title: From mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's disease - influence of homocysteine, vitamin B12 and folate on cognition over time: results from one-year follow-up.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  People with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) have higher risk of developing dementia than the general population. Currently known risk factors for dementia include older age, low education level, gait disorders, hippocampal atrophy, and apolipoprotein E allele. Vascular risk factors may modify the neurodegenerative process. The aim of this study was therefore to assess the influence of vascular (genetic and environmental) risk factors on progression to dementia in an MCI group during a one-year period.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-five MCI patients (30 men and 25 women) and 44 controls (25 men and 19 women) matched for age, gender and education were studied. Mild cognitive impairment was diagnosed according to Petersen criteria (Mayo Clinic Group). Neuropsychological evaluation was made. Assessed vascular risk factors included hypertension, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cigarette smoking, hyperlipidaemia, hyperhomocysteinaemia with vitamin B12 and folate deficiency. Genetic risk factors (APOE polymorphism, C677T and A1298C MTHFR polymorphisms) were also assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Vascular risk factors were found significantly more often in the MCI group (p = 0.041), including APOE4 allele (p = 0.018), hyperhomocysteinaemia (p = 0.012) and folate deficiency (p = 0.023). Discriminant function analysis showed that only age and hypertension are potential factors which may have an influence on progression to dementia in the MCI group within one year of prospective observation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vascular risk factors are associated with cognitive impairment but do not have a significant influence on progression to dementia in the MCI group.
authors.affiliation: Katedra i Klinika Neurologii, SP Centralny Szpital Kliniczny SUM im. prof. K. Gibińskiego, ul.Medyków 14, 40-752 Katowice. siuda_j@poczta.onet.pl
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Siuda
authors.forename: Agnieszka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gorzkowska
authors.forename: Maja
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Patalong-Ogiewa
authors.forename: Ewa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Krzystanek
authors.forename: Ewa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Czech
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wiechuła
authors.forename: Wojciech
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Garczorz
authors.forename: Alojzy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Danch
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jasińska-Myga
authors.forename: Grzegorz
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Opala
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000235:genetics; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015984:Causality; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006579:Heterozygote; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D020138:Hyperhomocysteinemia / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006949:Hyperlipidemias / Q000453:epidemiology; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D011044:Poland / Q000453:epidemiology; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D014805:Vitamin B 12 / Q000378:metabolism; D014806:Vitamin B 12 Deficiency / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D001057:Apolipoproteins E; D006710:Homocysteine; D005492:Folic Acid; D014805:Vitamin B 12