title: Pitch bending and glissandi on the clarinet: roles of the vocal tract and partial tone hole closure.
abstract: Clarinettists combine non-standard fingerings with particular vocal tract configurations to achieve pitch bending, i.e., sounding pitches that can deviate substantially from those of standard fingerings. Impedance spectra were measured in the mouth of expert clarinettists while they played normally and during pitch bending, using a measurement head incorporated within a functioning clarinet mouthpiece. These were compared with the input impedance spectra of the clarinet for the fingerings used. Partially uncovering a tone hole by sliding a finger raises the frequency of clarinet impedance peaks, thereby allowing smooth increases in sounding pitch over some of the range. To bend notes in the second register and higher, however, clarinettists produce vocal tract resonances whose impedance maxima have magnitudes comparable with those of the bore resonance, which then may influence or determine the sounding frequency. It is much easier to bend notes down than up because of the phase relations of the bore and tract resonances, and the compliance of the reed. Expert clarinettists performed the glissando opening of Gershwin's 'Rhapsody in Blue'. Here, players coordinate the two effects: They slide their fingers gradually over open tone holes, while simultaneously adjusting a strong vocal tract resonance to the desired pitch.
authors.affiliation: School of Physics, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia. jerming@phys.unsw.edu.au
authors.forename: Jer-Ming
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Joe
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wolfe
mesh_terms: D000162:Acoustics; D005385:Fingers; D006801:Humans; D007830:Larynx / Q000502:physiology*; D009146:Music; D011312:Pressure; D011361:Professional Competence; D013018:Sound Spectrography; D014827:Vocal Cords / Q000502:physiology