title: Dating the origins of the maize-adapted strain of maize streak virus, MSV-A.
abstract: Maize streak virus (MSV), which causes maize streak disease (MSD), is one of the most serious biotic threats to African food security. Here, we use whole MSV genomes sampled over 30 years to estimate the dates of key evolutionary events in the 500 year association of MSV and maize. The substitution rates implied by our analyses agree closely with those estimated previously in controlled MSV evolution experiments, and we use them to infer the date when the maize-adapted strain, MSV-A, was generated by recombination between two grass-adapted MSV strains. Our results indicate that this recombination event occurred in the mid-1800 s, approximately 20 years before the first credible reports of MSD in South Africa and centuries after the introduction of maize to the continent in the early 1500 s. This suggests a causal link between MSV recombination and the emergence of MSV-A as a serious pathogen of maize.
authors.affiliation: South African National Bioinformatics Institute, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa.
authors.forename: Gordon W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Harkins
authors.affiliation: Centre for High-Performance Computing, Rosebank, Cape Town, South Africa.|Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa.
authors.forename: Darren P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology, Evolution and Natural Resources, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA.
authors.forename: Siobain
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Duffy
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa.
authors.forename: Aderito L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Monjane
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa.
authors.forename: Dionne N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Shepherd
authors.affiliation: Warwick Systems Biology Centre, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne CV35 9EF, UK.
authors.forename: Oliver P
authors.initials: OP
authors.lastname: Windram
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa.
authors.forename: Betty E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Owor
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa.
authors.forename: Lara
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Donaldson
authors.affiliation: South African Sugarcane Research Institute, Mount Edgecombe, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa.
authors.forename: Tania
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: van Antwerpen
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa.
authors.forename: Rizwan A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Sayed
authors.affiliation: Crop Protection, ARC-Grain Crops Institute, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa.
authors.forename: Bradley
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Flett
authors.affiliation: Crop Protection, ARC-Grain Crops Institute, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa.
authors.forename: Moses
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ramusi
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa.|Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa.
authors.forename: Edward P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Rybicki
authors.affiliation: CIRAD, UMR BGPI, TA A54/K, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Peterschmitt
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand.|Electron Microscope Unit, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa.
authors.forename: Arvind
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Varsani
mesh_terms: D001499:Bayes Theorem; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D016679:Genome, Viral; D026762:Maize streak virus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000821:virology*; D006109:Poaceae / Q000821:virology; D011995:Recombination, Genetic; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D014774:Virulence; D003313:Zea mays / Q000821:virology*
references.citation: J Gen Virol. 1998 Dec;79 ( Pt 12):3091-9
references.pmid: 9880027
references.citation: Virol J. 2008 May 20;5:61
references.pmid: 18489800
references.citation: J Virol. 2009 Mar;83(6):2697-707
references.pmid: 19116260
references.citation: Virology. 2002 Nov 25;303(2):317-26
references.pmid: 12490393
references.citation: PLoS One. 2008 Jun 25;3(6):e2523
references.pmid: 18575612
references.citation: J Gen Virol. 2009 Mar;90(Pt 3):734-746
references.pmid: 19218220
references.citation: Bioinformatics. 2004 Jul 10;20(10):1546-56
references.pmid: 14962922
references.citation: J Gen Virol. 2007 Nov;88(Pt 11):3154-3165
references.pmid: 17947543
references.citation: Mol Biol Evol. 2001 Jun;18(6):1001-13
references.pmid: 11371589
references.citation: PLoS Pathog. 2008 Aug 15;4(8):e1000125
references.pmid: 18704169
references.citation: J Virol Methods. 2001 Apr;93(1-2):75-87
references.pmid: 11311346
references.citation: Arch Biochem Biophys. 2006 Sep 1;453(1):108-22
references.pmid: 16427599
references.citation: Virology. 2007 Mar 15;359(2):302-12
references.pmid: 17070885
references.citation: Virology. 2009 Apr 25;387(1):229-34
references.pmid: 19272628
references.citation: PLoS Biol. 2006 May;4(5):e88
references.pmid: 16683862
references.citation: J Virol. 2007 Jun;81(11):5902-7
references.pmid: 17376922
references.citation: J Gen Virol. 2008 Sep;89(Pt 9):2063-2074
references.pmid: 18753214
references.citation: J Gen Virol. 2000 Jan;81(Pt 1):287-97
references.pmid: 10640569
references.citation: J Gen Virol. 2001 Mar;82(Pt 3):655-665
references.pmid: 11172108
references.citation: PLoS Genet. 2005 Oct;1(4):e51
references.pmid: 16244707
references.citation: J Virol. 2006 Dec;80(23):11827-32
references.pmid: 16971423
references.citation: Phytopathology. 1999 Aug;89(8):695-700
references.pmid: 18944683
references.citation: J Virol. 2008 Jan;82(2):957-65
references.pmid: 17977971
references.citation: Mol Biol Evol. 2000 Oct;17(10):1578-9
references.pmid: 11018163
references.citation: BMC Evol Biol. 2007 Nov 08;7:214
references.pmid: 17996036
references.citation: Mol Biol Evol. 2007 Aug;24(8):1596-9
references.pmid: 17488738
references.citation: Virology. 2007 Aug 15;365(1):210-9
references.pmid: 17467025
references.citation: J Gen Virol. 2009 Jun;90(Pt 6):1539-1547
references.pmid: 19264617
references.citation: Phytopathology. 2002 Jan;92(1):81-6
references.pmid: 18944143
references.citation: Virol J. 2009 Jul 16;6:104
references.pmid: 19607673
references.citation: J Virol Methods. 2008 Apr;149(1):97-102
references.pmid: 18280590
references.citation: BMC Evol Biol. 2008 Dec 18;8:335
references.pmid: 19094195
references.citation: Virology. 2001 Sep 30;288(2):247-55
references.pmid: 11601896
references.citation: Virol J. 2008 Oct 31;5:135
references.pmid: 18976479
references.citation: Arch Virol. 2001;146(6):1075-88
references.pmid: 11504417
references.citation: Virology. 2002 Sep 1;300(2):180-8
references.pmid: 12350349
references.citation: J Gen Virol. 2005 Mar;86(Pt 3):803-813
references.pmid: 15722543
references.citation: J Virol Methods. 2007 Mar;140(1-2):100-5
references.pmid: 17174409
references.citation: J Gen Virol. 1992 May;73 ( Pt 5):1031-40
references.pmid: 1588313
references.citation: Virus Genes. 1994 Sep;9(1):93-100
references.pmid: 7871766
references.citation: Virol J. 2008 Sep 24;5:104
references.pmid: 18816368