title: Feasibility, safety, and efficacy of real-time three-dimensional transoesophageal echocardiography for guiding device closure of interatrial communications: initial clinical experience and impact on radiation exposure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our aim was to assess the feasibility and safety of real-time (RT) three-dimensional (3D) transoesophageal echocardiography (TEE) for guiding transcatheter closure of interatrial communications and to evaluate its additional benefit over conventional 2D TEE in reducing radiation exposure for the patient.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-five patients undergoing device closure of their interatrial defect had the procedure guided by fluoroscopy, 2D TEE, and RT 3D TEE. We retrospectively compared this group with a historical control group in which interventional guidance was performed using fluoroscopy and 2D TEE alone. The application of RT 3D TEE allowed safe device deployment in all patients without any complications, resulting in a reduction of mean fluoroscopy time (10 +/- 6 to 6 +/- 4 min, P < 0.01), mean dose area product (DAP) (964 +/- 628 to 535 +/- 464 cGy cm(2), P < 0.01), and mean DAP per individual body surface area (494 +/- 317 to 273 +/- 221 cGy cm(2)/m(2), P < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RT 3D TEE as an adjunct to 2D TEE is a feasible and safe tool to guide transcatheter device closure of interatrial communications, resulting in a reduction of radiation exposure. These data indicate that RT 3D TEE can be used to safely monitor interatrial defect closure in clinical routine.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Vascular Medicine, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany. jan.balzer@med.uni-duesseldorf.de
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Balzer
authors.forename: Silke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: van Hall
authors.forename: Tienush
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rassaf
authors.forename: Yang-Chul
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Böring
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Franke
authors.forename: Roberto M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Lang
authors.forename: Malte
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kelm
authors.forename: Harald P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Kühl
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization; D015331:Cohort Studies; D019560:Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D005471:Fluoroscopy; D054092:Foramen Ovale, Patent / Q000601:surgery; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000528:radiation effects / Q000601:surgery; D006344:Heart Septal Defects, Atrial / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D055989:Septal Occluder Device; D013997:Time Factors