title: Clinical nurse specialists' approaches in selecting and using evidence to improve practice.
abstract: ABSTRACT Background: Evidence-based practice (EBP) has become the desired standard within all health disciplines because the integration of the best evidence into clinical practice is fundamental to optimizing patient outcomes. The valuing of research and research-based knowledge as the basis for decision making is explicit in current discourse in the health sciences. Despite the desires of proponents of EBP for use of evidence derived through research, nurses prefer to use knowledge derived from experience and social interactions. The clinical nurse specialist (CNS) is in the ideal position to act as a link between evidence and practice; however, a paucity of knowledge exists on how CNSs select and use evidence in their daily practice.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this descriptive, cross-sectional study was to examine the approaches used by CNSs to select and use evidence in their daily practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  A telephone survey, developed for this study from a pilot study conducted by the principal investigator (PI), was used to elicit responses from a purposive sample of CNSs living in a western Canadian province who were willing to be contacted for research, and who had practiced clinically as CNSs within the past year. A response rate of 75% (n = 94) was achieved. Descriptive statistics were used to describe and compare the variables of interest.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Literature tailored to particular specialties and personal experiences were reported as the most frequently accessed sources of evidence. This evidence was most often used to facilitate improvements in patient care, and least often used to develop further research proposals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study indicates that although CNSs select and use evidence from a wide variety of sources, further development of their capacity to retrieve and transfer knowledge may increase the uptake of research findings in nursing practice.
authors.affiliation: University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. joanne.profetto-mcgrath@ualberta.ca
authors.forename: Joanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Profetto-McGrath
authors.forename: Kelly A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Negrin
authors.forename: Kylie
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hugo
authors.forename: Karen Bulmer
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D002170:Canada; D002755:Choice Behavior; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004059:Diffusion of Innovation; D055317:Evidence-Based Practice / Q000193:education / Q000458:organization & administration; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D016247:Information Storage and Retrieval; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009720:Nurse Clinicians / Q000193:education / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000523:psychology; D024802:Nurse's Role / Q000523:psychology*; D015404:Nursing Methodology Research; D009936:Organizational Innovation; D017009:Professional Autonomy; D036301:Qualitative Research; D017749:Total Quality Management / Q000458:organization & administration*