title: Stuck on you: face-to-face arousal and gaze aversion in Williams syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  . During face-to-face questioning typically developing children and adults use gaze aversion (GA), away from their questioner, when thinking. GA increases with question difficulty and improves the accuracy of responses. We investigate whether individuals with Williams syndrome (WS), associated with hypersociability and atypical face gaze, use GA to manage cognitive load and whether physiological arousal is associated with looking at faces.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two studies were conducted by: (1) recording changes in the participants' skin conductance levels whilst manipulating task difficulty and gaze direction and (2) calculating the amount of GA away from the experimenters' face whilst answering questions of varying difficulty.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In Study 1, WS was associated with general hypoarousal, and face arousal effects were found for both Williams syndrome and typically developing participants. In Study 2, participants with WS showed prolonged face gaze under high task demands; however, question difficulty did increase GA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Looking at faces is demanding, even for individuals with WS. Decreased physiological arousal may allow individuals with WS to hold face gaze for prolonged periods of time, but looking at faces does increase baseline arousal level. The results are discussed in terms of social skills training and teaching methods appropriate for WS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK. gds1@stir.ac.uk
authors.forename: Gwyneth
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Doherty-Sneddon
authors.forename: Deborah M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Riby
authors.forename: Lesley
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Calderwood
authors.forename: Leanne
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ainsworth
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology*; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology; D002648:Child; D005145:Face / Q000502:physiology*; D005149:Facial Expression; D005260:Female; D005712:Galvanic Skin Response / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012919:Social Behavior; D013850:Thinking / Q000502:physiology*; D014741:Video Recording; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology; D018980:Williams Syndrome / Q000523:psychology*