title: Magnetic resonance imaging assessment of spinal inflammation in ankylosing spondylitis: standard clinical protocols may omit inflammatory lesions in thoracic vertebrae.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Radiologic assessment of spinal inflammation in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) relies primarily on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), although little is known about the distribution of inflammatory lesions within the structures of the spine. Our objective was to compare the distribution of inflammatory lesions centrally and laterally within the thoracic and lumbar spine vertebral bodies.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 49 patients with AS who were scanned with STIR and T1-weighted spin-echo MRI of the whole spine. Scans were read by 2 musculoskeletal radiologists, with a third reader as the arbitrator. Controls included 6 age-matched individuals. We recorded bone marrow edema on STIR images from each vertebral body, separately identifying central and lateral slices. The latter were defined as images that included or were lateral to the pedicle. Interreader reproducibility was assessed by kappa statistics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Inflammation was present in 263 (45%) of 588 thoracic and 86 (35%) of 245 lumbar vertebrae; the mean number of affected thoracic and lumbar vertebrae per patient were 5.4 and 1.8, respectively. Inflammation was present in the lateral aspect of 219 (37%) of 588 thoracic vertebrae and 45 (18%) of 245 lumbar vertebrae (P < 0.001). Lesions were more common laterally than centrally for all thoracic vertebrae except for T7. Involvement of only the lateral slices was observed in as many as 19.6% of thoracic vertebrae.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Evaluation of spinal inflammation by MRI may omit lesions in up to 20% of inflamed thoracic vertebrae if both scanning and image assessment do not include sagittal slices that extend to the lateral edges of all vertebrae.
authors.affiliation: University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, UK.
authors.forename: Winston J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Rennie
authors.forename: Suhkvinder S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Dhillon
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Conner-Spady
authors.forename: Walter P
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Maksymowych
authors.forename: Robert G W
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Lambert
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015588:Observer Variation; D011859:Radiography; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013131:Spine / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D013167:Spondylitis, Ankylosing / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*