title: Overt and covert narcissism in Poland and The Netherlands.
abstract: This article reports a study of the relation between narcissism as a personality characteristic and the cultural dimension of individualism/collectivism. Participants from a more collectivistic society (Poland; n = 167) were compared with participants from a more individualistic society (The Netherlands; n = 156). Two dimensions of narcissism were distinguished: overt and covert. The cultural tendency for narcissism was measured by comparing average scores on both types of narcissism in both countries, as well as by the meaning that overt and covert narcissism seems to have for psychological well-being. More specifically, the correlations were compared among both types of narcissism and depression and meaning of life. In the Polish sample, the average score on covert narcissism was higher. In the Dutch sample, on the other hand, depression and meaning of life were significantly related to covert narcissism.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Humanities, Tilburg University, P.O. Box 90153, 5000 LE Tilburg, The Netherlands. h.j.zondag@uvt.nl
authors.forename: Hessel J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Zondag
authors.forename: Cor
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Van Halen
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wojtkowiak
mesh_terms: D003469:Culture; D003866:Depressive Disorder; D006801:Humans; D009289:Narcissism; D009426:Netherlands; D011044:Poland; D011594:Psychometrics; D012931:Social Environment