title: Animal models of scleroderma: lessons from transgenic and knockout mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The underlying pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis (SSc; scleroderma) involves a complex interplay of inflammation, fibrosis and vasculopathy that is incompletely understood. In this article, we highlight the important contributions that recent preclinical research has made to the knowledge base of pathogenesis and therapeutics in SSc, describe some of the newly developed models available for further investigation and discuss future research opportunities in this fascinating area.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Several well characterized SSc models are available for the study of fibrosis. However, recent study on transgenic and knockout models has advanced knowledge both in fibrosis research and in vascular disease in SSc. In the present review, we focus on models in which altered signalling, particularly transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), is limited to fibroblasts. We discuss contemporary models of SSc vascular disease, transgenesis in fibrocyte research, the contribution to neurological signalling research and provide examples of how preclinical models have contributed to novel therapeutics development in SSc. We also look at how research from related disciplines impacts on the SSc knowledge base.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These new models represent exciting advances. However, none completely recapitulates the vasculopathic and inflammatory components of this disease. These advances help to delineate the relative contributions of specific ligands, receptors, their signalling pathways and feedback mechanisms, in fibrotic and inflammatory processes and this will provide new targets for potential therapies in SSc.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Diseases, UCL Medical School, London, UK.
authors.forename: Emma C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Derrett-Smith
authors.forename: Christopher P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Denton
authors.forename: Sonali
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sonnylal
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003094:Collagen / Q000235:genetics; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D005355:Fibrosis; D006412:Hematopoietic Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D008954:Models, Biological; D009479:Neuropeptides / Q000378:metabolism; D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D012595:Scleroderma, Systemic / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D015398:Signal Transduction; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D009479:Neuropeptides; D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D003094:Collagen