title: Herd and cow characteristics affecting the odds of veterinary treatment for disease - a multilevel analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Research has indicated that a number of different factors affect whether an animal receives treatment or not when diseased. The aim of this paper was to evaluate if herd or individual animal characteristics influence whether cattle receives veterinary treatment for disease, and thereby also introduce misclassification in the disease recording system.
  
  
  METHODS
  The data consisted mainly of disease events reported by farmers during 2004. We modelled odds of receiving veterinary treatment when diseased, using two-level logistic regression models for cows and young animals (calves and heifers), respectively. Model parameters were estimated using three procedures, because these procedures have been shown, under some conditions, to produce biased estimates for multi-level models with binary outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cows located in herds mainly consisting of Swedish Holstein cows had higher odds for veterinary treatment than cows in herds mainly consisting of Swedish Red cows. Cows with a disease event early in lactation had higher odds for treatment than when the event occurred later in lactation. There were also higher odds for veterinary treatment of events for cows in January and April than in July and October. The odds for veterinary treatment of events in young animals were higher if the farmer appeared to be good at keeping records. Having a disease event at the same date as another animal increased the odds for veterinary treatment for all events in young animals, and for lameness, metabolic, udder and other disorders, but not for peripartum disorders, in cows. There were also differences in the odds for veterinary treatment between disease complexes, both for cows and young animals.The random effect of herd was significant in both models and accounted for 40-44% of the variation in the cow model and 30-46% in the young animal model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that cow and herd characteristics influence the odds for veterinary treatment and that this might bias the results from studies using data from the cattle disease database based on veterinary practice records.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden. marie.mork@kv.slu.se
authors.forename: Marie Jansson
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Mörk
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Emanuelson
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lindberg
authors.forename: Ivar
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Vågsholm
authors.forename: Agneta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Egenvall
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000379:methods*; D000818:Animals; D015982:Bias; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D003612:Dairying; D005260:Female; D016015:Logistic Models; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012307:Risk Factors; D012621:Seasons; D013045:Species Specificity; D014730:Veterinary Medicine / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
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