title: Fate of vinclozolin, thiabendazole and dimethomorph during storage, handling and forcing of chicory.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  As part of ongoing research for a sustainable production of Belgian endives, the fate of three fungicides during storage, handling and forcing of witloof chicory roots was investigated. Storage roots are protected against Sclerotinia sp. Fuckel and Phoma exigua var. exigua Desm. by means of vinclozolin and thiabendazole respectively. During hydroponic forcing, the most imminent pathogen is Phytophthora cryptogea Pethybr. & Laff., which is controlled by the use of dimethomorph.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Vinclozolin and thiabendazole concentrations on roots remained constant during storage at -1 degrees C. Dermal exposure of the workers in hydroponics was exceeded. Vinclozolin and thiabendazole residues were not detected 2 weeks after hydroponic forcing; dimethomorph was still detected at harvest. At harvest, the vinclozolin concentration in the chicory heads was below the maximum residue limit, but the chicory roots contained residues much above the thiabendazole and dimethomorph maximum residue level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vinclozolin and thiabendazole residues applied before storage are still present on the roots at the start of the forcing cycle. During the set-up of chicory roots, preventive measures are recommended, as effects of repeated human exposure to low doses of applied fungicides cannot be excluded. Dimethomorph applied at the start of the hydroponic forcing is the only pesticide detected in the drainage water at harvest. The chicory heads were safe for human consumption. However, more attention should be paid to the residues of fungicides in the roots used for cattle feeding.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Crop Protection Chemistry, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Pieter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Spanoghe
authors.forename: Bert
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ryckaert
authors.forename: Cindy
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Van Gheluwe
authors.forename: Marie-Christine
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Van Labeke
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018651:Cichorium intybus / Q000737:chemistry*; D004350:Drug Residues / Q000032:analysis*; D005511:Food Handling; D005658:Fungi / Q000187:drug effects; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000032:analysis*; D018527:Hydroponics; D009025:Morpholines / Q000032:analysis*; D010080:Oxazoles / Q000032:analysis*; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000737:chemistry; D013827:Thiabendazole / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D009025:Morpholines; D010080:Oxazoles; C076154:dimethomorph; C025643:vinclozolin; D013827:Thiabendazole