title: Assessment of average exposure to organochlorine pesticides in southern Togo from water, maize (Zea mays) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata).
abstract: Drinking water, cowpea and maize grains were sampled in some potentially exposed agro-ecological areas in Togo and analysed for their contamination by some common organochlorine pesticides. A total of 19 organochlorine pesticides were investigated in ten subsamples of maize, ten subsamples of cowpea and nine subsamples of drinking water. Analytical methods included solvent extraction of the pesticide residues and their subsequent quantification using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of pesticides were also determined. Pesticides residues in drinking water (0.04-0.40 microg l(-1)) were higher than the maximum residue limit (MRL) (0.03 microg l(-1)) set by the World Health Organization (WHO). Dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor epoxide and endosulfan levels (13.16-98.79 microg kg(-1)) in cowpea grains exceeded MRLs applied in France (10-50 microg kg(-1)). Contaminants' levels in maize grains (0.53-65.70 microg kg(-1)) were below the MRLs (20-100 microg kg(-1)) set by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the WHO. EDIs of the tested pesticides ranged from 0.02% to 162.07% of the acceptable daily intakes (ADIs). Population exposure levels of dieldrin and heptachlor epoxide were higher than the FAO/WHO standards. A comprehensive national monitoring programme on organochlorine pesticides should be undertaken to include such other relevant sources like meat, fish, eggs and milk.
authors.affiliation: Unite de Recherche sur les Agroressources et la Sante, Environnementale, Ecole Superieure d'Agronomie, Universite de Lome, B.P. 1515 Lome, Togo. gmawussi@gmail.com
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mawussi
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sanda
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Merlina
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pinelli
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D004032:Diet; D007887:Fabaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated / Q000032:analysis*; D008452:Maximum Allowable Concentration; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000032:analysis*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D014037:Togo; D014881:Water Supply / Q000032:analysis*; D003313:Zea mays / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; D010573:Pesticide Residues