title: Herniation pits and cystic-appearing lesions at the anterior femoral neck: an anatomical study by MSCT and microCT.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine distinguishing features between herniation pits (HPs) and other cystic-appearing lesions at the anterior femoral neck in multi-slice computed tomography (MSCT) and micro-computed tomography (microCT) examinations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Institutional review board approval was obtained to examine 37 proximal femora of 23 cadaveric specimens (mean age available in 19 cadavers, 83 years; range 68-100 years; 9 female, 8 male, 6 unknown). All 37 femora were investigated by MSCT. 23 femora, which revealed cystic-appearing lesions at the anterior femoral neck in MSCT examinations, were additionally examined by microCT. Cystic-appearing lesions were categorized by their location, sclerotic margin, demarcation and shape in MSCT with assessment of inter-observer agreement. Detailed cortical and trabecular properties were evaluated in microCT examinations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were seven HPs in three femora. There were a number of abnormalities potentially imitating HPs, including focal osteoporosis (13 in 13 femora), degenerative changes (5 in 4 femora) and trabecular restructuring (5 in 4 femora) at the anterior femoral neck. HPs were differentiated on the basis of their subchondral/subcortical location, completely surrounding sclerosis, clear demarcation and round-to-oval shape in MSCT. Because of their location and their microscopic appearance, HPs seem to resemble intra-osseous ganglia at the anterior femoral neck.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HPs have to be differentiated from other cystic appearing lesions at the anterior femoral neck to avoid overestimation of their incidence in the context of diagnosis of femoroacetabular impingement.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Trauma Center Murnau, Prof.-Küntscher-Strasse 8, 82418 Murnau, Germany. stephanie.panzer@bgu-murnau.de
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Panzer
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Esch
authors.forename: Ahmed Nabil
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Abdulazim
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Augat
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001845:Bone Cysts / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D005272:Femur Neck / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006552:Hernia, Inguinal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*