title: Essential oils of Salvia bracteata and Salvia rubifolia from Lebanon: Chemical composition, antimicrobial activity and inhibitory effect on human melanoma cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Salvia bracteata Banks et Sol. and Salvia rubifolia Boiss. are known in folk medicine of Lebanon for the treatment of microbial infections, cancer, urinary and pulmonary problems. In the present study the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oils from aerial parts of Salvia bracteata and Salvia rubifolia collected in Lebanon were evaluated. The oils were also tested for their potential antiproliferative effects against M14 human melanoma cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  The oils were studied by GC and GC-MS and their antibacterial activity (MIC and MBC) was tested against ten bacteria species using the broth dilution method. The inhibitory effect on human melanoma cells (measurement of cell vitality, cell membrane integrity and genomic DNA fragmentation) was studied using MTT assay, calculation of LDH release and COMET assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The oils showed a good antibacterial activity (MIC = 50 microg/ml) against Gram+ bacteria. They besides exhibited an inhibitory effect on the human cancer cells examined inducing also apoptotic cell death, but the oil of Salvia rubifolia was significantly (p < 0.001) more active as compared to the oil of Salvia bracteata.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results on the pharmacological activities of these Salvia species provide an in vitro scientific support for the use of these plants in traditional herbal preparations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Venera
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Cardile
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Russo
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Formisano
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rigano
authors.forename: Felice
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Senatore
authors.forename: Nelly Apostolides
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Arnold
authors.forename: Franco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Piozzi
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D053938:DNA Fragmentation / Q000187:drug effects; D006094:Gram-Positive Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007861:Lebanon; D008545:Melanoma / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D027544:Salvia / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D009822:Oils, Volatile; D010936:Plant Extracts