title: Podocytes produce homeostatic chemokine stromal cell-derived factor-1/CXCL12, which contributes to glomerulosclerosis, podocyte loss and albuminuria in a mouse model of type 2 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 12 (CXCL12) (also known as stromal cell-derived factor-1 [SDF-1]-alpha) is a homeostatic chemokine with multiple roles in cell homing, tumour metastasis, angiogenesis and tissue regeneration after acute injuries. However, its role in chronic diseases remains poorly defined, e.g. in chronic glomerular diseases like diabetic glomerulosclerosis. We hypothesised that CXCL12 may have a functional role during the evolution of diabetic glomerulosclerosis, either by assisting glomerular repair or by supporting the maladaptive tissue remodelling in response to hyperglycaemia and glomerular hyperfiltration.
  
  
  METHODS
  To define the functional role of CXCL12 in the progression of glomerular disease, we used the CXCL12-specific inhibitor NOX-A12, an L: -enantiomeric RNA oligonucleotide (Spiegelmer). A mouse model of type 2 diabetes (db/db mice) was used. Male db/db mice, uni-nephrectomised at 6 weeks of age, received subcutaneous injections with a PEGylated form of NOX-A12, non-functional control Spiegelmer or vehicle on alternate days from 4 to 6 months of age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Immunostaining localised renal CXCL12 production to glomerular podocytes in db/db mice with early or advanced diabetic nephropathy. CXCL12 inhibition significantly reduced the degree of glomerulosclerosis, increased the number of podocytes, prevented the onset of albuminuria and maintained the peritubular vasculature without affecting blood glucose levels, body weight or glomerular macrophage infiltration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that podocytes produce CXCL12, which contributes to proteinuria and glomerulosclerosis in our mouse model of type 2 diabetes. This novel pathomechanism provides the first evidence that CXCL12 could be a therapeutic target in (diabetic) glomerulosclerosis.
authors.affiliation: Nephrological Center, Medizinische Poliklinik, Klinikum der Universität München-Innenstadt, Pettenkoferstr 8a, 80336 München, Germany.
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Sayyed
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hägele
authors.forename: O P
authors.initials: OP
authors.lastname: Kulkarni
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Endlich
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Segerer
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Eulberg
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Klussmann
authors.forename: H-J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Anders
mesh_terms: D000419:Albuminuria / Q000453:epidemiology; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D054377:Chemokine CXCL12 / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D017931:DNA Primers; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D018450:Disease Progression; D007249:Inflammation / Q000503:physiopathology; D007678:Kidney Glomerulus / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009392:Nephrectomy; D050199:Podocytes / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology*; D012313:RNA / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D054377:Chemokine CXCL12; D017931:DNA Primers; D012313:RNA
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