title: Hepatitis B virus genotypes/subgenotypes in voluntary blood donors in Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotype appears to show varying geographic distribution. Molecular epidemiological study of HBV in particular areas in Indonesia is still limited. This study was aimed to identify the prevalence of HBV genotype/subgenotype and mutations in basal core promoter (BCP) region in voluntary blood donors in Makassar, one of the biggest cities in east part of Indonesia. A total of 214 hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive samples were enrolled in this study. HBV genotype/subgenotype was identified by genotype-specific PCR method or direct sequencing of pre-S region. Mutations in BCP were identified by direct sequencing of the corresponding region.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HBV/B and HBV/C were detected in 61.21% and 25.23% of the samples, while mix of HBV/B and HBV/C was found in 12.62% of the samples. Based on pre-S region, among HBV/B and HBV/C, HBV/B3 (95.00%) and HBV/C1 (58.82%) were predominant. Interestingly, HBV/D was identified in two samples (22.165.07 and 22.252.07). Complete genome sequences of two HBV/D strains (22.165.07 and 22.252.07) demonstrated that both strains belong to HBV/D6, and the divergence between the two strains were 1.45%, while divergences of both 22.165.07 and 22.252.07 strains with reference strain (AM422939/France) were 2.67%. A1762T/G1764A mutation was observed in 1.96% and 5.36%, whereas T1753V mutation was found in 2.94% and 1.79% of HBV/B and HBV/C, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HBV/B and HBV/C are dominant in Makassar, similar to most areas in Indonesia. Mutations in BCP which might be associated with severity of liver disease are less common.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Epidemiology Division, Mochtar Riady Institute for Nanotechnology, Lippo Karawaci, Tangerang, Banten 15810, Indonesia. autama@mrinstitute.org
authors.forename: Andi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Utama
authors.forename: Theresia I
authors.initials: TI
authors.lastname: Octavia
authors.forename: Rama
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dhenni
authors.forename: Upik A
authors.initials: UA
authors.lastname: Miskad
authors.forename: Irawan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Yusuf
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tai
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001782:Blood Donors; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology*; D006515:Hepatitis B virus / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D007214:Indonesia / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation; D010802:Phylogeny; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D015995:Prevalence; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA / Q000379:methods; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral
references.citation: J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1991 Sep-Oct;6(5):491-8
references.pmid: 1932671
references.citation: BMC Infect Dis. 2007 Oct 08;7:115
references.pmid: 17922910
references.citation: Hepatol Res. 2006 Aug;35(4):263-6
references.pmid: 16731031
references.citation: J Infect Dis. 2007 Jan 1;195(1):5-11
references.pmid: 17152003
references.citation: Gastroenterology. 2003 Aug;125(2):444-51
references.pmid: 12891547
references.citation: Mol Biol Evol. 1987 Jul;4(4):406-25
references.pmid: 3447015
references.citation: J Gen Virol. 2005 Jul;86(Pt 7):2047-2056
references.pmid: 15958684
references.citation: Virus Res. 2007 Nov;129(2):212-23
references.pmid: 17825452
references.citation: Intervirology. 2004;47(6):289-309
references.pmid: 15564741
references.citation: Microbiol Immunol. 2003;47(12):969-75
references.pmid: 14695447
references.citation: J Gen Virol. 2001 Feb;82(Pt 2):359-365
references.pmid: 11161274
references.citation: J Clin Microbiol. 2008 Jul;46(7):2160-6
references.pmid: 18463220
references.citation: Virol J. 2008 Dec 19;5:156
references.pmid: 19099581
references.citation: J Med Virol. 2009 Jun;81(6):983-7
references.pmid: 19382274
references.citation: Virus Genes. 2002 Mar;24(2):153-6
references.pmid: 12018706
references.citation: J Mol Evol. 1980 Dec;16(2):111-20
references.pmid: 7463489
references.citation: J Med Virol. 2004 Apr;72(4):545-50
references.pmid: 14981756
references.citation: Arch Virol. 2008;153(6):1057-65
references.pmid: 18463783
references.citation: Oncogene. 2007 Apr 2;26(15):2166-76
references.pmid: 17401425
references.citation: Virology. 2008 Dec 20;382(2):190-8
references.pmid: 18952249
references.citation: J Clin Microbiol. 2001 Jan;39(1):362-4
references.pmid: 11136801
references.citation: J Med Virol. 2006 Sep;78(9):1164-74
references.pmid: 16847957
references.citation: World J Gastroenterol. 2009 Aug 28;15(32):4028-36
references.pmid: 19705499
references.citation: J Gen Virol. 2008 Apr;89(Pt 4):901-909
references.pmid: 18343830
references.citation: Hepatol Res. 2009 Jan;39(1):53-9
references.pmid: 18713275
references.citation: Hepatology. 2001 Sep;34(3):590-4
references.pmid: 11526547
references.citation: Arch Virol. 2009;154(7):1047-59
references.pmid: 19499283
references.citation: J Gen Virol. 2006 Jan;87(Pt 1):39-49
references.pmid: 16361416
references.citation: Arch Virol. 1999;144(7):1299-308
references.pmid: 10481738
references.citation: Mol Biol Evol. 2007 Aug;24(8):1596-9
references.pmid: 17488738
references.citation: Clin Infect Dis. 2004 May 1;38(9):e81-6
references.pmid: 15127358
references.citation: Hepatology. 2000 May;31(5):1037-44
references.pmid: 10796877
references.citation: World J Gastroenterol. 2005 Sep 7;11(33):5213-7
references.pmid: 16127755
references.citation: J Gen Virol. 2002 Aug;83(Pt 8):2059-2073
references.pmid: 12124470
references.citation: Virol J. 2007 Jul 15;4:74
references.pmid: 17631684
references.citation: World J Gastroenterol. 2005 Nov 7;11(41):6410-5
references.pmid: 16425408
references.citation: J Gen Virol. 2002 Jun;83(Pt 6):1267-1280
references.pmid: 12029141
references.citation: J Gen Virol. 2000 Jan;81(Pt 1):67-74
references.pmid: 10640543
references.citation: Microbes Infect. 2005 Mar;7(3):494-500
references.pmid: 15792534
references.citation: J Infect. 2000 Sep;41(2):130-6
references.pmid: 11023756
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 1994 Nov 11;22(22):4673-80
references.pmid: 7984417