title: The effects of psychotherapy on neural responses to rewards in major depression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Unipolar major depressive disorder (MDD) is characterized by anomalous neurobiological responses to pleasant stimuli, a pattern that may be linked to symptoms of anhedonia. However, the potential for psychotherapy to normalize neurobiological responses to pleasant stimuli has not been evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve adults with and 15 adults without MDD participated in two identical functional magnetic resonance imaging scans that used a Wheel of Fortune task. Between scans, MDD outpatients received Behavioral Activation Therapy for Depression, a psychotherapy modality designed to increase engagement with rewarding stimuli and reduce avoidance behaviors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy-five percent of adults with MDD were treatment responders, achieving post-treatment Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression score of six or below. Relative to changes in brain function in the matched nondepressed group, psychotherapy resulted in functional changes in structures that mediate responses to rewards, including the paracingulate gyrus during reward selection, the right caudate nucleus (i.e., the dorsal striatum), during reward anticipation, and the paracingulate and orbital frontal gyri during reward feedback. There was no effect of diagnostic status or psychotherapy on in-scanner task-related behavioral responses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Behavioral Activation Therapy for Depression, a psychotherapy modality designed to increase engagement with rewarding stimuli and reduce avoidance behaviors, results in improved functioning of unique reward structures during different temporal phases of responses to pleasurable stimuli, including the dorsal striatum during reward anticipation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3366, USA. dichter@med.unc.edu
authors.forename: Gabriel S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Dichter
authors.forename: Jennifer N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Felder
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Petty
authors.forename: Joshua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bizzell
authors.forename: Monique
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ernst
authors.forename: Moria J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Smoski
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D011613:Psychotherapy; D012201:Reward