title: Medication errors: how reliable are the severity ratings reported to the national reporting and learning system?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine: (1) the reliability of the severity rating scale used by the National Reporting and Learning System (NRLS) in England and Wales for medication errors; and (2) the likelihood of reporting medication errors among healthcare professionals.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 900-bed acute university teaching hospital in the North West of England.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty healthcare professionals (10 doctors, 10 nurses, 10 pharmacists and 10 pharmacy technicians).
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were asked to complete a self-administered questionnaire containing nine medication error scenarios on two separate occasions. They were asked to rate the severity of each incident using the NRLS severity rating scale and also the likelihood of reporting the incident via the hospital incident reporting system. The
  
  
  METHODS
  included comparisons of severity ratings and likelihood of reporting by the four health professional groups. Test-retest reliability of the severity ratings was also examined within and between professional groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pharmacists and nurses were significantly more likely to report the errors if they had witnessed them (mean scores 36.3 and 36.2, respectively, compared with 27.9 for doctors, P < 0.001). Nurses and pharmacy technicians assigned higher severity ratings for medication errors (mean scores 23.6 and 25, respectively) than pharmacists or doctors (both 19.4). Both within and between healthcare professional groups, there was wide variation in the assignment of medication error severity ratings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There are marked differences in the severity ratings for medication errors graded against the NRLS severity criteria between different health professional groups and at different time points rated by the same individuals.
authors.affiliation: Pharmacy Department, University Hospital of South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, UK. steve.williams@uhsm.nhs.uk
authors.forename: Steven D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Darren M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Ashcroft
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D004739:England; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008297:Male; D008508:Medication Errors / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009726:Nurses / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010595:Pharmacists / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010607:Pharmacy Service, Hospital / Q000458:organization & administration; D010820:Physicians / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care / Q000379:methods; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012308:Risk Management; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires