title: Fluorescent labeling of platelets with polyanionic fluorescein derivatives.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether polyanionic fluorescein derivatives are capable of labeling resting and activated hamster and human platelets.
  
  
  METHODS
  5,6-Carboxyfluorescein and calcein were incubated with resting and convulxin-activated hamster and human platelets in the 0-3.4 microM and 0-2.5 microM final concentration range, respectively, and assayed by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Resting and activated platelets of both species could be labeled by both fluorophores and quantified by flow cytometry. The fluorescence emission intensity and the fraction of labeled platelets increased linearly with final fluorophore concentration. Examination of labeled platelets by confocal microscopy revealed that 5,6-carboxyfluorescein and calcein colocalized with the platelet glycocalyx and that the fluorophores were often sequestered by the cells. The latter manifested itself by compartmentalization or relatively homogenous fluorophore distribution in the cytosol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hamster and human resting and activated platelets can be fluorescently labeled by the lipophobicfluorescein derivatives 5,6-carboxyfluorescein and calcein as a result of fluorophore avidity to the platelet glycocalyx and sequestration by the cells. Consequently, platelets could be quantified by flow cytometry and visualized by confocal microscopy.
authors.affiliation: Laser Center, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. m.heger@amc.uva.nl
authors.forename: Michal
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heger
authors.forename: Isabelle I
authors.initials: II
authors.lastname: Salles
authors.forename: Wiebe
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: van Vuure
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Deckmyn
authors.forename: Johan F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Beek
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001792:Blood Platelets / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D006224:Cricetinae; D003435:Crotalid Venoms / Q000494:pharmacology; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000378:metabolism; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005452:Fluoresceins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000378:metabolism; D019276:Glycocalyx / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D037181:Lectins, C-Type; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D015539:Platelet Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D000071228:Polyelectrolytes; D011108:Polymers / Q000378:metabolism; D013194:Staining and Labeling / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D003435:Crotalid Venoms; D005452:Fluoresceins; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D037181:Lectins, C-Type; D000071228:Polyelectrolytes; D011108:Polymers; C024098:6-carboxyfluorescein; C028890:convulxin; C007740:fluorexon