title: Antidepressant study design affects patient expectancy: a pilot study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Response to antidepressant medication is higher in comparator versus placebo-controlled randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Patient expectancy is an important influence on clinical outcome in the treatment of depression and may explain this finding. The results are reported from a pilot RCT studying expectancy and depression outcome in placebo-controlled versus comparator treatment conditions.MethodOut-patients aged 18-65 years with major depressive disorder (MDD) were enrolled in this 8-week RCT. Subjects were randomized to placebo-controlled (escitalopram or placebo) or comparator (escitalopram or citalopram) administration of antidepressant medication. Subjects reported their expected likelihood and magnitude of depression improvement before and after randomization using questions from the Credibility and Expectancy Scale (CES). A regressed change model of post-randomization expectancy of improvement was fit to the data to determine whether subjects in the comparator group reported greater expectancies of improvement than subjects in the placebo-controlled group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty subjects with mean age 56.5+/-11.7 years, a baseline Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD) score of 24.2+/-5.3, baseline Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) score of 24.9+/-6.4 and baseline Clinical Global Impressions (CGI) - Severity score of 4.0+/-0.3 were enrolled in the study. Adjusting for other factors, the effect of group assignment on expected magnitude of improvement was significant and large (effect size 1.5). No group differences in expected likelihood of improvement were found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Randomization to comparator versus placebo-controlled administration of antidepressant medication produced greater expectancies of how much patients would improve during the trial. This expectancy difference may explain the higher response and remission rates that are observed in comparator versus placebo-controlled trials.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA. brr8@columbia.edu
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rutherford
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sneed
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Devanand
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Eisenstadt
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Roose
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015283:Citalopram / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010555:Personality Inventory / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010865:Pilot Projects; D015990:Placebo Effect; D011594:Psychometrics; D012107:Research Design; D012718:Set, Psychology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D015283:Citalopram