title: Claudin-1 has tumor suppressive activity and is a direct target of RUNX3 in gastric epithelial cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The transcription factor RUNX3 is a gastric tumor suppressor. Tumorigenic Runx3(-/-) gastric epithelial cells attach weakly to each other, compared with nontumorigenic Runx3(+/+) cells. We aimed to identify RUNX3 target genes that promote cell-cell contact to improve our understanding of RUNX3's role in suppressing gastric carcinogenesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared gene expression profiles of Runx3(+/+) and Runx3(-/-) cells and observed down-regulation of genes associated with cell-cell adhesion in Runx3(-/-) cells. Reporter, mobility shift, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays were used to examine the regulation of these genes by RUNX3. Tumorigenesis assays and immunohistological analyses of human gastric tumors were performed to confirm the role of the candidate genes in gastric tumor development.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mobility shift and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed that the promoter activity of the gene that encodes the tight junction protein claudin-1 was up-regulated via the binding of RUNX3 to the RUNX consensus sites. The tumorigenicity of gastric epithelial cells from Runx3(-/-) mice was significantly reduced by restoration of claudin-1 expression, whereas knockdown of claudin-1 increased the tumorigenicity of human gastric cancer cells. Concomitant expression of RUNX3 and claudin-1 was observed in human normal gastric epithelium and cancers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The tight junction protein claudin-1 has gastric tumor suppressive activity and is a direct transcriptional target of RUNX3. Claudin-1 is down-regulated during the epithelial-mesenchymal transition; RUNX3 might therefore act as a tumor suppressor to antagonize the epithelial-mesenchymal transition.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Ti Ling
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Kosei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: Tun Kiat
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Salto-Tellez
authors.forename: Khay Guan
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Yeoh
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fukamachi
authors.forename: Yoshiaki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ito
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D000818:Animals; D002450:Cell Communication / Q000502:physiology; D002460:Cell Line; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D062445:Claudin-1; D050677:Core Binding Factor Alpha 3 Subunit / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000502:physiology; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D006801:Humans; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D013270:Stomach / Q000473:pathology; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D019108:Tight Junctions / Q000378:metabolism; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous
chemical_list: C568108:CLDN1 protein, human; D062445:Claudin-1; C568113:Cldn1 protein, mouse; D050677:Core Binding Factor Alpha 3 Subunit; D008565:Membrane Proteins; C493730:Runx3 protein, mouse