title: A nanoconjugate Apaf-1 inhibitor protects mesothelial cells from cytokine-induced injury.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Inflammation may lead to tissue injury. We have studied the modulation of inflammatory milieu-induced tissue injury, as exemplified by the mesothelium. Peritoneal dialysis is complicated by peritonitis episodes that cause loss of mesothelium. Proinflammatory cytokines are increased in the peritoneal cavity during peritonitis episodes. However there is scarce information on the modulation of cell death by combinations of cytokines and on the therapeutic targets to prevent desmesothelization.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human mesothelial cells were cultured from effluents of stable peritoneal dialysis patients and from omentum of non-dialysis patients. Mesothelial cell death was studied in mice with S. aureus peritonitis and in mice injected with tumor necrosis factor alpha and interferon gamma. Tumor necrosis factor alpha and interferon gamma alone do not induce apoptosis in cultured mesothelial cells. By contrast, the cytokine combination increased the rate of apoptosis 2 to 3-fold over control. Cell death was associated with the activation of caspases and a pancaspase inhibitor prevented apoptosis. Specific caspase-8 and caspase-3 inhibitors were similarly effective. Co-incubation with both cytokines also impaired mesothelial wound healing in an in vitro model. However, inhibition of caspases did not improve wound healing and even impaired the long-term recovery from injury. By contrast, a polymeric nanoconjugate Apaf-1 inhibitor protected from apoptosis and allowed wound healing and long-term recovery. The Apaf-1 inhibitor also protected mesothelial cells from inflammation-induced injury in vivo in mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cooperation between tumor necrosis factor alpha and interferon gamma contributes to mesothelial injury and impairs the regenerative capacity of the monolayer. Caspase inhibition attenuates mesothelial cell apoptosis but does not facilitate regeneration. A drug targeting Apaf-1 allows protection from apoptosis as well as regeneration in the course of inflammation-induced tissue injury.
authors.affiliation: Dialysis Unit, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigación Nefrológica, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Beatriz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Santamaría
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Benito-Martin
authors.forename: Alvaro Conrado
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Ucero
authors.forename: Luiz Stark
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Aroeira
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Reyero
authors.forename: María Jesús
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Vicent
authors.forename: Mar
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Orzáez
authors.forename: Angel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Celdrán
authors.forename: Jaime
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Esteban
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Selgas
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ruíz-Ortega
authors.forename: Manuel López
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Cabrera
authors.forename: Jesús
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Egido
authors.forename: Enrique
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pérez-Payá
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ortiz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D053477:Apoptotic Protease-Activating Factor 1 / Q000502:physiology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000502:physiology*; D004848:Epithelium; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D010530:Peritoneal Dialysis
chemical_list: C506592:APAF1 protein, human; C506593:Apaf1 protein, mouse; D053477:Apoptotic Protease-Activating Factor 1; D016207:Cytokines
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