title: Protective effects of efonidipine, a T- and L-type calcium channel blocker, on renal function and arterial stiffness in type 2 diabetic patients with hypertension and nephropathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The three types of calcium channel blocker (CCB), L-, T- and N-type, possess heterogeneous actions on endothelial function and renal microvascular function. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of two CCBs, efonidipine and amlodipine, on renal function and arterial stiffness.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty type 2 diabetic patients with hypertension and nephropathy receiving angiotensin receptor II blockers were enrolled and randomly divided into two groups: the efonidipine group was administered efonidipine hydrochloride ethanolate 40 mg/day and the amlodipine group was admin-istered amlodipine besilate 5 mg/day for 12 months. Arterial stiffness was evaluated by the cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Changes in blood pressure during the study were almost the same in the two groups. Sig-nificant increases in serum creatinine and urinary albumin and a significant decrease in the esti-mated glomerular filtration rate were observed in the amlodipine group, but not in the efonidipine group. On the other hand, significant decreases in plasma aldosterone, urinary 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxy-guanosine and CAVI were observed after 12 months in the efonidipine group, but not in the amlo-dipine group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that efonidipine, which is both a T-type and L-type calcium chan-nel blocker, has more favorable effects on renal function, oxidative stress and arterial stiffness than amlodipine, an L-type calcium channel blocker.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Pharmacy, Sakura Medical Center, School of Medicine, Toho University, Japan.
authors.forename: Hidehisa
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.forename: Atsuhito
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Saiki
authors.forename: Kei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Endo
authors.forename: Noriko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ban
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamaguchi
authors.forename: Hidetoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kawana
authors.forename: Daizi
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nagayama
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ohhira
authors.forename: Tomokazu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Oyama
authors.forename: Yoh
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Miyashita
authors.forename: Kohji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shirai
mesh_terms: D000080242:8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine; D000368:Aged; D000450:Aldosterone / Q000097:blood; D017311:Amlodipine / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001158:Arteries / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D020746:Calcium Channels, L-Type / Q000187:drug effects*; D020747:Calcium Channels, T-Type / Q000187:drug effects*; D003849:Deoxyguanosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000652:urine; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004095:Dihydropyridines / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009596:Nitrophenols / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000080242:8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine; D000450:Aldosterone; D017311:Amlodipine; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D020746:Calcium Channels, L-Type; D020747:Calcium Channels, T-Type; D003849:Deoxyguanosine; D004095:Dihydropyridines; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D008055:Lipids; D009596:Nitrophenols; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds; C066425:efonidipine