title: Virtual reality Powerwall versus conventional microscope for viewing pathology slides: an experimental comparison.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Virtual slides could replace the conventional microscope. However, it can take 60% longer to make a diagnosis with a virtual slide, due to the small display size and inadequate user interface of current systems. The aim was to create and test a virtual reality (VR) microscope using a Powerwall (a high-resolution array of 28 computer screens) for viewing virtual slides more efficiently.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A controlled user experiment was performed to compare the Powerwall with the microscope for four types of task: (i) a simple diagnosis, (ii) a decision about a lymph node, (iii) finding small objects, (iv) scoring a tissue microarray. User behaviour was recorded by video and questionnaire. Time taken to perform all four tasks and diagnostic confidence were similar using the Powerwall and conventional microscope.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After just a few minutes' familiarization, a VR Powerwall allowed tasks to be performed as quickly and confidently as a microscope. Behavioural data indicated how histopathologists should be trained to make the best use of the large display provided by the VR microscope. Together with the potential for further improvements in the design of the VR microscope, future virtual slide systems could out-perform conventional microscopes in histopathological diagnosis.
authors.affiliation: Pathology and Tumour Biology, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK. darrentreanor@nhs.net
authors.forename: Darren
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Treanor
authors.forename: Naomi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jordan-Owers
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hodrien
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: Phil
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Quirke
authors.forename: Roy A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Ruddle
mesh_terms: D002280:Basal Cell Carcinoma / Q000175:diagnosis; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000175:diagnosis; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D019937:Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000473:pathology; D008853:Microscopy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D010340:Pathology, Surgical / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis; D046888:Tissue Array Analysis / Q000379:methods; D014584:User-Computer Interface