title: Improving cross-cultural care and antiracism in nursing education: a literature review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To appraise through literature review the available research evidence to guide teaching and learning regarding cross-cultural care for nursing students. Cross-cultural education of nurses with a focus on both culture and antiracism is one way of promoting ethical and effective cross-cultural health systems for people from culturally diverse backgrounds. Although cross-cultural care has long been recognised as necessary to nursing education there is no clear consensus regarding how it is to be taught or which theoretical perspectives should underpin this teaching.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Current literature supports the effectiveness of cross-cultural teaching interventions in promoting cultural competence and in facilitating attitudinal and belief changes in nursing students. The literature further suggests that racism persists in some students following participation in cross-cultural education and that there is a paucity of theory, teaching interventions and evaluations addressing antiracism.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cross-cultural education alone is insufficient to combat racism. Cross-cultural education focused on both cultural competence and antiracism is necessary to promote effective cultural care in nursing students.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia. jacqui.allen@deakin.edu.au
authors.forename: Jacqui
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Allen
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D054521:Cultural Competency / Q000193:education*; D018864:Cultural Diversity; D003479:Curriculum; D004508:Education, Nursing, Baccalaureate / Q000458:organization & administration*; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand; D006801:Humans; D015402:Nursing Education Research; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D011287:Prejudice; D015397:Program Evaluation; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D012107:Research Design; D013240:Stereotyping; D013338:Students, Nursing / Q000523:psychology