title: Pattern of arterial calcification in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the prevalence and pattern of arterial calcification in patients with asymptomatic systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) compared with control subjects. SLE patients are prone to adverse cardiovascular events; however, the underlying atherosclerotic process is unknown. Multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) measured arterial calcium score (CS) reflecting underlying atherosclerosis and is closely associated with cardiovascular events.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty age and sex matched SLE patients and controls were enrolled. All subjects underwent 64 slice MDCT scan to evaluate CS in coronary, carotid arteries and the aorta.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As compared with controls, SLE patients had higher mean CS and prevalence of CS > 0 across all vascular beds. After adjustment for age and sex, SLE patient odds of having CS > 0 in any vascular bed was 33.6 (95% CI: 9.5-165.2) were higher versus patients in the control group, mainly due to more prevalent coronary calcification (OR 30.0, 95% CI: 6.7-203.8). In SLE patients, the most frequent vessel with CS > 0 was coronary (42%) followed by carotid artery (24%). Further, arterial calcification occurred early involving 40% of SLE patients at age < 40 years, with increasing prevalence as age advanced.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study confirms that patients with SLE have significantly higher prevalence and extent of systemic arterial calcification compared with age and sex matched controls.
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Kai-Hang
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Yiu
authors.forename: Silun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Mo-Yin
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Mok
authors.forename: Gaik Cheng
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Ooi
authors.forename: Pek-Lan
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Khong
authors.forename: Ka-Fung Henry
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Mak
authors.forename: Kwok-Fai
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.forename: Chak-Sing
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.forename: Hung-Fat
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Tse
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001013:Aorta, Thoracic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002319:Cardiovascular System / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006723:Hong Kong; D006801:Humans; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D036542:Tomography, Spiral Computed