title: [Risk factors associated with upper gastrointestinal bleeding and with mortality].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  to determine the associated risk factors with upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) and mortality in subjects with peptic ulcer.
  
  
  METHODS
  a total of 345 subjects with peptic ulcer, < 60 years of age, were enrolled in a cross-sectional study. Subjects were allocated into one of two groups in accordance with the presence of UGIB. A logistic regression model, adjusted by age and sex, was used to compute the relationship between the risk factors and both UGIB and mortality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  smoking (OR = 2.6, CI 95 % = 1.2-8.7), alcohol consumption (OR = 4.8, CI 95 % = 1.4-10.5), and previous history of UGIB (OR = 1.8, CI 95 % = 1.1-9.7) were strongly and independently associated with UGIB; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (OR = 1.9, CI 95 % = 1.2-11.4), and high blood pressure (OR = 1.4, CI 95 % = 1.1- 7.5) were associated with mortality in UGIB.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  the associated risk factors with UGIB in patients with peptic ulcer were: age lower than 60 years; smoking; history of UGIB; and alcohol consumption. The chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and high blood pressure were associated with mortality in UGIB.
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Investigación Médica, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Durango, Durango, Mexico.
authors.forename: Heriberto
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Hernández
authors.forename: Martha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Morán
authors.forename: José Luis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: González
authors.forename: Joel Omar
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Jáquez-Quintana
authors.forename: Elva Dalia
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Acosta
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sosa-Tinoco
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Guerrero-Romero
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010437:Peptic Ulcer / Q000150:complications*; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult