title: Flexible bronchoscopy as a valuable tool in the evaluation of persistent wheezing in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Persistent wheezing is a common problem in early childhood and leads to a diagnostic dilemma, excessive investigations, drug administration and additional cost.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the efficacy and the safety of FOB in children with persistent wheezing despite bronchodilator and inhaled steroid therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with persistent wheezing that lasted at least 6 weeks and did not respond to bronchodilator and inhaled steroid therapy and to whom flexible bronchoscopy was performed were included to the study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between 1997 and 2009; 113 patients were enrolled to the study. Sixty-three percent of the children were male. Median age was 14 months at presentation and median duration of symptoms was 5 months. Bronchoscopy revealed pathological findings in 48% of the patients. Thirty-eight patients had malacia disorders, 14 had foreign body aspiration and two had external compression of airways which were later diagnosed as vascular ring. Major and minor complications were not seen in 92% of the patients while transient hypoxia was seen in 6%, stridor in 1% and tachycardia in 1% of the patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Flexible bronchoscopy provided rapid and definitive diagnosis for our patients with persistent wheezing without any major complications. This study is one of the largest studies concerning persistent wheezing. Early bronchoscopic evaluation can reduce cost by providing rapid and accurate diagnosis and preventing unnecessary investigations and drug administration. Flexible bronchoscopy is a safe procedure and should be considered in the evaluation of children with persistent wheezing.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey. erkancakir1@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Erkan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cakir
authors.forename: Refika Hamutcu
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Ersu
authors.forename: Zeynep Seda
authors.initials: ZS
authors.lastname: Uyan
authors.forename: Sedat
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Oktem
authors.forename: Bulent
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Karadag
authors.forename: Okan
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Yapar
authors.forename: Ozge
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Pamukcu
authors.forename: Fazilet
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Karakoc
authors.forename: Elif
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dagli
mesh_terms: D001980:Bronchi / Q000002:abnormalities*; D020680:Bronchoscopes; D001999:Bronchoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002908:Chronic Disease; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005336:Fiber Optic Technology; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005547:Foreign Bodies / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D012135:Respiratory Sounds / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014132:Trachea / Q000002:abnormalities; D014133:Tracheal Diseases / Q000150:complications