title: Arginine-vasopressin attenuates beneficial norepinephrine effect on jejunal mucosal tissue oxygenation during endotoxinaemia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of increasing doses of norepinephrine (NE) with or without arginine-vasopressin (AVP) on intestinal oxygen supply and jejunal mucosal tissue oxygen tension in an acute endotoxic pig model.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this prospective, randomized, experimental study on 24 domestic pigs, jejunal mucosal tissue PO2 (PO2muc) was measured using two Clark-type surface oxygen electrodes. Oxygen saturation of jejunal microvascular haemoglobin (HbO2j) was determined by tissue reflectance spectrophotometry. Systemic haemodynamic variables, mesenteric-venous and systemic acid-base and blood gas variables, and lactate measurements were recorded. Measurements were performed at baseline, after Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration, and at 20 min intervals during incremental NE infusion (0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, and 2 microg kg(-1) min(-1), respectively) with 57 mU kg(-1) h(-1) AVP (n=8; NE+AVP group) or without (n=8; NE group); or infusion of an equal amount of normal saline (n=8; CON group).
  
  
  RESULTS
  LPS infusion led to a significant (P<0.05) decrease of PO2muc and HbO2j. Both NE and NE+AVP increased arterial pressure, cardiac output, and mesenteric artery blood flow. Concomitant to an increase in systemic oxygen delivery, NE improved PO2muc and HbO2j. NE alone was superior in restoration of PO2muc when compared with NE+AVP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both NE and NE+AVP improved global haemodynamics and systemic oxygen transport variables when compared with control animals in an acute endotoxic pig model. NE improved jejunal PO2muc at all dosages. NE effects were significantly blunted by simultaneous administration of AVP.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Maier
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hasibeder
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Pajk
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hengl
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ulmer
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hausdorfer
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wurzinger
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Knotzer
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000818:Animals; D001127:Arginine Vasopressin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D019446:Endotoxemia / Q000097:blood* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000098:blood supply / Q000187:drug effects*; D007583:Jejunum / Q000098:blood supply / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D008833:Microcirculation / Q000187:drug effects; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000494:pharmacology; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000187:drug effects; D010313:Partial Pressure; D034421:Sus scrofa; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D001127:Arginine Vasopressin; D010100:Oxygen; D009638:Norepinephrine