title: Proteasome inhibition during myocardial infarction.
abstract: The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) plays a central role in protein degradation and regulates a variety of critical cellular processes. During recent years, the cardiac UPS has become increasingly recognized as a key regulator of cardiac function under both physiological and pathological conditions. Numerous studies have demonstrated that altered UPS function is involved in the pathogenesis of cardiac disease including myocardial ischaemia or infarction. The expression and activity of the E3 ubiquitin ligases, which confer substrate specificity in the UPS pathway, affect the apoptosis and severity of disease in myocardial ischaemia and reperfusion. Although impaired proteasome function is commonly associated with myocardial ischaemic injury, recent evidence also supports a cardioprotective role for proteasome inhibitors in myocardial ischaemia. We will review these studies and data, discuss controversies regarding the UPS alterations and use of proteasome inhibitors in myocardial ischaemia, and attempt to identify strategies that may enhance their clinical application.
authors.affiliation: Endocrinology/Harold Hamm Oklahoma Diabetes Center and Heart Rhythm Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center and VAMC, 1200 Everett Dr, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
authors.forename: Xichun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Kem
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D054769:G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000196:embryology / Q000209:etiology; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D011480:Protease Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex / Q000502:physiology; D061988:Proteasome Inhibitors; D025801:Ubiquitin / Q000378:metabolism*; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D016328:NF-kappa B; D011480:Protease Inhibitors; D061988:Proteasome Inhibitors; D025801:Ubiquitin; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases; C496567:GRK2 protein, human; D054769:G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 2; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex; C061553:ATP dependent 26S protease