title: Vascular abnormalities, paraoxonase activity, and dysfunctional HDL in primary antiphospholipid syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Accelerated atherosclerosis has been described in antiphospholipid syndrome, but the vascular abnormalities and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare vascular structure and function in patients with positive antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) with controls and to assess their relationship with paraoxonase activity.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study of 77 women with positive antiphospholipid antibodies from a lupus outpatient clinic in London, England (90% of the eligible population) and 77 controls matched on frequency basis for age and cardiovascular risk factors between June 2006 and April 2009. Carotid intima media thickness (CIMT), flow-mediated dilatation, pulse wave velocity, and paraoxonase activity were measured in all patients. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) were examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  CIMT, pulse wave velocity, flow-mediated dilatation, and paraoxonase.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women with aPL had greater CIMT and pulse wave velocity compared with controls (mean [SD], 0.75 [0.16] vs 0.64 [0.09] mm; 95% confidence interval [CI], -0.14 to -0.06; P < .001; and 9.2 [1.6] vs 8.5 [1.8] m/s; 95% CI, -1.14 to -0.06; P = .04) and lower flow-mediated dilatation (6.2% [4.1%] vs 9.6% [4.2%]; 95% CI, 2.02%-4.69%; P < .001). Paraoxonase activity was lower in women with aPL vs controls (median [interquartile range], 91.2 [64.3-105.1] vs 103.0 [80.5-111.5] micromol p-nitrophenol/L/serum/min; 95% CI, 0.004-0.007; P = .005) and was inversely associated with CIMT and pulse wave velocity in women with aPL (standardized beta coefficient = -0.4 and -0.3, respectively; P < .05 for both), but not in the control group. High-density lipoprotein from women with aPL inhibited endothelial nitric oxide production in human aortic endothelial cells, in contrast with controls. The beneficial effects of HDL from women with aPL on vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 expression, superoxide production, and monocyte adhesion following activation of human aortic endothelial cells were largely blunted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared with controls, women with aPL had greater functional and structural arterial abnormalities, which were associated with lower activity of paraoxonase. In patients with aPL, HDL reduced nitric oxide bioavailability and had impaired anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular Physiology, The Institute of Child Health, University College London, 34 Great Ormond St, London WC1N 1EH, England. charakidadoc@gmail.com
authors.forename: Marietta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Charakida
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Besler
authors.forename: Joana R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Batuca
authors.forename: Shirish
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sangle
authors.forename: Susanna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Marques
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sousa
authors.forename: Guosu
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Dimitris
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tousoulis
authors.forename: Jose
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Delgado Alves
authors.forename: Stavros P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Loukogeorgakis
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mackworth-Young
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: D'Cruz
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Luscher
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Landmesser
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Deanfield
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017152:Antibodies, Antiphospholipid / Q000097:blood; D016736:Antiphospholipid Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000201:enzymology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D043303:Aryldialkylphosphatase / Q000097:blood*; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000209:etiology*; D001681:Biological Assay; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D001916:Brachial Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL / Q000097:blood*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000209:etiology*; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology; D017540:Tunica Media / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014664:Vasodilation
chemical_list: D017152:Antibodies, Antiphospholipid; D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D043303:Aryldialkylphosphatase