title: Addressing literacy and numeracy to improve diabetes care: two randomized controlled trials.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Diabetic patients with lower literacy or numeracy skills are at greater risk for poor diabetes outcomes. This study evaluated the impact of providing literacy- and numeracy-sensitive diabetes care within an enhanced diabetes care program on A1C and other diabetes outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  In two randomized controlled trials, we enrolled 198 adult diabetic patients with most recent A1C >or=7.0%, referred for participation in an enhanced diabetes care program. For 3 months, control patients received care from existing enhanced diabetes care programs, whereas intervention patients received enhanced programs that also addressed literacy and numeracy at each institution. Intervention providers received health communication training and used the interactive Diabetes Literacy and Numeracy Education Toolkit with patients. A1C was measured at 3 and 6 months follow-up. Secondary outcomes included self-efficacy, self-management behaviors, and treatment satisfaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 3 months, both intervention and control patients had significant improvements in A1C from baseline (intervention -1.50 [95% CI -1.80 to -1.02]; control -0.80 [-1.10 to -0.30]). In adjusted analysis, there was greater improvement in A1C in the intervention group than in the control group (P = 0.03). At 6 months, there were no differences in A1C between intervention and control groups. Self-efficacy improved from baseline for both groups. No significant differences were found for self-management behaviors or satisfaction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A literacy- and numeracy-focused diabetes care program modestly improved self-efficacy and glycemic control compared with standard enhanced diabetes care, but the difference attenuated after conclusion of the intervention.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
authors.forename: Kerri
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Cavanaugh
authors.forename: Kenneth A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Wallston
authors.forename: Tebeb
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gebretsadik
authors.forename: Ayumi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shintani
authors.forename: Mary Margaret
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Huizinga
authors.forename: Dianne
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Rebecca Pratt
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Gregory
authors.forename: Robb
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Malone
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pignone
authors.forename: Darren
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: DeWalt
authors.forename: Tom A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Elasy
authors.forename: Russell L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Rothman
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D015190:Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000097:blood / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000534:rehabilitation; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007182:Income; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007348:Insurance, Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D019359:Knowledge; D008297:Male; D008433:Mathematics; D008875:Middle Aged; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin