title: Comparisons of subgingival microbial profiles of refractory periodontitis, severe periodontitis, and periodontal health using the human oral microbe identification microarray.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study compared the subgingival microbiota of subjects with refractory periodontitis (RP) to those in subjects with treatable periodontitis (GRs = good responders) or periodontal health (PH) using the Human Oral Microbe Identification Microarray (HOMIM).
  
  
  METHODS
  At baseline, subgingival plaque samples were taken from 47 subjects with periodontitis and 20 individuals with PH and analyzed for the presence of 300 species by HOMIM. The subjects with periodontitis were classified as having RP (n = 17) based on mean attachment loss (AL) and/or more than three sites with AL >or=2.5 mm after scaling and root planing, surgery, and systemically administered amoxicillin and metronidazole or as GRs (n = 30) based on mean attachment gain and no sites with AL >or=2.5 mm after treatment. Significant differences in taxa among the groups were sought using the Kruskal-Wallis and chi(2) tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  More species were detected in patients with disease (GR or RP) than in those without disease (PH). Subjects with RP were distinguished from GRs or those with PH by a significantly higher frequency of putative periodontal pathogens, such as Parvimonas micra (previously Peptostreptococcus micros or Micromonas micros), Campylobacter gracilis, Eubacterium nodatum, Selenomonas noxia, Tannerella forsythia (previously T. forsythensis), Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella spp., Treponema spp., and Eikenella corrodens, as well as unusual species (Pseudoramibacter alactolyticus, TM7 spp. oral taxon [OT] 346/356, Bacteroidetes sp. OT 272/274, Solobacterium moorei, Desulfobulbus sp. OT 041, Brevundimonas diminuta, Sphaerocytophaga sp. OT 337, Shuttleworthia satelles, Filifactor alocis, Dialister invisus/pneumosintes, Granulicatella adiacens, Mogibacterium timidum, Veillonella atypica, Mycoplasma salivarium, Synergistes sp. cluster II, and Acidaminococcaceae [G-1] sp. OT 132/150/155/148/135) (P <0.05). Species that were more prevalent in subjects with PH than in patients with periodontitis included Actinomyces sp. OT 170, Actinomyces spp. cluster I, Capnocytophaga sputigena, Cardiobacterium hominis, Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Lautropia mirabilis, Propionibacterium propionicum, Rothia dentocariosa/mucilaginosa, and Streptococcus sanguinis (P <0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As determined by HOMIM, patients with RP presented a distinct microbial profile compared to patients in the GR and PH groups.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. apcolombo@micro.ufrj.br
authors.forename: Ana Paula V
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Colombo
authors.forename: Susan K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Boches
authors.forename: Sean L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Cotton
authors.forename: J Max
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Goodson
authors.forename: Ralph
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kent
authors.forename: Anne D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Haffajee
authors.forename: Sigmund S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Socransky
authors.forename: Hatice
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hasturk
authors.forename: Thomas E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Van Dyke
authors.forename: Floyd
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dewhirst
authors.forename: Bruce J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Paster
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000658:Amoxicillin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification*; D001439:Bacteroides / Q000145:classification; D041963:Bacteroidetes / Q000145:classification; D002167:Campylobacter / Q000145:classification; D055113:Chronic Periodontitis / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000628:therapy; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000382:microbiology; D012534:Dental Scaling; D016124:Eikenella corrodens / Q000145:classification; D005051:Eubacterium / Q000145:classification; D005260:Female; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000145:classification; D006094:Gram-Positive Bacteria / Q000145:classification; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008795:Metronidazole / Q000627:therapeutic use; D046228:Microarray Analysis; D008875:Middle Aged; D010462:Peptostreptococcus / Q000145:classification; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000628:therapy; D010519:Periodontium / Q000382:microbiology*; D016966:Porphyromonas gingivalis / Q000145:classification; D018720:Prevotella / Q000145:classification; D020560:Proteobacteria / Q000145:classification; D016745:Root Planing; D020357:Selenomonas / Q000145:classification; D014208:Treponema / Q000145:classification
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D008795:Metronidazole; D000658:Amoxicillin