title: Pregnancy monitoring in dogs and cats using 3D and 4D ultrasonography.
abstract: Three-dimensional (3D)/four-dimensional (4D) volume ultrasound is an established method in human medicine that offers various options for analysing and presenting ultrasound volume data. However, the successful application of the different 3D/4D imaging modalities in pregnant dogs and cats has not yet been reported in the literature. The main reasons for this are: (1) the high costs of 3D/4D ultrasound systems, (2) operation difficulties due to high breathing frequency in non-sedated animals and (3) the missing specific knowledge in veterinary medicine concerning how to perform high-quality volume scans. Automatically acquired ultrasound volume data sets were generated with two different ultrasound systems: the portable Voluson i and the stationary Voluson Expert 730. Different 3D/4D imaging modalities were tested in regard of their practicability in pregnancy monitoring in dogs and cats. Nine different volume imaging modalities were applied using the saved files. For the presentation of the static 3D volume data sets, we used the multiplanar, niche, surface, transparency, glass body, inversion, volume calculation and tomographic ultrasound imaging modes. For the dynamic 4D data, the surface and glass body modes were applied. By changing the human standard settings to the requirements of small animal anatomy, it was found that 3D/4D ultrasound has great potential for the characterization of pregnancy in queens and bitches. The 3D/4D technology offered advanced information about pregnancy status and birth prediction and improved the diagnostic confidence. By using standardized examination protocols, 3D/4D ultrasound will allow a reduction in examination time by generating even more relevant information. These benefits, combined with possible future cost reduction of commercial ultrasound systems, might lead to frequent utilization in routine pregnancy diagnostic and birth management in small animal practice.
authors.affiliation: Department for Reproduction Management, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW), Berlin, Germany. hildebrand@izw-berlin.de
authors.forename: T B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Hildebrandt
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Drews
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kurz
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hermes
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Göritz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002415:Cats; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D011247:Pregnancy; D011270:Pregnancy, Animal; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*