title: Control of microbial contamination of Franz diffusion cell receptor phase in the development of transcutaneous breast cancer therapeutics.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the micro-organism contamination of excised porcine (pig) ear, and evaluate the use of Cyclopore track-etched membranes (CTEM) for preventing ingress into Franz-type diffusion cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Swabs were taken from four locations and used to inoculate Tryptone Soya Agar (TSA) and Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) plates. Diffusion cells were assembled to include porcine skin with and without CTEM, and the receptor phase sampled periodically and spread onto plates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five distinct colony types were isolated after incubation of all swabs on TSA plates at 37 degrees C; on SDA plates, one fungal colony was found at 30 degrees C and one at 37 degrees C. The SDA agar plate incubated at 30 degrees C resulted in the growth of a large diffused white fungal colony. No regional differences were observed. Without the CTEM, the receptor phase became contaminated within 6 h. With the CTEM present, microbial ingress was substantially retarded with visible presumptive fungal growth occurring at 24 h and detectable contamination on both microbiological media at 48 h.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As expected, the native porcine ears were considerably contaminated. The ingress of contamination into the diffusion cell receptor phases can be largely, but not entirely, eliminated using CTEM. The addition of antimicrobial agents was necessary to eliminate micro-organisms that were observed at later time points.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This article, while highlighting the presence of a high number of micro-organisms on native porcine skin, presents a practical means to reduce the risk of microbial contamination in transdermal/transcutaneous permeation studies, particularly in the study of cell cultures grown within Franz diffusion cell receptor compartments.
authors.affiliation: Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Davison
authors.forename: R I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Nicholson
authors.forename: J-Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Maillard
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Denyer
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Heard
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D001419:Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004423:Ear / Q000382:microbiology*; D004866:Equipment Contamination; D005260:Female; D005658:Fungi / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects / Q000382:microbiology*; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents