title: In vivo confocal microscopy of the palpebral conjunctiva and tarsal plate.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this work is to develop a more complete understanding of the in vivo histology of the human palpebral conjunctiva and tarsal plate.
  
  
  METHODS
  The upper eyelids of 11 healthy human volunteer subjects were everted, and laser scanning confocal microscopy was used to examine the various tissue layers of the palpebral conjunctiva and tarsal plate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The superficial and basal epithelial layers are composed of cells with gray cytoplasm and thick, light gray borders. Nuclei can not be seen. The stroma has a varied appearance; fibrous tissue is sometimes observed, interspersed with dark, amorphous lacunae, and crevases. Numerous single white or gray cells populate this tissue, and fine blood vessels are seen traversing the field. Occasional conjunctival microcysts and Langerhans cells are observed. The tarsal plate is dark and amorphous, and meibomian gland acini with convoluted borders are clearly observed. Acini are composed of an outer lining of large cuboidal cells, and differentiated secretory cells can be seen within the acini lumen.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Laser scanning confocal microscopy is capable of studying the human palpebral conjunctiva, tarsal plate, and acini of meibomian glands in vivo. The observations presented here may provide useful supplementary anatomical information relating to the morphology of this tissue.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Optometry, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia. n.efron@qut.edu.au
authors.forename: Nathan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Efron
authors.forename: Munira
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Al-Dossari
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pritchard
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D003228:Conjunctiva / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000098:blood supply / Q000166:cytology; D003229:Conjunctival Diseases / Q000473:pathology; D003560:Cysts / Q000473:pathology; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000166:cytology; D004848:Epithelium / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D005143:Eyelids / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000098:blood supply / Q000166:cytology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007801:Langerhans Cells / Q000166:cytology; D008297:Male; D008537:Meibomian Glands / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D055815:Young Adult