title: Propofol induces endothelial nitric oxide synthase phosphorylation and activation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells by inhibiting protein kinase C delta expression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Protein kinase Cs (PKCs) are involved in the regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). The purpose of this study is to evaluate the role of PKC delta in mediating the effects of chronic treatment with propofol on eNOS activation in human umbilical venous endothelial cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human umbilical venous endothelial cells were treated chronically with propofol (1-100 micromol l(-1)) to induce phosphorylation of eNOS activation, which was assessed by immunoblot and cyclic GMP accumulation assay. The involvement of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt pathway was examined by an immunoblot assay. In addition, the role of PKC delta in regulating propofol-induced activation of eNOS was explored. Finally, cells were treated with a combination of ceramide (10 nmol l(-1)) and propofol (50 micromol l(-1)), and the role of protein phosphatase 2A in mediating drug-induced eNOS activation was evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cells treated with propofol showed an increase in phosphorylation of eNOS at serine(1177) in a dose-dependent manner. Cyclic GMP accumulation was also increased accordingly. Akt was not phosphorylated in response to propofol (50 micromol l(-1)) at serine(473). In addition, a phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitor, LY294002 (10 micromol l(-1)), did not affect eNOS phosphorylation and nitric oxide production by propofol. Chronic treatment with propofol induced a downregulation of PKC delta, which was associated with eNOS activation. Moreover, ceramide inhibited the effect of propofol on eNOS activation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Propofol induces eNOS activation through a PKC delta inhibition-dependent, protein phosphatase 2A-coordinated, but phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt-independent pathway.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Sixth Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China. liwang1118@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Jiang
mesh_terms: D002460:Cell Line; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology*; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D015742:Propofol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051745:Protein Kinase C-delta / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D014471:Umbilical Veins / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology*
chemical_list: D007527:Isoenzymes; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; D051745:Protein Kinase C-delta; D015742:Propofol