title: A waveform diversity method for optimizing 3-d power depositions generated by ultrasound phased arrays.
abstract: A waveform-diversity-based approach for 3-D tumor heating is compared to spot scanning for hyperthermia applications. The waveform diversity method determines the excitation signals applied to the phased array elements and produces a beam pattern that closely matches the desired power distribution. The optimization algorithm solves the covariance matrix of the excitation signals through semidefinite programming subject to a series of quadratic cost functions and constraints on the control points. A numerical example simulates a 1444-element spherical-section phased array that delivers heat to a 3-cm-diameter spherical tumor located 12 cm from the array aperture, and the results show that waveform diversity combined with mode scanning increases the heated volume within the tumor while simultaneously decreasing normal tissue heating. Whereas standard single focus and multiple focus methods are often associated with unwanted intervening tissue heating, the waveform diversity method combined with mode scanning shifts energy away from intervening tissues where hotspots otherwise accumulate to improve temperature localization in deep-seated tumors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
authors.forename: Xiaozheng Jenny
authors.initials: XJ
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: McGough
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006979:Hyperthermia, Induced; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D011312:Pressure; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D013696:Temperature; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods*