title: Utility of serial urinary cytology in the initial evaluation of the patient with microscopic hematuria.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We determine the utility of serial urinary cytologies in patients presenting with microscopic hematuria who were evaluated with upper and lower urinary tract studies to rule out a malignancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred and thirty-seven patients with the diagnosis of microscopic hematuria were evaluated at an inner-city tertiary care hospital. Of these 239 patients, 182 patients had 405 cytologies obtained as part of their evaluation for hematuria. In addition, all patients had their lower urinary tract and upper tract thoroughly evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two hundred and seventy four cytology samples were read as normal, 104 (26%) as atypia, 7 (2%) as suspicious/malignant, and 20 (5%) as unsatisfactory. Seventeen patients (9.3%) had biopsy confirmed bladder cancer. Of these 17 patients, 2 had normal cytology, 11 had atypia, and 5 had suspicious/malignant. No patient had a positive cytology and a negative biopsy. Overall the number of hematuric patients harboring bladder cancer was small (7%). Cytology #1 detected 4 cases of cancer, cytology #2 detected an additional case and cytology #3 did not detect any additional cancers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because of this low prevalence of bladder cancer in patients presenting with microscopic hematuria and the low sensitivity of detecting bladder cancers, the utility of urinary cytology in the initial evaluation of patients with hematuria may be minimal. The exact role of urinary cytology in the evaluation of hematuria is unknown.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, The University of Florida, Jacksonville, Florida, USA. kogenta.nakamura@jax.ufl.edu
authors.forename: Kogenta
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kasraeian
authors.forename: Kenneth A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Iczkowski
authors.forename: Myron
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pendleton
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Anai
authors.forename: Charles J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Rosser
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006417:Hematuria / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology* / Q000652:urine*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014556:Urine / Q000166:cytology; D055815:Young Adult