title: Elevated alanine aminotransferase in current national football league players: correlation with cardiometabolic syndrome markers, obesity, and insulin resistance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Media reports suggest increased cardiovascular mortality in former National Football League (NFL) players. We previously demonstrated that current heavier players already have cardiometabolic syndrome markers: blood pressure (BP) >or=130/85 mm Hg, fasting glucose >or=100 mg/dL, triglycerides >or=150 mg/dL, waist circumference >or=100 cm, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) <or=40 mg/dL.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective study including 69 of 91active players (76%) from one NFL team was performed. We evaluated the presence of an elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in the players. We also analyzed the association of an increased ALT with cardiometabolic syndrome markers, waist-to-height ratio, and triglyceride-to-HDL ratio in current NFL players.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ALT >or=30 IU/L was significantly correlated with mean body mass index (BMI), BMI >or=30 kg/m, BP >or=130/85 mm Hg, waist circumference >or=100 cm, and triglycerides-to-HDL ratio >3.5. An elevated ALT was significantly more common in linemen.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An elevated ALT was significantly associated with visceral obesity, hypertension, cardiometabolic syndrome markers, and insulin resistance in current NFL players.
authors.affiliation: University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Saint Luke's Hospital of Kansas City, and Mid-America Heart Institute, Kansas City, MO, USA.
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Selden
authors.forename: John H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Helzberg
authors.forename: Joseph F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Waeckerle
authors.forename: Jon E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Browne
authors.forename: Joseph H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Brewer
authors.forename: Michael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Monaco
authors.forename: Fengming
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: James H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: O'Keefe
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood*; D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D015992:Body Mass Index; D005538:Football / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000503:physiopathology; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D014481:United States; D055105:Waist Circumference / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL; D014280:Triglycerides; D000410:Alanine Transaminase