title: Alcohol binge drinking during pregnancy and cryptorchidism.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent studies have suggested gestational weeks 8-14 as a time window of particular importance to the intrauterine development of the male genitalia, and prenatal exposure to alcohol is under suspicion as a risk factor for cryptorchidism. We examined if prenatal exposure to alcohol, and especially binge drinking, during the suggested programming window is associated with an increased risk of cryptorchidism.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors used data on 41 268 live born singleton boys of mothers who were enrolled into the Danish National Birth Cohort in 1996-2002. During early childhood, 1598 cases of cryptorchidism were identified and 398 of these were orchiopexy verified. Maternal alcohol consumption including number and timing of binge drinking episodes was assessed in two computer-assisted telephone interviews around gestational weeks 17 and 32. Adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) of cryptorchidism were estimated by Cox regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Average weekly alcohol consumption as well as frequency of binge drinking at any time during pregnancy was not associated with risk of cryptorchidism. Binge drinking in gestational weeks 7-15 was associated with a slightly increased risk of cryptorchidism with adjusted HRs between 1.03 and 1.66.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prenatal exposure to alcohol-measured as average intake as well as frequency and timing of binge drinking-was not associated with cryptorchidism. Our findings, however, do not rule out that binge drinking during the suggested male programming window may increase the risk of cryptorchidism.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Alcohol Research, National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, Second Floor, DK-1399 Copenhagen K, Denmark. kal@niph.dk
authors.forename: Katrine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Strandberg-Larsen
authors.forename: Morten Søndergaard
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: Cecilia Høst
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Ramlau-Hansen
authors.forename: Morten
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grønbaek
authors.forename: Jørn
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Olsen
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003456:Cryptorchidism / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D012042:Registries; D012306:Risk; D013223:Statistics as Topic