title: Depressive symptoms and brain volumes in older adults: a longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Late-life depression is associated with decreased brain volumes, particularly in frontal and temporal areas. Evidence suggests that depressive symptoms at a subclinical level are also associated with brain atrophy in these regions, but most of these associations are based on cross-sectional data. Our objective was to investigate both cross-sectional and longitudinal relations between sub-threshold depressive symptoms and brain volumes in older adults and to examine whether these associations are modified by age.
  
  
  METHODS
  In total, 110 dementia-free adults from the neuroimaging substudy of the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging aged 56 years and older at baseline participated in this study. Participants received annual evaluations for up to 9 years, during which structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans were acquired and depressive symptoms were measured using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean depressive symptom scores over time were associated with grey matter volume reductions in the left temporal lobe. Depressive symptoms were associated with brain volume reductions with advancing age in the cingulate gyrus and orbitofrontal cortex. Moreover, individuals with higher mean depressive symptom scores showed a faster rate of volume decline in left frontal white matter. Depressive symptoms were not associated with hippocampus volumes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Limitations include the relative homogeneity of our primarily white and highly educated sample, the lack of information about age at onset of depressive symptoms and potential limitations of the automated brain volume registration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that depressive symptoms, even at a subthreshold level, are associated with volume reductions in specific frontal and temporal brain regions, particularly with advancing age.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Personality and Cognition, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA. vonetta@phhp.ufl.edu
authors.forename: Vonetta M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Dotson
authors.forename: Christos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Davatzikos
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Kraut
authors.forename: Susan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Resnick
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D003863:Depression / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009929:Organ Size; D011581:Psychological Tests; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents