title: Recent advances in systemic therapy. When HER2 is not the target: advances in the treatment of HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer.
abstract: The anti-human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) agent trastuzumab has improved outcomes in breast cancer patients with HER2 over-expressing tumours. However, systemic treatment for patients with HER2-negative disease is still limited to endocrine and cytotoxic therapies. The increasing use of the anthracyclines and taxanes in early stage disease has reduced the available therapeutic options for patients with relapsed disease, and choices are further limited for patients with triple-negative tumours, who typically have a poor prognosis. The novel agents bevacizumab and ixabepilone were recently approved for metastatic breast cancer, and numerous other agents are currently in clinical development that may contribute further valuable therapeutic options.
authors.affiliation: Mount Vernon Cancer Centre, Rickmansworth Road, Middlesex HA6 2RN, UK. david.miles@doctors.org.uk
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Miles
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000737:chemistry / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000556:secondary*; D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics; D003603:Cytotoxins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004337:Drug Carriers; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000639:trends; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D034261:Epothilones / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004958:Estradiol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D000077267:Fulvestrant; D006801:Humans; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000187:drug effects; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000008:administration & dosage; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000187:drug effects; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases / Q000032:analysis*; D016879:Salvage Therapy / Q000639:trends; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; D003603:Cytotoxins; D004337:Drug Carriers; D034261:Epothilones; D004958:Estradiol; D000077267:Fulvestrant; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; C546842:MTOR protein, human; C508053:ERBB2 protein, human