title: CD14 polymorphisms in mother and infant, soluble CD14 in breast milk and atopy development in the infant (KOALA Study).
abstract: Different CD14 polymorphisms have been associated with atopic phenotypes in infants. In addition, CD14 genotypes of breastfeeding mothers have been associated with soluble CD14 (sCD14) levels in breast milk. The role of CD14 genotypes of infant and mother and their interaction with sCD14 levels in breast milk in atopy development remain to be established. We aimed to study the associations of CD14 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and their interaction with breast milk sCD14, with atopy development until age two. In addition, we assessed whether levels of sCD14 in breast milk associated with SNPs in CD14. Four SNPs in CD14 gene were investigated in 698 infants and 188 mothers. Associations between these SNPs, sCD14 and atopy development were analyzed in multiple logistic or linear regression models. The CD14/-1619 SNP was associated with eczema. CC homozygotes showed a lower risk of eczema vs. TT homozygotes (adjusted odds ratio = 0.56, 95% confidence interval 0.33-0.96) in a co-dominant model. Breast milk sCD14 levels did not significantly modify the effect of the child's CD14 genotype on atopy development (p interaction > or =0.10). Maternal CD14 SNPs were not significantly associated with sCD14 levels in breast milk (anova, p > or = 0.48). We found only an association between CC homozygozity of SNP CD14/-1619 and eczema. Our data did not support a modifying role of breast milk sCD14 levels on the relationship between CD14 genotype and atopy development until age 2 yr.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands. bep.snijders@epid.unimaas.nl
authors.forename: Bianca E P
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Snijders
authors.forename: Foekje F
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Stelma
authors.forename: Naomi E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Reijmerink
authors.forename: Carel
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Thijs
authors.forename: Gerrit
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: van der Steege
authors.forename: Jan G M C
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Damoiseaux
authors.forename: Piet A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: van den Brandt
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: van Ree
authors.forename: Dirkje S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Postma
authors.forename: Gerard H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Koppelman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001942:Breast Feeding; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003876:Dermatitis, Atopic / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D004485:Eczema / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D006969:Hypersensitivity, Immediate / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D007073:Immunoglobulin E / Q000097:blood; D007223:Infant; D016014:Linear Models; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000276:immunology*; D009035:Mothers; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D012995:Solubility
chemical_list: D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors; D007073:Immunoglobulin E