title: Post-translational Regulation of Runx2 in Bone and Cartilage.
abstract: The Runx2 gene product is essential for mammalian bone development. In humans, Runx2 haploinsufficiency results in cleidocranial dysplasia, a skeletal disorder characterized by bone and dental abnormalities. At the molecular level, Runx2 acts as a transcription factor for genes expressed in hypertrophic chondrocytes and osteoblasts. Runx2 gene expression and protein function are regulated on multiple levels, including transcription, translation, and post-translational modification. Furthermore, Runx2 is involved in numerous protein-protein interactions, most of which either activate or repress transcription of target genes. In this review, we discuss expression of Runx2 during development as well as the post-translational regulation of Runx2 through modification by phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and acetylation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester School of Medicine, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 665, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Jonason
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xing
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000107:Acetylation; D001846:Bone Development / Q000235:genetics; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000378:metabolism*; D002356:Cartilage / Q000378:metabolism*; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D050659:Core Binding Factor Alpha 1 Subunit / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D009805:Odontogenesis / Q000235:genetics; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational / Q000235:genetics*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D054875:Ubiquitination
chemical_list: D050659:Core Binding Factor Alpha 1 Subunit; C493709:RUNX2 protein, human