title: Stabilizing effect of exenatide in a patient with C-peptide-negative diabetes mellitus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Exenatide is an incretin mimetic licensed for treatment of Type 2 diabetes poorly controlled despite maximally tolerated doses of oral therapy. Similar in structure to the natural incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), it helps restore underlying pathophysiological abnormalities.
  
  
  METHODS
  We report the successful use of exenatide, combined with insulin, in a 66-year-old woman initially diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes in 1989 but now exhibiting a Type 1 phenotype. Diet, lifestyle advice and oral glucose-lowering agents were commenced but persisting poor control necessitated insulin therapy in 2005. She later presented twice in diabetic ketoacidosis, suggesting conversion to a Type 1 phenotype (postprandial C-peptide < 94 pmol/l). Despite differing insulin regimens, control remained poor with frequent hyperglycaemic and hypoglycaemic excursions, severely impairing quality of life. Whilst an inpatient in 2007 [glycated haemoglobin (HbA(1c)) 10.2%, body mass index (BMI) 31.5 kg/m(2)] exenatide was commenced in an attempt to stabilize glycaemic control. Dramatic improvements were seen and continued. Eight months later, HbA(1c) had fallen by 2% with an 8-kg weight loss and 10-unit reduction in daily insulin dose. Quality of life dramatically improved. C-peptide remains undetectable.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This patient with features of both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes benefited greatly from exenatide with insulin therapy. The improvement seen in glycaemic control could not be attributable to enhanced insulin secretion but could be as a result of a combination of the other incretin effects (postprandial glucagon suppression, delayed gastric emptying and weight loss secondary to increased satiety) all improving insulin sensitivity, reducing insulin dose and smoothing control.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, North Manchester General Hospital, Manchester, M85RB, UK.
authors.forename: A N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Paisley
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Savage
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Wiles
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002096:C-Peptide / Q000378:metabolism; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000077270:Exenatide; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D050177:Overweight / Q000150:complications*; D010455:Peptides / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014688:Venoms / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D002096:C-Peptide; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D010455:Peptides; D014688:Venoms; D000077270:Exenatide