title: Implant stability and bone density: assessment of correlation in fresh cadavers using conventional and osteotome implant sockets.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the primary stability of implants placed in conventional and osteotome sites and to evaluate the level of correlation between cutting torque measurements, resonance frequency analysis (RFA), and bone density.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight human femoral heads were scanned with computed tomography for bone density measurements as Hounsfield units (HU), and individualized computed tomography-based surgical stents were prepared for placement of implants. Five implant sockets were prepared in each collum (CoF), caput (CaF), and trochanter (Tr-MM) section of the femoral heads using the conventional drilling technique or by a combination of drilling and use of an osteotome. Cutting-torque values (CTV) of the implants were measured by a manual torque wrench, followed by determination of implant stability quotients (ISQ) by RFA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The CTVs of implants were similar in the conventional group, but different in the osteotome group (P<0.05). There was a general tendency toward achieving higher CTV and ISQ values in CoF than CaF and Tr-MM (P<0.05), and measurements in CaF and Tr-MM were comparable (P>0.05). The mean HU of sites were similar, although CoF had higher HU values (P>0.05). CTV of implants in CaF and Tr-MM and ISQ values in CoF in the conventional groups were higher than those in the osteotome groups (P<0.05). The correlation between CTV and HU in Tr-MM was significant in the osteotome group, although no other correlations between CTV, ISQ, and HU could be detected (P>0.025).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Conventional placement led to higher implant stability than the drilling and osteotome technique used in the study. No correlation could be found between CTV, RFA, and bone density.
authors.affiliation: Section of Prosthodontics, CosmORAL Oral and Dental Health Polyclinics, Ankara, Turkey. mcehreli@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Murat Cavit
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Cehreli
authors.forename: Ali Murat
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kökat
authors.forename: Ayhan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Comert
authors.forename: Murat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Akkocaoğlu
authors.forename: Ibrahim
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Tekdemir
authors.forename: Kivanç
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Akça
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015519:Bone Density; D003758:Dental Implantation, Endosseous / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D015921:Dental Implants; D017268:Dental Prosthesis Retention; D019232:Dental Restoration Failure; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D005269:Femur / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D010027:Osteotomy / Q000295:instrumentation; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D019415:Torque; D014732:Vibration
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants