title: Validation of Duruöz Hand Index for diabetic hand dysfunction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Duruöz Hand Index (DHI) is a functional disability scale that can be used successfully to assess the functional disability with different hand arthropathies. The hands are frequently involved in diabetic patients. We aimed to examine the use of DHI for its accuracy and ease in assessing these patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty patients with diabetes mellitus were recruited in this study. Hand pain was assessed with the visual analog scale. Duruöz Hand Index and Hand Functional Index were applied to assess the disability of hand. We evaluated the grip strength and 3 types of pinch strength (tip pinch, lateral or key pinch, and chuck or 3-finger pinch) for the dominant (D) and nondominant (ND) hands of each patient by 2 different kinds of Jamar dynamometers (JA Preston Corp, Jackson, MI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Jamar dynamometer scores were as follows (mean [SD]): grip strength-D (21.56 [5.86]), grip strength-ND (16.42 [4.26]), tip strength-D (5.14 [1.50]), tip strength-ND (5.13 [1.42]), lateral strength-D (5.15 [1.52]), lateral strength-ND (5.07 [1.19]), chuck strength-D (5.40 [1.40]), chuck strength-ND (5.33 [1.28]). There was a high correlation between DHI and Hand Functional Index (P < 0.001, rho = 0.586) showing that DHI has good convergent validity. The DHI had significant correlation with nonfunctional parameters such as visual analog scale-pain (P < 0.001), restricted hand motion (P = 0.020), chuck strength-D (P = 0.006), pins test-D (P < 0.001), pins test-ND (P = 0.013), and assembly test (P = 0.025).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The DHI is a practical scale that is efficient in accurate assessment of hand dysfunction in diabetic patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey.
authors.forename: Yasemin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Turan
authors.forename: Mehmet Tuncay
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Duruöz
authors.forename: Elif
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Aksakalli
authors.forename: Alev
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gürgan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D018737:Hand Strength / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D052581:Pinch Strength / Q000502:physiology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D055815:Young Adult