title: Perceptions of the motivational climate created by parents of young Portuguese swimmers.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine perceptions of parent-initiated motivational climate in young Portuguese swimmers. 244 participants (130 boys, 114 girls; M age = 13 yr., SD = 2), involved in advanced swimming programs (n = 88) or competition (n = 156), responded to the Portuguese version of the Parent-Initiated Motivational Climate Questionnaire. Age did not significantly affect the perceptions the young swimmers had of their parents' initiated motivational climate, but a main effect for sex and an interaction of sex and level of practice interaction were found. Boys in advanced swimming programs perceived a stronger Success-without-effort Climate created by both their father and their mother than did girls at the same level of practice. Boys and girls in both categories had higher perceptions of a Learning/Enjoyment Climate.
authors.affiliation: Campus Universitário ISEIT, Mirandela, Portugal.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Salselas
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Márquez
mesh_terms: D000124:Achievement; D000293:Adolescent; D054874:Athletic Performance / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006040:Goals; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D010555:Personality Inventory; D011174:Portugal; D011214:Practice, Psychological; D011594:Psychometrics; D012737:Sex Factors; D012931:Social Environment; D012938:Social Perception; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013550:Swimming / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data