title: Accumulation of FITC near stratum corneum-visualizing epidermal distribution of a strong sensitizer using two-photon microscopy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The allergenic potency of a hapten is related to its skin penetration properties, but little is known about the distribution of haptens in the skin following topical application.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate the diffusion and epidermal distribution using two-photon microscopy (TPM) of two fluorescent compounds.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sensitizing capacities of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) and fluorescein were investigated using the local lymph node assay. Chemical reactivity of the compounds was analysed, and their distribution in human epidermis was visualized using TPM and confocal microscopy. Also the in vitro diffusion through epidermis of FITC and fluorescein has been examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  FITC was classified as an extreme sensitizer, whereas fluorescein was non-sensitizing. TPM and confocal microscopy showed an accumulation of FITC in stratum corneum (SC), whereas fluorescein was more evenly distributed in epidermis. The diffusion of fluorescein through epidermis was three times higher than that of FITC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TPM, which has never been used in this context before, is a promising tool for visualizing the distribution of fluorescent compounds of varying reactivity in intact skin. The strong allergen FITC is mainly retained in or adjacent to SC, whereas most fluorescein diffused through the epidermis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Kristin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Samuelsson
authors.forename: Carl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Simonsson
authors.forename: Charlotte A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Jonsson
authors.forename: Gunnar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Westman
authors.forename: Marica B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Ericson
authors.forename: Ann-Therese
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Karlberg
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000818:Animals; D004817:Epidermis / Q000378:metabolism*; D019793:Fluorescein / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D016650:Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D012869:Skin Absorption
chemical_list: D016650:Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate; D019793:Fluorescein