title: Systematic review: charged-particle radiation therapy for cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Radiation therapy with charged particles can potentially deliver maximum doses while minimizing irradiation of surrounding tissues, and it may be more effective or less harmful than other forms of radiation therapy.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To review evidence about the benefits and harms of charged-particle radiation therapy for patients with cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE (inception to 11 July 2009) was searched for publications in English, German, French, Italian, and Japanese. Web sites of manufacturers, treatment centers, and professional organizations were searched for relevant information.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four reviewers identified studies of any design that described clinical outcomes or adverse events in 10 or more patients with cancer treated with charged-particle radiation therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  The 4 reviewers extracted study, patient, and treatment characteristics; clinical outcomes; and adverse events for nonoverlapping sets of articles. A fifth reviewer verified data on comparative studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Currently, 7 centers in the United States have facilities for particle (proton)-beam irradiation, and at least 4 are under construction, each costing between $100 and $225 million. In 243 eligible articles, charged-particle radiation therapy was used alone or in combination with other interventions for common (for example, lung, prostate, or breast) or uncommon (for example, skull-base tumors or uveal melanomas) types of cancer. Of 243 articles, 185 were single-group retrospective studies. Eight randomized and 9 nonrandomized clinical trials compared treatments with or without charged particles. No comparative study reported statistically significant or important differences in overall or cancer-specific survival or in total serious adverse events.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Few studies directly compared treatments with or without particle irradiation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Evidence on the comparative effectiveness and safety of charged-particle radiation therapy in cancer is needed to assess the benefits, risks, and costs of treatment alternatives.
authors.affiliation: Tufts Medical Center Evidence-based Practice Center, Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, Tufts Medical Center, 800 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111, USA. tterasawa@tuftsmedicalcenter.org
authors.forename: Teruhiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Terasawa
authors.forename: Tomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dvorak
authors.forename: Stanley
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ip
authors.forename: Gowri
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Raman
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.forename: Thomas A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Trikalinos
mesh_terms: D001918:Brachytherapy; D006801:Humans; D007430:Intraoperative Care; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D016634:Radiosurgery; D011882:Radiotherapy, High-Energy / Q000379:methods*; D012107:Research Design