title: The effects of superficial roughness and design on the primary stability of dental implants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Primary implant stability has been used as an indicator for future osseointegration and whether an immediate/early loading protocol should be applied. Implant stability is the key to clinical success.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this work was to analyze the influence of the design and surface morphology on the primary stability of dental implants. The insertion torque and resonance frequency analysis (RFA) were the parameters used to measure the primary stability of the implants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty implants, divided in six groups of five samples were placed in cylinder of high molecular weight polyethylene. The groups were different upon two designs (cylindrical and conic) and three implant surfaces finishing (machined, acid etched, and anodized). The insertion torque was quantified by a digital torque driver (Lutron Electronic Enterprise Co., Taipei, Taiwan) and the resonance frequency was measured by Osstell mentor™ (Integration Diagnostics AB, Göteborg, Sweden). The implant surface morphology was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, roughness measurement, and friction coefficient.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The machined implants showed smaller insertion torques than treated implant surfaces. There were no differences between the RFA measurements in all tested surfaces. Statistical analyses demonstrated no correlation between the dental implant insertion torque and primary stability measured by the RFA. The implants with treated surfaces showed greater roughness, a higher friction coefficient, and demanded a larger insertion torque than machined implants. The results of the surface roughness and friction coefficients are in accordance with the results of the insertion torque. The difference, across the insertion torque values, between conical and cylindrical implants, can be explained by the different contact surface area among the thread geometry of these implants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The maximum implant insertion torque depends on the implant geometry, thread form, and implant surface morphology. The placement of conical implants with treated surfaces required the highest insertion torque. There was no correlation between RFA and insertion torque implant.
authors.affiliation: Biomaterials Laboratory, Instituto Militar de Engenharia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mychelle Vianna
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Dos Santos
authors.forename: Carlos Nelson
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Elias
authors.forename: Jose Henrique
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Cavalcanti Lima
mesh_terms: D000134:Acid Etching, Dental; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D015921:Dental Implants; D017267:Dental Prosthesis Design; D017268:Dental Prosthesis Retention; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D017276:Friction; D006244:Hardness; D013499:Surface Properties; D013718:Tensile Strength; D014025:Titanium; D019415:Torque; D014732:Vibration
chemical_list: D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D015921:Dental Implants; D014025:Titanium