title: Modulation control over ultrasound-mediated gene delivery: evaluating the importance of standing waves.
abstract: Low modulation frequencies from 0.5 to 100Hz were shown to alter the characteristics of the ultrasound field producing solution agitation (<5Hz; region of "ultrasound streaming" prevalence) or stagnancy (>5Hz; region of standing waves establishment) (Buldakov et al., Ultrason. Sonochem., 2009). In this study, the same conditions were used to depict the changes in exogenous DNA delivery in these regions. The luciferase expression data revealed that lower modulations were more capable of enhancing delivery at the expense of viability. On the contrary, the viability was conserved at higher modulations whereas delivery was found to be null. Cavitational activity and acoustic streaming were the effecters beyond the observed pattern and delivery enhancement was shown to be mediated mainly through sonopermeation. To promote transfection, the addition of calcium ions or an echo contrast agent (Levovist((R))) was proposed. Depending on the mechanism involved in each approach, differential enhancement was observed in both regions and at the interim zone (5Hz). In both cases, enhancement in standing waves field was significant reaching 16.0 and 3.3 folds increase, respectively. Therefore, it is concluded that although the establishment of standing waves is not the only prerequisite for high transfection rates, yet, it is a key element in optimization when other factors such as proximity and cavitation are considered.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiological Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical, Sciences, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama 930-0194, Japan.
authors.forename: Mariame A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Hassan
authors.forename: Mikhail A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Buldakov
authors.forename: Ryohei
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ogawa
authors.forename: Qing-Li
authors.initials: QL
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Yukihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Furusawa
authors.forename: Nobuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kudo
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kondo
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Riesz
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D004247:DNA / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000235:genetics; D004867:Equipment Design; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D018014:Gene Transfer Techniques; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D008156:Luciferases / Q000235:genetics; D015612:Phonophoresis / Q000295:instrumentation; D013010:Sonication / Q000295:instrumentation; D014162:Transfection; D014465:Ultrasonics
chemical_list: D004247:DNA; D008156:Luciferases