title: Veterinary decision making in relation to metritis--a qualitative approach to understand the background for variation and bias in veterinary medical records.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Results of analyses based on veterinary records of animal disease may be prone to variation and bias, because data collection for these registers relies on different observers in different settings as well as different treatment criteria. Understanding the human influence on data collection and the decisions related to this process may help veterinary and agricultural scientists motivate observers (veterinarians and farmers) to work more systematically, which may improve data quality. This study investigates qualitative relations between two types of records: 1) 'diagnostic data' as recordings of metritis scores and 2) 'intervention data' as recordings of medical treatment for metritis and the potential influence on quality of the data.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study is based on observations in veterinary dairy practice combined with semi-structured research interviews of veterinarians working within a herd health concept where metritis diagnosis was described in detail. The observations and interviews were analysed by qualitative research methods to describe differences in the veterinarians' perceptions of metritis diagnosis (scores) and their own decisions related to diagnosis, treatment, and recording.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The analysis demonstrates how data quality can be affected during the diagnostic procedures, as interaction occurs between diagnostics and decisions about medical treatments. Important findings were when scores lacked consistency within and between observers (variation) and when scores were adjusted to the treatment decision already made by the veterinarian (bias). The study further demonstrates that veterinarians made their decisions at 3 different levels of focus (cow, farm, population). Data quality was influenced by the veterinarians' perceptions of collection procedures, decision making and their different motivations to collect data systematically.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both variation and bias were introduced into the data because of veterinarians' different perceptions of and motivations for decision making. Acknowledgement of these findings by researchers, educational institutions and veterinarians in practice may stimulate an effort to improve the quality of field data, as well as raise awareness about the importance of including knowledge about human perceptions when interpreting studies based on field data. Both recognitions may increase the usefulness of both within-herd and between-herd epidemiological analyses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Large Animal Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark. bay@life.ku.dk
authors.forename: Dorte B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Lastein
authors.forename: Mette
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vaarst
authors.forename: Carsten
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Enevoldsen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015982:Bias; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D004716:Endometritis / Q000662:veterinary*; D005260:Female; D015588:Observer Variation; D011996:Records / Q000662:veterinary*; D014730:Veterinary Medicine / Q000592:standards*