title: Vascular malformations: an update.
abstract: Vascular malformations occur as a result of an arrest in the development of the vascular system. The modified Hamburg classification distinguishes arterial, venous, arteriovenous, capillary, lymphatic, and mixed vascular malformations. Each malformation is further subdivided based on anatomy and on the time when arrest in development of the embryogenesis occurred; malformations can be truncular or extratruncular. Progress in the last decade in management has been significant because of improvements in open surgical procedures and perfection of percutaneous and hybrid endovascular interventions and devices, such as balloons, stents, and stent-grafts. There has been increasing use of embolization for the treatment of malformations with coils, other particles, glue, or with endovascular placement of occlusive plugs. Absolute alcohol, detergent liquids, or foam have been used for sclerotherapy with improved efficacy. The agents are delivered percutaneously or through a catheter placed either into the feeding arteries or the draining veins. This review aims to aid vascular and endovascular specialists in staying familiar with vascular malformations. These specialists need to be able to evaluate the patients, perform treatment if appropriate, or refer complex cases to multidisciplinary vascular malformation clinics and vascular centers.
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery and Vascular Malformation Clinic, Gonda Vascular Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. gloviczki.peter@mayo.edu
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gloviczki
authors.forename: Audra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Duncan
authors.forename: Manju
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kalra
authors.forename: Gustavo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Oderich
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ricotta
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bower
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McKusick
authors.forename: Haraldur
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bjarnason
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Driscoll
mesh_terms: D000800:Angioplasty, Balloon / Q000295:instrumentation; D001027:Aortography / Q000379:methods; D001158:Arteries / Q000002:abnormalities*; D001165:Arteriovenous Malformations / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D002196:Capillaries / Q000002:abnormalities*; D002648:Child; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D042601:Lymphatic Vessels / Q000002:abnormalities*; D008220:Lymphography; D015911:Sclerotherapy; D015607:Stents; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D054079:Vascular Malformations / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D014656:Vascular Surgical Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation; D014680:Veins / Q000002:abnormalities*