title: Biomorphous porous hydroxyapatite-ceramics from rattan (Calamus Rotang).
abstract: The three-dimensional, highly oriented pore channel anatomy of native rattan (Calamus rotang) was used as a template to fabricate biomorphous hydroxyapatite (Ca(5)(PO(4))(3)OH) ceramics designed for bone regeneration scaffolds. A low viscous hydroxyapatite-sol was prepared from triethyl phosphite and calcium nitrate tetrahydrate and repeatedly vacuum infiltrated into the native template. The template was subsequently pyrolysed at 800 degrees C to form a biocarbon replica of the native tissue. Heat treatment at 1,300 degrees C in air atmosphere caused oxidation of the carbon skeleton and sintering of the hydroxyapatite. SEM analysis confirmed detailed replication of rattan anatomy. Porosity of the samples measured by mercury porosimetry showed a multimodal pore size distribution in the range of 300 nm to 300 microm. Phase composition was determined by XRD and FT-IR revealing hydroxyapatite as the dominant phase with minimum fractions of CaO and Ca(3)(PO(4))(2). The biomorphous scaffolds with a total porosity of 70-80% obtained a compressive strength of 3-5 MPa in axial direction and 1-2 MPa in radial direction of the pore channel orientation. Bending strength was determined in a coaxial double ring test resulting in a maximum bending strength of approximately 2 MPa.
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science (Glass and Ceramics), University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Christiane
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Eichenseer
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Will
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rampf
authors.forename: Süsen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wend
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Greil
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry; D018786:Bone Substitutes / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D031081:Calamus / Q000737:chemistry*; D002516:Ceramics / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D019245:Compressive Strength; D017886:Durapatite / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D008422:Materials Testing; D008954:Models, Biological; D016062:Porosity; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013499:Surface Properties; D013696:Temperature; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D018786:Bone Substitutes; D017886:Durapatite
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