title: Integrated capture and spectroscopic detection of viruses.
abstract: The goal of this work is to develop an online monitoring scheme for detection of viruses in flowing drinking water. The approach applies an electrodeposition process that is similar to the use of charged membrane filters previously employed for collection of viruses from aqueous samples. In the present approach, charged materials are driven onto a robust optical sensing element which has high transparency to infrared light. A spectroscopic measurement is performed using the evanescent wave that penetrates no more than 1 mum from the surface of an infrared optical element in an attenuated total reflectance measurement scheme. The infrared measurement provides quantitative information on the amount and identity of material deposited from the water. Initial studies of this sensing scheme used proteins reversibly electrodeposited onto germanium chips. The results of those studies were applied to design a method for collection of viruses onto an attenuated total reflectance crystal. Spectral signatures can be discriminated between three types of protein and two viruses. There is the potential to remove deposited material by reversing the voltage polarity. This work demonstrates a novel and practical scheme for detection of viruses in water systems with potential application to near-continual, automated monitoring of municipal drinking water.
authors.affiliation: Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
authors.forename: Crystal A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Vargas
authors.forename: Allison A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Wilhelm
authors.forename: Jeremy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lucas
authors.forename: Kelly A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Reynolds
authors.forename: Mark R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Riley
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002364:Caseins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002417:Cattle; D003460:Crystallization; D005857:Germanium; D006801:Humans; D017909:Levivirus / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D009113:Muramidase / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D055096:Optical Devices; D017955:Poliovirus / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D011506:Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012710:Serum Albumin, Bovine / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D014773:Virology / Q000379:methods; D014780:Viruses / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D014871:Water Microbiology; D014881:Water Supply
chemical_list: D002364:Caseins; D011506:Proteins; D005857:Germanium; D012710:Serum Albumin, Bovine; D009113:Muramidase
references.citation: J Colloid Interface Sci. 2006 Feb 1;294(1):1-10
references.pmid: 16083898
references.citation: Biotechnol Prog. 2001 Mar-Apr;17(2):376-8
references.pmid: 11312719
references.citation: Can J Microbiol. 2001 Feb;47(2):153-7
references.pmid: 11261495
references.citation: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2006 Mar 10;341(2):279-84
references.pmid: 16414011
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 1996 Apr;62(4):1424-7
references.pmid: 8919804
references.citation: Environ Sci Technol. 2001 May 1;35(9):1798-805
references.pmid: 11355195
references.citation: Analyst. 2006 May;131(5):640-7
references.pmid: 16633577
references.citation: Biotechnol Bioeng. 2006 Nov 5;95(4):599-612
references.pmid: 16900468
references.citation: Biosens Bioelectron. 2007 Jun 15;22(12):3028-35
references.pmid: 17317142
references.citation: Talanta. 2000 Jun 30;52(3):473-84
references.pmid: 18968007
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Oct;87(20):8140-4
references.pmid: 2236027
references.citation: Appl Spectrosc. 2005 Jan;59(1):1-9
references.pmid: 15720730
references.citation: Biotechnol Prog. 2006 Jan-Feb;22(1):24-31
references.pmid: 16454488
references.citation: Appl Spectrosc. 2007 Jul;61(7):679-85
references.pmid: 17697460
references.citation: Environ Sci Technol. 2002 Jun 1;36(11):2403-13
references.pmid: 12075796
references.citation: Analyst. 2004 Oct;129(10):880-5
references.pmid: 15457314
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2000 May;66(5):2267-8
references.pmid: 10788415
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2000 Jul;66(7):2914-20
references.pmid: 10877786
references.citation: MMWR Surveill Summ. 2008 Sep 12;57(9):39-62
references.pmid: 18784643
references.citation: Adv Appl Microbiol. 1984;30:133-68
references.pmid: 6099689
references.citation: Can J Microbiol. 1998 Jun;44(6):598-604
references.pmid: 9734309
references.citation: Anal Biochem. 2006 Apr 1;351(1):1-10
references.pmid: 16337139
references.citation: Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2008 Jun;19(3):302-6
references.pmid: 18524569
references.citation: Biotechnol Prog. 1999 Nov-Dec;15(6):1133-41
references.pmid: 10585200