title: Impact of immigration on the clinical expression of systemic lupus erythematosus: a comparative study of Hispanic patients residing in the USA and Mexico.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the socio-economic characteristics, clinical features and health-related quality of life in Hispanic SLE patients residing in Mexico and in the Southwest USA (Mexican and Texan, herein).
  
  
  METHODS
  Mexican and Texan SLE patients (fulfilling ACR criteria) participating in separate longitudinal outcome studies were evaluated. Texan patients were randomly chosen to match total disease duration with the Mexican patients. Cross-sectional data for the Mexican patients were obtained by a US-trained investigator who had previously participated in data collection for the cohort to which the Texan patients belonged. Socio-economic and -demographic characteristics, clinical characteristics, disease activity (with SLAM-Revised), damage accrual (with SLICC/ACR Damage Index) and self-reported function (with Short Form-36) were compared between the two groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy Mexican patients were matched with either one or two Texan patients (n = 94) for a total of 164 patients. Mexican patients were younger. In age-adjusted analyses, the Mexican patients were more educated, had better health-related quality of life and overall less systemic SLE manifestations. Mexican patients were exposed more frequently to AZA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Texan patients had more severe disease than the Mexican patients. In multivariable analyses, Texan Hispanic ethnicity was significantly associated with high disease activity, but significance was not reached for damage. The discrepant findings observed between these two Hispanic groups of SLE patients may reflect socio-economic or biological factors. Given the global phenomenon of immigration, rheumatologists should be aware of the overall course and outcome of immigrant SLE patients if undesirable outcomes are to be prevented.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zurbirán, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: América G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Uribe
authors.forename: Juanita
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Romero-Díaz
authors.forename: Mandar
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Apte
authors.forename: Mónica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fernández
authors.forename: Paula I
authors.initials: PI
authors.lastname: Burgos
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Reveille
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Guerrero
authors.forename: Graciela S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Alarcón
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004363:Drug Utilization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004522:Educational Status; D004641:Emigration and Immigration; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000208:ethnology*; D008297:Male; D008800:Mexico / Q000208:ethnology; D011788:Quality of Life; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013781:Texas; D055815:Young Adult