title: The impact of the demographic transition on dengue in Thailand: insights from a statistical analysis and mathematical modeling.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An increase in the average age of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) cases has been reported in Thailand. The cause of this increase is not known. Possible explanations include a reduction in transmission due to declining mosquito populations, declining contact between human and mosquito, and changes in reporting. We propose that a demographic shift toward lower birth and death rates has reduced dengue transmission and lengthened the interval between large epidemics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using data from each of the 72 provinces of Thailand, we looked for associations between force of infection (a measure of hazard, defined as the rate per capita at which susceptible individuals become infected) and demographic and climactic variables. We estimated the force of infection from the age distribution of cases from 1985 to 2005. We find that the force of infection has declined by 2% each year since a peak in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Contrary to recent findings suggesting that the incidence of DHF has increased in Thailand, we find a small but statistically significant decline in DHF incidence since 1985 in a majority of provinces. The strongest predictor of the change in force of infection and the mean force of infection is the median age of the population. Using mathematical simulations of dengue transmission we show that a reduced birth rate and a shift in the population's age structure can explain the shift in the age distribution of cases, reduction of the force of infection, and increase in the periodicity of multiannual oscillations of DHF incidence in the absence of other changes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lower birth and death rates decrease the flow of susceptible individuals into the population and increase the longevity of immune individuals. The increase in the proportion of the population that is immune increases the likelihood that an infectious mosquito will feed on an immune individual, reducing the force of infection. Though the force of infection has decreased by half, we find that the critical vaccination fraction has not changed significantly, declining from an average of 85% to 80%. Clinical guidelines should consider the impact of continued increases in the age of dengue cases in Thailand. Countries in the region lagging behind Thailand in the demographic transition may experience the same increase as their population ages. The impact of demographic changes on the force of infection has been hypothesized for other diseases, but, to our knowledge, this is the first observation of this phenomenon. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America. dcumming@jhsph.edu
authors.forename: Derek A T
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Cummings
authors.forename: Sopon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Iamsirithaworn
authors.forename: Justin T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Lessler
authors.forename: Aidan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: McDermott
authors.forename: Rungnapa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Prasanthong
authors.forename: Ananda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nisalak
authors.forename: Richard G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Jarman
authors.forename: Donald S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Burke
authors.forename: Robert V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Gibbons
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D003710:Demography; D003715:Dengue / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D013785:Thailand / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult