title: Off-pump coronary artery bypass disproportionately benefits high-risk patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is not known which patient subgroups may benefit most from off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCAB) rather than coronary artery bypass grafting on cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB).
  
  
  METHODS
  The Society of Thoracic Surgeons database was queried for all isolated, primary coronary artery bypass graft cases between January 1, 1997, and December 31, 2007, at a US academic center. The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Predicted Risk of Mortality (PROM) was calculated by a formula based on 30 preoperative risk factors. It was used in three ways to compare 30-day operative mortality between patients treated with OPCAB versus CPB. First, patients were divided into quartiles based on their PROM, and mortality rates were compared between OPCAB and CPB patients within each PROM quartile. Second, a logistic regression model tested for an interaction between surgery type and PROM; a significant interaction would indicate that the relative mortality risk of OPCAB versus CPB varied with different PROM levels. Finally, locally smoothed kernel regression curves were used to visually estimate a threshold PROM point at which mortality rates diverge for the surgery types.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 14,766 consecutive patients, 7,083 OPCAB (48.0%) and 7,683 CPB (52.0%). There was no difference in operative mortality between OPCAB and CPB for patients in the lower two risk quartiles. In the higher risk quartiles there was a mortality benefit for OPCAB (odds ratio, 0.62 and 0.45 for OPCAB in the third and fourth risk quartiles). Logistic regression analysis confirmed a significant interaction between surgery type and PROM (p = 0.005) meaning that OPCAB is especially beneficial to patients with higher PROM. This benefit is most significant for patients with PROM values above 2.5% to 3%, where mortality curves sharply diverge.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting is associated with lower operative mortality than coronary artery bypass grafting on CPB for higher risk patients. This mortality benefit increases with increasing PROM.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research Unit, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30308, USA. john.puskas@emoryhealthcare.org
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Puskas
authors.forename: Vinod H
authors.initials: VH
authors.lastname: Thourani
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kilgo
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vassiliades
authors.forename: J David
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Vega
authors.forename: Cullen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Brian J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Schmotzer
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Guyton
authors.forename: Omar M
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Lattouf
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass; D047549:Coronary Artery Bypass, Off-Pump / Q000379:methods*; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005845:Georgia / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate / Q000639:trends