title: 2009 ISSLS Prize Winner: Does discography cause accelerated progression of degeneration changes in the lumbar disc: a ten-year matched cohort study.
abstract: METHODS
  Prospective, match-cohort study of disc degeneration progression over 10 years with and without baseline discography. Objectives. To compare progression of common degenerative findings between lumbar discs injected 10 years earlier with those same disc levels in matched subjects not exposed to discography. Summary of Background Data. Experimental disc puncture in animal and in vivo studies have demonstrated accelerated disc degeneration. Whether intradiscal diagnostic or treatment procedures used in clinical practice causes any damage to the punctured discs over time is currently unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-five subjects without serious low back pain illness underwent a protocol MRI and an L3/4, L4/5, and L5/S1 discography examination in 1997. A matched group was enrolled at the same time and underwent the same protocol MRI examination. Subjects were followed for 10 years. At 7 to 10 years after baseline assessment, eligible discography and controlled subjects underwent another protocol MRI examination. MRI graders, blind to group designation, scored both groups for qualitative findings (Pfirrmann grade, herniations, endplate changes, and high intensity zone). Loss of disc height and loss of disc signal were measured by quantitative methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Well matched cohorts, including 50 discography subjects and 52 control subjects, were contacted and met eligibility criteria for follow-up evaluation. In all graded or measured parameters, discs that had been exposed to puncture and injection had greater progression of degenerative findings compared to control (noninjected) discs: progression of disc degeneration, 54 discs (35%) in the discography group compared to 21 (14%) in the control group (P = 0.03); 55 new disc herniations in the discography group compared to 22 in the control group (P = 0.0003). New disc herniations were disproportionately found on the side of the anular puncture (P = 0.0006). The quantitative measures of disc height and disc signal also showed significantly greater loss of disc height (P = 0.05) and signal intensity (P = 0.001) in the discography disc compared to the control disc.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Modern discography techniques using small gauge needle and limited pressurization resulted in accelerated disc degeneration, disc herniation, loss of disc height and signal and the development of reactive endplate changes compared to match-controls. Careful consideration of risk and benefit should be used in recommending procedures involving disc injection.
authors.affiliation: Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. carragee@leland.stanford.edu
authors.forename: Eugene J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Carragee
authors.forename: Angus S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Don
authors.forename: Eric L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Hurwitz
authors.forename: Jason M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Cuellar
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Carrino
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Carrino
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Herzog
mesh_terms: D001363:Awards and Prizes; D015331:Cohort Studies; D018450:Disease Progression; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007278:Injections, Spinal / Q000009:adverse effects; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology*; D055959:Intervertebral Disc Degeneration / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000175:diagnosis; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011677:Punctures / Q000009:adverse effects; D011859:Radiography / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D016037:Single-Blind Method