title: Quantifying the heterogeneous heat response of Escherichia coli under dynamic temperatures.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Non-sigmoid growth curves of Escherichia coli obtained at constant temperatures near the maximum growth temperature (T(max)) were previously explained by the coexistence of two subpopulations, i.e. a stress-sensitive and a stress-resistant subpopulation. Mathematical simulations with a heterogeneous model support this hypothesis for static experiments at 45 degrees C. In this article, the behaviour of E. coli, when subjected to a linearly increasing temperature crossing T(max), is studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subpopulation dynamics are studied by culturing E. coli K12 MG1655 in brain heart infusion broth in a bioreactor. The slowly increasing temperature (degrees C h(-1)) starting from 42 degrees C results in growth up to 60 degrees C, a temperature significantly higher than the known T(max). Given some additional presumptions, mathematical simulations with the heterogeneous model can describe the dynamic experiments rather well.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study further confirms the existence of a stress-resistant subpopulation and reveals the unexpected growth of E. coli at temperatures significantly higher than T(max).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The growth of the small stress-resistant subpopulation at unexpectedly high temperatures asks for a revision of currently applied models in food safety and food quality strategies.
authors.affiliation: Flemish Cluster Predictive Microbiology in Foods BioTeC-Chemical and Biochemical Process Technology and Control, Department of Chemical Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Van Derlinden
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Lule
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bernaerts
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Van Impe
mesh_terms: D019149:Bioreactors; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D048168:Escherichia coli K12 / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D008954:Models, Biological