title: Nonverbal sensitivity in medical students: implications for clinical interactions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clinicians' accuracy in perceiving nonverbal cues has potentially important consequences, but has received insufficient research.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relation of medical students' nonverbal sensitivity to their gender and personal traits, as well as to their communication and impressions made during a standardized patient (SP) visit.
  
  
  METHODS
  Psychometric testing, questionnaire, and observation.
  
  
  METHODS
  One US medical school.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two-hundred seventy-five third-year medical students.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nonverbal sensitivity and attitudes were measured using standard instruments. Communication during the SP visit was measured using trained coders and analogue patients who viewed the videotapes and rated the favorability of their impressions of the student.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nonverbal sensitivity was higher in female than male students (P < 0.001) and was positively correlated with self-reported patient-centered attitudes (P < 0.01) and ability to name one's own emotions (P < 0.05). It was also associated with less distressed (P < 0.05), more dominant (P < 0.001), and more engaged (P < 0.01) behavior by the SP, and with more liking of the medical student (P < 0.05) and higher ratings of compassion (P < 0.05) by the analogue patients. Correlations between nonverbal sensitivity and other variables were generally stronger and different for male than female students, but nonverbal sensitivity predicted analogue patients' impressions similarly for male and female students.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Medical students' nonverbal sensitivity was related to clinically relevant attitudes and behavioral style in a clinical simulation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA. j.hall@neu.edu
authors.forename: Judith A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: Debra L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Roter
authors.forename: Danielle C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Blanch
authors.forename: Richard M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Frankel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D002983:Clinical Competence / Q000592:standards; D004645:Empathy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D009633:Nonverbal Communication / Q000523:psychology*; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D012737:Sex Factors; D013337:Students, Medical / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult