Aldose reductase protects against early atherosclerotic lesion formation in apolipoprotein E-null mice.
BACKGROUND
Atherosclerotic lesion formation is associated with the accumulation of oxidized lipids. Products of lipid oxidation, particularly aldehydes, stimulate cytokine production and enhance monocyte adhesion; however, their contribution to atherosclerotic lesion formation remains unclear.


OBJECTIVE
To test the hypothesis that inhibition of aldehyde removal by aldose reductase (AR), which metabolizes both free and phospholipid aldehydes, exacerbates atherosclerotic lesion formation.


RESULTS
In atherosclerotic lesions of apolipoprotein (apo)E-null mice, AR protein was located in macrophage-rich regions and its abundance increased with lesion progression. Treatment of apoE-null mice with AR inhibitors sorbinil or tolrestat increased early lesion formation but did not affect the formation of advanced lesions. Early lesions of AR(-/-)/apoE(-/-) mice maintained on high-fat diet were significantly larger when compared with age-matched AR(+/+)/apoE(-/-) mice. The increase in lesion area attributable to deletion of the AR gene was seen in both male and female mice. Pharmacological inhibition or genetic ablation of AR also increased the lesion formation in male mice made diabetic by streptozotocin treatment. Lesions in AR(-/-)/apoE(-/-) mice exhibited increased collagen and macrophage content and a decrease in smooth muscle cells. AR(-/-)/apoE(-/-) mice displayed a greater accumulation of the AR substrate 4-hydroxy trans-2-nonenal (HNE) in the plasma and protein-HNE adducts in arterial lesions than AR(+/+)/apoE(-/-) mice.


CONCLUSIONS
These observations indicate that AR is upregulated in atherosclerotic lesions and it protects against early stages of atherogenesis by removing toxic aldehydes generated in oxidized lipids.
Srivastava
Sanjay
S
Diabetes and Obesity Center, Institute of Molecular Cardiology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA. sanjay@louisville.edu
Vladykovskaya
Elena
E
Barski
Oleg A
OA
Spite
Matthew
M
Kaiserova
Karin
K
Petrash
J Mark
JM
Chung
Stephen S
SS
Hunt
Greg
G
Dawn
Buddhadeb
B
Bhatnagar
Aruni
A
D000449:Aldehyde Reductase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000447:Aldehydes / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D001057:Apolipoproteins E; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000517:prevention & control; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D048289:Imidazolidines / Q000494:pharmacology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000201:enzymology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D032389:Myocytes, Smooth Muscle / Q000201:enzymology; D009281:Naphthalenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction / Q000187:drug effects; D010743:Phospholipids / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics
D000447:Aldehydes; D001057:Apolipoproteins E; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D048289:Imidazolidines; D009281:Naphthalenes; D010743:Phospholipids; C040550:tolrestat; D000449:Aldehyde Reductase; C026411:sorbinil