title: Impaired mitochondrial bioenergetics determines glutamate-induced delayed calcium deregulation in neurons.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Accumulation of glutamate in ischaemic CNS is thought to amplify neuronal death during a stroke. Exposure of neurons to toxic glutamate concentrations causes an initial transient increase in [Ca(2+)](c) followed by a delayed increase commonly termed delayed [Ca(2+)](c) deregulation (DCD).
  
  
  METHODS
  We have used fluorescence imaging techniques to explore differences in glutamate-induced DCD in rat hippocampal neurons after different periods of time in culture (days in vitro; DIV).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The amplitude of both the initial [Ca(2+)](c) signal and the number of cells showing DCD in response to glutamate increased with the duration of culture. The capacity of mitochondria to accumulate calcium in permeabilised neurons decreased with time in culture, although mitochondrial membrane potential at rest did not change. The rate of ATP consumption, measured as an increase in [Mg(2+)](c) following inhibition of ATP synthesis, was lower in 'young' neurons. The sensitivity of 'young' neurons to glutamate-induced DCD approximated to that of 'old' neurons when mitochondrial function was impaired using either FCCP or oligomycin. Further, following such treatment, cells showed a DCD-like response to increased [Ca(2+)](c) induced by KCl induced depolarisation which was never otherwise seen.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thus, changes in cellular bioenergetics dictate the onset of DCD in response to glutamate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3 BG, UK. a.abramov@ucl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Andrey Y
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Abramov
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Duchen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006706:Homeostasis; D007700:Kinetics; D008274:Magnesium / Q000378:metabolism; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D009457:Neuroglia / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D011419:Propidium / Q000633:toxicity; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D011419:Propidium; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D008274:Magnesium; D002118:Calcium