title: Cost-effectiveness of MR lymphography for the detection of lymph node metastases in patients with prostate cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To apply a decision analytic model to determine whether the addition of magnetic resonance (MR) lymphography to the diagnostic workup of patients with intermediate or high probability of lymph node metastases is cost effective from a health care perspective.
  
  
  METHODS
  The data that were used for the decision analytic model were obtained from an empiric study population of 375 patients. As the input of the decision analytic model was made given prospective patient data from several hospitals, the ethics review board of each hospital approved the study. Written consent was obtained from all patients. To investigate possible differences between strategies that utilize MR lymphography and those that do not (pelvic lymph node dissection [PLND]), two outcome measures were examined and combined in an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of health care resources consumed and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs). Probabilistic and one-way sensitivity analyses were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The PLND strategy is dominated by the MR lymphography strategy. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis showed that in 63% of simulations, MR lymphography was cost saving and resulted in better patient outcome for patients with prostate cancer and intermediate or high probability of lymph node metastases. The probability of MR lymphography being inferior (more expensive and worse patient outcome) is less than 3%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MR lymphography is an efficient strategy in the detection of lymph node metastases of prostate cancer when compared with the PLND strategy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Health Technology Assessment, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein 21, 6525 EZ Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Anke M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Hövels
authors.forename: Roel A M
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Heesakkers
authors.forename: Eddy M M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Adang
authors.forename: Jelle O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Barentsz
authors.forename: Gerrit J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Jager
authors.forename: Johan L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Severens
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D006801:Humans; D008017:Life Expectancy; D008197:Lymph Node Excision / Q000191:economics; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis / Q000473:pathology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000191:economics*; D008297:Male; D008390:Markov Chains; D008875:Middle Aged; D011336:Probability; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000191:economics / Q000473:pathology*; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity