title: Immunomodulatory effects of proanthocyanidin A-1 derived in vitro from Rhododendron spiciferum.
abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate the immunomodulatory effects of proanthocyanidin A-1 (PAA-1) from leaves of Rhododendron spiciferum (Ericaceae). In vitro tests showed that PAA-1 stimulated cell proliferation of splenocytes and peritoneal macrophages significantly enhanced the cytotoxicity of natural killer (NK) cells and increased CD4(+) and CD8(+) cell populations. PAA-1 also regulated the expression of Th1- and Th2-related cytokines. Moreover, this study showed that PAA-1 exhibited a significant effect on NBT dye reduction and lysosomal enzyme activity responses in macrophages, indicating effective phagocytic activation. These results revealed that PAA-1 exhibits immunomodulatory activity without a clear dose response.
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin130062, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Ying Zi
authors.initials: YZ
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Yong Guo
authors.initials: YG
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: Jun Qing
authors.initials: JQ
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.forename: Wei Guang
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Ke Ji
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Xiao Liang
authors.initials: XL
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Chun Hua
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Rong Tao
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Xu Ming
authors.initials: XM
authors.lastname: Deng
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000187:drug effects; D008247:Lysosomes / Q000187:drug effects; D017737:Macrophages, Peritoneal / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D010586:Phagocytes / Q000187:drug effects*; D018515:Plant Leaves; D044945:Proanthocyanidins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D029793:Rhododendron / Q000737:chemistry*; D013154:Spleen / Q000187:drug effects*; D013868:Thioinosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D044945:Proanthocyanidins; C473739:proanthocyanidin A1; D013868:Thioinosine; C001789:4-nitrobenzylthioinosine