title: Neurocognition in bipolar disorder and juvenile bipolar disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the ongoing quest for improved diagnostic markers of bipolar illness, the focus of research has gradually shifted to examining the onset of mood difficulties early in life and investigating the potential corollaries of such early onset such as cognitive impairment, disruption of social and emotional functioning, and constriction of quality of life. This article considers the disruptions to cognitive functioning that accompany bipolar disorder and compares adult and child profiles to ascertain the likelihood of identifying a neurocognitive biomarker of the illness.
  
  
  METHODS
  A succinct review of the literature pertaining to cognition in both adult and childhood populations is synthesised following Medline and PsychINFO searches using key-terms including 'cognition', 'bipolar disorder', 'neurocognitive' 'child', 'adolescent' and a range of neuropsychological domain names. In addition, literature known to the authors was scrutinised and relevant references further pursued.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Findings from the literature are contextualised and key findings are summarised and provide a basis for future recommendations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A number of deficits have been consistently identified in both adolescent and adult populations that perhaps reflect disease traits. Future research needs to focus on these and employ multimodal tests in pristine patient groups, with a view to identifying reliable biomarkers.
authors.affiliation: CADE Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia. ccahill@med.usyd.edu.au
authors.forename: Catherine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Cahill
authors.forename: Garry
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Walter
authors.forename: Gin S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Malhi