title: Biofilm formation as a novel phenotypic feature of adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Crohn's disease (CD) is a high morbidity chronic inflammatory disorder of unknown aetiology. Adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) has been recently implicated in the origin and perpetuation of CD. Because bacterial biofilms in the gut mucosa are suspected to play a role in CD and biofilm formation is a feature of certain pathogenic E. coli strains, we compared the biofilm formation capacity of 27 AIEC and 38 non-AIEC strains isolated from the intestinal mucosa. Biofilm formation capacity was then contrasted with the AIEC phenotype, the serotype, the phylotype, and the presence of virulence genes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Specific biofilm formation (SBF) indices were higher amongst AIEC than non-AIEC strains (P = 0.012). In addition, 65.4% of moderate to strong biofilms producers were AIEC, whereas 74.4% of weak biofilm producers were non-AIEC (P = 0.002). These data indicate that AIEC strains were more efficient biofilm producers than non-AIEC strains. Moreover, adhesion (P = 0.009) and invasion (P = 0.003) indices correlated positively with higher SBF indices. Additionally, motility (100%, P < 0.001), H1 type flagellin (53.8%, P < 0.001), serogroups O83 (19.2%, P = 0.008) and O22 (26.9%, P = 0.001), the presence of virulence genes such as sfa/focDE (38.5%, P = 0.003) and ibeA (26.9%, P = 0.017), and B2 phylotype (80.8%, P < 0.001) were frequent characteristics amongst biofilm producers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The principal contribution of the present work is the finding that biofilm formation capacity is a novel, complementary pathogenic feature of the recently described AIEC pathovar. Characterization of AIEC specific genetic determinants, and the regulatory pathways, involved in biofilm formation will likely bring new insights into AIEC pathogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Biology Department, University of Girona, Spain. marga.martinez@udg.edu
authors.forename: Margarita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Martinez-Medina
authors.forename: Plínio
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Naves
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Blanco
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Aldeguer
authors.forename: Jesus E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Blanco
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Blanco
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ponte
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Soriano
authors.forename: Arlette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Darfeuille-Michaud
authors.forename: L Jesus
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Garcia-Gil
mesh_terms: D001422:Bacterial Adhesion; D018441:Biofilms; D002460:Cell Line; D003424:Crohn Disease / Q000382:microbiology; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development; D004927:Escherichia coli Infections / Q000382:microbiology*; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000382:microbiology*; D010641:Phenotype; D012703:Serotyping