title: Manometric tests of anorectal function in 90 healthy children: a clinical study from Kuwait.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Anorectal manometry is a noninvasive test used to evaluate conditions like slow-transit constipation, anorectal outlet obstruction, and Hirschsprung disease and to assess postoperative results after Hirschsprung and anorectal malformations. This cross section study was designed to have normal manometric values of anorectal function in healthy children of different ages in Kuwait so that control values are available for comparisons with various pathological states.
  
  
  METHODS
  Anorectal manometry was conducted in 90 children aged 3 days to 12 years without any symptoms related to lower gastrointestinal tract. They were divided in 3 age groups (group 1-neonates up to 1 month, group 2-infants from 1 month to 1 year, and group 3-children more than 1 year). Water perfused system with anorectal catheter with 4 side holes was used to record length of anal canal or high-pressure zone, resting pressure of anal canal, and rectoanal inhibitory reflex (RAIR).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Anorectal manometry was successfully done in all 90 children of different age groups without any complications. High-pressure zone or anal canal length was 1.67 +/- 0.34 cm in neonates, 1.86 +/- 0.6 cm in infants, and 3.03 +/- 0.52 cm in children. Mean resting pressure of anal canal was 31.07 +/- 10.9 mm Hg in neonates, 42.43 +/- 8.9 mm Hg in infants, and 43.43 +/- 8.79 mm Hg in children. Rectoanal inhibitory reflex was present in all of them. Mean RAIR threshold volumes of 9.67 +/- 3.6, 14.0 +/- 9.5, and 25.0 +/- 11.6 mL was required for noenates, infants, and children, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Resting pressure of the anal canal, manometic anal canal length, and RAIR volume varies with the age. Normal values anorectal manometry at different age groups should be obtained to compare with pathological states of anorectum.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Ibn Sina Hospital, Safat-13115, Kuwait, Kuwait. sunilyadav90@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Sunil
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Saleema
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ramadan
authors.forename: Vipul
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Safwat
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Helmy
authors.forename: Imran
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Atta
authors.forename: Ashraf
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alkholy
mesh_terms: D001003:Anal Canal / Q000502:physiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007730:Kuwait; D008297:Male; D008365:Manometry / Q000295:instrumentation*; D011312:Pressure; D012007:Rectum / Q000502:physiology*; D012016:Reference Values; D012018:Reflex / Q000502:physiology