title: Photostability and phytotoxicity of selected sunscreen agents and their degradation mixtures in water.
abstract: The study on the photostability of six UV filters in aqueous solution was combined with investigations on the phytotoxicity of the produced degradation mixtures. During the exposure to artificial sunlight over 72 h, the degradation of three of the UV filters evaluated was observed with half-lives between 20 and 59 h. The structural changes of iso-amylmethoxy-cinnamate (IAMC), ethylhexyl-methoxy-cinnamate (EHMC), and 4-methylbenzyliden camphor (4-MBC) occurred during irradiation were consistent with isomerisation and polymerization (IAMC and EHMC) whereas 2-ethylhexyl-4-(dimethylamino)benzoate (OD-PABA) was degraded. The analysis of the UV filters and their degradation products was performed by stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) followed by thermodesorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TD-GC-MS) or liquid desorption-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LD-LC-MS). The phytotoxicological potential of the UV filters was examined in vitro by evaluating reproduction inhibition of the chlorophyte microalgae Scenedesmus vacuolatus. Excess toxicity was calculated by comparing experimental derived median efficiencies after log-logistic modeling to predict effects assuming narcotic mode of action. Benzophenone-3 (BP-3) showed 43-fold higher toxicity than theoretically predicted and a more specific mode of action was assumed. The other UV filters tested indicated toxicity in the range of modeled narcosis. For IAMC, EHMC, and OD-PABA the phytotoxicity of their photodegradation mixtures was followed over time. Phytotoxicity decreased directly with the reduction of the parent substance from the solution. Five of the tested UV filters do not represent a risk at least for algae. Octocrylen and 4-MBC were found to be photostable but few toxic to algae. EHMC, IAMC, and OD-PABA were fast degraded during UV radiation and the phytotoxicity of the corresponding degradation mixtures was low and decreased onward during exposure. Thus, for the UV filters studied, it could be confirmed that sunlight can account noticeably for decontamination and detoxification of contaminated water. However, due to its potential accumulation in combination with a specific mode of action, BP-3 may imply probable environmental risks at least to algae. This study emphasizes the need of a combined chemical and toxicological evaluation for a reliable risk assessment concerning degradation processes exemplified here for UV-protecting agents.
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, IIAA-Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain. rosario.rodil@usc.es
authors.forename: Rosario
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rodil
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moeder
authors.forename: Rolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Altenburger
authors.forename: Mechthild
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schmitt-Jansen
mesh_terms: D007536:Isomerism; D007700:Kinetics; D015394:Molecular Structure; D055668:Photochemical Processes / Q000528:radiation effects*; D013473:Sunscreening Agents / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D013473:Sunscreening Agents; D014867:Water