title: Illness cognitions in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: predicting quality of life outcome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This paper presents an observational study of the longitudinal effects of cancer treatment on quality of life (QoL) in patients treated for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), and evaluated the contribution of patients' baseline illness cognitions to the prediction of QoL 2 years after diagnosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred seventy-seven patients eligible for primary treatment for HNSCC completed the Illness Perception Questionnaire-Revised at baseline and the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Core Quality of Life Questionnaire-30 at baseline, at 1-year and 2-year follow-ups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to baseline, patients reported better emotional functioning at both follow-ups (p < 0.001), worse social functioning at 12 months (p < 0.05), and better global health status at 24 months (p < 0.05). Patients' own implicit common sense beliefs about their illness added small but significant amounts of variance to the prediction of QoL after 2 years. Less belief in own behavior causing the illness predicted better functioning and better global health. Strong illness identity beliefs predicted worse functioning and worse global health. Negative perceptions about the duration of the illness (chronic timeline beliefs) and more negative perceived consequences also predicted worse QoL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results on the negative perceptions about the duration of the illness, perceived consequences, and high symptom awareness predicting worse QoL illustrate the detrimental effects of uncertainty and negative expectations about the future course of the illness. The identification of these cognitive factors provides possible targets for counseling strategies to assist patients in long-term adjustment to HNSCC.
authors.affiliation: Medical Psychology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RB Leiden, The Netherlands. m.scharloo@lumc.nl
authors.forename: Margreet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Scharloo
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Baatenburg de Jong
authors.forename: Ton P M
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Langeveld
authors.forename: Els
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: van Velzen-Verkaik
authors.forename: Margreet M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Doorn-Op den Akker
authors.forename: Adrian A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Kaptein
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; D003071:Cognition; D005260:Female; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*