title: Fetal Doppler mechanical PR interval: correlation with fetal heart rate, gestational age and fetal sex.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To establish normal fetal values for the mechanical PR interval by pulsed-wave Doppler at 16-36 weeks of gestation, and to evaluate the influence of fetal heart rate (FHR), gestational age (GA) and fetal sex.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fetal mechanical PR intervals were evaluated prospectively by obstetric ultrasound examination. Healthy mothers with sonographically normal fetuses from singleton pregnancies were included. Mechanical PR intervals were measured from simultaneous mitral and aortic Doppler waveforms, from the onset of left atrial contraction (mitral A-wave) to the onset of left ventricular ejection (aortic pulse wave). Simple and multiple linear regression analyses were performed to examine the correlation between PR interval and GA, FHR and fetal sex.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We evaluated 336 fetuses at 16-36 weeks. The mean +/- SD FHR was 143.4 +/- 8.3 beats per min (bpm). The PR intervals had a typical Gaussian distribution with a mean +/- SD of 122.4 +/- 10.3 ms. Robust linear regression showed that the PR increased by about 0.40 ms (95% CI, 0.22-0.58) per gestational week (P < 0.001), and this relationship remained after adjustment for FHR and fetal sex. PR intervals diminished by 1.4 (95% CI, 0.75 to 2.0) ms for each 5 bpm increase in FHR (P < 0.001), independently of GA and fetal sex. No fetal sex differences were observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We provide normal fetal values for the mechanical PR interval at 16-36 weeks of gestation. Mechanical PR intervals in normal fetuses are influenced by GA and FHR independently, and both variables should be taken into account when evaluating fetuses at risk for congenital heart block.
authors.affiliation: Fetal Medicine Unit, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wojakowski
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Izbizky
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Carcano
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Aiello
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Marantz
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Otaño
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D005318:Fetal Heart / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology; D005865:Gestational Age; D006329:Heart Conduction System / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000196:embryology; D006340:Heart Rate, Fetal / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012016:Reference Values; D012737:Sex Factors; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal / Q000379:methods*