title: Treatment-resistant bipolar depression: towards a new definition.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To summarize the conceptual and operational definitions of treatment-resistant bipolar depression and to review the evidence-based therapeutic options.
  
  
  METHODS
  Structured searches of PubMed, Index Medicus, Excerpta Medica and Psyclit conducted in December 2008.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Criteria for treatment resistance in bipolar depression are commonly based on concepts stemming from treatment resistance as defined for unipolar depression, an approach that proved to be inadequate. In fact, the addition of an ad hoc criterion based on lithium and other mood stabilizer unresponsiveness after reaching adequate plasma levels appears to be a patch that attempts to take into account the uniqueness of bipolar depression but fails to become operational. Recent data from randomized clinical trials of new anticonvulsants and second-generation antipsychotics should lead to the development of a modern definition of treatment-resistant bipolar depression, and specific therapeutic algorithms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We suggest a redefinition of resistant bipolar I and II depression. We propose different degrees of severity within bipolar depression in a stepwise manner.
authors.affiliation: Bipolar Disorders Programme, Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, CIBERSAM, 08036-Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Pacchiarotti
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mazzarini
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Colom
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sanchez-Moreno
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Girardi
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Kotzalidis
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vieta
mesh_terms: D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003987:Dibenzothiazepines / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004351:Drug Resistance / Q000187:drug effects*; D055317:Evidence-Based Practice; D005473:Fluoxetine / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008094:Lithium / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000077152:Olanzapine; D000069348:Quetiapine Fumarate; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D003987:Dibenzothiazepines; D005473:Fluoxetine; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D000069348:Quetiapine Fumarate; D008094:Lithium; D000077152:Olanzapine