title: Effects of preoperative skin preparation on postoperative wound infection rates: a prospective study of 3 skin preparation protocols.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the effects of different skin preparation solutions on surgical-site infection rates.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three skin preparations were compared by means of a sequential implementation design. Each agent was adopted as the preferred modality for a 6-month period for all general surgery cases. Period 1 used a povidone-iodine scrub-paint combination (Betadine) with an isopropyl alcohol application between these steps, period 2 used 2% chlorhexidine and 70% isopropyl alcohol (ChloraPrep), and period 3 used iodine povacrylex in isopropyl alcohol (DuraPrep). Surgical-site infections were tracked for 30 days as part of ongoing data collection for the National Surgical Quality Improvement Project initiative. The primary outcome was the overall rate of surgical-site infection by 6-month period performed in an intent-to-treat manner.
  
  
  METHODS
  Single large academic medical center.
  
  
  METHODS
  All adult general surgery patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study comprised 3,209 operations. The lowest infection rate was seen in period 3, with iodine povacrylex in isopropyl alcohol as the preferred preparation method (3.9%, compared with 6.4% for period 1 and 7.1% for period 2; P = .002). In subgroup analysis, no difference in outcomes was seen between patients prepared with povidone-iodine scrub-paint and those prepared with iodine povacrylex in isopropyl alcohol, but patients in both these groups had significantly lower surgical-site infection rates, compared with rates for patients prepared with 2% chlorhexidine and 70% isopropyl alcohol (4.8% vs 8.2%; P = .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Skin preparation solution is an important factor in the prevention of surgical-site infections. Iodophor-based compounds may be superior to chlorhexidine for this purpose in general surgery patients.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, 22908-0300, USA. brs3j@virginia.edu
authors.forename: Brian R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Swenson
authors.forename: Traci L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Hedrick
authors.forename: Rosemarie
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Metzger
authors.forename: Hugo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bonatti
authors.forename: Timothy L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Pruett
authors.forename: Robert G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Sawyer
mesh_terms: D019840:2-Propanol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002710:Chlorhexidine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D016908:Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections; D006801:Humans; D007455:Iodine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011206:Povidone-Iodine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011300:Preoperative Care / Q000379:methods*; D012867:Skin / Q000382:microbiology; D017592:Skin Care / Q000379:methods*; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative / Q000009:adverse effects; D013530:Surgical Wound Infection / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; C515331:DuraPrep; D011206:Povidone-Iodine; D007455:Iodine; D019840:2-Propanol; D002710:Chlorhexidine