In vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy: basic methodology and clinical applications.
The clinical use of in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) has been limited for a long time, mainly due to its low sensitivity. However, with the advent of clinical MR systems with higher magnetic field strengths such as 3 Tesla, the development of better coils, and the design of optimized radio-frequency pulses, sensitivity has been considerably improved. Therefore, in vivo MRS has become a technique that is routinely used more and more in the clinic. In this review, the basic methodology of in vivo MRS is described-mainly focused on (1)H MRS of the brain-with attention to hardware requirements, patient safety, acquisition methods, data post-processing, and quantification. Furthermore, examples of clinical applications of in vivo brain MRS in two interesting fields are described. First, together with a description of the major resonances present in brain MR spectra, several examples are presented of deviations from the normal spectral pattern associated with inborn errors of metabolism. Second, through examples of MR spectra of brain tumors, it is shown that MRS can play an important role in oncology.
van der Graaf
Marinette
M
Clinical Physics Laboratory, Department of Paediatrics 833, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands. M.vanderGraaf@rad.umcn.nl
D000818:Animals; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008659:Metabolic Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis
NMR Biomed. 2002 Oct;15(6):385-92
12357552
Anat Rec. 2001 Apr;265(2):54-84
11323770
J Inherit Metab Dis. 2003;26(7):683-92
14707517
J Magn Reson Imaging. 2002 Oct;16(4):464-76
12353260
Environ Health Perspect. 2004 May;112(7):A410-5
15159214
Pediatr Res. 1999 Oct;46(4):474-85
10509371
Neurology. 1999 May 12;52(8):1668-72
10331697
Neurology. 1990 Nov;40(11):1764-9
2172865
Magn Reson Med Sci. 2007;6(1):29-42
17510540
Magn Reson Med. 1994 Jun;31(6):645-51
8057817
NMR Biomed. 2008 Jun;21(5):444-52
17918206
Adv Enzyme Regul. 1995;35:101-15
7572338
NMR Biomed. 2001 Jun;14(4):224-32
11410940
AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1993 May-Jun;14(3):629-35
8517351
Ann Neurol. 2003;54 Suppl 6:S25-31
12891651
Radiology. 1994 Sep;192(3):733-8
8058941
Ann Neurol. 2001 Mar;49(3):401-4
11261517
Magn Reson Med. 1998 Jan;39(1):53-60
9438437
Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1987;508:333-48
3326459
J Neurosurg. 2003 Feb;98(2):269-76
12593610
Radiology. 1993 Jul;188(1):277-82
8511313
NMR Biomed. 2006 Apr;19(2):271-8
16541463
NMR Biomed. 2002 Feb;15(1):18-27
11840549
J Magn Reson B. 1994 May;104(1):1-10
8025810
Ann Neurol. 2002 Jul;52(1):38-46
12112045
Ann Clin Biochem. 2003 Jan;40(Pt 1):16-24
12542907
MAGMA. 2008 Mar;21(1-2):1-3
18392650
Magn Reson Med. 1996 Sep;36(3):335-9
8875401
Lancet. 1996 Sep 21;348(9030):789-90
8813986
Radiology. 1993 Apr;187(1):219-27
8451417
Am J Hum Genet. 2001 Nov;69(5):1127-33
11555793
J Magn Reson. 2008 Feb;190(2):271-9
18320623
Muscle Nerve. 2000 Sep;23(9):1316-34
10951434
NMR Biomed. 1992 Sep-Oct;5(5):238-43
1449963
Magn Reson Med. 1989 Jan;9(1):79-93
2540396
NMR Biomed. 2006 Jun;19(4):411-34
16763971
NMR Biomed. 2003 Feb;16(1):12-8
12577293
Magn Reson Med. 2003 Feb;49(2):223-32
12541241
Anticancer Res. 1997 May-Jun;17(3A):1455-60
9179183
Eur Radiol. 2008 Dec;18(12):2901-11
18641997
Neuropediatrics. 2006 Aug;37(4):209-21
17177147
Phys Med Biol. 1985 Apr;30(4):341-4
4001160
Breast Cancer Res. 2005;7(4):149-52
15987466
Magn Reson Imaging. 2003 Oct;21(8):923-8
14599543
Magn Reson Med. 1993 Dec;30(6):672-9
8139448
Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 2006 Feb;16(1):87-116, viii
16543087
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Sep 2;100(18):10158-63
12930897
Magn Reson Med. 2008 Dec;60(6):1298-305
19030163
J Magn Reson Imaging. 2004 Aug;20(2):187-92
15269942
Magn Reson Med. 2008 Jan;59(1):1-6
17969076
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1982 Jun;79(11):3523-6
6954498
J Magn Reson. 2011 Dec;213(2):329-43
22152352
Magn Reson Med. 2001 Oct;46(4):713-22
11590648
Eur J Radiol. 2008 Nov;68(2):320-7
17964104
Pediatr Neurol. 1994 May;10(3):228-32
8060425
NMR Biomed. 2003 Oct-Nov;16(6-7):358-69
14679500
Magn Reson Med. 1993 Oct;30(4):424-37
8255190
Neurochem Int. 2002 Apr;40(4):295-300
11792458
AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2004 Apr;25(4):649-57
15090362
Magn Reson Med. 1990 Apr;14(1):26-30
2161984
Ann Neurol. 1999 Dec;46(6):925-8
10589548
Pediatr Res. 1994 Sep;36(3):409-13
7808840
NMR Biomed. 2001 Feb;14(1):19-32
11252037
Magn Reson Med. 1993 Oct;30(4):409-14
8255188
Eur J Radiol. 2008 Aug;67(2):230-9
18434063
NMR Biomed. 2001 Jun;14(4):278-83
11410946
Radiology. 1992 Jun;183(3):701-9
1584924
Ann Neurol. 2001 Apr;49(4):518-21
11310630