title: Symptomatic lower extremity vasculitis in giant cell arteritis: a case series.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the clinical features and outcomes of 19 patients with giant cell arteritis (GCA) and symptomatic lower extremity (LE) vasculitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed medical records of all patients diagnosed with GCA and symptomatic LE involvement between January 1, 1983, and June 30, 2007, for clinical features, laboratory and radiographic findings, and outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From 6212 people evaluated for GCA at our institution between 1983 and 2007, we identified 19 cases of GCA with LE vasculitis, all women. Mean age at GCA diagnosis was 70 years (+/- standard deviation 7.99). Sixteen patients (84.2%) had LE symptoms preceding the diagnosis of GCA, median interval 3 months (range 1-48). Three patients (15.8%) had GCA prior to developing LE claudication, median interval 16 months (range 9-34). Cranial symptoms were absent in 42.1%. No patient had permanent visual loss. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) was elevated in 16 patients (84.2%), with median ESR 42.5 mm/h (range 8-103). Imaging studies revealed stenotic, occlusive, or aneurysmal disease that was frequently bilateral and consistent with vasculitis. The superficial femoral arteries were most commonly affected. Five patients (26.3%) had upper extremity involvement. Hypertension was the most common cardiovascular risk factor. All patients received glucocorticoid therapy, with clinical improvement in 15 patients (79%). Median length of followup was 41 months (range 11-180 mo). Five patients (26.3%) underwent LE revascularization surgery. Two patients required LE amputation and 1 patient underwent toe amputation. Five patients received additional immunosuppressive therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Symptomatic LE vasculitis from GCA is rare. Patients typically present with rapidly progressive LE claudication and elevated inflammatory markers, while cranial symptoms may be absent. GCA with LE involvement is associated with significant morbidity; prompt diagnosis and treatment is essential.
authors.affiliation: Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55901, USA.
authors.forename: Tanaz A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Kermani
authors.forename: Eric L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Matteson
authors.forename: Gene G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Hunder
authors.forename: Kenneth J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Warrington
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000671:Amputation, Surgical; D001799:Blood Sedimentation; D003251:Constriction, Pathologic / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D005263:Femoral Artery / Q000473:pathology*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D013700:Giant Cell Arteritis / Q000150:complications*; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007866:Leg / Q000098:blood supply*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014656:Vascular Surgical Procedures; D014657:Vasculitis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D005938:Glucocorticoids; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents