title: Chest tube selection in cardiac and thoracic surgery: a survey of chest tube-related complications and their management.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Blood accumulating inside chest cavities can lead to serious complications if it is not drained properly. Because life-threatening conditions can result from chest tube occlusion after thoracic surgery, large-bore tubes are generally employed to optimize patency.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to better define problems with current paradigms for chest drainage.
  
  
  METHODS
  A survey was conducted of North American cardiothoracic surgeons and specialty cardiac surgery nurses. A total of 108 surgeons and 108 nurses responded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The survey revealed that clogging leading to chest-tube dysfunction is a major concern when choosing tube size. Of surgeons responding, 106 of 106 (100%) had observed chest tube clogging, and 93 of 106 (87%) reported adverse patient outcomes from a clogged tube. Despite techniques such as tube stripping, tapping, and squeezing, up to 51% of surveyed surgeons stated they are not satisfied with currently available tubes and procedures to avoid tube occlusion and some even forbid the stripping maneuver for fear of causing more bleeding by the negative pressures generated. In addition, respondents noted that patients experience increasing discomfort with increasing drain size.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The major reason surgeons choose large-diameter chest tubes is linked to concern about the suboptimal available methods to avoid and treat chest-tube clogging. Even though larger tubes are thought to be associated with more pain, physicians generally err on the side of caution to avoid clogging and insert tubes with larger diameters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results of this survey highlight the frequent problems with clogging with current postsurgical chest drainage systems and suggest the need for innovative solutions to avoid clogging complications and overcome clinician concern and patient pain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Shanaz
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shalli
authors.forename: Diyar
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Saeed
authors.forename: Kiyotaka
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fukamachi
authors.forename: A Marc
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Gillinov
authors.forename: William E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Cohn
authors.forename: Louis P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Perrault
authors.forename: Edward M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Boyle
mesh_terms: D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D002309:Cardiology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015505:Chest Tubes / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003657:Decision Making; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006801:Humans; D019616:Thoracic Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D016896:Treatment Outcome