title: BOLD MRI in sheep fetuses: a non-invasive method for measuring changes in tissue oxygenation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this descriptive study was to correlate changes in the blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signal with direct measurements of fetal tissue oxygenation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven anesthetized ewes carrying singleton fetuses at 125 days' gestation (term 145 days) underwent BOLD MRI, covering the entire fetus in a multislice approach. The fetuses were subjected to normoxic, hypoxic and hyperoxic conditions by changing the O(2)/N(2)O ratio in the maternal ventilated gas supply. The partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) in the fetal liver was measured using an oxygen-sensitive optode. Maternal arterial blood samples were simultaneously withdrawn for blood gas analysis. These measurements were compared with BOLD MRI signals in the fetal liver, kidney, spleen and brain.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We demonstrated a consistent increase in the BOLD MRI signal with increasing tissue pO(2). For the fetal liver, spleen and kidney we observed a clear association between changes in maternal arterial blood pO2 and changes in BOLD MRI signal. Interestingly, we found that the BOLD signal of the fetal brain remained unchanged during hypoxic, normoxic and hyperoxic conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This experimental study demonstrated that BOLD MRI is a reliable non-invasive method for measuring changes in tissue oxygenation in fetal sheep. The unchanged signal in the fetal brain during altered maternal oxygen conditions is probably explained by the brain-sparing mechanism.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, Aarhus, Denmark. anne.soerensen@ki.au.dk
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sørensen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pedersen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tietze
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ottosen
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Duus
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Uldbjerg
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000196:embryology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005311:Fetal Hypoxia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005333:Fetus / Q000098:blood supply*; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000196:embryology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007668:Kidney / Q000196:embryology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008099:Liver / Q000196:embryology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D010100:Oxygen / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D034561:Sheep, Domestic
chemical_list: D009569:Nitric Oxide; D010100:Oxygen