title: Identification of the most common problems in functioning of individuals with spinal cord injury using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health.
abstract: METHODS
  Cross-sectional, multicenter study.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To identify the most common problems of individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) in the early post-acute and the long-term context, respectively, using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) as a frame of reference.
  
  
  METHODS
  International.
  
  
  METHODS
  The functional problems of individuals with SCI were recorded using the 264 ICF categories on the second level of the classification. Prevalence of impairment was reported along with their 95% confidence intervals. Data were stratified by context.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixteen study centers in 14 countries collected data of 489 individuals with SCI in the early post-acute context and 559 in the long-term context, respectively. Impairments in thirteen ICF categories assigned to Body functions and Body structures were more frequently reported in the long-term context, whereas limitations/restrictions in 34 ICF categories assigned to Activities and Participation were more frequently found in the early post-acute context. Eleven ICF categories from the component Environmental Factors were more frequently regarded as barriers, facilitators or both by individuals with SCI in the early post-acute context as compared with individuals with SCI in the long-term context. Only two environmental factors were more relevant for people with SCI in the long-term context than in the early post-acute context.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study identified a large variety of functional problems reflecting the complexity of SCI and indicated differences between the two contexts. The ICF has potential to provide a comprehensive framework for the description of functional health in individuals with SCI worldwide.
authors.affiliation: ICF Research Branch WHO FIC Collaborating Center (DIMDI), Institute for Health and Rehabilitation Sciences (IHRS), Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kirchberger
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Biering-Sørensen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Charlifue
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Baumberger
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kovindha
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ring
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sinnott
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Scheuringer
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Stucki
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001210:Asia, Southeastern; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care; D020127:Recovery of Function / Q000502:physiology*; D012919:Social Behavior; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000145:classification* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D055815:Young Adult