Nuclear redox signaling.
Reactive oxygen species have been described to modulate proteins within the cell, a process called redox regulation. However, the importance of compartment-specific redox regulation has been neglected for a long time. In the early 1980s and 1990s, many in vitro studies introduced the possibility that nuclear redox signaling exists. However, the functional relevance for that has been greatly disregarded. Recently, it has become evident that nuclear redox signaling is indeed one important signaling mechanism regulating a variety of cellular functions. Transcription factors, and even kinases and phosphatases, have been described to be redox regulated in the nucleus. This review describes several of these proteins in closer detail and explains their functions resulting from nuclear localization and redox regulation. Moreover, the redox state of the nucleus and several important nuclear redox regulators [Thioredoxin-1 (Trx-1), Glutaredoxins (Grxs), Peroxiredoxins (Prxs), and APEX nuclease (multifunctional DNA-repair enzyme) 1 (APEX1)] are introduced more precisely, and their necessity for regulation of transcription factors is emphasized.
Lukosz
Margarete
M
Molecular Cell & Aging Research, IUF (Institute for Molecular Preventive Medicine), At the University of Duesseldorf gGmbH, Auf'm Hennekamp 50, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
Jakob
Sascha
S
Büchner
Nicole
N
Zschauer
Tim-Christian
TC
Altschmied
Joachim
J
Haendeler
Judith
J
D000818:Animals; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism
D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D014157:Transcription Factors