title: Results of a cross-sectional survey about lipid-management practices among cardiologists in Pakistan: assessment of adherence to published treatment guidelines.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aims of this study were to assess how closely cardiologists in Pakistan followed published recommendations for lipid management and to identify the factors associated with such behavior.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional survey was delivered in person between September and December 2007 to all cardiologists practicing in 4 major cities in Pakistan (Karachi, Lahore, Quetta, and Peshawar). A standard questionnaire was used to obtain information from cardiologists. Adherence to the guidelines established by the 2004 National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III was computed based on answers to 14 questions; each correct answer (ie, the answer that followed the guidelines) was assigned 1 point, for a maximum cumulative score of 14. Multivariable linear regression was performed to determine the factors independently associated with guideline knowledge.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 295 cardiologists were approached; 239 consented to participate (overall response rate, 81.0%). The median score was 9 out of a maximum of 14 (interquartile range, 8-11). There were important points of divergence from practice recommendations, including suboptimal targets for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (< or = 70 mg/dL was the target used by only 16.7% of respondents [40/239]), undertreatment of revascularized patients (31.4% [75/239]), cessation of statin therapy once LDL-C targets were achieved (20.9% [50/239]), and use of different treatment thresholds for patients aged >65 years (41.8% [100/239]) and female patients (46.4% [111/239]). In the adjusted analysis, experienced physicians, interventional cardiologists, and those who pursued continuing medical education activities (journals and conferences) had higher scores (P = 0.005, P = 0.041, P = 0.008, and P = 0.001, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found important self-reported departures from recommended lipid-management guidelines among cardiologists in Pakistan.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi 74800, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Saqib A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Gowani
authors.forename: Sana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shoukat
authors.forename: Ather M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Taqui
authors.forename: Nizar
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bhulani
authors.forename: Sameer
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Khalid
authors.forename: Amna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sheikh
authors.forename: Muhammad S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Halim
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Samreen
authors.forename: Fahim H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Jafary
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002309:Cardiology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D019983:Guideline Adherence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006949:Hyperlipidemias / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010154:Pakistan; D010820:Physicians / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents