title: Detection of ocular disease by a vision-centre technician and the role of frequency-doubling technology perimetry in this setting.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To document the detection of significant ocular pathology by a vision-centre technician in an emerging economy World Health Organization recommended eye care delivery setting, and determine whether a frequency-doubling perimeter (FDT) improves that performance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutive patients above the age of 12 years attending a vision centre were included. A vision technician (VT) determined visual acuity and performed a slit-lamp examination, applanation tonometry and undilated fundus examination followed by a 20-1 FDT screening test. VT and FDT findings were compared with the gold standard of masked comprehensive examination by an ophthalmologist. Sensitivity, specificity and predictive values were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  1764 of 1829 patients fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria were analysed. The VT had a sensitivity and specificity of 68% (95% CI 63.1% to 72.7%) and 90% (95% CI 88.35% to 91.5%) for detection of significant ocular disease; corresponding values for FDT alone were 87.8% (95% CI 84% to 90.8%) and 79% (95% CI 76.8% to 81%). 71 of the 115 patients having significant ocular pathology missed by the VT were detected by FDT. A positive finding by the VT and/or positive FDT had a positive predictive value of 47%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An examination by a VT within the accepted World Health Organization model may usefully leverage limited ophthalmological capacity in emerging economies. Adjunctive FDT testing may further improve VT referral efficiency.
authors.affiliation: Queensland Eye Institute, South Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia. ravi.thomas@qei.org.au
authors.forename: Ravi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Shoba
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Naveen
authors.forename: Praveen K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Nirmalan
authors.forename: Rajul
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Parikh
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000488:Allied Health Personnel / Q000592:standards*; D002983:Clinical Competence; D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000458:organization & administration*; D003906:Developing Countries; D003941:Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005128:Eye Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017146:Models, Organizational; D012015:Reference Standards; D014792:Visual Acuity; D058609:Visual Field Tests / Q000379:methods; D055815:Young Adult