title: Psychological vulnerability and stress: the effects of self-affirmation on sympathetic nervous system responses to naturalistic stressors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Everyday stressors can threaten valued aspects of the self. Self-affirmation theory posits that this threat could be attenuated if individuals affirm alternative self-resources. The present study examined whether self-affirmation would buffer cumulative stress responses to an ongoing academic stressor.
  
  
  METHODS
  Undergraduate participants provided 15-hr urine samples on the morning of their most stressful examination and baseline samples 14 days prior to the examination. Participants were randomly assigned to the self-affirmation condition where they wrote two essays on important values over the 2-week period prior to exam, or a control condition.
  
  
  METHODS
  Samples were analyzed for urinary catecholamine excretion (epinephrine, norepinephrine), an indicator of sympathetic nervous system activation. Participants also indicated their appraisals of the examination experience.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants in the control condition increased in cumulative epinephrine levels from baseline to examination, whereas participants in the self-affirmation condition did not differ from baseline to examination. The buffering effect of self-affirmation was strongest among individuals most concerned about negative college evaluation, those most psychologically vulnerable.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings demonstrate that sympathetic nervous system responses to naturalistic stressors can be attenuated by self-affirmation. Discussion centers on psychological pathways by which affirmation can reduce stress and the implications of the findings for health outcomes among chronically stressed participants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, UCSB, Santa Barbara, CA 93106- 9660, USA. david.sherman@psych.ucsb.edu
authors.forename: David K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Sherman
authors.forename: Debra P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Bunyan
authors.forename: J David
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Creswell
authors.forename: Lisa M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Jaremka
mesh_terms: D000124:Achievement; D000223:Adaptation, Psychological / Q000502:physiology; D000293:Adolescent; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy / Q000652:urine; D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology*; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008297:Male; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000652:urine; D012648:Self Care / Q000523:psychology*; D020377:Self Efficacy; D012647:Self-Assessment; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014956:Writing; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D009638:Norepinephrine; D004837:Epinephrine