title: Effect of tiotropium on outcomes in patients with moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (UPLIFT): a prespecified subgroup analysis of a randomised controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The beneficial effects of pharmacotherapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are well established. However, there are few data for treatment in the early stages of the disease. We examined the effect of tiotropium on outcomes in a large subgroup of patients with moderate COPD.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Understanding Potential Long-Term Impacts on Function with Tiotropium (UPLIFT) study was a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial undertaken in 487 centres in 37 countries. 5993 patients aged 40 years or more with COPD were randomly assigned to receive 4 years of treatment with either once daily tiotropium (18 microg; n=2987) or matching placebo (n=3006), delivered by an inhalation device. Randomisation was by computer-generated blocks of four, with stratification according to study site. In a prespecified subgroup analysis, we investigated the effects of tiotropium in patients with Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) stage II disease. Primary endpoints were the yearly rates of decline in prebronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV(1)) and in postbronchodilator FEV(1), beginning on day 30 until completion of double-blind treatment. The analysis included all patients who had at least three measurements of pulmonary function. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00144339.
  
  
  RESULTS
  2739 participants (mean age 64 years [SD 9]) had GOLD stage II disease at randomisation (tiotropium, n=1384; control, n=1355), with a mean postbronchodilator FEV(1) of 1.63 L (SD 0.37; 59% of predicted value). 1218 patients in the tiotropium group and 1157 in the control group had three or more measurements of postbronchodilator pulmonary function after day 30 and were included in the analysis. The rate of decline of mean postbronchodilator FEV(1) was lower in the tiotropium group than in the control group (43 mL per year [SE 2] vs 49 mL per year [SE 2], p=0.024). For prebronchodilator pulmonary function, 1221 patients in the tiotropium group and 1158 in the control group had three or more measurements and were included in the analysis. The rate of decline of mean prebronchodilator FEV(1) did not differ between groups (35 mL per year [SE 2] vs 37 mL per year [SE 2]; p=0.38). Health status, measured with the St George's Respiratory Questionnaire, was better at all timepoints in the tiotropium group than in the control group (p</=0.006 for all timepoints). Time to first exacerbation and time to exacerbation resulting in hospital admission were also longer in the tiotropium group than in the control group (hazard ratio 0.82, 95% CI 0.75-0.90, and 0.74, 0.62-0.88, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tiotropium seemed to reduce the rate of decline of postbronchodilator FEV(1) in patients with GOLD stage II COPD. This finding and the other improvements in outcomes suggest that treatment of COPD should begin at an early stage of the disease.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Boehringer Ingelheim and Pfizer Pharmaceuticals.
authors.affiliation: Respiratory Division, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. Marc.Decramer@uzleuven.be
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Decramer
authors.forename: Bartolome
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Celli
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kesten
authors.forename: Theodore
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lystig
authors.forename: Sunil
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mehra
authors.forename: Donald P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Tashkin
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018450:Disease Progression; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume / Q000187:drug effects; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010343:Patient Admission / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000523:psychology; D011788:Quality of Life; D012602:Scopolamine Derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D000069447:Tiotropium Bromide; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D001993:Bronchodilator Agents; D012602:Scopolamine Derivatives; D000069447:Tiotropium Bromide