title: Serum creatinine and prostate cancer risk in a prospective study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several studies have examined serum creatinine as a marker for prostate cancer stage, recurrence, and prognosis. We evaluated whether serum creatinine concentration was associated with risk of developing prostate cancer in a prospective cohort of male smokers.
  
  
  METHODS
  A nested case-control study within the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study of 50- to 69-year-old Finnish men was conducted. Two controls (n = 464) were matched to each case (n = 232) on study center, intervention group, date of baseline blood draw (+/-45 days), and age (+/-5 years). Conditional logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. All P values were two-sided.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cases had significantly higher prediagnostic serum creatinine concentrations compared with controls (medians of 1.13 versus 1.10 mg/dL, respectively; P = 0.004). Serum creatinine was associated with a significantly greater risk of prostate cancer (multivariate odds ratio, 2.23; 95% confidence interval, 1.33-3.75 for highest versus lowest quartile), with a significant trend (P trend = 0.0008). Exclusion of subjects with a reported history of diabetes, benign prostatic hyperplasia, or hypertension, or whose cancer was diagnosed within the first 5 years of follow-up, did not alter the association. Risk did not differ by disease stage or time from blood draw to diagnosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prospectively measured serum creatinine, within normal ranges, is positively related to prostate cancer risk. Future research should reexamine the association in other populations, including any interrelationship with serum prostate-specific antigen.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. weinstes@mail.nih.gov
authors.forename: Stephanie J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Weinstein
authors.forename: Katrina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mackrain
authors.forename: Rachael Z
authors.initials: RZ
authors.lastname: Stolzenberg-Solomon
authors.forename: Jacob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Selhub
authors.forename: Jarmo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Virtamo
authors.forename: Demetrius
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Albanes
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000097:blood; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood*; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D003404:Creatinine