title: [Rosiglitazone and all-trans retinoic acid inhibit human myeloma cell proliferation via apoptosis signaling pathway modulation].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effects of artificial ligand of peroxisome proliferators activated receptors (PPARs), rosiglitazone (RGZ) and all trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) on human myeloma cell line growth in vitro and in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  U266 and RPMI 8226 cells were treated with different concentration of RGZ in the presence or absence of ATRA and the results were studied by 3H-TdR thymidine incorporation (for cells proliferation), Annexin V-PI staining and caspase-3 activity assay (for cells apoptosis), RT-PCR (for FLIP, XIAP and survivin mRNA expression), and tumor formation test in BALB/c nude mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Exposure to RGZ induced proliferation inhibition in a dose-dependent manner in both U266 (r = 0.991, P < 0.01) and RPMI 8226 cells (r = 0.961, P < 0.01). A combination of RGZ with ATRA could enhance the inhibition effect (P < 0.001 in U266, P < 0.01 in RPMI8226). 10 micromol/L of RGZ induced apoptosis of (9.8 +/- 1.7)% in U266 cells and (10.7 +/- 3.3)% in RPMI8226 cells, in a time and dose dependent manner and combined with ATRA intensified the apoptosis induction effects (P < 0.01 in both cell lines). The FLIP, XIAP and survivin mRNAs were expressed in both cell lines and their levels decreased significantly after cultured with RGZ. The addition of RGZ + ATRA in the culture further decreased the levels. Caspase-3 activity increased substantially with the increase of RGZ concentration and the addition of RGZ + ATRA in the culture medium showed similar synergism effect on caspase-3 activation (P < 0.01). The xenograft of U266 cells in BALB/c nude mice were inhibited by RGZ and so did more by the combination of RGZ and ATRA (P < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The down-regulation of FLIP, XIAP and Survivin induced by RGZ can activate caspase-3, whereby induced apoptosis and proliferation inhibition in myeloma cells. ATRA can enhance these effects of RGZ.
authors.affiliation: Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China.
authors.forename: Hai-Wen
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: De-Pei
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Guang-Hua
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Hui-Rong
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: H C H
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Chow
authors.forename: A Y H
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Liang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D051034:Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009101:Multiple Myeloma / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D000077154:Rosiglitazone; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D045162:Thiazolidinediones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D051034:Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D000077154:Rosiglitazone; D014212:Tretinoin; D053148:Caspase 3