title: [Pupillary dilatation monitoring to evaluate acute remifentanil tolerance in cardiac surgery].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Remifentanil is a powerful morphinic agonist often ordered for anaesthesia. The use of peroperative large doses of this opioid increases the risk to develop postoperative hyperalgesia and acute tolerance. But how early these effects can occur? Despite the fact that these effects could be masked during the preoperative time because of general anaesthesia, it seems they could occur precociously. In order to try to describe this time, this study evaluated the acute tolerance under general anaesthesia requiring large doses of remifentanil by using an effective peroperative monitoring of nociception: the continuous pupillary diameter monitoring.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this prospective observational clinical study, a continuous infusion of remifentanil was started at a range of 0.3 microg/kg/min after induction of anaesthesia by using propofol (TIVA), remifentanil bolus and cisatracurium. The pupil monitoring started 10 min later (T+10 min) and lasted until the surgical incision (T+65 min). So, there was no surgical stimulus during this time.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty patients undergoing major cardiac or vascular surgery were included in this study. The continuous pupil diameter evaluation showed a significant increase of the pupil diameter from T+45 min. No significant variation of heart rate, blood pressure, bispectral index (BIS) values were observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The development of acute remifentanil tolerance could possibly explain these results. If evaluations with continuous pupillary diameter monitoring are still limited, these results suggest that the use of powerful opioids such as remifentanil should be associated with a N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist agent, including short time administrations.
authors.affiliation: Service d'anesthésie réanimation 2, CHU de Bordeaux, groupe hospitalier Sud, avenue de Magellan, 33604 Pessac cedex, France.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Coquin
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tafer
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mazerolles
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Pouquet
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pfeiff
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Richebé
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Janvier
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures; D004361:Drug Tolerance; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D010880:Piperidines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011680:Pupil / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D000077208:Remifentanil; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D010880:Piperidines; D000077208:Remifentanil