title: Consumption of filtered and boiled coffee and the risk of first acute myocardial infarction; a nested case/referent study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In northern Sweden, consumption of both filtered and boiled coffee is common. Boiled coffee, especially popular in rural areas, is known to raise blood lipids, a risk factor for acute myocardial infarction (MI). To our knowledge, only one epidemiological study, a case-control study from Sweden, has investigated boiled coffee in MI, noting an increased risk at high consumption levels in men, and no association in women. The aim of the present nested case-referent study was to relate consumption of filtered and boiled coffee to the risk of first MI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study subjects were 375 cases (303 men, 72 women) and 1293 matched referents from the population-based Northern Sweden Health and Disease Study. Coffee consumption was assessed by food frequency questionnaire. Risk estimates were calculated by conditional logistic regression. A statistically significant positive association was found between consumption of filtered coffee and MI risk in men [odds ratio for consumption > or = 4 times/day versus < or = 1 time/day 1.73 (95% CI 1.05-2.84)]. In women, a similar association was observed, but for boiled coffee [odds ratio 2.51 (95% CI 1.08-5.86)]. After adjustment for current smoking, postsecondary education, hypertension, and sedentary lifestyle, the results for women were no longer statistically significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Consumption of filtered coffee was positively associated with the risk of a first MI in men. A similar tendency was observed for boiled coffee in women, but the result was not statistically significant in multivariate analysis. Further investigation in a larger study is warranted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Nutritional Research, Umeå University, SE-90185 Umeå, Sweden. lena.nilsson@nutrires.umu.se
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Nilsson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wennberg
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lindahl
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eliasson
authors.forename: J-H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Jansson
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Van Guelpen
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003069:Coffee / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005374:Filtration; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000209:etiology*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013548:Sweden
chemical_list: D003069:Coffee