title: Acetaldehyde and the hypothermic effects of ethanol in mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Acetaldehyde, the first metabolite of ethanol, has been suggested to be involved in many behavioral effects of ethanol. However, few studies have investigated the hypothermic effects of acetaldehyde or the contribution of acetaldehyde to ethanol-induced hypothermia. The aim of the present study is to better understand the hypothermic effects of acetaldehyde and the possible contribution of acetaldehyde in ethanol-induced hypothermia, especially under conditions leading to acetaldehyde accumulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Female Swiss mice were injected intraperitoneally with ethanol and acetaldehyde and their rectal temperatures were measured with a digital thermometer at various time points after the injections. Experiment 1 compared the hypothermic effects of various acetaldehyde doses (0 to 300 mg/kg) with a reference dose of ethanol (3 g/kg). Experiment 2 tested the effects of a pretreatment with the aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) inhibitor cyanamide (25 mg/kg) on ethanol- and acetaldehyde-induced hypothermia. In experiments 3 and 4, mice received a combined pretreatment with cyanamide and the alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) inhibitor 4-Methylpyrazole (10 mg/kg) before the injection of ethanol or acetaldehyde.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Acetaldehyde at doses between 100 and 300 mg/kg induced significant hypothermic effects, but of shorter duration than ethanol-induced hypothermia. The inhibition of ALDH enzymes by cyanamide induced a strong potentiation of both ethanol- and acetaldehyde-induced hypothermia. The pretreatment with 4-MP prevented the potentiation of ethanol-induced hypothermia by cyanamide, but slightly increased the potentiation of acetaldehyde-induced hypothermia by cyanamide.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the present study clearly show that acetaldehyde has hypothermic properties in mice at least at relatively high concentrations. Furthermore, the accumulation of acetaldehyde following ALDH inhibition strongly enhanced the hypothermic effects of ethanol. These latter results confirm the hypothermic properties of acetaldehyde and show that acetate, the next step in ethanol metabolism, is not involved in these hypothermic effects. Finally, the experiment with 4-MP indicates that the potentiating effects of cyanamide are mediated by the peripheral accumulation of acetaldehyde, which then reaches the brain to induce a severe hypothermia.
authors.affiliation: Centre de Neurosciences Cognitives et Comportementales, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Closon
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Didone
authors.forename: Ezio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tirelli
authors.forename: Etienne
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Quertemont
mesh_terms: D000079:Acetaldehyde / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D000444:Aldehyde Dehydrogenase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D000818:Animals; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000187:drug effects; D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D003484:Cyanamide / Q000633:toxicity; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D000431:Ethanol / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D005260:Female; D000077604:Fomepizole; D007035:Hypothermia / Q000139:chemically induced*; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D011720:Pyrazoles; D000431:Ethanol; D003484:Cyanamide; D000077604:Fomepizole; D000444:Aldehyde Dehydrogenase; D000079:Acetaldehyde