title: Cardiorespiratory fitness, lifestyle factors and cancer risk and mortality in Finnish men.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Physical fitness along with lifestyle factors may have important roles in the prevention of cancer. We examined the relationship between common lifestyle factors such as energy expenditure, physical activity and maximal oxygen uptake (VO(2max)), nutrition and smoking habits and the risk of cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  A population-based cohort study was carried out in 2268 men from Eastern Finland with no history of cancer. They were followed up for an average of 16.7 years. The outcome measures were cancer incidence (n=387) and cancer mortality (n=159).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Men with VO(2max) of more than 33.2 mL/kg/min (highest tertile) had 27% (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.56-0.97) decreased cancer incidence and 37% (95% CI 0.40-0.97) reduced cancer mortality than men with VO(2max) of less than 26.9 mL/kg/min (lowest tertile) after adjustment for age, examination year, alcohol, smoking, socioeconomic status, waist-to-hip ratio and energy, fibre and fat intake. The risk reduction was mainly due to decreased risk of lung cancer in fit men. The adjusted risk of cancer was 0.73 (95% CI 0.55-0.98) among fit (VO(2max)> or =26.9 mL/kg/min) men with the total energy expenditure of physical activity over 2500 kcal/week. A total of 290 active (energy expenditure >2500 kcal and at least 2h of physical activity per week) men with a favourable lifestyle (good fitness, balanced diet and non-smoking) had an adjusted relative risk of 0.63 (95% CI 0.46-0.87) for cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Favourable lifestyle including good cardiorespiratory fitness and healthy dietary habits with active and non-smoking lifestyle considerably reduces the risk of cancer.
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Public Health, School of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland. sudhir.kurl@uku.fi
authors.forename: Jari A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Laukkanen
authors.forename: Eero
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pukkala
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rauramaa
authors.forename: Timo H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Mäkikallio
authors.forename: Adetunji T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Toriola
authors.forename: Sudhir
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kurl
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000401:mortality; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D004032:Diet / Q000401:mortality*; D004562:Electrocardiography; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D017079:Exercise Tolerance; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality* / Q000503:physiopathology; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology; D010809:Physical Fitness / Q000502:physiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology