title: Complications of particle embolization of meningiomas: frequency, risk factors, and outcome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Particle embolization is widely used in the treatment of meningiomas. We assessed the frequency and outcome of complications of embolization of meningiomas and tried to identify risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1994 and 2009, a total of 198 patients with 201 meningiomas underwent embolization. Indication for embolization was preoperative in 165 meningiomas and adjunctive to radiosurgery in 8. In the remaining 28 meningiomas, embolization was initially offered as a sole therapy. There were 128 women and 70 men with a mean age of 54.4 years (median age, 54 years; range, 15-90 years). Complications were defined as any neurologic deficit or death that occurred during or after embolization. Logistic regression was used to identify the following possible risk factors: age above median, female sex, tumor size above median, meningioma location in 5 categories, use of small particle size (45-150 microm), the presence of major peritumoral edema, and arterial supply in 3 categories.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Complications occurred in 11 patients (5.6%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.0%-9.8%). Ten complications were hemorrhagic, and 1 was ischemic. Six of 10 patients with hemorrhagic complications underwent emergency surgery with removal of the hematoma and meningioma. Complications of embolization resulted in death in 2 and dependency in 5 patients (7/198, 3.5%; 95% CI, 1.6%-2.0%). The use of small particles (45-150 mum) was the only risk factor for complications (odds ratio [OR], 10.21; CI, 1.3-80.7; P = .028).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this series, particle embolization of meningiomas had a complication rate of 5.6%. We believe that the use of small polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) particles (45-150 microm) should be discouraged.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, St. Elisabeth Ziekenhuis, Tilburg, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: D F M
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Carli
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sluzewski
authors.forename: G N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Beute
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: van Rooij
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008579:Meningioma / Q000628:therapy*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult