title: Do parental co-viewing and discussions mitigate TV-induced fears in young children?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  While excessive television viewing has been associated with negative outcomes in children's welfare, parental co-viewing has been suggested as an effective way to prevent these negative effects. The objective of the present study is to specify some social contexts of co-viewing and to assess whether co-viewing modifies the effects of media on children's TV-related fears.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study is based on a representative random sample of 331 children aged 5-6 years. It is based on parental reports of children's TV-related fears and family television viewing practices.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Parental co-viewing and discussion of television programmes with the child were found to be associated with higher rates of children's TV-related fears, high television exposure in general and watching adults' television programmes. The association between TV-related fears and co-viewing remained significant even after controlling for gender, maternal education, family income and the quantity and quality of television viewing. Co-viewing and TV-related discussions increased the risk for TV-related fears nearly fourfold (adjusted odds ratio 3.92, 95% confidence interval 1.37-11.17 and adjusted odds ratio 3.31, 95% confidence interval 1.33-8.20, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings suggest that co-viewing and discussing television programmes are more common in families where television exposure is high. Because both co-viewing and discussing television programmes were associated with higher fear scores regardless of the quantity and quality of television exposure, the research shows that in everyday life co-viewing may not be done in such a way that it leads to a reduction of children's fears. More studies are needed to explore the co-viewing practices of families in more detail.
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Health and Welfare, Child and Adolescent Mental Health, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Paavonen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Roine
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pennonen
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Lahikainen
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003142:Communication; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005239:Fear / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D010290:Parents; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013690:Television / Q000706:statistics & numerical data