title: Neural correlates of 'pessimistic' attitude in depression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Preparing for potentially threatening events in the future is essential for survival. Anticipating the future to be unpleasant is also a cognitive key feature of depression. We hypothesized that 'pessimism'-related emotion processing would characterize brain activity in major depression.MethodDuring functional magnetic resonance imaging, depressed patients and a healthy control group were cued to expect and then perceive pictures of known emotional valences--pleasant, unpleasant and neutral--and stimuli of unknown valence that could have been either pleasant or unpleasant. Brain activation associated with the 'unknown' expectation was compared with the 'known' expectation conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  While anticipating pictures of unknown valence, activation patterns in depressed patients within the medial and dorsolateral prefrontal areas, inferior frontal gyrus, insula and medial thalamus were similar to activations associated with expecting unpleasant pictures, but not with expecting positive pictures. The activity within a majority of these areas correlated with the depression scores. Differences between healthy and depressed persons were found particularly for medial and dorsolateral prefrontal and insular activations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Brain activation in depression during expecting events of unknown emotional valence was comparable with activation while expecting certainly negative, but not positive events. This neurobiological finding is consistent with cognitive models supposing that depressed patients develop a 'pessimistic' attitude towards events with an unknown emotional meaning. Thereby, particularly the role of brain areas associated with the processing of cognitive and executive control and of the internal state is emphasized in contributing to major depression.
authors.affiliation: Psychiatric University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland. uwe.herwig@puk.zh.ch
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Herwig
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Brühl
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kaffenberger
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Baumgartner
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Boeker
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jäncke
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology; D001290:Attitude; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D003463:Cues; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004292:Dominance, Cerebral / Q000502:physiology; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation / Q000502:physiology*; D010364:Pattern Recognition, Visual / Q000502:physiology; D012718:Set, Psychology