title: MR evaluation of left ventricular volumes and function: threshold-based 3D segmentation versus short-axis planimetry.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our study aimed to evaluate a three-dimensional (3D) threshold-based, region-growing segmentation algorithm for the assessment of left ventricular (LV) volumes in cardiac MRI.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two-dimensional cine steady-state free precession short-axis scans (TR 3 milliseconds, TE 1.5 milliseconds, FA 60 degrees , section thickness 8 mm) covering the entire LV without slice gap were acquired in 44 consecutive patients on a 1.5 Tesla MR system (Magnetom Avanto, Siemens, Germany). LV volumes were assessed with an in-house written 3D threshold-based, interslice region-growing segmentation algorithm, and were compared with manual tracing and short-axis planimetry with semiautomatic contour detection (Argus software, Siemens, Germany).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three-dimensional threshold-based segmentation was feasible in 41 of 44 patients. Results of threshold-based segmentation were not statistically significantly different to manual tracing for the assessment of end-diastolic (EDV: 104.5 +/- 32.3 mL vs. 104.7 +/- 33.26 mL, P > 0.05), end-systolic (ESV: 34.5 +/- 17.2 mL vs. 33.8 +/- 17.45 mL, P > 0.05), and stroke (SV: 69.9 +/- 25.0 mL vs. 70.9 +/- 25.0 mL, P > 0.05) volumes. Bland-Altmann plots showed systematic lower EDV (-12.0 +/- 6.7 mL), ESV (-4.8 +/- 3.7 mL), and SV (-7.3 +/- 7.6 mL), and a systematic higher ejection fraction (0.4% +/- 5.0%) for threshold-based segmentation compared with short-axis planimetry with semiautomatic contour detection. Threshold-based segmentation showed an excellent reproducibility with low absolute differences between 2 consecutive analyses (EDV: 0.2 +/- 2.2 mL; ESV: 0.5 +/- 1.9 mL; SV: 0.6 +/- 3.4 mL; EF: 0.5% +/- 2.1%). Evaluation times were significantly shorter for threshold-based segmentation (60 +/- 16 vs. 278 +/- 31 seconds/669 +/- 157 seconds, P < 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Automated threshold-based segmentation of the left ventricle allows fast and reproducible assessment of LV volumes in cardiac MRI. Exclusion of papillary muscles and myocardial trabeculations from LV volumes leads to systematically lower LV volumes compared with short axis planimetry with semi-automatic contour detection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany. Kai.Nassenstein@uni-due.de
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nassenstein
authors.forename: Armin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: de Greiff
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hunold
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009929:Organ Size; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000175:diagnosis*