title: Forces released by nonconventional bracket or ligature systems during alignment of buccally displaced teeth.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to analyze the forces released by 4 types of passive stainless steel self-ligating brackets and 2 nonconventional elastomeric ligature bracket systems compared with conventional elastomeric ligatures on stainless steel brackets during the alignment of buccally displaced teeth.
  
  
  METHODS
  A model consisting of 5 brackets (from second premolar through central incisor) was used to assess the forces released by the 7 bracket-ligature systems with 0.012- or 0.014-in superelastic wires with various amounts of buccal canine displacement (1.5-6.0 mm). The comparisons between the different types of bracket-wire-ligature systems were performed with 3-way ANOVA with the Tukey post-hoc test (P <0.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  For buccal misalignments of 1.5 and 3.0 mm, both low-friction and conventional systems released forces for bracket alignment ranging from about 30 to 160 g. For greater buccal displacements (4.5 and 6.0 mm), the low-friction systems produced a significant magnitude of force, but it dropped to 0 g for the conventional system.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nonconventional elastomeric ligature bracket systems produced levels of force for tooth movement that were similar to those generated by passive self-ligating brackets.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, University of Florence, Florence, Italy. lorenzo.franchi@unifi.it
authors.forename: Lorenzo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Franchi
authors.forename: Tiziano
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Baccetti
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Camporesi
authors.forename: Veronica
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Giuntini
mesh_terms: D001641:Bicuspid / Q000473:pathology; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D003481:Cuspid / Q000473:pathology; D003722:Dental Alloys / Q000737:chemistry; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation; D020724:Elastomers / Q000737:chemistry; D017276:Friction; D006801:Humans; D007180:Incisor / Q000473:pathology; D008310:Malocclusion / Q000473:pathology; D008422:Materials Testing; D009532:Nickel / Q000737:chemistry; D016382:Orthodontic Appliance Design; D016910:Orthodontic Brackets; D009969:Orthodontic Wires; D013193:Stainless Steel / Q000737:chemistry; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry; D014087:Tooth Movement Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation*
chemical_list: D003722:Dental Alloys; D003764:Dental Materials; D020724:Elastomers; C040654:titanium nickelide; C093826:Austenite; D013193:Stainless Steel; D009532:Nickel; D014025:Titanium