title: Attentional control theory: anxiety, emotion, and motor planning.
abstract: The present study investigated how trait anxiety alters the balance between attentional control systems to impact performance of a discrete preplanned goal-directed motor task. Participants executed targeted force contractions (engaging the goal-directed attentional system) at the offset of emotional and non-emotional distractors (engaging the stimulus-driven attentional system). High and low anxious participants completed the protocol at two target force levels (10% and 35% of maximum voluntary contraction). Reaction time (RT), performance accuracy, and rate of change of force were calculated. Expectations were confirmed at the 10% but not the 35% target force level: (1) high anxiety was associated with slower RTs, and (2) threat cues lead to faster RTs independently of trait anxiety. These new findings suggest that motor efficiency, but not motor effectiveness is compromised in high relative to low anxious individuals. We conclude that increased stimulus-driven attentional control interferes with movements that require greater attentional resources.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, and Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, 650 AHSB (M/C 994), Chicago, IL 60612, USA. scoombes@uic.edu
authors.forename: Stephen A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Coombes
authors.forename: Torrie
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Higgins
authors.forename: Kelly M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Gamble
authors.forename: James H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Cauraugh
authors.forename: Christopher M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Janelle
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology*; D001143:Arousal; D001288:Attention; D003463:Cues; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007206:Individuality; D007537:Isometric Contraction; D008297:Male; D010364:Pattern Recognition, Visual; D052581:Pinch Strength; D011930:Reaction Time; D055815:Young Adult
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