title: Tuberous sclerosis complex suppression in cerebellar development and medulloblastoma: separate regulation of mammalian target of rapamycin activity and p27 Kip1 localization.
abstract: During development, proliferation of cerebellar granule neuron precursors (CGNP), candidate cells-of-origin for the pediatric brain tumor medulloblastoma, requires signaling by Sonic hedgehog (Shh) and insulin-like growth factor (IGF), the pathways of which are also implicated in medulloblastoma. One of the consequences of IGF signaling is inactivation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-suppressing tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), comprised of TSC1 and TSC2, leading to increased mRNA translation. We show that mice, in which TSC function is impaired, display increased mTOR pathway activation, enhanced CGNP proliferation, glycogen synthase kinase-3 alpha/beta (GSK-3 alpha/beta) inactivation, and cytoplasmic localization of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27(Kip1), which has been proposed to cause its inactivation or gain of oncogenic functions. We observed the same characteristics in wild-type primary cultures of CGNPs in which TSC1 and/or TSC2 were knocked down, and in mouse medulloblastomas induced by ectopic Shh pathway activation. Moreover, Shh-induced mouse medulloblastomas manifested Akt-mediated TSC2 inactivation, and the mutant TSC2 allele synergized with aberrant Shh signaling to increase medulloblastoma incidence in mice. Driving exogenous TSC2 expression in Shh-induced medulloblastoma cells corrected p27(Kip1) localization and reduced proliferation. GSK-3 alpha/beta inactivation in the tumors in vivo and in primary CGNP cultures was mTOR-dependent, whereas p27(Kip1) cytoplasmic localization was regulated upstream of mTOR by TSC2. These results indicate that a balance between Shh mitogenic signaling and TSC function regulating new protein synthesis and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibition is essential for the normal development and prevention of tumor formation or expansion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA.
authors.forename: Bobby
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bhatia
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Northcott
authors.forename: Dolores
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hambardzumyan
authors.forename: Baskaran
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Govindarajan
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Brat
authors.forename: Jack L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Arbiser
authors.forename: Eric C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Holland
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Anna Marie
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kenney
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D048708:Cell Growth Processes / Q000502:physiology; D054022:Cerebrum / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism; D050760:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27 / Q000378:metabolism*; D053823:Hedgehog Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008527:Medulloblastoma / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D010766:Phosphorylation; D017853:Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor) / Q000378:metabolism*; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; D000077004:Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 1 Protein; D000077005:Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 2 Protein; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D053823:Hedgehog Proteins; C465570:Shh protein, mouse; C000624651:Tsc1 protein, mouse; C000624654:Tsc2 protein, mouse; D000077004:Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 1 Protein; D000077005:Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 2 Protein; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D050760:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27; D017853:Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor); C546843:mTOR protein, mouse; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases