title: Hazards of hepatitis at the Hajj.
abstract: While an increased risk of hepatitis is associated with travel, the risk of hepatitis associated with the Islamic Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca, Saudi Arabia has not been carefully quantified. Conditions unique to this gathering can pose the risk of both enteral and parenteral viral hepatitis. During this congregation, pilgrims stay in tents shared by 100 or more people often living on foods from street vendors and sharing common toilet facilities that can expose them to both hepatitis A and E. To mark the end of the festival, head shaving or trimming by fellow pilgrims or street barbers, who often re-use their razor may expose them to hepatitis B or C. Pilgrims are also at risk of cuts to the hands and feet while sacrificing cattle and walking barefooted, which may further increase the risk of parenteral viral hepatitis. Emerging diseases such as Alkhumra virus and Rift Valley fever, which may cause hepatitis, are also potentially important for the Hajj pilgrims. Improved health education to increase awareness about the risk of these diseases and appropriate immunisations, particularly hepatitis A and B vaccines, could play an important role.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Epsom and St Helier University Hospitals NHS Trust, KT18 7EG, Surrey, UK. sm_rafiq@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Shafquat M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Rafiq
authors.forename: Harunor
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rashid
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Haworth
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Booy
mesh_terms: D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D006505:Hepatitis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D006518:Hepatitis Viruses; D006801:Humans; D007514:Islam; D011634:Public Health; D012307:Risk Factors; D012529:Saudi Arabia / Q000453:epidemiology; D014195:Travel