title: Three-dimensional microscopy of the tumor microenvironment in vivo using optical frequency domain imaging.
abstract: Intravital multiphoton microscopy has provided powerful mechanistic insights into health and disease and has become a common instrument in the modern biological laboratory. The requisite high numerical aperture and exogenous contrast agents that enable multiphoton microscopy, however, limit the ability to investigate substantial tissue volumes or to probe dynamic changes repeatedly over prolonged periods. Here we introduce optical frequency domain imaging (OFDI) as an intravital microscopy that circumvents the technical limitations of multiphoton microscopy and, as a result, provides unprecedented access to previously unexplored, crucial aspects of tissue biology. Using unique OFDI-based approaches and entirely intrinsic mechanisms of contrast, we present rapid and repeated measurements of tumor angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, tissue viability and both vascular and cellular responses to therapy, thereby demonstrating the potential of OFDI to facilitate the exploration of physiological and pathological processes and the evaluation of treatment strategies.
authors.affiliation: Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Benjamin J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Vakoc
authors.forename: Ryan M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Lanning
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Tyrrell
authors.forename: Timothy P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Padera
authors.forename: Lisa A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Bartlett
authors.forename: Triantafyllos
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Stylianopoulos
authors.forename: Lance L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Munn
authors.forename: Guillermo J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Tearney
authors.forename: Dai
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fukumura
authors.forename: Rakesh K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Jain
authors.forename: Brett E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Bouma
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D004867:Equipment Design / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography / Q000379:methods; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000098:blood supply; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008220:Lymphography; D008325:Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D008853:Microscopy / Q000379:methods*; D055806:Microvessels / Q000473:pathology; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000473:pathology*; D013997:Time Factors; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous