title: Application of SNaPshot for analysis of thiopurine methyltransferase gene polymorphism.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Mercaptopurine, azathioprine, and thioguanine, used as antineoplastic agents and immunosuppressants are catabolized by thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) enzyme, which exhibits genetic polymorphism. Genotyping patients and the population to which the patients belong, is important for effective treatment and reducing toxicity. There is a need for faster methods for genotyping. Hence the present study was planned to test the application of SNaPshot technique for analysis of the three common TPMT alleles: TPMT*2, TPMT*3A, and TPMT*3C in DNA from healthy Indian volunteers as well as to apply the method on cDNA samples obtained from children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 120 healthy volunteers and 25 patients were analysed by multiplexed SNaPshot reaction. Genomic DNA was the template for most of the analyses, but additionally the cDNA synthesized for translocation detection was used as the template in case of patients with ALL. The results of SNaPshot reaction were confirmed by direct sequencing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The TPMT genotype could be reliably identified by SNaPshot analysis in multiplex reactions both in genomic DNA samples and cDNA. The overall frequency of the three common polymorphisms was observed to be 4.9 per cent, arising from heterozygosity for TPMT*3C (4.1%) and TPMT*3A (0.8%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SNaPshot method for TPMT polymorphism analysis works faster with the potential for high throughput. By simultaneously interrogating the genotype at multiple sites, the method can provide future opportunity to multiplex, though multiplexing has not been done in the present analysis. Heterozygosity for TPMT*3C (719 A>G) was detected in 4.1 per cent of the study population and no homozygosity was observed. Our results indicated that TPMT*3C was the most common polymorphism in Indian population, while TPMT3*A, associated with the absence of catalytic activity of TPMT, was very rare.
authors.affiliation: Dr B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Gauri
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kapoor
authors.forename: Arindam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maitra
authors.forename: Vani
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Brahmachari
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000235:genetics; D005819:Genetic Markers / Q000235:genetics; D005828:Genetics, Population; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D008780:Methyltransferases / Q000235:genetics*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D021141:Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques / Q000379:methods; D010597:Pharmacogenetics; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D057285:Precision Medicine / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D054198:Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D005819:Genetic Markers; D008780:Methyltransferases; C022745:thiopurine methyltransferase