title: Short-course therapy with daily rifapentine in a murine model of latent tuberculosis infection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Regimens recommended to treat latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) are 3 to 9 months long. A 2-month rifampin+pyrazinamide regimen is no longer recommended. Shorter regimens are highly desirable. Because substituting rifapentine for rifampin in the standard regimen for active tuberculosis halves the treatment duration needed to prevent relapse in mice, we hypothesized daily rifapentine-based regimens could shorten LTBI treatment to 2 months or less.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To improve an existing model of LTBI chemotherapy and evaluate the efficacy of daily rifapentine-based regimens.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mice were immunized with a more immunogenic recombinant Bacille Calmette-Guérin strain (rBCG30) and received very low-dose aerosol infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis to establish a stable lung bacterial burden below 10(4) CFU without drug treatment. Mice received a control (isoniazid alone, rifampin alone, rifampin+isoniazid, rifampin+pyrazinamide) or test (rifapentine alone, rifapentine+isoniazid, rifapentine+pyrazinamide, rifapentine+isoniazid+pyrazinamide) regimen for 8 weeks. Rifamycin doses were 10 mg/kg/d, analogous to the same human doses. Outcomes were biweekly lung CFU counts and relapse after 4 to 8 weeks of treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  M. tuberculosis CFU counts remained stable around 3.65 log(10) in immunized, untreated mice. Isoniazid or rifampin left all or most mice culture-positive at week 8. Rifampin+isoniazid cured 0 and 53% of mice and rifampin+pyrazinamide cured 47 and 100% of mice in 4 and 8 weeks, respectively. Rifapentine-based regimens were more active than rifampin+isoniazid and indistinguishable from rifampin+pyrazinamide.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this improved murine model of LTBI chemotherapy with very low lung burden, existing regimens were well represented. Daily rifapentine-based regimens were at least as active as rifampin+pyrazinamide, suggesting they could effectively treat LTBI in 6 to 8 weeks.
authors.affiliation: Center for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Tianyu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Ian M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Rosenthal
authors.forename: Jacques H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Grosset
authors.forename: Eric L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Nuermberger
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000904:Antibiotics, Antitubercular / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects / Q000382:microbiology; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000187:drug effects; D012293:Rifampin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D000904:Antibiotics, Antitubercular; D012293:Rifampin; C018421:rifapentine