title: Cannabinoid 1 receptor mediation of spinal cord ischemic tolerance induced by limb remote ischemia preconditioning in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to examine the influence of endogenous cannabinoids on neuroprotection of the spinal cord afforded by limb remote ischemic preconditioning.
  
  
  METHODS
  In experiment 1 (RIPC group), 3 cycles of limb remote ischemic preconditioning within different episodes (2, 3, or 5 minutes) were induced before spinal cord ischemia in rats (N = 5, n = 8). In experiment 2, animals were pretreated intravenously by the vehicles, cannabinoid 1 (AM251, 1 mg/kg) or cannabinoid 2 (AM630, 1 mg/kg) receptor antagonist 15 minutes before remote ischemic preconditioning, or else they were subjected to a sham operation. Thirty minutes after the pretreatment, spinal cord ischemia was induced (N = 8, n = 8). In experiment 3, the arachidonylethanolamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol contents in the spinal cord after remote ischemic preconditioning and spinal cord ischemia were detected in rats (N = 2, n = 12). Spinal cord ischemia was induced by 12 minutes of thoracic aorta occlusion in rats. Neurologic function was assessed 24 and 48 hours after reperfusion. Histopathologic examination was performed and the number of normal neurons in anterior spinal cord were counted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In experiment 1, 3 cycles of limb remote ischemic preconditioning (3 minutes of ischemia/3 minutes of reperfusion) induced ischemic tolerance on the spinal cords of the rats. The RIPC group showed a significant reduction in motor deficit index (P < .01) as well as an increase in the number of normal neurons (P < .01). In experiment 2, the cannabinoid 1 receptor antagonist AM251 pretreatment abolished the protective effects of remote preconditioning. In experiment 3, arachidonylethanolamide content in spinal cord was elevated by remote ischemic preconditioning in rats.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicated that endogenous cannabinoids, through acting on cannabinoid 1 receptors, were involved in the neuroprotective phenomenon on spinal cords of limb remote ischemic preconditioning.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
authors.forename: Binxiao
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: Hailong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Xijing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Qian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: Lize
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xiong
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D063387:Cannabinoid Receptor Antagonists; D063385:Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators / Q000502:physiology; D007211:Indoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D007511:Ischemia; D019194:Ischemic Preconditioning / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D010880:Piperidines / Q000494:pharmacology; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D043884:Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology*; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000517:prevention & control; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D063387:Cannabinoid Receptor Antagonists; D063385:Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators; D007211:Indoles; D010880:Piperidines; D011720:Pyrazoles; D043884:Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1; C103505:AM 251; C094023:iodopravadoline