title: Welfare state regimes and population health: integrating the East Asian welfare states.
abstract: Epidemiological studies have consistently shown that population health varies significantly by welfare state regime. However, these studies have focused exclusively on the welfare states of Europe, North America and Australasia. This focus ignores the existence of welfare states in other parts of the world, specifically in East Asia. This study therefore investigates whether the association between population health (Infant Mortality Rates and Life Expectancy at birth) and welfare state regimes is still valid when the welfare states of East Asia are added into the analysis. It also examines whether population health is worse in the East Asian welfare states. Infant Mortality Rates and Life Expectancy at birth as well as GDP per capita and social and health expenditures as a percentage of GDP were examined in 30 welfare states, categorised into six different regimes (Scandinavian, Anglo-Saxon, Bismarckian, Southern, Eastern European and East Asian). ANOVA analysis showed significant differences by welfare state regime in the magnitude of IMR, LE, SE, HE and GDP per capita. However, when controlling for GDP per capita in the ANCOVA analyses, only Life Expectancy (R(2)=0.58, adjusted R(2)=0.47, p<0.05) and Social Expenditure (R(2)=0.70, adjusted R(2)=0.61, p<0.05) differed significantly by welfare state regime. 47% of the variation in Life Expectancy was explained by welfare state regime type. Further, the East Asian welfare states did not have the worst health outcomes. The study concludes by highlighting the need to expand comparative health analysis both in terms of the range of countries examined and also in terms of incorporating other societal and public health factors-towards a 'public health regime' analysis.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Biomedical Ethics, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Syahirah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Abdul Karim
authors.forename: Terje A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Eikemo
authors.forename: Clare
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bambra
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D030861:Capitalism; D018672:Community Health Planning; D032903:Confucianism; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005202:Asia, Eastern / Q000453:epidemiology; D005102:Health Expenditures / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand; D006302:Health Services Research; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006801:Humans; D007226:Infant Mortality; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008017:Life Expectancy; D009313:National Health Programs / Q000458:organization & administration*; D009656:North America / Q000453:epidemiology; D011634:Public Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012846:Singapore / Q000453:epidemiology; D012950:Socialism / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*