title: Transcriptional regulation of nonfermentable carbon utilization in budding yeast.
abstract: Saccharomyces cerevisiae preferentially uses glucose as a carbon source, but following its depletion, it can utilize a wide variety of other carbons including nonfermentable compounds such as ethanol. A shift to a nonfermentable carbon source results in massive reprogramming of gene expression including genes involved in gluconeogenesis, the glyoxylate cycle, and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. This review is aimed at describing the recent progress made toward understanding the mechanism of transcriptional regulation of genes responsible for utilization of nonfermentable carbon sources. A central player for the use of nonfermentable carbons is the Snf1 kinase, which becomes activated under low glucose levels. Snf1 phosphorylates various targets including the transcriptional repressor Mig1, resulting in its inactivation allowing derepression of gene expression. For example, the expression of CAT8, encoding a member of the zinc cluster family of transcriptional regulators, is then no longer repressed by Mig1. Cat8 becomes activated through phosphorylation by Snf1, allowing upregulation of the zinc cluster gene SIP4. These regulators control the expression of various genes including those involved in gluconeogenesis. Recent data show that another zinc cluster protein, Rds2, plays a key role in regulating genes involved in gluconeogenesis and the glyoxylate pathway. Finally, the role of additional regulators such as Adr1, Ert1, Oaf1, and Pip2 is also discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Royal Victoria Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada. bernard.turcotte@mcgill.ca
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Turcotte
authors.forename: Xiao Bei
authors.initials: XB
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Robert
authors.forename: Nitnipa
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Soontorngun
mesh_terms: D002244:Carbon / Q000378:metabolism*; D015966:Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; D002244:Carbon
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 2008 Mar;36(4):e21
references.pmid: 18180247
references.citation: Can J Microbiol. 2000 Dec;46(12):1096-100
references.pmid: 11142398
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2007 Dec 28;282(52):37308-15
references.pmid: 17974563
references.citation: Nature. 1992 Apr 2;356(6368):408-14
references.pmid: 1557122
references.citation: EMBO J. 1996 Jun 17;15(12):2924-34
references.pmid: 8670793
references.citation: Biochim Biophys Acta. 2007 Mar;1771(3):286-98
references.pmid: 16798075
references.citation: Eukaryot Cell. 2005 May;4(5):861-6
references.pmid: 15879520
references.citation: FEBS Lett. 1999 Jun 18;453(1-2):219-23
references.pmid: 10403407
references.citation: Front Biosci. 2008 Jan 01;13:2408-20
references.pmid: 17981722
references.citation: Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 1998 Jun;62(2):334-61
references.pmid: 9618445
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 1999 Nov 15;27(22):4391-8
references.pmid: 10536147
references.citation: Cell. 2009 Mar 20;136(6):1073-84
references.pmid: 19303850
references.citation: Curr Genet. 2003 Jun;43(3):139-60
references.pmid: 12715202
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 2000 Feb;20(4):1321-8
references.pmid: 10648618
references.citation: Biochem Soc Trans. 2003 Feb;31(Pt 1):178-81
references.pmid: 12546680
references.citation: Microbiology (Reading). 1996 Jun;142 ( Pt 6):1385-1390
references.pmid: 8704978
references.citation: Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2002 Jun;66(2):300-72
references.pmid: 12040128
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1996 Jul 5;271(27):15928-33
references.pmid: 8663166
references.citation: Biochim Biophys Acta. 2006 Dec;1763(12):1392-402
references.pmid: 16949166
references.citation: Mol Biol Cell. 2003 Apr;14(4):1652-63
references.pmid: 12686616
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 1995 Apr;15(4):1915-22
references.pmid: 7891685
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2008 Nov 28;283(48):33101-9
references.pmid: 18826948
references.citation: Curr Biol. 1999 Nov 4;9(21):1231-41
references.pmid: 10556086
references.citation: EMBO J. 1994 Dec 15;13(24):5878-86
references.pmid: 7813428
references.citation: Mol Microbiol. 1999 Oct;34(1):146-56
references.pmid: 10540293
references.citation: Genes Dev. 1996 Dec 15;10(24):3105-15
references.pmid: 8985180
references.citation: Mol Gen Genet. 1993 Apr;238(3):315-24
references.pmid: 8492799
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 2005 Mar;25(6):2138-46
references.pmid: 15743812
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 1996 Jun 15;24(12):2331-7
references.pmid: 8710504
references.citation: PLoS One. 2008 Sep 15;3(9):e3213
references.pmid: 18791642
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2001 Jan 5;276(1):76-85
references.pmid: 11024040
references.citation: Yeast. 2005 Aug;22(11):835-94
references.pmid: 16134093
references.citation: Annu Rev Genet. 2008;42:27-81
references.pmid: 18303986
references.citation: EMBO J. 1998 Dec 1;17(23):7002-8
references.pmid: 9843506
references.citation: Mol Microbiol. 1991 Sep;5(9):2079-84
references.pmid: 1766381
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2004 Jul 2;279(27):27855-60
references.pmid: 15123673
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 2008 Apr;28(8):2509-16
references.pmid: 18250152
references.citation: EMBO Rep. 2004 Apr;5(4):368-72
references.pmid: 15031717
references.citation: Front Biosci. 2007 Jan 01;12:2358-71
references.pmid: 17127246
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2002 Oct 11;277(41):38095-103
references.pmid: 12167649
references.citation: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2008 Oct 3;374(4):763-6
references.pmid: 18671944
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 2001 May 15;29(10):2181-90
references.pmid: 11353088
references.citation: FASEB J. 1995 Jun;9(9):777-87
references.pmid: 7601342
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2004 Nov 19;279(47):49138-50
references.pmid: 15358789
references.citation: Genetics. 1993 Nov;135(3):655-64
references.pmid: 8293971
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 1992 Jul;12(7):2941-8
references.pmid: 1620107
references.citation: EMBO Rep. 2006 May;7(5):496-9
references.pmid: 16670683
references.citation: Comp Funct Genomics. 2003;4(1):37-46
references.pmid: 18629096
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1984 Jun 10;259(11):7191-7
references.pmid: 6327710
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 1994 Jun;14(6):3613-22
references.pmid: 8196607
references.citation: Mol Biol Cell. 2008 Aug;19(8):3323-33
references.pmid: 18508925
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 1991 Feb;11(2):699-704
references.pmid: 1899286
references.citation: Eur J Biochem. 1994 Sep 1;224(2):473-81
references.pmid: 7925362
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 2007 Nov;27(22):7895-905
references.pmid: 17875938
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 2004 May;24(10):4083-91
references.pmid: 15121831
references.citation: FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2003 Apr;27(1):35-64
references.pmid: 12697341
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 1997 May;17(5):2502-10
references.pmid: 9111319
references.citation: Eukaryot Cell. 2003 Apr;2(2):265-73
references.pmid: 12684376
references.citation: Annu Rev Biochem. 1998;67:821-55
references.pmid: 9759505
references.citation: Mol Syst Biol. 2007;3:115
references.pmid: 17551510
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2009 Feb 13;284(7):4422-8
references.pmid: 19056732
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Jul 22;100(15):8839-43
references.pmid: 12847291
references.citation: Fungal Genet Biol. 1997 Jun;21(3):388-405
references.pmid: 9290251
references.citation: Mol Genet Genomics. 2006 Aug;276(2):170-86
references.pmid: 16741729
references.citation: Yeast. 1997 Sep 30;13(12):1099-133
references.pmid: 9301019
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2003 Jul 11;278(28):26146-58
references.pmid: 12676948
references.citation: Curr Opin Microbiol. 1999 Apr;2(2):202-7
references.pmid: 10322167
references.citation: Mol Microbiol. 2002 Dec;46(5):1429-40
references.pmid: 12453227
references.citation: FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2008 Nov;32(6):974-94
references.pmid: 18759742
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 1999 Apr;181(8):2620-3
references.pmid: 10198029
references.citation: Nat Genet. 2002 Aug;31(4):400-4
references.pmid: 12134146
references.citation: Curr Genet. 2004 Mar;45(3):121-8
references.pmid: 14685767
references.citation: Curr Genet. 1993 Jul-Aug;24(1-2):21-5
references.pmid: 8358828
references.citation: Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2006 Sep;70(3):583-604
references.pmid: 16959962
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2002 Jun 14;277(24):21254-60
references.pmid: 11943786
references.citation: Genetics. 2007 May;176(1):139-50
references.pmid: 17339216
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 1991 Nov 11;19(21):5991-7
references.pmid: 1945883
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 2006 Sep;26(17):6690-701
references.pmid: 16914749
references.citation: Mol Biol Cell. 2005 Apr;16(4):2068-76
references.pmid: 15703210
references.citation: Eur J Biochem. 1997 Aug 1;247(3):776-83
references.pmid: 9288897
references.citation: Curr Biol. 2003 Aug 5;13(15):1299-305
references.pmid: 12906789
references.citation: Genes Dev. 1989 Aug;3(8):1166-78
references.pmid: 2676721
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 1996 May;16(5):1921-8
references.pmid: 8628258
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 May 2;103(18):7077-81
references.pmid: 16636289
references.citation: Genes Dev. 1994 Oct 15;8(20):2504-12
references.pmid: 7958913
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 2004 Sep;24(18):8255-63
references.pmid: 15340085
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 Apr 10;98(8):4569-74
references.pmid: 11283351
references.citation: EMBO J. 1985 Dec 1;4(12):3265-72
references.pmid: 3004948
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2008 Apr 18;283(16):10264-75
references.pmid: 18285336
references.citation: Curr Genet. 2001 Apr;39(2):68-76
references.pmid: 11405098
references.citation: Science. 1997 Oct 24;278(5338):680-6
references.pmid: 9381177
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 1994 Jun;14(6):3842-52
references.pmid: 8196627
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Oct 15;88(20):9188-92
references.pmid: 1924382
references.citation: Yeast. 2002 Aug;19(11):923-32
references.pmid: 12125049
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Feb 1;88(3):999-1003
references.pmid: 1846973
references.citation: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2005 Jun 24;332(1):254-62
references.pmid: 15896325