title: Pulmonary perfusion and xenon gas exchange in rats: MR imaging with intravenous injection of hyperpolarized 129Xe.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop and demonstrate a method for regional evaluation of pulmonary perfusion and gas exchange based on intravenous injection of hyperpolarized xenon 129 ((129)Xe) and subsequent magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of the gas-phase (129)Xe emerging in the alveolar airspaces.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five Fischer 344 rats that weighed 200-425 g were prepared for imaging according to an institutional animal care and use committee-approved protocol. Rats were ventilated, and a 3-F catheter was placed in the jugular (n = 1) or a 24-gauge catheter in the tail (n = 4) vein. Imaging and spectroscopy of gas-phase (129)Xe were performed after injecting 5 mL of half-normal saline saturated with (129)Xe hyperpolarized to 12%. Corresponding ventilation images were obtained during conventional inhalation delivery of hyperpolarized (129)Xe.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Injections of (129)Xe-saturated saline were well tolerated and produced a strong gas-phase (129)Xe signal in the airspaces that resulted from (129)Xe transport through the pulmonary circulation and diffusion across the blood-gas barrier. After a single injection, the emerging (129)Xe gas could be detected separately from (129)Xe remaining in the blood and was imaged with an in-plane resolution of 1 x 1 mm and a signal-to-noise ratio of 25. Images in one rat revealed a matched ventilation-perfusion deficit, while images in another rat showed that xenon gas exchange was temporarily impaired after saline overload, with recovery of function 1 hour later.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MR imaging of gas-phase (129)Xe emerging in the pulmonary airspaces after intravenous injection has the potential to become a sensitive and minimally invasive new tool for regional evaluation of pulmonary perfusion and gas exchange.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  http://radiology.rsnajnls.org/cgi/content/full/2513081550/DC1.
authors.affiliation: Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3302, Durham, NC 27710, USA. Bastiaan.driehuys@duke.edu
authors.forename: Bastiaan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Driehuys
authors.forename: Harald E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Möller
authors.forename: Zackary I
authors.initials: ZI
authors.lastname: Cleveland
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pollaro
authors.forename: Laurence W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Hedlund
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000639:trends; D011650:Pulmonary Alveoli / Q000502:physiology*; D011652:Pulmonary Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D011659:Pulmonary Gas Exchange / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344; D012586:Science / Q000639:trends; D018581:Technology Transfer; D014979:Xenon Isotopes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D014979:Xenon Isotopes
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996 Nov 12;93(23):12932-6
references.pmid: 8917521
references.citation: J Magn Reson B. 1996;113:179-83
references.pmid: 11543610
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2007 Nov;103(5):1848-56
references.pmid: 17690202
references.citation: Radiology. 1992 Mar;182(3):817-21
references.pmid: 1535900
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2003 Jun;94(6):2483-93
references.pmid: 12588787
references.citation: Magn Reson Med. 2008 Jul;60(1):14-20
references.pmid: 18581406
references.citation: Magn Reson Med. 2000 Sep;44(3):349-57
references.pmid: 10975884
references.citation: Eur Radiol. 1999;9(8):1602-13
references.pmid: 10525875
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 1995 Mar;78(3):1070-8
references.pmid: 7775300
references.citation: Eur J Radiol. 2007 Dec;64(3):381-96
references.pmid: 17931813
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2002 Nov;93(5):1841-51
references.pmid: 12381773
references.citation: Magn Reson Med. 1999 May;41(5):1058-64
references.pmid: 10332890
references.citation: Acad Radiol. 2002 Feb;9(2):130-46
references.pmid: 11918366
references.citation: Magn Reson Med. 2002 Jun;47(6):1029-51
references.pmid: 12111949
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 1999 Dec;87(6):2043-52
references.pmid: 10601148
references.citation: Magn Reson Med. 2003 Dec;50(6):1170-9
references.pmid: 14648564
references.citation: J Appl Physiol. 1967 Feb;22(2):227-40
references.pmid: 6017888
references.citation: Eur J Radiol. 2007 Dec;64(3):335-44
references.pmid: 17890035
references.citation: Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003 Apr 15;167(8):1142-9
references.pmid: 12684252
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Nov 28;103(48):18278-83
references.pmid: 17101964
references.citation: Crit Care Med. 2008 Jan;36(1):256-61
references.pmid: 18090381
references.citation: Magn Reson Med. 2007 Nov;58(5):893-900
references.pmid: 17969115
references.citation: AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007 Feb;188(2):586-92
references.pmid: 17242272
references.citation: Clin Nutr. 2008 Apr;27(2):179-88
references.pmid: 18313809
references.citation: Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2006 Nov 6;45(43):7282-4
references.pmid: 17013968
references.citation: Magn Reson Med. 2004 Apr;51(4):676-87
references.pmid: 15065239
references.citation: Magn Reson Med. 2001 Mar;45(3):421-30
references.pmid: 11241699
references.citation: J Magn Reson. 2002 Apr;155(2):157-216
references.pmid: 12036331
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2000 Aug;89(2):413-21
references.pmid: 10926621