title: Investigation of the spatial distribution of glutathione redox-balance in live cells by using Fluorescence Ratio Imaging Microscopy.
abstract: The dynamics of redox elements in biologic systems is a major challenge for redox signaling and oxidative stress research. Oxidative stress or signaling events can affect sulfur switches differently, thus creating a variation in the spatial distribution of these redox states, which therefore act simultaneously as regulators and indicators of key cellular functions in both physiological and pathological settings. A gluthatione specific redox-sensitive protein (i.e. a mutant of the Yellow Fluorescent Protein (rxYFP)) has been found to equilibrate in vivo with the gluthatione/gluthatione disulfide (GSH:GSSG) redox couple. rxYFP, employed ratiometrically, allows to generate high resolution maps of the fraction of the reduced protein (R) inside a cell. Here we developed an analytical procedure able to investigate intracellular changes in the glutathione redox-balance, which can occur in live mammalian cells, based on the deconvolution of the histogram of redox maps of 293-TPhoenix human embryonic kidney cells. The intracellular spatial distributions of oxidized and reduced elements have been discriminated. Finally, by transfecting cells with human Glutaredoxin V (GRX-V), an enzyme deputed to maintain reduced the thiol groups of their partner proteins, we can disclose that the significant shift towards more reduced state, with respect to that recovered from non-transfected cells, consists, instead, in a shift towards reduced values of the high R region (reduced), while leaving unaltered the glutathione redox-balance of the intracellular side of the plasma membrane.
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Fisica, Universitá Cattolica S. Cuore, L.go F. Vito, 1 00168 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Maulucci
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pani
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Labate
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mele
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Panieri
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Papi
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Arcovito
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Galeotti
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De Spirito
mesh_terms: D002460:Cell Line; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism*; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction
chemical_list: D005978:Glutathione