title: Leptomeningeal metastasis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Leptomeningeal metastasis occurs in approximately 5% of all patients with cancer. This review summarizes recent literature regarding methods of diagnosis and treatment of leptomeningeal metastasis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Staging of leptomeningeal metastasis should include contrast-enhanced brain and spine MRI, and though controversial, radionuclide cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow study. Treatment of leptomeningeal metastasis often requires involved-field radiotherapy to bulky or symptomatic disease sites as well as intra-CSF and systemic chemotherapy. The use of high-dose systemic therapy may benefit patients with leptomeningeal metastasis and obviate the need for intra-CSF chemotherapy. Intra-CSF drug therapy primarily utilizes one of three chemotherapeutic agents [i.e. methotrexate, cytosine arabinoside (both free and liposomal) and thio-tetraethylenepentamine] administered by a variety of schedules either by intralumbar or intraventricular drug delivery. Novel intra-CSF agents increasingly utilized in the treatment of leptomeningeal metastasis are targeted mAbs such as rituximab and trastuzumab.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although treatment of leptomeningeal metastasis is palliative with median patient survival of 2-3 months, treatment may afford stabilization and protection from further neurologic deterioration in patients with leptomeningeal metastasis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA. chambemc@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: Marc C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Chamberlain
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008577:Meningeal Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000556:secondary* / Q000628:therapy