title: Efficacy of linear frequency transposition on consonant identification in quiet and in noise.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Frequency transposition has gained renewed interest in recent years. This type of processing takes sounds in the unaidable high-frequency region and moves them to the lower frequency region. One concern is that the transposed sounds mask or distort the original low-frequency sounds and lead to a poorer performance. On the other hand, experience with transposition may allow the listeners to relearn the new auditory percepts and benefit from transposition.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The current study was designed to examine the effect of linear frequency transposition on consonant identification in quiet (50 dB SPL and 68 dB SPL) and in noise at three intervals--the initial fit, after one month of use (along with auditory training), and a further one month of use (without directed training) of transposition.
  
  
  METHODS
  A single-blind, factorial repeated-measures design was used to study the effect of test conditions (three) and hearing aid setting/time interval (four) on consonant identification.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight adults with a severe-to-profound high-frequency sensorineural hearing loss participated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were fit with the Widex m4-m behind-the-ear hearing aids binaurally in the frequency transposition mode, and their speech scores were measured initially. They wore the hearing aids home for one month and were instructed to complete a self-paced "bottom-up" training regimen. They returned after the training, and their speech performance was measured. They wore the hearing aids home for another month, but they were not instructed to complete any auditory training. Their speech performance was again measured at the end of the two-month trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consonant performance was measured with a nonsense syllable test (ORCA-NST) that was developed at this facility (Office of Research in Clinical Amplification [Widex]). The test conditions included testing in quiet at 50 dB SPL and 68 dB SPL, and at 68 dB SPL in noise (SNR [signal-to-noise ratio] = +5). The hearing aid conditions included no transposition at initial fit (V1), transposition at initial fit (V2), transposition at one month post-fit (V3), and transposition at 2 months post-fit (V4). Identification scores were analyzed for each individual phoneme and phonemic class. Repeated-measures ANOVA were conducted using SPSS software to examine significant differences.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For all test conditions (50 dB SPL in quiet, 68 dB SPL in quiet, and 68 dB SPL in noise), a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05 level) was reached between the transposition condition measured at two months postfitting and the initial fitting (with and without transposition) for fricatives only. The difference between transposition and the no-transposition conditions at the 50 dB SPL condition was also significant for the initial and one-month intervals. Analysis of individual phonemes showed a decrease in the number of confusions and an increase in the number of correct identification over time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Linear frequency transposition improved fricative identification over time. Proper candidate selection with appropriate training is necessary to fully realize the potential benefit of this type of processing.
authors.affiliation: Widex Office of Research in Clinical Amplification (ORCA), Widex Hearing Aid Company, 2300 Cabot Drive, Suite 415, Lisle, IL 60532, USA. fkuk@widexmail.com
authors.forename: Francis
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kuk
authors.forename: Denise
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Keenan
authors.forename: Petri
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Korhonen
authors.forename: Chi-Chuen
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Lau
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004867:Equipment Design; D006310:Hearing Aids; D006319:Hearing Loss, Sensorineural / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010470:Perceptual Masking / Q000502:physiology; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D013067:Speech Perception / Q000502:physiology*