title: Seroprevalence of human papillomavirus types 6, 11, 16, and 18 in the United States: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2004.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Human papillomavirus (HPV) seroprevalence data can help define the epidemiology of this common sexually transmitted pathogen.
  
  
  METHODS
  We determined the seroprevalence of HPV types 6, 11, 16, and 18 (HPV types in the quadrivalent vaccine) among 4303 persons aged 14-59 years who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2004.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The seroprevalences of HPV types 6, 11, 16, and 18 among female subjects were 17.0%, 7.1%, 15.6%, and 6.5%, respectively. Among males, the seroprevalences were lower for each type, with 6.3% observed for HPV-6, 2.0% for HPV-11, 5.1% for HPV-16, and 1.5% for HPV-18 (P < .001 for all comparisons). For any HPV vaccine type, the seroprevalence was 32.5% among females and 12.2% among males; the seroprevalence of any HPV vaccine type increased with age, reaching 42.0% among women aged 30-39 years and 18.0% among men aged 50-59 years. Antibodies to all 4 vaccine types were detected in 0.4% of females and 0% of males. Non-Hispanic blacks had a higher seroprevalence of any HPV vaccine type than that observed for non-Hispanic whites or Mexican Americans. Age and lifetime number of sex partners were factors independently associated with seroprevalence of any HPV vaccine type among both females and males, and poverty level was also a factor among females.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first population-based seroprevalence study in the United States of all 4 HPV types targeted by the quadrivalent vaccine, and its findings can inform vaccine policy.
authors.affiliation: Division of STD Prevention, National Center for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA. lem2@cdc.gov
authors.forename: Lauri E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Markowitz
authors.forename: Maya
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sternberg
authors.forename: Eileen F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Dunne
authors.forename: Geraldine
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: McQuillan
authors.forename: Elizabeth R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Unger
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D052685:Alphapapillomavirus / Q000145:classification / Q000276:immunology*; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral