title: Availability of saliva for the assessment of alterations in the autonomic nervous system caused by physical exercise training.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of the study was to assess the alterations of the autonomic nervous system activities caused by physical exercise training under food restriction using a running wheel in mice based on an analysis of saliva.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male ICR mice, weighing 39-50 g, at 32 weeks of age were divided into three groups; an exercise with food restriction (EXP), an exercise without food restriction (EXA) and a control (CTL). The EXP group was fed the same amount of diet as the CTL group (pair-feeding). The EXP and EXA groups used a "voluntary running wheel" for exercise. The pilocarpine stimulated whole saliva was collected from the oral cavity by micropipette over 15 min 4, 8 and 12 weeks after the beginning of the experiment. The salivary flow rate, protein concentration and amylase and kallikrein activities were determined, since amylase and kallikrein release have been shown to be evoked by beta- and alpha-adrenergic receptor stimulation, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no significant difference in the sera corticosterone levels among the three experimental groups. The flow rate of saliva per total salivary gland weight in the EXP was significantly lower than that in the CTL and the EXA groups. The total protein secretion and kallikrein activity decreased by 20-30% in the EXP mice between 4 and 12 weeks after the starting of experiments in comparison to the CTL mice, thus suggesting that signal transduction in the alpha-sympathetic nervous system was downregulated. There was no significant difference in the amylase activity between the EXP and the CTL groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Physical exercise under diet control induced alterations in saliva secretion, while exercise training alone did not affect the content of saliva. The results demonstrate the availability of saliva and suggest that the present experimental situation is a suitable experimental model for sports activity performed under diet control.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Dietics, Kamakura Women's University, 6-1-3 Ohfuna, Kamakura, Kanagawa 247-8512, Japan. yoshino@kamakura-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Yoko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yoshino
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yamane
authors.forename: Masashige
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Yoichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakagawa
mesh_terms: D000681:Amylases / Q000096:biosynthesis; D000818:Animals; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000502:physiology*; D031204:Caloric Restriction; D003345:Corticosterone / Q000097:blood; D007610:Kallikreins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D023421:Models, Animal; D009929:Organ Size; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D011942:Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D012469:Salivary Glands / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000294:innervation; D012471:Salivary Proteins and Peptides / Q000032:analysis; D012636:Secretory Rate
chemical_list: D011942:Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha; D012471:Salivary Proteins and Peptides; D000681:Amylases; D007610:Kallikreins; D003345:Corticosterone