title: A positive FGFR3/FOXN1 feedback  loop underlies benign skin keratosis  versus squamous cell carcinoma  formation in humans.
abstract: Seborrheic keratoses (SKs) are common, benign epithelial tumors of the skin that do not, or very rarely, progress into malignancy, for reasons that are not understood. We investigated this by gene expression profiling of human SKs and cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) and found that several genes previously connected with keratinocyte tumor development were similarly modulated in SKs and SCCs, whereas the expression of others differed by only a few fold. In contrast, the tyrosine kinase receptor FGF receptor-3 (FGFR3) and the transcription factor forkhead box N1 (FOXN1) were highly expressed in SKs, and close to undetectable in SCCs. We also showed that increased FGFR3 activity was sufficient to induce FOXN1 expression, counteract the inhibitory effect of EGFR signaling on FOXN1 expression and differentiation, and induce differentiation in a FOXN1-dependent manner. Knockdown of FOXN1 expression in primary human keratinocytes cooperated with oncogenic RAS in the induction of SCC-like tumors, whereas increased FOXN1 expression triggered the SCC cells to shift to a benign SK-like tumor phenotype, which included increased FGFR3 expression. Thus,we have uncovered a positive regulatory loop between FGFR3 and FOXN1 that underlies a benign versus malignant skin tumor phenotype.
authors.affiliation: Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mandinova
authors.forename: Vihren
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kolev
authors.forename: Victor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Neel
authors.forename: Bing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Wesley
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Stonely
authors.forename: Jocelyn
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lieb
authors.forename: Xunwei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Colli
authors.forename: Rong
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Pazin
authors.forename: Mike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pazin
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ostano
authors.forename: Reinhard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dummer
authors.forename: Janice L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Brissette
authors.forename: G Paolo
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Dotto
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000378:metabolism; D025461:Feedback, Physiological; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D017492:Keratosis, Seborrheic / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D010641:Phenotype; D051498:Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 3 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; C090140:Whn protein; D066246:ErbB Receptors; C496365:FGFR3 protein, human; D051498:Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 3