title: Reversal of ketamine/xylazine combination anesthesia by atipamezole in olive baboons (Papio anubis).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The potential of Atipamezole (ATI) to reverse Ketamine/Xylazine (KET/XYL) anesthesia in the Olive baboon (Papio anubis) was studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  Anesthesia was induced with 10 mg/kg KET and 0.5 mg/kg XYL intramuscularly. Mean arousal time (MAT), heart rate (HR), systolic arterial blood pressure (SAP), rectal temperature, respiratory rate (RR), and hemoglobin oxygen saturation (SpO(2)) were monitored. Baboons were treated with: KET/XYL only, KET/XYL followed by 100 microg/kg ATI or by 200 microg/kg ATI administered 25 minutes after KET/XYL.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Atipamezole rapidly reversed depressed HR and SAP (10 +/- 5.2 minutes), RR (5 +/- 2 minutes) and SpO(2) (3 +/- 6 minutes) and significantly decreased MAT (13 +/- 2.2 minutes) vs. KET/XYL alone (35 +/- 5 minutes). Emesis was absent and salivation was observed after administration of 200 microg/kg ATI only.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Atipamezole at 100 microg/kg is sufficient for rapid and smooth reversal of KET/XYL anesthesia in the Olive baboon with minimal side effects.
authors.affiliation: Division of Comparative Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Langoi
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Mwethera
authors.forename: K S P
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Abelson
authors.forename: I O
authors.initials: IO
authors.lastname: Farah
authors.forename: H E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Carlsson
mesh_terms: D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D008297:Male; D048530:Papio anubis; D056152:Respiratory Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D014991:Xylazine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*
chemical_list: D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D007093:Imidazoles; C050701:atipamezole; D014991:Xylazine; D007649:Ketamine