title: Trust and reliance on an automated combat identification system.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined the effects of aid reliability and reliability disclosure on human trust in and reliance on a combat identification (CID) aid. We tested whether trust acts as a mediating factor between belief in and reliance on a CID aid.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Individual CID systems have been developed to reduce friendly fire incidents. However, these systems cannot positively identify a target that does not have a working transponder. Therefore, when the feedback is "unknown", the target could be hostile, neutral, or friendly. Soldiers have difficulty relying on this type of imperfect automation appropriately.
  
  
  METHODS
  In manual and aided conditions, 24 participants completed a simulated CID task. The reliability of the aid varied within participants, half of whom were told the aid reliability level. We used the difference in response bias values across conditions to measure automation reliance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Response bias varied more appropriately with the aid reliability level when it was disclosed than when not. Trust in aid feedback correlated with belief in aid reliability and reliance on aid feedback; however, belief was not correlated with reliance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To engender appropriate reliance on CID systems, users should be made aware of system reliability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings can be applied to the design of information displays for individual CID systems and soldier training.
authors.affiliation: University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Lu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Greg A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Jamieson
authors.forename: Justin G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Hollands
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D006801:Humans; D008328:Man-Machine Systems; D010364:Pattern Recognition, Visual; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D035502:Trust; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D014857:Warfare