title: Farnesyltransferase inhibitors reduce Ras activation and ameliorate acetaminophen-induced liver injury in mice.
abstract: Hepatotoxicity due to overdose of the analgesic and antipyretic acetaminophen (APAP) is a major cause of liver failure in adults. To better understand the contributions of different signaling pathways, the expression and role of Ras activation was evaluated after oral dosing of mice with APAP (400-500 mg/kg). Ras-guanosine triphosphate (GTP) is induced early and in an oxidative stress-dependent manner. The functional role of Ras activation was studied by a single intraperitoneal injection of the neutral sphingomyelinase and farnesyltransferase inhibitor (FTI) manumycin A (1 mg/kg), which lowers induction of Ras-GTP and serum amounts of alanine aminotransferase (ALT). APAP dosing decreases hepatic glutathione amounts, which are not affected by manumycin A treatment. However, APAP-induced activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase, which plays an important role, is reduced by manumycin A. Also, APAP-induced mitochondrial reactive oxygen species are reduced by manumycin A at a later time point during liver injury. Importantly, the induction of genes involved in the inflammatory response (including iNos, gp91phox, and Fasl) and serum amounts of proinflammatory cytokines interferon-gamma (IFNgamma) and tumor necrosis factor alpha, which increase greatly with APAP challenge, are suppressed with manumycin A. The FTI activity of manumycin A is most likely involved in reducing APAP-induced liver injury, because a specific neutral sphingomyelinase inhibitor, GW4869 (1 mg/kg), did not show any hepatoprotective effect. Notably, a structurally distinct FTI, gliotoxin (1 mg/kg), also inhibits Ras activation and reduces serum amounts of ALT and IFN-gamma after APAP dosing. Finally, histological analysis confirmed the hepatoprotective effect of manumycin A and gliotoxin during APAP-induced liver damage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study identifies a key role for Ras activation and demonstrates the therapeutic efficacy of FTIs during APAP-induced liver injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.
authors.forename: Banishree
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Saha
authors.forename: Dipankar
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nandi
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000378:metabolism; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000818:Animals; D056486:Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D051231:Farnesyltranstransferase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D005912:Gliotoxin / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006160:Guanosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000378:metabolism; D048670:MAP Kinase Kinase 4 / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D011090:Polyenes / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D053284:Polyunsaturated Alkamides / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D018631:ras Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D011090:Polyenes; D053284:Polyunsaturated Alkamides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000082:Acetaminophen; D005912:Gliotoxin; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D006160:Guanosine Triphosphate; D051231:Farnesyltranstransferase; D000410:Alanine Transaminase; D048670:MAP Kinase Kinase 4; D018631:ras Proteins; C054474:manumycin