title: Humane killers, human injury: functional outcome of vole captive bolt injuries.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  High-pressure blast injuries to the hand due to vole captive bolt devices are serious injuries that are to a great extent unknown to emergency care operators and trauma surgeons. There is no study on the functional outcome of these patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed the functional outcome of patients with injuries inflicted by vole captive bolt devices. Therefore, a protocol consisting of a physical examination and an assessment of static muscle power (grip and pinch strength) was performed. To capture the subjective experience of patients regarding their injury related disability and impairment, the DASH follow-up questionnaire was used. Based on clinical/radiologic findings and outcome, a classification of this unique subgroup of blast injuries was developed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The functional outcome of 34 patients suffering hand injuries due to captive bolt devices between 2004 and 2007 was assessed. A significant reduction of static muscle testing parameters compared with the uninjured hand was revealed. Fourteen patients lost a digit. Average time lost from work was 5.4 weeks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vole captive bolt device-related hand injuries are followed by deterioration of hand function. The present observations alarmed national authorities. The manufacturers were required to take engineering and teaching measures to rule out handling errors that were identified as leading cause of injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany. matthias.frank@uni-greifswald.de
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Frank
authors.forename: Uli
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Schmucker
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Napp
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Stengel
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hinz
authors.forename: Axel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ekkernkamp
authors.forename: Gerrit
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Matthes
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000818:Animals; D003411:Arvicolinae; D001753:Blast Injuries / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004556:Electric Injuries / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006230:Hand Injuries / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D018737:Hand Strength; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010571:Pest Control / Q000295:instrumentation*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D020127:Recovery of Function; D012189:Retrospective Studies