title: Potential of endothelin-1 and vasopressin antagonists for the treatment of congestive heart failure.
abstract: It is now becoming clear that two major systems namely the sympathetic nervous system and the renin-angiotensin system are activated in response to ischemic injury; these result in the elevation of plasma catecholamines and angiotensin II during the development of myocardial infarction as well as congestive heart failure. Although plasma levels of several other hormones including aldosterone, endothelin, vasopressin, natriuretic peptides, growth factors and inflammatory cytokines are also increased in heart failure, their relationship with changes in catecholamine and/or angiotensin levels as well as their significance for the induction of congestive heart failure are poorly understood. In this article we have examined the evidence regarding the role of endothelin and vasopressin in the pathogenesis of cardiac hypertrophy and congestive heart failure in addition to evaluating the significance of their antagonism by using their receptor blockade for treatment of congestive heart failure. Endothelin appears to maintain blood pressure by its vasoconstricting action whereas vasopressin primarily produces similar effect by retention of body fluid. Myocardium is also known to express both ET-A and ET-B receptors in addition to V1 and V2 receptors for vasopressin, which have been shown to induce cardiac remodeling. Out of various ET-1 receptor antagonists, which are available, a non-selective endothelin receptor antagonist, bosentan, as well as an ET-A receptor antagonist, BQ-123, seem most promising for the treatment of congestive heart failure. Likewise, vasopressin antagonists such as a non-selective antagonist, conivaptan, as well as V2 selective antagonist, tolvaptan, may prove highly valuable for the therapy of this condition. Since most of the existing interventions are helpful in treating patients with congestive heart failure only partially, there appears to be a real challenge for developing some combination therapy for the treatment of congestive heart failure.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St Boniface General Hospital, Research Centre, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, 351 Tache Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada.
authors.forename: Navneet S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Rehsia
authors.forename: Naranjan S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Dhalla
mesh_terms: D000804:Angiotensin II / Q000097:blood / Q000187:drug effects; D000818:Animals; D050034:Antidiuretic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001552:Benzazepines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D000077300:Bosentan; D002395:Catecholamines / Q000097:blood; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D019332:Endothelin-1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012084:Renin-Angiotensin System / Q000187:drug effects; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000187:drug effects; D000077602:Tolvaptan; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014667:Vasopressins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*
chemical_list: D050034:Antidiuretic Agents; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D001552:Benzazepines; D015415:Biomarkers; D002395:Catecholamines; D019332:Endothelin-1; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic; D013449:Sulfonamides; C106389:conivaptan; D014667:Vasopressins; D000804:Angiotensin II; D000077602:Tolvaptan; D000077300:Bosentan; C072247:cyclo(Trp-Asp-Pro-Val-Leu)