title: [Nature and severity of oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder as they occur together or separately in children].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Co-occurring oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder symptoms are particularly common, which could be related to the greater severity (number and nature of symptoms) of each disorder. Our study aims to determine if oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder symptoms vary when they occur together or separately in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Our study was conducted with 406 children (aged 6 to 13 years) divided in 4 groups (oppositional disorder only, conduct disorder only, oppositional disorder and conduct disorder, control) with no age or sex difference. Structured diagnostic interviews conducted with one parent and each child separately led to assessing the average number of symptoms for each disorder as well as the onset frequency of each symptom.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When occurring together, oppositional disorder and conduct disorder appear more severe than when they occur separately, considering the number and nature of symptoms shown. Further, children with an oppositional disorder only or a conduct disorder only also have more frequent symptoms of the other disorder, compared with children in the control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest taking into account, at the time of assessment and potential intervention, the presence of both disorders.
authors.affiliation: Centre de recherche de l'Institut Philippe-Pinel de Montréal, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Québec. Melanie.Lapalme@USherbrooke.ca
authors.forename: Mélanie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lapalme
authors.forename: Michèle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Déry
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000374:Aggression / Q000523:psychology; D019958:Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D015897:Comorbidity; D019955:Conduct Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007406:Interview, Psychological; D008297:Male; D010552:Personality Assessment