title: Geostatistics as a validation tool for setting ozone standards for durum wheat.
abstract: Which is the best standard for protecting plants from ozone? To answer this question, we must validate the standards by testing biological responses vs. ambient data in the field. A validation is missing for European and USA standards, because the networks for ozone, meteorology and plant responses are spatially independent. We proposed geostatistics as validation tool, and used durum wheat in central Italy as a test. The standards summarized ozone impact on yield better than hourly averages. Although USA criteria explained ozone-induced yield losses better than European criteria, USA legal level (75 ppb) protected only 39% of sites. European exposure-based standards protected > or =90%. Reducing the USA level to the Canadian 65 ppb or using W126 protected 91% and 97%, respectively. For a no-threshold accumulated stomatal flux, 22 mmol m(-2) was suggested to protect 97% of sites. In a multiple regression, precipitation explained 22% and ozone explained <0.9% of yield variability.
authors.affiliation: Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and the Environment (ENEA), C.R. Casaccia, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 S. Maria di Galeria, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: De Marco
authors.forename: Augusto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Screpanti
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Paoletti
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture / Q000592:standards*; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000592:standards*; D007558:Italy; D010126:Ozone / Q000633:toxicity*; D011891:Rain; D012044:Regression Analysis; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014908:Triticum / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development*
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D010126:Ozone