title: Decreased left posterior insular activity during auditory language in autism.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Individuals with autism spectrum disorders often exhibit atypical language patterns, including delay of speech onset, literal speech interpretation, and poor recognition of social and emotional cues in speech. We acquired functional MR images during an auditory language task to evaluate systematic differences in language-network activation between control and high-functioning autistic populations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-one right-handed male subjects (26 high-functioning autistic subjects, 15 controls) were studied by using an auditory phrase-recognition task, and areas of differential activation between groups were identified. Hand preference, verbal intelligence quotient (IQ), age, and language-function testing were included as covariables in the analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Control and autistic subjects showed similar language-activation networks, with 2 notable differences. Control subjects showed significantly increased activation in the left posterior insula compared with autistic subjects (P < .05, false discovery rate), and autistic subjects showed increased bilaterality of receptive language compared with control subjects. Higher receptive-language scores on standardized testing were associated with greater activation of the posterior aspect of the left Wernicke area. A higher verbal IQ was associated with greater activation of the bilateral Broca area and involvement of the prefrontal cortex and lateral premotor cortex.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Control subjects showed greater activation of the posterior insula during receptive language, which may correlate with impaired emotive processing of language in autism. Subjects with autism showed greater bilateral activation of receptive-language areas, which was out of proportion to the differences in hand preference in autism and control populations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroradiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA. andersonjeffs@gmail.com
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lange
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Froehlich
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: DuBray
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Druzgal
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Froimowitz
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Alexander
authors.forename: E D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Bigler
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Lainhart
mesh_terms: D001321:Autistic Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D007805:Language Development Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male