title: Rapid intraoperative zygoma fracture imaging.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A fractured zygoma frequently results in an aesthetically displeasing facial asymmetry. Open reduction and internal fixation may accurately realign the facial skeleton but often with undesirable sequelae. The authors' objective was to develop a precise technique of intraoperative zygoma fracture imaging using a C-arm to permit anatomical fracture realignment while reducing the extent of skeletal exposure required. The simplicity and accessibility of this method should allow its widespread clinical application.
  
  
  METHODS
  First, using a model skull, the relative positions of the C-arm required to adequately depict zygoma projection, width, arch contour, and zygoma rotation were defined. Second, diverse zygoma fracture types were created in six cadaver heads with a Mini Bionix machine and were repaired using C-arm guidance; accuracy was confirmed with postoperative computed tomography. Third, after defining optimal operating room setup, the accuracy in a clinical case was assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two C-arm views were defined. The zygoma projection view (C-arm at 70 to 90 degrees to the skull's coronal plane) allows visualization of projection, width, and contour. The rotation view (C-arm at 70 to 90 degrees to the skull's sagittal plane) allows visualization of zygoma rotation. Postoperative computed tomographic imaging confirmed anatomical repair in all cases. Average operating room duration was less than 30 minutes, with operating room times decreasing progressively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The authors have developed an accurate technique of intraoperative zygoma fracture imaging and reduction guidance. This technique may decrease the risks of open access by potentially limiting direct skeletal exposure to buttresses where skeletal stabilization is required. In addition, this method is simple, can be learned and used rapidly, and is readily accessible.
authors.affiliation: Montreal, Quebec, Canada From the Department of Plastic Surgery and the Orthopedic Research Laboratory, Division of Orthopedic Surgery, McGill University Health Center.
authors.forename: Marcin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Czerwinski
authors.forename: Wendy L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Parker
authors.forename: Lorne
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Beckman
authors.forename: H Bruce
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Williams
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005538:Football / Q000293:injuries; D005593:Fracture Fixation, Internal; D006801:Humans; D007432:Intraoperative Period; D008297:Male; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011859:Radiography; D013679:Technology, Radiologic; D015050:Zygoma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D015051:Zygomatic Fractures / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery