title: Inter-rater reliability of the Modified Modified Ashworth Scale in assessing lower limb muscle spasticity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the inter-rater reliability of the Modified Modified Ashworth Scale (MMAS) in lower limb muscle spasticity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional observational study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Not applicable.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-two adults with neurological conditions (17 women, five men, age range 21-82 years; mean +/- SD, 44 +/- 18 years) participated. Hip adductor, knee extensor and ankle plantarflexor were assessed in a random order.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Inter-rater agreement for two raters was very good for the hip adductor and the knee extensor (weighted kappa = 0.82, p < 0.0001) and good for the ankle plantarflexor (weighted kappa = 0.74, p < 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Modified Modified Ashworth Scale produced reliable measurements between raters in the assessment of lower limb muscle spasticity.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran.
authors.forename: Nastaran
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ghotbi
authors.forename: Noureddin Nakhostin
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Ansari
authors.forename: Soofia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Naghdi
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hasson
authors.forename: Boushra
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jamshidpour
authors.forename: Somayeh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Amiri
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007492:Iran; D035002:Lower Extremity; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000150:complications*; D009128:Muscle Spasticity / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D015588:Observer Variation; D020127:Recovery of Function / Q000502:physiology*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications*; D000071939:Stroke Rehabilitation; D055815:Young Adult