title: Emerging apoptosis agonists for bladder cancer.
abstract: Bladder cancer is a very common and aggressive tumor entity. Unfortunately, common chemotherapy is not able to cure advanced bladder cancer. Therefore, several attempts have been made to improve the response to chemotherapy. Because changes in apoptotic pathways are frequent events in the development of chemoresistance of malignancies, pro-apoptotic treatment seems promising for the improvement of bladder cancer prognosis. Preclinical data show potential ways for a successful combination of apoptosis agonists with conventional chemotherapy. None of these principles has so far successfully been translated into clinical trials for bladder cancer. This review describes actual studies and future perspectives for apoptotic agonists in bladder cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Protzel
authors.forename: Oliver W
authors.initials: OW
authors.lastname: Hakenberg
mesh_terms: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant / Q000592:standards*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000276:immunology; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000151:congenital; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000473:pathology; D009367:Neoplasm Staging / Q000401:mortality*; D011379:Prognosis; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; D066246:ErbB Receptors