title: Efficient and accurate measurement of physical restraint use in acute care.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Describe and evaluate a method for assessing whether physical restraint prevalence differs by timing and frequency of data collection and to determine the minimum period of observation necessary to provide accurate prevalence estimates on both Intensive Care Unit (ICU) and medical-surgical units.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two-period, cross-sectional design with repeated observations in year 1 for 18 consecutive days and in year 2 for 21 consecutive days with method modifications.
  
  
  METHODS
  400-bed urban teaching hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  All beds on general medical, surgical, and intensive care units.
  
  
  METHODS
  Direct observation of patients, nurse interview, and medical record review conducted by trained observers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant differences in mean restraint use prevalence rates comparing: (a) morning and evening periods; (b) weekdays and weekend days; and (c) observation periods of 7, 14, or 21 consecutive days or for 7 days using every 3rd day on either medical-surgical units or ICUs. Analyses using data from an increasing number of days of observation indicates that the mean prevalence rate stabilizes after 16 days. There were larger mean differences for comparisons on ICU-ventilator units and lack of significant differences may be due to low statistical power.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Direct observation by trained observers, supplemented by nurse report and medical record documentation over brief monitoring periods, results in accurate, nonintrusive, cost-efficient estimates of physical restraint prevalence. As few as seven consecutive or nonconsecutive days in measuring restraint prevalence is sufficient to obtain accurate estimates, although the number of days may vary depending on patient mix and unit type.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Saint Vincent Catholic Medical Centers, New York, NY 10011, USA. jfogel@svcmcny.org
authors.forename: Joyce F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Fogel
authors.forename: Cathy S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Berkman
authors.forename: Cindy
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Merkel
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Cranston
authors.forename: Rosanne M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Leipzig
mesh_terms: D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015995:Prevalence; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D012149:Restraint, Physical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013503:Surgery Department, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013997:Time Factors