title: Intention-to-treat analysis and accounting for missing data in orthopaedic randomized clinical trials.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The intention-to-treat principle implies that all patients who are randomized in a clinical trial should be analyzed according to their original allocation. This means that patients crossing over to another treatment group and patients lost to follow-up should be included in the analysis as a part of their original group. This principle is important for preserving the randomization scheme, which is the basis for correct inference in any randomized trial. In this study, we examined the use of the intention-to-treat principle in recently published orthopaedic clinical trials.
  
  
  METHODS
  We surveyed eight leading orthopaedic journals for randomized clinical trials published between January 2005 and August 2008. We determined whether the intention-to-treat principle was implemented and, if so, how it was used in each trial. Specifically, we ascertained which methods were used to account for missing data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our search yielded 274 randomized clinical trials, and the intention-to-treat principle was used in ninety-six (35%) of them. There were significant differences among the journals with regard to the use of the intention-to-treat principle. The relative number of trials in which the principle was used increased each year. The authors adhered to the strict definition of the intention-to-treat principle in forty-five of the ninety-six studies in which it was claimed that this principle had been used. In forty-four randomized trials, patients who had been lost to follow-up were excluded from the final analysis; this practice was most notable in studies of surgical interventions. The most popular method of adjusting for missing data was the "last observation carried forward" technique.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In most of the randomized clinical trials published in the orthopaedic literature, the investigators did not adhere to the stringent use of the intention-to-treat principle, with the most conspicuous problem being a lack of accounting for patients lost to follow-up. This omission might introduce bias to orthopaedic randomized clinical trials and their analysis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan 52621, Israel. amirherm@gmail.com
authors.forename: Amir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Herman
authors.forename: Itamar Busheri
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Botser
authors.forename: Shay
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tenenbaum
authors.forename: Ahron
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chechick
mesh_terms: D015982:Bias; D006801:Humans; D009985:Orthopedics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011643:Publishing; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000592:standards; D012107:Research Design