title: Frequency and correlates of inappropriate pediatric psychiatric emergency room visits.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite increasing pediatric psychiatric emergency room service (PPERS) visits, data are lacking regarding visit characteristics and appropriateness.
  
  
  METHODS
  This retrospective cohort study consecutively assessed youngsters aged < 18 years between January 1 and December 31, 2002, utilizing data from a 12-page semistructured institutional evaluation form. Appropriateness, severity, acuity, and harm potential of PPERS visits were rated on a Likert scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 1,062 PPERS patient visits (mean +/- SD age: 13.5 +/- 3.1 years, 51.1% male, and 51.2% white), 305 (28.7%) led to hospitalization. Although most patients (68.7%) were in outpatient care, only 21.9% sought and 11.5% completed an outpatient evaluation prior to reaching the emergency room. As many as 34.4% of PPERS visits were somewhat/very inappropriate (optimal care: outpatient evaluation/treatment, even if delayed), 26.6% were somewhat appropriate/neutral (best served by outpatient evaluation/treatment, but timely appointment unavailable), and only 39.0% were fully appropriate. Main reasons for inappropriate PPERS visits were direct emergency room referral from school (P = .0056) or mental health provider (P = .0438) without prior psychiatrist evaluation, or unavailable appointment (P = .0304). Multivariate predictors of inappropriate PPERS visits (r(2) = .296, P < .0001) included current Global Assessment of Functioning score > 48 (P < .0001), absent suicidal ideation/attempt (P < .0001), low harm potential (< 4.4, P < .0001) and severity (< 4.8, P = .0136) (1- to 7-point scale) of presenting complaint, and absent psychosis (P = .0008).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Over one third of PPERS visits were inappropriate, characterized by better functioning, low harm potential or severity of presenting complaint, and absent suicidality or psychosis. Development of and improved access to urgent child and adolescent psychiatric outpatient care services in the community and referral agent educational programs may minimize inappropriate PPERS visits.
authors.affiliation: Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Erin Callahan
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Soto
authors.forename: Anne M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Frederickson
authors.forename: Harsh
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Trivedi
authors.forename: Anh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Le
authors.forename: Marie C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Eugene
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shekher
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Weiskopf
authors.forename: Kelsey
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Allen-Dicker
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dicker
authors.forename: Victor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Fornari
authors.forename: Christoph U
authors.initials: CU
authors.lastname: Correll
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004637:Emergency Services, Psychiatric / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D040261:Harm Reduction; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006300:Health Services Misuse / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D009519:New York City / Q000453:epidemiology; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013405:Suicide / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data