title: Chromatin poises miRNA- and protein-coding genes for expression.
abstract: Chromatin modifications have been implicated in the regulation of gene expression. While association of certain modifications with expressed or silent genes has been established, it remains unclear how changes in chromatin environment relate to changes in gene expression. In this article, we used ChIP-seq (chromatin immunoprecipitation with massively parallel sequencing) to analyze the genome-wide changes in chromatin modifications during activation of total human CD4(+) T cells by T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling. Surprisingly, we found that the chromatin modification patterns at many induced and silenced genes are relatively stable during the short-term activation of resting T cells. Active chromatin modifications were already in place for a majority of inducible protein-coding genes, even while the genes were silent in resting cells. Similarly, genes that were silenced upon T-cell activation retained positive chromatin modifications even after being silenced. To investigate if these observations are also valid for miRNA-coding genes, we systematically identified promoters for known miRNA genes using epigenetic marks and profiled their expression patterns using deep sequencing. We found that chromatin modifications can poise miRNA-coding genes as well. Our data suggest that miRNA- and protein-coding genes share similar mechanisms of regulation by chromatin modifications, which poise inducible genes for activation in response to environmental stimuli.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
authors.forename: Artem
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barski
authors.forename: Raja
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jothi
authors.forename: Suresh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cuddapah
authors.forename: Kairong
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.forename: Tae-Young
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Roh
authors.forename: Dustin E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Schones
authors.forename: Keji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002843:Chromatin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D042002:Chromatin Assembly and Disassembly / Q000502:physiology; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000235:genetics; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000235:genetics*; D016366:Open Reading Frames / Q000235:genetics; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D002843:Chromatin; D035683:MicroRNAs; D011506:Proteins