title: Association between leukocyte telomere shortening and exposure to traffic pollution: a cross-sectional study on traffic officers and indoor office workers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Telomere shortening in blood leukocytes has been associated with increased morbidity and death from cardiovascular disease and cancer, but determinants of shortened telomeres, a molecular feature of biological aging, are still largely unidentified. Traffic pollution has been linked with both cardiovascular and cancer risks, particularly in older subjects. Whether exposure to traffic pollution is associated with telomere shortening has never been evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured leukocyte telomere length (LTL) by real-time PCR in blood DNA from 77 traffic officers exposed to high levels of traffic pollutants and 57 office workers (referents). Airborne benzene and toluene, as tracers for traffic exposure, were measured using personal passive samplers and gas-chromatography/flame-ionization detector analysis. We used covariate-adjusted multivariable models to test the effects of the exposure on LTL and obtain adjusted LTL means and 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adjusted mean LTL was 1.10 (95%CI 1.04-1.16) in traffic officers and 1.27 in referents (95%CI 1.20-1.35) [p < 0.001]. LTL decreased in association with age in both traffic officers (p = 0.01) and referents (p = 0.001), but traffic officers had shorter LTL within each age category. Among traffic officers, adjusted mean relative LTL was shorter in individuals working in high (n = 45, LTL = 1.02, 95%CI 0.96-1.09) compared to low traffic intensity (n = 32, LTL = 1.22, 95%CI 1.13-1.31) [p < 0.001]. In the entire study population, LTL decreased with increasing levels of personal exposure to benzene (p = 0.004) and toluene (p = 0.008).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that leukocyte telomere length is shortened in subjects exposed to traffic pollution, suggesting evidence of early biological aging and disease risk.
authors.affiliation: Center of Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Preventive Medicine, IRCCS Maggiore Hospital, Mangiagalli and Regina Elena Foundation, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Mirjam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hoxha
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dioni
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bonzini
authors.forename: Angela Cecilia
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Pesatori
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fustinoni
authors.forename: Domenico
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cavallo
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Carugno
authors.forename: Benedetta
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Albetti
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Marinelli
authors.forename: Joel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: Pier Alberto
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Bertazzi
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Baccarelli
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000375:Aging / Q000235:genetics; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D019570:Inhalation Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000502:physiology*; D018986:Motor Vehicles / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012307:Risk Factors; D016615:Telomere / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D015415:Biomarkers