title: Total exposure and exposure rate effects for alcohol and smoking and risk of head and neck cancer: a pooled analysis of case-control studies.
abstract: Although cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption increase risk for head and neck cancers, there have been few attempts to model risks quantitatively and to formally evaluate cancer site-specific risks. The authors pooled data from 15 case-control studies and modeled the excess odds ratio (EOR) to assess risk by total exposure (pack-years and drink-years) and its modification by exposure rate (cigarettes/day and drinks/day). The smoking analysis included 1,761 laryngeal, 2,453 pharyngeal, and 1,990 oral cavity cancers, and the alcohol analysis included 2,551 laryngeal, 3,693 pharyngeal, and 3,116 oval cavity cancers, with over 8,000 controls. Above 15 cigarettes/day, the EOR/pack-year decreased with increasing cigarettes/day, suggesting that greater cigarettes/day for a shorter duration was less deleterious than fewer cigarettes/day for a longer duration. Estimates of EOR/pack-year were homogeneous across sites, while the effects of cigarettes/day varied, indicating that the greater laryngeal cancer risk derived from differential cigarettes/day effects and not pack-years. EOR/drink-year estimates increased through 10 drinks/day, suggesting that greater drinks/day for a shorter duration was more deleterious than fewer drinks/day for a longer duration. Above 10 drinks/day, data were limited. EOR/drink-year estimates varied by site, while drinks/day effects were homogeneous, indicating that the greater pharyngeal/oral cavity cancer risk with alcohol consumption derived from the differential effects of drink-years and not drinks/day.
authors.affiliation: Biostatistics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Rockville, MD 20852, USA. lubinj@mail.nih.gov
authors.forename: Jay H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lubin
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authors.lastname: Purdue
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authors.lastname: Kelsey
authors.forename: Zuo-Feng
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authors.lastname: Szeszenia-Dabrowska
authors.forename: Erich M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Sturgis
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authors.forename: Stephen M
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authors.lastname: Schwartz
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authors.lastname: Rudnai
authors.forename: Jose Eluf
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Neto
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authors.lastname: Morgenstern
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authors.forename: Ioan Nicolae
authors.initials: IN
authors.lastname: Mates
authors.forename: Jolanta
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authors.lastname: Lissowska
authors.forename: Fabio
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authors.forename: Philip
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authors.lastname: La Vecchia
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authors.forename: Rolando
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authors.forename: Silvia
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authors.forename: Victor
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authors.lastname: Wünsch-Filho
authors.forename: Leticia
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authors.lastname: Fernandez
authors.forename: Eleonora
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authors.lastname: Fabianova
authors.forename: Alexander W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Daudt
authors.forename: Luigino Dal
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Maso
authors.forename: Maria Paula
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Curado
authors.forename: Chu
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authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Xavier
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authors.lastname: Castellsague
authors.forename: Paul
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authors.lastname: Brennan
authors.forename: Paolo
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authors.lastname: Boffetta
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authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Hayes
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D007822:Laryngeal Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010610:Pharyngeal Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*