title: Anti-obesity effects of xanthohumol plus guggulsterone in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.
abstract: Xanthohumol (XN) and guggulsterone (GS) have each been shown to inhibit adipogenesis and induce apoptosis in adipocytes. In the present study effects of the combination of XN + GS on 3T3-L1 adipocyte apoptosis and adipogenesis were investigated. Mature adipocytes were treated with XN and GS individually and in combination. XN and GS individually decreased cell viability, but XN + GS caused an enhanced decrease in viability and potentiated induction of apoptosis. Likewise, XN + GS caused a potentiated increase in caspase-3/7 activation, whereas neither of the compounds showed any effect individually. In addition, western blot analysis revealed that XN + GS increased Bax expression and decreased Bcl-2 expression, whereas individual compounds did not show any significant effect. XN and GS both decreased lipid accumulation. Individually, XN at 1.5 microM and GS at 3.12 microM decreased lipid accumulation by 26 +/- 4.5% (P < .001) each, whereas XN1.5 + GS3.12 decreased lipid accumulation by 78.2 +/- 1.8% (P < .001). Moreover, expression of the adipocyte-specific proteins was down-regulated with XN1.5 + GS3.12, but no effect was observed with the individual compounds. Finally, XN + GS caused an enhanced stimulation of lipolysis. Thus, combination of XN and GS is more potent in exerting anti-obesity effects than additive effects of the individual compounds.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal & Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2771, USA.
authors.forename: Srujana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rayalam
authors.forename: Jeong-Yeh
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Mary Anne
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Della-Fera
authors.forename: Hea Jin
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Suresh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ambati
authors.forename: Clifton A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Baile
mesh_terms: D041721:3T3-L1 Cells; D017667:Adipocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D050156:Adipogenesis / Q000187:drug effects*; D000818:Animals; D019440:Anti-Obesity Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D029744:Commiphora / Q000737:chemistry; D015536:Down-Regulation; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015870:Gene Expression; D050356:Lipid Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects*; D008066:Lipolysis / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D009765:Obesity / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011282:Pregnenediones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011427:Propiophenones / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D019440:Anti-Obesity Agents; D005419:Flavonoids; D010936:Plant Extracts; D011282:Pregnenediones; D011427:Propiophenones; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; C023617:pregna-4,17-diene-3,16-dione; D020169:Caspases; C104536:xanthohumol