Ophthalmic manifestations of endocrine disorders: approaches and medical management.
OBJECTIVE
Disorders of the endocrine system may present with various ophthalmic signs, symptoms, and pathology. Early detection, prevention, and monitoring of these manifestations can significantly benefit morbidity associated with such disease states including permanent visual dysfunction.


RESULTS
Several studies highlight the importance of early diagnosis in reducing the long-term complications associated with these endocrine conditions, although these observations are mostly based on case reports and case series.


CONCLUSIONS
This review will focus on the connection of endocrine-related disease states with the development of specific ophthalmic pathology and is geared towards the general medical practitioner. The focus of the treating physician should be on facilitating early diagnosis to prevent potentially blinding complications.
Hendrick
Andrew M
AM
University of Colorado Denver, Department of Ophthalmology Denver, Colorado, USA.
Kahook
Malik Y
MY
Daoud
Yassine J
YJ
Hazin
Ribhi
R
D003940:Diagnostic Techniques, Endocrine; D003941:Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological; D004700:Endocrine System Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005128:Eye Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans