title: Do psychological characteristics predict response to exercise and advice for subacute low back pain?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether psychological characteristics predict outcome and/or response to physiotherapist-directed exercise- or advice-based treatment of subacute low back pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a secondary analysis of a factorial, placebo-controlled trial (n = 259). The psychological characteristics were catastrophizing, coping, pain self-efficacy, fear of injury/movement, depression, anxiety, and stress. We used mixed models to predict pain and function outcomes (both scored on a 0-10 scale). The models include a term for treatment group, a term for the psychological characteristic (which tested prediction of outcome), and an interaction term between the treatment group and psychological characteristic (which tested treatment effect modification). To aid the interpretation of the magnitude of the effect modification, we calculated the change in outcome for a 1 SD increase of the baseline score of the putative effect modifier. A >/=1.5-point change of the outcome of interest per 1 SD change of putative effect modifier was regarded as clinically important.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All of the psychological characteristics except coping predicted outcome, but none appeared to be important treatment effect modifiers. Only 5 of the 56 tests of treatment modification were statistically significant, and none of the 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for the interactions included clinically important effects. For example, a 1 SD higher baseline level of anxiety was associated with a 0.62 (95% CI 0.10, 1.15) additional effect of exercise on function at 52 weeks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most of the psychological characteristics we tested predicted outcome, but none predicted response to physiotherapist-guided exercise and/or advice.
authors.affiliation: Rehabilitation Foundation Limburg, Hoensbroek, and Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands. r.smeets@srl.nl
authors.forename: Rob J E M
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Smeets
authors.forename: Chris G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Maher
authors.forename: Michael K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Nicholas
authors.forename: Kathy M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Refshauge
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Herbert
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology; D005081:Exercise Therapy; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015233:Models, Statistical; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology; D016896:Treatment Outcome