title: Restoring barrier function to acid damaged bladder by intravesical chondroitin sulfate.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Chondroitin sulfate (Stellar Pharmaceuticals, London, Ontario, Canada), which is less expensive and more inert than heparinoids, hyaluronan or pentosan polysulfate, has been introduced to restore the barrier function lost due to epithelial dysfunction in interstitial cystitis cases. To our knowledge chondroitin sulfate binding to damaged bladder as a function of the urinary pH range, its efficacy in restoring the bladder permeability barrier and the capacity of the damaged bladder to bind chondroitin sulfate have not been determined previously.
  
  
  METHODS
  Chondroitin sulfate binding to bladder urothelium was investigated quantitatively using chondroitin sulfate highly labeled with Texas Red(R) and quantitative fluorescence microscopy in a mouse model of urothelial acid damage. The efficacy of restoring barrier function was determined using the passage of intravesically instilled (86)Rb, a potassium ion mimetic, through the urothelium into the bloodstream in a rat model of bladder damage. The binding capacity of acid damaged bladder was determined by fluorometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Chondroitin sulfate bound tightly and exclusively to the mouse bladder surface damaged by acid but showed only minimal binding to undamaged bladder. There was no systematic variation in pH. The model showed some variability in the degree of damage induced. In rats chondroitin sulfate instillation restored permeability to (86)Rb to control levels. Binding was saturable at a mean +/- SEM 0.67 +/- 0.13 mg/cm(2) of the bladder surface.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chondroitin sulfate binds preferentially to damaged urothelium and restores the impermeability barrier. This suggests that the glycosaminoglycan layer is a major contributor to bladder urothelial impermeability. As determined by binding capacity, the dose applied in humans in Canada (400 mg per instillation) is sufficient to achieve maximum efficacy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Hauser
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Buethe
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Califano
authors.forename: Troy M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Sofinowski
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Culkin
authors.forename: Robert E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Hurst
mesh_terms: D000283:Administration, Intravesical; D000818:Animals; D002809:Chondroitin Sulfates / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism*; D006851:Hydrochloric Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D019459:Urothelium / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002809:Chondroitin Sulfates; D006851:Hydrochloric Acid