title: How to crack nuts: acquisition process in captive chimpanzees  (Pan troglodytes) observing a model.
abstract: Stone tool use for nut cracking consists of placing a hard-shelled nut onto a stone anvil and then cracking the shell open by pounding it with a stone hammer to get to the kernel. We investigated the acquisition of tool use for nut cracking in a group of captive chimpanzees to clarify what kind of understanding of the tools and actions will lead to the acquisition of this type of tool use in the presence of a skilled model. A human experimenter trained a male chimpanzee until he mastered the use of a hammer and anvil stone to crack open macadamia nuts. He was then put in a nut-cracking situation together with his group mates, who were naïve to this tool use; we did not have a control group without a model. The results showed that the process of acquisition could be broken down into several steps, including recognition of applying pressure to the nut,emergence of the use of a combination of three objects, emergence of the hitting action, using a tool for hitting, and hitting the nut. The chimpanzees recognized these different components separately and practiced them one after another. They gradually united these factors in their behavior leading to their first success. Their behavior did not clearly improve immediately after observing successful nut cracking by a peer, but observation of a skilled group member seemed to have a gradual, long-term influence on the acquisition of nut cracking by naïve chimpanzees.
authors.affiliation: Great Ape Research Institute, Hayashibara Biochemical Laboratories, Inc., Ocayama, Japan.  hirata@gari.be.to
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hirata
authors.forename: Naruki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Morimura
authors.forename: Chiharu
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Houki
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning; D008297:Male; D002679:Pan troglodytes / Q000502:physiology*; D012919:Social Behavior; D053001:Tool Use Behavior