title: Comparing the stimulant effects of the H1-antagonist fexofenadine with 2 psychostimulants, modafinil and methylphenidate.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although antihistamines are known for their sedative adverse effects, fexofenadine was previously shown to have stimulating effects. These stimulant effects were rather mild in magnitude and were only demonstrated in tasks with a high workload.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present study was set up to compare the magnitude of the stimulant effect of fexofenadine with those of 2 psychostimulants, modafinil and methylphenidate.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen healthy volunteers (5 males and 11 females; mean age, 21.8 years) participated in a 4-way, placebo-controlled, crossover study. The effects of fexofenadine (360 mg), modafinil (200 mg), methylphenidate (20 mg), and placebo were compared in a critical tracking, divided attention, motor impulsivity, and vigilance task.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this study, no significant stimulant effects of fexofenadine were found in any of the tasks. Modafinil only improved reaction time in the vigilance task, whereas methylphenidate improved performance in the divided attention and vigilance tasks. In addition, performance after methylphenidate treatment was also better than after fexofenadine in the divided attention and vigilance tasks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  From the results, it can be concluded that the stimulating effects of methylphenidate are confirmed, whereas the stimulating effects of fexofenadine were not demonstrated in this study. It is evident that the stimulating effects of fexofenadine, which were apparent in previous studies, are not of the same magnitude as the effects of known psychostimulants such as methylphenidate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Facultyof Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands. e.theunissen@maastrichtuniversity.nl
authors.forename: Eef L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Theunissen
authors.forename: Javier de la Asuncion
authors.initials: Jde L
authors.lastname: Elvira
authors.forename: Dries
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: van den Bergh
authors.forename: Johannes G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Ramaekers
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D039563:Histamine H1 Antagonists, Non-Sedating / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008774:Methylphenidate / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000077408:Modafinil; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D016593:Terfenadine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D039563:Histamine H1 Antagonists, Non-Sedating; D008774:Methylphenidate; D016593:Terfenadine; C093230:fexofenadine; D000077408:Modafinil