title: Structural influence from calcium phosphate coatings and its possible effect on enhanced bone integration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this review was to summarize our present knowledge about calcium phosphate (CaP) coatings on implants with respect to their topographical appearance at micrometer as well as nanometer level and also the reported influence on bone healing.
  
  
  METHODS
  The PubMed database was used with the key words - surface roughness, CaP coating, implant, bone integration, clinical studies, experimental studies - used in different combinations. Only in vivo studies were taken into consideration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A significantly improved healing capacity associated with CaP-coated implants is often reported, but individual importance of the several modes of surface changes introduced, deliberately or not, is usually very difficult to interpret. Several studies claim this difference to be due to altered chemistry, but in many the result may equally well be dependent on the surface topography. The few studies that have been published indicate that nanometer structures have an impact on early bone healing. However, the optimal size and distribution of nanometer-sized particles or pores applied on implant surfaces is still unknown, as are the evaluation effects of micrometer roughness. Improved surface characterization is needed if we are to reveal effects dependent on isolated nanometer alterations.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden. ann.wennerberg@mah.se
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wennerberg
authors.forename: Tomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Albrektsson
mesh_terms: D002130:Calcium Phosphates / Q000737:chemistry*; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible / Q000737:chemistry*; D015921:Dental Implants; D006801:Humans; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry; D058608:Nanopores; D016348:Osseointegration / Q000502:physiology*; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D002130:Calcium Phosphates; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D015921:Dental Implants; C020243:calcium phosphate