title: Linear radiofrequency microcatheter ablation guided by phased array intracardiac echocardiography combined with temperature decay.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fluoroscopy-guided catheter placement is limited in its ability to determine electrode-endocardial contact and involves radiation exposure. We hypothesized that (1) intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) would provide superior assessment of linear electrode contact compared to fluoroscopy and (2) slow temperature decay upon discontinuation of the radiofrequency current (time for temperature to fall 90% after a 10-second test application of the radiofrequency current T90) would indicate optimal electrode-myocardial contact.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty endocardial lesions were created in the atria and ventricles of six goats by simultaneous delivery of the radiofrequency current through two linear electrodes of a microcatheter with a central interelectrode thermocouple. Catheter placement was guided by fluoroscopy. A 7.5-MHz ICE transducer in the right atrium or ventricle assessed electrode contact. T90 and previously reported parameters of electrode contact and lesion formation were recorded. Histomorphometry was performed on the lesions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  T90 was 4.27 +/- 4.98 seconds. Lesion depth significantly correlated with ICE assessment of electrode contact (r = 0.56, P = 0.001); T90 upon radiofrequency current offset (r = 0.48, P = 0.008), impedance fall upon radiofrequency current onset (r = 0.37, P = 0.008), bipolar pacing threshold preablation (r =-0.56, P = 0.001), bipolar electrogram amplitude preablation (r = 0.43, P = 0.02), but not with fluoroscopic assessment of the electrode contact (r = 0.18, n.s.). For the prediction of achieving a lesion depth of >2 mm, a T90 of >4.0 seconds yielded a specificity of 86% and a sensitivity of 52%, ICE yielded a specificity and sensitivity of 58% and 68%, respectively, while the specificity and sensitivity of fluoroscopy were 26% and 68%, respectively. Both ICE and T90 provide additional clinical relevance during guidance of cardiac microcatheter ablation.
authors.affiliation: Cardiac Arrhythmia Service, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Keane
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hynes
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lamkin
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Houghtaling
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Aretz
authors.forename: Jeremy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ruskin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000628:therapy; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000379:methods*; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods*; D005471:Fluoroscopy; D006041:Goats; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013696:Temperature