title: Enhancement of muscle mitochondrial oxidative capacity and alterations in insulin action are lipid species dependent: potent tissue-specific effects of medium-chain fatty acids.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) have been reported to be less obesogenic than long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs); however, relatively little is known regarding their effect on insulin action. Here, we examined the tissue-specific effects of MCFAs on lipid metabolism and insulin action.
  
  
  METHODS
  C57BL6/J mice and Wistar rats were fed either a low-fat control diet or high-fat diets rich in MCFAs or LCFAs for 4-5 weeks, and markers of mitochondrial oxidative capacity, lipid levels, and insulin action were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mice fed the MCFA diet displayed reduced adiposity and better glucose tolerance than LCFA-fed animals. In skeletal muscle, triglyceride levels were increased by the LCFA diet (77%, P < 0.01) but remained at low-fat diet control levels in the MCFA-fed animals. The LCFA diet increased (20-50%, P < 0.05) markers of mitochondrial metabolism in muscle compared with low-fat diet-fed controls; however; the increase in oxidative capacity was substantially greater in MCFA-fed animals (50-140% versus low-fat-fed controls, P < 0.01). The MCFA diet induced a greater accumulation of liver triglycerides than the LCFA diet, likely due to an upregulation of several lipogenic enzymes. In rats, isocaloric feeding of MCFA or LCFA high-fat diets induced hepatic insulin resistance to a similar degree; however, insulin action was preserved at the level of low-fat diet-fed controls in muscle and adipose from MCFA-fed animals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MCFAs reduce adiposity and preserve insulin action in muscle and adipose, despite inducing steatosis and insulin resistance in the liver. Dietary supplementation with MCFAs may therefore be beneficial for preventing obesity and peripheral insulin resistance.
authors.affiliation: Diabetes and Obesity Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia. n.turner@garvan.org.au
authors.forename: Nigel
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.forename: Krit
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hariharan
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: TidAng
authors.forename: Georgia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Frangioudakis
authors.forename: Susan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Beale
authors.forename: Lauren E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: Xiao Yi
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.forename: Simon J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Leslie
authors.forename: Jing-Ya
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Edward W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Kraegen
authors.forename: Gregory J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Cooney
authors.forename: Ji-Ming
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Ye
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001823:Body Composition; D001835:Body Weight; D018752:Diet, Fat-Restricted; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008931:Mitochondria, Muscle / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D009929:Organ Size; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats; D005227:Fatty Acids; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D007328:Insulin; D014280:Triglycerides; D005947:Glucose