title: The kinetics of thermal instability in nanocrystalline silver and the effect of heat treatment on the antibacterial activity of nanocrystalline silver dressings.
abstract: The kinetics of nanocrystalline silver dressing heat treatment was investigated via isothermal heat treatments at 90 degrees C, 100 degrees C, and 110 degrees C lasting 2-50h. Bactericidal efficacy of the dressings was measured via log reductions, while bacteriostatic longevity was determined via plate-to-plate transfer corrected zones of inhibition. Morphological evolution of the dressing was studied by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, while changes in heat flow were measured by differential scanning calorimetry. Increasing temperature increased the rate at which dressing bactericidal activity and bacteriostatic longevity decreased. Once changes in dressing properties began, they occurred nonlinearly with time. The earliest biological, chemical, and physical indicators of altered dressing properties were loss of bacteriostatic longevity, silver-oxygen bonds, and fine features, respectively. An early change in heat flow appeared to be responsible for these indicators, while a later change corresponded to rapid grain growth occurring after a critical crystallite size (approximately 30 nm) was reached. The grain growth exponent was determined to be 2.8 for temperatures of 100-110 degrees C, with an activation energy of 177 kJ/mol, suggesting that normal grain growth occurred, with volume and/or grain boundary diffusion as the dominant forms of diffusion. The thermal instability of nanocrystalline silver should be accounted for during production, storage, and use of dressings. The properties required for nanosilver antimicrobial efficacy demonstrated in this study, as well as its thermal instability, should be taken into consideration for the development of nanosilver products in the future.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G2G6, Canada.
authors.forename: Breanne K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Landry
authors.forename: Patricia L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Nadworny
authors.forename: Oladipo E
authors.initials: OE
authors.lastname: Omotoso
authors.forename: Yadollah
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Maham
authors.forename: Jessica C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Burrell
authors.forename: Robert E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Burrell
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D001458:Bandages; D002151:Calorimetry; D006358:Hot Temperature; D008422:Materials Testing; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010316:Particle Size; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000187:drug effects; D012834:Silver / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D012834:Silver