title: Development, dimensions, reliability and validity of the novel Manchester COPD fatigue scale.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fatigue is a prominent symptom in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and it has distinctive features; however, there is a need for a robust scale to measure fatigue in COPD.
  
  
  METHODS
  At baseline, 122 patients with COPD (forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV(1)) 52%, women 38%, mean age 66 years) completed a pilot fatigue scale covering a pool of 57 items and underwent a range of tests, including indicators of mood and a short general fatigue questionnaire. All patients responded to the 57-item scale and it was readministered to a subset of 30 patients. The pilot scale was first subjected to constructive validated shortening steps and then to a principal components analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Manchester COPD fatigue scale (MCFS) consists of 27 items, loading into three dimensions: physical, cognitive and psychosocial fatigue. Internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.97) and test-retest repeatability (r = 0.97, p<0.001) were tested. It had significant convergent validity, correlating with the FACIT (Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy) fatigue scale and the fatigue in Borg scale at baseline and after a 6 minute walk distance (6MWD) test (r = -0.81, 0.53 and 0.63, respectively, p<0.001). Its scores were associated with BODE, SGRQ (St George's Respiratory Questionnaire) and MRC (Medical Research Council) dyspnoea scores (r = 0.46, 0.8 and 0.51, respectively, p<0.001). The scale demonstrated meaningful discriminating ability; patients who walked <350 m in a 6MWD test as well as depressed patients (>or=16 scores in the Center for Epidemiologic Study on Depression (CES-D) scale) had nearly twice as high fatigue scores as those who walked >or=350 m or were not depressed (p<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The MCFS provides a simple, reliable and valid measurement of total and dimensional fatigue in moderate stable COPD.
authors.affiliation: Respiratory Research Group, The University of Manchester, South Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK. Khaled.Al-shair@postgrad.manchester.ac.uk
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Al-shair
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Kolsum
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Berry
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Caress
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vestbo
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D004417:Dyspnea / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005221:Fatigue / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010865:Pilot Projects; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013147:Spirometry; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*