title: Extracellular secretion of Carocin S1 in Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum occurs via the type III secretion system integral to the bacterial flagellum.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum is a phytopathogenic enterobacterium responsible for soft rot, a disease characterized by extensive maceration of the affected plant tissue. This species also produces two or more antibacterial substances called bacteriocins, which enhance its competitiveness against related rival species. However, the secretion mechanism for low-molecular-weight bacteriocin is still unknown.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A mutant (flhC::Tn5) that did not secrete the low-molecular-weight bacteriocin (LMWB), Carocin S1, was generated by Tn5 insertional mutagenesis. Sequence analysis indicated that this insertion disrupted open reading frame 2 (ORF2) and ORF3 of this strain. Deletion and rescue experiments indicated that ORF2 and ORF3 were both required for extracellular LMWB secretion. The ORF2 and ORF3 sequences showed high homology with the flhD and flhC gene sequences of Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. atroseptica, Serratia marcescens, Yersinia enterocolitica, and Escherichia coli, indicating that they likely encoded key regulatory components of the type III flagella secretion system.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thus, the extracellular export of Carocin S1 by Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum appears to utilize the type III secretion system integral to bacterial flagella.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, National Chung-Hsing University, 250 Kuo Kuang Road, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China. d9451104@mail.nchu.edu.tw
authors.forename: Yung-Chieh
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Huang-Pin
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Duen-Yau
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Chuang
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D001430:Bacteriocins / Q000378:metabolism*; D001483:Base Sequence; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D005407:Flagella / Q000378:metabolism*; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; D005816:Genetic Complementation Test; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016254:Mutagenesis, Insertional; D016366:Open Reading Frames; D016973:Pectobacterium carotovorum / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D001430:Bacteriocins; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; C080688:FlhA protein, Bacteria; D008565:Membrane Proteins