title: GRP-78 secreted by tumor cells blocks the antiangiogenic activity of bortezomib.
abstract: Antiangiogenic effects of the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib were analyzed on tumor xenografts in vivo. Bortezomib strongly inhibited angiogenesis and vascularization in the chicken chorioallantoic membrane. Bortezomib's inhibitory effects on chorioallantoic membrane vascularization were abrogated in the presence of distinct tumor xenografts, thanks to a soluble factor secreted by tumor cells. Through size-exclusion and ion-exchange chromatography as well as mass spectroscopy, we identified GRP-78, a chaperone protein of the unfolded protein response, as being responsible for bortezomib resistance. Indeed, a variety of bortezomib-resistant solid tumor cell lines (PC-3, HRT-18), but not myeloma cell lines (U266, OPM-2), were able to secrete high amounts of GRP-78. Recombinant GRP-78 conferred bortezomib resistance to endothelial cells and OPM-2 myeloma cells. Knockdown of GRP78 gene expression in tumor cells and immunodepletion of GRP-78 protein from tumor cell supernatants restored bortezomib sensitivity. GRP-78 did not bind or complex bortezomib but induced prosurvival signals by phosphorylation of extracellular signal-related kinase and inhibited p53-mediated expression of proapoptotic Bok and Noxa proteins in endothelial cells. From our data, we conclude that distinct solid tumor cells are able to secrete GRP-78 into the tumor microenvironment, thus demonstrating a hitherto unknown mechanism of resistance to bortezomib.
authors.affiliation: Tumor Biology & Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Internal Medicine V, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria.
authors.forename: Johann
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kern
authors.forename: Gerold
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Untergasser
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zenzmaier
authors.forename: Bettina
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sarg
authors.forename: Guenther
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gastl
authors.forename: Eberhard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gunsilius
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Steurer
mesh_terms: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001897:Boronic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000069286:Bortezomib; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002642:Chick Embryo; D049033:Chorioallantoic Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm / Q000187:drug effects*; D000091342:Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone BiP; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000187:drug effects; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D011480:Protease Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D061988:Proteasome Inhibitors; D017510:Protein Folding / Q000187:drug effects*; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D011719:Pyrazines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000378:metabolism; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; C503049:BOK protein, human; D001897:Boronic Acids; D000091342:Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone BiP; C000717247:HSPA5 protein, human; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; C498702:PMAIP1 protein, human; D011480:Protease Inhibitors; D061988:Proteasome Inhibitors; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D011719:Pyrazines; C495901:TP53 protein, human; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D000069286:Bortezomib