title: A "usual occurrence:" stress incontinence among reproductive aged women in Sri Lanka.
abstract: Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is a common condition among women of all ages, often with devastating consequences, such as depression, anxiety and reduced quality of life. Researchers have largely focused on its prevalence and clinical management, particularly in highly industrialized country settings. In this article, drawing on epidemiological, clinical and qualitative research undertaken in Sri Lanka, we discuss how stress incontinence affects women's lives and how they personally manage the problem. Quantitative data derive from a community-based descriptive cross-sectional study, conducted in 2006-2007 with 1718 ever-married women, aged 15-49, of whom 9.8% reported problems of stress incontinence. Six focus group discussions, eight key informant interviews and five case studies with women with SUI were also undertaken to gain insight and depth. Although incontinence affected outdoor activities, sexual life, and sense of wellbeing, women did not consider it a health problem, rarely discussed it with others, and rarely sought treatment. Barriers to help seeking included fear of vaginal examination, shame and embarrassment, and belief that SUI was a natural consequence of aging and childbirth. Women's reluctance to seek advice on their own initiative about managing incontinence indicates the importance for health providers to pay greater attention to the condition and introduce appropriate preventive measures for women. This might include creating greater public awareness of SUI as preventable and treatable, ensuring a clinical environment conducive to discussing problems related to bodily functions.
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Health Care and Nutrition, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
authors.forename: Nilmini N
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Hemachandra
authors.forename: Lalini C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Rajapaksa
authors.forename: Lenore
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Manderson
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001294:Attitude to Health; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008875:Middle Aged; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000523:psychology; D015995:Prevalence; D011369:Professional-Patient Relations; D036301:Qualitative Research; D011788:Quality of Life; D013188:Sri Lanka / Q000453:epidemiology; D014550:Urinary Incontinence, Stress / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult