title: The effect of aging on low-fat, reduced-fat, and full-fat Cheddar cheese texture.
abstract: This study investigated the effects of aging and fat content on the texture of Cheddar cheese, both mechanical and sensory aspects, over a 9-mo aging period. Cheeses of 6, 16, and 33% fat were tested at 0.5, 3, 6, and 9 mo of aging. Cheeses were evaluated by a trained sensory panel using an established texture lexicon as well as instrumental methods, which were used to probe cheese structure. Sensory analysis showed that low-fat cheeses were differentiated from full-fat cheeses by being more springy and firm and this difference widened as the cheeses aged. In addition, full-fat cheeses broke down more during chewing than the lower fat cheeses and the degree of breakdown increased with aging. Mechanical properties were divided by magnitude of deformation during the test and separated into 3 ranges: the linear viscoelastic region, the nonlinear region, and fracture point. These regions represent a stress/strain response from low to high magnitude, respectively. Strong relationships between sensory terms and rheological properties determined in the linear (maximum compliance) and nonlinear (critical stress and strain and a nonlinear shape factor) regions were revealed. Some correlations were seen with fracture values, but these were not as high as terms related to the nonlinear region of the cheeses. The correlations pointed to strain-weakening behavior being the critical mechanical property. This was associated with higher fat content cheeses breaking down more as strain increased up to fracture. Increased strain weakening associated with an increase in fat content was attributed to fat producing weak points in the protein network, which became initiation sites for fracture within the structure. This suggests that fat replacers need to serve this functional role.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695, USA.
authors.forename: N R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Drake
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Daubert
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: McMahon
authors.forename: T K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Bletsch
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Foegeding
mesh_terms: D002611:Cheese / Q000032:analysis*; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000032:analysis*; D004548:Elasticity; D005260:Female; D005511:Food Handling / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D055595:Mechanical Phenomena; D008875:Middle Aged; D012212:Rheology; D012677:Sensation; D013997:Time Factors; D014783:Viscosity
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats