title: Pancreatic cancer cells resistance to gemcitabine: the role of MUC4 mucin.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A major obstacle to the successful management of pancreatic cancer is to acquire resistance to the existing chemotherapeutic agents. Resistance to gemcitabine, the standard first-line chemotherapeutic agent for advanced and metastatic pancreatic cancer, is mainly attributed to an altered apoptotic threshold in the pancreatic cancer. The MUC4 transmembrane glycoprotein is aberrantly overexpressed in the pancreatic cancer and recently, has been shown to increase pancreatic tumour cell growth by the inhibition of apoptosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Effect of MUC4 on pancreatic cancer cells resistance to gemcitabine was studied in MUC4-expressing and MUC4-knocked down pancreatic cancer cell lines after treatment with gemcitabine by Annexin-V staining, DNA fragmentation assay, assessment of mitochondrial cytochrome c release, immunoblotting and co-immunoprecipitation techniques.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Annexin-V staining and DNA fragmentation experiment demonstrated that MUC4 protects CD18/HPAF pancreatic cancer cells from gemcitabine-induced apoptosis. In concert with these results, MUC4 also attenuated mitochondrial cytochrome c release and the activation of caspase-9. Further, our results showed that MUC4 exerts anti-apoptotic function through HER2/extracellular signal-regulated kinase-dependent phosphorylation and inactivation of the pro-apoptotic protein Bad.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results elucidate the function of MUC4 in imparting resistance to pancreatic cancer cells against gemcitabine through the activation of anti-apoptotic pathways and, thereby, promoting cell survival.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bafna
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaur
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Momi
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Batra
mesh_terms: D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D003600:Cytosol / Q000378:metabolism; D003841:Deoxycytidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D055264:Mucin-4 / Q000502:physiology*; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases / Q000502:physiology; D015398:Signal Transduction; D051025:bcl-Associated Death Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D051020:bcl-X Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D000093542:Gemcitabine
chemical_list: D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; D003841:Deoxycytidine; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases; D055264:Mucin-4; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases; D051025:bcl-Associated Death Protein; D051020:bcl-X Protein; D000093542:Gemcitabine; C494819:BAD protein, human; C494811:BCL2L1 protein, human; C524658:MUC4 protein, human; C508053:ERBB2 protein, human