title: Conservative treatment of the uremic syndrome.
abstract: In addition to extracorporeal renal replacement strategies, which in chronic kidney disease (CKD) are largely reserved for the treatment of end-stage kidney failure, conservative measures can be taken to reduce concentration, effects, or both concentration and effects of uremic retention solutes. In this overview, we will focus on those therapies, which are aimed at preventing or delaying cardio-vascular disease, retarding or halting the progression of CKD, or both. We will discuss, consecutively, inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis, beta-blockers, calcium-channel antagonists, anti-inflammatory drugs, intestinal sorbents, calcimimetics, and glitazones. Some of these approaches could lead to a therapeutic breakthrough in the future. In addition, comprehensive tables will be provided for more traditional therapeutic approaches, such as lifestyle changes and other pharmaceutical treatments.
authors.affiliation: Nephrology Section, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Gent, Belgium. raymond.vanholder@ugent.be
authors.forename: Raymond
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vanholder
authors.forename: Angel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Argilés
authors.forename: Joachim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Beige
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Brunet
authors.forename: Tilman B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Drüeke
authors.forename: Danilo
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fliser
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Herget-Rosenthal
authors.forename: Walter H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Hörl
authors.forename: Achim
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jörres
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Perna
authors.forename: Mariano
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rodriguez-Portillo
authors.forename: Goce
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Spasovski
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stegmayr
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stenvinkel
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wanner
authors.forename: Andrzej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wiecek
authors.forename: Ziad A
authors.initials: ZA
authors.lastname: Massy
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control; D004032:Diet; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D012076:Renal Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014511:Uremia / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D012076:Renal Agents