title: Evaluation of nine children with reversible posterior encephalopathy syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is a neurological disorder characterized by signs of posterior cerebral edema upon radiographic examination.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively analyzed the records of nine children with the diagnosis of PRES.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the nine patients, seven were receiving immunosuppressive therapy and two were acute hypertensive crisis associated with renal disease. Immunosupressive drugs were intrathecal methotrexate in two patients, cyclosporine in two patients, intrathecal cytarabine in one patient, cyclophasphamide in one patient, and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) in another one patient. The most presenting symptoms were seizure, headache, and altered consciousness. Six patients had seizures. Altered consciousness was present in four patients. Headache and nausea or vomiting was present also in six patients. Visual abnormalities were noted in two patients. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies showed white-matter abnormalities suggestive of edema in the posterior regions of the cerebral hemispheres, but the changes often involved other cerebral areas, the brain stem, basal ganglia or the cerebellum. The patients were treated with antihypertensive medications, and immunosuppressive therapy was withdrawn. In all the patients, the clinical and radiological findings resolved more completely.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy may develop in patients who have renal insufficiency or hypertension or who are immunosuppressed. This syndrome should be recognized immediately and trigger agents can be discontinued to prevent long-term sequelae.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Neurology, Cukurova University Medical Faculty, Adana, Turkey. fincecik@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Faruk
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Incecik
authors.forename: M Ozlem
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Hergüner
authors.forename: Sakir
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Altunbasak
authors.forename: Fatih
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Erbey
authors.forename: Goksel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Leblebisatan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001929:Brain Edema / Q000209:etiology; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016756:Immunoglobulins, Intravenous / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D054038:Posterior Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D016756:Immunoglobulins, Intravenous; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents