title: The Sonoma water evaluation trial: a randomized drinking water intervention trial to reduce gastrointestinal illness in older adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We estimated the relative rate of highly credible gastrointestinal illness (HCGI) per year associated with active versus sham household water filtration devices among older adults in a community receiving tap water meeting current US standards.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a randomized, triple-blinded, crossover trial in 714 households (988 individuals), which used active and sham water filtration devices for 6 months each. We estimated the annual incidence rate ratio of HCGI episodes and the longitudinal prevalence ratio of HCGI days at population and individual levels with a generalized estimating equation (GEE) and generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs), respectively, adjusted for covariates associated with outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence rate ratios (active versus sham) were 0.88 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.77, 1.00) and 0.85 (95% CI = 0.76, 0.94) HCGI episodes per year estimated by GEE and GLMM models, respectively. The corresponding longitudinal prevalence ratios were 0.88 (95% CI = 0.74, 1.05) and 0.84 (95% CI = 0.78, 0.90) HCGI days per person per year.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We observed reductions in population- and individual-level measures of HCGI associated with use of the active filtration device. These findings suggest the need for further research on the impact of drinking water on the health of sensitive subpopulations.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, University of California, 50 University Hall, MC 7360, Berkeley, CA 94720-7360, USA. jcolford@berkeley.edu
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Colford
authors.forename: Joan F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Hilton
authors.forename: Catherine C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: Benjamin F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Arnold
authors.forename: Sona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saha
authors.forename: Timothy J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Wade
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: Joseph N S
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Eisenberg
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D005260:Female; D005374:Filtration; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*; D014881:Water Supply