title: Heritability of childhood weight gain from birth and risk markers for adult metabolic disease in prepubertal twins.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Associations between size at birth, postnatal weight gain, and potential risk for adult disease have been variably explained by in utero exposures or genetic risk that could affect both outcomes. We utilized a twin model to explore these hypotheses.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred pairs of healthy twins aged 8.9 yr (range, 7.2-10.9 yr) had fasting blood samples collected, blood pressure (BP) measured, and anthropometry assessed. All measurements were converted to sd scores (SDS) to adjust for age and sex.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean birth weights in both monozygotic and dizygotic twins were -0.90 SDS lower than the UK reference. In postnatal life, 58% of monozygotic twins and 59% of dizygotic twins showed rapid weight gain (a change of more than +0.67 in weight SDS) from birth. Postnatal weight gain was positively associated with sum of skinfolds (r = 0.51; P < 0.0005), fasting insulin levels (r = 0.35; P < 0.0005), systolic BP (r = 0.30; P < 0.0005), and diastolic BP (r = 0.15; P < 0.05) at follow-up. Heritability estimates (additive genetic components) were calculated using variance components models for: birth weight, 44%; postnatal weight gain, 80%; childhood height, 89%; body mass index, 72%; sum of skinfolds, 89%; waist circumference, 74%; fasting insulin, 65%; systolic BP, 33%; and diastolic BP, 29%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Postnatal weight gain from birth, rather than birth weight, was associated with childhood risk markers for adult metabolic disease. Childhood weight gain was highly heritable, and genetic factors associated with postnatal weight gain are likely to also contribute to risks for adult disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Box 116, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Kathryn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Beardsall
authors.forename: Ken K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Ong
authors.forename: Nuala
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: M Lynn
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.forename: Jing Hua
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Maarten W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Peeters
authors.forename: David B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Dunger
mesh_terms: D050154:Adiposity; D000328:Adult; D001724:Birth Weight / Q000235:genetics*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004739:England; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008659:Metabolic Diseases / Q000235:genetics*; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000235:genetics; D008661:Metabolism, Inborn Errors / Q000235:genetics; D011627:Puberty; D011863:Radioimmunoassay; D012307:Risk Factors; D014427:Twins; D014429:Twins, Dizygotic; D014430:Twins, Monozygotic; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin