title: Inhibition of lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic drainage via vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 blockade increases the severity of inflammation in a mouse model of chronic inflammatory arthritis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was undertaken to investigate the effect of lymphatic inhibition on joint and draining lymph node (LN) pathology during the course of arthritis progression in mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-transgenic mice were used as a model of chronic inflammatory arthritis. Mice were subjected to contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging to obtain ankle and knee joint synovial volumes and draining popliteal LN volumes before and after 8 weeks of treatment with vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 (VEGFR-3) neutralizing antibody, VEGFR-2 neutralizing antibody, or isotype IgG. Animals were subjected to near-infrared lymphatic imaging to determine the effect of VEGFR-3 neutralization on lymph transport from paws to draining popliteal LNs. Histologic, immunohistochemical, and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analyses were used to examine lymphatic vessel formation and the morphology of joints and popliteal LNs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with IgG treatment, VEGFR-3 neutralizing antibody treatment significantly decreased the size of popliteal LNs, the number of lymphatic vessels in joints and popliteal LNs, lymphatic drainage from paws to popliteal LNs, and the number of VEGF-C-expressing CD11b+ myeloid cells in popliteal LNs. However, it increased the synovial volume and area of inflammation in ankle and knee joints. VEGFR-2 neutralizing antibody, in contrast, inhibited both lymphangiogenesis and joint inflammation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings indicate that lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic drainage are reciprocally related to the severity of joint lesions during the development of chronic arthritis. Lymphatic drainage plays a beneficial role in controlling the progression of chronic inflammation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
authors.forename: Ruolin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Quan
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Steven T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Proulx
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: Rui-Cheng
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.forename: Christopher T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Ritchlin
authors.forename: Bronislaw
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pytowski
authors.forename: Zhenping
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Yong-Jun
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Edward M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Schwarz
authors.forename: Lianping
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xing
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000906:Antibodies / Q000494:pharmacology; D001168:Arthritis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D039481:CD11b Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D018450:Disease Progression; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D042582:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C / Q000378:metabolism; D040321:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-3 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D039481:CD11b Antigen; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D042582:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C; D040321:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-3