title: Variations of the origin of renal arteries in the fetus identified on power Doppler and 3D sonography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate anatomic variations of renal arteries (RAs) using 2-dimensional (2D)/3D power Doppler sonography (PDUS) in normal fetuses and in fetuses with renal anomalies.
  
  
  METHODS
  The origin, direction, and distribution of RAs were studied in 120 fetuses without renal malformations using 2D/3D PDUS. Studies were performed between 14 and 17 weeks of gestation age on 64 male and 56 female fetuses. PDUS of the RAs was also performed in 12 fetuses with renal anomalies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 117/120 fetuses, a single RA was found to originate from each side of the abdominal aorta. The origin of the right RA from the abdominal aorta was superior to, at the same level as, and inferior to that of the left RA in 47% (55/117), 25.5% (30/117), and 27.5% (32/117) of the cases, respectively. An accessory right RA was found in 3 cases. Bifurcation of the right RA was found in 2 cases. There were no variations of the origin of renal vessels in 69% of the cases (83/120), whereas the remaining 31% (37/120) had 1 or several variation patterns. Variations in renal vessels were found in 8 of the 12 fetuses with renal malformations: accessory artery in 3 cases, origin of the right RA from the iliac artery in horseshoe kidney and in 2 cases with pelvic kidney, and bifurcation in 2 of the fetuses with double collecting system.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Variations in origin and distribution of fetal RAs are frequently observed in normal pregnancies. The majority of renal malformations are associated with such vascular variations.
authors.affiliation: Ultrasound Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Bnai-Zion Medical Center, Ruth and Baruch Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion Institute of Technology, Golomb St. 47, P.O. Box 4940, Haifa 31048, Israel.
authors.forename: Shimon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Degani
authors.forename: Zvi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Leibovitz
authors.forename: Israel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Shapiro
authors.forename: Gonen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ohel
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D012077:Renal Artery / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000196:embryology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler / Q000379:methods*; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal / Q000379:methods*; D054079:Vascular Malformations / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000196:embryology