title: Evaluating cleansing effects on trace elements and stable isotope  values in feathers of oiled birds.
abstract: Feathers of seabirds are widely used as a nondestructive tissue for pollution monitoring of trace elements, as well as convenient samples for trophic ecology studies by means of stable isotope analysis (SIA). Nevertheless, feathers can be occasionally impregnated with oil from deliberate ship discharges and from massive oil spill accidents. The feather structure makes them effective traps for particles and are subject to external contamination. It is unknown to what extent the oil adhered to feathers can change trace element concentrations or stable isotope signatures. This study has two primary objectives: (1) to assess if there are differences between trace element concentrations and stable isotope signatures of oiled and clean feathers, and (2) to determine if the cleansing of oiled feathers using commonly applied techniques such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH) washes in combination with an organic solvent (hexane) is more effective than using NaOH alone. In order to do this, we analysed trace elements (Se, Hg, Pb, Cu and Zn) and stable isotopes (delta(13)C and delta(15)N) of individual feathers of yellow-legged gulls (Larus michahellis) which were affected by the 2002 Prestige oil spill in Galicia (NW Spain). Two sets of feathers were analysed, one group were oil-free (Control group) and the other had oil adhered to its surface (Oiled group). We expected to find differences between control and oiled feathers when cleaning exclusively with NaOH and no differences when using hexane. Our results did not show significant differences between Control and Oiled groups as a consequence of the cleansing method used. Unexpectedly, the additional cleansing with hexane resulted in decreasing selenium concentrations and increasing zinc and delta(15)N values in all groups of feathers.
authors.affiliation: Departament de Biologia Animal, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avgda. Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain. svallala7@alumnes.ub.edu
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Valladares
authors.forename: Roćio
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Moreno
authors.forename: Lluis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jover
authors.forename: Carola
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sanpera
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002247:Carbon Isotopes / Q000378:metabolism; D046091:Charadriiformes; D003902:Detergents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D052918:Environmental Restoration and Remediation / Q000379:methods; D005241:Feathers / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000187:drug effects; D006586:Hexanes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000378:metabolism; D009587:Nitrogen Isotopes / Q000378:metabolism; D010578:Petroleum; D012643:Selenium / Q000378:metabolism; D012972:Sodium Hydroxide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012997:Solvents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013030:Spain
chemical_list: D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D003902:Detergents; D006586:Hexanes; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D009587:Nitrogen Isotopes; D010578:Petroleum; D012997:Solvents; D012972:Sodium Hydroxide; D012643:Selenium