title: Cob(I)alamin for trapping butadiene epoxides in metabolism with rat S9 and for determining associated kinetic parameters.
abstract: The reduced state of vitamin B(12), cob(I)alamin, acts as a supernucleophile that reacts ca. 10(5) times faster than standard nucleophiles, for example, thiols. Methods have been developed for trapping electrophilically reactive compounds by exploiting this property of cob(I)alamin. 1,3-Butadiene (BD) has recently been classified as a group 1 human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). The carcinogenicity of BD is considered to be dependent on the activation or deactivation of the reactive metabolites of BD, that is, the epoxides (oxiranes) 1,2-epoxy-3-butene (EB), 1,2:3,4-diepoxybutane (DEB), and 1,2-epoxy-3,4-butanediol (EBdiol). Cytochrome P450 (P450) isozymes are involved in oxidation of BD to EB and further activation to DEB. EB and DEB are hydrolyzed by epoxide hydrolases (EH) to 3,4-dihydroxy-1-butene (BDdiol) and EBdiol, respectively. EBdiol can also be formed by oxidation of BDdiol. In the present study, cob(I)alamin was used for instant trapping of the BD epoxide metabolites generated in in vitro metabolism to study enzyme kinetics. The substrates EB, DEB, and BDdiol were incubated with rat S9 liver fraction, and apparent K(m) and apparent V(max), were determined. The ratio of conversion of EB to DEB (by P450) to the rate of deactivation of DEB by EH was 1.09. Formation of EBdiol from hydrolysis of DEB was ca. 10 times faster than that from oxidation of BDdiol. It was also found that the oxidation of EB to DEB was much faster than that of BDdiol to EBdiol. The study offers comparative enzyme kinetic data of different BD metabolic steps, which is useful for quantitative interspecies comparison. Furthermore, a new application of cob(I)alamin was demonstrated for the measurement of enzyme kinetics of compounds that form electophilically reactive metabolites.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Hitesh V
authors.initials: HV
authors.lastname: Motwani
authors.forename: Charlotta
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fred
authors.forename: Johanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Haglund
authors.forename: Bernard T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Golding
authors.forename: Margareta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Törnqvist
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002070:Butadienes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004852:Epoxy Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D051381:Rats; D000091243:Ribosomal Protein S9; D012269:Ribosomal Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; D014805:Vitamin B 12 / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D002070:Butadienes; D002273:Carcinogens; D004852:Epoxy Compounds; D000091243:Ribosomal Protein S9; D012269:Ribosomal Proteins; C027488:1,2-epoxybutane; C007366:diepoxybutane; D014805:Vitamin B 12