title: Evaluating dopamine reward pathway in ADHD: clinical implications.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)--characterized by symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity--is the most prevalent childhood psychiatric disorder that frequently persists into adulthood, and there is increasing evidence of reward-motivation deficits in this disorder.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate biological bases that might underlie a reward/motivation deficit by imaging key components of the brain dopamine reward pathway (mesoaccumbens).
  
  
  METHODS
  We used positron emission tomography to measure dopamine synaptic markers (transporters and D(2)/D(3) receptors) in 53 nonmedicated adults with ADHD and 44 healthy controls between 2001-2009 at Brookhaven National Laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured specific binding of positron emission tomographic radioligands for dopamine transporters (DAT) using [(11)C]cocaine and for D(2)/D(3) receptors using [(11)C]raclopride, quantified as binding potential (distribution volume ratio -1).
  
  
  RESULTS
  For both ligands, statistical parametric mapping showed that specific binding was lower in ADHD than in controls (threshold for significance set at P < .005) in regions of the dopamine reward pathway in the left side of the brain. Region-of-interest analyses corroborated these findings. The mean (95% confidence interval [CI] of mean difference) for DAT in the nucleus accumbens for controls was 0.71 vs 0.63 for those with ADHD (95% CI, 0.03-0.13, P = .004) and in the midbrain for controls was 0.16 vs 0.09 for those with ADHD (95% CI, 0.03-0.12; P < or = .001); for D(2)/D(3) receptors, the mean accumbens for controls was 2.85 vs 2.68 for those with ADHD (95% CI, 0.06-0.30, P = .004); and in the midbrain, it was for controls 0.28 vs 0.18 for those with ADHD (95% CI, 0.02-0.17, P = .01). The analysis also corroborated differences in the left caudate: the mean DAT for controls was 0.66 vs 0.53 for those with ADHD (95% CI, 0.04-0.22; P = .003) and the mean D(2)/D(3) for controls was 2.80 vs 2.47 for those with ADHD (95% CI, 0.10-0.56; P = .005) and differences in D(2)/D(3) in the hypothalamic region, with controls having a mean of 0.12 vs 0.05 for those with ADHD (95% CI, 0.02-0.12; P = .004). Ratings of attention correlated with D(2)/D(3) in the accumbens (r = 0.35; 95% CI, 0.15-0.52; P = .001), midbrain (r = 0.35; 95% CI, 0.14-0.52; P = .001), caudate (r = 0.32; 95% CI, 0.11-0.50; P = .003), and hypothalamic (r = 0.31; CI, 0.10-0.49; P = .003) regions and with DAT in the midbrain (r = 0.37; 95% CI, 0.16-0.53; P < or = .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A reduction in dopamine synaptic markers associated with symptoms of inattention was shown in the dopamine reward pathway of participants with ADHD.
authors.affiliation: National Institute on Drug Abuse, 6001 Executive Blvd, Room 5274, MSC 9581, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. nvolkow@nida.nih.gov
authors.forename: Nora D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Volkow
authors.forename: Gene-Jack
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Scott H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kollins
authors.forename: Tim L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Wigal
authors.forename: Jeffrey H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Newcorn
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Telang
authors.forename: Joanna S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Fowler
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Logan
authors.forename: Yeming
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Kith
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pradhan
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Swanson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D003042:Cocaine; D004298:Dopamine / Q000502:physiology*; D015259:Dopamine Agents; D050483:Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008636:Mesencephalon / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D020891:Raclopride; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D012201:Reward; D009435:Synaptic Transmission
chemical_list: D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D015259:Dopamine Agents; D050483:Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2; D020891:Raclopride; D003042:Cocaine; D004298:Dopamine