title: Reduced adverse event profile of orally inhaled DHE (MAP0004) vs IV DHE: potential mechanism.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  MAP0004 is a novel orally inhaled formulation of dihydroergotamine mesylate (DHE) currently in development that has been clinically observed to provide rapid ( approximately 10 minutes) therapeutic levels of DHE but with lower rates of adverse effects (dizziness, nausea, and paresthesia) compared with intravenous (IV) dosing. Receptor-based mechanistic studies were conducted to determine if differences between IV DHE and inhaled DHE (MAP0004) binding and functional activity were responsible for the improved adverse event profile.
  
  
  METHODS
  Radioligand competitive binding assays were performed at adrenergic (alpha1 [non-specific], alpha2A, alpha2B, alpha2C, beta), dopaminergic (D; D(1), D(2), D(3)), and at serotonergic (5-HT; 5-HT(1A), 5-HT(1B), 5-HT(1D), 5-HT(2A), 5-HT(2C), 5-HT(3), 5-HT(4), 5-HT(5A), 5-HT(6), 5-HT(7)) receptors. Binding assays were also conducted for the major metabolite of DHE, 8'-hydroxy-DHE (8'-OH-DHE). Subsequent functional receptor assays were also performed at 5-HT(1B), 5-HT(1D), 5-HT(2A), 5-HT(2C), 5-HT(3), D(2), alpha1A, alpha2A, alpha2B, beta1, and beta2 and muscarinic receptors to ensure that observed receptor binding translated into potential functional response.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For competitive binding studies, DHE demonstrated extensive activity at IV C(max) for all 5-HT receptors tested, except 5-HT(3) and 5-HT(4), and alpha1, alpha2A, alpha2B, alpha2C, and D(3) receptors. DHE concentrations used in the studies were equal to the peak plasma concentrations (C(max)) observed in human subjects following IV DHE 1.0 mg (the standard approved dose), and 2 and 4 inhalations MAP0004 which, respectively, produced systemic circulation levels of DHE equivalent to 0.44 mg and 0.88 mg administered IV. MAP0004 binding activity at the C(max) concentrations was lower than IV DHE and no binding was observed for the 8'-OH-DHE metabolite. However, MAP0004 preserved potent agonist action at key anti-migraine 5-HT(1B) and 5-HT(1D) receptors, even at the lower C(max )concentrations. Functional binding studies displayed similar results whereby IV DHE C(max) concentrations invoked strong agonist/antagonist responses, for instance at adrenergic and 5-HT(2C) receptors, which could have been responsible for dizziness. Conversely, at C(max) concentrations of MAP0004, inhaled DHE achieved a significantly lower response or no response at the adrenergic and 5-HT(2C) receptors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The mechanism by which nausea was experienced with IV DHE--yet not with MAP0004--was not associated with classic nausea pathways/targets (dopamine, 5-HT(3), or muscarinic receptors) or with peripheral action in the intestine via enterochromaffin cells. Importantly, the maximum DHE concentrations following MAP0004 administration were insufficient to interact with receptors implicated in cardiovascular (5-HT(2B) and beta(1)) and pulmonary effects (beta(2), adenosine, muscarinic, and leukotriene).
authors.affiliation: MicroDose Therapeutx, 4262 US Route 1, Monmouth Junction, NJ 08852-1947 , USA.
authors.forename: Robert O
authors.initials: RO
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: Stephen B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Shrewsbury
authors.forename: Nabih M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Ramadan
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004087:Dihydroergotamine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004244:Dizziness / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D009325:Nausea / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism; D011485:Protein Binding / Q000502:physiology; D011985:Receptors, Serotonin / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D011985:Receptors, Serotonin; D004087:Dihydroergotamine