title: Sclera-related gene polymorphisms in high myopia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Transforming growth factor-beta2 (TGF-beta2), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and fibromodulin (FMOD) are important extracellular matrix components of the sclera and have been shown to be associated with the development of high myopia. Our aim was to examine the association between myopia and the polymorphisms within TGF-beta2, bFGF, and FMOD.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study group comprised of patients (n=195; age range: 17-24 years) with a spherical equivalent of -6.5 diopters (D) or a more negative refractive error. The control group comprised of individuals (n=94; age range: 17-25 years) with a spherical equivalent ranging from -0.5 D to +1.0 D. The subjects with astigmatism over -0.75 D were excluded from the study. High resolution melting (HRM) genotyping and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) genotyping were used to detect single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The polymorphisms detected were TGF-beta2 (rs7550232 and rs991967), bFGF (rs308395 and rs41348645), and FMOD (rs7543418). Moreover, a stepwise logistic regression procedure was used to detect which of the significant SNPs contributed to the main effects of myopia development.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were significant differences in the frequency of the A allele and A/A genotype in TGF-beta2 (rs7550232; p=0.0178 and 0.03, respectively). Moreover, the haplotype distribution of haplotype 2 (Ht2; A/A) of TGF-beta2 differed significantly between the two groups (p=0.014). The results of the stepwise logistic regression procedure revealed that TGF-beta2 (rs7550232) contributed significantly to the development of high myopia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TGF-beta2 is an important structure of sclera and might contribute to the formation of myopia. TGF-beta2 (rs7550232) polymorphisms, A allele and A/A genotype, had a protective role against the development of high myopia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Hui-Ju
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wan
authors.forename: Yuhsin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: Su-Ching
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Wen-Chi
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Shih-Wei
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: Fuu-Jen
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Tsai
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 / Q000235:genetics; D000071235:Fibromodulin; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009216:Myopia / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics*; D011509:Proteoglycans / Q000235:genetics; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012590:Sclera / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D053781:Transforming Growth Factor beta2 / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins; C000604330:FMOD protein, human; D011509:Proteoglycans; D053781:Transforming Growth Factor beta2; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2; D000071235:Fibromodulin