title: Fourier domain optical coherence tomography as a noninvasive means for in vivo detection of retinal degeneration in Xenopus laevis tadpoles.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the efficacy of Fourier domain optical coherence tomography (FD-OCT) as a noninvasive, nonlethal method for detecting in vivo, pathologic signs of retinal degeneration in Xenopus laevis larvae.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prototype OCT system using FD detection customized for tadpole imaging was used to noninvasively obtain retinal scans in two different transgenic X. laevis models of retinal degeneration. FD-OCT retinal scans were compared with laser scanning confocal micrographs of histologic sections of the same eye. Retinal thickness was measured in the histologic micrographs and compared with in vivo measurements acquired with FD-OCT.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In vivo retinal images of X. laevis tadpoles were obtained that visualized the major retinal layers. FD-OCT successfully detected the ablation of rod outer segments (OS) in degenerating tadpole eyes. Measurements from FD-OCT and histology showed a decrease in retinal thickness in transgenic mutant tadpoles relative to the wild-type control. The accumulation of phagosomes from dying rod OS was also visualized in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) in a degenerating tadpole retina.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This report demonstrates that FD-OCT is a viable technique for screening, diagnosing, and monitoring retinal degeneration in X. laevis tadpoles in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: Damian C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Marinko V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Sarunic
authors.forename: Orson L
authors.initials: OL
authors.lastname: Moritz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D030801:Animals, Genetically Modified; D053453:Caspase 9 / Q000235:genetics; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D019084:Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; D005583:Fourier Analysis; D007814:Larva; D008297:Male; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D010588:Phagosomes / Q000473:pathology*; D012162:Retinal Degeneration / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics; D055213:Retinal Pigment Epithelium / Q000473:pathology*; D012243:Rhodopsin / Q000235:genetics; D012374:Rod Cell Outer Segment / Q000473:pathology*; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence; D014982:Xenopus laevis / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D012243:Rhodopsin; D053453:Caspase 9