title: Congenital pseudarthrosis of the clavicle.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Congenital pseudarthrosis is an uncommon anomaly poorly referred to in the pediatric literature.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe congenital pseudarthrosis in children. We discuss the presentation, clinical symptomatology, and treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed the records of four children with congenital pseudarthrosis from 1990 to 2009 at the radiology department of Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four girls ages 4 through 14 were identified. Three children presented with a bulge in the mid-clavicle as a chief complaint. The fourth child (14 years old) had bluish discoloration of the right upper extremity with venous distention. Three of the four did not have other abnormalities, while the 14-year-old had exostosis on the left hand. The mid-portion of the right clavicle was involved in all four children. Three of the four were treated surgically.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Congenital pseudarthrosis of the clavicle is an uncommon anomaly found mostly in girls and in the mid-right clavicle.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Dallas, TX 75219, USA. guidonellie@mac.com
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Currarino
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Herring
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002968:Clavicle / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011542:Pseudarthrosis / Q000151:congenital* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D011859:Radiography