title: Assessing analgesic actions of opioids by experimental pain models in healthy volunteers - an updated review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Experimental pain models may help to evaluate the mechanisms of action of analgesics and target the clinical indications for their use. This review addresses how the efficacy of opioids can be assessed in human volunteers using experimental pain models. The drawback with the different study designs is also discussed.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature search was completed for randomized controlled studies which included human experimental pain models, healthy volunteers and opioids.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Opioids with a strong affinity for the micro-opioid receptor decreased the sensation in a variety of experimental pain modalities, but strong tonic pain was attenuated more than short lasting pain and non-painful sensations. The effects of opioids with weaker affinity for the micro-opioid receptor were detected by a more narrow range of pain models, and the assessment methods needed to be more sensitive.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The way the pain is induced, assessed and summarized is very important for the sensitivity of the pain models. This review gives an overview of how different opioids perform in experimental pain models. Generally experimental pain models need to be designed with careful consideration of pharmacological mechanisms and pharmacokinetics of analgesics. This knowledge can aid the decisions needed to be taken when designing experimental pain studies for compounds entering phase 1 clinical trials.
authors.affiliation: Center for Sensory-Motor Interactions, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7, Aalborg 9000, Denmark. cst@smi.auc.dk
authors.forename: Camilla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Staahl
authors.forename: Anne Estrup
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Olesen
authors.forename: Trine
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Andresen
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Arendt-Nielsen
authors.forename: Asbjørn Mohr
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Drewes
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000187:drug effects*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid
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