title: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and initial antidepressant response to an N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A model has been proposed to explain the pathophysiology of mood disorders based on decreased neurotrophin levels during mood episodes; treatment with antidepressants and mood stabilizers is associated with clinical improvement. This study investigated whether changes in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels are associated with the initial antidepressant effects of ketamine, a high-affinity N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-three subjects aged 18 to 65 years with DSM-IV major depressive disorder (treatment resistant) participated in this study, which was conducted between October 2006 and May 2008. The subjects were given an open-label intravenous infusion of ketamine hydrochloride (0.5 mg/kg) and rated using various depression scales at baseline and at 40, 80, 120, and 230 minutes postinfusion. The primary outcome measure was the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale score. BDNF levels were obtained at the same time points as depression rating scale scores.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Despite a significant (P <. 001) improvement in MADRS scores after subjects received ketamine treatment, no changes in BDNF levels were observed in subjects after they received ketamine compared to baseline. Also, no association was found between antidepressant response and BDNF levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates that ketamine's rapid initial antidepressant effects are not mediated by BDNF. Further studies are necessary to shed light on the neurobiological basis of these effects.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  clinicaltrials.gov Identifiers: NCT00024635 and NCT00088699.
authors.affiliation: Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry and Experimental Therapeutics, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Rodrigo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Machado-Vieira
authors.forename: Peixiong
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Brutsche
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: DiazGranados
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Luckenbaugh
authors.forename: Husseini K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Manji
authors.forename: Carlos A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Zarate
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor / Q000097:blood / Q000502:physiology*; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004351:Drug Resistance; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007649:Ketamine / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D010919:Placebos; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D010919:Placebos; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D007649:Ketamine