title: Echocardiographic determination of epicardial adipose tissue in healthy bonnet macaques.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nonhuman primates have served as models for human cardiovascular (CV) and metabolic diseases. Recently, echocardiographic measurement of epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) thickness has been shown to be a reliable marker of visceral adiposity, and greater EAT is associated with increased CV risk, left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy, and metabolic syndrome. The objective of the present study was to determine EAT thickness in apparently healthy bonnet macaques and assess its relations with anthropometric and CV variables.
  
  
  METHODS
  Echocardiography was performed on 61 monkeys (41 females and 20 males, mean age 13.0 +/- 4.7 years). EAT was measured on the right ventricular free wall in parasternal windows. Applanation tonometry was performed in 25 unselected monkeys using a SphygmoCor pulse wave system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean EAT thickness was 2.4 +/- 0.6 mm. EAT thickness was directly correlated with age (r = 0.26, P = 0.04), male gender (r = 0.47, P < 0.01), weight (r = 0.42, P < 0.01), crown-rump length (r = 0.45, P < 0.01), BMI (r = 0.38, P < 0.01), diastolic BP (r = 0.46, P = 0.01), and HR (r = -0.49, P < 0.01). EAT thickness also correlated with augmentation index (r = 0.42, P = 0.04), LV mass (r = 0.48, P < 0.01), and left atrial (LA) diameter (r = 0.26, P = 0.04). Intra- and interobserver coefficients of variation between measurements of EAT were 1.4% and 3.7%. On multivariate analysis adjusting for age, gender, weight, and CRL, EAT was independently related to age and weight (r2 = 0.47, P < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study found echocardiography to be a feasible and practical method to evaluate EAT in nonhuman primates. In bonnet macaques, EAT thickness correlates with LV and LA dimensions and augmentation index, and is independently related to age and weight.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York 11203-2098, USA.
authors.forename: Ather
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mansoor
authors.forename: Louis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Salciccioli
authors.forename: Ghazanfar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Qureshi
authors.forename: Haroon
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kamran
authors.forename: Leonard A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Rosenblum
authors.forename: John G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Kral
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lazar
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D008255:Macaca radiata / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D010496:Pericardium / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology*