title: Atmospheric pressure thermospray ionization using a heated microchip nebulizer.
abstract: When a standard atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) or atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) ion source is used without applying the corona discharge or photoirradiation, atmospheric pressure thermospray ionization (APTSI) of various compounds can be achieved. Although largely ignored, this phenomenon has recently gained interest as an alternative ionization technique. In this study, this technique is performed for the first time on a miniaturized scale using a microchip nebulizer. Sample ionization with the presented microchip-APTSI (microAPTSI) is achieved by applying only heat and gas flow to a nebulizer chip, without any other methods to promote gas-phase ionization. To evaluate the performance of the described microAPTSI setup, ionization efficiency for a set of test compounds was monitored as the microchip positioning, temperature, nebulizer gas flow rate, sample solution composition, and solvent flow rate were varied. The microAPTSI mass spectra of the test compounds were also compared to those obtained with ESI and APCI. The microAPTSI produces ESI-like spectra with low background noise, favoring the formation of protonated or deprotonated molecules of compounds that are ionizable in solution. Multiple charging of peptides without in-source fragmentation was also observed. Unlike ESI, however, the microAPTSI source can tolerate the presence of mobile phase additives like trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) without significant ion suppression. The microAPTSI source can be used with standard mass spectrometer ion source hardware, being a unique alternative to the present interfacing techniques.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland. pekka.keski-rahkonen@uku.fi
authors.forename: Pekka
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Keski-Rahkonen
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haapala
authors.forename: Ville
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Saarela
authors.forename: Sami
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Franssila
authors.forename: Tapio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kotiaho
authors.forename: Risto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kostiainen
authors.forename: Seppo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Auriola
mesh_terms: D000399:Air Pressure; D006358:Hot Temperature; D007477:Ions / Q000737:chemistry; D046208:Microchip Analytical Procedures; D009330:Nebulizers and Vaporizers; D009930:Organic Chemicals / Q000737:chemistry; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D007477:Ions; D009930:Organic Chemicals