title: Differential interactions of FGFs with heparan sulfate control gradient formation and branching morphogenesis.
abstract: The developmental activities of morphogens depend on the gradients that they form in the extracellular matrix. Here, we show that differences in the binding of fibroblast growth factor 7 (FGF7) and FGF10 to heparan sulfate (HS) underlie the formation of different gradients that dictate distinct activities during branching morphogenesis. Reducing the binding affinity of FGF10 for HS by mutating a single residue in its HS-binding pocket converted FGF10 into a functional mimic of FGF7 with respect to gradient formation and regulation of branching morphogenesis. In particular, the mutant form of FGF10 caused lacrimal and salivary gland epithelium buds to branch rather than to elongate. In contrast, mutations that reduced the affinity of the FGF10 for its receptor affected the extent, but not the nature, of the response. Our data may provide a general model for understanding how binding to HS regulates other morphogenetic gradients.
authors.affiliation: The Neurobiology Department, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. hmakarenk@scripps.edu
authors.forename: Helen P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Makarenkova
authors.forename: Matthew P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Beenken
authors.forename: Anna V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Eliseenkova
authors.forename: Robyn
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Meech
authors.forename: Cindy
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tsau
authors.forename: Vaishali N
authors.initials: VN
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Lang
authors.forename: Moosa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mohammadi
mesh_terms: D019943:Amino Acid Substitution; D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites / Q000235:genetics; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D051526:Fibroblast Growth Factor 10 / Q000378:metabolism*; D051523:Fibroblast Growth Factor 7 / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006497:Heparan Sulfate / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D009024:Morphogenesis
chemical_list: D051526:Fibroblast Growth Factor 10; D051523:Fibroblast Growth Factor 7; D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors; D006497:Heparan Sulfate; C496464:Fgf10 protein, mouse; C496454:Fgf7 protein, mouse