title: Smoking prevalence in Type 2 diabetes: results of the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP) and the German National Health Interview and Examination Survey (GNHIES).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Smoking contributes to the development of diabetes and diabetes-related complications. Currently, data on smoking prevalence in subjects with diabetes in Germany are lacking. The aim of our analysis was to determine smoking prevalence in adults with Type 2 diabetes mellitus using data from the two population-based studies in Germany.
  
  
  METHODS
  From the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP) (n = 4283) and the 1998 German National Health Interview and Examination Survey (GNHIES 98) (n = 6663) subjects aged 20-79 years were investigated. Descriptive statistics on smoking prevalence and behaviours were calculated for Type 2 diabetes mellitus and compared with the general population using weightings reflecting the European adult population.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, the prevalence of current smokers was lower among persons with than without Type 2 diabetes mellitus in SHIP (17.3% vs. 38.0%) and in GNHIES 98 (24.7% vs. 32.1%). Only in men, there were more former smokers in Type 2 diabetic patients than in subjects without diabetes in both studies. Among current and former smokers, the number of cigarettes smoked was higher among persons with than without Type 2 diabetes mellitus. For men, this finding was consistent in SHIP and GNHIES 98, while in women, this difference was only observed in GNHIES 98.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The associations between smoking and Type 2 diabetes mellitus are likely to reflect behavioural changes secondary to illness or medical counselling. The high proportion of current smokers among Type 2 diabetic patients, particularly men, should be monitored in repeated surveys following the introduction of disease management programmes.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Community Medicine, SHIP/Clinical-Epidemiological Research, Ernst Moritz Arndt University, Greifswald, Germany. sabine.schipf@uni-greifswald.de
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schipf
authors.forename: C O
authors.initials: CO
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Alte
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Werner
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Scheidt-Nave
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: John
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Steveling
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wallaschofski
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Völzke
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D055815:Young Adult