title: Serogroup, virulence, and genetic traits of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in the estuarine ecosystem of Bangladesh.
abstract: Forty-two strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus were isolated from Bay of Bengal estuaries and, with two clinical strains, analyzed for virulence, phenotypic, and molecular traits. Serological analysis indicated O8, O3, O1, and K21 to be the major O and K serogroups, respectively, and O8:K21, O1:KUT, and O3:KUT to be predominant. The K antigen(s) was untypeable, and pandemic serogroup O3:K6 was not detected. The presence of genes toxR and tlh were confirmed by PCR in all but two strains, which also lacked toxR. A total of 18 (41%) strains possessed the virulence gene encoding thermostable direct hemolysin (TDH), and one had the TDH-related hemolysin (trh) gene, but not tdh. Ten (23%) strains exhibited Kanagawa phenomenon that surrogates virulence, of which six, including the two clinical strains, possessed tdh. Of the 18 tdh-positive strains, 17 (94%), including the two clinical strains, had the seromarker O8:K21, one was O9:KUT, and the single trh-positive strain was O1:KUT. None had the group-specific or ORF8 pandemic marker gene. DNA fingerprinting employing pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) of SfiI-digested DNA and cluster analysis showed divergence among the strains. Dendrograms constructed using PFGE (SfiI) images from a soft database, including those of pandemic and nonpandemic strains of diverse geographic origin, however, showed that local strains formed a cluster, i.e., "clonal cluster," as did pandemic strains of diverse origin. The demonstrated prevalence of tdh-positive and diarrheagenic serogroup O8:K21 strains in coastal villages of Bangladesh indicates a significant human health risk for inhabitants.
authors.affiliation: International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Munirul
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alam
authors.forename: Wasimul B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Chowdhury
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Bhuiyan
authors.forename: Atiqul
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Islam
authors.forename: Nur A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Hasan
authors.forename: G Balakrish
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Nair
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Siddique
authors.forename: Anwar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Huq
authors.forename: R Bradley
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Sack
authors.forename: M Z
authors.initials: MZ
authors.lastname: Akhter
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Grim
authors.forename: K-M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Kam
authors.forename: C K Y
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Luey
authors.forename: Hubert P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Endtz
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cravioto
authors.forename: Rita R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Colwell
mesh_terms: D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000235:genetics; D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques; D001459:Bangladesh; D044822:Biodiversity; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D016172:DNA Fingerprinting; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D017753:Ecosystem; D016521:Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; D004783:Environmental Microbiology; D006801:Humans; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D012703:Serotyping; D014736:Vibrio parahaemolyticus / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D014774:Virulence; D037521:Virulence Factors / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D037521:Virulence Factors
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