title: A survey of pediatric caudal extradural anesthesia practice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Caudal extradural blockade is one of the most commonly performed procedures in pediatric anesthesia. However, there is little information available on variations in clinical practice.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To perform a survey of members of the Association of Paediatric Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland who undertake caudal anesthesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  An 'online' World Wide Web questionnaire collected information on various aspects of clinical practice. The survey ran from April to June 2008.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 366 questionnaires completed. The majority of respondents had >5 years of pediatric experience and performed up to ten caudal extradural procedures a month. The commonest device used was a cannula (69.7%) with 68.6% using a 22G device. There was a trend toward the use of a cannula in those anesthetists with <15 years experience, while those with >15 years experience tended to use a needle. Most anesthetists (91.5%) did not believe that there was a significant risk of implantation of dermoid tissue into the caudal extradural space. The majority used a combination of clinical methods to confirm correct placement. Only 27 respondents used ultrasound. The most popular local anesthetics were bupivacaine (43.4%) and levobupivacaine (41.7%). The most common additives were clonidine (42.3%) and ketamine (37.5%). The caudal catheter technique was used by 43.6%. Most anesthetists (74%) wear gloves for a single shot caudal injection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This survey provides a snapshot of current practice and acts a useful reference for the development of enhanced techniques and new equipment in the future.
authors.affiliation: Nuffield Department of Anesthetics, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Menzies
authors.forename: Kate
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Congreve
authors.forename: Veiko
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Herodes
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Berg
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Mason
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000758:Anesthesia; D000763:Anesthesia, Caudal; D000767:Anesthesia, Epidural / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D001207:Asepsis; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005932:Gloves, Surgical; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006801:Humans; D017053:Infection Control; D008397:Masks; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local