title: Treatment of nonunion and malunion of trauma of the foot and ankle using external fixation.
abstract: Salvage of nonunion and malunion of trauma of the foot and ankle is often challenging surgery. Internal fixation provides the mainstay of most orthopedic surgeons' treatment of these conditions. Patient systemic factors, local factors, and the complex nature of these often multiplanar deformities may make external fixation a more viable option. This article provides an overview of the principles and results of the use of external fixation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, University Hospital Aintree, Liverpool, L9 7AL, United Kingdom. andy.molloy@aintree.nhs.uk
authors.forename: Andrew Peter
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Molloy
authors.forename: Andy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Roche
authors.forename: Badri
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Narayan
mesh_terms: D016512:Ankle Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D016267:External Fixators; D005260:Female; D018409:Foot Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D017102:Fracture Healing / Q000502:physiology; D017759:Fractures, Malunited / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D005599:Fractures, Ununited / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D018889:Ilizarov Technique; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000503:physiopathology; D011379:Prognosis; D011859:Radiography; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D020127:Recovery of Function; D018570:Risk Assessment