title: Set-shifting in children with autism spectrum disorders: reversal shifting deficits on the Intradimensional/Extradimensional Shift Test correlate with repetitive behaviors.
abstract: Research examining set-shifting has revealed significant difficulties for adults with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). However, research with high-functioning children with ASDs has yielded mixed results. The current study tested 6- to 13-year-old high-functioning children with ASD and typically developing controls matched on age, gender, and IQ using the Intradimensional/Extradimensional (ID/ED) Shift Test from the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery. Children with ASDs completed as many ED shifts and reversal ED shifts as controls; however, they made significantly more errors than controls while completing the ED reversal shifts. Analyses on a subset of cases revealed a significant positive correlation between ED reversal errors and the number of repetitive behavior symptoms in the ASD group. These findings suggest that high-functioning children with ASDs require additional feedback to shift successfully. In addition, the relationship between set-shifting and non-social symptoms suggests its utility as a potentially informative intermediate phenotype in ASDs.
authors.affiliation: Children's Research Institute-Neuroscience, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20009, USA. byerys@cnmc.org
authors.forename: Benjamin E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Yerys
authors.forename: Gregory L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Wallace
authors.forename: Bryan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Harrison
authors.forename: Mark J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Celano
authors.forename: Jay N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Giedd
authors.forename: Lauren E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Kenworthy
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002659:Child Development Disorders, Pervasive / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012718:Set, Psychology; D019956:Stereotypic Movement Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D014888:Wechsler Scales