title: Occurrence of diclofenac and its metabolites in surface water and effluent samples from Karachi, Pakistan.
abstract: Diclofenac and five of its transformation products were identified in Malir River and Lyari River water as well as in effluent samples from Karachi, Pakistan. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the identification of 3'-hydroxydiclofenac and 8-chlorocarbazole-1-yl-ethanoic acid in environmental samples. Their estimated concentrations ranged between 0.08-0.3 microg L(-1) and 0.03-0.4 microg L(-1), respectively. In addition, 4'- and 5-hydroxydiclofenac as well as 1-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-indole-2-one were detected in the samples at concentrations between 0.4-1.8, 0.01-0.3, and 0.02-0.2 microg L(-1), respectively. The hydroxy derivatives seem to reflect human excretions via household wastewater, while the chlorocarbazole derivative is related to abiotic photolytic transformation of diclofenac.
authors.affiliation: University of Hamburg, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Scheurell
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Franke
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hühnerfuss
mesh_terms: D004008:Diclofenac / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D010154:Pakistan; D010782:Photolysis; D045483:Rivers; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D004008:Diclofenac