title: Bupropion and nicotine enhance responding for nondrug reinforcers via dissociable pharmacological mechanisms in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nicotine serves as a primary reinforcer but also potently enhances responding for nonnicotine stimuli with reinforcing properties. One of the most successful pharmacotherapies for smoking cessation, bupropion, also increases responding for nondrug reinforcers such as food and brain stimulation rewards.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present studies investigated whether treatment with bupropion and nicotine had similar effects on responding for a reinforcing visual stimulus (VS). They also investigated whether the effects of bupropion and nicotine depended on common pharmacological substrates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nicotine (0.4 mg/kg base) enhanced responding for the VS, and this enhancing effect increased across testing sessions, replicating our previous findings. Bupropion (3, 10, and 30 mg/kg salt) dose-dependently increased responding for the VS. Treatment with 10 and 30 mg/kg bupropion resulted in a profile similar to nicotine; operant responding increased over repeated drug treatments. The reinforcement enhancing effect of nicotine, but not bupropion, was blocked by pretreatment with the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist mecamylamine. In contrast, the reinforcement enhancing effect of bupropion, but not nicotine, was blocked by pretreatment with the alpha noradrenergic antagonist prazosin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The reinforcement enhancing effects of nicotine and bupropion increased over time and repeated treatments suggesting a shared mechanism of action. However, the reinforcement enhancing effects of nicotine are mediated by nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, whereas the reinforcement enhancing effects of bupropion were mediated by alpha noradrenergic receptors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA. mattyp@ksu.edu
authors.forename: Matthew I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Palmatier
authors.forename: Melissa E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Levin
authors.forename: Kara L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Mays
authors.forename: Eric C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Donny
authors.forename: Anthony R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Caggiula
authors.forename: Alan F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Sved
mesh_terms: D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D016642:Bupropion / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003216:Conditioning, Operant / Q000187:drug effects*; D018765:Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D008297:Male; D008464:Mecamylamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D009042:Motivation; D009538:Nicotine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018733:Nicotinic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D011224:Prazosin / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology; D012201:Reward; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists; D018765:Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists; D018733:Nicotinic Antagonists; D016642:Bupropion; D008464:Mecamylamine; D009538:Nicotine; D011224:Prazosin