title: Alcohol consumption, hypertension, and total mortality among women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Moderate alcohol consumption is associated with a reduced risk of total mortality among Caucasian women. Whether moderate alcohol consumption is associated with a reduced risk of total mortality among African-American or hypertensive women is unclear.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a prospective study among 10,576 black and 105,610 white postmenopausal women from the Women's Health Initiative (WHI), without a history of cancer or cardiovascular disease, who completed the baseline examinations in 1994-1998.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the mean 8 years of follow-up, 5,608 women died. Moderate drinking (1 to <7 drinks/week) was associated with a lower risk of total mortality among Caucasians (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.81, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.72-0.91) and hypertensives (HR = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.65-0.87) as compared with lifetime abstention from alcohol. Among African-American moderate drinkers the risk of total mortality was HR = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.67-1.3. Current drinking (<1 drink/month or greater) was associated with a lower risk of mortality among Caucasians, including hypertensives and nonhypertensives, and hypertensive African Americans (HR = 0.74, 95% CI = 0.54-0.99) but not among nonhypertensive African Americans (HR = 1.31, 95% CI = 0.79-2.16). The stratified comparisons among African Americans were affected by the low prevalence of moderate drinking (14.6%) and the low mortality rate (37.5/10,000) among the nonhypertensive lifetime abstainers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Moderate drinking is associated with a lower risk of total mortality among Caucasian women. Current drinking is associated with a lower risk of total mortality among Caucasians, regardless of hypertensive status, and hypertensive but not nonhypertensive African-American women. The latter observation was affected by the low mortality rate among the African-American nonhypertensive lifetime abstainers.
authors.affiliation: University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA. freibergms@upmc.edu
authors.forename: Matthew S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Freiberg
authors.forename: Yue-Fang
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Kevin L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Kraemer
authors.forename: Jennifer G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: Lucile L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Adams-Campbell
authors.forename: Lewis L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Kuller
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American / Q000208:ethnology; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000208:ethnology / Q000401:mortality*; D003710:Demography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000208:ethnology / Q000401:mortality*; D008875:Middle Aged; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000208:ethnology; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States; D044465:White People / Q000208:ethnology