title: Effect of active smoking on asthma symptoms, pulmonary function, and BHR in adolescents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Active smoking is known to increase asthma symptoms and bronchial hyper-responsiveness (BHR) while decreasing pulmonary function in adults, but few studies have addressed these issues in adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a cross-sectional survey involving questionnaires and assessment of urinary cotinine levels among 1,492 adolescents from three urban areas of South Korea. Current smoking was defined as having smoked more than 1 day in the prior 30 days or having urine cotinine levels >or=100 ng/ml. Spirometry, skin tests, and methacholine challenge tests were performed on adolescents in Seoul (n = 724).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of current smoking was 8.2% in boys and 2.4% in girls. Reports of wheeze and exercise-induced wheeze in the previous 12 months were more frequent in smokers than nonsmokers (15.2% vs. 8.5%, P = 0.024, and 20.4% vs. 10.7%, P = 0.004, respectively). In multiple logistic regression analysis, current smoking was found to be a significant risk factor for having wheezed in previous 12 months (OR = 4.5, 95% CI 1.5-13.2) and having exercise-induced wheezing in previous 12 months (OR = 8.7, 95% CI, 3.7-20.9). The subgroup analysis revealed that the FEV(1)/FVC was lower in smokers than nonsmokers (mean +/- SD, 105.1 +/- 8.6% vs. 107.8 +/- 7.8%, P = 0.019). In contrast, there was no significant difference in BHR. The effect of smoking on asthma symptoms were more pronounced in non-atopic compared with atopic adolescents.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Current smoking was significantly associated with symptoms of asthma, such as having recent wheezing and recent exercise-induced wheezing, especially for non-atopics, in Korean adolescent population. Current smoking was further associated with lower pulmonary function, but not BHR.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yoo
authors.forename: H B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: S Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Seong
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Hong
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001249:Asthma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016535:Bronchial Hyperreactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001985:Bronchial Provocation Tests; D003367:Cotinine / Q000652:urine; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015995:Prevalence; D011336:Probability; D011379:Prognosis; D056910:Republic of Korea / Q000453:epidemiology; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013147:Spirometry; D014797:Vital Capacity
chemical_list: D003367:Cotinine