title: The issue of life: Aristotle in nursing perspective.
abstract: This paper explores the issue of life and its relevance to nursing, through Aristotle's philosophy and an Aristotelian interpretation of Nightingale's Notes on Nursing. Life as process and becoming has ontological status in Aristotle's philosophy and this dynamism is particularly relevant for nursing. The paper presents aspects of Aristotle's philosophy of life: his account of life as inherent powers of the individual, his analysis of change and time, and his understanding of sickness and health as qualitative states of living beings. It is shown how the Greek medical-philosophical tradition, continued by Galenic medicine and hygiene into modern time, influenced Nightingale's nursing. Individuals' life-maintaining metabolic relations to their surroundings are investigated through Aristotle and modern philosophy of biology and through Nightingale's nursing emphasis on the patient's relation to her or his immediate surroundings. It is argued that Nightingale's concern is really the processes of individual life, which in sickness necessitate temporally continuous nursing observation. Humans' radical dependency on their surroundings is actualized as interpersonal interdependency. The paper argues that the end of nursing care, the telos for which sake it is practised, is inherent in the individual course of the patients' life. When life processes are affected by sickness, infirmity, medical interventions or mental suffering, individuals need competent help to live - and to live as well as possible. It is suggested that the special responsibility of nursing is to facilitate, relieve and protect individual life continuously during such times.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway. ingunn.elstad@hitos.no
authors.forename: Ingunn
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Elstad
authors.forename: Kirsti
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Torjuul
mesh_terms: D001695:Biology / Q000266:history; D019348:Empiricism / Q000266:history*; D018645:Greek World / Q000266:history*; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049690:History, Ancient; D006694:Holistic Health / Q000266:history; D006801:Humans; D019369:Life; D019368:Nature; D024802:Nurse's Role / Q000266:history; D010687:Philosophy, Nursing / Q000266:history*; D013995:Time