title: Reptilian heart development and the molecular basis of cardiac chamber evolution.
abstract: The emergence of terrestrial life witnessed the need for more sophisticated circulatory systems. This has evolved in birds, mammals and crocodilians into complete septation of the heart into left and right sides, allowing separate pulmonary and systemic circulatory systems, a key requirement for the evolution of endothermy. However, the evolution of the amniote heart is poorly understood. Reptilian hearts have been the subject of debate in the context of the evolution of cardiac septation: do they possess a single ventricular chamber or two incompletely septated ventricles? Here we examine heart development in the red-eared slider turtle, Trachemys scripta elegans (a chelonian), and the green anole, Anolis carolinensis (a squamate), focusing on gene expression in the developing ventricles. Both reptiles initially form a ventricular chamber that homogenously expresses the T-box transcription factor gene Tbx5. In contrast, in birds and mammals, Tbx5 is restricted to left ventricle precursors. In later stages, Tbx5 expression in the turtle (but not anole) heart is gradually restricted to a distinct left ventricle, forming a left-right gradient. This suggests that Tbx5 expression was refined during evolution to pattern the ventricles. In support of this hypothesis, we show that loss of Tbx5 in the mouse ventricle results in a single chamber lacking distinct identity, indicating a requirement for Tbx5 in septation. Importantly, misexpression of Tbx5 throughout the developing myocardium to mimic the reptilian expression pattern also results in a single mispatterned ventricular chamber lacking septation. Thus ventricular septation is established by a steep and correctly positioned Tbx5 gradient. Our findings provide a molecular mechanism for the evolution of the amniote ventricle, and support the concept that altered expression of developmental regulators is a key mechanism of vertebrate evolution.
authors.affiliation: Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, California 94158, USA.
authors.forename: Kazuko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Koshiba-Takeuchi
authors.forename: Alessandro D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Mori
authors.forename: Bogac L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Kaynak
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cebra-Thomas
authors.forename: Tatyana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sukonnik
authors.forename: Romain O
authors.initials: RO
authors.lastname: Georges
authors.forename: Stephany
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Latham
authors.forename: Laurel
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Beck
authors.forename: Laural
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Beck
authors.forename: R Mark
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Henkelman
authors.forename: Brian L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Black
authors.forename: Eric N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Olson
authors.forename: Juli
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wade
authors.forename: Jun K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Takeuchi
authors.forename: Mona
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nemer
authors.forename: Scott F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Gilbert
authors.forename: Benoit G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Bruneau
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002642:Chick Embryo; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D006321:Heart / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000196:embryology*; D008116:Lizards / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000196:embryology* / Q000235:genetics; D051379:Mice; D038081:Organogenesis; D020825:T-Box Domain Proteins / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014426:Turtles / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000196:embryology* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D020825:T-Box Domain Proteins; C103172:T-box transcription factor 5