title: Outcome of carotid endarterectomy under local anaesthesia with respect to the patients' risk profile.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the present study the perioperative complication rate is compared between high- and low-risk patients when carotid endarterectomy (CEA) is routinely performed under local anaesthesia (LA).
  
  
  METHODS
  From January 2000 through June 2008 1220 consecutive patients underwent CEA under LA. High-risk patients fulfilled at least one of the following characteristics: ASA 4 classification, "hostile neck", recurrent ICA stenosis, contralateral ICA occlusion, age > or = 80 years. The combined complication rate comprised any new neurological deficit (TIA or stroke), myocardial infarction or death within 30 days after CEA, which was compared between patient groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall 309 patients (25%) were attributed to the high-risk group, which differed significantly regarding sex distribution (more males: 70% vs. 63%, p = 0.011), neurological presentation (more asymptomatic: 72% vs. 62%, p = 0.001) and shunt necessity (33% vs. 14%, p < 0.001). In 32 patients 17 TIAs and 15 strokes were observed. In 3 patients a myocardial infarction occurred. Death occurred in one patient following a stroke and in another patient following myocardial infarction, leading to a combined complication rate of 2.9% (35/1220). In the multivariate analysis only previous neurological symptomatology (OR 2.85, 95% CI 1.38-5.91) and intraoperative shunting (OR 5.57, 95% CI 2.69-11.55) were identified as independent risk factors for an increased combined complication rate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With the routine use of LA, CEA was not associated with worse outcome in high-risk patients. Considering the data reported in the literature, it does not appear justified to refer high-risk patients principally to carotid angioplasty and stenting (CAS) when LA can be chosen to perform CEA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular Surgery, University Clinic Cologne, Cologne, Germany. aleksicm@kliniken-koeln.de
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aleksic
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Luebke
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brunkwall
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000772:Anesthesia, Local / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000401:mortality; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D016894:Endarterectomy, Carotid / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000209:etiology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000209:etiology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D018579:Patient Selection; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D020521:Stroke / Q000209:etiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome