title: The effects of oral glucosamine on joint health: is a change in research approach needed?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Oral glucosamine (GlcN) has been widely studied for its potential therapeutic benefits in alleviating the pain and disability of osteoarthritis (OA). Its popularity has grown despite ongoing controversy regarding its effectiveness vs placebo in clinical trials, and lack of information regarding possible mechanisms of action. Here, we review the state of knowledge concerning the biology of GlcN as it relates to OA, and discuss a framework for future research directions.
  
  
  METHODS
  An editorial "narrative" review of peer-reviewed publications is organized into four topics (1) Chemistry and pharmacokinetics of GlcN salts (2) Biological effects of GlcN salts in vitro (3) Therapeutic effects of GlcN salts in animal models of OA and (4) GlcN salts in the treatment of clinical OA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data reporting potent pleiotropic activities of GlcN in in vitro cell and explant cultures are discussed in the context of the established pharmacokinetic data in humans and animals. The available clinical trial data are discussed to place the patient in the context of controlled research on disease management.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Future research to determine therapeutic mechanisms of GlcN salt preparations will require use of standardized and clinically relevant in vitro assay systems and in vivo animal models for testing, as well as development of new outcome measures for inflammation and pain pathways in human OA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine (Rheumatology), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago IL 60612, USA. jblock@rush.edu
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Block
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Oegema
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Sandy
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Plaas
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D004285:Dogs; D005944:Glucosamine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006736:Horses; D006801:Humans; D007596:Joints / Q000187:drug effects*; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy; D011817:Rabbits; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D005944:Glucosamine