title: Hardness of three resin-modified glass-ionomer restorative materials as a function of depth and time.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The polymerization of bulk-placed resin-modified glass-ionomer (RMGI) restoratives is compromised when penetration of the curing light is limited because of the materials' thickness. It is unknown if additional post light-curing resin polymerization and/or glass-ionomer setting occurs over time to ensure adequate polymerization.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The primary objective was to evaluate the depth of cure of various thicknesses of RMGI restorative products over 1 year using Knoop hardness (KH) testing.
  
  
  METHODS
  The materials were placed in Delrin molds having an internal diameter of 5.0 mm and heights of 2, 3, 4, and 5 mm and were photopolymerized with a halogen light-curing unit. Five specimens of each depth were prepared for each time period evaluated. Specimens were stored in darkness at 37 +/- 2 degrees C and 98 +/- 2% humidity until being tested at 24 hours, 1 week, and 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after fabrication. Mean KH values were calculated for the bottom and top surfaces of each thickness group and used to determine bottom/top hardness ratios. Data were compared using two-way analysis of variance (factors of time, thickness) at a 0.05 significance level with Scheffé's post hoc analysis, where required.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The materials had relatively stable top surface KH, which permitted valid assessment of changes in bottom surface KH over time. The bottom surface KH of some RMGIs changed significantly over time (p < 0.001), but degrees of change were material dependent. Certain RMGIs demonstrated a potential for statistically significant post light-activation hardening; however, that too was material dependent. As compared with top surface KH, deeper layers of the thicker RMGI specimens consistently failed to achieve an adequate degree of polymerization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although certain RMGI materials demonstrate a potential for post light-activation chemically initiated resin polymerization and/or polyalkenoate acid/base reaction, these reactions may not be sufficient to ensure that the material is adequately polymerized for long-term success. This is particularly true when RMGI materials are placed in thicker layers where curing light penetration may be compromised.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RMGI materials should not be placed in bulk but photopolymerized in layers to ensure adequate light activation. The results of this study suggest that Photac-Fil Quick be placed in layers no thicker than 2 mm while Fuji II LC and Vitremer may be placed in layers up to 3 mm in thickness.
authors.affiliation: Dental Biomaterials Evaluations, USAF Dental Evaluation and Consultation Service, Great Lakes, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Howard W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Berzins
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Charlton
mesh_terms: D003188:Composite Resins; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements / Q000737:chemistry; D006244:Hardness; D055115:Light-Curing of Dental Adhesives / Q000379:methods*; D008422:Materials Testing; D044367:Phase Transition; D012117:Resins, Synthetic; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D003188:Composite Resins; C079765:Fuji II LC cement; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements; C467912:Photac-Fil Quick; D012117:Resins, Synthetic; C084550:Vitremer