title: A probabilistic assessment of the chemical and radiological risks of chronic exposure to uranium in freshwater ecosystems.
abstract: Uranium (U) presents a unique challenge for ecological risk assessments (ERA) because it induces both chemical and radiological toxicity, and the relative importance of these two toxicities differs among the various U source terms (i.e., natural, enriched, depleted). We present a method for the conversion between chemical concentrations microg L(-1)) and radiological dose rates (microGy h(-1)) for a defined set of reference organisms, and apply this conversion method to previously derived chemical and radiological benchmarks to determine the extent to which these benchmarks ensure radiological and chemical protection, respectively, for U in freshwater ecosystems. Results show that the percentage of species radiologically protected by the chemical benchmark decreases with increasing degrees of U enrichment and with increasing periods of radioactive decay. In contrast, the freshwater ecosystem is almost never chemically protected by the radiological benchmark, regardless of the source term or decay period considered, confirming that the risks to the environment from uranium's chemical toxicity generally outweigh those of its radiological toxicity. These results are relevant to developing water quality criteria that protect freshwater ecosystems from the various risks associated with the nuclear applications of U exploitation, and highlight the need for (1) further research on the speciation, bioavailability, and toxicity of U-series radionuclides under different environmental conditions, and (2) the adoption of both chemical and radiological benchmarks for coherent ERAs to be conducted in U-contaminated freshwater ecosystems.
authors.affiliation: Institut de Radioprorection et de Sûireté Nucléaire, Service d'Etude du Comportement des Radionucléides dans les Ecosystèmes, Cadarache, 13115 Saint-Paul-les-Durance, France and magelis, 6 rue F. Mistral 84160, Cadenet, France. mathewstj@ornl.gov
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mathews
authors.forename: Karine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Beaugelin-Seiller
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Garnier-Laplace
authors.forename: Rodolphe
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gilbin
authors.forename: Christelle
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Adam
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Della-Vedova
mesh_terms: D017753:Ecosystem; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D011336:Probability; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013997:Time Factors; D014501:Uranium / Q000032:analysis*; D014875:Water Pollutants, Radioactive / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D014875:Water Pollutants, Radioactive; D014501:Uranium