title: The epidemiology of dependence in older people in Nigeria: prevalence, determinants, informal care, and health service utilization. A 10/66 dementia research group cross-sectional survey.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the prevalence and determinants of dependence in older Nigerians and associations with informal care and health service utilization.
  
  
  METHODS
  A single-phase cross-sectional catchment area survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dunukofia, a rural community in southeastern Nigeria.
  
  
  METHODS
  One thousand two hundred thirty-eight adults aged 65 and older, for whom full data were available on 914.
  
  
  METHODS
  The full 10/66 Dementia Research Group survey protocol was applied, including ascertainment of depression, cognitive impairment, physical impairments, and self-reported diagnoses. The interviewer rated dependence as not needing care, needing some care, or needing much care. The prevalence of dependence and the independent contribution of underlying health conditions were estimated. Sources of income, care arrangements, caregiver strain, and health service use are described according to level of dependence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of dependence was 24.3% (95% confidence interval=22.1-26.5%), with a concentration in participants aged 80 and older. Only 1% of participants received a pension, and fewer than 7% had paid work. Those who were dependent were less likely than others to receive income from their family. Cognitive impairment, physical impairments, stroke, and depression were each independently associated with dependence. Depression made the largest contribution. Dependence was strongly associated with health service use (particularly private doctor and traditional healer services) and with high levels of out-of-pocket expenditure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In Nigeria, dependence is an important outcome given rapid demographic aging and increases in chronic disease prevalence in all developing regions. Enhancing the social protection of dependent older adults should be a policy priority. Cognitive and mental disorders are important contributors to disability and dependence; more attention should be given to their prevention, detection, and treatment.
authors.affiliation: Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Uwakwe
authors.forename: Christian C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Ibeh
authors.forename: Anne Ifeoma
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Modebe
authors.forename: Emeka
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bo
authors.forename: Nkiru
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ezeama
authors.forename: Ifeoma
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Njelita
authors.forename: Cleusa P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Ferri
authors.forename: Martin J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Prince
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology; D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D015897:Comorbidity; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003858:Dependency, Psychological; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D003906:Developing Countries; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D006296:Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007182:Income; D008297:Male; D009549:Nigeria; D010415:Pensions; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012424:Rural Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D014600:Utilization Review / Q000706:statistics & numerical data