title: Predicting recurrence and progression of noninvasive papillary bladder cancer at initial presentation based on quantitative gene expression profiles.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Currently, tumor grade is the best predictor of outcome at first presentation of noninvasive papillary (Ta) bladder cancer. However, reliable predictors of Ta tumor recurrence and progression for individual patients, which could optimize treatment and follow-up schedules based on specific tumor biology, are yet to be identified.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To identify genes predictive for recurrence and progression in Ta bladder cancer at first presentation using a quantitative, pathway-specific approach.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective study of patients with Ta G2/3 bladder tumors at initial presentation with three distinct clinical outcomes: absence of recurrence (n=16), recurrence without progression (n=16), and progression to carcinoma in situ or invasive disease (n=16).
  
  
  METHODS
  Expressions of 24 genes that feature in relevant pathways that are deregulated in bladder cancer were quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction on tumor biopsies from the patients at initial presentation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CCND3 (p=0.003) and HRAS (p=0.01) were predictive for recurrence by univariate analysis. In a multivariable model based on CCND3 expression, sensitivity and specificity for recurrence were 97% and 63%, respectively. HRAS (p<0.001), E2F1 (p=0.017), BIRC5/Survivin (p=0.038), and VEGFR2 (p=0.047) were predictive for progression by univariate analysis. Multivariable analysis based on HRAS, VEGFR2, and VEGF identified progression with 81% sensitivity and 94% specificity. Since this is a small retrospective study using medium-throughput profiling, larger confirmatory studies are needed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gene expression profiling across relevant cancer pathways appears to be a promising approach for Ta bladder tumor outcome prediction at initial diagnosis. These results could help differentiate between patients who need aggressive versus expectant management.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Birkhahn
authors.forename: Anirban P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Mitra
authors.forename: Anthony J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Gitte
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.forename: Ram H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Datar
authors.forename: Marija
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Balic
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Groshen
authors.forename: Kenneth E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Steven
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Cote
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000235:genetics*; D001706:Biopsy; D002278:Carcinoma in Situ / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005820:Genetic Testing / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor