title: Evolution of post-ESWL residual lithiasis depending on the type of calculus and urine composition.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) is one of the most commonly used procedures for removal of renal calculi from the upper urinary tract, but complete expulsion of the fragments generated is not always achieved. This can lead to new lithiasic episodes, and it is considered that 10-26% of fragmented calculi can undergo regrowth. This in vitro study investigated the influence of fragment and urinary composition on post-ESWL growth of fragments, with the aims of establishing the effect and importance of these parameters, and identifying effective prophylactic measures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fragments collected from patients immediately following expulsion after ESWL treatment were selected for regrowth experiments. The particles included 24 calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) fragments, 48 calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD), 24 hydroxyapatite (HAP), and 16 uric acid.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all treatments, calculi fragments showed a considerable capacity to induce growth of calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate. Under normocalciuria conditions, new COM crystals formed; both COM and COD crystals developed under hypercalciuria conditions at a urinary pH < 6.0; and in hypercalciuric conditions and urinary pH > 6.0 both HAP and brushite (BRU) crystals were formed. The highest growth rates were observed for COD calculi fragments under hypercalciuria conditions and at a urinary pH of 6.5, followed by growth on COM and HAP fragments under the same conditions; growth rates under other conditions tested were similar but 10-fold lower. With regard to the role of crystallization inhibitors, phytate exhibited inhibitory effects under all assay conditions. However, citrate had little effect, even at the highest concentration tested (1,000 mg/L).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates the importance of avoiding heterogeneous nucleant retention (pre-existing solid microparticles) in renal cavities, as these can act as very efficient inducers of the formation of new calculi, the composition of which is mainly dependant on the urine composition.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Investigación en Litiasis Renal, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (IUNICS), Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Spain. fgrases@uib.es
authors.forename: Felix
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Grases
authors.forename: Antonia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Costa-Bauzá
authors.forename: Bernat
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Isern
authors.forename: Pilar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sanchis
authors.forename: Joan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Perelló
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hierro
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Conte Visus
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000737:chemistry / Q000628:therapy* / Q000652:urine; D008096:Lithotripsy; D012008:Recurrence; D017211:Treatment Failure