title: Mycoplasma pneumoniae and/or Chlamydophila pneumoniae inoculation causing different aggravations in cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis in apoE KO male mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chamydophila pneumoniae (CP) and/or Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) are two bacteria detected in vulnerable atheromas. In this study we aimed to analyze whether CP and/or MP aggravates atherosclerosis induced by cholesterol-enriched diet in C57BL/6 apoE KO male mice. Thirty male apoE KO mice aged eight weeks fed by a diet containing 1% cholesterol until 32 weeks of age were divided into four groups: the first was inoculated with CP (n = 7), the second with MP (n = 12), the third with both CP + MP (n = 5), and the fourth with saline (sham n = 6). The animals were re-inoculated at 36 weeks of age, and sacrificed at 40 weeks of age. Two ascending aorta and one aortic arch segments were sampled. In the most severely obstructed segment, vessel diameter, plaque height, percentage of luminal obstruction and the degree of adventitial inflammation were analyzed. The plaque area/intimal surface ratio was obtained by measuring all three segments. The adventitial inflammation was semiquantified (0 absent, 1 mild, 2 moderate, and 3 diffuse).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean and standard deviation of plaque height, % luminal obstruction, external diameter, the plaque area/intimal surface ratio and the adventitial inflammation values are the following for each group: MP (0.20 +/- 0.12 mm, 69 +/- 26%, 0.38 +/- 0.11 mm, 0.04 +/- 0.04 and 0.22 +/- 0.67), CP (0.23 +/- 0.08 mm, 90 +/- 26%, 0.37 +/- 0.08 mm, 0.04 +/- 0.03, and 0.44 +/- 0.53), MP + CP (18 +/- 0.08 mm, 84 +/- 4.0%, 0.35 +/- 0.25 mm, 0.03 +/- 0.03 and 1.33 +/- 0.82) and sham (0.08 +/- 0.09 mm, 42 +/- 46%, 0.30 +/- 0.10 mm, 0.02 +/- 0.03 and 0.71 +/- 0.76). A wider area of plaque/intimal surface was observed in MP + CP inoculated groups (p = 0.07 and 0.06) as well as an increased plaque height in CP (p = 0.01) in comparison with sham group. There was also an increased luminal obstruction (p = 0.047) in CP inoculated group in comparison to sham group. Adventitial inflammation in MP + CP inoculated group was higher than MP, CP and the sham groups (p = 0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inoculation of CP, MP or both agents in C57BL/6 apoE KO male mice caused aggravation of experimental atherosclerosis induced by cholesterol-enriched diet, with distinct characteristics. CP inoculation increased the plaque height with positive vessel remodeling and co-inoculation of MP + CP caused the highest adventitial inflammation measures.
authors.affiliation: Heart Institute (InCor) of Clinical Hospital, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil. damy@usp.br
authors.forename: Sueli B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Damy
authors.forename: Maria L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Higuchi
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Timenetsky
authors.forename: Márcia M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Reis
authors.forename: Suely P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Palomino
authors.forename: Renata N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Ikegami
authors.forename: Fabiana P
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: Junko T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Osaka
authors.forename: Luiz P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Figueiredo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001011:Aorta / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D001018:Aortic Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000382:microbiology; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000382:microbiology; D023521:Chlamydophila Infections / Q000150:complications*; D016993:Chlamydophila pneumoniae; D002791:Cholesterol, Dietary; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009177:Mycoplasma pneumoniae; D011019:Pneumonia, Mycoplasma / Q000150:complications*
chemical_list: D002791:Cholesterol, Dietary