title: Exclusion of known corneal dystrophy genes in an autosomal dominant pedigree of a unique anterior membrane corneal dystrophy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  With advances in phenotyping tools and availability of molecular characterization, an increasing number of phenotypically and genotypically diverse inherited corneal dystrophies are described. We aimed to determine the underlying causative genetic mechanism in a three-generation pedigree affected with a unique anterior membrane corneal dystrophy characterized by early onset recurrent corneal erosions, small discrete focal opacities at the level of Bowman layer and anterior stroma, anterior stromal flecks, and prominent corneal nerves.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty affected and unaffected members of a three-generation family were examined and extensively clinically characterized including corneal topography and in vivo confocal microscopy, and biological specimens were collected for DNA extraction. Mutational analysis of two corneal genes (TGFBI [Transforming Growth factor-beta induced] and ZEB1 [zinc finger E box-binding homeobox 1]) was undertaken, in addition to testing with the Asper Corneal Dystrophy gene chip (Asper Ophthalmics, Tartu, Estonia). Subsequent Genotyping To 11 Known Corneal Gene Loci (COL8A2 [Collagen, Type VIII, Alpha-2], TACSTD2 [Tumor-Associated Calcium Signal Transducer 2], PIP5K3 [Phosphatidylinositol-3-Phosphate 5-Kinase, Type III], GSN [Gelsolin], KERA [Keratocan], VSX1 [Visual System Homeobox Gene 1], COL6A1 [Collagen, Type VI, Alpha-1], MMP9 [Matrix Metalloproteinase 9], KRT3 [Keratin 3]), and two putative loci, 3p14-q13 and 15q22.33-24) was undertaken using polymorphic markers, and haplotypes constructed. Multipoint linkage analysis was performed to generate LOD scores and produce LOD plots across the candidate intervals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No pathogenic sequence variations were detected in TGFBI or ZEB1 of the proband nor on the Asper Corneal Dystrophy gene chip (302 mutations in 12 genes). Multipoint linkage analysis of 11 known corneal genes and loci generated negative LOD plots and was able to exclude all genes tested including PIP5K3.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exclusion of linkage to candidate corneal loci combined with an absence of pathogenic mutations in known corneal genes in this pedigree suggest a different genetic causative mechanism in this dystrophy than the previously documented corneal genes. This unique phenotype of an anterior membrane dystrophy may therefore provide an opportunity to identify a new gene responsible for corneal disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. a.vincent@auckland.ac.nz
authors.forename: Andrea L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Vincent
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Markie
authors.forename: Betina
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: De Karolyi
authors.forename: Catherine E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Wheeldon
authors.forename: Dipika V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Christina N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Grupcheva
authors.forename: Charles N J
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: McGhee
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003315:Cornea / Q000473:pathology; D003317:Corneal Dystrophies, Hereditary / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology*; D003710:Demography; D005260:Female; D005799:Genes, Dominant; D006801:Humans; D008126:Lod Score; D008297:Male; D008566:Membranes / Q000473:pathology; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008875:Middle Aged; D010375:Pedigree