title: Comparable effectiveness of caudal vs. trans-foraminal epidural steroid injections.
abstract: METHODS
  Retrospective case-control study.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare the effectiveness between caudal and trans-foraminal epidural steroid injections for the treatment of primary lumbar radiculopathy.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Spinal injections with steroids play an important role in non-operative care of lumbar radiculopathy. The trans-foraminal epidural steroid injection (TESI) theoretically has a higher success rate based on targeted delivery to the symptomatic nerve root. To our knowledge, these results have not been compared with other techniques of epidural steroid injection.
  
  
  METHODS
  93 patients diagnosed with primary lumbar radiculopathy of L4, L5, or SI were recruited for this study: 39 received caudal epidural steroid injections (ESI) and 54 received trans-foraminal epidural steroid injections (TESI). Outcomes scores included the SF-36, Oswestry disability index (ODI) and pain visual analogue scale (VAS), and were recorded at baseline, post-treatment (<6 months), long-term (>1 year). The average follow-up was 2 years, and 16 patients were lost to follow-up. The endpoint "surgical intervention" was a patient-driven decision, and considered failure of treatment. Intent-to-treat analysis, and comparisons included t-test, Chi-square, and Wilcoxon rank-sum test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Baseline demographics and outcomes scores were comparable for both treatment groups (ESI vs. TESI): (SF-36 PCS (32.3 +/- 7.5 vs. 29.5 +/- 8.9 respectively; p = 0.173), MCS (41.2 +/- 12.7 vs. 41.1 +/- 10.9, respectively; p = 0.971), and VAS (7.4 +/-2.1 vs. 7.9 +/- 1.2, respectively; p = 0.228)). Surgery was indicated for failure of treatment at a similar rate for both groups (41.0% vs. 44.4%, p=0.743). Symptom improvement was comparable between both treatment groups (ESI vs. TESI): SF-36 PCS improved to 42.0+/-11.8 and 37.7+/-12.3, respectively; p=0.49; ODI improved from 50.0+/-21.2 to 15.6+/-17.9and from 62.1+/-17.9 to 26.1+/-20.3, respectively (p=0.407).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The effectiveness of TESI is comparable to that of ESI (approximately 60%) for the treatment of primary lumbar radiculopathy. The increased complexity of TESI is not justified for primary cases, and may have a more specific role in recurrent disease or for diagnostic purposes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, IA, USA. sergio-mendoza@uiowa.edu
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mendoza-Lattes
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: Ernest
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Found
authors.forename: Bridget
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zimmerman
authors.forename: Yubo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gao
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D006801:Humans; D007268:Injections, Epidural / Q000379:methods*; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae; D008875:Middle Aged; D011788:Quality of Life; D011843:Radiculopathy / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013256:Steroids / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D013256:Steroids