title: Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 through breastfeeding by treating mothers with triple antiretroviral therapy in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: the Mitra Plus study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The main aim of this study was to reduce breast-milk transmission of HIV-1 by treating HIV-1-infected women with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) during breastfeeding.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mitra Plus was an open-label, nonrandomized, prospective cohort study. HIV-1-infected pregnant women in Dar es Salaam were treated with zidovudine (ZDV) + lamivudine (3TC) + nevirapine (NVP). NVP was later replaced by nelfinavir for mothers with CD4 cell counts >200 cells per microliter or with adverse reaction to NVP. HAART was initiated at 34 weeks of gestation. For women with symptomatic HIV infection or CD4 cell counts below 200 cells per microliter, HAART was started earlier if possible. Treatment of the mothers was stopped at 6 months except for those mothers who needed HAART for their own health. The infants received ZDV + 3TC for 1 week after birth. Mothers were advised to exclusively breastfeed and to wean abruptly between 5 and 6 months. Transmission of HIV-1 was analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier survival technique. Cox regression was used for comparison with the breastfeeding population of the Petra trial arm A.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 441 infants included in the analysis of HIV-1 transmission. The cumulative transmission of HIV-1 was 4.1 % [95% confidence interval (CI): 2.2 to 6.0] at 6 weeks, 5.0% (95% CI: 2.9 to 7.1) at 6 months, and 6.0% (95% CI: 3.7 to 8.3) at 18 months after delivery. The cumulative risk of HIV transmission between 6 weeks and 6 months was 1.0% and between 6 months and 18 months 1.1%. The cumulative HIV infection or death rate was 8.6% (95% CI: 6.0 to 11.2) at 6 months and 13.6% (95% CI: 10.3 to 16.9) at 18 months after delivery. Viral load at enrollment and duration of HAART before delivery were significantly associated with transmission but CD4 cell count at enrollment was not. The median time of breastfeeding was 24 weeks. The transmission in the Mitra Plus study was about half of the transmission in the breastfeeding population in the Petra trial arm A at 6 months after delivery (adjusted relative hazard = 0.49, P < 0.001). The combined outcome HIV infection or death was significantly lower in the Mitra Plus study than in the breastfeeding population in the Petra trial arm A at 18 months (adjusted relative hazard = 0.61, P = 0.007). NVP-related mucocutaneous rash was demonstrated in 6.5% of 429 NVP-exposed women. The incidence of NVP-related grade 3 or 4 hepatotoxicity was low (0.5%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HAART given to HIV-infected mothers in late pregnancy and during breastfeeding resulted in a low postnatal HIV transmission similar to that previously demonstrated in the Mitra study in Dar es Salaam using infant prophylaxis with 3TC during breastfeeding. The extended maternal prophylaxis with HAART for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 for breastfeeding mothers who do not need HAART for their own health should be further evaluated and compared with the use of infant postnatal antiretroviral prophylaxis regarding safety and cost-effectiveness.
authors.affiliation: Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kilewo
authors.forename: Katarina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Karlsson
authors.forename: Matilda
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ngarina
authors.forename: Augustine
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Massawe
authors.forename: Eligius
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lyamuya
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Swai
authors.forename: Rosina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lipyoga
authors.forename: Fred
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mhalu
authors.forename: Gunnel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Biberfeld
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D001942:Breast Feeding; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000635:transmission*; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D013636:Tanzania / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents