title: Toll-like receptor activated human and murine hepatic stellate cells are potent regulators of hepatitis C virus replication.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  While hepatic stellate cells (HSC) are known to be key mediators of liver fibrosis, only little is known about their functional role in the innate immune system of the liver.
  
  
  METHODS
  To address this question, murine HSC were isolated from livers of C57BL/6J mice and human HSC were isolated from liver samples obtained from resections and liver explants. HSC were stimulated with Toll-like receptor (TLR) 1-9 ligands for 20 h. Supernatants were harvested and used in virus protection assays (encephalomyocarditis virus, EMCV) as well as in human and murine hepatitis C virus (HCV) replicon systems. Expression of interferon (IFN), retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I), and interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) was assessed by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  While all TLRs were detectable in HSC, in murine HSC only TLR 3 and -4 agonists could induce cytokines that had an antiviral effect upon EMCV and HCV replication. IFN-beta was the main cytokine mediating the antiviral activity of TLR 3-stimulated HSC whereas other cytokines of undefined nature were involved in TLR 4-mediated antiviral effects. In human HSC, only TLR 3 stimulation led to production of antiviral cytokines. The antiviral effect was related to the up-regulation of ISGs and RIG-I in target cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data demonstrate that murine and human HSC have as yet unrecognized antiviral properties when activated through the TLR-system and TLR 3/HCV in particular. This sheds new light on their role in the innate immune system of the liver and their participation in the control of HCV replication.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital of Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45122 Essen, Germany.
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Trippler
authors.forename: Rongjuan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pei
authors.forename: Mengji
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Broering
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gerken
authors.forename: Joerg F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Schlaak
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002460:Cell Line; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D015870:Gene Expression; D016174:Hepacivirus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology* / Q000502:physiology*; D055166:Hepatic Stellate Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology*; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007372:Interferons / Q000235:genetics; D008024:Ligands; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000235:genetics; D015398:Signal Transduction; D051196:Toll-Like Receptor 3 / Q000819:agonists / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors / Q000819:agonists* / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D008024:Ligands; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; C519703:TLR3 protein, mouse; D051196:Toll-Like Receptor 3; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; D007372:Interferons