title: Contribution of the prostaglandin E2/E-prostanoid 2 receptor signaling pathway in abscess formation in rat zymosan-induced pleurisy.
abstract: Abscess formation is a classic host response to infection by many pathogenic microorganisms. Here, we studied the role of prostaglandins (PGs) and their signal transduction in abscess formation. Zymosan was injected into the pleural cavity of rats. Expression of enzymes involved in PG synthesis, their receptors, and cytokines in exudate leukocytes and abscesses were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. Treatment with ketorolac, a cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 inhibitor, or N-[2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl] methanesulfonamide (NS-398), a COX-2 inhibitor, reduced the size of abscesses and the number of cells recovered from the abscess. COX-2 was detected in leukocytes of the exudate and a marginal area of abscesses. Among detected terminal PG synthases, the major one was cytosolic PGE synthase. Membrane-bound PGE synthase (mPGES)-1 was detected in cells that were similar to the COX-2-expressing cells in morphology and localization. A high level of the E-prostanoid (EP)(2) receptor and a low level of the EP(4) receptor were detected. The expression pattern of the EP(2) receptor paralleled that of COX-2 and mPGES-1. 11,15-O-Dimethyl PGE(2) (ONO-AE1-259), an EP(2) receptor agonist, and rolipram, a phosphodiesterase type-4 inhibitor, reversed the effects of COX inhibitors on abscess formation. In contrast, 16-(3-methoxymethyl) phenyl-omega-tetranor-3,7-dithia PGE(1) (ONO-AE1-329), an EP(4) receptor agonist, did not reverse the effects of NS-398. Moreover, NS-398 reduced the mRNA levels in exudate leukocytes of some proinflammatory and fibrogenic cytokines, which was reversed by ONO-AE1-259. These results suggest that PGE(2) generated via COX-1 and COX-2 may interact with the EP(2) receptor and may up-regulate in cAMP-dependent fashion the production of cytokines that promote abscess formation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mediator and Signal Transduction Pharmacology, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshihisa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Inada
authors.forename: Keita
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Arai
authors.forename: Michiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kawamura
authors.forename: Ko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hatanaka
authors.forename: Yuichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Noshiro
authors.forename: Yoshiteru
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Harada
mesh_terms: D000038:Abscess / Q000201:enzymology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control; D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D010998:Pleurisy / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000150:complications* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D018078:Receptors, Prostaglandin E / Q000819:agonists / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D058307:Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP2 Subtype; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D015054:Zymosan
chemical_list: D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; C545646:Ptger2 protein, rat; D018078:Receptors, Prostaglandin E; D058307:Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP2 Subtype; D015054:Zymosan; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D015232:Dinoprostone