title: Feasibility of post-gadolinium three-dimensional gradient-echo sequence to evaluate the pulmonary arterial vasculature.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the feasibility of post-gadolinium three-dimensional gradient-echo (3D-GE) sequence for the evaluation of the pulmonary arterial vasculature in patients with suspected pulmonary embolism (PE) and in patients with a variety of other disease processes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-six consecutive patients (18 females, 8 males; mean age+/-S.D., 46.6+/-21.1 years) who underwent chest magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) including post-gadolinium 3D-GE sequence for the evaluation of PE (Group A, n=13) and a variety of other disease processes (Group B, n=13) were included in the study. Post-gadolinium 3D-GE MR sequences were retrospectively, independently and blindly evaluated by two reviewers for the image quality of pulmonary arterial vasculature, and findings of PE and other disease processes. Clinical and imaging follow-up data for all patients were obtained. Interobserver agreement was calculated by kappa statistics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All central and lobar pulmonary arteries, 71.4-89.6% of segmental arteries and 46.7-52.7% of subsegmental arterial units in both groups were visualized with sufficient diagnostic image quality on post-gadolinium 3D-GE sequences. PE involving lobar and segmental arteries was diagnosed in two patients in each group. Other disease processes including pneumonia, lung nodules, superior vena cava stenosis, lung metastases, chronic lymphocytic leukemia and aortic aneurysm were detected in 10 of 26 patients. There was good to excellent interobserver agreement (0.73 to 1.00) for all findings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Post-gadolinium 3D-GE sequence may be an alternative technique for the visualization of central, lobar and segmental arteries, and may diagnose PE and other pathologies involving the chest in different patient populations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7510, USA.
authors.forename: Ersan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Altun
authors.forename: Vasco
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Heredia
authors.forename: Ertan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pamuklar
authors.forename: Mauricio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zapparoli
authors.forename: Richard C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Semelka
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000494:pharmacology; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005682:Gadolinium; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015588:Observer Variation; D011651:Pulmonary Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology*; D011655:Pulmonary Embolism / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D005682:Gadolinium