title: Reliability of screening methods for diabetic retinopathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review studies of the reliability (reproducibility) of the commonly used methods (ophthalmoscopy and inspection of retinal images) of screening for diabetic retinopathy (DR).
  
  
  METHODS
  Literature search.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found six studies of the intra-examiner agreement after examining the same retinal images. Three of these found an almost perfect agreement (k > 0.8) after inspecting colour slides and digital images; three other studies reported 'significant differences' in microaneurysm counts and only 39-85% agreement rates between two assessments by the same examiner. The inter-examiner agreement was reported in 24 studies. Using stereoscopic photographs, one study found almost perfect agreement after examining seven fields; another study found a substantial to moderate (k = 0.4-0.8) agreement after examining five fields and a third study found a fair agreement (k = 0.2-0.4) after examining a single field. Studies using single- or two-field monoscopic photographs also have reported agreement rates that have varied between almost perfect, substantial and moderate. In four other studies using biomicroscopy, agreement levels varied between perfect and moderate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Relative to the large number of studies on the validity of the various methods for screening for DR, there are only few studies of their reliability, with a marked variability in their findings. We suggest that future studies of the effectiveness of the various methods for screening for DR should also include data on their reliability.
authors.affiliation: Myers-JDC-Brookdale Institute, The Smokler Center for Health Policy Research, Jerusalem, Israel. benbasat@jdc.org.il
authors.forename: Jochanan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Benbassat
authors.forename: Bettine C P
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Polak
mesh_terms: D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D009887:Ophthalmoscopy / Q000379:methods; D010781:Photography / Q000379:methods; D015203:Reproducibility of Results