title: PSA surge/flare-up in patients with castration-refractory prostate cancer during the initial phase of chemotherapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Docetaxel-based chemotherapy has shown great promise for the treatment of CRPC and is considered the current standard of care. PSA is mainly used as marker to monitor the treatment response. Several articles were published reporting an initial PSA surge/flare-up after starting chemotherapy. The cause and the impact of this phenomenon are discussed controversially. The intention of this review is to define the significance of initial PSA surge/flare-up and to increase awareness to this phenomenon in the urological community.
  
  
  METHODS
  A comprehensive literature search was performed in different data bases using various key words. Relevant articles and references between 1999 and 2009 were reviewed and analyzed for data on the association between chemotherapy and initial PSA surge/flare.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of a PSA surge/flare-up ranges according to the reported studies between 7.6% and 13.6%. A PSA surge/flare-up was reported up to 404% from baseline PSA level followed by PSA response. The median duration of a PSA surge/flare-up is 2-3 weeks and can last up to 6-8 weeks. However, the occurrence of a PSA surge/flare-up did not impact outcome and survival negatively compared to patients with an immediate PSA response.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A considerable portion of CRPC patients experience an initial PSA surge/flare-up under systemic chemotherapy. The definitions used for PSA surge/flare-up differ slightly in the literature. This issue needs to be solved since it might impact defining treatment response. As a PSA surge/flare-up did not impact outcome and survival negatively, chemotherapy should be continued according to the literature addressing specifically the phenomenon of a PSA surge/flare-up for a minimum of 8 weeks or 3 rounds of a 3-weekly cycle chemotherapy regimen before further decisions are made about efficacy. However, Scher et al. recommended a 12-week period drug exposure based on their results on PSA progression-free survival and overall survival. This dilemma needs to be addressed in further data analysis in order to establish a general rule regarding when to stop chemotherapy. Physicians should be aware of this effect to avoid inadequate early discontinuation of chemotherapy. The underlying mechanisms of a PSA surge/flare-up are still elusive and need further clarification.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430-7260, USA. thomas.nelius@ttuhsc.edu
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nelius
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Filleur
mesh_terms: D000726:Androgen Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000077143:Docetaxel; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D019233:Retreatment; D043823:Taxoids / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000726:Androgen Antagonists; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D043823:Taxoids; D000077143:Docetaxel; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen