title: Whole genome amplification and de novo assembly of single bacterial cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Single-cell genome sequencing has the potential to allow the in-depth exploration of the vast genetic diversity found in uncultured microbes. We used the marine cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus as a model system for addressing important challenges facing high-throughput whole genome amplification (WGA) and complete genome sequencing of individual cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We describe a pipeline that enables single-cell WGA on hundreds of cells at a time while virtually eliminating non-target DNA from the reactions. We further developed a post-amplification normalization procedure that mitigates extreme variations in sequencing coverage associated with multiple displacement amplification (MDA), and demonstrated that the procedure increased sequencing efficiency and facilitated genome assembly. We report genome recovery as high as 99.6% with reference-guided assembly, and 95% with de novo assembly starting from a single cell. We also analyzed the impact of chimera formation during MDA on de novo assembly, and discuss strategies to minimize the presence of incorrectly joined regions in contigs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The methods describe in this paper will be useful for sequencing genomes of individual cells from a variety of samples.
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America.
authors.forename: Sébastien
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rodrigue
authors.forename: Rex R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Malmstrom
authors.forename: Aaron M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Berlin
authors.forename: Bruce W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Birren
authors.forename: Matthew R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Henn
authors.forename: Sallie W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Chisholm
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000235:genetics; D002469:Cell Separation; D002874:Chromosome Mapping / Q000379:methods; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D015723:Gene Library; D005798:Genes, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D014644:Genetic Variation; D016680:Genome, Bacterial; D023281:Genomics / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D021141:Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D048929:Prochlorococcus / Q000235:genetics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA / Q000379:methods*