title: The NlpD lipoprotein is a novel Yersinia pestis virulence factor essential for the development of plague.
abstract: Yersinia pestis is the causative agent of plague. Previously we have isolated an attenuated Y. pestis transposon insertion mutant in which the pcm gene was disrupted. In the present study, we investigated the expression and the role of pcm locus genes in Y. pestis pathogenesis using a set of isogenic surE, pcm, nlpD and rpoS mutants of the fully virulent Kimberley53 strain. We show that in Y. pestis, nlpD expression is controlled from elements residing within the upstream genes surE and pcm. The NlpD lipoprotein is the only factor encoded from the pcm locus that is essential for Y. pestis virulence. A chromosomal deletion of the nlpD gene sequence resulted in a drastic reduction in virulence to an LD(50) of at least 10(7) cfu for subcutaneous and airway routes of infection. The mutant was unable to colonize mouse organs following infection. The filamented morphology of the nlpD mutant indicates that NlpD is involved in cell separation; however, deletion of nlpD did not affect in vitro growth rate. Trans-complementation experiments with the Y. pestis nlpD gene restored virulence and all other phenotypic defects. Finally, we demonstrated that subcutaneous administration of the nlpD mutant could protect animals against bubonic and primary pneumonic plague. Taken together, these results demonstrate that Y. pestis NlpD is a novel virulence factor essential for the development of bubonic and pneumonic plague. Further, the nlpD mutant is superior to the EV76 prototype live vaccine strain in immunogenicity and in conferring effective protective immunity. Thus it could serve as a basis for a very potent live vaccine against bubonic and pneumonic plague.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel.
authors.forename: Avital
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tidhar
authors.forename: Yehuda
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Flashner
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Yinon
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Levi
authors.forename: Ayelet
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zauberman
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gur
authors.forename: Moshe
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aftalion
authors.forename: Eytan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Elhanany
authors.forename: Anat
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zvi
authors.forename: Avigdor
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shafferman
authors.forename: Emanuelle
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mamroud
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D004251:DNA Transposable Elements; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; D005816:Genetic Complementation Test; D016680:Genome, Bacterial; D008074:Lipoproteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010930:Plague / Q000235:genetics*; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D013234:Stem Cells; D037521:Virulence Factors / Q000235:genetics*; D015010:Yersinia pestis / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D004251:DNA Transposable Elements; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; D008074:Lipoproteins; C490122:NlpD protein, E coli; C086389:NlpD protein, bacteria; D037521:Virulence Factors