title: Directed evolution of a filamentous fungus for thermotolerance.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Filamentous fungi are the most widely used eukaryotic biocatalysts in industrial and chemical applications. Consequently, there is tremendous interest in methodology that can use the power of genetics to develop strains with improved performance. For example, Metarhizium anisopliae is a broad host range entomopathogenic fungus currently under intensive investigation as a biologically based alternative to chemical pesticides. However, it use is limited by the relatively low tolerance of this species to abiotic stresses such as heat, with most strains displaying little to no growth between 35-37 degrees C. In this study, we used a newly developed automated continuous culture method called the Evolugator, which takes advantage of a natural selection-adaptation strategy, to select for thermotolerant variants of M. anisopliae strain 2575 displaying robust growth at 37 degrees C.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over a 4 month time course, 22 cycles of growth and dilution were used to select 2 thermotolerant variants of M. anisopliae. Both variants displayed robust growth at 36.5 degrees C, whereas only one was able to grow at 37 degrees C. Insect bioassays using Melanoplus sanguinipes (grasshoppers) were also performed to determine if thermotolerant variants of M. anisopliae retained entomopathogenicity. Assays confirmed that thermotolerant variants were, indeed, entomopathogenic, albeit with complex alterations in virulence parameters such as lethal dose responses (LD50) and median survival times (ST50).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We report the experimental evolution of a filamentous fungus via the novel application of a powerful new continuous culture device. This is the first example of using continuous culture to select for complex phenotypes such as thermotolerance. Temperature adapted variants of the insect-pathogenic, filamentous fungus M. anisopliae were isolated and demonstrated to show vigorous growth at a temperature that is inhibitory for the parent strain. Insect virulence assays confirmed that pathogenicity can be retained during the selection process. In principle, this technology can be used to adapt filamentous fungi to virtually any environmental condition including abiotic stress and growth substrate utilization.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA. acp@evolugate.com
authors.forename: Eudes
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: de Crecy
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jaronski
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lyons
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Lyons
authors.forename: Nemat O
authors.initials: NO
authors.lastname: Keyhani
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019020:Directed Molecular Evolution / Q000379:methods*; D005658:Fungi / Q000235:genetics*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D007313:Insecta / Q000382:microbiology; D052981:Metarhizium / Q000235:genetics* / Q000472:pathogenicity / Q000502:physiology; D008828:Microbiological Techniques; D013172:Spores, Fungal / Q000235:genetics / Q000472:pathogenicity / Q000502:physiology