title: Modulation of OPG, RANK and RANKL by human chondrocytes and their implication during osteoarthritis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Earlier studies suggest the involvement of osteoprotegerin (OPG), RANK and RANK ligand (RANKL) in OA subchondral bone metabolism; however, few studies have looked at their functional consequences on chondrocytes. We compared the expression/production of OPG, RANK and RANKL on human normal and OA chondrocytes, and evaluated, on OA chondrocytes, their modulation by some catabolic factors. Furthermore, the role of OPG and RANKL on the production of catabolic/anabolic factors was assessed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Expression was determined using real-time PCR, production of RANK and RANKL by flow cytometry and that of OPG by ELISA. Modulation of these factors was determined upon treatment with IL-1beta, TNF-alpha and PGE(2). The functional consequences were examined following treatment with soluble RANKL or OPG-Fc (OPG without the heparin-binding domain).
  
  
  RESULTS
  OPG, RANK and RANKL were expressed and produced by human chondrocytes. Membranous RANK was produced only by an OA chondrocyte subpopulation (29%) localized throughout the cartilage. The OPG/RANKL ratio was significantly (P = 0.05) reduced on the OA chondrocytes, whereas the RANK/RANKL ratio was significantly (P < 0.03) increased. OPG and membranous RANKL levels were significantly enhanced by IL-1beta, TNF-alpha and PGE(2), whereas membranous RANK was significantly increased only with IL-1beta. Administration of soluble RANKL had no effect on the OA chondrocytes. However, addition of OPG-Fc significantly stimulated MMP-13 (P = 0.05) and protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) (P < 0.04) production.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings showed that human chondrocytes express and produce OPG, RANK and RANKL. OA chondrocyte treatment with catabolic factors pointed towards an increased biological effect of OPG. Interestingly, OPG appears to be involved in OA progression by increasing two catabolic factors involved in cartilage pathophysiology.
authors.affiliation: Osteoarthritis Research Unit, University of Montreal Hospital Research Centre, Notre-Dame Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Steeve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kwan Tat
authors.forename: Nathalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Amiable
authors.forename: Jean-Pierre
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Pelletier
authors.forename: Christelle
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Boileau
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lajeunesse
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Duval
authors.forename: Johanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Martel-Pelletier
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000494:pharmacology; D008875:Middle Aged; D020370:Osteoarthritis, Knee / Q000378:metabolism*; D053244:Osteoprotegerin / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000502:physiology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D053245:RANK Ligand / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000494:pharmacology; D053246:Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-kappa B / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D053244:Osteoprotegerin; D053245:RANK Ligand; D053246:Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-kappa B; C505686:TNFRSF11A protein, human; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D015232:Dinoprostone