title: The fate and efficacy of benomyl applied to field soils to suppress activity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.
abstract: A systematic application of the fungicide benomyl was used to follow up the suppression of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) colonization and to determine its fungitoxic activity and persistence at different depths. Repeated applications of benomyl reduced AM colonization mainly in the upper 0-4 cm layer of the treated soils. Furthermore, AM colonization decreased with soil depth. The activity and persistence of this fungicide was reduced over small changes in depth in the first 10 cm of the soil profile beneath a semiarid herbland at Brookfield Conservation Park (South Australia). Repeated applications of the fungicide only slightly increased the levels of toxicity in the soils, probably because of biodegradation of the fungicide in soils with a recent history of exposure to the fungicide. The decline in fungicide activity at depth was correlated with a decline in the suppressive effect of the fungicide on the activity of AM fungi.
authors.affiliation: Soil and Land Systems, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Waite Campus, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia. patrick.oconnor@adelaide.edu.au
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: O'Connor
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Manjarrez
authors.forename: Sally E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D001542:Benomyl / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005658:Fungi / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000494:pharmacology*; D038821:Mycorrhizae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000382:microbiology; D012988:Soil Microbiology
chemical_list: D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D001542:Benomyl