title: Predictors of false positives in 5-aminolevulinic acid-induced photodynamic diagnosis of bladder carcinoma: identification of patient groups that may benefit most from highly specific optical diagnostics.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify patient groups associated with a high probability of false positives in photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) of bladder cancer for which the use of highly specific optical instruments could be beneficial.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study includes the data of 306 patients. Under white light and 5-aminolevulinic acid-induced fluorescence light guidance, tumor locations were recorded, cold-cup biopsies were taken and tumors resected. Age, gender, recent transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT), previous intravesical therapy, and urinary tract infections were examined for association with the false-positive rates in fluorescence cystoscopy by performing a multivariate analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant univariate associations were found between false positives and gender (P = .009, odds ratio [OR] = 0.51), previous intravesical therapy (P = .03, OR = 1.78), previous BCG instillations (P = .03, OR = 2.05), and TURBT in the past 90 days (P = .01, OR = 2.37). In the multivariate regression model, female gender (male; P = .005, OR = 0.41) and TURBT within 90 days before PDD (P = .01, OR = 2.38) are significant independent predictors of false-positive findings in PDD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Recent TURBTs and female gender are significant independent predictors of false positives in fluorescence cystoscopy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, C.04.236, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands. r.draga@umcutrecht.nl
authors.forename: Ronald O P
authors.initials: RO
authors.lastname: Draga
authors.forename: Matthijs C M
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Grimbergen
authors.forename: Esther T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Kok
authors.forename: Trudy N
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Jonges
authors.forename: J L H Ruud
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Bosch
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000622:Aminolevulinic Acid; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018579:Patient Selection; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*
chemical_list: D017319:Photosensitizing Agents; D000622:Aminolevulinic Acid