title: Cytomegalovirus resistance in solid organ transplant recipients treated with intravenous ganciclovir or oral valganciclovir.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The rate of cytomegalovirus (CMV) mutations conferring ganciclovir resistance was assessed in a trial comparing intravenous ganciclovir and oral valganciclovir for treatment of CMV disease in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Viral genes (UL97 and UL54) conferring ganciclovir resistance were amplified and sequenced from blood samples collected at days 0 (before therapy), 21 (end of induction) and 49 (end of maintenance).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall risk of developing a confirmed or probable ganciclovir resistance mutation during treatment was similar for patients treated with ganciclovir (2.3%) and valganciclovir (3.6%; P=0.51). A persistent viral load at day 21 was associated with a significant risk of ganciclovir resistance by day 49 (odds ratio 11.83; P=0.022). In multivariate analyses, presence of a confirmed ganciclovir resistance mutation was independently associated with virological failure (viral load > or =600 copies/ml) at days 21 and 49. One-third (3/9) of patients with confirmed CMV resistance mutations had recurrent CMV disease. The plasma half-life of confirmed ganciclovir-resistant UL97 mutants was significantly longer than that of wild-type strains, polymorphic variants and strains with mutations of unknown significance (P=0.045). Multiple UL54 mutations of unknown significance were found in clinical strains. Viral kinetic analysis of these latter strains revealed no effect (negative or positive) on in vivo viral fitness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Treatment with oral valganciclovir or intravenous ganciclovir results in similar and low rates of resistance mutations in SOT recipients. Patients with drug-resistant CMV strains often have virological failure and might have unfavourable clinical outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Infectious Disease Research Center of the Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec, Québec City, QC, Canada. Guy.Boivin@crchul.ulaval.ca
authors.forename: Guy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Boivin
authors.forename: Nathalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Goyette
authors.forename: Halvor
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rollag
authors.forename: Alan G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Jardine
authors.forename: Mark D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Pescovitz
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Asberg
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ives
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hartmann
authors.forename: Atul
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Humar
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003587:Cytomegalovirus / Q000187:drug effects*; D003586:Cytomegalovirus Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000821:virology; D004259:DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase / Q000235:genetics; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral / Q000235:genetics*; D015774:Ganciclovir / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D009154:Mutation; D016377:Organ Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D017853:Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor) / Q000235:genetics; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D000077562:Valganciclovir; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; C109367:UL54 protein, Human herpesvirus 5; D014764:Viral Proteins; D017853:Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor); C075365:ganciclovir kinase; D004259:DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase; D000077562:Valganciclovir; D015774:Ganciclovir