title: Postnatal mental distress in relation to the sociocultural practices of childbirth: an exploratory qualitative study from Ethiopia.
abstract: Sociocultural patterning of the postnatal period in non-Western settings has been hypothesised to protect against postnatal depression. In 2004, in a predominantly rural area of Ethiopia, we conducted 25 in-depth interviews and five focus group discussions with purposively selected participants including perinatal women, fathers, grandmothers, traditional and religious leaders, birth attendants and community leaders. Our main objectives were (1) to examine societal recognition of problematic distress states in the postnatal period and relate this to Western conceptualisations of postnatal depression and (2) to relate the occurrence of distress states to sociocultural patterning of the postnatal period. Inductive analysis was employed to identify salient themes. Participants spontaneously described culturally problematic distress states occurring in the postnatal period, although did not consider them to be illness. Vulnerability and danger of the postnatal period was emphasised, with risk of supernatural attack and physical harm leading to distress states. Participants also spoke of how gender disadvantage and economic strain intersect with cultural patterning of the postnatal period, threatening mental health due to the resulting disappointed expectations and exclusion, as well as exacerbation of pre-existing problems. Cultural dissonance, where a person's beliefs or actions are out of kilter with strong prevailing cultural norms, may be an important risk factor for postnatal distress in rural Ethiopia, where the postnatal period is extensively culturally elaborated.
authors.affiliation: King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Health Services and Population Research Department, London SE5 8AF, UK. charlhanlon@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hanlon
authors.forename: Rob
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Whitley
authors.forename: Dawit
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wondimagegn
authors.forename: Atalay
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alem
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Prince
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003466:Cultural Characteristics; D019052:Depression, Postpartum / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005002:Ethiopia / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D036801:Parturition; D011181:Postnatal Care / Q000523:psychology*; D049590:Postpartum Period / Q000523:psychology; D011247:Pregnancy; D036301:Qualitative Research; D012307:Risk Factors; D012930:Social Dominance; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D018454:Spouses / Q000523:psychology; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology*; D055815:Young Adult