title: Persistence and decontamination of surrogate radioisotopes in a model drinking water distribution system.
abstract: Contamination of a model drinking water system with surrogate radioisotopes was examined with respect to persistence on and decontamination of infrastructure surfaces. Cesium and cobalt chloride salts were used as surrogates for cesium-137 and cobalt-60. Studies were conducted in biofilm annular reactors containing heavily corroded iron surfaces formed under shear and constantly submerged in drinking water. Cesium was not detected on the corroded iron surface after equilibration with 10 and 100mgL(-1) solutions of cesium chloride, but cobalt was detected on corroded iron coupons at both initial concentrations. The amount of adhered cobalt decreased over the next six weeks, but was still present when monitoring stopped. X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES) showed that adhered cobalt was in the III oxidation state. The adsorbed cobalt was strongly resistant to decontamination by various physicochemical methods. Simulated flushing, use of free chlorine and dilute ammonia were found to be ineffective whereas use of aggressive methods like 14.5M ammonia and 0.36M sulfuric acid removed 37 and 92% of the sorbed cobalt, respectively.
authors.affiliation: United States Environmental Protection Agency, National Homeland Security Research Center, Water Infrastructure Protection Division (MS NG-16), Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA. szabo.jeff@epa.gov
authors.forename: Jeffrey G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Szabo
authors.forename: Christopher A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Impellitteri
authors.forename: Shekar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Govindaswamy
authors.forename: John S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Hall
mesh_terms: D000641:Ammonia / Q000737:chemistry; D018441:Biofilms / Q000254:growth & development; D019149:Bioreactors / Q000382:microbiology; D002588:Cesium Radioisotopes / Q000032:analysis*; D003037:Cobalt Radioisotopes / Q000032:analysis*; D003666:Decontamination / Q000379:methods*; D052918:Environmental Restoration and Remediation / Q000379:methods*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000737:chemistry; D054879:Halogenation; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D013464:Sulfuric Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D014875:Water Pollutants, Radioactive / Q000032:analysis*; D018508:Water Purification; D014881:Water Supply / Q000032:analysis*; D056928:X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy
chemical_list: D002588:Cesium Radioisotopes; D003037:Cobalt Radioisotopes; D013464:Sulfuric Acids; D014875:Water Pollutants, Radioactive; D000431:Ethanol; D000641:Ammonia; C033158:sulfuric acid