title: Tobacco use and recovery of gait and balance function in older adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the influence of tobacco use status on outcome after an exercise program designed to improve gait and balance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Review of clinical database.
  
  
  METHODS
  Standardized assessment clinic in a tertiary care setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients (N=136, 77.2+/-5.8 y, 3 women) who were attending a Gait and Balance Disorders clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  Individualized home exercise programs based on findings of an extensive gait and mobility examination. Patients were evaluated every 4 weeks for 12 weeks.
  
  
  METHODS
  Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Dynamic Gait Index (DGI), and Medical Outcomes Study 36-item Short Form Health Survey Physical Functioning subscale (SF-36 PF). Differences were assessed preintervention, and separate hierarchical linear regression models were used to examine the unique contribution of tobacco use to changes in each of primary outcome measures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Current tobacco users had higher frequencies of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (P=.009) and depression (0.037). No differences were noted on preintervention measures of the primary outcomes based on tobacco use. Tobacco use explained a significant amount of additional variance in the postintervention score on each of the primary outcomes (BBS, 25.4%; DGI, 8.7%; SF-36 PF, 30.3%) after controlling for preintervention score, depression, and limb strength. Inspection of the adjusted means indicated that the group that had never used tobacco showed greater improvement than the current users for all variables after adjusting for factors used in the regression models.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Older adults who never used tobacco showed greater improvement than the current users for all variables after adjusting for factors used in the regression models. Current tobacco users perceived themselves to be more limited by their health after participation in the rehabilitation exercise program.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA. bish@ufl.edu
authors.forename: Mark D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Bishop
authors.forename: Michael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: Kathy E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Light
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging; D003863:Depression / Q000503:physiopathology; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005684:Gait; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009069:Movement Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D053580:Muscle Strength; D004856:Postural Balance; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000503:physiopathology; D011788:Quality of Life; D020127:Recovery of Function; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*