title: International survey of Cronobacter sakazakii and other Cronobacter spp. in follow up formulas and infant foods.
abstract: A coordinated survey for Cronobacter and related organisms in powdered infant formula, follow up formula and infant foods was undertaken by 8 laboratories in 7 countries in recognition of and in response to the data needs identified in an FAO/WHO call for data in order to develop global risk management guidance for these products. The products (domestic and imported) were purchased from the local market and were categorised according to their principle ingredients. A total of 290 products were analysed using a standardised procedure of pre-enrichment in 225 ml Buffered Peptone Water (BPW), followed by enrichment in Enterobacteriaceae Enrichment (EE) broth, plating on the chromogenic Cronobacter Druggan-Forsythe-Iversen (DFI) agar and presumptive identification with ID 32 E. Presumptive Cronobacter isolates were identified using 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Aerobic plate counts (APC) of the products were also determined on nutrient agar. Fourteen samples had APC>10(5) cfu/g, 3 of which contained probiotic cultures. C. sakazakii was isolated from 27 products; 3/91 (3%) follow up formulas (as defined by Codex Alimentarius Commission), and 24/199 (12%) infant foods and drinks. Hence C. sakazakii was less prevalent in follow up formula than other foods given to infants over the same age range. A range of other bacteria were also isolated from follow up formulas, including Acinetobacter baumannii, Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Citrobacter freundii, and Serratia ficaria. There was significant variation in the reconstitution instructions for follow up formulas. These included using water at temperatures which would enable bacterial growth. Additionally, the definition of follow up formula varied between countries.
authors.affiliation: School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chap
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Siqueira
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gaspar
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Quintas
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Osaili
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shaker
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Jaradat
authors.forename: S H P
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Hartantyo
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Abdullah Sani
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Estuningsih
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Forsythe
mesh_terms: D000362:Agar; D001431:Bacteriological Techniques; D002863:Chromogenic Compounds; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D003257:Consumer Product Safety; D044083:Cronobacter sakazakii / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D003470:Culture Media; D003625:Data Collection; D004755:Enterobacteriaceae / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D005516:Food Microbiology; D007225:Infant Food / Q000032:analysis / Q000382:microbiology*; D041943:Infant Formula; D012329:RNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D002863:Chromogenic Compounds; D003470:Culture Media; D012329:RNA, Bacterial; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D000362:Agar