Chromatin dynamics associated with HIV-1 Tat-activated transcription.
Chromatin remodeling is an essential event for HIV-1 transcription. Over the last two decades this field of research has come to the forefront, as silencing of the HIV-1 provirus through chromatin modifications has been linked to latency. Here, we focus on chromatin remodeling, especially in relation to the transactivator Tat, and review the most important and newly emerging studies that investigate remodeling mechanisms. We begin by discussing covalent modifications that can alter chromatin structure including acetylation, deacetylation, and methylation, as well as topics addressing the interplay between chromatin remodeling and splicing. Next, we focus on complexes that use the energy of ATP to remove or secure nucleosomes and can additionally act to control HIV-1 transcription. Finally, we cover recent literature on viral microRNAs which have been shown to alter chromatin structure by inducing methylation or even by remodeling nucleosomes.
Easley
Rebecca
R
The George Washington University Medical Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, Washington, DC 20037, USA.
Van Duyne
Rachel
R
Coley
Will
W
Guendel
Irene
I
Dadgar
Sherry
S
Kehn-Hall
Kylene
K
Kashanchi
Fatah
F
D000107:Acetylation; D000818:Animals; D002843:Chromatin / Q000502:physiology*; D015967:Gene Expression Regulation, Viral; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D009707:Nucleosomes / Q000378:metabolism; D015533:Transcriptional Activation; D054322:tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus / Q000235:genetics*
D002843:Chromatin; D009707:Nucleosomes; D054322:tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus