title: Labial morphology: a 3-dimensional anthropometric study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a noninvasive 3-dimensional method to evaluate labial morphology and to assess gender-related differences in healthy young adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dental and lip impressions of 11 men and 10 women aged 21 to 34 years, with sound, full, permanent dentition were obtained. The models were digitized and 3-dimensional virtual reproductions obtained. The labial thickness, vermilion area, and volume of the upper and lower lips were measured from the digital reconstructions. The male and female data were compared using Student's t test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean lip thickness was significantly larger (P = .02) in men (14.3 mm) than in women (12.3 mm). The lower lip was thicker than the upper lip. The vermilion width was larger in men (75 mm) than in women (70 mm), and no differences were found for vermilion height (10 mm). In the upper lip, the height/width ratio was significantly larger in women (14.1%) than in men (12.3%). The vermilion surface area was slightly larger in men than in women (upper lip area: women, 467 mm(2); men, 501 mm(2); lower lip area: women, 491 mm(2); men, 569 mm(2)). The labial volume was significantly larger in men (upper lip, 2,390 mm(3); lower lip, 2,902 mm(3)) than in women (upper lip, 1,743 mm(3); lower lip, 1,764 mm(3); P = .021). The upper/lower lip area and volume ratios were similar in the 2 genders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, men had larger lips than women. The inferior lip height/width ratio was similar in both genders, and men had a relatively thinner upper lip than women.
authors.affiliation: Functional Anatomy Research Center, Laboratorio di Anatomia Funzionale dell'Apparato Stomatognatico, Dipartimento di Morfologia Umana, Università degli Studi di Milano Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Virgilio F
authors.initials: VF
authors.lastname: Ferrario
authors.forename: Riccardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rosati
authors.forename: Redento
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Peretta
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dellavia
authors.forename: Chiarella
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sforza
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008046:Lip / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008297:Male; D003765:Models, Dental; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D055815:Young Adult