title: The nature and causes of unintended events reported at ten emergency departments.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several studies on patient safety have shown that a substantial number of patients suffer from unintended harm caused by healthcare management in hospitals. Emergency departments (EDs) are challenging hospital settings with regard to patient safety. There is an increased sense of urgency to take effective countermeasures in order to improve patient safety. This can only be achieved if interventions tackle the dominant underlying causes. The objectives of our study are to examine the nature and causes of unintended events in EDs and the relationship between type of event and causal factor structure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Study at EDs of 10 hospitals in the Netherlands. The study period per ED was 8 to 14 weeks, in which staff were asked to report unintended events. Unintended events were broadly defined as all events, no matter how seemingly trivial or commonplace, that were unintended and could have harmed or did harm a patient. Reports were analysed with a Root Cause Analysis tool (PRISMA) by an experienced researcher.
  
  
  RESULTS
  522 unintended events were reported. Of the events 25% was related to cooperation with other departments and 20% to problems with materials/equipment. More than half of the events had consequences for the patient, most often resulting in inconvenience or suboptimal care. Most root causes were human (60%), followed by organisational (25%) and technical causes (11%). Nearly half of the root causes was external, i.e. attributable to other departments in or outside the hospital.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Event reporting gives insight into diverse unintended events. The information on unintended events may help target research and interventions to increase patient safety. It seems worthwhile to direct interventions on the collaboration between the ED and other hospital departments.
authors.affiliation: NIVEL, Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands. m.smits@nivel.nl
authors.forename: Marleen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Smits
authors.forename: Peter P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Groenewegen
authors.forename: Danielle R M
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Timmermans
authors.forename: Gerrit
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: van der Wal
authors.forename: Cordula
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wagner
mesh_terms: D015984:Causality; D004282:Documentation; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D006801:Humans; D019300:Medical Errors / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009426:Netherlands; D017751:Safety Management