title: A comparison of the life goals program and treatment as usual for individuals with bipolar disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This randomized controlled study of 164 outpatients with bipolar disorder in a community mental health center who received standardized psychoeducation (Life Goals Program [LGP]) or treatment as usual sought to determine whether there were differences between the groups in medication adherence attitudes and behaviors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were randomly assigned to treatment as usual (N=80) or treatment as usual plus LGP (N=84) and were assessed at baseline and at the three-, six-, and 12-month follow-up. Primary outcomes were change in score from baseline on the Drug Attitude Inventory (DAI) and on self-reported treatment adherence behaviors (SRTAB).
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline, there were no significant differences between the two groups. Slightly less than half (N=41, 49%) of the LGP group participated in most or all (four to six) LGP sessions, 14% (N=12) participated in one to three sessions, and 37% (N=31) did not participate in any sessions. At the 12-month follow-up there was improvement among all patients, with no significant differences between the two groups, in DAI scores, SRTAB, symptoms, psychopathology, and functional status. Greater depressive severity at baseline was associated with more negative attitudes toward treatment over time, although this finding was not significant (p=.056). Secondary analysis of persons in the LGP group found that compared with those who did not go to any LGP sessions, those with partial or full participation in LGP sessions had improved attitudes toward medication at the three- and six-month follow-up, but no difference was found between the three LGP subgroups by the 12-month follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There were no differences between two groups in treatment attitudes at the 12-month follow-up. Low attendance rates mitigated effects on primary outcomes. Effects of LGP may become lost over time without ongoing intervention, and individuals with depression may have reduced response to LGP.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10524 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA. martha.sajatovic@uhhospitals.org
authors.forename: Martha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sajatovic
authors.forename: Marilyn A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Ganocy
authors.forename: Mark S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: Kristin A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Cassidy
authors.forename: Robert W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Hays
authors.forename: Roknedin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Safavi
authors.forename: Frederic C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Blow
authors.forename: Joseph R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Calabrese
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001290:Attitude; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003155:Community Mental Health Centers; D005260:Female; D006040:Goals; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010349:Patient Compliance; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires