title: Tibial torsion in non-arthritic Indian adults: a computer tomography study of 100 limbs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Knowledge of normal tibial torsion is mandatory during total knee replacement (TKR), deformity correction and fracture management of tibia. Different values of tibial torsion have been found in different races due to biological and mechanical factors. Value of normal tibial torsion in Indian limbs is not known, hence this study to determine the norm of tibial torsional value in normal Indian population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Computer tomography (CT) scans were performed in 100 non-arthritic limbs of 50 Indian adults (42 males, eight females; age 26-40 years). Value of tibial torsion was measured using dorsal tangent to tibial condyles proximally and bimalleolar axis distally.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Normal tibial torsion was found to be 21.6 +/- 7.6 (range 4.8 to 39.5) with none of the values in internal rotation. Right tibia was externally rotated by 2 degrees as compared to the left side (P 0.029). No significant difference was found in male and female subjects. Value of tibial torsion was less than in Caucasian limbs, but was comparable to Japanese limbs when studies using similar measurement technique were compared.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Indian limbs have less tibial torsion than Caucasian limbs but the value of tibial torsion is comparable to Japanese limbs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Breach Candy Hospital, Mumbai, India. arunmullaji@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Arun B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Mullaji
authors.forename: Amit K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: Satyajit V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Marawar
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Kohli