title: Depressive symptoms predict the subsequent risk of bodily pain in dialysis patients: Japan Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bodily pain and psychiatric distress are common symptoms in patients with dialysis. However, the temporal relationships have not yet been investigated. Objective. To evaluate the longitudinal association between depressive symptoms and subsequent risk of developing severe bodily pain in dialysis patients. Design. Prospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed bodily pain using a self-reported questionnaire and depressive symptoms using scores from the short version of Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Screening Index (CES-D) from 531 participants showing no/mild bodily pain at baseline, based on the Japan Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study, a cohort study of hemodialysis patients. To evaluate the relationship between depressive symptoms and development of severe bodily pain, multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 531 patients had a mean age of 57.9 years, 61.4% were male, and 33.1% had depressive symptoms. Logistic regression analysis revealed that depressive symptoms at baseline were significantly associated with higher odds of developing severe bodily pain during a 0.5- to 2.5-year follow-up period (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.13, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.36-3.33, P = 0.001). Further, patients with higher CES-D scores were likely to develop severe bodily pain (AOR = 1.09, 95% CI: 1.04-1.15, P = 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results of this study suggest that depressive symptoms measured by CES-D predict the future risk of developing severe bodily pain in dialysis patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan. yamamotoy2@gmail.com
authors.forename: Yosuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: Yasuaki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hayashino
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Akiba
authors.forename: Tadao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Akizawa
authors.forename: Yasushi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Asano
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.forename: Kiyoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kurokawa
authors.forename: Shunichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fukuhara
mesh_terms: D015331:Cohort Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy; D016015:Logistic Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010146:Pain / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome