title: Enhancement of ligand-dependent down-regulation of glucocorticoid receptor by lipopolysaccharide.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The inhibitory actions of glucocorticoids are often attenuated in inflamed tissues. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the dexamethasone-induced downregulation of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression was enhanced by the stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Various cells were stimulated with LPS (1microg/ml) for 30min and then treated with dexamethasone (1microM) for specified periods. The levels of GR and the phosphorylation at Ser211 were determined by Western blot. The effects of kinase inhibitors and a proteasome inhibitor on them were examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The treatment of NCI-H292 cells with dexamethasone reduced the levels of GR, and the pretreatment with LPS accelerated the reduction. Such an enhancement by LPS of the dexamethasone-induced downregulation was observed in the respiratory epithelial cell lines BEAS-2B and A549, but not in the keratinocyte-like cell line HaCaT, the hematopoietic cell lines U937, THP-1 and Eol-1, or in hepatocytoma HepG2 cells. The treatment with dexamethasone and LPS apparently decreased GR levels in the lungs of BALB/c mice but not in the liver. In NCI-H292 cells, the LPS-enhanced downregulation of GR expression was recovered by the proteasome inhibitor MG-132. SP600125, SB203580 and roscovitine but not U0126 inhibited the LPS-induced enhancement of both the phosphorylation and the downregulation of GR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggested that the ligand-dependent downregulation of GR expression via the proteasome was apparent in the respiratory epithelial cells and enhanced by lipopolysaccharide via the activation of p38 MAP kinase, c-Jun N-terminal kinase and cyclin-dependent kinases.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan. hirasawa@mail.pharm.tohoku.ac.jp
authors.forename: Noriyasu
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hirasawa
authors.forename: Kazushi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yashima
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ishihara
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D002460:Cell Line; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015536:Down-Regulation; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008024:Ligands; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D010766:Phosphorylation; D061988:Proteasome Inhibitors; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000096:biosynthesis; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D005938:Glucocorticoids; D016209:Interleukin-8; D008024:Ligands; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D061988:Proteasome Inhibitors; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid; D003907:Dexamethasone