title: Airborne influenza virus detection with four aerosol samplers using molecular and infectivity assays: considerations for a new infectious virus aerosol sampler.
abstract: As a first step in conducting studies of airborne influenza transmission, we compared the collection performance of an SKC Biosampler, a compact cascade impactor (CCI), Teflon filters, and gelatin filters by collecting aerosolized influenza virus in a one-pass aerosol chamber. Influenza virus infectivity was determined using a fluorescent focus assay and influenza virus nucleic acid (originating from viable and non-viable viruses) was measured using quantitative PCR. The results showed that the SKC Biosampler recovered and preserved influenza virus infectivity much better than the other samplers - the CCI, Teflon, and gelatin filters recovered only 7-22% of infectious viruses compared with the Biosampler. Total virus collection was not significantly different among the SKC Biosampler, the gelatin, and Teflon filters, but was significantly lower in the CCI. Results from this study show that a new sampler is needed for virus aerosol sampling, as commercially available samplers do not efficiently collect and conserve virus infectivity. Applications for a new sampler include studies of airborne disease transmission and bioterrorism monitoring. Design parameters for a new sampler include high collection efficiency for fine particles and liquid sampling media to preserve infectivity. Practical Implications New air samplers are needed to study infectious airborne viruses and learn about airborne disease transmission. As a first step in designing a new air sampler to collect influenza virus we evaluated four commercial samplers and determined necessary design parameters for a new collector.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fabian
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: McDevitt
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Houseman
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Milton
mesh_terms: D000336:Aerosols; D000391:Air Microbiology; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002460:Cell Line; D003588:Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D004285:Dogs; D006801:Humans; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000635:transmission; D009975:Orthomyxoviridae / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014773:Virology / Q000295:instrumentation*
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D004279:DNA, Viral; D012367:RNA, Viral
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