title: Increased prevalence of renal and urinary tract anomalies in children with Down syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goal was to investigate the prevalence of renal and urinary tract anomalies (RUTAs) in a Down syndrome (DS) population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were obtained from the New York State Congenital Malformation Registry (NYS-CMR) in this retrospective cohort study. The occurrence of RUTAs was assessed for children with and without DS who were born in NYS between 1992 and 2004. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for each malformation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between 1992 and 2004, 3832 children with DS and 3 411 833 without DS were born in NYS. The prevalence of RUTAs in the DS population was 3.2%, compared with 0.7% in the NYS population (OR: 4.5 [95% CI: 3.8 -5.4]). Children with DS had significantly increased risks of anterior urethral obstruction (OR: 29.7 [95% CI: 4.0 -217.7]), cystic dysplastic kidney (OR: 4.5 [95% CI: 1.5-14.1]), hydronephrosis (OR: 8.7 [95% CI: 6.8 -11.0]), hydroureter (OR: 8.5 [95% CI: 3.5-20.4]), hypospadias (OR: 2.0 [95% CI: 1.4 -2.9]), posterior urethral valves (OR: 7.1 [95% CI: 1.8 -28.8]), prune belly syndrome (OR: 11.9 [95% CI: 1.6 - 85.4]), and renal agenesis (OR: 5.4 [95% CI: 2.8 -10.4]). There was no significantly increased risk of ectopic kidney (OR: 1.6 [95% CI: 0.2-11.2]) or ureteropelvic junction obstruction (OR: 1.4 [95% CI: 0.2-9.9]) in the DS population.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children with DS have significantly increased risks of RUTAs.
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Pediatric Nephrology and Hypertension, Maimonides Infants and Children's Hospital, Brooklyn, New York 11219, USA. jkupferman@maimonidesmed.org
authors.forename: Juan C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Kupferman
authors.forename: Charlotte M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Druschel
authors.forename: Gabriel S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Kupchik
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D004314:Down Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000002:abnormalities*; D008297:Male; D009519:New York City / Q000453:epidemiology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015995:Prevalence; D012016:Reference Values; D012042:Registries; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D017678:Sex Distribution; D014551:Urinary Tract / Q000002:abnormalities*; D014564:Urogenital Abnormalities / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*