title: Low serum level of the endogenous secretory receptor for advanced glycation end products (esRAGE) is a risk factor for prevalent vertebral fractures independent of bone mineral density in patients with type 2 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Patients with type 2 diabetes are known to have an increased risk for fracture compared with non-type 2 diabetic control subjects, despite having higher bone mineral density (BMD). We previously showed that serum pentosidine, one of the advanced glycation end products (AGEs), was associated with prevalent vertebral fractures (VFs) in those with type 2 diabetes. The involvement of the endogenous secretory receptor for AGEs (esRAGE) in VFs in those with type 2 diabetes, however, is still unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared parameters including esRAGE, pentosidine, and BMD in Japanese type 2 diabetic patients (137 men >50 years old and 140 postmenopausal women) with and without VFs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The esRAGE-to-pentosidine ratio in type 2 diabetic patients with VFs was significantly lower than in those without VFs (men: 7.1 +/- 2.8 vs. 9.4 +/- 6.2, P = 0.013, respectively; women: 4.7 +/- 2.7 vs. 8.2 +/- 5.4, P < 0.001, respectively). Multivariate logistic regression analysis adjusted for age, BMI, A1C, serum creatinine, duration of diabetes, therapeutic agents, diabetes complications, osteoporotic risk factors, and lumbar BMD identified the serum esRAGE level and esRAGE-to-pentosidine ratio as factors associated with the presence of VFs, independent of BMD in men (odds ratio [OR] 0.46 [95% CI 0.25-0.84], P = 0.012; and OR 0.34 [0.15-0.76], P = 0.009, respectively) and in women (OR 0.32 [0.16-0.67], P = 0.002; and OR 0.14 [0.04-0.43], P = 0.001, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results show that serum esRAGE level and esRAGE-to-pentosidine ratio are more useful than BMD for assessing the risk of VFs in type 2 diabetic patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine 1, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Shimane, Japan. masa-ya@med.shimae-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: Toru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamaguchi
authors.forename: Mika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamauchi
authors.forename: Toshitsugu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sugimoto
mesh_terms: D017668:Age of Onset; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000453:epidemiology; D001120:Arginine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D015519:Bone Density; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008239:Lysine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000502:physiology; D000067759:Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic / Q000097:blood*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D016103:Spinal Fractures / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D000067759:Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic; D001120:Arginine; D003404:Creatinine; C062187:pentosidine; D008239:Lysine