title: Renal biopsies in children: current practice and audit of outcomes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is considerable variation in the way that children are prepared for and the techniques employed in a renal biopsy. There was national agreement between UK paediatric renal centres to review current practice and audit outcomes
  
  
  METHODS
  An initial questionnaire survey was undertaken and a 12-month prospective audit performed of renal biopsies against agreed standards for the number of needle passes, adequacy of biopsy material and complication rates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eleven of 13 centres participated. Information leaflets are sent pre-biopsy in five centres with only one using play preparation. Six of 11 routinely perform biopsies as day-case (DC) procedures and 6 use general anaesthesia (GA). Real-time ultrasound is the favoured method in eight centres. Biopsies are performed by nephrologists only in four centres, nephrologists with radiologists in five and radiology alone in two. Of 531 biopsies (352 native), 31% were performed as a DC with 49% being done under GA. The standard for the number of passes of native kidneys (<or=3 in 80%) was achieved in 86.4%, but the standard of <or=2 passes in 80% was achieved in only 73.4% of transplanted kidneys. Adequate tissue was obtained for diagnosis in 97.5% (standard >95%). The major complication rate was higher than the standard of <or=5% at 10.4%. There was no significant difference in complication rates when the biopsy was performed as a DC or inpatient procedure (P = 0.73) or when GA or sedation was used (P = 0.8).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The audit highlights significant variation in clinical practice with limited use of preparation materials and DC procedures. The results have stimulated constructive debate about preparation and indications for biopsy and training issues. The audit enables centres and individuals to monitor performance.
authors.affiliation: Children's Renal & Urology Unit, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham, UK.
authors.forename: Farida
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hussain
authors.forename: Meeta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mallik
authors.forename: Stephen D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Marks
authors.forename: Alan R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Watson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001706:Biopsy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000592:standards; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007668:Kidney / Q000473:pathology*; D008485:Medical Audit; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D006113:United Kingdom