title: Contemporary root canal irrigants are able to disrupt and eradicate single- and dual-species biofilms.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clinical/microbiological studies have consistently revealed the persistence of some bacteria after conventional root canal debridement. Although this was originally attributed to the complexity of the root canal anatomy and the difficulty of delivering antibacterial agents effectively, it has emerged that the biofilm encasement of bacterial cells may confer a further mechanism of resistance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relative disruption and bactericidal effects of root canal irrigants on single- and dual-species biofilms of root canal isolates.
  
  
  METHODS
  Biofilms of Streptococcus sanguinis, Enterococcus faecalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Porphyromonas gingivalis were grown on nitrocellulose membranes for 72 hours and immersed in NaOCl, EDTA, chlorhexidine, and iodine for 1, 5, or 10 minutes. The number of viable and nonviable bacteria disrupted from the biofilm and those remaining adherent were determined by using a viability stain in conjunction with fluorescence microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gram-negative obligate anaerobe species were more susceptible to cell removal than gram-positive facultative anaerobes. The majority of cells were disrupted after the first minute of exposure; however, the extent varied according to the agent and species. The most effective agent at disrupting biofilms was NaOCl. Iodine was generally effective at bacterial killing but not disruption.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Biofilm disruption and cell viability were influenced by the species, their coassociation in dual-species biofilms, the test agent, and the duration of exposure. The effectiveness of NaOCl as an endodontic irrigant was reinforced.
authors.affiliation: Division of Restorative Dental Sciences (Unit of Endodontology), London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Graeme
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bryce
authors.forename: Darren
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: O'Donnell
authors.forename: Derren
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ready
authors.forename: Yuan-Ling
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pratten
authors.forename: Kishor
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gulabivala
mesh_terms: D001421:Bacteria, Anaerobic / Q000187:drug effects*; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects*; D003786:Dental Pulp Cavity / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D012388:Root Canal Irrigants