title: Outcome analysis of neonates with congenital diaphragmatic hernia treated with venovenous vs venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) (VA) is used more commonly in neonates with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) than venovenous ECMO (VV). We hypothesized that VV may result in comparable outcomes in infants with CDH requiring ECMO.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively analyzed the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization (ELSO) database (1991-2006). Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to compare VV- and VA-associated mortality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four thousand one hundred fifteen neonates required ECMO, with an overall mortality rate of 49.6%. Venoarterial ECMO was used in 82% and VV in 18% of neonates. Pre-ECMO inotrope use and complications were equivalent between VA and VV. The mortality rate for VA and VV was 50% and 46%, respectively. After adjusting for birth weight, gestational age, prenatal diagnosis, ethnicity, Apgar scores, pH less than 7.20, Paco(2) greater than 50, requiring high-frequency ventilation, and year of ECMO, there was no difference in mortality between VV vs VA. Renal complications and on-ECMO inotrope use were more common with VV, whereas neurologic complications were more common with VA. The conversion rate from VV to VA was 18%; conversion was associated with a 56% mortality rate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The short-term outcomes of VV and VA are comparable. Patients with CDH who fail VV may be predisposed to a worse outcome. Nevertheless, VV offers equal benefit to patients with CDH requiring ECMO while preserving the native carotid.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA.
authors.forename: Yigit S
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Guner
authors.forename: Robinder G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Khemani
authors.forename: Faisal G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Qureshi
authors.forename: Choo Phei
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Wee
authors.forename: Mary T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Austin
authors.forename: Fred
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dorey
authors.forename: Peter T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Rycus
authors.forename: Henri R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Ford
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Friedlich
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Stein
mesh_terms: D001034:Apgar Score; D001724:Birth Weight; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D015199:Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation / Q000379:methods* / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006548:Hernia, Diaphragmatic / Q000208:ethnology / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D065630:Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care; D012042:Registries; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014680:Veins