title: Deodorant effects of a supercritical hops extract: antibacterial activity against Corynebacterium xerosis and Staphylococcus epidermidis and efficacy testing of a hops/zinc ricinoleate stick in humans through the sensory evaluation of axillary deodorancy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is little scientific evidence to support the efficacy of natural deodorants and therefore, such products may be perceived as inefficacious. The evaluation of the in vitro antibacterial activity of a hop extract and the evaluation of the odor-reducing capacity of a hops/zinc ricinoleate-containing product by a sensory evaluation panel is employed to verify deodorant performance.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this study was to evaluate the in vitro antibacterial activity of a hop extract against Corynebacterium xerosis and Staphylococcus epidermidis and to verify in vivo deodorant performance of a hops/zinc ricinoleate-containing product.
  
  
  METHODS
  The hops extract was evaluated on a culture of an armpit swab from six volunteers. Furthermore, the extract was submitted to a zone of inhibition test and an agar-dilution assay against two major odor-causing bacteria. The clinical evaluation of the finished product was carried out according to a standard method for substantiating deodorant efficacy using trained odor judges for the assessment of axillary malodor (ASTM method E 1207-87 Standard Practice for the Sensory Evaluation of Axillary Deodorancy).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The supercritical hops extract showed good antibacterial activities in all three tests. Minimum inhibitory concentration values of 6.25 and 25 mug/mL against C. xerosis and S. aureus, respectively, were obtained in the agar-dilution assay. In the clinical underarm odor-reduction evaluation, the mean malodor score dropped from 6.28 (+/-0.70) to 1.80 (+/-0.71) after 8 h of application. There was still a noticeable effect at both 12 and 24 h after the application, with a score of 1.82 (+/-0.74) and 2.24 (+/-0.77), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The hops extract has good in vitro antibacterial properties and, in combination with zinc ricinoleate in an appropriate base, delivers in vivo odor reduction. The clinical efficacy is likely due to a combination of the base ingredients and the antibacterial actives.
authors.affiliation: Tom's of Maine, Lafayette Center, Kennebunk, Maine, USA.
authors.forename: Elizabeth R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Dumas
authors.forename: Amy E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Michaud
authors.forename: Chantal
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bergeron
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Lafrance
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mortillo
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gafner
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003352:Corynebacterium / Q000187:drug effects*; D003512:Cyclohexanones / Q000494:pharmacology; D053138:Cyclohexenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D003836:Deodorants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D027582:Humulus; D009812:Odorants / Q000517:prevention & control; D008517:Phytotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012277:Ricinoleic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects; D013212:Staphylococcus epidermidis / Q000187:drug effects*; D013729:Terpenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D014260:Triclosan / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D003512:Cyclohexanones; D053138:Cyclohexenes; D003836:Deodorants; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012277:Ricinoleic Acids; D013729:Terpenes; C442487:cohumulone; D014260:Triclosan; C030521:ricinoleic acid; C007966:humulon