title: Parental Staphylococcus aureus carriage is associated with staphylococcal carriage in young children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Staphylococcus aureus colonization typically precedes infection but risk factors for colonization in children are not well defined. Our previous study suggested that S. aureus carriage in children is associated with parental carriage. Here we wished to distinguish the different components that play a role in the risk to a child of a S. aureus-carrying parent.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 2002 and 2005, children (0-40 months) and their parents were screened for carriage of S. aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae during 1 of 6 surveys. Data were collected from the parents and the medical files. Multivariate analysis of possible associated factors and effect modifiers was carried out. Pulse-field gel electrophoresis was performed to determine strain relatedness.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 4648 children were screened. S. aureus was isolated from 342 (7.6%) children and 992 (22%) parents. Pairs of parent-child carriers were found in 155 cases, over twice the rate expected by chance (1.66%, P<0.0001). The variable that was most significantly associated with carriage in children was having a parent carrier (OR: 3.35; 95% CI: 2.59-4.33), whereas close contact with peers (as assessed by day care centers attendance or having young siblings) was not associated with carriage. Children<3 months had the highest carriage rate and children aged 6 to 12 months had the lowest (25.4% and 4.3%, respectively, P<0.0001). Breast-feeding was not associated with higher or lower carriage. In 30 of 150 strains studied, >70% parent-child strains were genetically identical.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Parental S. aureus colonization, but not DCC attendance or having young siblings, is an independent predictor for staphylococcal carriage in young children.
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases Unit, Sheba Medical Center and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel. gregev@hsph.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Gili
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Regev-Yochay
authors.forename: Meir
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Raz
authors.forename: Yehuda
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Carmeli
authors.forename: Bracha
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Shainberg
authors.forename: Shiri
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Navon-Venezia
authors.forename: Erica
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pinco
authors.forename: Azita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Leavitt
authors.forename: Nathan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Keller
authors.forename: Galia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rahav
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Malley
authors.forename: Ethan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rubinstein
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques; D002353:Carrier State / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D016172:DNA Fingerprinting; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D016521:Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D010290:Parents; D011008:Pneumococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial