title: Vitamin D status and the risk of cardiovascular disease death.
abstract: Accumulating evidence suggests that inadequate vitamin D levels may predispose people to chronic diseases. The authors aimed to investigate whether serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) level predicts mortality from cardiovascular disease (CVD). The study was based on the Mini-Finland Health Survey and included 6,219 men and women aged > or =30 years who were free from CVD at baseline (1978-1980). During follow-up through 2006, 640 coronary disease deaths and 293 cerebrovascular disease deaths were identified. Levels of 25(OH)D were determined from serum collected at baseline. Cox's proportional hazards model was used to assess the association between 25(OH)D and risk of CVD death. After adjustment for potential confounders, the hazard ratio for total CVD death was 0.76 (95% confidence interval (95% CI): 0.60, 0.95) for the highest quintile of 25(OH)D level versus the lowest. The association was evident for cerebrovascular death (hazard ratio = 0.48, 95% CI: 0.31, 0.75) but not coronary death (hazard ratio = 0.91, 95% CI: 0.70, 1.18). A low vitamin D level may be associated with higher risk of a fatal CVD event, particularly cerebrovascular death. These findings need to be replicated in other populations. To demonstrate a causal link between vitamin D and CVD, randomized controlled trials are required.
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland. annamari.kilkkinen@thl.fi
authors.forename: Annamari
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kilkkinen
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Knekt
authors.forename: Antti
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aro
authors.forename: Harri
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rissanen
authors.forename: Jukka
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Marniemi
authors.forename: Markku
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heliövaara
authors.forename: Olli
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Impivaara
authors.forename: Antti
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Reunanen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000401:mortality*; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000097:blood / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012307:Risk Factors; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000150:complications
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D