title: Deep brain stimulation electrode used for radiofrequency lesion of the globus pallidus internus in dystonia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There have recently been increasing case reports in the literature of deep brain stimulation (DBS) electrodes used for lesioning with satisfactory clinical success in the treatment of Parkinson disease and tremor.
  
  
  METHODS
  After preliminary experiments of radiofrequency (RF) lesioning with a quadripolar DBS lead, a paediatric case of generalized primary dystonia was treated by RF lesioning of the globus pallidus internus (Gpi) with an electrode previously used for chronic stimulation. In order to study electrode damage related to the RF procedure, an electron microscopy study (SEM) at different magnifications (x40 and x300) was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nine months after the unilateral pallidotomy, the patient had a good and stable control of dystonia. The MR study showed a T(1)-weighted hyperintensity signal corresponding to the electrode contacts used for lesions. The SEM scans of the DBS electrode used for RF lesioning did not show alterations of the ultrastructure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The RF lesioning technique by a DBS electrode allows small and staged lesions and could also be performed in a bilateral target. The versatility, efficacy, safety and low cost of the device make this approach suitable in selected cases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy. carlefis@netscape.net
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Marras
authors.forename: Giovanna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zorzi
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lenardi
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rizzi
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Messina
authors.forename: Ridvan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Alimehmeti
authors.forename: Nardo
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nardocci
authors.forename: Angelo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Franzini
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000379:methods*; D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004421:Dystonia / Q000601:surgery*; D004566:Electrodes; D005917:Globus Pallidus / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome