title: Use of static Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment to determine pathogen risks in an unconfined carbonate aquifer used for Managed Aquifer Recharge.
abstract: Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) is becoming a mechanism used for recycling treated wastewater and captured urban stormwater and is being used as a treatment barrier to remove contaminants such as pathogens from the recharged water. There is still a need, however, to demonstrate the effectiveness of MAR to reduce any residual risk of pathogens in the recovered water. A MAR research site recharging secondary treated wastewater in an unconfined carbonate aquifer was used in conjunction with a static Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) to assess the microbial pathogen risk in the recovered water following infiltration and aquifer passage. The research involved undertaking a detailed hydrogeological assessment of the aquifer at the MAR site and determining the decay rates of reference pathogens from an in-situ decay study. These variables along with literature data were then used in the static QMRA which demonstrated that the recovered water at this site did not meet the Australian Guidelines for recycled water when used for differing private green space irrigation scenarios. The results also confirmed the importance of obtaining local hydrogeological data as local heterogeneity can influence of residence time in the aquifer which, in turn, influences the outcomes. The research demonstrated that a static QMRA can be used to determine the residual risk from pathogens in recovered water and showed that it can be a valuable tool in the preliminary design and operation of MAR systems and the incorporation of complementary engineered treatment processes to ensure that there is acceptable health risk from the recovered water.
authors.affiliation: CSIRO Water for a Healthy Country, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4067, Australia. simon.toze@csiro.au
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Toze
authors.forename: Elise
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bekele
authors.forename: Declan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Page
authors.forename: Jatinder
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sidhu
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shackleton
mesh_terms: D002712:Chlorides / Q000032:analysis; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial / Q000379:methods; D003458:Cryptosporidium / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000821:virology; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012401:Rotavirus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid; D014873:Water Pollutants / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D002712:Chlorides; D014873:Water Pollutants