title: The Observer-Rated Scale for Mania (ORSM): development, psychometric properties and utility.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The diagnosis of mania largely depends on the quality of information the physician is provided with. Often, the patient cannot give an accurate account of the symptom development and thus information from relatives and friends is required. No systematic rating instrument is available, however, to facilitate this.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In this study, the psychometric properties of the 49-item Observer-Rated Scale for Mania (ORSM) are reported.
  
  
  METHODS
  The scale was used in 113 inpatients and the following psychometric aspects were assessed: reliability, test-retest reliability, construct validity (factor analysis, discriminant analysis, comparison of means), extreme-group validity, prognostic validity, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ORSM proved highly valid and reliable. Factor analysis revealed three factors which were labelled euphoric mania, instable mania and psychotic mania.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ORSM is a useful instrument to help non-professionals who are in regular contact with the patient diagnosed a manic/mixed episode. It thus complements existing rating scales for mania, which are either designed for professionals or are self-rating instruments.
authors.affiliation: Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Charité Campus Mitte, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany. stephanie.krueger@charite.de
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Krüger
authors.forename: Lena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Quilty
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bagby
authors.forename: Torsten
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lippold
authors.forename: Felix
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bermpohl
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bräunig
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015588:Observer Variation; D010552:Personality Assessment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015203:Reproducibility of Results