrogen receptor alpha signalling to cell functions.
abstract: Conservation of steroid hormone action outside the nucleus occurs from plants that make brassinosteroids to higher metazoans (primates). In plants, steroid hormone action occurs when the brassinosteroids bind a membrane tyrosine kinase receptor. Ligated receptors for all sex steroids exist at the plasma membrane and rapidly signal through G proteins to second messengers including calcium, cAMP and cGMP, activating proximal and more distal kinases. These signal cascades impact many functions of steroid hormones, responsible for the biological actions of these molecules. Support also exists for membrane-localized receptors of other members of the steroid superfamily, responding to glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, thyroid hormone, and vitamin D. The nature of these receptors is in some cases unclear. Steroid receptors also exist in discrete cytoplasmic organelles, most notably the mitochondria, although the functions of these receptors are poorly understood. In this review, I highlight the essential elements of the membrane oestrogen receptor alpha, noting where conserved aspects exist for other steroid receptors.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, Long Beach, CA 90822, USA. ellis.levin@med.va.gov
authors.forename: Ellis R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Levin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000502:physiology*; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha
references.citation: Endocrinology. 1999 Aug;140(8):3805-14
references.pmid: 10433242
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2006 Mar 10;281(10):6760-7
references.pmid: 16407188
references.citation: Endocrinology. 2008 Jul;149(7):3361-9
references.pmid: 18372323
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Dec 1;90(23):11162-6
references.pmid: 8248223
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 2003 Mar;23(5):1633-46
references.pmid: 12588983
references.citation: Nature. 1977 Jan 6;265(5589):69-72
references.pmid: 834244
references.citation: Mol Biol Cell. 2009 Jul;20(14):3374-89
references.pmid: 19477925
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2007 Aug 3;282(31):22278-88
references.pmid: 17535799
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2005 May 20;280(20):19704-10
references.pmid: 15764600
references.citation: Endocrinology. 2009 Apr;150(4):1563-5
references.pmid: 19307418
references.citation: Mol Endocrinol. 2009 Mar;23(3):349-59
references.pmid: 19131510
references.citation: Mol Endocrinol. 2006 Sep;20(9):1996-2009
references.pmid: 16645038
references.citation: Endocr Rev. 2007 Dec;28(7):726-41
references.pmid: 17916740
references.citation: Endocrinology. 2008 Oct;149(10):4846-56
references.pmid: 18566127
references.citation: Mol Endocrinol. 2002 Jan;16(1):100-15
references.pmid: 11773442
references.citation: Mol Biol Cell. 2005 Jan;16(1):231-7
references.pmid: 15496458
references.citation: Mol Endocrinol. 2000 Oct;14(10):1649-60
references.pmid: 11043579
references.citation: Mol Endocrinol. 2005 Apr;19(4):833-42
references.pmid: 15695368
references.citation: Mol Endocrinol. 2007 Jun;21(6):1370-80
references.pmid: 17405905
references.citation: Nature. 2004 Nov 18;432(7015):316-23
references.pmid: 15549093
references.citation: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1999 Sep 16;263(1):257-62
references.pmid: 10486286
references.citation: Mol Endocrinol. 2002 May;16(5):938-46
references.pmid: 11981029
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2009 Feb 6;284(6):3488-95
references.pmid: 19054762
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1967 Oct;58(4):1711-8
references.pmid: 4295833
references.citation: Mol Endocrinol. 1999 Feb;13(2):307-19
references.pmid: 9973260
references.citation: Annu Rev Biochem. 2004;73:39-85
references.pmid: 15189136
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2005 Jul 15;280(28):26339-48
references.pmid: 15899894
references.citation: Science. 2005 Mar 11;307(5715):1625-30
references.pmid: 15705806