title: Primary tendon sheath enlargement and reconstruction in zone 2: an in vitro biomechanical study on tendon gliding resistance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate our hypothesis that primary pulley enlargement and repair using an extensor retinaculum graft will reduce tendon repair gliding resistance. The benefit of pulley enlargement has been tested in experimental animals, but its effect on gliding resistance in vitro using human fingers is not known.
  
  
  METHODS
  In vitro gliding resistance in the proximal tendon sheaths (A1 through A3) was measured and compared in 7 cadaver fingers using the method of Uchiyama and colleagues at a fixed 50 degrees over the proximal sheath under 3 conditions: (1) intact tendons with intact proximal sheath; (2) laceration and 2-strand core plus running epitenon repair of the tendons with intact sheath; and (3) repaired tendons with enlargement of the A2 pulley and adjacent proximal sheath by incision and repair with an extensor retinacular graft. Results were analyzed statistically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gliding resistance increased from an average of 0.44 N +/- 0.07 in the intact condition to an average of 1.51 N +/- 0.23 (a mean increase of 243%) when the tendons were cut and repaired. Enlarging the proximal sheath by sheath incision and graft repair reduced the gliding resistance from the repair condition to 1.04 N +/- 0.15 (a mean decrease of 31%). These changes are statistically significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In vitro, repaired tendons had a greater resistance to gliding than that of the intact tendons through the proximal sheath when tested by the method of Uchiyama and colleagues. Enlargement and repair with an extensor retinacular graft of the A2 pulley and adjacent sheath significantly reduced resistance to repaired tendon gliding. These findings support further investigation into the concept that primary pulley enlargement may improve tendon function after repair.
authors.affiliation: Bone and Joint Research Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA. rbunata@hsc.unt.edu
authors.forename: Robert E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Bunata
authors.forename: Victor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kosmopoulos
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Simmons
authors.forename: Tristan J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Tayag
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Roso
authors.forename: Heather
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Carlson
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology; D004548:Elasticity / Q000502:physiology; D005205:Fascia / Q000637:transplantation; D005383:Finger Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013536:Suture Techniques; D053682:Tendon Entrapment / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D013708:Tendon Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D013710:Tendons / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D013718:Tensile Strength