title: Psychosocial buffers of traumatic stress, depressive symptoms, and psychosocial difficulties in veterans of Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom: the role of resilience, unit support, and postdeployment social support.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Little research has examined the role of protective factors such as psychological resilience, unit support, and postdeployment social support in buffering against PTSD and depressive symptoms, and psychosocial difficulties in veterans of Operations Enduring Freedom (OEF) and Iraqi Freedom (OIF).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 272 OEF/OIF veterans completed a survey containing PTSD and depression screening measures, and questionnaires assessing resilience, social support, and psychosocial functioning.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lower unit support and postdeployment social support were associated with increased PTSD and depressive symptoms, and decreased resilience and psychosocial functioning. Path analyses suggested that resilience fully mediated the association between unit support and PTSD and depressive symptoms, and that postdeployment social support partially mediated the association between PTSD and depressive symptoms and psychosocial functioning.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Generalizability of results is limited by the relatively low response rate and predominantly older and reserve/National Guard sample.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that interventions designed to bolster unit support, resilience, and postdeployment support may help protect against traumatic stress and depressive symptoms, and improve psychosocial functioning in veterans.
authors.forename: Robert H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Pietrzak
authors.forename: Douglas C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Marc B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Goldstein
authors.forename: James C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Malley
authors.forename: Alison J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Rivers
authors.forename: Charles A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.forename: Steven M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Southwick
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007493:Iraq / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008889:Military Personnel; D008890:Military Psychiatry / Q000458:organization & administration*; D011594:Psychometrics; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012944:Social Support; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014857:Warfare; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000150:complications*