title: In vitro evaluation of enamel erosion after Nd:YAG laser irradiation and fluoride application.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous investigations have demonstrated improved enamel demineralization resistance after laser irradiation. Due to the possibility of a synergistic effect between laser and fluoride, this study investigated the effect of fluoridated agents and Nd:YAG irradiation separately and in combination on enamel resistance to erosion.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred bovine enamel blocks were randomly divided into 10 groups: G1, untreated (control); G2, acidic phosphate fluoride (APF) (1.23% F) for 4 min; G3, fluoride varnish for 6 h (NaF, 2.26%); G4, 0.5 W Nd:YAG laser (250 microm pulse width, 10 Hz, 35 J/cm(2), with uniform velocity for 30 sec in each application); G5, 0.75 W Nd:YAG laser (52.5 J/cm(2)); G6, 1.0 W Nd:YAG laser (70 J/cm(2)); G7, APF + 0.75 W Nd:YAG laser; G8, 0.75 W Nd:YAG laser + APF; G9, fluoride varnish + 0.75 W Nd:YAG laser; and G10, 0.75 W Nd:YAG laser + fluoride varnish. During 10 d the erosive cycle was conducted by immersion of the blocks in Sprite light((R)) for 1 min, followed by immersion in artificial saliva for 59 min. This procedure was consecutively repeated four times per day. In each day, during the remaining 20 h, the blocks were maintained in artificial saliva. The wear was evaluated by profilometry (days 5 and 10). Data were tested by two-way ANOVA and Bonferroni's tests (p < 0.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean wear at days 5 and 10 was, respectively: G1, 1.83 and 2.67 microm; G2, 1.04 and 2.60 microm; G3, 1.03 and 2.48 microm; G4, 1.13 and 2.47 microm; G5, 1.07 and 2.44 microm; G6, 1.0 and 2.35 microm; G7, 0.75 and 2.27 microm; G8, 0.80 and 2.12 microm; G9, 0.76 and 2.47 microm; and G10, 1.09 and 2.46 microm. At day 5, all the experimental groups presented significant lesser wear when compared to control group. However, at 10 d, only G7 and G8 were still different from control.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The association between APF application and laser irradiation seems to be an alternative preventive measure against dental erosion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Orthodontic and Public Health, USP-University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rios
authors.forename: Ana Carolina
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Magalhães
authors.forename: Maria Aparecida de Andrade Moreira
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Machado
authors.forename: Salete Moura Bonifácio
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: da Silva
authors.forename: Rosane de Fátima Zanirato
authors.initials: Rde F
authors.lastname: Lizarelli
authors.forename: Vanderlei Salvador
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Bagnato
authors.forename: Marília Afonso Rabelo
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Buzalaf
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002327:Cariostatic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002417:Cattle; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D005460:Fluorides, Topical / Q000008:administration & dosage; D053685:Laser Therapy; D053844:Lasers, Solid-State; D014077:Tooth Erosion / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D002327:Cariostatic Agents; D005460:Fluorides, Topical