title: Prospective comparison of surgery alone and chemoradiotherapy with selective surgery in resectable squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Esophagectomy remains the mainstay treatment for esophageal cancer, although retrospective studies have suggested that chemoradiotherapy (CRT) is as effective as surgery. To determine whether CRT can substitute for surgery as the primary treatment modality, we performed a prospective direct comparison of outcomes after treatment in patients with resectable esophageal cancer who had received CRT and those who had undergone surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eligible patients had resectable T1-3N0-1M0 thoracic esophageal cancer. After the surgeon explained the treatments in detail, the patients selected either CRT (CRT group) or surgery (OP group). The CRT course consisted of two cycles of cisplatin and fluorouracil with split-course concurrent radiotherapy of 60Gy in 30 fractions. Patients with progressive disease during CRT and/or with persistent or recurrent disease after CRT underwent salvage resection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 99 eligible patients with squamous cell carcinoma registered between January 2001 and December 2005, 51 selected CRT and 48 selected surgery. Of the patients in the CRT group, 13 (25.5%) underwent esophagectomy as salvage therapy. The 3- and 5-year survival rates were 78.3% and 75.7%, respectively, in the CRT group compared with 56.9% and 50.9%, respectively, in the OP group (p = 0.0169). Patients in the OP group had significantly more metastatic recurrence than those in the CRT group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Treatment outcomes among patients with resectable thoracic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma were comparable or superior after CRT (with salvage therapy if needed) to outcomes after surgery alone.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan. hariga@rad.med.tohoku.ac.jp
authors.forename: Hisanori
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ariga
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nemoto
authors.forename: Shukichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Miyazaki
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yoshioka
authors.forename: Yohishiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ogawa
authors.forename: Toru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sakayauchi
authors.forename: Keiichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jingu
authors.forename: Go
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Miyata
authors.forename: Ko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Onodera
authors.forename: Hirofumi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ichikawa
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kamei
authors.forename: Shunsuke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.forename: Chikashi
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ishioka
authors.forename: Susumu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Satomi
authors.forename: Shogo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yamada
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000465:Algorithms; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods / Q000401:mortality; D019583:Dose Fractionation, Radiation; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery; D016629:Esophagectomy / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011788:Quality of Life; D016879:Salvage Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D002945:Cisplatin; D005472:Fluorouracil