title: Pollen consumption by flower mites in three  hummingbird-pollinated plant species.
abstract: Laboratory studies suggest that pollen consumption by flower mites may decrease the male fitness of the plant by reducing the available pollen for dispersal. Here we assessed pollen consumption by flower mites under natural conditions in three plant species with long-lived, protandrous flowers, Moussonia deppeana (Gesneriaceae), Lobelia laxiflora and L. cardinalis (Lobeliaceae). Total pollen mass was measured after 24 and 48 h in flowers exposed to flower mites and excluded from hummingbirds, flowers exposed to mites and hummingbird visitation, and in flowers recently opened with dehisced anthers. Compared with recently opened flowers, pollen availability was reduced about half in the presence of flower mites and the same effect was observed in the three plant species. Our results suggest that flower mites are removing a great deal of pollen and the reduction of pollen implies the possibility of direct impact on pollen transfer.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, AC, Km 2.5 Carretera Antigua a Coatepec No. 351, Congregación El Haya, Apdo. Postal 63, Xalapa, Veracruz 91070, Mexico.
authors.forename: Tonatiuh
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Velázquez
authors.forename: Juan Francisco
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Ornelas
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001717:Birds / Q000502:physiology*; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D035264:Flowers / Q000469:parasitology; D029746:Lobelia / Q000469:parasitology; D008925:Mites / Q000502:physiology*; D011058:Pollen; D054817:Pollination / Q000502:physiology*; D013045:Species Specificity