title: A prospective comparative evaluation of persistent respiratory morbidity in esophageal atresia and congenital diaphragmatic hernia survivors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to compare long-term respiratory morbidity in children after repair of esophageal atresia (EA) or congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH).
  
  
  METHODS
  Children were seen at 6, 12, and 24 months and 5 years within a prospective longitudinal follow-up program in a tertiary children's hospital. Respiratory morbidity and physical condition were evaluated at all moments. At age 5 years, pulmonary function and maximal exercise performance were tested.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 3 of 23 atresia patients and 10 of 20 hernia patients, bronchopulmonary dysplasia was developed. Seventeen atresia and 11 hernia patients had recurrent respiratory tract infections mainly in the first years of life. At age 5, 25% of EA and CDH patients measured showed reduced forced expiratory volume in 1 second (z-score < -2). Both atresia and hernia patients showed impaired growth, with catch-up growth at 5 years in patients with EA but not in those with hernia. Maximal exercise performance was significantly below normal for both groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Esophageal atresia and CDH are associated with equal risk of long-term respiratory morbidity, growth impairment, and disturbed maximal exercise performance. Prospective follow-up of EA patients aimed at identifying respiratory problems other than tracheomalacia should be an integral part of interdisciplinary follow-up programs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Saskia J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Gischler
authors.forename: Monique H M
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: van der Cammen-van Zijp
authors.forename: Petra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mazer
authors.forename: Gerard C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Madern
authors.forename: Nikolaas M A
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Bax
authors.forename: Johan C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: de Jongste
authors.forename: Monique
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van Dijk
authors.forename: Dick
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tibboel
authors.forename: Hanneke
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ijsselstijn
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D004933:Esophageal Atresia / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006548:Hernia, Diaphragmatic / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D065630:Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D012307:Risk Factors; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric