title: Degradation of vascular endothelial thrombomodulin by arginine- and lysine-specific cysteine proteases from Porphyromonas gingivalis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The endothelial cell surface glycoprotein thrombomodulin (TM) inhibits vascular coagulation and inflammation via regulation of thrombin-mediated activation of protein C. Porphyromonas gingivalis is the major periodontopathic bacterium and has been found in vessel walls and atherosclerotic lesions in humans. P. gingivalis-derived cysteine proteases (gingipains) are known to enhance inflammatory and coagulant responses of vascular endothelial cells. However, it has not been elucidated whether gingipains affect vascular endothelial TM.
  
  
  METHODS
  Purified arginine-specific gingipains (Rgps) and lysine-specific gingipain (Kgp) from P. gingivalis were used to investigate the effects of gingipains on recombinant human TM by immunoblot analyses. Flow cytometry and activated protein C assay were carried out to examine the effects of gingipains on vascular endothelial cell surface TM. Immunohistochemistry was performed to investigate TM expression in microvascular endothelia in gingival tissues taken from patients with periodontitis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rgps and Kgp cleaved TM in vitro. Endothelial cell surface TM was also degraded by Rgps. Thrombin-mediated activation of protein C was reduced by Rgps through TM inactivation. Gingival microvascular endothelial TM was reduced in patients with periodontitis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  P. gingivalis gingipains induced the degradation and inactivation of endothelial TM, which may promote vascular coagulation and inflammation. In addition, in vivo relevance was demonstrated by reduced expression of TM in gingival microvascular endothelia in patients with periodontitis, which may be involved in the pathogenesis of periodontitis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Disease Research, National Institute for Longevity Sciences, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Aichi, Japan.
authors.forename: Megumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Inomata
authors.forename: Yuichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ishihara
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matsuyama
authors.forename: Takahisa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Imamura
authors.forename: Ikuro
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Maruyama
authors.forename: Toshihide
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Noguchi
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matsushita
mesh_terms: D018829:Adhesins, Bacterial / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003546:Cysteine Endopeptidases / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D000080867:Gingipain Cysteine Endopeptidases; D005881:Gingiva / Q000098:blood supply; D005891:Gingivitis / Q000473:pathology; D006388:Hemagglutinins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D015151:Immunoblotting; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D055806:Microvessels / Q000473:pathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D017622:Periodontal Attachment Loss / Q000473:pathology; D010514:Periodontal Pocket / Q000473:pathology; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000473:pathology; D016966:Porphyromonas gingivalis / Q000201:enzymology*; D011486:Protein C / Q000032:analysis; D018180:Thrombomodulin / Q000032:analysis / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D018829:Adhesins, Bacterial; D000080867:Gingipain Cysteine Endopeptidases; D006388:Hemagglutinins; D011486:Protein C; D018180:Thrombomodulin; D003546:Cysteine Endopeptidases