title: Anti-inflammatory effect of exercise training in subjects with type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome is dependent on exercise modalities and independent of weight loss.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the effect of different exercise modalities on high sensitivity-C reactive protein (hs-CRP) and other inflammatory markers in patients with type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighty-two patients were randomized into 4 groups: sedentary control (A); receiving counseling to perform low-intensity physical activity (B); performing prescribed and supervised high-intensity aerobic (C) or aerobic+resistance (D) exercise (with the same caloric expenditure) for 12 months. Evaluation of leisure-time physical activity and assessment of physical fitness, cardiovascular risk factors and inflammatory biomarkers was performed at baseline and every 3 months. Volume of physical activity increased and HbA(1c) decreased in Groups B-D. VO(2max), HOMA-IR index, HDL-cholesterol, waist circumference and albuminuria improved in Groups C and D, whereas strength and flexibility improved only in Group D. Levels of hs-CRP decreased in all three exercising groups, but the reduction was significant only in Groups C and D, and particularly in Group D. Changes in VO(2max) and the exercise modalities were strong predictors of hs-CRP reduction, independent of body weight. Leptin, resistin and interleukin-6 decreased, whereas adiponectin increased in Groups C and D. Interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ decreased, whereas anti-inflammatory interleukin-4 and 10 increased only in Group D.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Physical exercise in type 2 diabetic patients with the metabolic syndrome is associated with a significant reduction of hs-CRP and other inflammatory and insulin resistance biomarkers, independent of weight loss. Long-term high-intensity (preferably mixed) training, in addition to daytime physical activity, is required to obtain a significant anti-inflammatory effect.
authors.affiliation: Metabolic Fitness Association, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy. s.balducci@hctdiabete.it
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Balducci
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zanuso
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nicolucci
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fernando
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cavallo
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cardelli
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fallucca
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Alessi
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Letizia
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jimenez
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fallucca
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pugliese
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis*; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000276:immunology*; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000276:immunology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood; D015431:Weight Loss
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D002097:C-Reactive Protein