title: Lowering of sensory, motor, and pain-tolerance thresholds with burst duration using kilohertz-frequency alternating current electric stimulation: part II.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the optimum burst duration for discrimination between sensory, motor, and pain tolerance thresholds using 20-Hz bursts of kilohertz-frequency sinusoidal alternating current (AC) applied transcutaneously to human participants.
  
  
  METHODS
  A within-subject, repeated-measures trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  A research laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Healthy young adults (N=20).
  
  
  METHODS
  Bursts of AC electric stimulation at frequencies of 1 and 4 kHz. The burst frequency was 20 Hz. Burst durations ranged from 250 microseconds (for 1 cycle of 4-kHz AC) and 1 millisecond (for 1 cycle of 1-kHz AC) to 50 milliseconds (continuous AC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Measurement of sensory, motor, and pain-tolerance thresholds.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thresholds decreased to a minimum with increasing burst duration. The minimum threshold identified the utilization time over which summation of subthreshold stimuli occurs. Utilization times were different for sensory (approximately 20 ms), motor (approximately 30 ms), and pain (>50 ms) and were much higher than found in a previous study that used a higher burst frequency (50 Hz). As with the previous study, relative thresholds were found to vary with burst duration. Despite the very different utilization times, maximum separation between sensory, motor, and pain thresholds was found to occur with bursts in the range of 1 to 4 milliseconds, the same range found in the previous study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our conclusions concur with those reported previously and support the contention that short-duration kilohertz-frequency AC bursts (1-4 ms) have a more useful role in rehabilitation than the long-duration kilohertz-frequency bursts that characterize Russian and interferential currents.
authors.affiliation: Musculoskeletal Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia. a.ward@latrobe.edu.au
authors.forename: Alex R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: Wendy Lee Hung
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Chuen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009119:Muscle Contraction; D017288:Pain Threshold; D012684:Sensory Thresholds; D019415:Torque; D055815:Young Adult