title: Cervid herpesvirus 2, the primary agent in an outbreak of infectious keratoconjunctivitis in semidomesticated reindeer.
abstract: An outbreak of infectious keratoconjunctivitis (IKC) occurred in semidomesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) in Troms County, Norway, in February 2009. Twenty-eight animals with clinical symptoms and 12 apparently healthy animals were investigated. They ranged in age from calves of the year to 4-year-old animals (mean, 1.9 years; standard deviation, +/-0.9). The seroprevalence of antibodies against cervid herpesvirus 2 (CvHV2) was 86% in animals with IKC and 42% in unaffected animals. For the 28 clinically affected animals, CvHV2 was detected by PCR in swabs obtained from the eye (82%), nose (64%), and vagina (24%), and CvHV2 was isolated from eye swabs from 8 animals. Virus was not isolated from clinically unaffected animals but was detected by PCR in eye swab samples from five of them. The viral activity, assessed by the ability to cause a cytopathic effect in cell culture, increased with the severity of clinical symptoms, but in severe clinical cases, virus was absent and secondary bacterial infections were dominant. Moraxella sp. isolates were obtained from seven animals, and those from two animals were identified as Moraxella bovoculi. Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus sp., and Arcanobacterium pyogenes were also isolated. It is concluded that CvHV2, which is endemic in reindeer, can cause IKC, probably most commonly as a primary infection of calves. This can be a very painful and devastating disease of economic importance for reindeer herders. This is the first report of CvHV2 as the primary agent of IKC in reindeer. This is also the first isolation of this virus in reindeer under natural herding conditions.
authors.affiliation: Section of Arctic Veterinary Medicine, Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, The Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Stakkevollveien 23b, NO 9010 Tromsø, Norway. morten.tryland@veths.no
authors.forename: Morten
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tryland
authors.forename: Carlos G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Das Neves
authors.forename: Marianne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sunde
authors.forename: Torill
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mørk
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D055667:Arcanobacterium / Q000302:isolation & purification; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D005123:Eye / Q000821:virology; D005260:Female; D006564:Herpesviridae / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006566:Herpesviridae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D007639:Keratoconjunctivitis, Infectious / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009016:Moraxella / Q000302:isolation & purification; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D009666:Nose / Q000821:virology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D012053:Reindeer / Q000821:virology*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013291:Streptococcus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014621:Vagina / Q000821:virology
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D004279:DNA, Viral