title: Intrathecal therapy: what has changed with the introduction of ziconotide.
abstract: Administering drugs into the intrathecal space is becoming more popular in the treatment of patients with intractable pain or intolerable side effects of systemic analgesic treatments. Although morphine and ziconotide are the only intrathecal analgesics currently approved by regulatory authorities in the U.S. (Food and Drug Administration) and Europe (national-level approval by individual countries for morphine and European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products approval for ziconotide), a wide variety of opioid and non-opioid drugs are being used in this way. There is no official guidance concerning the selection of these drugs or their use in combinations and a paucity of efficacy and safety data from randomized controlled trials. The polyanalgesic initiative aims to summarize the current knowledge and to facilitate rational choices of intrathecal drug and drug combinations for the management of chronic pain. The most recent polyanalgesic consensus recommendations were published in 2007. In this review, we shall examine these recommendations, which are tailored toward those practicing intrathecal analgesia in the U.S., and discuss how they should be implemented in Europe, where the healthcare systems and regulations of the medical authorities are different.
authors.affiliation: Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria. hans-georg.kress@meduniwien.ac.at
authors.forename: Hans G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Kress
authors.forename: Karen H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Simpson
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Marchettini
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ver Donck
authors.forename: Giustino
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Varrassi
mesh_terms: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007278:Injections, Spinal / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D020960:omega-Conotoxins / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D020960:omega-Conotoxins; C078452:ziconotide