title: Globalization, immigration and diabetes self-management: an empirical study amongst immigrants with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Ireland.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We have previously reported that immigrants in Ireland have poorer glycemic control compared with a matched population of Irish patients. This may be associated with poor diabetes self-care and low health literacy.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare the diabetes self-care profile of non-Irish-national patients i.e. immigrant patients (IM) and Irish patients (IR) attending a hospital diabetes clinic and to evaluate differences in health literacy between the two cohorts.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied the differences in diabetes self-management between 52 randomly selected non-Irish-national patients with type 2 diabetes and 48 randomly selected Irish/Caucasian patients. Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine (REALM) was used to assess health literacy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  IM had poorer glycemic control than IR (HbA1c 8.0 +/- 1.9 vs. 6.9 +/- 1.4%, P < 0.005). A significant proportion of IM forget to monitor their daily blood glucose (42.1% vs. 12.5%, P < 0.05). Family support is more important amongst IM in performing daily blood glucose monitoring (75% vs. 47.7%, P < 0.05), taking medications (81.7% vs. 42.2%, P = 0.01) and following an appropriate meal plan (87.6% vs. 62.2%, P < 0.05). Fifty-three percent can only understand simple or familiar questions about their diabetes care; 65.9% can only provide information on simple or familiar topics about their diabetes. Health literacy was found to be lower in the IM groups when assessed using REALM (52.7 vs. 61.4, P = 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Those providing diabetes education and care need to be aware of differing patient expectations regarding family involvement in the care of their diabetes and the possible contribution of language problems and lower health literacy to a limited understanding of diabetes self-care.
authors.affiliation: Metabolic Research Unit, Department of Endocrinology, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Thabit
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nash
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Brema
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Nolan
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Martin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D004522:Educational Status; D054242:Emigrants and Immigrants / Q000523:psychology*; D004641:Emigration and Immigration / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D038622:Internationality; D007494:Ireland / Q000453:epidemiology; D007802:Language; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012648:Self Care / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D008055:Lipids; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human