title: Comparison of mass and targeted screening strategies for cardiovascular risk: simulation of the effectiveness, cost-effectiveness and coverage using a cross-sectional survey of 3921 people.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cardiovascular primary prevention should be targeted at those with the highest global risk. However, it is unclear how best to identify such individuals from the general population. The aim of this study was to compare mass and targeted screening strategies in terms of effectiveness, cost effectiveness and coverage.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Scottish Health Survey provided cross-sectional data on 3921 asymptomatic members of the general population aged 40-74 years. We undertook simulation models of five screening strategies: mass screening, targeted screening of deprived communities, targeted screening of family members and combinations of the latter two.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To identify one individual at high risk of premature cardiovascular disease using mass screening required 16.0 people to be screened at a cost of pound370. Screening deprived communities targeted 17% of the general population but identified 45% of those at high risk, and identified one high-risk individual for every 6.1 people screened at a cost of pound141. Screening family members targeted 28% of the general population but identified 61% of those at high risk, and identified one high-risk individual for every 7.4 people screened at a cost of pound170. Combining both approaches enabled 84% of high risk individuals to be identified by screening only 41% of the population. Extending targeted to mass screening identified only one additional high-risk person for every 58.8 screened at a cost of pound1358.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Targeted screening strategies are less costly than mass screening, and can identify up to 84% of high-risk individuals. The additional resources required for mass screening may not be justified.
authors.affiliation: Public Health Section, University of Glasgow, 1 Lilybank Gardens, Glasgow G12 8RZ, UK.
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Lawson
authors.forename: E A L
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Fenwick
authors.forename: A C H
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Pell
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Pell
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000191:economics / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D018803:Models, Economic; D018570:Risk Assessment