title: Human bocavirus and rhino-enteroviruses in childhood otitis media with effusion.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Viral respiratory infections play an important role in the pathogenesis of otitis media with effusion (OME) in children. The most common human rhinoviruses (HRVs) have been detected in middle ear effusions (MEE), but there is only limited data available about the closely related human enteroviruses (HEVs). The newly discovered human bocavirus (HBoV) has not, however, been identified in MEE of OME children.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of our study was to determine the presence of HBoV and HRV/HEV and the rate of coinfection in a set of MEE samples collected from OME children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-five MEE samples from 54 children with no acute respiratory symptoms were studied with reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for detection of HRV/HEV and quantitative PCR for detection of HBoV.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-six (35%) of 75 MEE samples were positive for viral nucleic acid, 22 (29%) for HEV, 10 (13%) for HRV and 2 (3%) for HBoV. There was no statistically significant difference between mucoid and serous effusions in the rate of virus detection. Forty-three percent of bilateral cases showed a contra-lateral difference in viral finding.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that these common respiratory viruses can be associated with OME in children. Whether these viruses are causative etiologic factors of MEE persistence or merely remnants of previous infections is not known.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Health Science Centre, University of Debrecen, 98 Nagyerdei krt., Debrecen, Hungary. szrezes@gmail.hu
authors.forename: Szilárd
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rezes
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Söderlund-Venermo
authors.forename: Merja
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Roivainen
authors.forename: Kaisa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kemppainen
authors.forename: Zsolt
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Szabó
authors.forename: István
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sziklai
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pitkäranta
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D004770:Enterovirus / Q000235:genetics*; D004769:Enterovirus Infections / Q000821:virology; D005260:Female; D056661:Human bocavirus / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010034:Otitis Media with Effusion / Q000821:virology*; D010322:Parvoviridae Infections / Q000821:virology; D010850:Picornaviridae Infections / Q000821:virology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D012229:Rhinovirus / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral; D012367:RNA, Viral