title: Endoscopic intraoperative control of epistaxis in nasal surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Epistaxis represents a dangerous post-operative complication of nasal surgery. The advances of endoscopic procedures have also brought along the possibility of a surgical solution of nasal bleeding. These procedures include endoscopic cautery of the bleeding points, and more difficult techniques of endoscopic ligation of the sphenopalatine artery or the anterior ethmoidal artery. These surgical methods permit avoiding nasal packing, a very annoying procedure for the patient. This study aims to evaluate the advantages of this approach at the end of a nasal surgery to prevent routine nasal packing.
  
  
  METHODS
  133 subjects were operated on by the same surgeon in the Otorhinolaringology Department of University of Foggia (Italy) from March 2006 to March 2007. 17 (12.8%) patients were submitted to septoplasty, 42 (31.5%) to turbinoplasty (in 22 accompanied by septoplasty) and 74 (55.6%) to endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) for nasal polyposis or nasal tumors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only 16 cases (12%) underwent nasal packing, while in the remaining 117 (88%) endoscopic control of bleeding permitted avoiding packing. In 53 (39.8%) patients only an endoscopic cauterization of bleeding points was performed; in 29 (21.8%) cases a sphenopalatine artery ligation was necessary. Only 2 subjects (1.5%) underwent anterior ethmoidal artery ligation. In the remaining 34 (25.5%) patients no procedure was necessary, due to the apparently scarce bleeding in the endoscopic vision at the end of surgery. In this group of non-packed patients, only 8 (6.8%) needed a post-operative tamponade while in the group of packed patients, 2 (12.5%) cases had a re-bleeding and a revisional surgery was necessary.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intra-operative precautional packing is therefore not justified during nasal surgery because of the small percentage of post-operative epistaxis. Intra-operative control of bleeding allowed nasal packing to be avoided in a large percentage of cases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Foggia, Viale Pinto, Foggia, Italy. m.cassano@unifg.it
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cassano
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Longo
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fiocca-Matthews
authors.forename: Alessandro Maselli
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Del Giudice
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001158:Arteries / Q000601:surgery; D004564:Electrocoagulation; D004724:Endoscopy; D004844:Epistaxis / Q000601:surgery*; D005005:Ethmoid Sinus / Q000098:blood supply*; D005260:Female; D006488:Hemostasis, Surgical / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008026:Ligation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009298:Nasal Polyps / Q000601:surgery*; D010255:Paranasal Sinus Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D019106:Postoperative Hemorrhage / Q000601:surgery*; D012225:Rhinoplasty; D013101:Sphenoid Sinus / Q000098:blood supply*; D014420:Turbinates / Q000601:surgery*; D055815:Young Adult