title: Time needed for a regional emergency medical system to implement resuscitation Guidelines 2005--The Netherlands experience.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In December 2005, updated resuscitation Guidelines (G) were introduced worldwide and will be revised again in 2010. This study sought to elucidate how long it takes to implement new guidelines.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a prospective observational study. From July 2005 to January 2008, we included all patients with an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest of suspected cardiac cause. We analyzed Emergency Medical System (EMS) Guideline usage via defibrillator recordings of the continuous ECG and impedance signals. We excluded patients with missing or otherwise unusable ECGs. All shocks and CPR cycles were individually classified. The same Guideline needed to be applied for at least 75% of all shocks and CPR cycles. If no shocks had been given, continuous ECGs were classified by its CPR status only. Continuous ECGs were classified as G1992, G2000 or G2005. If at least 75% of the shocks were given according to G2000 and at least 75% of the CPR was according to G2005, the Guideline protocol was classified as intermediate. All analyses that did not fulfil any Guideline criteria were classified as indeterminate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 1672 analyzable resuscitations, 31 (2%) used G1992, 826 (49%) G2000, 608 (36%) G2005, and 125 (7%) intermediate Guidelines. The Guideline protocol could not be identified for the remaining 81 (5%) patients. It took 17 months (from publication) until EMS personnel applied GL2005 in over 80% of cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our experience shows it took one-and-a-half years to effectively implement new resuscitation Guidelines. We believe improvements in implementation can shorten this to six months.
authors.affiliation: Academic Medical Centre-University of Amsterdam, Department of Cardiology, F3-241 Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands. J.Berdowski@amc.uva.nl
authors.forename: Jocelyn
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Berdowski
authors.forename: Andra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schmohl
authors.forename: Jan G P
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Tijssen
authors.forename: Rudolph W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Koster
mesh_terms: D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation / Q000592:standards*; D047548:Defibrillators; D004562:Electrocardiography; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000592:standards*; D019983:Guideline Adherence; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D009426:Netherlands; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors