title: Strain uniformity in biaxial specimens is highly sensitive to attachment details.
abstract: Biaxial testing has been used widely to characterize the mechanical properties of soft tissues and other flexible materials, but fundamental issues related to specimen design and attachment have remained. Finite element models and experiments were used to investigate how specimen geometry and attachment details affect uniformity of the strain field inside the attachment points. The computational studies confirm that increasing the number of attachment points increases the size of the area that experiences sensibly uniform strain (defined here as the central sample region where the ratio of principal strains E(11)/E(22)<1.10), and that the strains experienced in this region are less than nominal strains based on attachment point movement. Uniformity of the strain field improves substantially when the attachment points span a wide zone along each edge. Subtle irregularities in attachment point positioning can significantly degrade strain field uniformity. In contrast, details of the apron, the region outside of the attachment points, have little effect on the interior strain field. When nonlinear properties consistent with those found in human sclera are used, similar results are found. Experiments were conducted on 6 x 6 mm talc-sprinkled rubber specimens loaded using wire "rakes." Points on a grid having 12 x 12 bays were tracked, and a detailed strain map was constructed. A finite element model based on the actual geometry of an experiment having an off-pattern rake tine gave strain patterns that matched to within 4.4%. Finally, simulations using nonequibiaxial strains indicated that the strain field uniformity was more sensitive to sample attachment details for the nonequibiaxial case as compared to the equibiaxial case. Specimen design and attachment were found to significantly affect the uniformity of the strain field produced in biaxial tests. Practical guidelines were offered for design and mounting of biaxial test specimens. The issues addressed here are particularly relevant as specimens become smaller in size.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, and Institute for Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Armin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Eilaghi
authors.forename: John G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Flanagan
authors.forename: G Wayne
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Brodland
authors.forename: C Ross
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Ethier
mesh_terms: D016880:Anisotropy; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003238:Connective Tissue / Q000502:physiology*; D055119:Elastic Modulus / Q000502:physiology; D008954:Models, Biological; D013314:Stress, Mechanical