title: The impact of invasive fungal diseases on survival after lung transplantation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recipients of lung transplants are at high risk of infectious complications. We investigated the epidemiology of infections after lung transplantation and determined their impact on survival.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients who underwent lung transplantation at Mayo Clinic (Rochester) during 1990-2005. Survival analyses were performed using Kaplan-Meier estimation and Cox proportional hazard modeling.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-nine lung transplants were performed during the 16-yr study period. The mean (+/-SD) patient age was 50.5 +/- 9.7 yr; 45% were male. During the mean (+/-SD) follow-up period of 1188 (+/-1288) d, the cumulative percentage of patients with infections were: bacteria (52%), cytomegalovirus (CMV) (49%), other viruses (32%), fungi (19%), mycobacteria (7%), and Pneumocystis jiroveci (1%). The median survival time after lung transplantation was 5.02 yr. Kaplan-Meier estimation of one-, three-, and five-yr survival was 80%, 61%, and 50%, respectively. Overall, 37 (54%) patients died due to graft rejection and failure (35%), invasive fungal diseases (16%), post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder and other malignancies (14%), cardiovascular diseases (5%), CMV disease (3%), bacterial infection (3%), or other causes (24%). Survival analysis using Kaplan-Meier estimation showed that invasive fungal disease (Aspergillus sp., n = 9, Candida sp., n = 2, Alternaria sp., n = 1, Rhizopus sp., n = 1, and/or Mucor sp., n = 1) was significantly associated with mortality (p = 0.0104). After adjusting for age and graft rejection, invasive fungal disease remains a significant predictor of mortality (p = 0.0262).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Invasive fungal disease is significantly associated with all-cause mortality after lung transplantation. An aggressive antifungal preventive strategy may lead to improved survival after lung transplantation.
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
authors.forename: Supha K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Arthurs
authors.forename: Albert J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Eid
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Deziel
authors.forename: William F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.forename: Stephen D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Cassivi
authors.forename: Randall C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: Raymund R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Razonable
mesh_terms: D002423:Cause of Death; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016040:Lung Transplantation / Q000401:mortality*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009181:Mycoses / Q000401:mortality*; D009894:Opportunistic Infections / Q000401:mortality*; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate