title: Accuracy and usefulness of fusion imaging between three-dimensional coronary sinus and coronary veins computed tomographic images with projection images obtained using fluoroscopy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Coronary sinus (CS) and coronary veins are not delineated by fluoroscopy. The study evaluates the feasibility and accuracy of cardiac tomography (CT) image registration of CS anatomy on fluoroscopic image.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighteen consecutive patients underwent contrast-enhanced, ECG-gated CT scanning. Coronary sinus, coronary veins, superior vena cava, the distal portion of the trachea, and of the two main bronchi were reconstructed. These images were then fused over the CS fluoroscopic angiogram. Registration accuracy was verified by assessing the overlap of CS borders both in the CT- and in the fluoroscopy-derived images. The mean distance between the centrelines of the CS was 0.73 mm, with a maximum distance of 2.22 mm. For the first-order branches, mean distance was 0.80 mm with a maximum distance of 2.64 mm. High Lin concordance correlation coefficients were computed (>0.95) for the CS and first-order branch diameters, although the Bland and Altman limits were large. The agreement between the number of vessels identified was moderate with kappa = 0.43.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fusion imaging processing of two different imaging modalities (CT and fluoroscopy) may be feasible and accurate for guiding CRT implantation as it allows constant comprehensive display of CS body and branches. Prospective studies are needed for assessing clinical implications.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Fondazione Cardiocentro Ticino, Lugano, Switzerland. angelo.auricchio@cardiocentro.org
authors.forename: Angelo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Auricchio
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sorgente
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Soubelet
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Regoli
authors.forename: Giulio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Spinucci
authors.forename: Regis
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vaillant
authors.forename: Francesco F
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Faletra
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Klersy
authors.forename: Tiziano
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Moccetti
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D017023:Coronary Angiography / Q000379:methods*; D054326:Coronary Sinus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D005471:Fluoroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D010690:Phlebography / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013382:Subtraction Technique; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*