title: iso-Migrastatin, migrastatin, and dorrigocin production in Streptomyces platensis NRRL 18993 is governed by a single biosynthetic machinery featuring an acyltransferase-less type I polyketide synthase.
abstract: iso-Migrastatin and related glutarimide-containing polyketides are potent inhibitors of tumor cell migration and their implied potential as antimetastatic agents for human cancers has garnered significant attention. Genome scanning of Streptomyces platensis NRRL 18993 unveiled two candidate gene clusters (088D and mgs); each encodes acyltransferase-less type I polyketide synthases commensurate with iso-migrastatin biosynthesis. Both clusters were inactivated by lambda-RED-mediated PCR-targeting mutagenesis in S. platensis; iso-migrastatin production was completely abolished in the DeltamgsF mutant SB11012 strain, whereas inactivation of 088D-orf7 yielded the SB11006 strain that exhibited no discernible change in iso-migrastatin biosynthesis. These data indicate that iso-migrastatin production is governed by the mgs cluster. Systematic gene inactivation allowed determination of the precise boundaries of the mgs cluster and the essentiality of the genes within the mgs cluster in iso-migrastatin production. The mgs cluster consists of 11 open reading frames that encode three acyltransferase-less type I polyketide synthases (MgsEFG), one discrete acyltransferase (MgsH), a type II thioesterase (MgsB), three post-PKS tailoring enzymes (MgsIJK), two glutarimide biosynthesis enzymes (MgsCD), and one regulatory protein (MgsA). A model for iso-migrastatin biosynthesis is proposed based on functional assignments derived from bioinformatics and is further supported by the results of in vivo gene inactivation experiments.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705-2222, USA.
authors.forename: Si-Kyu
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Jianhua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ju
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zazopoulos
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Jeong-Woo
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Seo
authors.forename: Yihua
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Zhiyang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.forename: Scott R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Rajski
authors.forename: Chris M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Farnet
authors.forename: Ben
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Shen
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D017353:Gene Deletion; D016680:Genome, Bacterial / Q000502:physiology*; D018942:Macrolides; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D005810:Multigene Family / Q000502:physiology*; D016366:Open Reading Frames / Q000502:physiology; D010881:Piperidones; D048630:Polyketide Synthases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D013302:Streptomyces / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D018942:Macrolides; D010881:Piperidones; C455261:isomigrastatin; C418199:migrastatin; D048630:Polyketide Synthases