title: The mucosal firewalls against commensal intestinal microbes.
abstract: Mammals coexist with an extremely dense microbiota in the lower intestine. Despite the constant challenge of small numbers of microbes penetrating the intestinal surface epithelium, it is very unusual for these organisms to cause disease. In this review article, we present the different mucosal firewalls that contain and allow mutualism with the intestinal microbiota.
authors.affiliation: DKF, Maurice Müller Laboratories, Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, University of Bern, Room G801, Bern, Switzerland. andrew.macpherson@insel.ch
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Macpherson
authors.forename: Emma
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Slack
authors.forename: Markus B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Geuking
authors.forename: Kathy D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: McCoy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007410:Intestinal Diseases / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology*
references.citation: Nat Rev Immunol. 2004 Jun;4(6):478-85
references.pmid: 15173836
references.citation: Cell Microbiol. 2008 Mar;10(3):618-31
references.pmid: 17979981
references.citation: Science. 1995 Nov 17;270(5239):1203-7
references.pmid: 7502046
references.citation: Science. 2005 Jan 14;307(5707):254-8
references.pmid: 15653504
references.citation: Immunity. 1999 Jan;10(1):39-49
references.pmid: 10023769
references.citation: Nature. 2001 May 31;411(6837):599-603
references.pmid: 11385576
references.citation: Science. 2001 Feb 2;291(5505):881-4
references.pmid: 11157169
references.citation: Immunity. 1999 Jan;10(1):29-38
references.pmid: 10023768
references.citation: Nat Genet. 2007 May;39(5):596-604
references.pmid: 17435756
references.citation: Infect Immun. 1980 Feb;27(2):461-7
references.pmid: 6966611
references.citation: Science. 1994 Nov 18;266(5188):1253-5
references.pmid: 7973709
references.citation: J Exp Med. 1978 Dec 1;148(6):1661-77
references.pmid: 31410
references.citation: Am J Gastroenterol. 2009 Jan;104(1):117-24
references.pmid: 19098859
references.citation: Nature. 1984 Sep 6-11;311(5981):71-3
references.pmid: 6433206
references.citation: Science. 2004 Mar 12;303(5664):1662-5
references.pmid: 15016999
references.citation: Ann Surg. 1988 Apr;207(4):387-98
references.pmid: 3281611
references.citation: Semin Immunol. 2001 Dec;13(6):381-90
references.pmid: 11708894
references.citation: J Virol. 1995 Feb;69(2):1339-43
references.pmid: 7815518
references.citation: Science. 1996 Apr 5;272(5258):104-7
references.pmid: 8600516
references.citation: Nature. 2001 May 31;411(6837):603-6
references.pmid: 11385577
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Nov 2;101(44):15718-23
references.pmid: 15505215
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Aug 1;89(15):6901-5
references.pmid: 1323121
references.citation: PLoS Med. 2008 Mar 4;5(3):e54
references.pmid: 18318598
references.citation: Blood. 2008 Jul 15;112(2):277-86
references.pmid: 18319398
references.citation: Gastroenterology. 1995 May;108(5):1566-81
references.pmid: 7729650
references.citation: Semin Immunol. 2007 Apr;19(2):59-69
references.pmid: 17118672
references.citation: Cell Mol Life Sci. 2009 Feb;66(4):553-8
references.pmid: 19189052
references.citation: J Exp Med. 1999 Oct 4;190(7):915-22
references.pmid: 10510081
references.citation: Nat Rev Immunol. 2008 Jun;8(6):458-66
references.pmid: 18500230
references.citation: J Immunol. 2007 Sep 1;179(5):3109-18
references.pmid: 17709525
references.citation: Semin Hematol. 1984 Apr;21(2):123-40
references.pmid: 6204385
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2003 Mar 14;278(11):8869-72
references.pmid: 12527755
references.citation: Adv Exp Med Biol. 2008;635:67-78
references.pmid: 18841704
references.citation: Cell. 2004 Jul 23;118(2):229-41
references.pmid: 15260992
references.citation: J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005 Aug;116(2):426-30
references.pmid: 16083801
references.citation: Science. 2007 Aug 3;317(5838):617-9
references.pmid: 17673650
references.citation: Semin Immunol. 2007 Apr;19(2):84-93
references.pmid: 17055292
references.citation: Semin Immunol. 2007 Apr;19(2):70-83
references.pmid: 17485224
references.citation: Gut. 2006 Feb;55(2):276-84
references.pmid: 16407387
references.citation: Lancet. 2001 Jun 16;357(9272):1925-8
references.pmid: 11425413
references.citation: J Exp Med. 2002 Jun 3;195(11):1491-7
references.pmid: 12045247
references.citation: J Immunol. 1971 Dec;107(6):1656-62
references.pmid: 4330459
references.citation: Scand J Gastroenterol. 2008;43(9):1030-7
references.pmid: 18609165
references.citation: J Intern Med. 2008 Aug;264(2):115-27
references.pmid: 18544117
references.citation: Microbes Infect. 2001 Oct;3(12):1021-35
references.pmid: 11580989
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Jun 9;95(12):6578-83
references.pmid: 9618454
references.citation: Nat Immunol. 2003 Mar;4(3):269-73
references.pmid: 12548285
references.citation: Infect Immun. 1995 Oct;63(10):3827-34
references.pmid: 7558287