title: Early mortality and cause of deaths in patients using HAART in Brazil and the United States.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the early mortality pattern and causes of death among patients starting HAART in Brazil and the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed the combined data from two clinical cohorts followed at the Johns Hopkins AIDS Service in Baltimore, United States, and the Evandro Chagas Clinical Research Institute AIDS Clinic in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Participants included those who entered either cohort between 1999 and 2007 and were antiretroviral naive. Follow-up was at 1 year since HAART initiation. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was used to assess the role of the city on the risk of death.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 859 and 915 participants from Baltimore and Rio de Janeiro, respectively, were included. In Rio de Janeiro, 64.7% of deaths occurred within 90 days of HAART initiation; in Baltimore, 48.9% occurred between 180 and 365 days. AIDS-defining illness (61.8%) and non-AIDS-defining illness (55.6%) predominated as causes of death in Rio de Janeiro and Baltimore, respectively. Risk of death was similar in both cities (hazard ratio 1.04; P value = 0.95) after adjusting for CD4 T cell count, age, sex, HIV risk group, prior AIDS-defining illness, and Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia and Mycobacterium avium prophylaxis. Individuals with CD4 T cell count less than or equal to 50 cells/microl (hazard ratio 4.36; P = 0.001) or older (hazard ratio, 1.03; P = 0.03) were more likely to die.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although late HIV diagnosis is a problem both in developed and developing countries, differences in the timing and causes of deaths clearly indicate that, besides interventions for early HIV diagnosis, different strategies to curb early mortality need to be tailored in each country.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. beatriz.grinsztejn@ipec.fiocruz.br
authors.forename: Beatriz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Grinsztejn
authors.forename: Valdilea G
authors.initials: VG
authors.lastname: Veloso
authors.forename: Ruth K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Friedman
authors.forename: Ronaldo I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Moreira
authors.forename: Paula M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Luz
authors.forename: Dayse P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Campos
authors.forename: José H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Pilotto
authors.forename: Sandra W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Cardoso
authors.forename: Jeanne C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Keruly
authors.forename: Richard D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Moore
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active / Q000401:mortality*; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D002423:Cause of Death; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology / Q000401:mortality*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015996:Survival Rate; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D019562:Viral Load