title: The net clinical benefit of warfarin anticoagulation in atrial fibrillation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Guidelines recommend warfarin use in patients with atrial fibrillation solely on the basis of risk for ischemic stroke without antithrombotic therapy. These guidelines rely on ischemic stroke rates observed in older trials and do not explicitly account for increased risk for hemorrhage.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To quantify the net clinical benefit of warfarin therapy in a cohort of patients with atrial fibrillation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mixed retrospective and prospective cohort study of patients with atrial fibrillation between 1996 and 2003.
  
  
  METHODS
  An integrated health care delivery system.
  
  
  METHODS
  13 559 adults with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Warfarin exposure, patient characteristics, CHADS(2) score (1 point for each of congestive heart failure, hypertension, age, and diabetes and 2 points for stroke), and outcome events were ascertained from health plan records and databases. Net clinical benefit was defined as the annual rate of ischemic strokes and systemic emboli prevented by warfarin minus intracranial hemorrhages attributable to warfarin, multiplied by an impact weight. The base-case impact weight was 1.5, reflecting the greater clinical impact of intracranial hemorrhage versus thromboembolism.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients accumulated more than 66 000 person-years of follow-up. The adjusted net clinical benefit of warfarin for the cohort overall was 0.68% per year (95% CI, 0.34% to 0.87%). Adjusted net clinical benefit was greatest for patients with a history of ischemic stroke (2.48% per year [CI, 0.75% to 4.22%]) and for those 85 years or older (2.34% per year [CI, 1.29% to 3.30%]). The net clinical benefit of warfarin increased from essentially zero in CHADS(2) stroke risk categories 0 and 1 to 2.22% per year (CI, 0.58% to 3.75%) in CHADS(2) categories 4 to 6. The patterns of results were preserved when weighting factors for intracranial hemorrhage of 1.0 and 2.0 were used.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Residual confounding is a possibility. Some outcome events were probably missed by the screening algorithm or when medical records were unavailable.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Expected net clinical benefit of warfarin therapy is highest among patients with the highest untreated risk for stroke, which includes the oldest age category. Risk assessment that incorporates both risk for thromboembolism and risk for intracranial hemorrhage provides a more quantitatively informed basis for the decision on antithrombotic therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  National Institute on Aging; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; and Massachusetts General Hospital.
authors.affiliation: Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachussetts 02114, USA. dsinger@partners.org
authors.forename: Daniel E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Singer
authors.forename: Yuchiao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Margaret C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.forename: Leila H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Borowsky
authors.forename: Niela K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Pomernacki
authors.forename: Natalia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Udaltsova
authors.forename: Alan S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Go
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000150:complications*; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020300:Intracranial Hemorrhages / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D055502:Secondary Prevention; D013923:Thromboembolism / Q000517:prevention & control; D014859:Warfarin / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D014859:Warfarin