title: Preventive antibiotics for infections in acute stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To provide a systematic overview and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials evaluating preventive antibiotics in patients with acute stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  The MEDLINE (1966-February 2009) and Cochrane databases and reference lists of retrieved articles.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized controlled trials on preventive antibiotic treatment in stroke. For inclusion, at least case fatality or infection rate had to be recorded.
  
  
  METHODS
  Each study was scored for methodological key issues and appraised by the Jadad scale. We extracted the data using a predetermined protocol and included all patients who were randomized or who started therapy in an intent-to-treat analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 4 randomized clinical trials including 426 patients; 94% had ischemic stroke. Study interventions were fluoroquinolones in 2 and tetracycline or a combination of beta-lactam antibiotic with beta-lactamase inhibitor in 1. Therapy was started within 24 hours of stroke onset. Duration of therapy varied between 3 and 5 days. The methodological quality ranged from 2 to 5 on the Jadad scale, and studies were subject to potential bias. The proportion of patients with infection was significantly smaller in the antibiotic group than in the placebo/control group (32 of 136 [23.5%] vs 53 of 139 [38.1%] patients). The pooled odds ratio for infection was 0.44 (95% confidence interval, 0.23-0.86). Ten of 210 patients (4.8%) in the antibiotic group died, compared with 13 of 216 (6.0%) in the placebo/control group. The pooled odds ratio for mortality was 0.63 (95% confidence interval, 0.22-1.78). No major harm or toxicity was reported.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In adults with acute stroke, preventive antibiotics reduced the risk of infection, but did not reduce mortality. The observed effect warrants evaluation of preventive antibiotics in large stroke trials.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Center of Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. d.vandebeek@amc.uva.nl
authors.forename: Diederik
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: van de Beek
authors.forename: Eelco F M
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Wijdicks
authors.forename: Frederique H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Vermeij
authors.forename: Rob J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: de Haan
authors.forename: Jan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Prins
authors.forename: Lodewijk
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Spanjaard
authors.forename: Diederik W J
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Dippel
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Nederkoorn
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D024841:Fluoroquinolones / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D016017:Odds Ratio; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications*; D013752:Tetracycline / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D065093:beta-Lactamase Inhibitors; D001618:beta-Lactamases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D024841:Fluoroquinolones; D065093:beta-Lactamase Inhibitors; D001618:beta-Lactamases; D013752:Tetracycline