title: Contingent negative variations associated with command swallowing in humans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To clarify the role of the cerebral cortex in the swallowing movement, the difference between the waveforms of contingent negative variation (CNV) for the command swallowing and movement-related cortical potential (MRCP) obtained during the volitional swallowing task in humans was investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were instructed to swallow their saliva as quickly as possible in response to a sound signal 4s after the onset of a self-paced breath holding in the command swallowing task or to swallow it while holding their breath for 4s in the volitional swallowing task.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CNV and MRCP appeared at five recording areas 1.5 and 2.0s before the onset of the suprahyoid muscle activation determined by the electromyography (EMG) during the command swallowing and volitional swallowing tasks, respectively. The CNV amplitude during the command swallowing task was significantly higher than the MRCP amplitude during the volitional swallowing task (p<0.01). However, the suprahyoid muscle activities during both tasks were not significantly different (p>0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicated that CNV may reflect the activities of the prefrontal cortex, in addition to the supplementary motor area, suggesting that the processing of the cue to swallow activates brain areas more widely than the volitional swallowing itself.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is possible to clarify the cognitive functions associated with command swallowing by analyzing CNV.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Nihon University, 1-8-13 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, 101-8310 Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshiya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nonaka
authors.forename: Masafumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.forename: Taketo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamaguchi
authors.forename: Atushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Uchida
authors.forename: Hiroiku
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ohba
authors.forename: Shunichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Oka
authors.forename: Ichiro
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Nakajima
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D003265:Contingent Negative Variation / Q000502:physiology; D003679:Deglutition / Q000502:physiology*; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007568:Jaw / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D009055:Mouth / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D014836:Volition / Q000502:physiology