title: Laser-induced damages of different types of human gallbladder stones.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Today, treatment of human calculi, and particularly those of gallbladder, is, to a large extent, less invasive procedure due to numerous non-invasive methods that have been developed.
  
  
  METHODS
  CO2 laser of pulse (output 5W)(W-watt, SI unit system) and continual mode (output 15W) and diode laser (808 nm-nanometer, SI) were used for tests of fragmentation of gallbladder calculi in vitro.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 15 human gallbladder calculi of known size were examined, which had been collected during surgical interventions. Damages caused by laser were examined visually and by stereomicroscope (10 to 25 times magnification). During testing, the dependence of fragmentation on the type of laser effect, as well as the degree of fragmentation on the type of tested calculus was noted. Different types and dimensions of damage caused by various laser beams, as well as coloration changes of superficial layers in relation to the type of tested calculi was noticed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Accordingly, in this specific case, the priority for removal of gallbladder calculi by ablation will be given to diode laser.
authors.affiliation: Emergency Center, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Serbia. asijacki@eunet.rs
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sijacki
authors.forename: Vera Sijacki
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Zeravcić
authors.forename: Gordana
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bakić
authors.forename: Vlada
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Cosović
authors.forename: Zoran
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ristić
authors.forename: Aleksandar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Karamarkovic
authors.forename: Nada
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Popovic
authors.forename: Vladimir
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Djukic
authors.forename: Djordje
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bajec
authors.forename: Zoran
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Blagojević
mesh_terms: D042882:Gallstones / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D054020:Lasers, Gas; D054023:Lasers, Semiconductor; D017602:Lithotripsy, Laser / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome