title: Alterations in serum levels of inflammatory cytokines (TNF, IL-1alpha, IL-1beta and IL-1Ra) 20 years after sulfur mustard exposure: Sardasht-Iran cohort study.
abstract: Mustard gas, even in low doses, has the ability to inflict damage in multiple organs especially the skin, eyes, as well as the respiratory tract. This damage may cause many complications which persist during the lifespan of exposed subjects. Pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF, IL-1alpha, IL-1beta and IL-1Ra cause systemic inflammatory reactions and numerous changes including altered cell signaling and migration, changes in cytokine production and fever. The aim of this study was to determine the serum levels of these cytokines in subjects who were exposed to mustard gas 20 years ago in comparison with an unexposed control group. In this historical cohort study 368 sulfur mustard (SM) exposed participants from Sardasht and 126 age-matched unexposed volunteers from Rabat (a nearby town) as controls were chosen by a random systematic sampling. The serum concentrations of IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-1Ra and TNF were measured by a sandwich ELISA technique. Median of the serum levels of cytokines TNF, IL-1alpha, IL-1beta and IL-1Ra in the control group was 23.79, 1.89, 1.91 and 32.9 pg/ml respectively, while in the SM-exposed participants these values were 11.11, 0.81, 1.73 and 26.7 pg/ml respectively. The serum pro-inflammatory cytokine levels were significantly lower in the exposed group than in controls (p<0.01). There was also significant positive correlation between concentration of all of mentioned cytokines, the strongest being between IL-1beta and TNF (r=0.809 in the control group). The observed down-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines should be considered in interpretation of diagnosis and therapeutic measures taken to improve clinical complications.
authors.affiliation: Immunoregulation Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Roya
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yaraee
authors.forename: Tooba
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ghazanfari
authors.forename: Massoumeh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ebtekar
authors.forename: Sussan K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Ardestani
authors.forename: Abbas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rezaei
authors.forename: Amina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kariminia
authors.forename: Soghrat
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Faghihzadeh
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mostafaie
authors.forename: Mohammad R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Vaez-Mahdavi
authors.forename: Mahmoud
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mahmoudi
authors.forename: Mohammad M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Naghizadeh
authors.forename: Mohammad R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Soroush
authors.forename: Zuhair M
authors.initials: ZM
authors.lastname: Hassan
mesh_terms: D002619:Chemical Warfare Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood; D007492:Iran; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000276:immunology*; D009151:Mustard Gas / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D002619:Chemical Warfare Agents; D016207:Cytokines; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D009151:Mustard Gas