title: Rheumatoid arthritis, Klippel-Feil syndrome and Pott's disease in Cardinal Carlo de' Medici (1595-1666).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A paleopathological study was carried out on the she skeletal remains of Cardinal Carlo de' Medici (1595-1666), son of the Grand Duke Ferdinando I (1549-1609) and Cristina from Lorraine (1565-1636), to investigate the articular pathology described in the archival sources.
  
  
  METHODS
  The skeletal remains of Carlo, buried in the Basilica of San Lorenzo in Florence, have been exhumed and submitted to macroscopic and radiological examination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The skeleton of Carlo revealed a concentration of different severe pathologies. Ankylosis of the cervical column, associated with other facial and spine anomalies suggests a diagnosis of congenital disease: the Klippel-Feil syndrome. In addition, the cervical segment presents the results of the tuberculosis (Pott's disease) from which the Cardinal suffered in his infancy. The post-cranial skeleton shows an ankylosing disease, mainly symmetrical and extremely severe, involving the large as well as small articulations, and characterized by massive joint fusion, that totally disabled the Cardinal in his last years of life.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The final diagnosis suggests an advanced, ankylosing stage of rheumatoid arthritis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, Transplants and Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Division of Paleopathology, History of Medicine and Bioethics, University of Pisa. v.giuffra@med.unipi.it
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Giuffra
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vitiello
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Giusiani
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fornaciari
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Caramella
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Villari
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fornaciari
mesh_terms: D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000150:complications / Q000266:history* / Q000473:pathology; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D049669:History, 16th Century; D049670:History, 17th Century; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D007714:Klippel-Feil Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000266:history* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D010164:Paleopathology; D011859:Radiography; D014399:Tuberculosis, Spinal / Q000150:complications / Q000266:history* / Q000473:pathology