title: Inferior alveolar canal course: a radiographic study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the morphology and course of the inferior alveolar canal (IAC) as it appears in digital panoramic radiographs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three hundred and eighty-six digital rotational panoramic radiographs (OPG) were studied using the Clinview Software (6.1.3.7 version, Instrumentarium). Among the 386 radiographs, 86 radiographs with 5-mm steel balls were used to calculate the magnification.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average magnification of radiographs in this study was 7.24+/-7.55%. The course of IAC as seen in the panoramic radiograph may be classified into four types: (1) linear curve, 12.75%, (2) spoon-shaped curve, 29.25%, (3) elliptic-arc curve, 48.5%, and (4) turning curve, 9.5%. On panoramic radiographs, the IAC appeared closest to the inferior border of the mandible in the region of the first molar. In relation to the teeth, on panoramic radiographs, the IAC appeared closest to the distal root tip of the third molar and furthest from the mesial root tip of the first molar.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the OPG, there are four types of IAC: linear, spoon shape, elliptic-arc, and turning curve. The data found in the study may be useful for dental implant, mandibule surgery, and dental anesthesia. The limitations of the panoramic radiograph in depicting the true three-dimensional (3D) morphology of the IAC are recognized, computed tomography (CT) and cone beam (CB)3D imaging being more precise.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital/School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China.
authors.forename: Tie
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Bing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.forename: Zhiyuan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Gu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008340:Mandibular Nerve / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011862:Radiography, Panoramic; D012016:Reference Values; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult