title: Tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium microti in South American camelids.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Infection with Mycobacterium microti can cause chronic disease in animals and threaten human health through its zoonotic potential.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe clinical findings, diagnostic investigations, necropsy, and epidemiology results in South American camelids (SAC) infected with M. microti, member of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven SAC with tuberculous lesions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Description of 10 llamas and 1 alpaca, aged 4-18 years, from 6 herds with a history of wasting and weakness admitted to the Vetsuisse-Faculty of Berne over 8 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clinical signs included weight loss, recumbency, and anorexia in late stages of the disease. Respiratory problems were seen in 6 animals of 11. No consistent hematologic abnormalities were identified. Suspect animals were examined in detail by abdominal ultrasonography and thoracic radiology. Abnormal findings such as enlarged mediastinal, mesenteric, or hepatic lymph nodes were seen only in animals with advanced disease. Single comparative intradermal tuberculin test with bovine protein purified derivate (PPD) and avian PPD was negative in all animals. At necropsy, typical tuberculous lesions were found, and confirmed by bacteriological smear and culture, molecular methods, or both.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Infection caused by M. microti should be considered a differential diagnosis in chronic debilitating disease with or without respiratory signs in SAC. Antemortem confirmation of the diagnosis remains challenging at any stage of infection. Because cases of M. microti infection have been reported in immunocompromized human patients, the zoonotic potential of the organism should be kept in mind when dealing with this disease in SAC.
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse-Faculty of the University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland. patrik.zanolari@knp.unibe.ch
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zanolari
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Robert
authors.forename: K P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Lyashchenko
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Pfyffer
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Greenwald
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Esfandiari
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Meylan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002161:Camelids, New World; D005260:Female; D008099:Liver / Q000473:pathology; D008168:Lung / Q000473:pathology; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D009161:Mycobacterium / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D013557:Switzerland / Q000453:epidemiology; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary*