title: Beyond monogamy: opportunities to further reduce risk for HIV infection among married Zimbabwean women with only one lifetime partner.
abstract: The main objective of this paper was to identify HIV risk factors at the individual, partner, and partnership levels among married, lifetime monogamous women in a nationally representative sample of Zimbabweans aged 15-29 years. Cross-sectional data were collected through individual survey interviews among 1,286 women who provided blood for HIV testing. The HIV prevalence among these women was high (21.8%). HIV risk increased with female age, within-couple age difference of more than 5 years, the husband having children with other women, and the respondent being 'extremely likely' to discuss monogamy in the next 3 months with her husband. The latter suggests that women were attempting to communicate their concerns while unaware that they were already HIV positive. HIV risk largely appears related to the partner's past and present sexual behavior, resulting in limited ability for married women to protect themselves from infection. Overall, lifetime monogamy offers insufficient protection for women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Behavioral Science and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. khagema@emory.edu
authors.forename: Kathy M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Hageman
authors.forename: Hazel M B
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Dube
authors.forename: Owen
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Mugurungi
authors.forename: Loretta E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Gavin
authors.forename: Shannon L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Hader
authors.forename: Michael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: St Louis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D008297:Male; D008393:Marriage / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015995:Prevalence; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012746:Sexual Abstinence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012725:Sexual Behavior; D012747:Sexual Partners; D013997:Time Factors; D047568:Unsafe Sex; D055815:Young Adult; D015030:Zimbabwe / Q000453:epidemiology