title: Reactivating HIF prolyl hydroxylases under hypoxia results in metabolic catastrophe and cell death.
abstract: Cells exposed to low-oxygen conditions (hypoxia) alter their metabolism to survive. This response, although vital during development and high-altitude survival, is now known to be a major factor in the selection of cells with a transformed metabolic phenotype during tumorigenesis. It is thought that hypoxia-selected cells have increased invasive capacity and resistance to both chemo- and radiotherapies, and therefore represent an attractive target for antitumor therapy. Hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs) are responsible for the majority of gene expression changes under hypoxia, and are themselves controlled by the oxygen-sensing HIF prolyl hydroxylases (PHDs). It was previously shown that mutations in succinate dehydrogenase lead to the inactivation PHDs under normoxic conditions, which can be overcome by treatment with alpha-ketoglutarate derivatives. Given that solid tumors contain large regions of hypoxia, the reactivation of PHDs in these conditions could induce metabolic catastrophe and therefore prove an effective antitumor therapy. In this report we demonstrate that derivatized alpha-ketoglutarate can be used as a strategy for maintaining PHD activity under hypoxia. By increasing intracellular alpha-ketoglutarate and activating PHDs we trigger PHD-dependent reversal of HIF1 activation, and PHD-dependent hypoxic cell death. We also show that derivatized alpha-ketoglutarate can permeate multiple layers of cells, reducing HIF1alpha levels and its target genes in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research UK, The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, Scotland G61 1BD, UK.
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Tennant
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Frezza
authors.forename: E D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: MacKenzie
authors.forename: Q D
authors.initials: QD
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Selak
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dive
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Watson
authors.forename: E O
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: Aboagye
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gottlieb
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016923:Cell Death / Q000502:physiology; D015687:Cell Hypoxia / Q000502:physiology; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D005260:Female; D045325:HCT116 Cells; D006801:Humans; D051793:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit / Q000378:metabolism; D064799:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-Proline Dioxygenases; D007656:Ketoglutaric Acids / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D053858:Metabolic Networks and Pathways; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008819:Mice, Nude; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D011393:Procollagen-Proline Dioxygenase / Q000378:metabolism*; D014162:Transfection; D051794:Von Hippel-Lindau Tumor Suppressor Protein / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C497442:HIF1A protein, human; D051793:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D007656:Ketoglutaric Acids; C490190:EGLN1 protein, human; D011393:Procollagen-Proline Dioxygenase; D064799:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-Proline Dioxygenases; D051794:Von Hippel-Lindau Tumor Suppressor Protein; C497446:VHL protein, human; D010100:Oxygen