title: Psychophysical and functional imaging evidence supporting the presence of central sensitization in a cohort of osteoarthritis patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The groin pain experienced by patients with hip osteoarthritis (OA) is often accompanied by areas of referred pain and changes in skin sensitivity. We aimed to identify the supraspinal influences that underlie these clinical manifestations that we consider indicative of possible central sensitization.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty patients with hip OA awaiting joint replacement and displaying signs of referred pain were recruited into the study, together with age-matched controls. All subjects completed pain psychology questionnaires and underwent quantitative sensory testing (QST) in their area of referred pain. Twelve of 20 patients and their age- and sex-matched controls underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) while the areas of referred pain were stimulated using cold stimuli (12 degrees C) and punctate stimuli (256 mN). The remaining 8 of 20 patients underwent punctate stimulation only.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients were found to have significantly lower threshold perception to punctate stimuli and were hyperalgesic to the noxious punctate stimulus in their areas of referred pain. Functional brain imaging illustrated significantly greater activation in the brainstem of OA patients in response to punctate stimulation of their referred pain areas compared with healthy controls, and the magnitude of this activation positively correlated with the extent of neuropathic-like elements to the patient's pain, as indicated by the PainDETECT score.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using psychophysical (QST) and brain imaging methods (functional MRI), we have identified increased activity with the periaqueductal grey matter associated with stimulation of the skin in referred pain areas of patients with hip OA. This offers a central target for analgesia aimed at improving the treatment of this largely peripheral disease.
authors.affiliation: University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. sgwilym@fmrib.ox.ac.uk
authors.forename: Stephen E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Gwilym
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Keltner
authors.forename: Catherine E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Warnaby
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Carr
authors.forename: Boris
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chizh
authors.forename: Iain
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Chessell
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Tracey
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003080:Cold Temperature; D005073:Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009619:Nociceptors / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology; D015207:Osteoarthritis, Hip / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D010146:Pain / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D011312:Pressure; D012867:Skin / Q000294:innervation* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology