title: Neuromuscular training for rehabilitation of sports injuries: a systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although proprioceptive and neuromuscular exercises are considered to be part and parcel of rehabilitation programs after sport injuries, there is an uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of corresponding training interventions. The objective of this review was to evaluate the effectiveness of proprioceptive and neuromuscular training (PT/NT) for the treatment of ankle, knee, and shoulder joint injuries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two independent reviewers performed a literature search in various databases and reference lists of articles. Data of included trials were then extracted, and methodological quality was assessed by using predetermined forms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifteen trials met the inclusion criteria. PT/NT was effective at increasing functionality as well as at decreasing the incidence of recurrent injuries and "giving way" episodes after ankle sprains and in conservative treatment of anterior cruciate ligament injuries. However, conflicting results or no efficacy of training were reported for static postural control, joint position sense, neuromuscular control, joint laxity, and lower extremity strength. No study that examined PT/NT after shoulder injuries was found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  From this review, it can be concluded that proprioceptive and neuromuscular interventions after ankle and knee joint injuries can be effective for the prevention of recurrent injuries and the improvement of joint functionality.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sports Science and Sports, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany. astrid.zech@sport.uni-erlangen.de
authors.forename: Astrid
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zech
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hübscher
authors.forename: Lutz
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vogt
authors.forename: Winfried
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Banzer
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hänsel
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pfeifer
mesh_terms: D016512:Ankle Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007718:Knee Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D011434:Proprioception; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D000070599:Shoulder Injuries; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000502:physiology