title: The introduction and effectiveness of simulation-based learning in medical education.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To contribute to reforming the medical education system in Japan, we visited overseas medical schools and observed the methods utilized in medical education.
  
  
  METHODS
  We visited 28 medical schools and five institutes in the United States, Europe, Australia and Asia in 2008. We met deans and specialists in medical affairs and observed the medical schools' facilities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the several effective educational methods used in overseas medical schools, simulation-based learning was being used in all that we visited. Simulation-based learning is used to promote medical students' mastery of communication skills, medical interviewing, physical examination and basic clinical procedures. Students and tutors both recognize the effectiveness of simulation-based learning in medical education.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In contrast to overseas medical schools, simulation-based learning is not common in Japan. There remain many barriers to introduce simulation-based education in Japan, such as a shortage of medical tutors, staff, mannequins and budget. However, enhancing the motivation of tutors is likely the most important factor to facilitate simulation-based education in Japanese medical schools to become common place.
authors.affiliation: Center for Education Research in Medicine and Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo. nara.mlab@tmd.ac.jp
authors.forename: Nobuo
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nara
authors.forename: Masashi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Beppu
authors.forename: Shuji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tohda
authors.forename: Toshiya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Suzuki
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence / Q000592:standards; D003198:Computer Simulation / Q000592:standards; D003479:Curriculum / Q000592:standards; D004501:Education, Medical / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning; D016544:Patient Simulation; D012577:Schools, Medical / Q000592:standards