title: Phase II, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of neoadjuvant celecoxib in men with clinically localized prostate cancer: evaluation of drug-specific biomarkers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is a potential pharmacologic target for the prevention of various malignancies, including prostate cancer. We conducted a randomized, double-blind trial to examine the effect of celecoxib on drug-specific biomarkers from prostate tissue obtained at prostatectomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with localized prostate cancer and Gleason sum > or = 7, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) > or = 15 ng/mL, clinical stage T2b or greater, or any combination with greater than 45% risk of capsular penetration were randomly assigned to celecoxib 400 mg by mouth twice daily or placebo for 4 to 6 weeks before prostatectomy. The primary end point was the difference in prostatic prostaglandin levels between the two groups. Secondary end points were differences in COX-1 and -2 expressions; oxidized DNA bases; and markers of proliferation, apoptosis and angiogenesis. Tissue celecoxib concentrations also were measured. Tertiary end points were drug safety and compliance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy-three patients consented, and 64 were randomly assigned and included in the intention-to-treat analysis. There were no treatment differences in any of the primary or secondary outcomes. Multivariable regression revealed that tumor tissue had significantly lower COX-2 expression than benign prostatic tissue (P = .01) and significantly higher levels of the proliferation marker Ki-67 (P < .0001). Celecoxib was measurable in prostate tissue of patients on treatment, demonstrating that celecoxib reached its target. Celecoxib was safe and resulted in only grade 1 toxicities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Treatment with 4 to 6 weeks of celecoxib had no effect on intermediate biomarkers of prostate carcinogenesis, despite the achievement of measurable tissue levels. We caution against using celecoxib 400 mg twice daily as a preventive agent for prostate cancer in additional studies.
authors.affiliation: Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
authors.forename: Emmanuel S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Antonarakis
authors.forename: Elisabeth I
authors.initials: EI
authors.lastname: Heath
authors.forename: Janet R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Walczak
authors.forename: William G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fedor
authors.forename: Angelo M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: De Marzo
authors.forename: Marianna L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Zahurak
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Piantadosi
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Dannenberg
authors.forename: Robin T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Gurganus
authors.forename: Sharyn D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: Howard L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Parnes
authors.forename: Theodore L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: DeWeese
authors.forename: Alan W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Partin
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Carducci
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood; D000068579:Celecoxib; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020360:Neoadjuvant Therapy; D011467:Prostate / Q000378:metabolism*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism*; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D011720:Pyrazoles; D013449:Sulfonamides; D000068579:Celecoxib