title: Recruitment to a randomized web-based nutritional intervention trial: characteristics of participants compared to non-participants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Web-based behavioral programs efficiently disseminate health information to a broad population, and online tailoring may increase their effectiveness. While the number of Internet-based behavioral interventions has grown in the last several years, additional information is needed to understand the characteristics of subjects who enroll in these interventions, relative to those subjects who are invited to enroll.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to compare the characteristics of participants who enrolled in an online dietary intervention trial (MENU) with those who were invited but chose not to participate, in order to better understand how these groups differ.
  
  
  METHODS
  The MENU trial was conducted among five health plans participating in the HMO Cancer Research Network in collaboration with the University of Michigan Center for Health Communication Research. Approximately 6000 health plan members per site, between the ages of 21 and 65, and stratified by gender with oversampling of minority populations, were randomly selected for recruitment and were mailed an invitation letter containing website information and a US$2 bill with the promise of US$20 for completing follow-up surveys. Administrative and area-based data using geocoding along with baseline survey data were used to compare invitees (HMO members sent the introductory letter), responders (those who entered a study ID on the website), and enrollees (those who completed the enrollment process). Generalized estimating equation multivariate and logistic regression models were used to assess predictors of response and enrollment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 28,460 members invited to participate, 4270 (15.0%) accessed the website. Of the eligible responders, 2540 (8.9%) completed the consent form and baseline survey and were enrolled and randomized. The odds of responding were 10% lower for every decade of increased age (P < .001), while the likelihood of enrolling was 10% higher for every decade increase in age (P < .001). Women were more likely to respond and to enroll (P < .001). Those living in a census tract associated with higher education levels were more likely to respond and enroll, as well as those residing in tracts with higher income (P < .001). With a 22% (n = 566) enrollment rate for African Americans and 8% (n = 192) for Hispanics, the enrolled sample was more racially and ethnically diverse than the background sampling frame.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Relative to members invited to participate in the Internet-based intervention, those who enrolled were more likely to be older and live in census tracts associated with higher socioeconomic status. While oversampling of minority health plan members generated an enrolled sample that was more racially and ethnically diverse than the overall health plan population, additional research is needed to better understand methods that will expand the penetration of Internet interventions into more socioeconomically diverse populations.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Clinicaltrials.gov NCT00169312; http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00169312 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/5jB50xSfU).
authors.affiliation: Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente, Denver, Colorado 80237-8066, USA. Melanie.A.Stopponi@kp.org
authors.forename: Melanie A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Stopponi
authors.forename: Gwen L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Alexander
authors.forename: Jennifer B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: McClure
authors.forename: Nikki M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Carroll
authors.forename: George W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Divine
authors.forename: Josephine H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Calvi
authors.forename: Sharon J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Rolnick
authors.forename: Victor J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Strecher
authors.forename: Christine Cole
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Debra P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Ritzwoller
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003625:Data Collection / Q000379:methods; D004505:Education, Nonprofessional / Q000379:methods; D034742:Electronic Mail; D005260:Female; D006279:Health Maintenance Organizations; D006293:Health Promotion; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D008297:Male; D008612:Menu Planning; D008875:Middle Aged; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D044623:Nutrition Therapy; D016017:Odds Ratio; D018579:Patient Selection; D044469:Racial Groups; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D055815:Young Adult