title: Entomologic and virologic investigation of Chikungunya, Singapore.
abstract: Local transmission of chikungunya, a debilitating mosquito-borne viral disease, was first reported in Singapore in January 2008. After 3 months of absence, locally acquired Chikungunya cases resurfaced in May 2008, causing an outbreak that resulted in a total of 231 cases by September 2008. The circulating viruses were related to East, Central, and South African genotypes that emerged in the Indian Ocean region in 2005. The first local outbreak was due to a wild-type virus (alanine at codon 226 of the envelope 1 gene) and occurred in an area where Aedes aegypti mosquitoes were the primary vector. Strains isolated during subsequent outbreaks showed alanine to valine substitution (A226V) and largely spread in areas predominated by Ae. albopictus mosquitoes. These findings led to a revision of the current vector control strategy in Singapore. This report highlights the use of entomologic and virologic data to assist in the control of chikungunya in disease-endemic areas.
authors.affiliation: National Environment Agency, Singapore. ng_lee_ching@nea.gov.sg
authors.forename: Lee-Ching
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.forename: Li-Kiang
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Cheong-Huat
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Sharon S Y
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Hapuarachchige C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Hapuarachchi
authors.forename: Kwoon-Yong
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Pok
authors.forename: Yee-Ling
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: Sai-Gek
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Lam-Phua
authors.forename: Göran
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bucht
authors.forename: Raymond T P
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Yee-Sin
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Leo
authors.forename: Boon-Hian
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Hwi-Kwang
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Peng-Lim S
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Ooi
authors.forename: Lyn
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: James
authors.forename: Seow-Poh
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Khoo
mesh_terms: D000330:Aedes / Q000821:virology; D018354:Alphavirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission* / Q000821:virology; D019943:Amino Acid Substitution; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002646:Chikungunya virus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D021821:Communicable Diseases, Emerging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission* / Q000821:virology; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D015752:Genes, env; D006801:Humans; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000821:virology; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D010802:Phylogeny; D012846:Singapore / Q000453:epidemiology; D014759:Viral Envelope Proteins / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D004279:DNA, Viral; D014759:Viral Envelope Proteins