title: Deficits in syntaxin 1 phosphorylation in schizophrenia prefrontal cortex.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Schizophrenia has been described as a disease of the synapse. On the basis of previous studies reporting reductions in the levels and activity of CK2 (also know as casein kinase 2 or II) in the brain of subjects with schizophrenia, we hypothesized that CK2-mediated phosphorylation of the presynaptic protein syntaxin 1 (Stx 1) is deficient in schizophrenia. This in turn could affect the binding of Stx 1 to its protein partners and result in abnormal neurotransmitter release and synaptic transmission.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed post mortem prefrontal cortex samples from 15 schizophrenia cases and matched controls by quantitative immunoblotting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In addition to replicating previous findings of reduced CK2 levels, we show that as predicted, the deficit in CK2 correlates with a deficit in phospho-Stx 1. In contrast, we find that these deficits are not present in depression cases. Further, we show that the reduced levels of CK2 and phospho-Stx 1 are not due to treatment with antipsychotic drugs (APDs). In fact, APDs seem to increase both CK2 and phospho-Stx 1, suggesting that their therapeutic action may be associated with the reversal of these deficits. Finally, we show that lower phospho-Stx 1 levels are associated with reduced binding of Stx 1 to SNAP-25 and MUNC18 and decreased SNARE complex formation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings constitute the first report of altered phosphorylation of a key component for neurotransmitter release in humans and suggest that regulation of Stx 1 by CK2-mediated phosphorylation could play a role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, The University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Max A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Castillo
authors.forename: Subroto
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ghose
authors.forename: Carol A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Tamminga
authors.forename: Paula G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Ulery-Reynolds
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000818:Animals; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D047390:Casein Kinase II / Q000378:metabolism; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D047468:Immunoprecipitation / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008875:Middle Aged; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D010744:Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases / Q000494:pharmacology; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011180:Postmortem Changes; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000378:metabolism; D050600:SNARE Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000473:pathology*; D050827:Syntaxin 1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult; D000097796:Nucleolin
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D047390:Casein Kinase II; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D010744:Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D050600:SNARE Proteins; D050827:Syntaxin 1; D000097796:Nucleolin; C409466:NR1 NMDA receptor