title: Equity, waiting times, and NHS reforms: retrospective study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether observable changes in waiting times occurred for certain key elective procedures between 1997 and 2007 in the English National Health Service and to analyse the distribution of those changes between socioeconomic groups as an indicator of equity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective study of population-wide, patient level data using ordinary least squares regression to investigate the statistical relation between waiting times and patients' socioeconomic status.
  
  
  METHODS
  English NHS from 1997 to 2007.
  
  
  METHODS
  427,277 patients who had elective knee replacement, 406,253 who had elective hip replacement, and 2,568,318 who had elective cataract repair.
  
  
  METHODS
  Days waited from referral for surgery to surgery itself; socioeconomic status based on Carstairs index of deprivation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean and median waiting times rose initially and then fell steadily over time. By 2007 variation in waiting times across the population tended to be lower. In 1997 waiting times and deprivation tended to be positively related. By 2007 the relation between deprivation and waiting time was less pronounced, and, in some cases, patients from the most deprived fifth were waiting less time than patients from the most advantaged fifth.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Between 1997 and 2007 waiting times for patients having elective hip replacement, knee replacement, and cataract repair in England went down and the variation in waiting times for those procedures across socioeconomic groups was reduced. Many people feared that the government's NHS reforms would lead to inequity, but inequity with respect to waiting times did not increase; if anything, it decreased. Although proving that the later stages of those reforms, which included patient choice, provider competition, and expanded capacity, was a catalyst for improvements in equity is impossible, the data show that these reforms, at a minimum, did not harm equity.
authors.affiliation: Cowdray House, London School of Economics, London WC2A 2AE. z.cooper@lse.ac.uk
authors.forename: Zachary N
authors.initials: ZN
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: Alistair
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: McGuire
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Le Grand
mesh_terms: D019644:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D019645:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002387:Cataract Extraction / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004739:England; D018166:Health Care Reform / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000639:trends; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013222:State Medicine / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000639:trends; D013997:Time Factors; D014850:Waiting Lists