title: First isolation of a VIM-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae from a seven-year-old child in Venezuela.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  VIM-type metallo-betalactamases (MBLs) exhibit hydrolytic activity against most betalactam antibiotics, including carbapenems. So far, VIM-type-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates had not been reported in Latin America.
  
  
  METHODS
  In July 2005, a carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae was isolated from a urine sample collected from a 7-year-old girl hospitalized at the Hospital de Niños "J. M. de los Ríos" in Caracas, Venezuela. This strain was identified using conventional biochemical tests. The susceptibility analysis was conducted by disk diffusion, and MICs for Imipenem and Meropenem were performed by agar dilution. For the phenotypic detection of MBL we used the Imipenem-EDTA/SMA double-disk diffusion method. The hydrolytic activity against carbapenems was determined by the Masuda microbiological method. Purified protein was subjected to isoelectric focusing (IEF). Detection of antimicrobial resistance genes was performed by PCR amplification with specific VIM primers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The strain showed resistance to most betalactam antibiotics, quinolones and amynoglicosides, but remained susceptible to Aztreonam and Cefepime. The use of phenotypic and microbiological methods detected the presence of a metallobetalactamase. By IEF we visualized three bands at pI 5.4, 7.6 and 7.9, corresponding to reduced-spectrum betalactamases, and a band at pI 5.8 that corresponded to the metallobetalactamase. PCR screening of bla genes revealed the presence of blaVIM, with an amplicon of 261 bp.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first report of a MBL-mediated carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in Latin America, which constitutes a public health concern in our region since their transference to other microorganisms with multiple antibiotic resistance mechanisms will increase the antimicrobial resistance problem.
authors.affiliation: Sección de Aislamiento e Identificación Bacteriana, Instituto Nacional de Higiene Rafael Rangel, Caracas, Venezuela. danielmarcano2000@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Marcano
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pasterán
authors.forename: Melina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rapoport
authors.forename: Diego
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Faccone
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ugarte
authors.forename: Nuris
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Salgado
authors.forename: Daisy
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Payares
authors.forename: Enza
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Spadola
authors.forename: Yoanna
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: López
authors.forename: Graziela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Maggi
authors.forename: Marcelo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Galas
authors.forename: Damarys
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sánchez
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001398:Aztreonam / Q000494:pharmacology; D000077723:Cefepime; D002511:Cephalosporins / Q000494:pharmacology; D002648:Child; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000382:microbiology; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015378:Imipenem / Q000494:pharmacology; D007710:Klebsiella Infections / Q000382:microbiology*; D007711:Klebsiella pneumoniae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000378:metabolism*; D000077731:Meropenem; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D015363:Quinolones / Q000494:pharmacology; D013845:Thienamycins / Q000494:pharmacology; D014556:Urine / Q000382:microbiology; D014687:Venezuela; D018440:beta-Lactam Resistance; D001618:beta-Lactamases / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D002511:Cephalosporins; D015363:Quinolones; D013845:Thienamycins; D015378:Imipenem; D000077723:Cefepime; D001618:beta-Lactamases; D000077731:Meropenem; D001398:Aztreonam