title: Prognosis of acute myeloid leukemia in the general population: data from southern Switzerland.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the outcome of adult patients with de novo acute myeloid leukemia in the Italian-speaking part of Switzerland and to identify prognostic factors, time to progression and overall survival.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data of all adult patients diagnosed with acute myeloid leukemia from January 1984 to December 2003 were collected retrospectively. Univariate and multivariate analysis for time to progression and overall survival were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of acute myeloid leukemia in the adult population in southern Switzerland is 2.6/100,000 per year. Complete clinical and pathological data and follow-up information were available for 128 patients. The median age was 67 years (range, 18 to 94). The median follow-up was 97 months. Median overall survival was 6 months, with a 2-year overall survival of 16%. Median time to progression was 3 months. Thirty-five patients (median age, 80 years) were given best supportive care and/or palliative chemotherapy. The median survival in this subset was 2 months. Of the 93 patients treated with a curative intent, 48 were older than 60 years. The complete remission rate after induction chemotherapy was 80% for patients younger than 60 years and 31% for those older than 60 years (P < 0.0001). Overall survival at 2 years was 40% and 12%, respectively (P < 0.0005). The relapse rate was 61%, and only 28% of the patients who were given reinduction chemotherapy reached a second complete remission. Of the patients treated with curative intent, 52% were treated in a clinical trial. Their median age was significantly lower than those not included in a trial: 57 vs 66 years (P < 00001). Patients treated in a trial had a significantly better prognosis than those not so treated (median survival, 12 vs 6 months). Patients treated with high-dose cytarabine as first-line therapy (given to 25 of 93 patients treated with a curative intent) had a better survival than those given standard cytarabine doses (P < 0.0005). The outcome of the patients treated after 1993 was significantly better (P = 0.026) than that of the previously treated cohort. In multivariate analysis (not including cytogenetic data), only age (P = 0.005), performance status > 1 (P = 0.001) and treatment given before/after 1993 (P = 0.044) were found to be independent prognostic factors for both overall survival and time to progression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most patients with acute myeloid leukemia are older than 60 years, and their outcome is still disappointing. For younger patients, the prognosis is better if they receive high-dose cytarabine as post-remission therapy and if they are treated in the setting of a clinical trial.
authors.affiliation: Istituto Oncologico della Svizzera Italiana (IOSI), Bellinzona, Switzerland. Erika.Lerch@eoc.ch
authors.forename: Erika
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lerch
authors.forename: Vittoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Espeli
authors.forename: Emanuele
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zucca
authors.forename: Leda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Leoncini
authors.forename: Giancarlo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Scali
authors.forename: Oreste
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Mora
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bordoni
authors.forename: Franco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cavalli
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ghielmini
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D015897:Comorbidity; D003561:Cytarabine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D015470:Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010166:Palliative Care; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013557:Switzerland / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; D003561:Cytarabine