Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome after highly active antiretroviral therapy: a review.
The use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in the management of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) restores immune responses against pathogens and has greatly decreased mortality. However, in about 25% to 35% of patients receiving HAART, the reconstituted immune system leads to a pathological inflammatory response, commonly known as immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS), which causes substantial short-term morbidity or even mortality. Although we have gleaned some knowledge on IRIS in the past few years, a number of unanswered questions remain. In this review, we discuss the definition, diagnostic criteria, pathogenesis, risk factors, clinical spectrum including oral manifestations, and management of IRIS.
Tsang
C S P
CS
Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China. csptsang@hkucc.hku.hk
Samaranayake
L P
LP
D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000150:complications*; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active / Q000009:adverse effects; D002180:Candidiasis, Oral / Q000150:complications; D006562:Herpes Zoster / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D054019:Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D009059:Mouth Diseases / Q000150:complications*; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000150:complications; D012307:Risk Factors; D012514:Sarcoma, Kaposi / Q000150:complications