title: Conflict and costs when reforming nursing: the introduction of Nightingale nursing in Australia and Canada.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the financial impact of Nightingale nursing in the mid-19th century; to identify any long-term implications of this financial impact on nursing.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Previous research into the transformation of mid-19th century hospitals has suggested the importance of economic issues. We explore this issue from the perspective of the introduction of trained, Nightingale-style nursing.
  
  
  METHODS
  Historical methodology.
  
  
  METHODS
  We use two examples, in Sydney (Australia) and Montreal (Canada), where there was a distinct break between older-style nursing and implementing of Nightingale nursing. We searched all relevant primary sources for data relating to on-going salary costs and staffing numbers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found runs of data to demonstrate the huge increase in staff numbers and salary expenses around the time of the introduction of Nightingale nursing at Sydney and Montreal General Hospitals. The one instance of declining costs was at Sydney Hospital during 1873-84. There, the salary expenditure on the bedside nurses fell as nursing probationers (students) undertook the bulk of the nursing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data available for Sydney and Montreal Hospitals supports the argument that Nightingale nursing and the demands of more effective medicine entailed a major jump in hospital costs. Given its expense, it is not surprising that conflict inevitably accompanied the introduction of Nightingale nursing. On the evidence of Sydney, a solution was found in hospital-based training schools with relatively poorly paid probationers. An on-going problem was that these schools functioned to contain nursing costs as much as to provide nursing instruction. IMPLICATIONS FOR CONTEMPORARY POLICY: While further study is needed, the two examples presented here suggest that nursing instruction in the past was a significant solution to the problem of increased hospital costs. An awareness of past solutions to on-going problems may prevent similar sacrifice of nurses in our contemporary hospital crisis.
authors.affiliation: Department of History, University of Sydney, Australia. jgodden@usyd.edu.au
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Godden
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Helmstadter
mesh_terms: D003220:Conflict, Psychological; D017048:Health Care Costs; D018166:Health Care Reform / Q000266:history*; D049672:History, 19th Century; D009517:New South Wales; D011792:Quebec