title: Association among acrylamide, blood insulin, and insulin resistance in adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Exposure to acrylamide in foodstuffs and smoking has become a worldwide concern. The effect of acrylamide on glucose homeostasis is not known. The goal of the present study was to test the hypothesis that trace acrylamide exposure might be independently associated with both reduced blood insulin and reduced insulin resistance.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined 1,356 participants with reliable measures of glucose homeostasis and Hb adducts of acrylamide (HbAA) and glycidamide from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2003-2004. Glucose homeostasis was assessed by the measurement of plasma glucose, serum insulin, and the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In a linear regression model, a 1-unit increase in log HbAA was associated with a decrease in serum insulin (beta coefficient = -0.20 +/- 0.05, P = 0.001) and HOMA-IR (beta coefficient = -0.23 +/- 0.05, P < 0.001). After HbAA concentrations were divided into quartiles in the fully adjusted models, the adjusted serum insulin level and HOMA-IR significantly decreased across quartiles of HbAA (P(trend) < 0.001 for both). In subgroup analysis, the association of HbAA levels with HOMA-IR and insulin levels was stronger in subjects who were white or had ever smoked or in subjects with a lower education level or a BMI <25 or >30 kg/m(2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Acrylamide is associated with reduced serum insulin levels in adults. Further clinical and animal studies are warranted to clarify the putative causal relationship.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, En Chu Kong Hospital, Taipei County, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chien-Yu
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Yu-Chuan
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Hsu-Ko
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Kuo
authors.forename: Juey-Jen
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.forename: Jiunn-Lee
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Pau-Chung
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Lian-Yu
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D000178:Acrylamides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D004522:Educational Status; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005260:Female; D006441:Hemoglobin A / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood*; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D009752:Nutritional Status; D012044:Regression Analysis; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000178:Acrylamides; D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D008055:Lipids; C028672:hemoglobin AA; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D006441:Hemoglobin A