title: Lupin protein compared to casein lowers the LDL cholesterol:HDL cholesterol-ratio of hypercholesterolemic adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lupin protein had hypocholesterolemic effects in laboratory animals. However, the effect in humans has not been elucidated till now.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effect of lupin protein on circulating cholesterol in plasma and lipoproteins of hypercholesterolemic subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel trial (23 females and 20 males completed the trial) was conducted to compare the effects of lupin protein versus casein as control protein on plasma lipids and amino acids. Thirty-five grams of the test protein were consumed daily for 6 weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both lupin protein and casein resulted in a reduction of circulating plasma cholesterol (-0.50 +/- 0.64 and -0.47 +/- 0.79 mM; P < 0.05) from baseline to week 6. The reduction of plasma cholesterol was mainly caused by a reduction of LDL cholesterol in the lupin protein group (-0.31 +/- 0.46 mM; P < 0.05), while in the casein group HDL cholesterol significantly declined (-0.17 +/- 0.15 mM; P < 0.05). Comparing the lupin protein group with the casein group yielded a difference in the net changes from baseline to week 6 in the LDL:HDL cholesterol-ratio of -0.24 (95% CI: -0.007, -0.479; P < 0.05). No significant differences in net changes were observed for plasma concentrations of triglycerides, glucose, homocysteine, taurine and most of the amino acids.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lupin protein compared to casein slightly lowered the concentration of LDL cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic subjects, without altering HDL cholesterol. No or minor effects of lupin protein were observed on circulating glucose, homocysteine and plasma amino acids.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany.
authors.forename: Kristin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Weisse
authors.forename: Corinna
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Brandsch
authors.forename: Bianca
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zernsdorf
authors.forename: Germaine S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Nkengfack Nembongwe
authors.forename: Kathleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hofmann
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Eder
authors.forename: Gabriele I
authors.initials: GI
authors.lastname: Stangl
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D002364:Caseins / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood*; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood*; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005526:Food, Formulated / Q000009:adverse effects; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000178:diet therapy*; D031297:Lupinus / Q000737:chemistry; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008517:Phytotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D001786:Blood Glucose; D002364:Caseins; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D010940:Plant Proteins; D014280:Triglycerides; C057950:lupinin protein, Lupinus angustifolius
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