title: Designing the future of healthcare.
abstract: This paper describes the application of a holistic design process to a variety of problems plaguing current healthcare systems. A design process for addressing complex, multifaceted problems is contrasted with the piecemeal application of technological solutions to specific medical or administrative problems. The goal of this design process is the ideal customer experience, specifically the ideal experience for patients, healthcare providers, and caregivers within a healthcare system. Holistic design is shown to be less expensive and wasteful in the long run because it avoids solving one problem within a complex system at the cost of creating other problems within that system. The article applies this approach to the maintenance of good health throughout life; to the creation of an ideal experience when a person does need medical care; to the maintenance of personal independence as one ages; and to the enjoyment of a comfortable and dignified death. Virginia Mason Medical Center is discussed as an example of a healthcare institution attempting to create ideal patient and caregiver experiences, in this case by applying the principles of the Toyota Production System ("lean manufacturing") to healthcare. The article concludes that healthcare is inherently dedicated to an ideal, that science and technology have brought it closer to that ideal, and that design can bring it closer still.
authors.affiliation: CONTINUUM.
authors.forename: Gianfranco Zaccai
authors.initials: GZ
authors.lastname: Fidsa
mesh_terms: D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000592:standards; D017598:Efficiency, Organizational; D006285:Health Planning; D006694:Holistic Health; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care / Q000379:methods; D014481:United States