title: Estimating tar and nicotine exposure: human smoking versus machine generated smoke yields.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Determine human smoked (HS) cigarette yields of tar and nicotine for smokers using their own brand in their everyday environment.
  
  
  METHODS
  A robust, filter analysis method was used to estimate the tar and nicotine yields for 784 subjects. Seventeen brands were chosen to represent a wide range of styles: 85 and 100 mm lengths; menthol and non-menthol; 17, 23, and 25 mm circumference; with tar yields [Federal Trade Commission (FTC) method] ranging from 1 to 18 mg. Tar bands chosen corresponded to yields of 1-3 mg, 4-6 mg, 7-12 mg, and 13+ mg.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant difference (p<0.0001) in HS yields of tar and nicotine between tar bands was found. Machine-smoked yields were reasonable predictors of the HS yields for groups of subjects, but the relationship was neither exact nor linear. Neither the FTC, the Massachusetts (MA) nor the Canadian Intensive (CI) machine-smoking methods accurately reflect the HS yields across all brands. The FTC method was closest for the 7-12 mg and 13+ mg products and the MA method was closest for the 1-3mg products. The HS yields for the 4-6 mg products were approximately midway between the FTC and the MA yields. HS nicotine yields corresponded well with published urinary and plasma nicotine biomarker studies.
authors.affiliation: Formerly of Brown and Williamson Tobacco Company, Macon, GA 31202, USA. kstcharles@bigfoot.com
authors.forename: F K
authors.initials: FK
authors.lastname: St Charles
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Kabbani
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Borgerding
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002623:Chemistry Techniques, Analytical / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000592:standards*; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009538:Nicotine / Q000032:analysis*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012906:Smoke / Q000032:analysis*; D012907:Smoking; D013638:Tars / Q000032:analysis*; D014026:Nicotiana / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D012906:Smoke; D013638:Tars; D009538:Nicotine