title: Maxillary expansion in customized finite element method models.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aims of this study were to develop a method for constructing a 3-dimensional finite-element model (FEM) of the maxilla and to evaluate the effects of transverse expansion on the status of various midpalatal sutures.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 3-dimensional FEM of the craniofacial complex was developed by using computed-tomography images and Bionix modeling software (version 3.0, CANTIBio, Suwon, Korea). To evaluate the differences between transverse expansion forces in the solid model (maxilla without a midpalatal suture), the fused model (maxilla with suture elements), and the patent model (maxilla without suture elements), transverse expansion forces of 100 g were applied bilaterally to the maxillary first premolars and the first molars.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The fused model expressed a stress pattern similar to that of the solid model, except for the decreased first principal stress concentration in the incisive foramen area. The patent model, however, had a unique stress pattern, with the stress translated superiorly to the nasal area. The anterior nasal spine and the central incisors moved downward and backward in both solid and fused models but moved primarily downward with a slight backward movement of the anterior nasal spine in the patent model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinical observations of maxillary expansion can be explained by different suture statuses. This efficient and customized FEM model can be used to predict craniofacial responses to biomechanics in patients.
authors.affiliation: Resident, Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA.
authors.forename: Haofu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Kang
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ting
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: Nichole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Sang-Jin
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Sung
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001641:Bicuspid / Q000503:physiopathology; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003393:Cranial Sutures / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003398:Craniosynostoses / Q000503:physiopathology; D055119:Elastic Modulus; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D007180:Incisor / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008437:Maxilla / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008954:Models, Biological; D008963:Molar / Q000503:physiopathology; D009295:Nasal Bone / Q000503:physiopathology; D009666:Nose / Q000503:physiopathology; D010155:Palatal Expansion Technique; D010159:Palate / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods