title: Oestrogen plus progestin and lung cancer in postmenopausal women (Women's Health Initiative trial): a post-hoc analysis of a randomised controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the post-intervention period of the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) trial, women assigned to treatment with oestrogen plus progestin had a higher risk of cancer than did those assigned to placebo. Results also suggested that the combined hormone therapy might increase mortality from lung cancer. To assess whether such an association exists, we undertook a post-hoc analysis of lung cancers diagnosed in the trial over the entire follow-up period.
  
  
  METHODS
  The WHI study was a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial undertaken in 40 centres in the USA. 16 608 postmenopausal women aged 50-79 years with an intact uterus were randomly assigned by a computerised, stratified, permuted block algorithm to receive a once-daily tablet of 0.625 mg conjugated equine oestrogen plus 2.5 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate (n=8506) or matching placebo (n=8102). We assessed incidence and mortality rates for all lung cancer, small-cell lung cancer, and non-small-cell lung cancer by use of data from treatment and post-intervention follow-up periods. Analysis was by intention to treat. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00000611.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After a mean of 5.6 years (SD 1.3) of treatment and 2.4 years (0.4) of additional follow-up, 109 women in the combined hormone therapy group had been diagnosed with lung cancer compared with 85 in the placebo group (incidence per year 0.16%vs 0.13%; hazard ratio [HR] 1.23, 95% CI 0.92-1.63, p=0.16). 96 women assigned to combined therapy had non-small-cell lung cancer compared with 72 assigned to placebo (0.14%vs 0.11%; HR 1.28, 0.94-1.73, p=0.12). More women died from lung cancer in the combined hormone therapy group than in the placebo group (73 vs 40 deaths; 0.11%vs 0.06%; HR 1.71, 1.16-2.52, p=0.01), mainly as a result of a higher number of deaths from non-small-cell lung cancer in the combined therapy group (62 vs 31 deaths; 0.09%vs 0.05%; HR 1.87, 1.22-2.88, p=0.004). Incidence and mortality rates of small-cell lung cancer were similar between groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although treatment with oestrogen plus progestin in postmenopausal women did not increase incidence of lung cancer, it increased the number of deaths from lung cancer, in particular deaths from non-small-cell lung cancer. These findings should be incorporated into risk-benefit discussions with women considering combined hormone therapy, especially those with a high risk of lung cancer.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health.
authors.affiliation: Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA. rchlebowski@gmail.com
authors.forename: Rowan T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Chlebowski
authors.forename: Ann G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: Heather
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wakelee
authors.forename: Garnet L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Marcia L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Stefanick
authors.forename: JoAnn E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Manson
authors.forename: Rebecca J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Rodabough
authors.forename: Jason W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Chien
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wactawski-Wende
authors.forename: Margery
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gass
authors.forename: Jane Morley
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kotchen
authors.forename: Karen C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Mary Jo
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: O'Sullivan
authors.forename: Judith K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Ockene
authors.forename: Chu
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: F Allan
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Hubbell
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D002423:Cause of Death; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000187:drug effects; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000453:epidemiology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D016387:Women's Health