title: Depression as a predictor of disease progression and mortality in cancer patients: a meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cancer patients and oncologists believe that psychological variables influence the course of cancer, but the evidence remains inconclusive. This meta-analysis assessed the extent to which depressive symptoms and major depressive disorder predict disease progression and mortality in cancer patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using the MEDLINE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and EMBASE online databases, the authors identified prospective studies that examined the association between depressive symptoms or major/minor depression and risk of disease progression or mortality in cancer patients. Two raters independently extracted effect sizes using a random effects model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Based on 3 available studies, depressive symptoms were not shown to significantly predict cancer progression (risk ratio [RR] unadjusted = 1.23; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.85-1.77; P = .28). Based on data from 25 independent studies, mortality rates were up to 25% higher in patients experiencing depressive symptoms (RR unadjusted = 1.25; 95% CI, 1.12-1.40; P < .001), and up to 39% higher in patients diagnosed with major or minor depression (RR unadjusted = 1.39; 95% CI, 1.10-1.89; P = .03). In support of a causal interpretation of results, there was no evidence that adjusting for known clinical prognostic factors diminished the effect of depression on mortality in cancer patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This meta-analysis presented reasonable evidence that depression predicts mortality, but not progression, in cancer patients. The associated risk was statistically significant but relatively small. The effect of depression remains after adjustment for clinical prognosticators, suggesting that depression may play a causal role. Recommendations were made for future research to more clearly examine the effect of depression on cancer outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. jsatin@psych.ubc.ca
authors.forename: Jillian R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Satin
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Linden
authors.forename: Melanie J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Phillips
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000150:complications*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality* / Q000523:psychology; D012008:Recurrence; D012306:Risk