title: Drug resistance patterns of Salmonella isolates of equine origin from India.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Salmonellosis is a zoonosis, and one of the most serious public health and animal health problems.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 111 isolates of Salmonella belonging to 14 S. enterica subspecies enterica serovars namely S. Abortusequi (45), S. Weltevreden (1), S. Dumfries (2), S. Tshiongwe (1), S.I. 4,5,12:r,i:1,5 (12), S. Bovismorbificans (3), S. Drogana (8), S. Lagos (4), S. Kottbus (3), S. Richmond (1), S. Typhimurium (6), S. Newport (7), S. Paratyphi B var Java (17) and S. Saintpaul (5) isolated from equids in India.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All strains studied were resistant to one or more antimicrobials. Strains were resistant to ampicillin (18, 16%), ampicillin+cloxacillin (6, 5%), cefotaxime (6, 5%), chloramphenicol (2, 2%), ciprofloxacin (9, 8%), gentamicin (27, 24%), kanamycin (37, 33%), nalidixic acid (10, 9%), furazolidone (97, 87%), streptomycin (33, 30%), sulphamethoxazole (91, 82%), tetracycline (48, 43%) and trimethoprim (5, 4.5%). Multiple-drug-resistance was detected in 84 (75.7%) isolates and was seen in isolates of all serovars except of S. Kottbus, a rare serovar in India. Salmonella isolates could be classified into 51 resistotypes but 47 (42.3%) isolates belonged to six major resistotypes. Resistotype 13 (resistant to furazolidone, sulphamethoxazole and tetracycline) was most common, followed by resistotype 19 (resistant to nalidixic acid, sulphamethoxazole and tetracycline), resistotype 28 (resistant to furazolidone, streptomycine, sulphamethoxazole and tetracycline) and resistotype 40 (resistant to furazolidone, gentamycin, kanamycin, streptomycine, sulphamethoxazole and tetracycline) including 11, 8, 8 and 7 strains of different serovars, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study revealed that antimicrobial drug resistance was common in Salmonella isolates from equids even towards those drugs not used in equids.
authors.affiliation: ICAR, Research Complex for NEH Region, Nagaland Centre, Medziphema, Jharnapani-797 106, Nagaland, India. singh_br1762@rediffmail.com
authors.forename: Bhoj Raj
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Jatinder
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jyoti
authors.forename: Mudit
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chandra
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Babu
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sharma
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; D018397:Equidae / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D012481:Salmonella Infections, Animal / Q000382:microbiology*; D019779:Salmonella enterica / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D015047:Zoonoses / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents