title: Endovascular treatment with angioplasty or stenting versus endarterectomy in patients with carotid artery stenosis in the Carotid and Vertebral Artery Transluminal Angioplasty Study (CAVATAS): long-term follow-up of a randomised trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Endovascular treatment (angioplasty with or without stenting) is an alternative to carotid endarterectomy for carotid artery stenosis but there are scarce long-term efficacy data showing that it prevents stroke. We therefore report the long-term results of the Carotid and Vertebral Artery Transluminal Angioplasty Study (CAVATAS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Between March, 1992, and July, 1997, patients who presented at a participating centre with a confirmed stenosis of the internal carotid artery that was deemed equally suitable for either carotid endarterectomy or endovascular treatment were randomly assigned to either treatment in equal proportions by telephone or fax from the randomisation service at the Oxford Clinical Trials Unit, UK. Patients were seen by an independent neurologist at 1 and 6 months after treatment and then every year after randomisation for as long as possible, up to a maximum of 11 years. Major outcome events were transient ischaemic attack, non-disabling, disabling, and fatal stroke, myocardial infarction, and death from any other cause. Outcomes were adjudicated on by investigators who were masked to treatment. Analysis was by intention to treat. This study is registered, number ISRCTN 01425573.
  
  
  RESULTS
  504 patients with stenosis of the carotid artery (90% symptomatic) were randomly assigned to endovascular treatment (n=251) or surgery (n=253). Within 30 days of treatment, there were more minor strokes that lasted less than 7 days in the endovascular group (8 vs 1) but the number of other strokes in any territory or death was the same (25 vs 25). There were more cranial nerve palsies (22 vs 0) in the endarterectomy group than in the endovascular group. Median length of follow up in both groups was 5 years (IQR 2-6). By comparing endovascular treatment with endarterectomy after the 30-day post-treatment period, the 8-year incidence and hazard ratio (HR) at the end of follow-up for ipsilateral non-perioperative stroke was 11.3% versus 8.6% (HR 1.22, 95% CI 0.59-2.54); for ipsilateral non-perioperative stroke or TIA was 19.3% versus 17.2% (1.29, 0.78-2.14); and for any non-perioperative stroke was 21.1% versus 15.4% (1.66, 0.99-2.80).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  More patients had stroke during follow-up in the endovascular group than in the surgical group, but the rate of ipsilateral non-perioperative stroke was low in both groups and none of the differences in the stroke outcome measures was significant. However, the study was underpowered and the confidence intervals were wide. More long-term data are needed from the on going stenting versus endarterectomy trials.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  British Heart Foundation; UK National Health Service Management Executive; UK Stroke Association.
authors.affiliation: Stroke Research Group, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London, UK.
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ederle
authors.forename: Leo H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Bonati
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dobson
authors.forename: Roland L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Featherstone
authors.forename: Peter A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Gaines
authors.forename: Jonathan D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Beard
authors.forename: Graham S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Venables
authors.forename: Hugh S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Markus
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Clifton
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sandercock
authors.forename: Martin M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Brown
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015906:Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D016894:Endarterectomy, Carotid; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015607:Stents; D020521:Stroke / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016896:Treatment Outcome