Anticoagulatory, antiinflammatory, and antioxidative effects of protocatechuic acid in diabetic mice.
Content of protocatechuic acid (PA) in eight locally available fresh fruits was analyzed, and the protective effects of this compound in diabetic mice were examined. PA at 1%, 2%, and 4% was supplied to diabetic mice for 8 weeks. PA treatments significantly lowered plasma glucose and increased insulin levels. PA treatments at 2% and 4% significantly lowered plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 activity and fibrinogen level; increased plasma activity of antithrombin-III and protein C; decreased triglyceride content in plasma, heart, and liver; elevated glutathione level and the retention of glutathione peroxidase and catalase activities in heart and kidney. PA treatments at 2% and 4% also significantly lowered plasma C-reactive protein and von Willebrand factor levels and reduced interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 levels in heart and kidney. These results support that protocatechuic acid could attenuate diabetic complications via its triglyceride-lowering, anticoagulatory, antioxidative, and antiinflammatory effects.
Lin
Chia-Yu
CY
Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung County, Taiwan, ROC.
Huang
Chin-Shiu
CS
Huang
Chun-Yin
CY
Yin
Mei-Chin
MC
D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D062385:Hydroxybenzoates / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage*
D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000925:Anticoagulants; D000975:Antioxidants; D001786:Blood Glucose; D062385:Hydroxybenzoates; D010936:Plant Extracts; C009091:protocatechuic acid