title: Middle short gyrus of the insula implicated in speech production: intracerebral electric stimulation of patients with epilepsy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Different lines of evidence have suggested an involvement of the insular cortex in speech production. These have included results from lesion studies, functional imaging techniques, and electrical stimulation of the human insular cortex during invasive evaluation of epileptic patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated 25 patients who had drug refractory focal epilepsy with at least one electrode stereotactically implanted in the insular cortex.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight responses to insular cortex electrical stimulation were reported by five patients as speech arrest (five responses) and a lowering of voice intensity (three responses).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Data from this study implicate the middle short gyrus of the insula in the production of speech and show the importance of intrainsular electrode implantation during invasive pre-resection evaluation by stereo-electroencephalography (SEEG) when speech arrest occurs early in seizure semiology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France. afif_acc@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Afif
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Afif
authors.forename: Lorella
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Minotti
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kahane
authors.forename: Dominique
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001037:Aphasia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000502:physiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D002648:Child; D004351:Drug Resistance; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004828:Epilepsies, Partial / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011300:Preoperative Care / Q000379:methods; D013060:Speech / Q000502:physiology*; D013238:Stereotaxic Techniques; D014833:Voice Quality / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants