title: Growth in foetal life and infancy is associated with abdominal adiposity at the age of 2 years: the generation R study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Early weight gain is associated with an increased risk of obesity. It is not known whether rapid weight gain in foetal life and infancy is also associated with increased abdominal adiposity. We examined the associations of foetal and postnatal growth characteristics with abdominal fat mass at the age of 2 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was performed in 481 children participating in a prospective cohort study from early foetal life onward.
  
  
  METHODS
  Foetal and postnatal growth characteristics in second and third trimester, at birth and at the age of 2 years were related to abdominal fat mass (subcutaneous distance and area, preperitoneal distance and area) measured by ultrasound at the age of 2 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Foetal and birth weight were not associated with abdominal subcutaneous fat mass. Estimated foetal weight in second trimester of pregnancy was inversely associated with preperitoneal fat area [-3.73% (95% confidence interval -7.23, -0.10)] per standard deviation score increase in weight. Weight gain from birth to the age of 2 years was positively associated with preperitoneal fat mass measures. These associations remained significant after adjustment for age, sex, breastfeeding and body mass index. Positive associations were found between catch-up growth in weight and abdominal fat mass measures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that rapid growth rates during foetal life and infancy are associated with increased abdominal subcutaneous and preperitoneal fat mass in healthy children. Further studies need to explore whether these associations persist in later life and are related to metabolic syndrome outcomes.
authors.affiliation: The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Büşra
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Durmuş
authors.forename: Dennis O
authors.initials: DO
authors.lastname: Mook-Kanamori
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Holzhauer
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hofman
authors.forename: Eline M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: van der Beek
authors.forename: Güenther
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Boehm
authors.forename: Eric A P
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Steegers
authors.forename: Vincent W V
authors.initials: VW
authors.lastname: Jaddoe
mesh_terms: D050153:Abdominal Fat / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000378:metabolism; D050154:Adiposity / Q000502:physiology*; D000328:Adult; D001724:Birth Weight / Q000502:physiology*; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D047109:Fetal Development / Q000502:physiology*; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016014:Linear Models; D008423:Maternal Age; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000502:physiology