title: Assessing pain in non-intubated critically ill patients unable to  self report: an adaptation of the Behavioral Pain Scale.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To validate an adaptation of the Behavioral Pain Scale (BPS) for its use in non-intubated intensive care unit (ICU) patients unable to self-report their pain because of the occurrence of delirium. The "vocalization" domain was inserted to construct the BPS-non intubated (BPS-NI) scale, ranging from 3 (no pain) to 12 (most pain).
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective psychometric study in a medical-surgical ICU.
  
  
  METHODS
  The same physician and one bedside nurse rated pain in non-intubated patients unable to self-report their pain during four conditions: before and after a catheter dressing change (non-nociceptive procedure) and before and after turning the patient (nociceptive procedure). Delirium was assessed by the Confusion Assessment Method for the ICU (CAM-ICU).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 120 paired evaluations were performed in 30 consecutive adult patients, 84% with delirium (CAM-ICU positive). BPS-NI scores were higher during painful procedures than at rest [6.0 (5.0-8.0) vs. 3.0 (3.0-3.8); P < 0.001], while no changes in BPS-NI scores were found during non-nociceptive procedures (discriminative validity). The BPS-NI had good internal consistency (standardized Cronbach alpha = 0.79), and each domain reflected the pain expression factor in a balanced way (coefficients between 0.57 and 0.59). The BPS-NI had a good inter-rater reliability (weighted kappa coefficient = 0.89 for the four conditions and 0.82 during nociceptive procedures) and a good responsiveness, with an effect size ranging from 1.5 to 3.6.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pain during procedures is perceived even in non-intubated ICU patients with delirium. In those patients, pain level can be assessed with the BPS-NI scale since this instrument exhibited good psychometric properties. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00134-009-1590-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
authors.affiliation: Service d'Anesthésie et de Réanimation B, Intensive Care and Anesthesiology Department, Saint Eloi Hospital-CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier University Hospital, 34295 Montpellier cedex 5, France. g-chanques@chu-montpellier.fr
authors.forename: Gérald
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chanques
authors.forename: Jean-François
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Payen
authors.forename: Grégoire
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mercier
authors.forename: Sylvie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: de Lattre
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Viel
authors.forename: Boris
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: Moussa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cissé
authors.forename: Jean-Yves
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Lefrant
authors.forename: Samir
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jaber
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003422:Critical Care / Q000592:standards; D016638:Critical Illness; D005149:Facial Expression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007440:Intubation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009068:Movement; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D010147:Pain Measurement; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D020377:Self Efficacy; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D034941:Upper Extremity; D014705:Verbal Behavior
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