title: AHRQ series paper 2: principles for developing guidance: AHRQ and the effective health-care program.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This article describes some of the fundamental principles that have been developed to guide the work of producing comparative effectiveness reviews (CERs).
  
  
  METHODS
  We briefly describe the role stakeholders play in providing important insights that inform the evidence-gathering process, and discuss the critical role of analytic frameworks in illuminating the relationship between surrogate measures and health outcomes, providing an understanding of the context in which clinical decisions are made and the uncertainties that underlie clinical controversies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We describe the Effective Health Care program conceptual model for considering different types of evidence that emphasizes minimizing the risk of bias, but places high-quality, highly applicable evidence about effectiveness at the top of the hierarchy. Finally, we briefly describe areas of future methodological research.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CERs have become a foundation for decision-making in clinical practice and health policy. To be useful, CERs must approach the evidence from a patient-centered perspective; explore the clinical logic underlying the rationale for a service; cast a broad net with respect to types of evidence, placing a high value on effectiveness and applicability, in addition to internal validity; and, present benefits and harms for treatments and tests in a consistent way.
authors.affiliation: Oregon Evidence-based Practice Center, Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Helfand
authors.forename: Howard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Balshem
mesh_terms: D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000592:standards*; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000379:methods; D018802:Patient-Centered Care / Q000592:standards; D012196:Review Literature as Topic; D014481:United States; D016270:United States Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality