title: Golgi localisation of GMAP210 requires two distinct cis-membrane binding mechanisms.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Golgi apparatus in mammals appears as a ribbon made up of interconnected stacks of flattened cisternae that is positioned close to the centrosome in a microtubule-dependent manner. How this organisation is achieved and retained is not well understood. GMAP210 is a long coiled-coil cis-Golgi associated protein that plays a role in maintaining Golgi ribbon integrity and position and contributes to the formation of the primary cilium. An amphipathic alpha-helix able to bind liposomes in vitro has been recently identified at the first 38 amino acids of the protein (amphipathic lipid-packing sensor motif), and an ARF1-binding domain (Grip-related Arf-binding domain) was found at the C-terminus. To which type of membranes these two GMAP210 regions bind in vivo and how this contributes to GMAP210 localisation and function remains to be investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  By using truncated as well as chimeric mutants and videomicroscopy we found that both the N-terminus and the C-terminus of GMAP210 are targeted to the cis-Golgi in vivo. The ALPS motif was identified as the N-terminal binding motif and appeared concentrated in the periphery of Golgi elements and between Golgi stacks. On the contrary, the C-terminal domain appeared uniformly distributed in the cis-cisternae of the Golgi apparatus. Strikingly, the two ends of the protein also behave differently in response to the drug Brefeldin A. The N-terminal domain redistributed to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) exit sites, as does the full-length protein, whereas the C-terminal domain rapidly dissociated from the Golgi apparatus to the cytosol. Mutants comprising the full-length protein but lacking one of the terminal motifs also associated with the cis-Golgi with distribution patterns similar to those of the corresponding terminal end whereas a mutant consisting in fused N- and C-terminal ends exhibits identical localisation as the endogenous protein.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that the Golgi localisation of GMAP210 is the result of the combined action of the two N- and C-terminal domains that recognise different sub-regions of the cis-GA. Based on present and previous data, we propose a model in which GMAP210 would participate in homotypic fusion of cis-cisternae by anchoring the surface of cisternae via its C-terminus and projecting its distal N-terminus to bind the rims or to stabilise tubular structures connecting neighbouring cis-cisternae.
authors.affiliation: CABIMER-CSIC, Seville, Spain. jesus.cardenas@cabimer.es
authors.forename: Jesus
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cardenas
authors.forename: Sabrina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rivero
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Goud
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bornens
authors.forename: Rosa M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Rios
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001324:Autoantigens / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D018385:Centrosome / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins; D003600:Cytosol / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004721:Endoplasmic Reticulum / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D015870:Gene Expression; D006056:Golgi Apparatus / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D006801:Humans; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D018715:Microscopy, Video; D008954:Models, Biological; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D050506:Mutant Chimeric Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D009237:N-Acetyllactosamine Synthase / Q000235:genetics; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis; D054730:Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs; D021381:Protein Transport; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D055213:Retinal Pigment Epithelium; D055571:Secretory Pathway / Q000502:physiology*; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D001324:Autoantigens; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins; C098772:GOLGA4 protein, human; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D050506:Mutant Chimeric Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; C109331:TRIP11 protein, human; D009237:N-Acetyllactosamine Synthase