title: The distribution and frequency of seclusion and/or restraint among psychiatric inpatients.
abstract: This paper reports on the frequency and distribution of seclusion or restraint (SR) episodes among 1,266 adult inpatients at a state psychiatric hospital during the 2004 calendar year. Data on the concentration of SR episodes over patients and time can assist in planning alternative, recovery-oriented treatment models. Fifteen percent (N = 194) of patients experienced seclusion or restraint. Sixty-three percent of all seclusion hours were concentrated among only ten patients. Likewise, the ten patients with the most restraint hours constituted nearly 65% of total restraint hours for the year and 48% of all restraint episodes. Variables accessible through administrative data accounted for modest seclusion and restraint variance. A comprehensive strategy to prevent SR episodes requires tailored interventions targeted to known high-risk individuals and development of general hospital-wide alternatives to SR. General alternatives require greater attention to staff education, administrative oversight, de-escalation and debriefing practices, patient involvement, and other recovery-oriented practices to reduce or eliminate use of seclusion and restraint.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA. mhendryx@hsc.wvu.edu
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hendryx
authors.forename: Yaroslav
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Trusevich
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Coyle
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Short
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Roll
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006778:Hospitals, Psychiatric; D006801:Humans; D007297:Inpatients / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D010356:Patient Isolation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012149:Restraint, Physical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014861:Washington