title: Vocal cord paralysis in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Vocal fold paralysis (VFP) is an increasingly commonly identified problem in the pediatric patient. Diagnostic and management techniques honed in adult laryngologic practice have been successfully applied to children.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Iatrogenic causes, including cardiothoracic procedures, remain a common cause of unilateral VFP. Neurologic disorders predominate in the cause of bilateral VFP. Diagnosis with electromyography is currently being evaluated in children. Treatment of VFP is centered around symptomology, which is commonly divided between voice and airway concerns. Speech therapy shows promise in older children. Surgical management for unilateral VFP with injection laryngoplasty is commonly performed and well tolerated. Laryngeal reinnervation is currently being applied to the pediatric population as a permanent treatment and offers several advantages over laryngeal framework procedures. For bilateral VFP, tracheotomy is still commonly performed. Glottic dilation procedures are performed both openly and endoscopically with a high degree of success.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  VFP is a well recognized problem in pediatric patients with disordered voice and breathing. Some patients will spontaneously recover their laryngeal function. For those who do not, a variety of reliable techniques are available for rehabilitative treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Division of Laryngology and Professional Voice, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA.
authors.forename: Ericka F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: Joel H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Blumin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D014826:Vocal Cord Paralysis / Q000628:therapy*