title: Endoscopic gastrocnemius recession for treating equinus in pediatric patients.
abstract: Gastrocnemius recessions have been performed as open or endoscopic procedures. Most of the literature describes the outcomes of these procedures in children with specific neurologic limitations. We report an alternative approach to endoscopic gastrocnemius recessions in neurologically healthy pediatric and adolescent patients whose gastrocnemius equinus could not be corrected nonoperatively. We prospectively followed 23 patients (16 boys, seven girls) who underwent 40 procedures for equinus deformity (n = 22) or osteoarthritis (n = 1). All patients had been directly referred for surgical treatment because all previous nonoperative treatments (stretching, night splints, orthotics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and physical therapy) had failed. The indications for surgery were patients age 18 years or younger experiencing symptomatic equinus unresponsive to nonoperative care. Pre- and postoperative ankle dorsiflexion were measured. The minimum followup for study inclusion was 1 year (mean, 2.9 years; range, 2-5.1 years). For every patient, dorsiflexion range of motion improved (mean, 15 degrees ; standard deviation, 4 degrees ). No patient had diminished nerve sensation postoperatively. This technique can be used to correct gastrocnemius equinus in otherwise healthy children who have not benefited from prior nonsurgical treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Level IV, therapeutic study. See Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Foot and Ankle Institute of Illinois, 4650 Southwest Highway, Oak Lawn, IL, 60453, USA. jfgrady@hotmail.com
authors.forename: John F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Grady
authors.forename: Carolyn
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kelly
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D004863:Equinus Deformity / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005413:Flatfoot / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures; D009069:Movement Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000601:surgery*; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures; D020127:Recovery of Function; D016896:Treatment Outcome