title: Phylogeographical, ecological and biological patterns shown by nuclear (ssrRNA and gGAPDH) and mitochondrial (Cyt b) genes of trypanosomes of the subgenus Schizotrypanum parasitic in Brazilian bats.
abstract: The genetic diversity and phylogeographical patterns of Trypanosoma species that infect Brazilian bats were evaluated by examining 1043 bats from 63 species of seven families captured in Amazonia, the Pantanal, Cerrado and the Atlantic Forest biomes of Brazil. The prevalence of trypanosome-infected bats, as estimated by haemoculture, was 12.9%, resulting in 77 cultures of isolates, most morphologically identified as Trypanosoma cf. cruzi, classified by barcoding using partial sequences from ssrRNA gene into the subgenus Schizotrypanum and identified as T. cruzi (15), T. cruzi marinkellei (37) or T. cf. dionisii (25). Phylogenetic analyses using nuclear ssrRNA, glycosomal glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gGAPDH) and mitochondrial cytochrome b (Cyt b) gene sequences generated three clades, which clustered together forming the subgenus Schizotrypanum. In addition to vector association, bat trypanosomes were related by the evolutionary history, ecology and phylogeography of the bats. Trypanosoma cf. dionisii trypanosomes (32.4%) infected 12 species from four bat families captured in all biomes, from North to South Brazil, and clustered with T. dionisii from Europe despite being separated by some genetic distance. Trypanosoma cruzi marinkellei (49.3%) was restricted to phyllostomid bats from Amazonia to the Pantanal (North to Central). Trypanosoma cruzi (18.2%) was found mainly in vespertilionid and phyllostomid bats from the Pantanal/Cerrado and the Atlantic Forest (Central to Southeast), with a few isolates from Amazonia.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Manzelio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cavazzana
authors.forename: Arlei
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marcili
authors.forename: Luciana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lima
authors.forename: Flávia Maia
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: da Silva
authors.forename: Angela C V
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Junqueira
authors.forename: Heloisa H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Veludo
authors.forename: Laerte B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Viola
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Campaner
authors.forename: Vânia L B
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Nunes
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Paiva
authors.forename: José R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Coura
authors.forename: Erney P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Camargo
authors.forename: Marta M G
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Teixeira
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001938:Brazil; D002685:Chiroptera / Q000469:parasitology*; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D045303:Cytochromes b / Q000235:genetics; D016054:DNA, Protozoan / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D020459:Genes, rRNA; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005843:Geography; D005987:Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases / Q000235:genetics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D015800:Protozoan Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D016053:RNA, Protozoan / Q000235:genetics; D012337:RNA, Ribosomal, 18S / Q000235:genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D014345:Trypanosoma / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D014352:Trypanosomiasis / Q000469:parasitology / Q000662:veterinary*
chemical_list: D016054:DNA, Protozoan; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal; D015800:Protozoan Proteins; D016053:RNA, Protozoan; D012337:RNA, Ribosomal, 18S; D045303:Cytochromes b; D005987:Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases