title: Tanzania national survey on iodine deficiency: impact after twelve years of salt iodation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In many low-income countries, children are at high risk of iodine deficiency disorders, including brain damage. In the early 1990s, Tanzania, a country that previously suffered from moderate to severe iodine deficiency, adopted universal salt iodation (USI) as an intervention strategy, but its impact remained unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  We report on the first national survey in mainland Tanzania, conducted in 2004 to assess the extent to which iodated salt was used and its apparent impact on the total goitre prevalence (TGP) and urinary iodine concentrations (UIC) among the schoolchildren after USI was initiated. In 2004, a cross-sectional goitre survey was conducted; covering 140,758 schoolchildren aged 6 - 18 years were graded for goitre according to new WHO goitre classification system. Comparisons were made with district surveys conducted throughout most of the country during the 1980s and 90s. 131,941 salt samples from households were tested for iodine using rapid field test kits. UIC was determined spectrophotometrically using the ammonium persulfate digestion method in 4523 sub-sampled children.
  
  
  RESULTS
  83.6% (95% CI: 83.4 - 83.8) of salt samples tested positive for iodine. Whereas the TGP was about 25% on average in the earlier surveys, it was 6.9% (95%CI: 6.8-7.0) in 2004. The TGP for the younger children, 6-9 years old, was 4.2% (95%CI: 4.0-4.4), n = 41,965. In the 27 goitre-endemic districts, TGP decreased from 61% (1980s) to 12.3% (2004). The median UIC was 204 (95% CF: 192-215) microg/L. Only 25% of children had UIC <100 microg/L and 35% were > or = 300 microg/L, indicating low and excess iodine intake, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study demonstrates a marked improvement in iodine nutrition in Tanzania, twelve years after the initiation of salt iodation programme. The challenge in sustaining IDD elimination in Tanzania is now two-fold: to better reach the areas with low coverage of iodated salt, and to reduce iodine intake in areas where it is excessive. Particular attention is needed in improving quality control at production level and perhaps the national salt iodation regulations may need to be reviewed.
authors.affiliation: Tanzania Food and Nutrition Centre, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. vincentassey@yahoo.co.uk
authors.forename: Vincent D
authors.initials: VD
authors.lastname: Assey
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Peterson
authors.forename: Sabas
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kimboka
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ngemera
authors.forename: Celestin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mgoba
authors.forename: Deusdedit M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Ruhiye
authors.forename: Godwin D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Ndossi
authors.forename: Ted
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Greiner
authors.forename: Thorkild
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tylleskär
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006042:Goiter / Q000453:epidemiology; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007455:Iodine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000652:urine; D015995:Prevalence; D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D013636:Tanzania / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary; C034024:iodized salt; D007455:Iodine