title: Hope as a psychological resilience factor in mothers and fathers of children with intellectual disabilities.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Positive psychology is an area gaining credence within the field of intellectual disability (ID). Hope is one facet of positive psychology that is relatively unstudied in parents of children with ID. In the present study, we explore hope and its relationships with parental well-being in parents of school-aged children with ID.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 138 mothers and 58 fathers of children with ID took part in a questionnaire-based study. Parents reported on their feelings of hope and positive affect, other dimensions of psychological well-being (anxiety, depression and stress), and on their child's behaviour. For this study, hope was measured as a goal driven behaviour comprising two components: agency (the perception that one can reach his/her goals) and pathways (the perception that one can find alternative routes to reach these goals should the need arise).
  
  
  RESULTS
  For mothers, regression analyses revealed that lower levels of hope (agency and pathways) and more child behaviour problems predicted maternal depression. Positive affect was predicted by less problematic child behaviour and by higher levels of hope agency. For fathers, anxiety and depression were predicted by low hope agency and positive affect was predicted by high hope agency. Hope pathways was not a significant predictor of paternal well-being. Hope agency and pathways interacted in the prediction of maternal depression such that mothers reporting high levels of both hope dimensions reported the lowest levels of depressive symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hope is a construct that merits further investigation within families research, and is potentially a factor that could be utilised in intervention to help increase familial well-being.
authors.affiliation: Bangor University, School of Psychology, Gwynedd, UK. t.lloyd@bangor.ac.uk
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Lloyd
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hastings
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D005220:Fathers / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008607:Intellectual Disability; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology*; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires