Reddish, scaly, and itchy: how proteases and their inhibitors contribute to inflammatory skin diseases.
The skin protects us from water loss and mechanical damage. The surface-exposed epidermis, a self-renewing stratified squamous epithelium composed of several layers of keratinocytes, is most important in the barrier defense against these challenges. Endogenous and exogenous proteases such as kallikreins, matriptase, caspases, cathepsins, and proteases derived from microorganisms are important in the desquamation process of the stratum corneum and are able to activate and inactivate defense molecules in human epidermis. Protease inhibitors such as like LEKTI, elafin, SLPI, SERPINs, and cystatins regulate their proteolytic activity and contribute to the integrity and protective barrier function of the skin. Changes in the proteolytic balance of the skin can result in inflammation, which leads to the typical clinical signs of redness, scaling, and itching. This review summarizes the current knowledge of how proteases, their inhibitors, and their target proteins, including filaggrin, protease-activated receptors, and corneodesmosin, contribute to the pathophysiology of inflammation of the skin and highlight their role in common inflammatory skin diseases such as atopic dermatitis, rosacea, and psoriasis.
Meyer-Hoffert
Ulf
U
Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, D-24105, Kiel, Germany. umeyerhoffert@dermatology.uni-kiel.de
D000818:Animals; D023181:Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides / Q000378:metabolism; D053456:Caspase 14 / Q000378:metabolism; D020789:Cathepsin C / Q000378:metabolism; D002402:Cathepsin D / Q000378:metabolism; D015891:Cystatins / Q000378:metabolism; D053492:Elafin / Q000378:metabolism; D000091344:Filaggrin Proteins; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D007381:Intermediate Filament Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D007610:Kallikreins / Q000378:metabolism; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases / Q000378:metabolism*; D011480:Protease Inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D053491:Proteinase Inhibitory Proteins, Secretory / Q000378:metabolism; D011537:Pruritus / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D044462:Receptors, Proteinase-Activated / Q000378:metabolism; D012697:Serine Endopeptidases / Q000378:metabolism; D000074163:Serine Peptidase Inhibitor Kazal-Type 5; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D012871:Skin Diseases / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D000099271:Prostasin
D023181:Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides; D053456:Caspase 14; D020789:Cathepsin C; D002402:Cathepsin D; D015891:Cystatins; D053492:Elafin; D000091344:Filaggrin Proteins; D006023:Glycoproteins; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D007381:Intermediate Filament Proteins; D007610:Kallikreins; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases; D011480:Protease Inhibitors; D053491:Proteinase Inhibitory Proteins, Secretory; D044462:Receptors, Proteinase-Activated; D012697:Serine Endopeptidases; D000074163:Serine Peptidase Inhibitor Kazal-Type 5; D000099271:Prostasin; C109656:CDSN protein, human; C000717249:FLG protein, human; C506806:PI3 protein, human; C120650:SPINK5 protein, human; C485595:matriptase