title: Low-resolution structural studies of human Stanniocalcin-1.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Stanniocalcins (STCs) represent small glycoprotein hormones, found in all vertebrates, which have been functionally implicated in Calcium homeostasis. However, recent data from mammalian systems indicated that they may be also involved in embryogenesis, tumorigenesis and in the context of the latter especially in angiogenesis. Human STC1 is a 247 amino acids protein with a predicted molecular mass of 27 kDa, but preliminary data suggested its di- or multimerization. The latter in conjunction with alternative splicing and/or post-translational modification gives rise to forms described as STC50 and "big STC", which molecular weights range from 56 to 135 kDa.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this study we performed a biochemical and structural analysis of STC1 with the aim of obtaining low resolution structural information about the human STC1, since structural information in this protein family is scarce. We expressed STC1 in both E. coli and insect cells using the baculo virus system with a C-terminal 6 x His fusion tag. From the latter we obtained reasonable amounts of soluble protein. Circular dichroism analysis showed STC1 as a well structured protein with 52% of alpha-helical content. Mass spectroscopy analysis of the recombinant protein allowed to assign the five intramolecular disulfide bridges as well as the dimerization Cys202, thereby confirming the conservation of the disulfide pattern previously described for fish STC1. SAXS data also clearly demonstrated that STC1 adopts a dimeric, slightly elongated structure in solution.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data reveal the first low resolution, structural information for human STC1. Theoretical predictions and circular dichroism spectroscopy both suggested that STC1 has a high content of alpha-helices and SAXS experiments revealed that STC1 is a dimer of slightly elongated shape in solution. The dimerization was confirmed by mass spectrometry as was the highly conserved disulfide pattern, which is identical to that found in fish STC1.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Biologia Molecular Estrutural, Campinas, SP, Brazil. danielmt@lnls.br
authors.forename: Daniel M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Trindade
authors.forename: Júlio C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: Margareth S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Navarro
authors.forename: Iris C L
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Torriani
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kobarg
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D002942:Circular Dichroism; D004220:Disulfides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D015870:Gene Expression; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D055503:Protein Multimerization; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational; D017433:Protein Structure, Secondary
chemical_list: D004220:Disulfides; D006023:Glycoproteins; C051795:teleocalcin