title: Atherosclerosis risk factors in systemic lupus erythematosus.
abstract: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) has emerged as a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Growing evidence suggests that inflammation plays a key role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis from initial endothelial dysfunction to rupture of atheromatous plaques. The increased frequency of atherosclerosis in SLE is likely due to a complex interplay among traditional risk factors, disease-related factors such as medications and disease activity, and inflammatory and immunogenic factors. Identification of these novel risk factors will lead to a better understanding of CVD pathogenesis and may also provide targets for potential treatment strategies. When caring for SLE patients, clinicians should be aware of the increased CVD risk and treat the known modifiable risk factors in addition to controlling disease activity and inflammation.
authors.affiliation: Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
authors.forename: Surabhi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Agarwal
authors.forename: Jennifer R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Elliott
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Manzi
mesh_terms: D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000150:complications; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology; D012307:Risk Factors
references.citation: Am J Med. 1975 Feb;58(2):243-64
references.pmid: 1115070
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2003 Dec 18;349(25):2399-406
references.pmid: 14681505
references.citation: Circulation. 1995 Jan 1;91(1):23-7
references.pmid: 7805207
references.citation: Arthritis Rheum. 2006 Aug;54(8):2541-9
references.pmid: 16868975
references.citation: Ann Rheum Dis. 2003 Sep;62(9):846-50
references.pmid: 12922957
references.citation: Lupus. 2006;15(2):80-6
references.pmid: 16539278
references.citation: Am J Cardiol. 2008 Sep 15;102(6):755-60
references.pmid: 18774002
references.citation: Circulation. 2004 Jul 27;110(4):399-404
references.pmid: 15262847
references.citation: Ann Rheum Dis. 2007 Feb;66(2):208-14
references.pmid: 16901956
references.citation: Circulation. 2004 Feb 10;109(5):647-55
references.pmid: 14744975
references.citation: J Rheumatol. 2006 Mar;33(3):539-45
references.pmid: 16463434
references.citation: Diabetes. 1992 Oct;41 Suppl 2:97-101
references.pmid: 1526345
references.citation: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1997 Nov;17(11):3159-63
references.pmid: 9409306
references.citation: Autoimmun Rev. 2009 Feb;8(4):309-15
references.pmid: 18976721
references.citation: Atherosclerosis. 2000 Jan;148(1):171-7
references.pmid: 10580183
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2003 Feb 13;348(7):593-600
references.pmid: 12584367
references.citation: Hypertension. 2001 Apr;37(4):1075-82
references.pmid: 11304506
references.citation: J Lipid Res. 2003 Apr;44(4):716-26
references.pmid: 12562869
references.citation: Arteriosclerosis. 1989 Sep-Oct;9(5):579-92
references.pmid: 2528948
references.citation: Arthritis Rheum. 2006 Jul;54(7):2220-7
references.pmid: 16802358
references.citation: Rheumatology (Oxford). 2008 Oct;47(10):1476-83
references.pmid: 18660509
references.citation: Lupus. 2003;12(6):454-61
references.pmid: 12873047
references.citation: Arthritis Rheum. 2007 Oct;56(10):3412-9
references.pmid: 17907140
references.citation: Arthritis Rheum. 2001 Oct;44(10):2331-7
references.pmid: 11665973
references.citation: Am J Med. 1976 Feb;60(2):221-5
references.pmid: 1251849
references.citation: Am J Med. 1994 Mar;96(3):254-9
references.pmid: 8154514
references.citation: J Rheumatol. 2008 Jul;35(7):1300-6
references.pmid: 18484694
references.citation: Circulation. 2001 Oct 16;104(16):1887-93
references.pmid: 11602489
references.citation: J Autoimmun. 2000 Sep;15(2):145-51
references.pmid: 10968901
references.citation: JAMA. 2007 Jul 11;298(2):187-93
references.pmid: 17622600
references.citation: J Rheumatol. 2002 Feb;29(2):292-7
references.pmid: 11842823
references.citation: Arthritis Rheum. 1999 Jan;42(1):51-60
references.pmid: 9920014
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 1999 Jan 14;340(2):115-26
references.pmid: 9887164
references.citation: Medicine (Baltimore). 1992 Sep;71(5):291-302
references.pmid: 1522805
references.citation: Am J Pathol. 2000 Jan;156(1):7-14
references.pmid: 10623647
references.citation: Arthritis Rheum. 1999 Feb;42(2):338-46
references.pmid: 10025929
references.citation: JAMA. 1992 Aug 19;268(7):877-81
references.pmid: 1640615
references.citation: Arthritis Rheum. 2006 Dec 15;55(6):892-9
references.pmid: 17139666
references.citation: Clin Rheumatol. 2002 Nov;21(6):520-4
references.pmid: 12447639
references.citation: Circulation. 2001 Sep 18;104(12):1336-42
references.pmid: 11560847
references.citation: Clin Exp Immunol. 1994 Sep;97(3):439-44
references.pmid: 7521807
references.citation: Arthritis Rheum. 2003 Sep;48(9):2533-40
references.pmid: 13130473
references.citation: Exp Mol Pathol. 2001 Jun;70(3):317-25
references.pmid: 11418010
references.citation: Arthritis Rheum. 2008 Mar;58(3):835-42
references.pmid: 18311797
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2003 Dec 18;349(25):2407-15
references.pmid: 14681506
references.citation: Circulation. 2001 May 29;103(21):2531-4
references.pmid: 11382718
references.citation: Lancet. 1996 Oct 26;348(9035):1120-4
references.pmid: 8888164
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2005 Apr 21;352(16):1685-95
references.pmid: 15843671
references.citation: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2008 Jan-Feb;26(1):32-8
references.pmid: 18328144
references.citation: Circulation. 2000 Oct 31;102(18):2165-8
references.pmid: 11056086
references.citation: Clin Exp Immunol. 1997 Mar;107(3):569-73
references.pmid: 9067534
references.citation: Circulation. 2004 Oct 26;110(17):2552-8
references.pmid: 15505108
references.citation: Clin Chem. 2008 Jan;54(1):24-38
references.pmid: 18160725
references.citation: Blood. 2004 May 15;103(10):3677-83
references.pmid: 14726373
references.citation: Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2001 Apr-May;11(3-4):93-102
references.pmid: 11686009
references.citation: Arthritis Rheum. 2005 Jan;52(1):192-200
references.pmid: 15641060
references.citation: Am J Epidemiol. 1997 Mar 1;145(5):408-15
references.pmid: 9048514
references.citation: J Lipid Res. 2001 May;42(5):697-709
references.pmid: 11352976
references.citation: Arthritis Rheum. 2006 Feb;54(2):408-20
references.pmid: 16447217
references.citation: Scand J Rheumatol. 2008 Sep-Oct;37(5):352-9
references.pmid: 18666029
references.citation: Immunobiology. 2005;210(10):761-8
references.pmid: 16325495
references.citation: Arthritis Rheum. 2007 Nov;56(11):3759-69
references.pmid: 17968925
references.citation: Cytokine. 1992 Sep;4(5):361-8
references.pmid: 1420997