title: Benefits of dietary sodium restriction in the management of chronic kidney disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the role of restricting dietary sodium intake in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and its complications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A consistent line of evidence shows that high dietary sodium intake is a determinant of therapy resistance to blockade of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). Addition of sodium restriction to RAAS blockade or to RAAS blockade combined with a diuretic permits a further reduction in urinary protein excretion of approximately 30%, which could be expected to reduce long-term renal risk by 25%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High sodium intake increases blood pressure and proteinuria, induces glomerular hyperfiltration and blunts the response to RAAS blockade. Although recommended in international guidelines, sodium restriction is not a spearhead in treating renal patients. Sodium status is only rarely mentioned in recent large intervention studies in CKD. Sodium intake in CKD is similar to that in the general population. Reduction of sodium intake to the target of 50-85 mmol/24 h in patients with CKD reduces blood pressure and proteinuria, the latter by approximately 30%, and should be actively pursued to improve outcome in CKD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Krikken
authors.forename: Gozewijn D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Laverman
authors.forename: Gerjan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Navis
mesh_terms: D047228:Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004039:Diet, Sodium-Restricted; D004232:Diuretics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D012084:Renin-Angiotensin System; D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D047228:Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D004232:Diuretics; D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary