title: Evaluation of a method to identify and categorize section headers in clinical documents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Clinical notes, typically written in natural language, often contain substructure that divides them into sections, such as "History of Present Illness" or "Family Medical History." The authors designed and evaluated an algorithm ("SecTag") to identify both labeled and unlabeled (implied) note section headers in "history and physical examination" documents ("H&P notes").
  
  
  METHODS
  The SecTag algorithm uses a combination of natural language processing techniques, word variant recognition with spelling correction, terminology-based rules, and naive Bayesian scoring methods to identify note section headers. Eleven physicians evaluated SecTag's performance on 319 randomly chosen H&P notes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The primary outcomes were the algorithm's recall and precision in identifying all document sections and a predefined list of twenty-nine major sections. A secondary outcome was to evaluate the algorithm's ability to recognize the correct start and end boundaries of identified sections.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The SecTag algorithm identified 16,036 total sections and 7,858 major sections. Physician evaluators classified 15,329 as true positives and identified 160 sections omitted by SecTag. The recall and precision of the SecTag algorithm were 99.0 and 95.6% for all sections, 98.6 and 96.2% for major sections, and 96.6 and 86.8% for unlabeled sections. The algorithm determined the correct starting and ending text boundaries for 94.8% of labeled sections and 85.9% of unlabeled sections.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The SecTag algorithm accurately identified both labeled and unlabeled sections in history and physical documents. This type of algorithm may assist in natural language processing applications, such as clinical decision support systems or competency assessment for medical trainees.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt UniversitySchool of Medicine, Eskind Biomedical Library, Room 442, 2209 Garland Ave, Nashville TN 37232, USA. josh.denny@vanderbilt.edu
authors.forename: Joshua C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Denny
authors.forename: Anderson
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Spickard
authors.forename: Kevin B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Neeraja B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Peterson
authors.forename: Josh F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Peterson
authors.forename: Randolph A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D057286:Electronic Health Records; D006801:Humans; D016247:Information Storage and Retrieval; D009323:Natural Language Processing