Health insurance and mortality in US adults.
OBJECTIVE
A 1993 study found a 25% higher risk of death among uninsured compared with privately insured adults. We analyzed the relationship between uninsurance and death with more recent data.


METHODS
We conducted a survival analysis with data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. We analyzed participants aged 17 to 64 years to determine whether uninsurance at the time of interview predicted death.


RESULTS
Among all participants, 3.1% (95% confidence interval [CI]=2.5%, 3.7%) died. The hazard ratio for mortality among the uninsured compared with the insured, with adjustment for age and gender only, was 1.80 (95% CI=1.44, 2.26). After additional adjustment for race/ethnicity, income, education, self- and physician-rated health status, body mass index, leisure exercise, smoking, and regular alcohol use, the uninsured were more likely to die (hazard ratio=1.40; 95% CI=1.06, 1.84) than those with insurance.


CONCLUSIONS
Uninsurance is associated with mortality. The strength of that association appears similar to that from a study that evaluated data from the mid-1980s, despite changes in medical therapeutics and the demography of the uninsured since that time.
Wilper
Andrew P
AP
Department of Medicine, Cambridge Health Alliance, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA. wilp9522@u.washington.edu
Woolhandler
Steffie
S
Lasser
Karen E
KE
McCormick
Danny
D
Bor
David H
DH
Himmelstein
David U
DU
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007348:Insurance, Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D017057:Medically Uninsured / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult