title: In situ contact analysis of the prosthesis components of Prodisc-L in lumbar spine following total disc replacement.
abstract: METHODS
  A three-dimensional, nonlinear finite element analysis was performed to predict the in situ contact interaction of prosthesis components of the Prodisc-L in a multisegmental lumbar model following total disc replacement (TDR).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Efforts were made to investigate how the TDR implant contact characteristics could affect the 3-dimensional kinematics, facet loads of the lumbar spine following TDR.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Although spinal motion analyses of human lumbar cadaveric models after Prodisc TDR have been widely studied, the interaction of the disc prosthesis, particularly its in situ contact mechanics, is never known.
  
  
  METHODS
  A validated intact multisegmental lumbar finite element model L2-L4 was altered to accommodate the TDR prosthesis through anterior approach. At L3-L4 disc space, the Prodisc-L of 6 degrees lordosis angle was implanted centrally. The model was subjected to compressive preload and pure moments to create flexion, extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation motion in physiologic range. The contact interaction between the superior component of Prodisc-L and the UHMWPE inlay were assessed in terms of contact region (CR), contact area (CA), and contact pressure (CP). Parameters of range of motion (ROM) and facet loading transfer were simultaneously analyzed and compared with those of the intact model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The predicted contact area was 3.5 times larger in flexion than that observed in extension, whereas the maximum contact pressure in the disc articulation was very similar with 15.1 MPa for flexion and 14.5 MPa for extension. Joint surface incongruence was developed in extension motion. The implanted model exhibited a 91.4% increase in ROM accompanied by a 150.6% rising in facet force during extension, while the flexion motion showed the least effects of TDR. In lateral bending and axial rotation, the abnormal joint "lift off" was not seen.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The in situ function of the TDR prosthesis was highly dependent on how well the device could incorporate itself into the mechanical environment in the disc space, which has been determined by the rest of the spinal structures, including the retained disc anulus, articular facets, ligaments, vertebrae, and muscular stabilizers. The different contact interaction of the artificial disc components revealed here could be attributed to the violation of this mechanical environment which, in turn, may bring adverse effects to those spinal elements.
authors.affiliation: Division of Bioengineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Wen-Ming
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: ChunKun
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: KwonYong
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: SungJae
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006801:Humans; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000601:surgery*; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000601:surgery*; D008954:Models, Biological; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D021801:Zygapophyseal Joint / Q000502:physiology