title: Carbon-ion beam irradiation effectively suppresses migration and invasion of human non-small-cell lung cancer cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Control of cancer metastasis is one of the most important issues in cancer treatment. We previously demonstrated that carbon particle irradiation suppresses the metastatic potential of cancer cells, and many studies have reported that photon irradiation promotes it. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of carbon beam on non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell aggressiveness and gene expression.
  
  
  METHODS
  A549 (lung adenocarcinoma) and EBC-1 (lung squamous cell carcinoma) cells were treated with 290 MeV/nucleon carbon ion beam at the Heavy Ion Medical Accelerator in Chiba or with 4-MV X-ray at Osaka University. We tested proliferative, migratory, and invasive activities by cell proliferation assay, Boyden chamber assay, and Matrigel chemoinvasion assay, respectively. cDNA microarray and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction were also performed to assess mRNA expression alteration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  X-irradiation increased cell proliferation of A549 cells at 0.5 Gy, whereas high-dose X-ray reduced migration and invasion of A549 cells. By contrast, carbon beam irradiation did not enhance proliferation, and it reduced the migration and invasion capabilities of both A549 and EBC-1 cells more effectively than did X-irradiation. Carbon beam irradiation induced alteration of various gene expression profiles differently from X-ray irradiation. mRNA expression of ANLN, a homologue of anillin, was suppressed to 60% levels of basal expression in carbon beam-irradiated A549 cells after 12 h.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Carbon beam effectively suppresses the metastatic potential of A549 and EBC-1 cells. Carbon beam also has different effects on gene expressions, and downregulation of ANLN was induced only by carbon beam irradiation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine and Health Science, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Akino
authors.forename: Teruki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Teshima
authors.forename: Ayaka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kihara
authors.forename: Yuko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kodera-Suzumoto
authors.forename: Miho
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Inaoka
authors.forename: Shigeki
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Higashiyama
authors.forename: Yoshiya
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Furusawa
authors.forename: Nariaki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Matsuura
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000556:secondary; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000556:secondary; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000556:secondary; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000528:radiation effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000528:radiation effects*; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000528:radiation effects; D003094:Collagen; D004338:Drug Combinations; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007797:Laminin; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness / Q000517:prevention & control; D011509:Proteoglycans; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D012062:Relative Biological Effectiveness; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D004338:Drug Combinations; D007797:Laminin; D011509:Proteoglycans; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C059485:matrigel; D003094:Collagen