title: Neuroanatomical correlates of different vulnerability states for psychosis and their clinical outcomes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Structural brain abnormalities have been described in individuals with an at-risk mental state for psychosis. However, the neuroanatomical underpinnings of the early and late at-risk mental state relative to clinical outcome remain unclear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate grey matter volume abnormalities in participants in a putatively early or late at-risk mental state relative to their prospective clinical outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Voxel-based morphometry of magnetic resonance imaging data from 20 people with a putatively early at-risk mental state (ARMS-E group) and 26 people with a late at-risk mental state (ARMS-L group) as well as from 15 participants with at-risk mental states with subsequent disease transition (ARMS-T group) and 18 participants without subsequent disease transition (ARMS-NT group) were compared with 75 healthy volunteers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with healthy controls, ARMS-L participants had grey matter volume losses in frontotemporolimbic structures. Participants in the ARMS-E group showed bilateral temporolimbic alterations and subtle prefrontal abnormalities. Participants in the ARMS-T group had prefrontal alterations relative to those in the ARMS-NT group and in the healthy controls that overlapped with the findings in the ARMS-L group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Brain alterations associated with the early at-risk mental state may relate to an elevated susceptibility to psychosis, whereas alterations underlying the late at-risk mental state may indicate a subsequent transition to psychosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Luwdig-Maxmilians-University, 80336 Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Nikolaos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Koutsouleris
authors.forename: Gisela J E
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Schmitt
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gaser
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bottlender
authors.forename: Johanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Scheuerecker
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: McGuire
authors.forename: Bernhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Burgermeister
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Born
authors.forename: Maximilian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Reiser
authors.forename: Hans-Jürgen
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Möller
authors.forename: Eva M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Meisenzahl
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004198:Disease Susceptibility / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000473:pathology*; D011379:Prognosis; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000473:pathology*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000473:pathology*; D055815:Young Adult