title: Rapidly evolving marmoset MSMB genes are differently expressed in the male genital tract.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Beta-microseminoprotein, an abundant component in prostatic fluid, is encoded by the potential tumor suppressor gene MSMB. Some New World monkeys carry several copies of this gene, in contrast to most mammals, including humans, which have one only. Here we have investigated the background for the species difference by analyzing the chromosomal organization and expression of MSMB in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus).
  
  
  METHODS
  Genes were identified in the Callithrix jacchus genome database using bioinformatics and transcripts were analyzed by RT-PCR and quantified by real time PCR in the presence of SYBR green.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The common marmoset has five MSMB: one processed pseudogene and four functional genes. The latter encompass homologous genomic regions of 32-35 kb, containing the genes of 12-14 kb and conserved upstream and downstream regions of 14-19 kb and 3-4 kb. One gene, MSMB1, occupies the same position on the chromosome as the single human gene. On the same chromosome, but several Mb away, is another MSMB locus situated with MSMB2, MSMB3 and MSMB4 arranged in tandem. Measurements of transcripts demonstrated that all functional genes are expressed in the male genital tract, generating very high transcript levels in the prostate. The transcript levels in seminal vesicles and testis are two and four orders of magnitude lower. A single gene, MSMB3, accounts for more than 90% of MSMB transcripts in both the prostate and the seminal vesicles, whereas in the testis around half of the transcripts originate from MSMB2. These genes display rapid evolution with a skewed distribution of mutated nucleotides; in MSMB2 they affect nucleotides encoding the N-terminal Greek key domain, whereas in MSMB3 it is the C-terminal MSMB-unique domain that is affected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Callitrichide monkeys have four functional MSMB that are all expressed in the male genital tract, but the product from one gene, MSMB3, will predominate in seminal plasma. This gene and MSMB2, the predominating testicular gene, have accumulated mutations that affect different parts of the translation products, suggesting an ongoing molecular specialization that presumably yields functional differences in accessory sex glands and testis.
authors.affiliation: Lund University, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital MAS, Malmö, Sweden. ake.lundwall@med.lu.se
authors.forename: Ake
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lundwall
authors.forename: Olivia
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Larne
authors.forename: Penelope L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Nayudu
authors.forename: Yvonne
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ceder
authors.forename: Camilla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Valtonen-André
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D002144:Callithrix / Q000235:genetics*; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D019295:Computational Biology; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005837:Genitalia, Male / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D005810:Multigene Family; D009154:Mutation; D011467:Prostate / Q000378:metabolism; D029584:Prostatic Secretory Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012669:Seminal Vesicles / Q000378:metabolism; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D013737:Testis / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D029584:Prostatic Secretory Proteins; D020033:Protein Isoforms; C043076:beta-microseminoprotein