title: C. difficile infection (CDI) in a long-term acute care facility (LTAC).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  C. difficile infection (CDI) is a common nosocomial infection in hospitals and impacts increased hospital cost and length of stay. Since scant information is available about the incidence and prevalence of CDI in Long-term acute care hospitals (LTACs), we therefore studied this at one local facility.
  
  
  METHODS
  Demographic and other data, and a fresh stool sample were obtained from all new LTAC admissions not carrying a prior diagnosis of CDI during the study period (July 23 to August 22, 2007). A GDH test for C. difficile antigen was performed. All initially positive stools were tested for toxins A and B and a sample was frozen for culture and typing. All antigen-negative patients were monitored for the development of diarrhea during the course of their LTAC hospitalization and, if clinically indicated, a sample was sent for toxins A and B testing and if positive, a stool sample was frozen and stored for culture and typing. Therapy of CDI was noted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  36 patients were admitted during the study period. 4 of 31 (12.9%) of patients tested were antigen (+) on admission of which 2 (6.5%) were asymptomatic carriers and 2 (6.5%) had unsuspected active disease, including one with the BI epidemic strain. In follow-up, 20/36 (55.5%) developed diarrhea of which an additional 5 (13.8%) patients had developed CDI (average, hospital day 38) in the hospital. Therapy was instituted with vancomycin in 5/7 patients and metronidazole in 2/7 patients. During that quarter, the rate of nosocomial acquired CDI was 3.12 per 1000 patient days.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  C. difficile carriage and unsuspected clinical CDI occurs, including with the BI epidemic strain disease, in an important minority of patients, which may act as a reservoir for spread. New strategies for detection and prevention of CDI are needed.
authors.affiliation: R M Alden Research Laboratory, Culver City, CA 90230, USA. ejcgmd@aol.com
authors.forename: Ellie J C
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Goldstein
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Polonsky
authors.forename: M'hammed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Touzani
authors.forename: Diane M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Citron
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016360:Clostridioides difficile / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D004761:Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D006761:Hospitals / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008134:Long-Term Care; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence