title: EUS-FNA in the preoperative staging of non-small cell lung cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  According to current guidelines, transesophageal ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) can be performed as an alternative for surgical staging to confirm mediastinal metastases in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). To date however, data regarding the routine use of EUS-FNA in the preoperative staging of unselected patients with NSCLC are limited.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  (1) To evaluate the diagnostic value of EUS-FNA in consecutive, patients with NSCLC regardless of nodal size at CT. (2) To determine the impact of EUS-FNA on the prevention of surgical staging procedures. (3) To assess the accuracy of mediastinal staging by combining EUS-FNA and mediastinoscopy. (4) To investigate whether a subgroup of patients exists that can be accurately staged by EUS-FNA alone.
  
  
  METHODS
  152 consecutive operable patients with proven or suspected NSCLC who underwent EUS-FNA were retrospectively analyzed. In the absence of mediastinal metastases, mediastinoscopy and/or thoracotomy with lymph node dissection was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of mediastinal metastases was 49%. Sensitivity, negative predictive value (NPV) and accuracy of EUS-FNA for N2/N3 disease were 74%, 73% and 85% respectively, whereas these values for the combined staging of EUS-FNA and mediastinoscopy were 92%, 85% and 95%. Additional surgical staging in patients staged N0 at EUS-FNA reduces the false negative EUS-findings by 55%. The NPV of EUS-FNA for left-sided tumors was 68%. EUS-FNA prevented surgical staging procedures in 60 of 152 patients (39%). No major complications occurred during EUS-FNA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Routine use of EUS-FNA in unselected patients with NSCLC reduces the need for surgical staging procedures in nearly half of patients. Additional surgical staging in patients without nodal metastases at EUS-FNA reduces the false negative EUS-FNA findings considerably regardless of the location of the primary lung tumor.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Talebian
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: von Bartheld
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Braun
authors.forename: M I M
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Versteegh
authors.forename: O M
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Dekkers
authors.forename: K F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Rabe
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Annema
mesh_terms: D044963:Biopsy, Fine-Needle / Q000379:methods; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000556:secondary / Q000601:surgery; D004946:Esophagostomy / Q000379:methods; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D008168:Lung / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D008479:Mediastinal Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000556:secondary / Q000601:surgery; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011300:Preoperative Care; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014463:Ultrasonography