title: [Open water systems for species-appropriate housing of Peking ducks--effects on behaviour, feather quality and plugged up nostrils].
abstract: At present in Germany Peking ducks in commercial housing are on ground with litter and nipple drinkers only and there is no access to open water. With this study we investigated if open water drinkers can affect behaviour and health of ducks positively. In this investigation ten fattening trials with 11 424 ducks, kept with straw, were analyzed. 25% of the compartment (32 m2) were covered with perforated grid, with one of the tested water systems (Nipple drinker, Sparkcup, Shower, Hollow and Round drinker and modified Round drinker) installed. Besides parts of the behaviour of ducks, animal health and hygiene and also economic factors were taken into account. In contrast to pens with nipple-drinkers only, the ducks in pens with open water troughs/showers had the opportunity to exhibit their natural drinking behaviour and water associated activities, such as straining and preening the plumage with water in accordance with the animal welfare requirements. In the free-choice pens, the open water systems were significantly preferred, and over a 24-hour period, the ducks in watering areas with open water troughs showed higher activity. Limiting the access to the open water systems (4, 6 and 8 hours) led to more intense use per time unit. Ducks with access to nipple drinkers only showed a significantly higher percentage of plugged up nostrils than animals from pens with open water drinkers (p < or = 0.05). Open water drinkers also had a positive impact on the plumage condition.The open water drinking systems were very well accepted by the animals and are, concerning behaviour and animal health, an improvement in housing systems of Peking ducks.
authors.affiliation: Lehrstuhl für Tierschutz, Verhaltenskunde, Tierhygiene und Tierhal- tung, Veterinärwissenschaftliches Department, Tierärztliche Fakultät der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München. heyn@lmu.de
authors.forename: Elke
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Heyn
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Damme
authors.forename: Shana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bergmann
authors.forename: Felix
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Remy
authors.forename: Yvonne
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Küster
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Erhard
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D000827:Animal Welfare; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D004326:Drinking / Q000502:physiology; D004327:Drinking Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D004372:Ducks; D004777:Environment; D005241:Feathers; D005260:Female; D006799:Housing, Animal / Q000592:standards*; D008297:Male; D011897:Random Allocation; D013045:Species Specificity; D014881:Water Supply