title: Glucosamine suppresses proliferation of human prostate carcinoma DU145 cells through inhibition of STAT3 signaling.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Glucosamine is known as a toxic agent for several malignant cell lines and transplanted tumors with little toxicity to normal host tissues. However, the mechanisms underlying anticancer activity of glucosamine are poorly understood. To study the mechanisms, the human prostate cancer DU145 cells were used for the model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Glucosamine at concentration 2 mM suppressed proliferation and induced death of DU145 cells. Detailed analysis showed that glucosamine decreased DNA synthesis, arrested cell cycle at G1 phase and induced apoptosis. The effects of glucosamine were associated with up-regulation of p21waf1/cip, a CDK inhibitor. Our further studies identified glucosamine as an inhibitor of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3 which is constitutively activated in many cancer cells including DU145 cells. Glucosamine inhibited phosphorylation of STAT3 at the Tyr705 residue and as a result, reduced STAT3 DNA binding and transcriptional activities. Indeed, the expression of apoptosis inhibitor survivin, which is well known target of STAT3, was suppressed. Contrary to DU145 cells, glucosamine did not affect proliferation of other human prostate cancer PC-3 and C4-2B cells, in which STAT 3 signal pathway is not constitutively active.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data identifies glucosamine as a suppressor of STAT3 signaling and suggests that anticancer activity of glucosamine may be attributed to the suppression of STAT3 activity. Potential application of glucosamine for the treatment of tumors with constitutively active STAT3 is proposed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, 1450 East Duarte road, Duarte, California 91010, USA. vchesnokov@coh.org
authors.forename: Viktor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Chesnokov
authors.forename: Chao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Keiichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Itakura