title: Inflammatory biomarkers and decline in kidney function in the elderly: the Cardiovascular Health Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cross-sectional studies have demonstrated a consistent and linear association between circulating inflammatory markers and kidney function. The objective of this study was to determine whether elevated markers of inflammation are independently associated with longitudinal kidney function decline.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study included 4128 subjects from the Cardiovascular Health Study. Cystatin C was measured at baseline, 3 years later and 7 years later; eligible subjects had at least two measures. Cystatin C-based estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR(cysC)) was estimated, and rapid kidney function decline was defined as an annual loss of eGFR(cysC) >3 mL/min/1.73 m(2). Predictors included ten inflammatory and procoagulant biomarkers: C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, white blood cell count, fibrinogen, factor VII, factor VIII, D-dimer, plasmin-antiplasmin complex and serum albumin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the study, 1059 subjects (26%) had a rapid decline in kidney function. In contrast to the other nine inflammatory or procoagulant biomarkers, serum albumin had a consistent and inverse association with rapid kidney function decline [final adjusted logistic regression model: 1.14-fold increased odds (95% CI 1.06-1.23) of rapid decline per standard deviation lower albumin]. The lowest quartile of albumin had an odds ratio of 1.55 (95% CI 1.23-1.96) for rapid decline compared with the highest quartile. These associations persisted after adjusting the albumin models for CRP, IL-6 and fibrinogen.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In contrast to nine other inflammatory and procoagulant markers, only lower baseline levels of serum albumin were consistently associated with a rapid decline in kidney function, as measured by cystatin C-based eGFR.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Keller
authors.forename: Ronit
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Katz
authors.forename: Mark J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Sarnak
authors.forename: Linda F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Fried
authors.forename: Bryan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kestenbaum
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cushman
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Shlipak
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D015331:Cohort Studies; D055316:Cystatin C / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood*; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D007668:Kidney / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012709:Serum Albumin / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D055316:Cystatin C; D015850:Interleukin-6; D012709:Serum Albumin; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; D002097:C-Reactive Protein