title: Human blood mononuclear cell in vitro cytokine response before and after two different strenuous exercise bouts in the presence of bloodroot and Echinacea extracts.
abstract: The purpose of this multidisciplinary investigation was to characterize cytokine production by human blood mononuclear cells after 2 contrasting exercise bouts (a maximal graded oxygen consumption [VO(2)max] test and 90 min of cycling at 85% of ventilatory threshold [VT]) when stimulated in vitro with extracts from bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis), coneflower (Echinacea tennesseensis), or solvent vehicle controls. Blood was sampled pre- and post-exercise. Production of TNF, IL-1beta, and IL-10 were measured at 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively. In the VO(2)max test there was a main effect of exercise such that exercise increased cytokine synthesis and a main effect of stimulant such that bloodroot extracts significantly increased cytokine production compared to other stimulants or controls. In the 90-min bout, there was a main effect of exercise for TNF and IL-1beta (but not IL-10) such that exercise decreased cytokine synthesis and a main effect of stimulant such that bloodroot extracts significantly increased cytokine production compared to other stimulants or controls, with exercisexstimulant interactions for both IL-1beta and IL-10. A similar though weaker effect was seen with Echinacea extracts; subsequent biochemical analyses suggested this was related to alkamide decay during 3 years undisturbed storage at ultralow (-80 degrees C) temperature. In this study, the VO(2)max test was associated with enhanced cytokine production whereas the 90-min cycling at 85% VT was associated with suppressed cytokine production. Bloodroot extracts were able to increase cytokine production in both contexts. Herbal extracts purported to offset exercise-associated effects on immune activity warrant continued investigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Drake University, Des Moines, IA 50311, USA. dssenchina@drake.edu
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Senchina
authors.forename: Justus E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Hallam
authors.forename: Amila S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Dias
authors.forename: M Ann
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Perera
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000577:Amides / Q000032:analysis / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D053119:Benzophenanthridines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D020900:Echinacea; D015444:Exercise; D006801:Humans; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000819:agonists / Q000097:blood; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000819:agonists / Q000097:blood; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology; D031681:Sanguinaria; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000819:agonists / Q000097:blood; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000577:Amides; D053119:Benzophenanthridines; D016207:Cytokines; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D010936:Plant Extracts; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10