title: Non-CpG methylation of the PGC-1alpha promoter through DNMT3B controls mitochondrial density.
abstract: Epigenetic modification through DNA methylation is implicated in metabolic disease. Using whole-genome promoter methylation analysis of skeletal muscle from normal glucose-tolerant and type 2 diabetic subjects, we identified cytosine hypermethylation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1alpha) in diabetic subjects. Methylation levels were negatively correlated with PGC-1alpha mRNA and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Bisulfite sequencing revealed that the highest proportion of cytosine methylation within PGC-1alpha was found within non-CpG nucleotides. Non-CpG methylation was acutely increased in human myotubes by exposure to tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) or free fatty acids, but not insulin or glucose. Selective silencing of the DNA methyltransferase 3B (DNMT3B), but not DNMT1 or DNMT3A, prevented palmitate-induced non-CpG methylation of PGC-1alpha and decreased mtDNA and PGC-1alpha mRNA. We provide evidence for PGC-1alpha hypermethylation, concomitant with reduced mitochondrial content in type 2 diabetic patients, and link DNMT3B to the acute fatty-acid-induced non-CpG methylation of PGC-1alpha promoter.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Section for Integrative Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Romain
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Barrès
authors.forename: Megan E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Osler
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rune
authors.forename: Tomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fritz
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Caidahl
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Krook
authors.forename: Juleen R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Zierath
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D018899:CpG Islands / Q000235:genetics; D004248:DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferases / Q000378:metabolism*; D019175:DNA Methylation; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000378:metabolism; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D032342:Muscle Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D000071248:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology; D000097584:DNA Methyltransferase 3B
chemical_list: D004248:DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferases; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial; D005227:Fatty Acids; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins; D000071248:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D014157:Transcription Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000097584:DNA Methyltransferase 3B; C486497:PPARGC1A protein, human