title: Regulation of cerebrospinal fluid production by caffeine consumption.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Caffeine is the most commonly consumed psycho-stimulant in the world. The effects of caffeine on the body have been extensively studied; however, its effect on the structure of the brain has not been investigated to date.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the present study we found that the long-term consumption of caffeine can induce ventriculomegaly; this was observed in 40% of the study rats. In the caffeine-treated rats with ventriculomegaly, there was increased production of CSF, associated with the increased expression of Na(+), K(+)-ATPase and increased cerebral blood flow (CBF). In contrast to the chronic effects, acute treatment with caffeine decreased the production of CSF, suggesting 'effect inversion' associated with caffeine, which was mediated by increased expression of the A1 adenosine receptor, in the choroid plexus of rats chronically treated with caffeine. The involvement of the A1 adenosine receptor in the effect inversion of caffeine was further supported by the induction of ventriculomegaly and Na+, K+-ATPase, in A1 agonist-treated rats.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study show that long-term consumption of caffeine can induce ventriculomegaly, which is mediated in part by increased production of CSF. Moreover, we also showed that adenosine receptor signaling can regulate the production of CSF by controlling the expression of Na(+), K(+)-ATPase and CBF.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea. corsaro@paran.com
authors.forename: Myoung-Eun
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Hak-Jin
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Young-Suk
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Dong-Hyun
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Joo-Taek
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Chul-Sik
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: Sik
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.forename: Sun-Yong
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Baek
authors.forename: Bong-Seon
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Jae-Bong
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Sae-Ock
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Oh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002110:Caffeine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002552:Cerebral Ventricles / Q000473:pathology; D002555:Cerebrospinal Fluid / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002831:Choroid Plexus / Q000378:metabolism; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D043682:Receptor, Adenosine A1 / Q000378:metabolism; D000254:Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase / Q000378:metabolism; D013806:Theophylline / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D043682:Receptor, Adenosine A1; D002110:Caffeine; D013806:Theophylline; D000254:Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase