title: Associations of cycling with urban sprawl and the gasoline price.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Determine the relationships between cycling and urban sprawl and between cycling and the gasoline price.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional multivariate regression analyses using pooled data from two individual-level national surveys to analyze the effects of variations in levels of urban sprawl and the gasoline price on cycling as a form of physical activity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Metropolitan areas representative of the U.S. population, 1990 to 2001.
  
  
  METHODS
  Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System: 146,730 individuals at least 18-years-old in the United States; Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey: 73,903 individuals at least 18-years-old in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  Self-reported information on bicycling served as the dependent variable. Urban sprawl and the gasoline price served as key independent variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Living in a metropolitan area with a lower degree of urban sprawl increased the probability of cycling in the past month by 3.4 to 4.4 percentage points and 1.6 to 2.1 percentage points from the means for men and women, respectively. Increasing the gasoline price by one dollar increased the probability of cycling by 4.3 to 4.7 percentage points and 2.9 to 3.5 percentage points for men and women, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results indicate that the prevalence of cycling is higher in less sprawling areas and areas with higher gasoline prices. More research is needed to refine results on how individuals respond to incentives and the roles that monetary and time costs play in improving public health.
authors.affiliation: Department of Economics, Andrew Young School of Policy Studies, Georgia State University, PO Box 3992, Atlanta, GA 30302-3992, USA. irashad@gsu.edu
authors.forename: Inas
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Rashad
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001336:Automobiles / Q000191:economics; D001642:Bicycling / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D005742:Gasoline / Q000191:economics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D014481:United States; D014504:Urban Health; D014506:Urban Renewal
chemical_list: D005742:Gasoline