title: High quality protein microarray using in situ protein purification.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the postgenomic era, high throughput protein expression and protein microarray technologies have progressed markedly permitting screening of therapeutic reagents and discovery of novel protein functions. Hexa-histidine is one of the most commonly used fusion tags for protein expression due to its small size and convenient purification via immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography (IMAC). This purification process has been adapted to the protein microarray format, but the quality of in situ His-tagged protein purification on slides has not been systematically evaluated. We established methods to determine the level of purification of such proteins on metal chelate-modified slide surfaces. Optimized in situ purification of His-tagged recombinant proteins has the potential to become the new gold standard for cost-effective generation of high-quality and high-density protein microarrays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two slide surfaces were examined, chelated Cu2+ slides suspended on a polyethylene glycol (PEG) coating and chelated Ni2+ slides immobilized on a support without PEG coating. Using PEG-coated chelated Cu2+ slides, consistently higher purities of recombinant proteins were measured. An optimized wash buffer (PBST) composed of 10 mM phosphate buffer, 2.7 mM KCl, 140 mM NaCl and 0.05% Tween 20, pH 7.4, further improved protein purity levels. Using Escherichia coli cell lysates expressing 90 recombinant Streptococcus pneumoniae proteins, 73 proteins were successfully immobilized, and 66 proteins were in situ purified with greater than 90% purity. We identified several antigens among the in situ-purified proteins via assays with anti-S. pneumoniae rabbit antibodies and a human patient antiserum, as a demonstration project of large scale microarray-based immunoproteomics profiling. The methodology is compatible with higher throughput formats of in vivo protein expression, eliminates the need for resin-based purification and circumvents protein solubility and denaturation problems caused by buffer exchange steps and freeze-thaw cycles, which are associated with resin-based purification, intermittent protein storage and deposition on microarrays.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An optimized platform for in situ protein purification on microarray slides using His-tagged recombinant proteins is a desirable tool for the screening of novel protein functions and protein-protein interactions. In the context of immunoproteomics, such protein microarrays are complimentary to approaches using non-recombinant methods to discover and characterize bacterial antigens.
authors.affiliation: Pathogen Functional Genomics Resource Center, J. Craig Venter Institute, 9704 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA. kkwon@jcvi.org
authors.forename: Keehwan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.forename: Carissa
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Grose
authors.forename: Rembert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pieper
authors.forename: Gagan A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Pandya
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Fleischmann
authors.forename: Scott N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Peterson
mesh_terms: D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002614:Chelating Agents; D003300:Copper; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000235:genetics; D009532:Nickel; D040081:Protein Array Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D040901:Proteomics / Q000379:methods; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D002614:Chelating Agents; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D003300:Copper; D009532:Nickel
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