title: Influence of operating parameters on the biodegradation of steroid estrogens and nonylphenolic compounds during biological wastewater treatment processes.
abstract: This study investigated operational factors influencing the removal of steroid estrogens and nonylphenolic compounds in two sewage treatment works, one a nitrifying/denitrifying activated sludge plant and the other a nitrifying/denitrifying activated sludge plant with phosphorus removal. Removal efficiencies of >90% for steroid estrogens and for longer chain nonylphenol ethoxylates (NP4-12EO) were observed at both works, which had equal sludge ages of 13 days. However, the biological activity in terms of milligrams of estrogen removed per day per tonne of biomass was found to be 50-60% more efficient in the nitrifying/denitrifying activated sludge works compared to the works which additionallyincorporated phosphorusremoval. A temperature reduction of 6 degrees C had no impact on the removal of free estrogens, but removal of the conjugated estrone-3-sulfate was reduced by 20%. The apparent biomass sorption (LogKp) values were greater in the nitrifying/denitrifying works than those in the nitrifying/denitrifying works with phosphorus removal for both steroid estrogens and honylphenolic compounds possibly indicating a different cell surface structure and therefore microbial population. The difference in biological activity (mg tonne(-1) d(-1)) identified in this study, of up to seven times, suggests thatthere is the potential for enhancing the removal of estrogens and nonylphenols if more detailed knowledge of the factors responsible for these differences can be identified and maximized, thus potentially improving the quality of receiving waters.
authors.affiliation: Public Utilities Board, Technology and Water Quality Office, 40 Scotts Road no. 15-01, Environment Building, 228231, Singapore.
authors.forename: Yoong K K
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Koh
authors.forename: Tze Y
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.forename: Alan R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Boobis
authors.forename: Mark D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Scrimshaw
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Bagnall
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Soares
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pollard
authors.forename: Elise
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cartmell
authors.forename: John N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Lester
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D018533:Biomass; D004967:Estrogens / Q000032:analysis*; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis*; D012722:Sewage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology; D013256:Steroids / Q000032:analysis*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*; D018508:Water Purification / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D004967:Estrogens; D010636:Phenols; D012722:Sewage; D013256:Steroids; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C025256:nonylphenol