title: Pharmacokinetics of amitriptyline in rabbit skin and plasma following iontophoretic administrations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Amitriptyline (AMT) is a tricyclic antidepressant with demonstrated local analgesic effects in human skin.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the feasibility and mechanisms of iontophoretic delivery of AMT to rabbit dermis and plasma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two microdialysis probes were inserted into the upper dorsal shaved skin of tranquilized rabbits. After 1 hour, an iontophoresis cartridge was placed on top of one probe. The cartridge consisted of a stainless steel electrode covered with a pad that was filled with a 4.3 % AMT glycerin/water (50:50). Iontophoresis was performed at 100, 200, or 300 microA/cm(2) constant-current density for 60 minutes. Dialysate samples were collected every 8 minutes for 3 hours and analyzed for AMT via a validated high-performance liquid chromatographic assay. Retrodialysis was performed at the other site. Blood samples were collected serially for 4 hours.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In vivo retrodialysis recovery was 89 +/- 2%. AMT skin exposure increased non-proportionally with current density: AUCs were 19 +/- 7, 119 +/- 56, and 615 +/- 302 mg/L/min for the 100, 200, and 300 muA/cm(2), respectively, and C(max) were 107 +/- 15, 1070 +/- 537, and 5870 +/- 1289 microg/L. In vivo plasma concentrations were always below LLOQ (0.1 microg/mL).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AMT can be administered by iontophoresis and produces significant skin concentrations and negligible plasma levels.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Arnold and Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Long Island University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA.
authors.forename: Sejal
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Chinmay
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Shukla
authors.forename: Gaurav
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Grazia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Stagni
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000639:Amitriptyline / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D000818:Animals; D000929:Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007478:Iontophoresis / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D017551:Microdialysis / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D011817:Rabbits; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D000929:Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic; D000639:Amitriptyline