title: Academic behaviors in children with convergence insufficiency with and without parent-reported ADHD.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine if children with symptomatic Convergence Insufficiency without the presence of parent-reported Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) have higher scores on the academic behavior survey (ABS).
  
  
  METHODS
  The ABS is a 6-item survey that evaluates parent concern about school performance and the parents' perceptions of the frequency of problem behaviors that their child may exhibit when reading or performing schoolwork (such as difficulty completing work, avoidance, and inattention). Each item is scored on an ordinal scale from 0 (Never) to 4 (Always) with a total score ranging from 0 to 24. The survey was administered to the parents of 212 children 9- to 17-year old (mean age 11.8 years.) with symptomatic convergence insufficiency before enrolling into the Convergence Insufficiency Treatment Trial and to 49 children with normal binocular vision (NBV) (mean age 12.5 years). The parents reported whether the child had ADHD, and this information was used to divide the symptomatic convergence insufficiency group into the convergence insufficiency with parent report of ADHD or convergence insufficiency with parent report of no ADHD groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixteen percent of the convergence insufficiency group and 6% of the NBV group were classified as ADHD by parental report. An analysis of covariance showed that the total ABS score for the symptomatic convergence insufficiency with parent report of ADHD group (15.6) was significantly higher than the symptomatic convergence insufficiency with parent report of no ADHD group (11.7, p = 0.001) and the NBV group (8.7, p < 0.0001). Children with convergence insufficiency with parent report of no ADHD scored significantly higher on the ABS than the NBV group (p = 0.036).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children with symptomatic convergence insufficiency with parent report of no ADHD scored higher on the ABS, when compared to children with NBV. Children with parent report of ADHD or related learning problems may benefit from comprehensive vision evaluation to assess for the presence of convergence insufficiency.
authors.affiliation: Southern California College of Optometry, Fullerton, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rouse
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Borsting
authors.forename: G Lynn
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: Marjean Taylor
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Kulp
authors.forename: Mitchell
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Scheiman
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Amster
authors.forename: Rachael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Coulter
authors.forename: Gregory
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fecho
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gallaway
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D001294:Attitude to Health; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015835:Ocular Motility Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D012030:Refractive Errors / Q000150:complications; D012574:Schools; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D015348:Vision, Binocular