title: The signal transduction cascade regulating the expression of the gap junction protein connexin43 by beta-adrenoceptors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In mammalian heart, connexin43 (Cx43) represents the predominant connexin in the working myocardium. As the beta-adrenoceptor is involved in many cardiac diseases, we wanted to clarify the pathway by which beta-adrenoceptor stimulation may control Cx43 expression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes were stimulated with isoprenaline. Cx43 expression as well as activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), p42/44 MAPK, JUN NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK) and nuclear translocation of the transcription factors activator protein 1 (AP1) and CRE-binding protein (CREB) were investigated. Additionally, we assessed Cx43 expression and distribution in left ventricular biopsies from patients without any significant heart disease, and from patients with either congestive heart failure [dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)] or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Isoprenaline exposure caused about twofold up-regulation of Cx43 protein with a pEC(50) of 7.92 +/- 0.11, which was inhibited by propranolol, SB203580 (4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-methylsulphinylphenyl)-5-(4-pyridyl)-1H-imidazole) (p38 inhibitor), PD98059 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one) (MAPK 1 kinase inhibitor) (Alexis Biochemicals, San Diego, CA, USA) or cyclosporin A. Similar findings were obtained for Cx43 mRNA. Furthermore, Cx43 up-regulation was accompanied by phosphorylation of p38, p42/44 and JNK, and by translocation of AP1 and CREB to the nucleus. Analysis of Cx43 protein and mRNA in ventricular biopsies revealed that in patients with DCM, Cx43 content was significantly lower, and in patients with HCM, Cx43 content was significantly higher, relative to patients without any cardiomyopathy. More importantly, Cx43 distribution also changed with more Cx43 being localized at the lateral border of the cardiomyocytes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Beta-adrenoceptor stimulation up-regulated cardiac Cx43 expression via a protein kinase A and MAPK-regulated pathway, possibly involving AP1 and CREB. Cardiomyopathy altered Cx43 expression and distribution.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Cardiology, University of Leipzig, Heart Centre, Leipzig, Germany. aida.salameh@med.uni-leipzig.de
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Salameh
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Krautblatter
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Karl
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Blanke
authors.forename: D Rojas
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Gomez
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dhein
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pfeiffer
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Janousek
mesh_terms: D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018031:Connexin 43 / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D017630:Connexins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D011943:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1 / Q000502:physiology; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists; C115163:CREB1 protein, human; D018031:Connexin 43; D017630:Connexins; D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein; D011943:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1