title: Individual differences in route-learning strategy and associated working memory resources.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The current investigation examined individual differences in route-learning strategies and their relative demands on visuospatial versus verbal working memory (WM) resources in virtual environments.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Learning new routes is a resource-demanding activity that must often be carried out in conjunction with other concurrent tasks. Virtual environments (VEs) are increasingly being used for training and research, pointing to the importance of determining the strategies people use to learn routes in these environments.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants classified as having good or poor sense of direction (SOD) attempted to learn novel routes while concurrently performing either a verbal (articulatory suppression) or a visuospatial (tapping) WM interference task.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Different navigational strategies were observed in each SOD group. Individuals with poor SOD relied more heavily on verbal rather than visuospatial WM resources, as evidenced by greater disruption to route-learning performance from the articulatory suppression task relative to the tapping task. Conversely, individuals with good SOD exhibited more route-learning disruption from the tapping task, suggesting a greater reliance on visuospatial WM resources.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Individuals differ from one another in the strategies they use and the WM resources they tap--verbal or visuospatial--to learn routes in VEs. Self-report measures can be used as indices of such individual differences in navigational strategy use in VE tasks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Assessing SOD and associated WM resources have implications for targeted training for navigation in VEs and for the design of in-vehicle navigation systems.
authors.affiliation: George Mason University, Psychology, 4400 University Drive, MS 3F5, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA. cbaldwi4@gmu.edu
authors.forename: Carryl L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Baldwin
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Reagan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007206:Individuality; D007858:Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology*; D013028:Space Perception / Q000502:physiology; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult