title: Evaluation of nutritional intake in Canadian high-performance athletes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the nutritional intake of Canadian high-performance athletes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective survey study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Canadian sport center athletes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three hundred twenty-four high-performance athletes (114 males and 201 females; mean age 21.3 +/- 13 years) from 8 Canadian sport centers participated in the study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects prospectively completed 3-day dietary records, reporting all food, fluid, and supplement consumption.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dietary records were analyzed for total calories, macronutrients, and micronutrients for food alone and food plus supplements for all subjects collectively and according to gender and competitive event.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Average daily energy intake was 2533 +/- 843 Kcal/day with males consuming more calories than females (2918 +/- 927 and 2304 +/- 713 Kcal/day, respectively; P < 0.05). Both genders consumed below recommended levels. Carbohydrate, protein, and fat accounted for 53%, 19%, and 28% of daily calorie intake, respectively. Average daily carbohydrate and protein intake was 5.1 +/- 1.8 and 1.8 +/- 0.6 g/kg body weight, respectively. Protein intake, but not carbohydrate intake, met recommendations. Supplementation significantly increased athletes' energy, total carbohydrate, protein, and fat intake. Of 17 micronutrients assessed, intake ranged between 120% and 366% of recommended daily intake with food alone and between 134% to 680% of recommended daily intake with supplements.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Canadian high-performance athletes do not consume adequate energy or carbohydrates. However, their intake of micronutrients exceed current recommended daily intakes, even when supplements are not considered, indicating that athletes make high-quality food choices. Supplementation significantly increased energy, macronutrient, and micronutrient intake.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. vmylun@ucalgary.ca
authors.forename: Victor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Lun
authors.forename: Kelly Anne
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Erdman
authors.forename: Raylene A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Reimer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D056352:Athletes / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002170:Canada; D002648:Child; D015930:Diet Records; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009752:Nutritional Status; D011446:Prospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult