title: Sex differences in blood pressure and its relationship to body composition and metabolism in adolescence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate during adolescence (1) sex differences in blood pressure (BP) and hemodynamic factors at rest and during physical and mental challenges and (2) whether these differences are mediated by body composition and glucose and lipid metabolism.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study of a population-based cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  Saguenay Youth Study, Quebec, Canada, from November 2003 to June 2007.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 425 adolescents (225 girls aged 12-18 years).
  
  
  METHODS
  Systolic and diastolic BP measured using a Finometer. Secondary outcome measures were (1) hemodynamic parameters also measured with a Finometer, (2) body composition assessed with magnetic resonance imaging, bioimpedance, and anthropometry, and (3) metabolic indices determined from a fasting blood sample.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Girls vs boys demonstrated lower systolic and diastolic BP at rest and during challenges, with the differences being greatest during a math-stress test (adjusted difference, 7 mm Hg; 95% confidence interval [CI], 4-10 mm Hg and adjusted difference, 6 mm Hg; 95% CI, 4-8 mm Hg, respectively). The differences were mainly due to girls vs boys having lower stroke volume while lying down, standing (adjusted difference, 4 mL; 95% CI, 1-7 mL), and sitting, and lower total peripheral resistance during the math-stress test (adjusted difference, 0.14 mm Hg . s/mL; 95% CI, 0.09-0.21 mm Hg . s/mL). Intra-abdominal fat was positively associated with BP, but less in girls than in boys, and fat-free mass, fat mass, and insulin resistance were also positively associated with BP, similarly in boys and girls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In adolescence, BP is lower in girls than boys, with the difference being determined mainly by lower stroke volume during physical challenges and by lower total peripheral resistance during mental challenges. Body composition and insulin resistance contribute to these differences.
authors.affiliation: Brain & Body Centre, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, England.
authors.forename: Catriona
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Syme
authors.forename: Michal
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Abrahamowicz
authors.forename: Gabriel T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Leonard
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Perron
authors.forename: Louis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Richer
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Veillette
authors.forename: Yongling
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gaudet
authors.forename: Tomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Paus
authors.forename: Zdenka
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Pausova
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000886:Anthropometry; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D001823:Body Composition; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D017097:Electric Impedance; D005260:Female; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity; D010641:Phenotype; D011792:Quebec; D012146:Rest; D012737:Sex Factors; D012923:Social Class; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D005947:Glucose