title: TSC-22D1 isoforms have opposing roles in mammary epithelial cell survival.
abstract: Transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta)-stimulated clone-22 domain family member 1 (TSC-22D1) has previously been associated with enhanced apoptosis in several cell systems. In an attempt to identify novel factors that are involved in the control of cell death during mammary gland involution, we found that the mRNA for isoform 2 of TSC-22D1 was highly upregulated 24 h after forced weaning, when a dramatic increase in cell death occurred, closely following the expression of the known inducer of cell death during involution, TGFbeta3. This was paralleled by strongly increased TSC-22D1 isoform 2 protein levels in the luminal epithelium. In contrast, RNA and protein expression levels of the isoform 1 of TSC-22D1 did not change during development. Whereas isoform 2 induced cell death, isoform 1 suppressed TGFbeta-induced cell death and enhanced proliferation in mammary epithelial cell lines. Furthermore, four distinct forms of isoform 2 protein were detected in the mammary gland, of which only a 15-kDa form was associated with early involution. Our data describe novel opposing functions of the two mammalian TSC-22D1 isoforms in cell survival and proliferation, and establish the TSC-22D1 isoform 2 as a potential regulator of cell death during mammary gland involution.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Sciences and Molecular Pathology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Huser
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Pringle
authors.forename: V J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Heath
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kendrick
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Smalley
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Crighton
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Gusterson
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Stein
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology; D002455:Cell Division / Q000502:physiology; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000502:physiology; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D007536:Isomerism; D008321:Mammary Glands, Animal / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014162:Transfection; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1 / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D053782:Transforming Growth Factor beta3 / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D012097:Repressor Proteins; C490983:Tgfb1i4 protein, mouse; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D053782:Transforming Growth Factor beta3