title: Sonication of sugary-2 corn: a potential pretreatment to enhance sugar release.
abstract: The effects of high-powered ultrasonics on the conversion of sugary-2 maize (Zea Mays L.) to fermentable sugars were studied in this research. Ground sugary-2 maize mash was sonicated at 20 kHz and varying amplitudes (192-320 microm(peak-to-peak)) for 5, 10, 15, 20 and 40s. Stargen 001 enzyme, which contained both alpha-amylase and gluco-amylase was added to the samples following sonication to hydrolyze the starch into fermentable sugars. There was a 3-fold increase in sugar conversion rate of the sonicated samples in comparison with the control (unsonicated) samples. The ultrasonic relative net energy gain in the majority of the experimental design space was greater than 1.0. This indicates that the released of stored energy (output energy) from additional sugar released was greater than the dissipated ultrasonic energy (input energy), thus making ultrasonics an efficient treatment. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) pictures revealed that the sugary starch was partially gelatinized during sonication. This observation was confirmed by polarized-light microscopic images, where a deformed "Maltese cross" was found. Swelling power for samples sonicated at 40s reached 5.0 g/g while samples treated in conventional heating reached 4.0 g/g at 4 min treatment. It was also found that swelling power in the ultrasonicated sample initiated as quickly as 5 s and increased rapidly. These results are evident that ultrasonics can enhance swelling and gelatinization compared to conventional heating. As the saccharification time increased, a model was formulated to fit the sugar release curve. The findings indicated that there was a significant effect on enzymatic activity when enzymes were added to the sample during sonication. Additionally, jet cooking and ultrasonication obtained similar theoretical starch conversion results after 3h saccharification. Thus, it is evident that ultrasonication could be considered a potential alternative to jet cooking.
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 3080, USA.
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Montalbo-Lomboy
authors.forename: Lawrence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Samir Kumar
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Khanal
authors.forename: J Hans
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: van Leeuwen
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Grewell
mesh_terms: D050260:Carbohydrate Metabolism / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D002241:Carbohydrates / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D013010:Sonication / Q000379:methods*; D003313:Zea mays / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000528:radiation effects*
chemical_list: D002241:Carbohydrates; D010936:Plant Extracts