title: Total and cause-specific mortality in the cardiovascular health study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Few cohort studies have adequate numbers of carefully reviewed deaths to allow an analysis of unique and shared risk factors for cause-specific mortality. Shared risk factors could be targeted for prevention of premature death and the study of longevity.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 5,888 community-dwelling persons aged 65 years or older living in four communities in the United States participated in the Cardiovascular Health Study cohort. Participants were initially recruited from 1989 to 1990; an additional 687 black participants were recruited in 1992-1993. The average length of follow-up was 16 years. Total and cause-specific mortality, including cardiovascular disease, stroke, cancer, dementia, pulmonary disease, infection, and other cause, were examined as outcomes. Variables previously associated with total mortality were examined for each cause of death using Cox proportional hazard models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multiple risk factors were related to total mortality. When examining specific causes, many factors were related to cardiovascular death, whereas fewer were related to other causes. For most causes, risk factors were specific for that cause. For example, apolipoprotein E epsilon4 was strongly associated for dementia death and forced vital capacity with pulmonary death. Age, male sex, markers of inflammation, and cognitive function were related to multiple causes of death.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In these older adults, associations of risk factors with a given cause of death were related to specific deficits in that same organ system. Inflammation may represent a common pathway to all causes of death.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Epidemiology and Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 130 North Bellefield Avenue Room 532, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. newmana@edc.pitt.edu.
authors.forename: Anne B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Newman
authors.forename: Michael C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Sachs
authors.forename: Alice M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Arnold
authors.forename: Linda P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Fried
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kronmal
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cushman
authors.forename: Bruce M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Psaty
authors.forename: Tamara B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Robbins
authors.forename: Gregory L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Burke
authors.forename: Lewis H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Kuller
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lumley
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy; D002423:Cause of Death; D002908:Chronic Disease; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D011336:Probability; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012737:Sex Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014481:United States