title: Anticoagulatory, antiinflammatory, and antioxidative effects of protocatechuic acid in diabetic mice.
abstract: Content of protocatechuic acid (PA) in eight locally available fresh fruits was analyzed, and the protective effects of this compound in diabetic mice were examined. PA at 1%, 2%, and 4% was supplied to diabetic mice for 8 weeks. PA treatments significantly lowered plasma glucose and increased insulin levels. PA treatments at 2% and 4% significantly lowered plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 activity and fibrinogen level; increased plasma activity of antithrombin-III and protein C; decreased triglyceride content in plasma, heart, and liver; elevated glutathione level and the retention of glutathione peroxidase and catalase activities in heart and kidney. PA treatments at 2% and 4% also significantly lowered plasma C-reactive protein and von Willebrand factor levels and reduced interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 levels in heart and kidney. These results support that protocatechuic acid could attenuate diabetic complications via its triglyceride-lowering, anticoagulatory, antioxidative, and antiinflammatory effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung County, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Chia-Yu
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Chin-Shiu
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Chun-Yin
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Mei-Chin
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Yin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D062385:Hydroxybenzoates / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000925:Anticoagulants; D000975:Antioxidants; D001786:Blood Glucose; D062385:Hydroxybenzoates; D010936:Plant Extracts; C009091:protocatechuic acid