title: Alcohol consumption is associated with high concentrations of urinary hydroxytyrosol.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previously, we reported the presence of hydroxytyrosol in red wine and higher human urinary recovery of total hydroxytyrosol than that expected after a single red wine intake. We hypothesized that the alcohol present in wine could promote endogenous hydroxytyrosol generation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to assess the relation between alcohol consumption and urinary hydroxytyrosol concentrations.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a cross-sectional study with baseline data from a subsample of the PREvención con DIeta MEDiterránea (PREDIMED) trial, an intervention study directed at testing the efficacy of the Mediterranean diet on the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Participants included 1045 subjects, aged 55-80 y, who were at high cardiovascular risk. Alcohol consumption was estimated through a validated food-frequency questionnaire. Urinary hydroxytyrosol and ethyl glucuronide, a biomarker of alcohol consumption, were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Urinary ethyl glucuronide concentrations were directly related to alcohol and wine consumption (P < 0.001) as well as to urinary hydroxytyrosol in both sexes (P < 0.001). The degree of alcohol consumption was directly associated with urinary hydroxytyrosol in male alcohol consumers (P < 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analyses showed a significant linear trend (P < 0.05) for elevated hydroxytyrosol concentrations with an increase in alcohol consumption. Intakes of >20 g (2 drinks)/d and >10 g (1 drink)/d alcohol in men and women, respectively, were associated (P < 0.05) with elevated concentrations of hydroxytyrosol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We report for the first time a direct association between urinary hydroxytyrosol and alcohol consumption at a population level. These findings reinforce previous work in human and animal models that examines wine as a source of hydroxytyrosol and alcohol as an indirect promoter of endogenous hydroxytyrosol generation. This trial was registered at controlled-trials.com/isrctn/ as ISRCTN 35739639.
authors.affiliation: CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
authors.forename: Helmut
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schröder
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: de la Torre
authors.forename: Ramón
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Estruch
authors.forename: Dolores
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Corella
authors.forename: Miguel Angel
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Martínez-González
authors.forename: Jordi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Salas-Salvadó
authors.forename: Emilio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ros
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Arós
authors.forename: Gemma
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Flores
authors.forename: Ester
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Civit
authors.forename: Magí
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Farré
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fiol
authors.forename: Joan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vila
authors.forename: Joaquín
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fernandez-Crehuet
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ruiz-Gutiérrez
authors.forename: Jose
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lapetra
authors.forename: Guillermo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sáez
authors.forename: María-Isabel
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Covas
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000652:urine*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D038441:Diet, Mediterranean; D002149:Energy Intake; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015337:Multicenter Studies as Topic; D000069463:Olive Oil; D010626:Phenylethyl Alcohol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013030:Spain; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014920:Wine
chemical_list: D000069463:Olive Oil; D010938:Plant Oils; C005975:3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol; D010626:Phenylethyl Alcohol