title: Prevalence of multi-gastrointestinal infections with helminth, protozoan and Campylobacter spp. in Guatemalan children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The prevalence of multi-infections with helminthes, protozoans and Campylobacter spp. in Guatemalan children is a reflection of differences in the risk factors related to pathogen transmission.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred and eighty-nine fecal samples were collected from children of the Guatemalan highlands and patterns of pathogen occurrences were evaluated using an immunoassay for Campylobacter spp., a formalin-ether concentration followed by observation of unstained slides for helminthes and trichome stains of fecal smears for protozoans. Specimens were examined microscopically using 100, 400 and 1000x magnification.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prevalence of Ascaris lumbricoides, Campylobacter spp., Giardia duodenalis, Entamoeba histolytica/E. dispar and Trichuris trichiura were 55.1%, 30.8%, 21.5%, 19.8% and 19.4%, respectively. Overall, the prevalence of at least one intestinal pathogen was 85.5%. Multi-infections were found in 43% of the children harboring pathogens.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Infections with Campylobacter spp., E. histolytica/E. dispar, T. trichiura and G. duodenalis were closely associated with the presence of co-infection with A. lumbricoides. T. trichiura infection was related to co-infection with A. lumbricoides and Campylobacter spp. Infections with G. duodenalis and T. trichiura were related to co-infections with either Campylobacter spp. or E. histolytica/E. dispar. The prevalence of multi-gastrointestinal infections with helminthes, protozoans and Campylobacter spp. in children was found to be related to age and gender.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, Arizona 85308, USA.
authors.forename: Lauritz A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: Jerry W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Marlin
authors.forename: David D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Dyck
authors.forename: Harold E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Laubach
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002167:Campylobacter / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002169:Campylobacter Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004747:Entamoeba / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology / Q000469:parasitology; D005260:Female; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000469:parasitology; D005872:Giardia / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006166:Guatemala / Q000453:epidemiology; D006373:Helminthiasis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000469:parasitology; D006376:Helminths / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006651:Histocytochemistry / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007118:Immunoassay / Q000379:methods; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008853:Microscopy / Q000379:methods; D015995:Prevalence; D011528:Protozoan Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000469:parasitology