title: The risk factors for hypoxemia in children younger than 5 years old undergoing rigid bronchoscopy for foreign body removal.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Removal of an airway foreign body (FB) is usually performed by rigid bronchoscopy under general anesthesia, but the choice of anesthesia and ventilation techniques varies greatly among anesthesiologists and institutions. Hypoxemia is the most commonly observed adverse event during rigid bronchoscopy. It is influenced by a variety of factors including the patient's medical condition, the type of surgical procedure, and the anesthetic technique. In the current study, we investigated risk factors that statistically correlate with intraoperative or postoperative hypoxemia in young patients undergoing rigid bronchoscopy.
  
  
  METHODS
  From January 2007 to December 2008, 384 children younger than 5-yr-of-age subjected to rigid bronchoscopy for FB removal were included in the study. The detailed clinical information and perioperative adverse events were recorded. Surgical outcomes and incidence of perioperative adverse events were compared among different ventilation modes (spontaneous ventilation, manual intermittent positive pressure ventilation, and manual jet ventilation) and different anesthetic techniques (total IV anesthesia and inhaled anesthesia). An amalgamated dataset was used for the analysis of factors that correlated with perioperative hypoxemia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In children who received total IV anesthesia with spontaneous ventilation during rigid bronchoscopy, we observed more intraoperative body movement and breath holding, significantly longer duration of emergence from anesthesia, lower percentage of successful FB removal, and more postoperative laryngospasm. Children in the manual jet ventilation group had the least occurrence of intraoperative hypoxemia. Five factors strongly correlated with intraoperative hypoxemia. Younger age, plant seed as the type of FB, longer surgical duration, pneumonia before the procedure, and spontaneous ventilation mode significantly increased the risk of intraoperative hypoxemia, whereas manual jet ventilation mode decreased it. Two factors were associated with postoperative hypoxemia: plant seed as a FB and prolonged duration of emergence from anesthesia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We identified risk factors associated with intraoperative or with postoperative hypoxemia in rigid bronchoscopy which included patient age, type of FB, duration of surgical procedure, pneumonia before the procedure, ventilation mode, and duration of emergence from anesthesia. These results provide evidence that will help clinicians to reduce the incidence of hypoxemia in high-risk children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, The Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China.
authors.forename: Lian-hua
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Xu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Shao-qin
authors.initials: SQ
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Yu-qi
authors.initials: YQ
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Tian-yu
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Jun-zheng
authors.initials: JZ
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000402:Airway Obstruction / Q000601:surgery*; D000758:Anesthesia / Q000009:adverse effects; D000762:Anesthesia Recovery Period; D001999:Bronchoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005547:Foreign Bodies / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000209:etiology*; D007223:Infant; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000150:complications; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors