Changes in behavior and gene expression induced by caloric restriction in C57BL/6 mice.
Caloric restriction (CR) is an effective method for prevention of age-associated diseases as well as overweight and obesity; however, there is controversy regarding the effects of dieting regimens on behavior. In this study, we investigated two different dieting regimens: repeated fasting and refeeding (RFR) and daily feeding of half the amount of food consumed by RFR mice (CR). CR and RFR mice had an approximate 20% reduction in food intake compared with control mice. Open field, light-dark transition, elevated plus maze, and forced swimming tests indicated that CR, but not RFR, reduced anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors, with a reduction peak on day 8. Using a mouse whole genome microarray, we analyzed gene expression in the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and hypothalamus. In addition to the CR-responsive genes commonly modified by RFR and CR, each regimen differentially changed the expression of distinct genes in each region. The most profound change was observed in the amygdalas of CR mice: 884 genes were specifically upregulated. Ingenuity pathway analysis revealed that these 884 genes significantly modified nine canonical pathways in the amygdala. alpha-Adrenergic and dopamine receptor signalings were the two top-scoring pathways. Quantitative RT-PCR confirmed the upregulation of six genes in these pathways. Western blotting confirmed that CR specifically increased dopamine- and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein (Darpp-32), a key regulator of dopamine receptor signaling, in the amygdala. Our results suggest that CR may change behavior through altered gene expression.
Yamamoto
Yuta
Y
Department of Stress Science, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan.
Tanahashi
Toshihito
T
Kawai
Tomoko
T
Chikahisa
Sachiko
S
Katsuura
Sakurako
S
Nishida
Kensei
K
Teshima-Kondo
Shigetada
S
Sei
Hiroyoshi
H
Rokutan
Kazuhito
K
D000679:Amygdala / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001835:Body Weight; D031204:Caloric Restriction; D051937:Dopamine and cAMP-Regulated Phosphoprotein 32 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004435:Eating; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D008297:Male; D018782:Maze Learning; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009043:Motor Activity; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D013550:Swimming
D051937:Dopamine and cAMP-Regulated Phosphoprotein 32; C497929:Ppp1r1b protein, mouse