title: Convergence and extension movements during vertebrate gastrulation.
abstract: During vertebrate gastrulation, coordinated cell movements shape the basic body plan. Key components of gastrulation are convergence and extension (C&E) movements, which narrow and lengthen the embryonic tissues, respectively. The rates of C&E movements differ significantly according to the position and the stage of gastrulation. Here, we review the distinct cellular behaviors that define the spatial and temporal patterns of C&E movements, with the special emphasis on zebrafish. We also summarize the molecular regulation of these cellular behaviors and the interplay between different signaling pathways that drive C&E. Finally, to ensure efficient C&E movements, cells must achieve mediolaterally-elongated cell morphology and polarize motile protrusions. We discuss the recent discoveries on the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which the mediolateral cell polarity is established.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Program in Developmental Biology, Genetics, and Human Genetics, University of California at San Francisco, California, USA.
authors.forename: Chunyue
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ciruna
authors.forename: Lilianna
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Solnica-Krezel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002465:Cell Movement; D016764:Cell Polarity; D054262:Gastrulation / Q000502:physiology*; D008648:Mesoderm / Q000166:cytology; D013997:Time Factors; D014714:Vertebrates / Q000196:embryology*