title: Depression, depression treatment, and insulin sensitivity in adults at risk for type 2 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare insulin sensitivity (Si) in adults at risk for type 2 diabetes (T2DM) who were categorized as non-depressed, treated for depression and untreated depression after controlling for physical activity (PA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Baseline data was analyzed from individuals enrolled in a diabetes prevention program (n=56). Si was calculated using the whole-body insulin sensitivity method. The Centers for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CESD) was used to assess depressive symptoms and depressed cases were identified using a cutoff of >or=16. Depression treatment was identified using a self-report form validated by medical chart review. The PA subscale of the Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile was used to determine PA levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One third of participants had elevated depressive symptoms; 19% were taking antidepressant medication. Mean Si was 3.1 (+/-1.9). In ANOVA, depressed individuals showed significantly lower Si (M=1.8+/-0.9) than non-depressed individuals (M=3.4+/-1.8). However, individuals taking antidepressant medications had Si similar to non-depressed individuals (M=3.7+/-2.3: p=.63). In ANCOVA this association remained after controlling for PA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that in adults at high risk for T2DM, depression treatment may improve insulin resistance observed in depression. Healthcare practitioners are encouraged to screen, treat, or refer their patients with depression for treatment.
authors.affiliation: University of Connecticut, United States. juwagner@uchc.edu
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: Nancy A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: Leah M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Swalley
authors.forename: Gail D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Melkus
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Whittemore
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003237:Connecticut; D003863:Depression / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000453:epidemiology; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007182:Income; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008297:Male; D008687:Metformin; D008875:Middle Aged; D018579:Patient Selection; D011247:Pregnancy; D012307:Risk Factors; D013383:Suburban Population; D014505:Urban Population; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D008687:Metformin