title: Johan Georg Raeder (1889-1959) and paratrigeminal sympathetic paresis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Johan Georg Raeder (1889-1959) was the most eminent Norwegian ophthalmologist in the early decades of the last century. Raeder made significant contributions to our current understanding of glaucoma. He is remembered for a syndrome he described, that of trigeminal nerve neuralgia and/or paresis and incomplete Horner's syndrome (oculopupillary sympathetic paresis).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Here, Raeder's biography, scientific contributions, and a thorough review of his original report on paratrigeminal sympathetic paresis are presented. Raeder's syndrome may reflect a lesion of the middle cranial fossa, which involves oculopupillary sympathetic fibers that originate from the internal carotid artery plexus and travel with the trigeminal and oculomotor nerves.
authors.affiliation: Clarian Neuroscience Institute, Indianapolis Neurosurgical Group and Indiana University Department of Neurosurgery, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
authors.forename: Mohammadali M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Shoja
authors.forename: R Shane
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Tubbs
authors.forename: Kamyar
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ghabili
authors.forename: Marios
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Loukas
authors.forename: W Jerry
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Oakes
authors.forename: Aaron A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Cohen-Gadol
mesh_terms: D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D009664:Norway; D009885:Ophthalmology / Q000266:history; D010291:Paresis / Q000266:history*; D020433:Trigeminal Nerve Diseases / Q000266:history*
references.citation: Arch Neurol. 2001 Apr;58(4):661-2
references.pmid: 11296000
references.citation: Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 2006 Dec 14;126(24):3311-3
references.pmid: 17170795
references.citation: Q J Med. 1964 Jan;33:57-69
references.pmid: 14116856
references.citation: S D J Med. 2005 May;58(5):187-9
references.pmid: 15909696
references.citation: Am J Ophthalmol. 1962 Dec;54:1074-84
references.pmid: 13968809
references.citation: Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 1999 Sep 10;119(21):3117
references.pmid: 10522475
references.citation: J R Soc Med. 2004 May;97(5):242-3
references.pmid: 15121818
references.citation: No To Shinkei. 1989 Mar;41(3):259-62
references.pmid: 2667589
references.citation: Surv Ophthalmol. 2000 Jan-Feb;44(4):343-53
references.pmid: 10667441
references.citation: Cephalalgia. 2001 Feb;21(1):1-11
references.pmid: 11298657
references.citation: J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2002 Mar;72(3):297-9
references.pmid: 11861683