title: Proposed diagnostic criteria for obstructive meibomian gland dysfunction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare clinical findings between patients with obstructive meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) and normal controls and to propose diagnostic criteria for obstructive MGD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional, observational case series.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-three eyes of 53 patients (18 men, 35 women; age [mean +/- standard deviation] 71.4 +/- 10.0 years) who were diagnosed with obstructive MGD and 60 eyes of 60 healthy volunteers (22 men, 38 women; 71.0 +/- 9.3 years) as a control group.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ocular symptoms were scored from 0 to 14 according to the number of existing symptoms. Lid margin abnormality was scored from 0 to 4 depending on the number of existing abnormalities. Meibomian gland changes were scored from 0 to 6 based on noncontact meibography (meibo-score). Superficial punctuate keratopathy (SPK) was scored from 0 to 3. Meibum was graded from 0 to 3 depending on the volume and quality. Tear film production was evaluated by Schirmer's test. Receiver operating characteristic curves with calculations of area under the curve (AUC) were used to describe the accuracy of each parameter to differentiate obstructive MGD from normal eyes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ocular symptom score, lid margin abnormality score, meibo-score, meibum score, SPK score, tear film breakup time (BUT), and the Schirmer value.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ocular symptom score, lid margin abnormality score, meibo-score, meibum score, and SPK score were significantly higher in the obstructive MGD group than in the control group (P<0.0001 for all scores). The BUT was significantly shorter in the obstructive MGD group than in the control group (P<0.0001). The AUC values indicated that the ocular symptom score had the highest diagnostic power as a single parameter, followed by the lid margin abnormality score, meibo-score, and BUT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on these findings, we recommend that physicians use the ocular symptom score, lid margin abnormality score, and meibo-score to diagnose MGD. Obstructive MGD should be suspected when any 2 of the 3 scores are abnormal. Obstructive MGD is very likely when all 3 scores are abnormal.
authors.affiliation: Itoh Clinic, Saitama, Japan. ritoh@za2.so-net.ne.jp
authors.forename: Reiko
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Arita
authors.forename: Kouzo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Itoh
authors.forename: Syuji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Maeda
authors.forename: Koshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Maeda
authors.forename: Ayumu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Furuta
authors.forename: Shima
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fukuoka
authors.forename: Atsuo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tomidokoro
authors.forename: Shiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Amano
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D019540:Area Under Curve; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003941:Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological / Q000145:classification*; D005141:Eyelid Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008537:Meibomian Glands / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D012372:ROC Curve; D011859:Radiography