title: Concurrent chemoradiotherapy with 5-fluorouracil and mitomycin C for invasive anal carcinoma in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report the clinical outcomes of chemoradiotherapy (CRT) for anal carcinoma in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1997 and 2008, 21 HIV-positive patients who were receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy were treated with CRT (50.4 Gy at 1.8 Gy/fraction plus a 5.4-10.8-Gy external boost; 5-fluorouracil, 1,000 mg/m(2), Days 1-4 and 29-32; and mitomycin C, 10 mg/m(2), Days 1 and 29). A retrospective analysis was performed with respect to the tumor response, local control, cancer-specific and overall survival, and toxicity. The immunologic parameters, including pre- and post-treatment CD4 count, viral load, and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-specific morbidity was recorded during follow-up (median, 53 months; range, 10-99).
  
  
  RESULTS
  CRT could be completed in all 21 patients with a reduction in the chemotherapy dose and/or interruption of radiotherapy in 5 and 5 cases, respectively. Acute Grade 3 toxicity occurred in 8 (38%) of the 21 patients. A complete response was achieved in 17 patients (81%), and tumor persistence or early progression was noted in 4 (19%). Six patients (29%) died, 5 of cancer progression and 1 of treatment-related toxicity. The 5-year local control, cancer-specific, and overall survival rate was 59%, 75%, and 67%, respectively. The median CD4 count significantly decreased from 347.5 cells/microL before CRT to 125 cells/microL 3-7 weeks after CRT completion (p <.001). In 6 (32%) of 19 patients, an increase of the HIV viral load was noted. Both parameters returned to the pretreatment values with additional follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data have confirmed that in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era, HIV-related anal cancer can be treated with standard CRT without dose reductions. Close surveillance of the immunologic parameters is necessary.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany. inge.fraunholz@kgu.de
authors.forename: Ingeborg
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Fraunholz
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Eberlein
authors.forename: Annette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Haberl
authors.forename: Claus
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rödel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D001005:Anus Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D018450:Disease Progression; D019583:Dose Fractionation, Radiation; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016685:Mitomycin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal / Q000379:methods; D012074:Remission Induction; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D016685:Mitomycin; D005472:Fluorouracil