title: Phenylbutyrate induces antimicrobial peptide expression.
abstract: Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are important components of our first line of defense. Induction of AMPs such as LL-37 of the cathelicidin family might provide a novel approach in treating bacterial infections. In this study we identified 4-phenylbutyrate (PBA) as a novel inducer of AMP expression and investigated affected regulatory pathways. We treated various cell lines with PBA and assessed mRNA expression by real-time reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR). Cathelicidin AMP (CAMP) gene expression was found to be upregulated in all four cell lines tested. Additionally, we found that the beta-defensin 1 gene was upregulated in the lung epithelial cell line VA10 while being downregulated in the monocytic cell line U937. Further we found that PBA induced CAMP gene expression synergistically with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) at both protein and mRNA levels. The general mechanism of induction of CAMP gene expression by PBA was found to be dependent on protein synthesis. Results from quantitative chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments challenge the common view that histone deacetylase inhibitors directly increase CAMP gene expression. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that inhibition of the mitogen-activated protein kinases MEK1/2 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase attenuate PBA-induced CAMP gene expression. Similarly, alpha-methylhydrocinnamate (ST7), an analogue of PBA, increases CAMP gene expression. Our findings contribute to understanding of the regulation of AMP expression and suggest that PBA and/or ST7 is a promising drug candidate for treatment of microbial infections by strengthening the epithelial antimicrobial barriers.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biology, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
authors.forename: Jonas
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Steinmann
authors.forename: Skarphédinn
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Halldórsson
authors.forename: Birgitta
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Agerberth
authors.forename: Gudmundur H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Gudmundsson
mesh_terms: D023181:Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002117:Calcitriol / Q000494:pharmacology; D002120:Calcium Channel Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D002460:Cell Line; D047369:Chromatin Immunoprecipitation; D003513:Cycloheximide / Q000494:pharmacology; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D015394:Molecular Structure; D010455:Peptides / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D010654:Phenylbutyrates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010666:Phenylpropionates / Q000494:pharmacology; D011500:Protein Synthesis Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D023083:beta-Defensins / Q000235:genetics; D054804:Cathelicidins
chemical_list: D023181:Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides; D002120:Calcium Channel Agonists; C406407:DEFB1 protein, human; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; D010455:Peptides; D010654:Phenylbutyrates; D010666:Phenylpropionates; D011500:Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; C470568:alpha-methylhydrocinnamic acid; D023083:beta-Defensins; D003513:Cycloheximide; D002117:Calcitriol; D054804:Cathelicidins