title: Aversion to geographic inequality and geographic variation in preferences in the context of healthcare.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is now widely accepted that social values have a role to play in terms of healthcare resource allocation decisions. Furthermore, with the recent focus on decentralization, geographic variation in preferences has become a pertinent issue. However, the geographic dimension of inequality in the distribution of health gains across different regions has received little attention in the literature.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To elicit the general public's preferences regarding inequality in the distribution of health gains across regions and to test the assumption of variation in preferences across regions.
  
  
  METHODS
  A questionnaire was developed to elicit social and personal preferences. The first preference questions focused on the criteria of maximization of health gain and geographic equality of health gain. Person trade-off questions were used to assess trade-offs and inequality aversion. The latter preference questions focused on attributes of healthcare delivery. The questionnaire was administered in two Portuguese municipalities. Samples from both localities were defined by quotas based on the composition of local populations. Overall, 70 respondents (half from each municipality) self-completed the questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Respondents agreed or strongly agreed that both maximization of health gain and geographic equality of health gain should be considered in resource allocation decisions; when they were asked to make trade-offs, 70-80% were prepared to do so. Of those making trade-offs, most people were willing to forego 10-30% of total health gain to keep geographic equality of health gain in return. Regarding inequality aversion, the results indicate that there was some aversion to inequality in the sample. Regarding preference variation, the results do not corroborate the hypothesis of variation in preferences across regions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that the general public supports the principles of maximization of health gain and geographic equality in the distribution of health gain. The results further suggest the existence of aversion to inequality, subject to a maximum opportunity cost. Further research is required into preference variation; in particular, in larger samples, and in other regions of Portugal.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Economics, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal. qcarlota@fe.uc.pt
authors.forename: Carlota
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Quintal
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001294:Attitude to Health; D005260:Female; D005843:Geography; D015276:Health Care Rationing; D006291:Health Policy; D006292:Health Priorities; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D054625:Healthcare Disparities; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011174:Portugal; D012945:Social Values; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult