title: Dependence of the roll angular vestibuloocular reflex (aVOR) on gravity.
abstract: Little is known about the dependence of the roll angular vestibuloocular reflex (aVOR) on gravity or its gravity-dependent adaptive properties. To study gravity-dependent characteristics of the roll aVOR, monkeys were oscillated about a naso-occipital axis in darkness while upright or tilted. Roll aVOR gains were largest in the upright position and decreased by 7-15% as animals were tilted from the upright. Thus the unadapted roll aVOR gain has substantial gravitational dependence. Roll gains were also decreased or increased by 0.25 Hz, in- or out-of-phase rotation of the head and the visual surround while animals were prone, supine, upright, or in side-down positions. Gain changes, determined as a function of head tilt, were fit with a sinusoid; the amplitudes represented the amount of the gravity-dependent gain change, and the bias, the gravity-independent gain change. Gravity-dependent gain changes were absent or substantially smaller in roll (approximately 5%) than in yaw (25%) or pitch (17%), whereas gravity-independent gain changes were similar for roll, pitch, and yaw (approximately 20%). Thus the high-frequency roll aVOR gain has an inherent dependence on head orientation re gravity in the unadapted state, which is different from the yaw/pitch aVORs. This inherent gravitational dependence may explain why the adaptive circuits are not active when the head is tilted re gravity during roll aVOR adaptation. These behavioral differences support the idea that there is a fundamental difference in the central organization of canal-otolith convergence of the roll and yaw/pitch aVORs.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Neurology, Box 1135, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1 E. 100th St., New York, NY 10029-6574, USA. sergei.yakushin@mssm.edu
authors.forename: Sergei B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Yakushin
authors.forename: Yongqing
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xiang
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Theodore
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Raphan
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000818:Animals; D001330:Electronic Data Processing / Q000379:methods; D005133:Eye Movements / Q000502:physiology; D006112:Gravitation; D006257:Head / Q000502:physiology; D008252:Macaca fascicularis; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D009949:Orientation / Q000502:physiology*; D012027:Reflex, Vestibulo-Ocular / Q000502:physiology*; D054159:Torsion, Mechanical
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1978 Apr;17(4):303-14
references.pmid: 640778
references.citation: Exp Brain Res. 2000 Apr;131(4):416-32
references.pmid: 10803411
references.citation: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1992 May 22;656:140-57
references.pmid: 1599139
references.citation: Exp Brain Res. 1984;56(1):149-53
references.pmid: 6332032
references.citation: J Neurophysiol. 2002 Nov;88(5):2445-62
references.pmid: 12424285
references.citation: J Gravit Physiol. 1998 Oct;5(2):41-9
references.pmid: 11541901
references.citation: J Neurophysiol. 2001 May;85(5):2267-88
references.pmid: 11353040
references.citation: J Neurophysiol. 1996 Jun;75(6):2425-40
references.pmid: 8793754
references.citation: J Neurophysiol. 1998 May;79(5):2653-67
references.pmid: 9582236
references.citation: Science. 1991 May 31;252(5010):1313-5
references.pmid: 1925545
references.citation: Acta Otolaryngol. 1971 Sep;72(3):165-71
references.pmid: 5000242
references.citation: Brain Res. 1974 Nov 22;80(3):512-6
references.pmid: 4547632
references.citation: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1988;545:74-92
references.pmid: 3239884
references.citation: Exp Brain Res. 1991;87(1):57-66
references.pmid: 1756833
references.citation: J Vestib Res. 1999;9(1):27-36
references.pmid: 10334014
references.citation: Exp Brain Res. 2003 Sep;152(1):137-42
references.pmid: 12879171
references.citation: Vision Res. 1983;23(10):1121-31
references.pmid: 6649431
references.citation: J Neurophysiol. 2000 Dec;84(6):3067-71
references.pmid: 11110833
references.citation: Neurosci Res. 1996 Jul;25(3):255-65
references.pmid: 8856722
references.citation: Vision Res. 2001;41(25-26):3255-70
references.pmid: 11718771
references.citation: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2005 Apr;1039:97-110
references.pmid: 15826965
references.citation: J Neurophysiol. 2008 Aug;100(2):763-80
references.pmid: 18562554
references.citation: J Neurophysiol. 1984 Jan;51(1):136-46
references.pmid: 6319622
references.citation: Exp Brain Res. 2000 Jun;132(4):434-44
references.pmid: 10912824
references.citation: J Neurophysiol. 2005 Jun;93(6):3693-8
references.pmid: 15689386
references.citation: J Physiol. 1977 Sep;270(2):321-44
references.pmid: 409838
references.citation: Exp Brain Res. 1989;75(2):221-6
references.pmid: 2721607
references.citation: J Neurophysiol. 2007 Nov;98(5):3095-108
references.pmid: 17898142
references.citation: Arch Ital Biol. 1978 Sep;116(3-4):273-80
references.pmid: 312060
references.citation: Exp Brain Res. 1979 Apr 2;35(2):229-48
references.pmid: 108122
references.citation: J Neurophysiol. 1987 Oct;58(4):883-907
references.pmid: 3681400
references.citation: Brain Res. 2008 Feb 8;1193:57-66
references.pmid: 18178173
references.citation: Exp Brain Res. 1992;90(3):526-38
references.pmid: 1426111
references.citation: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003 Oct;1004:78-93
references.pmid: 14662450
references.citation: J Neurophysiol. 1996 Jun;75(6):2520-32
references.pmid: 8793761
references.citation: Vision Res. 2001;41(25-26):3331-44
references.pmid: 11718777
references.citation: Exp Brain Res. 2000 Sep;134(2):212-9
references.pmid: 11037288
references.citation: Exp Brain Res. 1988;69(2):307-14
references.pmid: 3345809
references.citation: Vision Res. 1980;20(6):535-8
references.pmid: 6776685
references.citation: J Neurosci. 1983 Jun;3(6):1234-44
references.pmid: 6602209
references.citation: Science. 1975 Nov 28;190(4217):906-8
references.pmid: 1188373
references.citation: IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 1963 Oct;10:137-45
references.pmid: 14121113
references.citation: Vision Res. 1991;31(7-8):1327-35
references.pmid: 1891821
references.citation: J Physiol. 1973 Oct;234(2):102P-103P
references.pmid: 4544793
references.citation: Exp Brain Res. 2005 Mar;161(3):358-67
references.pmid: 15490132
references.citation: J Neurophysiol. 2003 Jan;89(1):571-86
references.pmid: 12522203
references.citation: Aviat Space Environ Med. 1987 Sep;58(9 Pt 2):A186-8
references.pmid: 3675489
references.citation: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1992 May 22;656:166-80
references.pmid: 1599141
references.citation: J Physiol. 1976 Apr;256(2):381-414
references.pmid: 16992508
references.citation: J Neurophysiol. 1995 Feb;73(2):615-31
references.pmid: 7760122
references.citation: Brain Res. 1976 Feb 27;103(3):551-4
references.pmid: 1082788
references.citation: J Neurophysiol. 1980 May;43(5):1406-25
references.pmid: 6768851
references.citation: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1981;374:513-25
references.pmid: 6803645
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 1992 Aug;73(2 Suppl):121S-131S
references.pmid: 1526938
references.citation: Brain Res. 1980 Mar 10;185(2):265-75
references.pmid: 6965604
references.citation: J Neurophysiol. 1991 Mar;65(3):407-23
references.pmid: 2051188
references.citation: Exp Brain Res. 1981;44(1):19-26
references.pmid: 7274361
references.citation: J Neurophysiol. 1995 Dec;74(6):2722-38
references.pmid: 8747227
references.citation: Kybernetik. 1961 Jul;1:81-8
references.pmid: 13698821