title: Long-term biliary endoscopic sphincterotomy restenosis: incidence, endoscopic management, and complications of retreatment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ampullary restenosis is a late complication of biliary endoscopic sphincterotomy. Long-term data are limited regarding both the rate of restenosis and complications resulting from repeat therapy.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the incidence of post sphincterotomy restenosis and the effectiveness of endoscopic therapy in the management of this entity.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review of medical charts and the endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) database to identify patients with ERCP and biliary endoscopic sphincterotomy during the period 1998-2002 at the University of Iowa Hospitals was conducted. All subjects were contacted by phone and asked about the recurrence of their pancreatobiliary symptoms after the first ERCP and whether they sought any medical treatment for these symptoms. The primary outcome was restenosis of the sphincterotomy site and the secondary outcome was complications of endoscopic treatment of sphincterotomy restenosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 202 patients underwent ERCP and biliary endoscopic sphincterotomy on an intact major papilla. Of these, n = 80 patients (54.7 +/- 19 years of age, 76% female) consented and enrolled in the study. Among these, n = 13 (16%) developed ampullary restenosis in 1-62 (median 16) months after the index ERCP. These 13 patients underwent a total of 24 ERCPs (range 1-4 for each patient) for repeat biliary sphincterotomy and biliary stenting, if needed. Repeat biliary endoscopic sphincterotomy was successful in 12/13 (92%) patients. Complications of repeat biliary endoscopic sphincterotomy were seen in three patients: mild pancreatitis (n = 1), severe bleeding (n = 1), and severe duodenal perforation (n = 1).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Long-term restenosis is an important sequella of biliary endoscopic sphincterotomy. Repeat biliary endoscopic sphincterotomy is an effective treatment modality, but complications are not negligible.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA. farshad.elmi@gmail.com
authors.forename: Farshad
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Elmi
authors.forename: William B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Silverman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002760:Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde / Q000379:methods*; D002761:Cholangitis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery; D042883:Choledocholithiasis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008111:Liver Function Tests; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery; D011336:Probability; D012008:Recurrence; D012086:Reoperation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D009803:Sphincter of Oddi / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D016717:Sphincterotomy, Endoscopic / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013997:Time Factors