title: The hormone receptor GUCY2C suppresses intestinal tumor formation by inhibiting AKT signaling.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  GUCY2C is the intestinal receptor for the paracrine hormones guanylin and uroguanylin that converts guanosine-5'-triphosphate to cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). It functions as a tumor suppressor; its loss disrupts intestinal homeostasis and promotes tumorigenesis. We investigated the effects of GUCY2C loss on intestinal cell proliferation, metabolism, signaling, and tumorigenesis in mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Intestinal cell proliferation and metabolism were examined in Gucy2c(-/-) and colon cancer cells by microscopy, immunoblot, and functional analyses. Microarray analyses compared gene expression profiles of intestine cell from Gucy2c(-/-) and wild-type mice. v akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog (AKT) regulation and signaling were examined, and the role of AKT in GUCY2C-dependent tumorigenesis was defined in Gucy2c(-/-)Akt1(-/-) mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The size and number of intestinal crypts increased in Gucy2c(-/-) mice; the associated epithelial cells showed accelerated proliferation, increased glycolysis, and reduced oxidative phosphorylation, which was reversed by oral administration of cGMP. Conversely, activating guanylyl cyclase C in human colon cancer cells delayed cell-cycle progression, decreased DNA synthesis and colony formation, reduced glycolysis, and increased mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate production. AKT signaling pathways were activated in intestines of Gucy2c(-/-) mice, associated with increased AKT phosphorylation. Disruption of AKT activity, pharmacologically or genetically, reduced DNA synthesis, proliferation, and glycolysis, and increased mitochondrial biogenesis. Intestinal tumorigenesis increased after administration of azoxymethane to Gucy2c(-/-) mice, compared with wild-type mice, but was eliminated in Gucy2c(-/-)Akt1(-/-) mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GUCY2C is a tumor suppressor that controls proliferation and metabolism of intestinal epithelial cells by inactivating AKT signaling. This receptor and its ligands, which are paracrine hormones, might be novel candidates for anticolorectal cancer therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Jieru Egeria
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Adam Eugene
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Snook
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schulz
authors.forename: Abhijit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dasgupta
authors.forename: Terry Marie
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Hyslop
authors.forename: Ahmara Vivian
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Gibbons
authors.forename: Glen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Marszlowicz
authors.forename: Giovanni Mario
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Pitari
authors.forename: Scott Arthur
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Waldman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002455:Cell Division / Q000502:physiology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000378:metabolism; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D006162:Guanylate Cyclase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008817:Mice, Mutant Strains; D051059:PTEN Phosphohydrolase / Q000378:metabolism; D019899:Paracrine Communication / Q000502:physiology; D010641:Phenotype; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000074261:Receptors, Enterotoxin; D050705:Receptors, Guanylate Cyclase-Coupled; D018000:Receptors, Peptide / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D018000:Receptors, Peptide; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D051059:PTEN Phosphohydrolase; C487757:Pten protein, mouse; C000613654:GUCY2C protein, human; D006162:Guanylate Cyclase; C000613655:Gucy2c protein, mouse; D000074261:Receptors, Enterotoxin; D050705:Receptors, Guanylate Cyclase-Coupled