title: Sequelae due to bacterial meningitis among African children: a systematic literature review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  African children have some of the highest rates of bacterial meningitis in the world. Bacterial meningitis in Africa is associated with high case fatality and frequent neuropsychological sequelae. The objective of this study is to present a comprehensive review of data on bacterial meningitis sequelae in children from the African continent.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a systematic literature search to identify studies from Africa focusing on children aged between 1 month to 15 years with laboratory-confirmed bacterial meningitis. We extracted data on neuropsychological sequelae (hearing loss, vision loss, cognitive delay, speech/language disorder, behavioural problems, motor delay/impairment, and seizures) and mortality, by pathogen.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 37 articles were included in the final analysis representing 21 African countries and 6,029 children with confirmed meningitis. In these studies, nearly one fifth of bacterial meningitis survivors experienced in-hospital sequelae (median = 18%, interquartile range (IQR) = 13% to 27%). About a quarter of children surviving pneumococcal meningitis and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) meningitis had neuropsychological sequelae by the time of hospital discharge, a risk higher than in meningococcal meningitis cases (median = 7%). The highest in-hospital case fatality ratios observed were for pneumococcal meningitis (median = 35%) and Hib meningitis (median = 25%) compared to meningococcal meningitis (median = 4%). The 10 post-discharge studies of children surviving bacterial meningitis were of varying quality. In these studies, 10% of children followed-up post discharge died (range = 0% to 18%) and a quarter of survivors had neuropsychological sequelae (range = 3% to 47%) during an average follow-up period of 3 to 60 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bacterial meningitis in Africa is associated with high mortality and risk of neuropsychological sequelae. Pneumococcal and Hib meningitis kill approximately one third of affected children and cause clinically evident sequelae in a quarter of survivors prior to hospital discharge. The three leading causes of bacterial meningitis are vaccine preventable, and routine use of conjugate vaccines could provide substantial health and economic benefits through the prevention of childhood meningitis cases, deaths and disability.
authors.affiliation: meenaramakri@gmail.com
authors.forename: Meenakshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ramakrishnan
authors.forename: Aaron J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Ulland
authors.forename: Laura C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Steinhardt
authors.forename: Jennifer C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Moïsi
authors.forename: Fred
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Were
authors.forename: Orin S
authors.initials: OS
authors.lastname: Levine
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000349:Africa / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D034381:Hearing Loss / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D016920:Meningitis, Bacterial / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D016472:Motor Neuron Disease / Q000453:epidemiology; D012640:Seizures / Q000453:epidemiology; D013064:Speech Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology