title: In vivo optical imaging of cellular inflammatory response in granuloma formation using fluorescence-labeled macrophages.
abstract: Near-infrared imaging such as fluorescence reflectance imaging (FRI) and fluorescence-mediated tomography (FMT) yields high signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) and should thus be well suited for cell-tracking studies. Extravasation of monocytes or macrophages (Ms) is one of the earliest events in inflammation. The purpose of this study was to assess whether FRI and FMT allow for the visualization and quantification of early inflammatory processes by tracing the migration of fluorescence-labeled murine Ms in a cutaneous granuloma model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ms were labeled with a membrane-selective carbocyanine dye (1,1-dioctadecyl-3,3,3,3-tetramethylindotricarbocyanine iodide [DiR]). Cellular viability and function (nitric oxide production, phagocytosis, adherence) were assessed in vitro. Local inflammation was induced in mice by the subcutaneous injection of polyacrylamide gel pellets including or excluding a strong inflammatory stimulus (lipopolysaccharide). Labeled Ms were injected intravenously, and FRI and FMT were performed up to 7 d. SNRs were calculated for the pellets, and the 3-dimensional distribution of Ms was assessed using FMT. Cells were harvested from gel pellets and analyzed by flow cytometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  DiR labeling did not affect cell viability or cell function. FRI revealed the migration of labeled Ms into gel pellets and the homing of Ms to different body compartments. The lipopolysaccharide-containing pellets exhibited significantly higher SNRs than did pellets without lipopolysaccharide. FMT showed that Ms distributed mainly in the periphery of the pellets. The cellular infiltrates extracted from the harvested pellets revealed the presence of approximately 10%-23% DiR-positive Ms-expressing typical markers, confirming the transendothelial migration of injected Ms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The tagging of Ms with DiR allows the noninvasive tracking of inflammatory cells for several days in vivo. FRI and FMT are versatile techniques to monitor and quantify cellular inflammatory responses in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Radiology, University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eisenblätter
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ehrchen
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Varga
authors.forename: Cord
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sunderkötter
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Heindel
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Roth
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bremer
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wall
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002465:Cell Movement; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D006099:Granuloma / Q000473:pathology*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000473:pathology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D055095:Optics and Photonics; D012871:Skin Diseases / Q000473:pathology; D013194:Staining and Labeling; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes