title: Meat intake, meat mutagens and risk of lung cancer in Uruguayan men.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the role of meat consumption and related mutagens in the etiology of lung cancer, we conducted a case-control study among Uruguayan males in the time period 1996-2004.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 846 cases and 846 controls, frequency matched on age and residence. Both series were drawn from the four major public hospitals in Montevideo, Uruguay. Unconditional logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) of lung cancer by quartiles of meat intake and mutagens.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The highest vs. the lowest quartile of intake of total meat (OR = 2.04, 95% CI 1.42-2.92), red meat (OR = 2.33, 95% CI 1.63-3.32), and processed meat (OR = 1.79, 95% CI 1.22-2.65) was associated with increased risk of lung cancer, while intake of total white meat, poultry and fish was not. Heterocyclic amines (IQ, MeIQx, PhIP), nitrosamines and benzo[a]pyrene were directly associated with the risk of lung cancer (OR for PhIP 2.16, 95% CI 1.48-3.15). Moreover, both red meat and meat mutagens displayed higher risks among former smokers compared with current smokers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that red and processed meat and meat mutagens may play a role in the etiology of lung cancer.
authors.affiliation: Grupo de Epidemiología, Departamento de Anatomía Patológica, Facultad de Medicina, Hospital de Clínicas, Avenida Brasil 3080 department 402, 11300, Montevideo, Uruguay. estefani@adinet.com.uy
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: De Stefani
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Boffetta
authors.forename: Hugo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Deneo-Pellegrini
authors.forename: Alvaro L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Ronco
authors.forename: Dagfinn
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Aune
authors.forename: Gisele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Acosta
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Brennan
authors.forename: María
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mendilaharsu
authors.forename: Gilles
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ferro
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000818:Animals; D001564:Benzo(a)pyrene / Q000009:adverse effects; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004032:Diet; D006571:Heterocyclic Compounds / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D008460:Meat / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008461:Meat Products / Q000009:adverse effects; D008875:Middle Aged; D009153:Mutagens / Q000009:adverse effects*; D009602:Nitrosamines / Q000009:adverse effects; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014583:Uruguay
chemical_list: D006571:Heterocyclic Compounds; D009153:Mutagens; D009602:Nitrosamines; D001564:Benzo(a)pyrene