title: Beta cell (dys)function in non-diabetic offspring of diabetic patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The first-degree offspring of patients with type 2 diabetes are prone to develop type 2 diabetes, and have both insulin resistance and beta cell impairment. However, it is still unclear whether both pathophysiological features are inseparably combined and which is the outstanding determinant in the offspring.
  
  
  METHODS
  Glucose metabolism, insulin sensitivity (calculated as M value divided by insulin [M/I]) and beta cell function were studied in the offspring of individuals with type 2 diabetes (n = 187; 57% females; age 43.8 +/- 8.1 years; BMI 26.8 +/- 4.5 kg/m(2)) and in individuals without a family history of type 2 diabetes (controls, n = 519, 55% females; age 43.4 +/- 8.2 years; BMI 26.4 +/- 3.7 kg/m(2), no significant differences between the groups for any characteristic) by performance of 75 g OGTT and 2 h hyperinsulinaemic (40 mU min(-1) m(-2))-isoglycaemic clamp tests. Beta cell function was evaluated by calculating insulinogenic index (IGI) from C-peptide AUC:glucose AUC ratios from the first hour of OGTT (IGI[60 min]) and from the total OGTT (IGI[120 min]).
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the OGTT, the offspring of individuals with type 2 diabetes showed 4-14% higher plasma glucose from 30 to 120 min (p < 0.05) and 20-29% higher serum insulin from 90 to 120 min, but decreased IGI(60 min) and IGI(120 min) (p < 0.05). M/I was 11% lower in the offspring of affected individuals than in controls (p < 0.01). To study the offspring of patients with type 2 diabetes with insulin sensitivity similar to that of the control group, the offspring of affected patients were divided into M/I quartiles. Those in the third M/I quartile showed M/I values and major anthropometric characteristics similar to those of the controls, but insulin AUC and C-peptide AUC values were lower in the first hour and the total OGTT (p < 0.05). The third M/I quartile had lower IGI values at 60 min and 120 min: 11% and 14% lower, respectively (p < 0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The first-degree offspring of type 2 diabetic patients show insulin resistance and beta cell dysfunction in response to oral glucose challenge. Beta cell impairment exists in insulin-sensitive offspring of patients with type 2 diabetes, suggesting beta cell dysfunction to be a major defect determining diabetes development in diabetic offspring.
authors.affiliation: 3rd Medical Department of Metabolic Diseases and Nephrology, Hietzing Hospital, Vienna, Austria.|Karl Landsteiner Institute of Metabolic Diseases and Nephrology, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stadler
authors.affiliation: Metabolic Unit, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, ISIB-CNR, Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pacini
authors.affiliation: Section of Diabetes, Division of Medicine and Therapeutics, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Petrie
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Luger
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. christian-heinz.anderwald@meduniwien.ac.at.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Anderwald
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D016241:Child of Impaired Parents / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D015309:Glucose Clamp Technique; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006801:Humans; D050417:Insulin-Secreting Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008487:Medical History Taking; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose