title: Palmitic acid mediates hypothalamic insulin resistance by altering PKC-theta subcellular localization in rodents.
abstract: Insulin signaling can be modulated by several isoforms of PKC in peripheral tissues. Here, we assessed whether one specific isoform, PKC-theta, was expressed in critical CNS regions that regulate energy balance and whether it mediated the deleterious effects of diets high in fat, specifically palmitic acid, on hypothalamic insulin activity in rats and mice. Using a combination of in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, we found that PKC-theta was expressed in discrete neuronal populations of the arcuate nucleus, specifically the neuropeptide Y/agouti-related protein neurons and the dorsal medial nucleus in the hypothalamus. CNS exposure to palmitic acid via direct infusion or by oral gavage increased the localization of PKC-theta to cell membranes in the hypothalamus, which was associated with impaired hypothalamic insulin and leptin signaling. This finding was specific for palmitic acid, as the monounsaturated fatty acid, oleic acid, neither increased membrane localization of PKC-theta nor induced insulin resistance. Finally, arcuate-specific knockdown of PKC-theta attenuated diet-induced obesity and improved insulin signaling. These results suggest that many of the deleterious effects of high-fat diets, specifically those enriched with palmitic acid, are CNS mediated via PKC-theta activation, resulting in reduced insulin activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Stephen C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Benoit
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Kemp
authors.forename: Carol F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Elias
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Abplanalp
authors.forename: James P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Herman
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Migrenne
authors.forename: Anne-Laure
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Lefevre
authors.forename: Céline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cruciani-Guglielmacci
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Magnan
authors.forename: Fang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Niswender
authors.forename: Boman G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Irani
authors.forename: William L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Holland
authors.forename: Deborah J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Clegg
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity; D005943:Gluconeogenesis / Q000187:drug effects; D007031:Hypothalamus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D020738:Leptin / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D019308:Palmitic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000074121:Protein Kinase C-theta; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000235:genetics; D051381:Rats; D020318:Rats, Long-Evans; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D013347:Subcellular Fractions / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats; D007527:Isoenzymes; D020738:Leptin; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D019308:Palmitic Acid; C489593:Prkcq protein, mouse; C489591:Prkcq protein, rat; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D000074121:Protein Kinase C-theta