title: [PSA--Quo vadis?].
abstract: Prostate cancer is the most frequent cancer in males. Because of the high cure rates, early detection of prostate cancer should identify organ-confined prostate cancers. An early detection examination should be performed annually starting at the age of 50 years and ending when life expectancy is less than 10 years. Digital rectal examination is supplemented by determination of prostate-specific antigen (PSA). Before the first PSA test, the patient must be informed of possible consequences such as biopsy recommendation and treatment options. A threshold of 4 ng/ml is defined as the indication for prostate biopsy. Imaging methods do not play a major role in early detection of prostate cancer today. Early detection identifies many latent prostate cancers, and patients may receive overtreatment. A possible solution is to change the early detection paradigm from detection of all prostate cancers to identification of aggressive ones. In this article, early detection is discussed based on the recent literature.
authors.affiliation: Klinik und Poliklinik für Urologie, Uroonkologie und Kinderurologie, Universitätsklinik, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122, Essen, Germany. christof.boergermann@uk-essen.de
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Börgermann
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Loertzer
authors.forename: H-J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Luboldt
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hammerer
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fornara
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Graefen
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rübben
mesh_terms: D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000379:methods*; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen
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