title: Action research, simulation, team communication, and bringing the tacit into voice society for simulation in healthcare.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In healthcare, professionals usually function in a time-constrained paradigm because of the nature of care delivery functions and the acute patient populations usually in need of emergent and urgent care. This leaves little, if no time for team reflection, or team processing as a collaborative action. Simulation can be used to create a safe space as a structure for recognition and innovation to continue to develop a culture of safety for healthcare delivery and patient care.
  
  
  METHODS
  To create and develop a safe space, three qualitative modified action research institutional review board-approved studies were developed using simulation to explore team communication as an unfolding in the acute care environment of the operating room. An action heuristic was used for data collection by capturing the participants' narratives in the form of collaborative recall and reflection to standardize task, process, and language.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the qualitative simulations, the team participants identified and changed multiple tasks, process, and language items. The simulations contributed to positive changes for task and efficiencies, team interactions, and overall functionality of the team.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The studies demonstrated that simulation can be used in healthcare to define safe spaces to practice, reflect, and develop collaborative relationships, which contribute to the realization of a culture of safety.
authors.affiliation: Department of Perioperative Services, Oklahoma University Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA. lydia.forsythe@hcahealthcare.com
authors.forename: Lydia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Forsythe
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence; D006282:Health Personnel / Q000193:education; D006302:Health Services Research; D006801:Humans; D033183:Interdisciplinary Communication; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009873:Operating Rooms; D010348:Patient Care Team / Q000592:standards*; D011214:Practice, Psychological; D013663:Teaching / Q000379:methods