title: Long-term efficacy of percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation for different types of lower urinary tract dysfunction in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated the efficacy of percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation for different types of pediatric lower urinary tract dysfunction.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 14 children with idiopathic overactive bladder, 14 with dysfunctional voiding, 5 with underactive bladder, 4 with underactive valve bladder and 7 with neurogenic bladder resistant to conventional therapy underwent percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation weekly for 12 weeks. The stimulation effect was evaluated by comparing bladder diary, flowmetry and urinalysis before and after treatment. Improved patients were followed by bladder diary and urinalysis. Followup data at 1 and 2 years were compared with those obtained after stimulation. Data were analyzed using Fisher's exact test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Symptom improvement was significantly greater in nonneurogenic than in neurogenic cases (78% vs 14%, p <0.002). Of patients 18% with underactive bladder and 50% with underactive valve bladder were unresponsive. Of 14 overactive bladder cases 12 and all 14 of dysfunctional voiding were improved (p not significant). Of improved patients 5 of 12 with overactive bladder and 12 of 14 with dysfunctional voiding were cured (p <0.01). On uroflowmetry voided volume and post-void residual urine became normal in a greater number of dysfunctional voiding than overactive bladder cases (57% vs 20% and 57% vs 25%, each p not significant). At 1 year of followup the cure rate was greater in dysfunctional voiding than in overactive bladder cases (71% vs 41%) and it remained the same at the 2-year evaluation. Chronic stimulation was necessary to maintain results in 29% of dysfunctional voiding and 50% of overactive bladder cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation is reliable and effective for nonneurogenic, refractory lower urinary tract dysfunction in children. Efficacy seems better in dysfunctional voiding than in overactive bladder cases. There is evidence that percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation should be part of the pediatric urology armamentarium when treating functional incontinence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology-Urology, Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy. capitanucci@opbg.net
authors.forename: Maria Luisa
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Capitanucci
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Camanni
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Demelas
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mosiello
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zaccara
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De Gennaro
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013979:Tibial Nerve; D001745:Urinary Bladder Diseases / Q000628:therapy*; D014555:Urination Disorders / Q000628:therapy*