title: A prospective study of bone lead concentration and death from all causes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer in the Department of Veterans Affairs Normative Aging Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Blood lead concentration has been associated with mortality from different causes in several studies. Many effects of lead exposure that might increase risk of death are likely to result from cumulative exposure, for which bone lead is a better biomarker than blood lead. The association between bone lead levels and mortality has not been explored.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We prospectively assessed the association between both blood lead and bone lead, analyzed with the use of K-shell x-ray fluorescence, and mortality among 868 men in the Normative Aging Study. We identified 241 deaths over an average of 8.9 (SD=3.9) years of follow-up. We calculated adjusted hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals using Cox proportional hazards. Compared with the lowest tertile of patella bone lead, the fully adjusted hazard ratios in the highest tertile for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality (n=137 deaths) were 2.52 (95% confidence interval, 1.17 to 5.41) and 5.63 (95% confidence interval, 1.73 to 18.3), respectively. The age-, smoking-, and race-adjusted hazard ratio for ischemic heart disease mortality (n=62 deaths) in the highest tertile was 8.37 (95% confidence interval, 1.29 to 54.4). Results were similar for tibia lead. Bone lead was not associated with cancer, and blood lead was not associated with any mortality category.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found bone lead to be associated with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in an environmentally exposed population with low blood lead levels. This study suggests that cumulative lead exposure from prior decades of high environmental exposures continues to significantly affect risk of death despite recent declines in environmental lead exposure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02215, USA. mweissko@hsph.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Marc G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Weisskopf
authors.forename: Nitin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jain
authors.forename: Huiling
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nie
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sparrow
authors.forename: Pantel
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vokonas
authors.forename: Joel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: Howard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hu
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001794:Blood Pressure; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000737:chemistry*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000401:mortality*; D002423:Cause of Death; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D006801:Humans; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood / Q000633:toxicity*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality*; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D007854:Lead