title: C-reactive protein as a predictor of disease in smokers and former smokers: a review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cigarette smoking is a classical and a major risk factor in the development of several diseases with an inflammatory component, including cardiovascular disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Improvements in assays for protein markers of inflammation have led to many studies on these factors and their roles in disease.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  C-reactive protein (CRP) is one such marker and this review focuses on the evidence for using CRP as a diagnostic marker and how levels of this protein are modified according to the smoking status of the patient, both in terms of the current amount of cigarettes smoked and how CRP levels change following smoking cessation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Assay of CRP levels may be useful in monitoring disease progression and determining risk of future cardiovascular complications. However, as this marker is also an indicator of acute inflammation and challenges to the immune system, some caution must be exercised in interpreting the available data on CRP levels in patients with different chronic comorbidities.
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA. stonstad@llu.edu
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tonstad
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Cowan
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001681:Biological Assay; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000175:diagnosis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics; D016540:Smoking Cessation
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines; D002097:C-Reactive Protein