title: Arginase inhibition mediates cardioprotection during ischaemia-reperfusion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Nitric oxide (NO) is vital for the integrity of the cardiovascular system and protection against ischaemic heart disease. Arginase is up-regulated during ischaemia-reperfusion (IR) and this enzyme might compete with NO synthase (NOS) for arginine. The present study investigated whether arginase blockade protects from myocardial IR injury and whether such an effect is coupled to increased NO bioavailability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to 30 min of coronary artery ligation, followed by 2 h of reperfusion. The animals were given either saline, or the arginase inhibitor N-omega-hydroxy-nor-l-arginine (nor-NOHA) with or without the NO scavenger carboxy-2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-imidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide (cPTIO) or the NOS inhibitor N(G)-monomethyl-l-arginine (l-NMMA) iv 15 min before ischaemia. The infarct size was 79 +/- 4% of the area at risk in the control group. Nor-NOHA treatment reduced the infarct size to 39 +/- 7% (P < 0.001). Administration of cPTIO or l-NMMA completely abolished the protective effect of nor-NOHA. Expression of arginase I was significantly (P < 0.05) increased in ischaemic myocardium. Nor-NOHA treatment resulted in higher plasma levels of nitrite (P < 0.05) and a 10-fold increase in the citrulline/ornithine ratio (P < 0.001), indicating a shift in arginine utilization towards NOS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inhibition of arginase protects from myocardial infarction by a mechanism that is dependent on NOS activity and bioavailability of NO by shifting arginine utilization from arginase towards NOS. These findings suggest that targeting of arginase is a promising future therapeutic strategy for protection against myocardial IR injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. christian.jung@karolinska.se
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: Adrian T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Gonon
authors.forename: Per-Ove
authors.initials: PO
authors.lastname: Sjöquist
authors.forename: Jon O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Lundberg
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pernow
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D001119:Arginase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D001120:Arginine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D001794:Blood Pressure; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006339:Heart Rate; D008297:Male; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000188:drug therapy; D015428:Myocardial Reperfusion Injury / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000502:physiology; D009573:Nitrites / Q000097:blood; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; C404735:N(omega)-hydroxynorarginine; D009573:Nitrites; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D001120:Arginine; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D001119:Arginase