title: BCL9 promotes tumor progression by conferring enhanced proliferative, metastatic, and angiogenic properties to cancer cells.
abstract: Several components of the Wnt signaling cascade have been shown to function either as tumor suppressor proteins or as oncogenes in multiple human cancers, underscoring the relevance of this pathway in oncogenesis and the need for further investigation of Wnt signaling components as potential targets for cancer therapy. Here, using expression profiling analysis as well as in vitro and in vivo functional studies, we show that the Wnt pathway component BCL9 is a novel oncogene that is aberrantly expressed in human multiple myeloma as well as colon carcinoma. We show that BCL9 enhances beta-catenin-mediated transcriptional activity regardless of the mutational status of the Wnt signaling components and increases cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and the metastatic potential of tumor cells by promoting loss of epithelial and gain of mesenchymal-like phenotype. Most importantly, BCL9 knockdown significantly increased the survival of xenograft mouse models of cancer by reducing tumor load, metastasis, and host angiogenesis through down-regulation of c-Myc, cyclin D1, CD44, and vascular endothelial growth factor expression by tumor cells. Together, these findings suggest that deregulation of BCL9 is an important contributing factor to tumor progression. The pleiotropic roles of BCL9 reported in this study underscore its value as a drug target for therapeutic intervention in several malignancies associated with aberrant Wnt signaling.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Oncology and Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Mala
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mani
authors.forename: Daniel E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Carrasco
authors.forename: Yunyu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Kohichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takada
authors.forename: Moshe E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Gatt
authors.forename: Jui
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dutta-Simmons
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ikeda
authors.forename: Felipe
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Diaz-Griffero
authors.forename: Victor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pena-Cruz
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bertagnolli
authors.forename: Lois L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Myeroff
authors.forename: Sanford D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Markowitz
authors.forename: Kenneth C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Daniel R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Carrasco
mesh_terms: D048708:Cell Growth Processes / Q000502:physiology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000502:physiology; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D018450:Disease Progression; D006801:Humans; D018960:Hyaluronan Receptors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D009101:Multiple Myeloma / Q000098:blood supply / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D051153:Wnt Proteins / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C111180:BCL9 protein, human; C497483:CD44 protein, human; D018960:Hyaluronan Receptors; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014157:Transcription Factors; C467484:VEGFA protein, human; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D051153:Wnt Proteins