title: Diagnostic change and the increased prevalence of autism.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Increased autism prevalence rates have generated considerable concern. However, the contribution of changes in diagnostic practices to increased prevalence rates has not been thoroughly examined. Debates over the role of diagnostic substitution also continue. California has been an important test case in these controversies. The objective of this study was to determine the extent to which the increased prevalence of autism in California has been driven by changes in diagnostic practices, diagnostic substitution and diagnostic accretion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective case record examination of 7003 patients born before 1987 with autism who were enrolled with the California Department of Developmental Services between 1992 and 2005 was carried out. Of principal interest were 631 patients with a sole diagnosis of mental retardation (MR) who subsequently acquired a diagnosis of autism. The outcome of interest was the probability of acquiring a diagnosis of autism as a result of changes in diagnostic practices was calculated. The probability of diagnostic change is then used to model the proportion of the autism caseload arising from changing diagnostic practices.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The odds of a patient acquiring an autism diagnosis were elevated in periods in which the practices for diagnosing autism changed. The odds of change in years in which diagnostic practices changed were 1.68 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.11-2.54], 1.55 (95% CI 1.03-2.34), 1.58 (95% CI 1.05-2.39), 1.82 (95% CI 1.23-2.7) and 1.61 (95% CI 1.09-2.39). Using the probability of change between 1992 and 2005 to generalize to the population with autism, it is estimated that 26.4% (95% CI 16.25-36.48) of the increased autism caseload in California is uniquely associated with diagnostic change through a single pathway--individuals previously diagnosed with MR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Changes in practices for diagnosing autism have had a substantial effect on autism caseloads, accounting for one-quarter of the observed increase in prevalence in California between 1992 and 2005.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Social and Economic Research and Policy, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
authors.forename: Marissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bearman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001321:Autistic Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic / Q000592:standards*; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies