title: The impact of physical exercise on calcium balance in healthy subjects during prolonged hypokinesia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether during hypokinesia (diminished movement) periodic physical exercise affects calcium (Ca(2+)) balance and Ca(2+) loss.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies were conducted on 30 physically healthy male volunteers during the preexperimental period of 30 days and the experimental period of 364 days. They were equally divided into three groups: active control subjects (ACS), hypokinetic subjects (HKS), and periodic training subjects (PTS). The ACS group ran an average distance of 9.3+/-1.2 km/d; the HKS group walked an average distance of 1.3+/-0.2 km/d; and PTS group walked and ran average distances of 1.3+/-0.2 km/d and 9.2+/-1.2 km/d for 5 and 2 days per week, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serum Ca(2+) level, fecal and urine Ca(2+) loss, and Ca(2+) imbalance increased (P<0.05) in the PTS and HKS groups compared with their preexperimental levels and the values in their respective ACS group. The serum Ca(2+) concentration, urine and fecal Ca(2+) loss, and Ca(2+) imbalance increased more (P<0.05) in the PTS group than in the HKS group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  During hypokinesia, Ca(2+) imbalance is more evident with than without physical exercise and Ca(2+) loss is exacerbated more with higher than lower Ca(2+) imbalance.
authors.affiliation: European Foundation of Environmental Sciences, Athens, Greece. vdeogenov@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Victor A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Deogenov
authors.forename: Yan G
authors.initials: YG
authors.lastname: Zorbas
authors.forename: Kostas K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Kakuris
authors.forename: Yuri F
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Federenko
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D054874:Athletic Performance; D002118:Calcium / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine; D004032:Diet; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007103:Immobilization / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D013334:Students; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D002118:Calcium