title: Cytokines and anxiety in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients not receiving antidepressant medication: a little-explored frontier and some of its brief history.
abstract: Autoimmunity travelled from the theoretical roots planted by Burnet with the clonal selection theory and the early finding of a mouse providing a test for the role of the thymus as a source of forbidden clones. This chapter briefly reviews early work with the NZB mouse and presents results of an analysis of associations between cytokines and physical and psychometric parameters in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients not medicated with antidepressants. Some cytokines, particularly IFN-gamma, relate significantly to physical symptoms and anxiety. We conclude with the speculation that anxiety is linked to innate immunity and more severe neuropsychiatric disease in SLE to adaptive immunity.
authors.affiliation: Medical Psychology Service, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Margarida
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Figueiredo-Braga
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mota-Garcia
authors.forename: José-Enrique
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: O'Connor
authors.forename: Juan Rafael
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mota-Cardoso
authors.forename: Carla Sofia
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Cardoso
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de Sousa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000266:history / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000523:psychology*; D051379:Mice; D008814:Mice, Inbred NZB
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D016207:Cytokines