title: Relationship between tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes and clinical response after reduced-intensity allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for advanced renal cell carcinoma: a single center prospective study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is refractory to conventional therapy, including chemotherapy and radiation. However, because RCC is sensitive to cytokine therapy, an immunotherapeutic approach such as hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) might lead to a cure. We performed an institutional clinical study of HSCT for refractory RCC patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  RCC patients aged 50 years or over, refractory to therapy, were eligible for the study. HSCT was performed after reduced-intensity conditioning. Primary endpoint was defined as the survival at day 100 after HSCT with complete donor chimerism, and secondary endpoint was the effectiveness of HSCT.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven patients, provided with written informed consent, were enrolled in the study. Six of the seven patients achieved complete donor chimera at day 30 after HSCT, but one patient received second HSCT because of graft rejection. Four patients achieved a partial response (PR) and stable disease was observed in another patient, but these responses were temporary. The disease of the other two patients became progressive. Autopsy findings revealed an accumulation of CD8(+) lymphocytes and degenerative changes in the local RCC lesion in three of six patients who responded clinically. An autopsy of a patient who had obtained a PR revealed lymphocyte involvement with a cytotoxic T cell (CTL) phenotype in the metastasis of RCC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results demonstrate the efficacy of HSCT for RCC and suggest that the graft-versus-tumor effect elicited by CTLs is induced in vivo. HSCT should be further explored as a potential curative treatment for RCC.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Medicine, Department of Cellular Transplantation Biology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan. ishiyamak@med3.m.kanazawa-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ishiyama
authors.forename: Akiyoshi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Takami
authors.forename: Shioto
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Konaka
authors.forename: Mikio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Namiki
authors.forename: Akifumi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ooi
authors.forename: Shinji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nakao
mesh_terms: D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D046528:Chimerism; D006085:Graft Survival / Q000276:immunology; D018380:Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation; D006650:Histocompatibility Testing; D006801:Humans; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D007167:Immunotherapy; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D016246:Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating / Q000276:immunology*; D009101:Multiple Myeloma / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy; D009369:Neoplasms; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012074:Remission Induction / Q000379:methods; D033581:Stem Cell Transplantation; D014019:Tissue Donors; D019172:Transplantation Conditioning; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D007155:Immunologic Factors