title: Rigid bronchoscopy for inhaled pen caps in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to present the clinical findings and treatment of pen cap inhalation with emphasis on the importance of managing aspirated foreign bodies by rigid bronchoscopy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Of 1280 patients with foreign body inhalation treated from 1997 to 2007, 34 (2.65%) were because of pen cap inhalation. Medical records of these 34 patients were retrospectively reviewed and analyzed for age, sex, symptoms, location of pen cap, treatment, complications, and outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 34 children with pen cap inhalation, 22 (64.7%) were boys and 12 (35.3%) were girls. They ranged in age from 6 to 14 years, pen caps were most frequently found in the right main stem bronchus (26 cases, 76.4%). A history of an episode of foreign body inhalation (34 cases, 100%) and acute cough (28 cases, 82.3%) were the most common presenting findings. All inhaled pen caps were successfully removed by reverse grasping forceps during rigid bronchoscopy. Tracheotomy, thoracotomy, and bronchotomy were not performed in any patients. There were no severe complications or deaths.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pen cap inhalation mostly occurs in school-aged children. Patients usually can depict a clear history of pen cap inhalation, which is vital to early diagnosis. Inhaled pen caps can be removed safely by rigid bronchoscopy under general anesthesia combined with topical anesthesia. Open surgical techniques such as tracheotomy, thoracotomy, and bronchotomy can be avoided in most cases. More attention to programs of prevention, public and parent education, and awareness is needed to reduce the incidence of pen cap inhalation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Capital Medical University, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100730, China.
authors.forename: Sun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jiaqiang
authors.forename: Sun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jingwu
authors.forename: Hu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yanming
authors.forename: Lv
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Qiuping
authors.forename: Wang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Yinfeng
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xianguang
authors.forename: Wan
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Guanglun
authors.forename: Han
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Demin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D020680:Bronchoscopes; D001999:Bronchoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D005547:Foreign Bodies / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D001239:Inhalation; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome