title: Targeted reinnervation for transhumeral amputees: current surgical technique and update on results.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Targeted reinnervation in upper extremity transhumeral amputees can improve control and dexterity of myoelectric prostheses. The operation as described previously required a long residual limb and the presence of a brachialis muscle.
  
  
  METHODS
  Brachial plexus dissections were performed to confirm and better understand the branching pattern of the radial nerve in the upper arm. A simplified surgical approach for targeted reinnervation in transhumeral amputees was devised. This study reports on the first six transhumeral amputees who have undergone this simplified procedure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The long and lateral heads of the triceps receive distinct and separate motor nerves from the proximal radial nerve. This anatomy allows a nerve transfer of the distal radial nerve to the motor nerve of the lateral head of the triceps without injury to the innervation of the long head of the triceps. The median nerve transfer to the motor branch of the medial head of the biceps is performed on the anterior surface of the arm as described previously. All six patients had successful targeted reinnervation procedures using this simplified approach.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Targeted reinnervation for transhumeral amputees can now be performed in patients with amputations at the level of the middle of the humerus or longer.
authors.affiliation: Chicago, Ill.; and San Antonio, Texas From the Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, and the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University; the Neural Engineering Center for Artificial Limbs, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago; and the Department of Orthopedics, Brooke Army Medical Center.
authors.forename: Gregory A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Dumanian
authors.forename: Jason H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.forename: Kristina D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: O'Shaughnessy
authors.forename: Peter S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Todd A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Kuiken
mesh_terms: D000672:Amputation Stumps / Q000294:innervation*; D001186:Artificial Limbs; D004576:Electromyography; D006801:Humans; D008475:Median Nerve / Q000601:surgery*; D009046:Motor Neurons; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000294:innervation*; D016067:Nerve Transfer / Q000379:methods*; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000601:surgery