title: Varicella-zoster virus CNS disease--viral load, clinical manifestations and sequels.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples has improved the diagnosis of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infection of the central nervous system (CNS). The VZV viral load in the CSF obtained from VZV-related neurological syndromes is not known.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate VZV viral loads associated with VZV-related neurological syndromes, and to describe the clinical manifestations and sequels in patients with VZV DNA in the CSF.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients in the Western Gotaland region of Sweden with CNS symptoms and VZV DNA in the CSF, during 1995-2006 were retrospectively identified. The diagnoses, laboratory tests (including virus quantity), antiviral treatment, and neurological complications were studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ninety-seven patients with VZV DNA in the CSF detected by PCR were identified. In 66 patients in whom VZV DNA levels were determined, significantly higher viral loads were found in those with encephalitis and acute aseptic meningitis compared to patients with cranial nerve affection (including Ramsay Hunt syndrome). Fifty patients had a follow-up; 34 (68%) had neurological symptoms 1 month after acute disease and 25 (50%) had neurological complications 3 months after discharge. A minimum yearly incidence of 1.8 per 100,000 of PCR diagnosed VZV CNS infections was estimated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  VZV was the most common alpha-herpesvirus detected in CSF samples from patients with CNS symptoms in the Western Gotaland region of Sweden. CSF viral loads were higher in patients with encephalitis and acute aseptic meningitis than in other CNS syndromes caused by VZV. A majority of the patients that were seen in follow-up had neurological symptoms and sequels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Ostra, SE-416 85, Gothenburg, Sweden. anna.m.persson@vgregion.se
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Persson
authors.forename: Tomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bergström
authors.forename: Magnus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lindh
authors.forename: Lili
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Namvar
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Studahl
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D020805:Central Nervous System Viral Diseases / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D020804:Encephalitis, Varicella Zoster / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D014645:Herpesvirus 3, Human / Q000235:genetics / Q000472:pathogenicity / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008582:Meningitis, Aseptic / Q000821:virology; D008875:Middle Aged; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012867:Skin / Q000473:pathology; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D004279:DNA, Viral