title: Health profiles of methyl bromide applicators in greenhouses in Turkey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Methyl bromide is a toxic substance that has hazardous effects on human health with acute and chronic exposure. Our previous study showed that methyl bromide applicators frequently use large amounts of methyl bromide haphazardly in greenhouses in the prefectures of Narlidere and Balcova in the Aegean city of Izmir. This study aims to evaluate the health conditions of these workers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Our previous study showed that there are 38 methyl bromide applicators in our study area. After the informed consent of methyl bromide applicators was obtained, a questionnaire was used for a survey of demography and symptoms. Each subject was examined before and after application of the compound. Blood and urine samples were collected and stored. Blood samples were analysed for methyl bromide and bromide ion, kidney and liver function tests and lipid profile.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The age range of subjects was 19 to 53 years (mean age: 41 +/- 8.57). This study showed that methyl bromide applicators use large amounts of methyl bromide disregarding legal regulations and that some of them had nonspecific complaints. Subjects had been working as methyl bromide applicators for approximately 9.7 +/- 4.15 years. A total of 69.7% of methyl bromide applicators reported that they did not use protective equipment while 33.3% of them had a history of acute methyl bromide intoxication. A statistically significant relationship was found between the usage of protective equipment and the level of blood bromide ion in the blood (P <0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Usage of methyl bromide, training, screening and follow-up of applicators must be rigorously controlled in accordance with national legal arrangements and international protocols. Greater efforts are required in the implementation of controls to achieve the targets set by the legal regulations and to ensure continual improvement in the limitation of the risks of this environmental hazard.
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey. toprak.ergonen@deu.edu.tr
authors.forename: Ergonen Toprak
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Akca
authors.forename: Salacin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Serpil
authors.forename: Uysal
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Sezer
authors.forename: Eminoglu
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ozlem
authors.forename: Gelal
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ayşe
authors.forename: Coker
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Canan
authors.forename: Baydur
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hakan
authors.forename: Karcioglu
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ozgur
authors.forename: Onvural
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Banu
authors.forename: Guven
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hulya
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D051639:Gardening; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D006842:Hydrocarbons, Brominated / Q000097:blood / Q000633:toxicity* / Q000652:urine; D019570:Inhalation Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009676:Noxae / Q000097:blood / Q000633:toxicity* / Q000652:urine; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011481:Protective Clothing; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D014421:Turkey / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D006842:Hydrocarbons, Brominated; D009676:Noxae; C005218:methyl bromide