title: Can headway reduction in fog be explained by impaired perception of relative motion?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this study was to provide a better understanding of driver behavior in fog.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Impaired perception of changes in headway is hypothesized to be one of the reasons for shorter following distances in foggy conditions as compared with clear weather.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the experiments described here, we measured response time for discriminating between whether the vehicle ahead is getting closer or farther away. Several visibility conditions were studied, ranging from a no-fog condition to a condition in which the vehicle could be seen only by its rear fog lights.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fog conditions increased response times when the outline of the vehicle was barely visible or not visible at all. The longer response times in fog were attributable to the low contrast of the vehicle outline when still visible and to the smaller spacing between the two lights when the outline could not be properly perceived. Moreover, response times were found to be shorter for shorter following distances and for faster accelerations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reducing headway could be a way for drivers to achieve faster discrimination of relative motion in foggy weather. More specifically, shortening one's following distance until visibility of the lead vehicle changes from bad to good may have a perceptual control benefit, insofar as the response time gain compensates for the reduction in headway under these conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Potential applications include improving traffic safety. The results provide a possible explanation for close following in fog and point out the importance of rear-light design under these conditions.
authors.affiliation: LEPSIS INRETS-LCPC, 58 Boulevard Lefebvre, 75732 Paris Cedex 15, France. stephane.caro@inrets.fr
authors.forename: Stéphane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Caro
authors.forename: Viola
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Cavallo
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Marendaz
authors.forename: Erwin R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Boer
authors.forename: Fabrice
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vienne
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001334:Automobile Driving; D003867:Depth Perception; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009039:Motion Perception; D011930:Reaction Time; D014887:Weather; D055815:Young Adult