Cost-effectiveness of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in Brazil: primary prevention analysis in the public sector.
BACKGROUND
Several studies have demonstrated the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) in chronic heart failure (CHF) patients. Despite its widespread use in developing countries, limited data exist on its cost-effectiveness in these settings.


OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of ICD in CHF patients under the perspective of the Brazilian Public Healthcare System (PHS).


METHODS
We developed a Markov model to evaluate the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of ICD compared with conventional therapy in patients with CHF and New York Heart Association class II and III. Effectiveness was evaluated in quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) and time horizon was 20 years. We searched MEDLINE for clinical trials and cohort studies to estimate data from effectiveness, complications, mortality, and utilities. Costs from the PHS were retrieved from national administrative databases. The model's robustness was assessed through Monte Carlo simulation and one-way sensitivity analysis. Costs were expressed as international dollars, applying the purchasing power parity conversion rate (PPP US$).


RESULTS
ICD therapy was more costly and more effective, with incremental cost-effectiveness estimates of PPP US$ 50,345/QALY. Results were more sensitive to costs related to the device, generator replacement frequency and ICD effectiveness. In a simulation resembling the MADIT-I population survival and ICD benefit, the ICER was PPP US$ 17,494/QALY and PPP US$ 15,394/life years.


CONCLUSIONS
In a Brazilian scenario, where ICD cost is proportionally more elevated than in developed countries, ICD therapy was associated with a high cost-effectiveness ratio. The results were more favorable for a patient subgroup at increased risk of sudden death.
Ribeiro
Rodrigo Antonini
RA
Graduate Program in Epidemiology of Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
Stella
Steffan Frosi
SF
Camey
Suzi Alves
SA
Zimerman
Leandro Ioschpe
LI
Pimentel
Maurício
M
Rohde
Luis Eduardo
LE
Polanczyk
Carísi Anne
CA
D001938:Brazil; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D016757:Death, Sudden, Cardiac / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003663:Decision Trees; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable / Q000191:economics*; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000150:complications / Q000191:economics* / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008390:Markov Chains; D008875:Middle Aged; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D011322:Primary Prevention / Q000191:economics*; D011634:Public Health / Q000191:economics; D017150:Public Sector / Q000191:economics; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D016019:Survival Analysis