title: Evidence of subthalamic PGO-like waves during REM sleep in humans: a deep brain polysomnographic study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to examine whether the subthalamic nucleus (STN) plays a role in the transmission of PGO-like waves during REM sleep in humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  Simultaneous recordings from deep brain electrodes to record local field potentials (LFPs), and standard polysomnography to ascertain sleep/wake states.
  
  
  METHODS
  Main Hospital, department of clinical neurophysiology sleep laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  12 individuals with Parkinson's disease, with electrodes implanted in the STN; and, as a control for localization purposes, 4 cluster headache patients with electrodes implanted in the posterior hypothalamus.
  
  
  METHODS
  All subjects underwent functional neurosurgery for implantation of deep brain stimulation electrodes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sharp, polarity-reversed LFPs were recorded within the STN during REM sleep in humans. These subthalamic PGO-like waves (2-3 Hz, 80-200 pV, and 300-500 msec) appeared during REM epochs as singlets or in clusters of 3-13 waves. During the pre-REM period, subthalamic PGO-like waves were temporally related to drops in the submental electromyogram and/or onset of muscular atonia. Clusters of PGO-like waves occurred typically before and during the bursts of rapid eye movements and were associated with an enhancement in fast (15-35 Hz) subthalamic oscillatory activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Subthalamic PGO-like waves can be recorded during pre-REM and REM sleep in humans. Our data suggest that the STN may play an active role in an ascending activating network implicated in the transmission of PGO waves during REM sleep in humans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychobiology, School of Psychology, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Julio
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fernández-Mendoza
authors.forename: Beatriz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lozano
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Seijo
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Santamarta-Liébana
authors.forename: Maria José
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Ramos-Platón
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vela-Bueno
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fernández-González
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods*; D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D005829:Geniculate Bodies / Q000502:physiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006261:Headache / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000503:physiopathology; D017286:Polysomnography / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011149:Pons / Q000502:physiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012895:Sleep, REM / Q000502:physiology*; D020531:Subthalamic Nucleus / Q000502:physiology* / Q000503:physiopathology