title: Restoration of the antibody response upon rabies vaccination in HIV-infected patients treated with HAART.
abstract: METHODS
  Rabies vaccine was used as a T-cell-dependent neoantigen to investigate several aspects of the primary and booster immune response in vivo in HIV-infected individuals receiving antiretroviral treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Study participants received rabies vaccination twice, within a 3-month interval. Serum samples were taken before and 1, 2 and 4 weeks after both vaccinations and 1 and 5 years after the primary vaccination. Antirabies antibodies [immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgG subclasses, immunoglobulin A (IgA) and immunoglobulin M (IgM)] were determined; antibody avidity was measured after both vaccinations. T-cell subsets were characterized by flow cytometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighteen healthy controls and 30 HIV-infected adults, treated with HAART for almost 4 years, with a median CD4(+) T-cell count of 537 cells/microl, were immunized. The postvaccination concentrations of antirabies IgG and IgM were significantly lower in HIV-infected individuals as compared with controls. Three T-cell-dependent processes, a true booster response, a class switch from IgM to IgG and avidity maturation were present in both healthy controls and HIV-infected individuals. Higher age was associated with lower postvaccination antirabies IgG and IgM titers. Five years after the primary vaccination, 63% of the HIV-infected individuals still had antibody titers above the protection threshold.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Immune restoration in HIV-infected individuals treated with HAART, resulting in a CD4(+) T-cell count greater than 500 cells/microl, is incomplete. However, the majority of HIV-infected individuals are capable of mounting a long-lasting immune response, including several pivotal T-cell-dependent processes, upon vaccination with a neoantigen such as the rabies vaccine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands. L.Gelinck@ErasmusMC.nl
authors.forename: Luc B S
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Gelinck
authors.forename: Cornelia M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Jol-van der Zijde
authors.forename: Anja M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Jansen-Hoogendijk
authors.forename: Daniëlle M C
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Brinkman
authors.forename: Jaap T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: van Dissel
authors.forename: Maarten J D
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: van Tol
authors.forename: Frank P
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Kroon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000276:immunology*; D000917:Antibody Formation / Q000502:physiology*; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007070:Immunoglobulin A / Q000097:blood; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D007075:Immunoglobulin M / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011819:Rabies Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000276:immunology; D019562:Viral Load; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents; D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D007070:Immunoglobulin A; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007075:Immunoglobulin M; D011819:Rabies Vaccines