title: Outside-to-inside signaling through transmembrane tumor necrosis factor reverses pathologic interleukin-1beta production and deficient apoptosis of rheumatoid arthritis monocytes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Monocytes are a major source of proinflammatory cytokines in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and inhibitors of monocytic cytokines are highly efficient agents for treatment of the disease. The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of a therapeutic anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha (anti-TNFalpha) antibody on monocytes from patients with RA and healthy control subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Peripheral blood monocytes from patients with RA and healthy control subjects were incubated in the presence of anti-TNFalpha antibody or IgG. Annexin V staining, caspase activation, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage, and DNA staining with propidium iodide were used to analyze apoptosis. The signaling events elicited in monocytes by infliximab were analyzed by Western blotting and electromobility shift assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Peripheral blood monocytes from patients with RA were characterized by increased expression of transmembrane TNFalpha, spontaneous in vitro production of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), and a decreased rate of spontaneous ex vivo apoptosis. Incubation with infliximab induced significantly increased apoptosis in monocytes from patients with RA but not in monocytes from healthy control subjects. This apoptosis was triggered by reverse signaling of transmembrane TNF after ligation by infliximab and was independent of caspase activation. Instead, transmembrane TNF reverse signaling inhibited the constitutive NF-kappaB activation in RA monocytes, suppressed IL-1beta secretion, and normalized spontaneous in vitro apoptosis. This normalization was reversible by the addition of exogenous IL-1beta.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates that outside-to-inside signaling through transmembrane TNF after ligation by infliximab inhibits constitutive NF-kappaB activation and suppresses spontaneous IL-1beta production by monocytes from patients with RA. Besides the induction of monocyte apoptosis, this inhibition could also contribute to the therapeutic effects observed during treatment with TNFalpha inhibitors.
authors.affiliation: Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 20, Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Undine
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Meusch
authors.forename: Manuela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rossol
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Baerwald
authors.forename: Sunna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hauschildt
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Wagner
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000888:Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D047389:Casein Kinase I / Q000378:metabolism; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D006801:Humans; D000069285:Infliximab; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009000:Monocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000888:Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D016328:NF-kappa B; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000069285:Infliximab; D047389:Casein Kinase I; D020169:Caspases