title: Anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic and anti-nociceptive activities of an ethanol extract of Salvia plebeia R. Brown.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Salvia plebeia R. Brown has been used for the treatment of a variety of inflammatory diseases, cold and tumors in many countries, including Korea and China.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to assess anti-inflammatory and related activities of an ethanol extract (SPEE) prepared from the dried whole parts of Salvia plebeia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Anti-angiogenic and anti-nociceptive activities of SPEE were analyzed using the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay and acetic acid-induced writhing response, respectively. Anti-inflammatory activity of SPEE was evaluated using acetic acid-induced vascular permeability, carrageenan-induced inflammation in the air pouch and analyses of nitrite content and induced nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) level in the macrophage cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SPEE gave rise to a significant inhibition in chick chorioallantoic membrane angiogenesis. SPEE exhibited anti-inflammatory activities in vascular permeability and air-pouch models. In the air-pouch model, SPEE was able to diminish exudate volume, number of polymorphonulcear leukocytes and nitrite content. SPEE also displayed anti-nociceptive activity in the writhing response model in mice. SPEE significantly decreased nitrite content and induced nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage cells, while it could not modulate cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 levels in the stimulated phages. SPEE decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) level in the stimulated macrophages.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ethanol extract (SPEE) of Salvia plebeia possesses anti-inflammatory and related anti-angiogenic, anti-nociceptive and antioxidant activities, which offers partial support to its folkloric use.
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 140-742, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hyun-Joo
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: Yun Seon
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Chang-Jin
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Eun-Hee
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D019342:Acetic Acid; D000700:Analgesics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D002199:Capillary Permeability / Q000187:drug effects; D002351:Carrageenan; D002642:Chick Embryo; D049033:Chorioallantoic Membrane / Q000098:blood supply / Q000187:drug effects; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000378:metabolism; D009573:Nitrites / Q000378:metabolism; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy; D008517:Phytotherapy; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D027544:Salvia
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D009573:Nitrites; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D002351:Carrageenan; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; D019342:Acetic Acid