title: Factors involved in the progress of preclinical atherosclerosis associated with systemic lupus erythematosus: a 2-year longitudinal study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the changes in carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) and the associated risks factors in patients with low severity systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
  
  
  METHODS
  Common carotid IMT measurements were obtained by ultrasound from 101 patients with SLE at an interval of 2 years. Cardiovascular risk factors, disease activity, accumulated damage, severity (Katz index) and biochemical parameters (including high sensitivity C-reactive protein, interleukin 6, C3a, C4a, C5a and homocysteine) were also assessed. Multiple linear regression was used to assess the effect of these variables on the end IMT measurement (eIMT) adjusted to the baseline measurement (bIMT).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cohort comprised 94.1% women, with a mean age at entry of 41.5 years and a mean disease duration of 12.1 years. An increase of 0.078 mm in IMT was detected over 2 years, from a mean bIMT of 0.37 mm to a mean eIMT of 0.44 mm (p<0.001). When adjusted for the bIMT, multiple linear regression identified bIMT, age at diagnosis, homocysteine, C3 and C5a as risk factors for IMT progression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IMT significantly increases over 2 years in patients with SLE. Age, baseline IMT, C3, C5a anaphylatoxin and homocysteine are all associated risk factors, supporting a role for complement and homocysteine in the early stages of premature SLE-associated atherosclerosis.
authors.affiliation: Rheumatology Division, Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria 'Doctor Negrin', Las Palmas, Spain. iruafer@gobiernodecanarias.org
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Rua-Figueroa
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Arencibia-Mireles
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Elvira
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Erausquin
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ojeda
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Francisco
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Naranjo
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Gallego
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Garcia-Laorden
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Perez
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Lozano
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D017536:Carotid Artery, Common / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D015936:Complement C5a / Q000378:metabolism; D018450:Disease Progression; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000150:complications*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D017540:Tunica Media / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D015936:Complement C5a