title: HuR regulates gap junctional intercellular communication by controlling beta-catenin levels and adherens junction integrity.
abstract: Gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) plays a critical role in the regulation of tissue homeostasis and carcinogenesis and is modulated by the levels, subcellular localization, and posttranslational modification of gap junction proteins, the connexins (Cx). Here, using oval cell-like rat liver epithelial cells, we demonstrate that the RNA-binding protein HuR promotes GJIC through two mechanisms. First, HuR silencing lowered the levels of Cx43 protein and Cx43 messenger RNA (mRNA), and decreased Cx43 mRNA half-life. This regulation was likely due to the direct stabilization of Cx43 mRNA by HuR, because HuR associated directly with Cx43 mRNA, a transcript that bears signature adenylate-uridylate-rich (AU-rich) and uridylate-rich (U-rich) sequences in its 3'-untranslated region. Second, HuR silencing reduced both half-life and the levels of beta-catenin mRNA, also a target of HuR; accordingly, HuR silencing lowered the levels of whole-cell and membrane-associated beta-catenin. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments showed a direct interaction between beta-catenin and Cx43. Small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated depletion of beta-catenin recapitulated the effects of decreasing HuR levels: it attenuated GJIC, decreased Cx43 levels, and redistributed Cx43 to the cytoplasm, suggesting that depletion of beta-catenin in HuR-silenced cells contributed to lowering Cx43 levels at the membrane. Finally, HuR was demonstrated to support GJIC after exposure to a genotoxic agent, doxorubicin, or an inducer of differentiation processes, retinoic acid, thus pointing to a crucial role of HuR in the cellular response to stress and in physiological processes modulated by GJIC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HuR promotes gap junctional intercellular communication in rat liver epithelial cells through two related regulatory processes, by enhancing the expression of Cx43 and by increasing the expression of beta-catenin, which, in turn, interacts with Cx43 and is required for proper positioning of Cx43 at the plasma membrane.
authors.affiliation: Institut für umweltmedizinische Forschung (IUF) an der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: Niloofar
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ale-Agha
authors.forename: Stefanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Galban
authors.forename: Christiane
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sobieroy
authors.forename: Kotb
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Abdelmohsen
authors.forename: Myriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gorospe
authors.forename: Helmut
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sies
authors.forename: Lars-Oliver
authors.initials: LO
authors.lastname: Klotz
mesh_terms: D022005:Adherens Junctions / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D000954:Antigens, Surface / Q000378:metabolism*; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D002450:Cell Communication / Q000502:physiology*; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018031:Connexin 43 / Q000378:metabolism; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000494:pharmacology; D051959:ELAV Proteins; D000067780:ELAV-Like Protein 1; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D017629:Gap Junctions / Q000378:metabolism*; D008099:Liver / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D023421:Models, Animal; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000494:pharmacology; D051176:beta Catenin / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000954:Antigens, Surface; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D018031:Connexin 43; D051959:ELAV Proteins; D000067780:ELAV-Like Protein 1; C098770:ELAVL1 protein, human; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins; D051176:beta Catenin; D014212:Tretinoin; D004317:Doxorubicin
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