title: Symptomless celiac disease in type 1 diabetes: 12-year experience in Estonia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We aimed to determine the prevalence and characteristics of celiac disease in children with type 1 diabetes in Estonia, a country with a formerly low frequency of both diseases.
  
  
  METHODS
  Altogether, 271 patients with diabetes were studied over 12 years (1995-2006): 122 at diagnosis and 149 patients 0.1-14.8 years after diagnosis. In addition, 73 patients were followed up over 1-6 years. Immunoglobulin A type endomysium and tissue transglutaminase antibodies were determined. Patients with antibodies and/or with celiac-disease-related symptoms were invited for a small-intestinal biopsy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At the primary screening, celiac disease was histologically confirmed in nine patients (all without symptoms), that is, in 3.3% (95% confidence interval: 1.63-6.42) of type 1 diabetes cases. At follow up, celiac disease was additionally detected in two (2.7%) of 73 diabetic patients, that is, in 0.016 (95% confidence interval: 0-0.072) celiac disease cases per follow-up year.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of celiac disease among type 1 diabetes patients in Estonia is similar to that in countries with a high incidence of celiac disease and type 1 diabetes. As celiac disease is mostly symptomless, all children with type 1 diabetes, irrespective of their geographic origin, should be regularly screened for celiac disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Tartu, Lunini 6, Tartu, 51014, Estonia. oivi.uibo@kliinikum.ee
authors.forename: Oivi
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Uibo
authors.forename: Kaire
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Heilman
authors.forename: Tiina
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rägo
authors.forename: Riina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shor
authors.forename: Mare
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Paal
authors.forename: Kaja
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Metsküla
authors.forename: Vallo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Tillmann
authors.forename: Raivo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Uibo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002446:Celiac Disease / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications*; D004957:Estonia / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors