title: Premenstrual symptoms -- severity, duration and typology: an international cross-sectional study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Determine women's experiences of premenstrual symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional survey. Sample In all, 4085 women aged 14-49 years recruited by random telephone digit dialing in France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Spain, UK, Brazil and Mexico. Main outcome measures Telephone interview checklist of 23 premenstrual symptoms, sociodemographic variables and lifestyle variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most prevalent symptoms were abdominal bloating, cramps or abdominal pain, breast tenderness, irritability and mood swings. Severity of symptoms is directly proportional to duration (R = 0.79). Hierarchical clustering found the following mental and physical domains and a typology: 'Mild' type (40.8%) with minimal symptoms; 'Moderate M' type (28.7%) with moderately severe, mostly mental symptoms; 'Moderate P' type (21.9%) with moderately severe, mostly physical symptoms; and 'Severe' type (8.6%) with severe intensity of both mental and physical symptoms. Multiple stepwise regression found significant effects on symptom duration severity index of age (linear and quadratic effects), current smoking and country.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Further research is needed on the impact of premenstrual symptoms on quality of life, and whether a brief symptom list could be developed as a valid and reliable tool globally.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. ldenn@unimelb.edu.au
authors.forename: Lorraine
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dennerstein
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lehert
authors.forename: Torbjörn Carl
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Bäckström
authors.forename: Klaas
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Heinemann
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008800:Mexico / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D011293:Premenstrual Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D055815:Young Adult