title: Suffering and posttraumatic growth in women with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): a qualitative/quantitative case study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In spite of the evident importance of suffering, the medical and psychological literature, with some exceptions, contains few contributions toward an understanding of its phenomenology, etiology, and alleviation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To enhance understanding of suffering in chronic physical disease, the authors applied qualitative content analysis to semistructured interviews with 12 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was intended to be exploratory, adopting a predominantly qualitative approach, supplemented with quantitative data. Case reports, complemented by psychometric and objective illness-related data, were used to elucidate a model of suffering and to explain its etiology and its interaction with personal growth.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Findings were consistent with the concept of suffering as a psychological process triggered and sustained by an appraised threat to the "Self" or "Personhood."
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results indicate that various types of suffering have to be differentiated. Recognizing personal growth in response to the illness-experience may reduce suffering.
authors.affiliation: correspondence and Ph.D., Dept. of Psychiatry, University Hospital Zurich, Culmannstrasse 8, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland. lutz.wittmann@usz.ch
authors.forename: Lutz
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wittmann
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sensky
authors.forename: Luzia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Meder
authors.forename: Beat
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Michel
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Stoll
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Büchi
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007406:Interview, Psychological; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000097:blood / Q000523:psychology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011594:Psychometrics; D011788:Quality of Life; D013315:Stress, Psychological