title: The application of ultrasound energy to increase lipid extraction throughput of solid matrix samples (flaxseed).
abstract: Ultrasound may reduce lipid extraction times and increase analysis throughput of food materials. Ground flaxseed (25mg aliquots) were extracted in quadruplicate in 2:1 (v:v) chloroform:methanol, 3:2 hexane:isopropanol, 1:1 diethyl:petroleum ether or hexane with exposure to sonication at low frequencies of 20kHz with a 600W ultrasonic processor. Power was automatically varied to maintain constant amplitudes of 20%, 60% and 100% of 240microm for sonication exposures for 5, 10 and 20min, respectively. Total lipid dry weights and quantitative and qualitative fatty acids were determined. Results were compared to a standard 24-h, Folch-based, 2:1 chloroform:methanol extraction. Longer time exposures and higher sonication amplitudes were associated with increases in lipid recoveries. In particular, ultrasound-assisted extraction in 3:2 hexane:isopropanol for only 10min resulted in lipid and fatty acid recoveries similar to the 24-h standard method. Comprehensive testing on a variety of sample matrices and food products is required, but lipid extraction by ultrasound has potential to reduce sample processing time.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Nutritional and Nutraceutical Research, Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, N2L 3G1.
authors.forename: Adam H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Metherel
authors.forename: Ameer Y
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Taha
authors.forename: Hamid
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Izadi
authors.forename: Ken D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Stark
mesh_terms: D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000032:analysis; D019597:Flax / Q000737:chemistry*; D005511:Food Handling / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D008043:Linseed Oil / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000502:physiology; D008055:Lipids / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction / Q000379:methods*; D013010:Sonication / Q000379:methods; D013997:Time Factors; D014465:Ultrasonics
chemical_list: D005227:Fatty Acids; D008055:Lipids; D008043:Linseed Oil