title: Prospective longitudinal studies of salmonid alphavirus infections on two Atlantic salmon farms in Ireland; evidence for viral persistence.
abstract: Prospective longitudinal studies of two outbreaks of pancreas disease in Atlantic salmon (AS), Salmo salar L., in Ireland were conducted. Both outbreaks occurred during the marine phase of production, with one caused by salmonid alphavirus subtype 1 (SAV1) and the other by SAV4. In addition to screening a range of tissues by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RRT-PCR), virological, serological and histopathological examinations were performed along with partial genome sequencing and results were related to environmental and production data and farm history. On Farm 1 (marine sampling only), infection was detected within 3 weeks of smolts being placed on the farm, while on Farm 2 (freshwater and marine sampling), infection was first detected 315 days after transfer to sea. In both outbreaks, RRT-PCR signals were detected in a range of tissues including gill, heart, kidney, pancreas/pyloric caeca, brain and serum. Persistence of signal was longest in gill and heart (> or =265 days on both farms) and shortest in serum. Mortalities on the two farms varied from 10.9% to 30%. In both cases, partial genome sequence of the causative viruses were identical to SAV strains detected in previous populations of AS on each of the study farms, including populations with which the study populations overlapped in time and space.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Science, Queen's University of Belfast, Stormont, UK. David.Graham@afbini.gov.uk
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fringuelli
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Rowley
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rodger
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: McLoughlin
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: McManus
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Casey
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: McCarthy
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Ruane
mesh_terms: D000524:Alphavirus / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology*; D018354:Alphavirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D005393:Fish Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D005398:Fisheries; D007494:Ireland; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000097:blood; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D020317:Salmo salar / Q000821:virology*; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D012367:RNA, Viral