title: Real-time differentiation of nonconvulsive status epilepticus from other encephalopathies using quantitative EEG analysis: a pilot study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Distinguishing nonconvulsive status epilepticus (NCSE) from some nonepileptic encephalopathies is a challenging problem. In many situations, NCSE and nonepileptic encephalopathies are indistinguishable by clinical symptoms and can produce very similar electroencephalography (EEG) patterns. Misdiagnosis or delay to diagnosis of NCSE may increase the rate of morbidity and mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  We developed a fast-differentiating algorithm using quantitative EEG analysis to distinguish NCSE patients from patients with toxic/metabolic encephalopathy (TME). EEG recordings were collected from 11 patients, including 6 with NCSE and 5 with TME. Three nonlinear dynamic measures were used in the proposed algorithm: the maximum short-term Lyapunov exponent (STLmax), phase of attractor (phase/angular frequency), and approximate entropy (ApEn). A further refined metric derived from STLmax and phase of attractor (the mean distance to EEG epoch samples from their centroid in the feature space) was also utilized as a criterion. Paired t tests were carried out to further clarify the separation between the EEG patterns of NCSE and TME.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Computational results showed that the performance of the proposed algorithm was sufficient to distinguish NCSE from TME. The results were consistent in all subjects in our study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study presents evidence that the maximum short-term Lyapunov exponents (STLmax) and phase of attractors (phase/angular frequency) can be useful in assisting clinical diagnosis of NCSE. Findings presented in this article provide a promising indication that the proposed algorithm may correctly distinguish NCSE from TME. Although the exact mechanism of this association remains unknown, the authors suggest that epileptic activity is highly associated with and can be modeled by dynamic systems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.
authors.forename: Jicong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Petros
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Xanthopoulos
authors.forename: Chang-Chia
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bearden
authors.forename: Basim M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Uthman
authors.forename: Panos M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Pardalos
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D001928:Brain Diseases, Metabolic / Q000175:diagnosis; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D003951:Diagnostic Errors; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D019277:Entropy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017711:Nonlinear Dynamics; D010865:Pilot Projects; D013226:Status Epilepticus / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis*