title: Long-term results of a second endoscopic third ventriculostomy in children: retrospective analysis of 40 cases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate retrospectively the operative findings and long-term results of a repeat endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) in pediatric hydrocephalic patients readmitted after the first procedure with symptoms and/or signs of intracranial hypertension and/or radiological evidence of increased ventricular dilation and/or occluded stoma on follow-up radiological examinations.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed a series of 482 ETVs in pediatric patients from 2 Italian departments of pediatric neurosurgery. The clinical charts of 40 patients undergoing a second ETV were selected and reviewed retrospectively. The pre- and postoperative radiological findings and operative films were analyzed retrospectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty patients underwent a total of 82 ETVs. Thirty-eight patients were operated on twice and 2 were operated on 3 times. During the second procedure, the stoma was found to be closed in 28 patients without underlying adhesions, to be open but with significant arachnoid adhesions in the prepontine cistern in 8 patients, to be open without adhesions in 2 patients, to have a pinhole orifice in 1 patient, and to be closed with underlying adhesions in 1 patient. The second procedure allowed reopening of the stoma or lysis of the arachnoid adhesions in 35 patients and was abandoned in 3 patients because of extensive arachnoid adhesions or because the stoma was found to be wide open (2 patients). In 30 patients (75%), the second ETV was effective, and the 2 patients who underwent a third ETV remained shunt free. In 10 patients (25%), a ventriculoperitoneal shunt was eventually placed. Age younger than 2 years at the time of the first procedure and arachnoid adhesions in the subarachnoid cisterns observed during the second procedure are the main negative prognostic factors for the success of a second ETV.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A second ETV can be performed with a reasonable chance of restoring patency of the stoma and avoiding placement of an extrathecal shunt. Every effort should be made to detect subarachnoid adhesions in the cistern on preoperative imaging study to select potential candidates and avoid unnecessary procedures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, Turin, Italy.
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Peretta
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cinalli
authors.forename: Pietro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Spennato
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ragazzi
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ruggiero
authors.forename: Ferdinando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Aliberti
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Carlino
authors.forename: Emilio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cianciulli
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004724:Endoscopy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D007223:Infant; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D010372:Pediatrics; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods; D014696:Ventriculostomy