title: Nicotine and elevated body temperature reduce the complexity of the genioglossus and diaphragm EMG signals in rats during early maturation.
abstract: In this paper, we examined the effect of nicotine exposure and increased body temperature on the complexity (dynamics) of the genioglossus muscle (EMGg) and the diaphragm muscle (EMGdia) to explore the effects of nicotine and hyperthermia. Nonlinear dynamical analysis of the EMGdia and EMGg signals was performed using the approximate entropy method on 15 (7 saline- and 8 nicotine-treated) juvenile rats (P25-P35) and 19 (11 saline- and 8 nicotine-treated) young adult rats (P36-P44). The mean complexity values were calculated over the ten consecutive breaths using the approximate entropy method during mild elevated body temperature (38 degrees C) and severe elevated body temperature (39-40 degrees C) in two groups. In the first (nicotine) group, rats were treated with single injections of nicotine enough to produce brain levels of nicotine similar to those achieved in human smokers (2.5 (mg kg(-1))/day) until the recording day. In the second (control) group, rats were treated with injections of saline, beginning at postnatal 5 days until the recording day. Our results show that warming the rat by 2-3 degrees C and nicotine exposure significantly decreased the complexity of the EMGdia and EMGg for the juvenile age group. This reduction in the complexity of the EMGdia and EMGg for the nicotine group was much greater than the normal during elevated body temperatures. We speculate that the generalized depressive effects of nicotine exposure and elevated body temperature on the respiratory neural firing rate and the behavior of the central respiratory network could be responsible for the drastic decrease in the complexity of the EMGdia and EMGg signals, the outputs of the respiratory neural network during early maturation.
authors.affiliation: Harrington Department of Bioengineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, 85287, USA.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Akkurt
authors.forename: Yasemin M
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Akay
authors.forename: Metin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Akay
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000502:physiology*; D004576:Electromyography / Q000187:drug effects*; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D009538:Nicotine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D012132:Respiratory Muscles / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D009538:Nicotine