title: High or low current threshold for nerve stimulation for regional anaesthesia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study was to determine whether the application of high stimulation current thresholds (SCT) leads to a distant needle to nerve proximity (NNP) compared with low SCT during nerve localization for regional anaesthesia in pigs.
  
  
  METHODS
  A minimal motor response to the stimulation of femoral or brachial plexus nerves in 16 anaesthetized pigs was triggered either by a minimal SCT of a low (0.01-0.3 mA) or a high (0.8-1.0 mA) current in a random order. After eliciting a motor response with a predetermined SCT, synthetic resin was injected via the needle. After postmortem dissection of the injection site, the localization of the resin deposition was determined verifying the final position of the needle tip. Depending on the proximity of resin deposition to the nerve epineurium, the needle tip placement was considered either as a close or a distant NNP.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 235 punctures were performed. Ninety-one punctures were carried out with low SCT and 92 with a high SCT. Fifty-two punctures served as a control (1.8-2.0 mA). All injectates following both high or low SCT were considered 'close needle tip to nerve placement', whereas 27 of 52 injectates of the control group appeared distant to nerve epineurium.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Regardless of the applied SCT, i.e. high or low, all resin deposition was found adjacent to nerve epineurium. These findings suggest that high and low SCT result in equivalent needle tip localization in pigs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Therapy, University Hospital Giessen-Marburg, Campus Marburg, Baldingerstrasse 1, Marburg, Germany. steinfeldt@gmx.de
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Steinfeldt
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Graf
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vassiliou
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Morin
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Feldmann
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Nimphius
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: De Andres
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wulf
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001917:Brachial Plexus / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D004553:Electric Conductivity; D005260:Female; D005267:Femoral Nerve / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D009339:Needles; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D011897:Random Allocation; D013552:Swine; D004561:Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome