title: Inhibition of group A streptococcal infection by Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil concentrate in the murine model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effect of a water-soluble Melaleuca alternifolia concentrate (MAC) on group A streptococcus (GAS; Streptococcus pyogenes)-induced necrotizing fasciitis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MAC pretreatment (1% and 2% v/v) was able to protect mice from GAS infection in an air pouch model. GAS-induced mouse death and skin injury were inhibited dose dependently by MAC. Administration of MAC at 6 h post-GAS infection partially delayed mouse death. Surveys of the exudates of the air pouch of MAC-treated mice revealed that the survival of infiltrating cells was prolonged, the bacteria were eliminated, and the production of inflammatory cytokines was inhibited. MAC could directly inhibit the growth of GAS in vitro, and the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of MAC for GAS was determined as 0.05% v/v using the time-kill assay. Furthermore, a sub-MIC dose of MAC not only enhanced the bactericidal activity of RAW264.7 macrophage cells against GAS but also increased susceptibility of GAS for blood clearance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that MAC may inhibit GAS-induced skin damage and mouse death by directly inhibiting GAS growth and enhancing the bactericidal activity of macrophages.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results provide scientific data on the use of MAC for the treatment of GAS-induced necrotizing fasciitis in the murine model.
authors.affiliation:  Department of Biological Science and Technology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung County, Taiwan.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tsao
authors.affiliation:  Department of Nursing, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung County, Taiwan.
authors.forename: C-F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Kuo
authors.affiliation:  Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: H-Y
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Lei
authors.affiliation:  Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: S-L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation:  Department of Life Science and Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan.
authors.forename: K-J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D019115:Fasciitis, Necrotizing / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology*; D031650:Melaleuca / Q000737:chemistry*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012867:Skin / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D013290:Streptococcal Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000517:prevention & control; D013297:Streptococcus pyogenes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D020947:Tea Tree Oil / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts; D020947:Tea Tree Oil