title: The role of nurses and midwives in polio eradication and measles control activities: a survey in Sudan and Zambia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nurses and midwives are the key providers of nursing and midwifery services; in many countries, they form the major category of frontline workers who provide both preventive and curative services in the community. When the skills and experience of nursing and midwifery personnel are maximized, they can contribute significantly to positive health outcomes. We conducted a survey among nurses and midwives working at district level in Sudan and Zambia to determine their roles and functions in polio eradication and measles elimination programmes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nurses and midwives practising in four selected districts in Sudan and in Zambia completed a self-administered questionnaire on their roles and responsibilities, their routine activities and their functions during supplementary immunization campaigns for polio and measles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nurses and midwives were found to play significant roles in implementing immunization programme activities. The level of responsibilities of nurses and midwives in their routine work related more to existing opportunities than to their job descriptions. In Zambia, where nurses reported constraints in performing their tasks, the reasons cited were an increase in the burden of disease and the shortage of health personnel. Factors identified as key to improving work performance included written job descriptions, opportunities for staff and career development and opportunities to earn extra income through activities associated with their jobs. Other non-monetary incentives mentioned included reliable transport, resources and logistics to support routine work in the district. However, in both countries, during supplementary immunization activities or mass campaigns for polio eradication and measles control, nurses and midwives took on more management responsibilities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that nurses and midwives play an important role in implementing immunization activities at the district level and that their roles can be maximized by creating opportunities that lead to their having more responsibilities in their work and in particular, their involvement in early phases of planning of priority health activities. This should be accompanied by written job descriptions, tasks and clear lines of authority as well as good supportive supervision. The lessons from supplementary immunization activities, where the roles of nurses and midwives are maximized, can be easily adopted to benefit the rest of the health services provided at district level.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Resources for Health, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. nkowanemwansa@who.int
authors.forename: Annette Mwansa
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Nkowane
authors.forename: Liliane
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Boualam
authors.forename: Salah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Haithami
authors.forename: El Tayeb Ahmed
authors.initials: el TA
authors.lastname: El Sayed
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mutambo