title: The morphology of the apical foramen in posterior teeth in a North Indian population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the position and shape of the apical foramina in posterior teeth derived from an Indian population.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 800 freshly extracted maxillary and mandibular premolar and molar teeth from a native Haryana population were collected. Apices of teeth were stained with methylene blue and then examined stereomicroscopically (40x). The following observations were made: number of apical foramina; size and shape of the minor apical foramen; accessory foramina frequency, and deviation of the minor apical foramina (frequency and distance) from the apex.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean maximum and minimum diameter of the minor apical foramina ranged from 0.158 to 0.323 mm. The most common minor apical foramen shape was oval (81%). Frequency of accessory foramina was between 2% and 41% for the various tooth types. The frequency of deviation of the minor apical foramina from the anatomic apex varied from 43% to 83% and the distance of deviation in all the teeth was between 0.052 and 2.921 mm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The incidence of oval canals was higher in this Indian population compared to other populations. In 92% and 96% of teeth the difference between the maximum and the minimum diameter of all foramina was less than or equal to 0.20 and 0.25 mm, respectively. Therefore, four to five instrument sizes larger than the first binding file would have been necessary to shape the minor apical foramen of more than 95% of the teeth included in this study to make them round.
authors.affiliation: Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Government Dental College, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001 India.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arora
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tewari
mesh_terms: D001641:Bicuspid / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D004396:Coloring Agents; D003786:Dental Pulp Cavity / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005006:Ethnicity; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007194:India; D008334:Mandible; D008437:Maxilla; D008751:Methylene Blue; D008853:Microscopy; D008963:Molar / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D009811:Odontometry; D019227:Tooth Apex / Q000033:anatomy & histology*
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D008751:Methylene Blue