title: Analysis of metabolic variation and galanthamine content in Narcissus bulbs by 1H NMR.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Galanthamine is a benzazepine alkaloid used as a drug to relieve symptoms of Alzheimer's disease. For pharmaceutical use this natural product has been extracted from the plant Leucojum aestivum (Amaryllidaceae) or produced synthetically. Limited supply of the natural source and high cost of synthetic production has led to a search for alternative sources of galanthamine. The bulbs of Narcissus pseudonarcissus (Amaryllidaceae) have been identified as a potential source of raw material for galanthamine extraction. Since inconsistent chemical composition can be an issue with medicinal plant material, it is of interest to know whether large variations occur between Narcissus bulbs grown in different geographical locations.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate whether large differences exist in the overall metabolic profiles of Narcissus bulbs grown in the two most important cultivation regions.
  
  
  METHODS
  (1)H NMR and principal component analysis were used for an unbiased comparison of the bulb samples.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall metabolite profiles were quite similar, but galanthamine levels could slightly discriminate samples by geographical region. (1)H NMR was used for quantitation of galanthamine, and was found to be comparable to quantitation by HPLC. Compared with conventional chromatographic methods, sample preparation for (1)H NMR analysis is simple and rapid, and only a small amount of plant material is required.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Since useful qualitative and quantitative information about the metabolic state of Narcissus bulbs can be obtained by (1)H NMR, this method is useful for agricultural applications, and for quality control of raw material used in the pharmaceutical industry.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmacognosy, Section Metabolomics, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, PO Box 9502, 2333 CC Leiden, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lubbe
authors.forename: Barbora
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pomahacová
authors.forename: Young Hae
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Verpoorte
mesh_terms: D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D005702:Galantamine / Q000378:metabolism*; D031427:Narcissus / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D019906:Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular / Q000379:methods*; D025341:Principal Component Analysis
chemical_list: D005702:Galantamine