title: Determinants of decline in glomerular filtration rate in nonproteinuric subjects with or without diabetes and hypertension.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study investigated whether the slope of estimated GFR is different between nonproteinuric subjects with and without diabetes, and what clinical factors are associated with the GFR slope.
  
  
  METHODS
  An observational cohort study was performed in 923 subjects, and the predictive value of baseline variables on the GFR slope was investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On the basis of the median 3-yr follow-up and 7 measurements of GFR, GFR slope (%/yr, median and interquartile range) was significantly larger in subjects with diabetes (-2.39 (-4.86 to 0.15), n=729) than in those without diabetes (-1.02 (-4.28 to 1.37), n=194), and this difference remained significant with or without presence of hypertension. After adjustments for confounding factors, predictors of GFR decline were found to be baseline high values of glycosylated hemoglobin A1C(HbA1C), GFR, systolic blood pressure, and low plasma total protein in subjects with diabetes, whereas only the latter two were significant in subjects without diabetes. In subjects with diabetes, the high GFR was accounted for by high HbA1C at baseline, and the predictors of GFR decline differed between those with and without hypertension, or with high and low baseline GFR. Any combination of the predictors showed increased risk for GFR decline.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GFR slope is substantially affected by multiple factors at various stages. The degree of chronic hyperglycemia is likely to play a crucial role in elevating GFR and accelerating the decline in patients with type 2 diabetes even from the normoalbuminuric stage.
authors.affiliation: Jiyugaoka Medical Clinic, Internal Medicine, Obihiro 080-0016, Japan. hiroki@m2.octv.ne.jp
authors.forename: Hiroki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yokoyama
authors.forename: Sakiko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kanno
authors.forename: Suguho
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Daishiro
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Itoh
authors.forename: Kazumi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.forename: Hirohito
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sone
authors.forename: Masakazu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haneda
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001794:Blood Pressure; D001798:Blood Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D007668:Kidney / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D001798:Blood Proteins; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human