title: Diclofenac potassium restores objective and subjective measures of sleep quality in women with primary dysmenorrhea.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Primary dysmenorrhea is a common gynecological disorder that disrupts daytime functioning and nighttime sleep quality. We determined the effectiveness of diclofenac potassium, compared to placebo, in alleviating nighttime pain and restoring sleep architecture in women with primary dysmenorrhea.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized, double-blind, crossover study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sleep laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten healthy women (21 +/- 1 years) with a history of primary dysmenorrhea.
  
  
  METHODS
  Placebo or diclofenac potassium (150 mg per day) for menstrual pain.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We assessed objective measures of sleep (polysomnography) and subjective measures of sleep quality, mood, and intensity of menstrual pain. Compared to a pain-free phase of the menstrual cycle (mid-follicular), women receiving placebo for their menstrual pain had a poorer mood (P < 0.01), decreased sleep efficiency (P < 0.05), less REM sleep (P < 0.05), more stage 1 sleep (P < 0.01), and more sleep stage changes per hour of sleep during the night. Administration of diclofenac potassium compared to placebo not only attenuated the women's menstrual pain (P < 0.05), but also increased sleep efficiency (P < 0.05) and percentage of REM sleep (P < 0.01), decreased percentage of stage 1 sleep (P < 0.05) and number of sleep stage changes per hour of sleep (P < 0.05), and improved subjective ratings of sleep quality and morning vigilance (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diclofenac potassium effectively attenuates nighttime dysmenorrheic pain and restores subjective and objective measures of sleep quality to values recorded in a pain-free phase of the menstrual cycle.
authors.affiliation: Wits Dial a bed Sleep Laboratory, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. Stella.Iacovides@wits.ac.za
authors.forename: Stella
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Iacovides
authors.forename: Ingrid
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Avidon
authors.forename: Alison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bentley
authors.forename: Fiona C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Baker
mesh_terms: D000339:Affect / Q000187:drug effects; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004008:Diclofenac / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004412:Dysmenorrhea / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010147:Pain Measurement; D017286:Polysomnography / Q000187:drug effects; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012894:Sleep Stages / Q000187:drug effects*; D014851:Wakefulness / Q000187:drug effects; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D004008:Diclofenac