title: Association of seborrhoeic warts with skin cancer in renal transplant recipients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Renal transplant recipients (RTR) have a well recognized increased risk of cutaneous malignancy. A clinical observation that RTR with skin cancer often had multiple seborrhoeic warts prompted an investigation in RTR into the relationship between seborrhoeic warts and skin cancer and an exploration into potential risk factors for seborrhoeic warts in this population, including infection with human papillomavirus (HPV).
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a case control study involving 308 RTR. Clinical examinations identified seborrhoeic warts. Histological records reviewed to look for evidence of prior cutaneous malignancy. Seroprevalence of antibodies to 34 different HPV types tested using multiplex serology. Odds ratios (OR) calculated using unconditional logistic regression analysis to look for associations between skin cancer, HPV infection and seborrhoeic warts, controlling for potential confounding factors of gender, age and time since transplantation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seborrhoeic warts were associated with non-melanoma skin cancer [OR = 3.7; 95% confidence intervals (CI) ranging from 1.6-8.9; P = 0.002] when confounding factors of gender, age and time since transplantation were controlled for. There was also an association between seborrhoeic warts and viral warts (OR = 3.0, CI: 1.6-5.4; P < 0.0001), but no association between seborrhoeic warts and infection with single or multiple HPV types.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Seborrhoeic warts are associated with cutaneous malignancy, but not with any of the HPV types tested. The reasons for this association are unclear. RTR with multiple seborrhoeic warts may require more regular cutaneous examination to monitor for early signs of skin cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals, Oxford, UK. aoife_lally@hotmail.com
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lally
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Casabonne
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Waterboer
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Imko-Walczuk
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Michael
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pawlita
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Newton
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wojnarowska
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D012628:Dermatitis, Seborrheic / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000601:surgery; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D015995:Prevalence; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology; D014860:Warts / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology; D055815:Young Adult