title: Sciatic nerve injury model in the axolotl: functional, electrophysiological, and radiographic outcomes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The 2 aims of this study were as follows: 1) to establish outcome measures of nerve regeneration in an axolotl model of peripheral nerve injury; and 2) to define the timing and completeness of reinnervation in the axolotl following different types of sciatic nerve injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sciatic nerves in 36 axolotls were exposed bilaterally in 3 groups containing 12 animals each: Group 1, left side sham, right side crush; Group 2, left side sham, right side nerve resected and proximal stump buried; and Group 3 left side cut and sutured, right side cut and sutured with tibial and peroneal divisions reversed. Outcome measures included the following: 1) an axolotl sciatic functional index (ASFI) derived from video swim analysis; 2) motor latencies; and 3) MR imaging evaluation of nerve and muscle edema.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For crush injuries, the ASFI returned to baseline by 2 weeks, as did MR imaging parameters and motor latencies. For buried nerves, the ASFI returned to 20% below baseline by 8 weeks, with motor evoked potentials present. On MR imaging, nerve edema peaked at 3 days postintervention and gradually normalized over 12 weeks, whereas muscle denervation was present until a gradual decrease was seen between 4 and 12 weeks. For cut nerves, the ASFI returned to 20% below baseline by Week 4, where it plateaued. Motor evoked potentials were observed at 2-4 weeks, but with an increased latency until Week 6, and MR imaging analysis revealed muscle denervation for 4 weeks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Multiple outcome measures in which an axolotl model of peripheral nerve injury is used have been established. Based on historical controls, recovery after nerve injury appears to occur earlier and is more complete than in rodents. Further investigation using this model as a successful "blueprint" for nerve regeneration in humans is warranted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Vienna General Hospital, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kropf
authors.forename: Kartik
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Krishnan
authors.forename: Moses
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chao
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schweitzer
authors.forename: Zehava
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Rosenberg
authors.forename: Stephen M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Russell
mesh_terms: D000558:Ambystoma mexicanum; D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009409:Nerve Crush; D009416:Nerve Regeneration / Q000502:physiology; D020127:Recovery of Function / Q000502:physiology; D012584:Sciatic Nerve / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology; D020426:Sciatic Neuropathy / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013550:Swimming / Q000502:physiology; D014743:Videotape Recording