title: The use of Onyx for embolization of central nervous system arteriovenous lesions in pediatric patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The safety and efficacy of Onyx for the embolization of central nervous system (CNS) arteriovenous (AV) lesions have been widely reported in adults. However, data describing the use of this agent in children are limited. This study presents our experience with Onyx in the treatment of CNS AV lesions in pediatric patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively analyzed clinical and imaging records of 15 pediatric patients who underwent 36 transarterial embolizations by using Onyx for CNS AV lesions, from March 2007 through April 2009 at our institution. Underlying pathologies included brain AV malformations (AVMs) (n = 7), vein of Galen malformations (n = 4), dural AV fistulas (n = 2), and spinal AVMs (n = 2). For 7 procedures in very high-flow lesions, detachable coils were deployed before Onyx embolization, whereas in 29 procedures, Onyx was the sole embolic agent. The efficacy of embolization was judged by the residuum of AV shunting within the target region.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Embolization was complete in 2 patients, nearly complete in 9 patients, and partial (and ongoing) in 4 patients. Following staged embolization, 7 patients underwent surgical resection without significant blood loss and with good functional outcome in all cases. Clinically silent non-target embolization was encountered in 2 of 36 procedures. After 3 of the 36 embolizations, patients developed transient neurologic symptoms, all of which resolved to baseline within 24 hours. There were no non-neurologic adverse events. There was no imaging evidence of infarct or hemorrhage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Onyx embolization of pediatric CNS AV lesions can be an efficacious treatment technique, with extremely low associated morbidity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Thiex
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Orbach
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001165:Arteriovenous Malformations / Q000628:therapy*; D020785:Central Nervous System Vascular Malformations / Q000628:therapy*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004121:Dimethyl Sulfoxide / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D011145:Polyvinyls / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013635:Tantalum / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D011145:Polyvinyls; C020320:ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer; D013635:Tantalum; D004121:Dimethyl Sulfoxide