Effects of supportive-expressive group therapy on pain in women with metastatic breast cancer.
OBJECTIVE
To examine whether a group intervention including hypnosis can reduce cancer pain and trait hypnotizability would moderate these effects.


METHODS
This randomized clinical trial examined the effects of group therapy with hypnosis (supportive-expressive group therapy) plus education compared to an education-only control condition on pain over 12 months among 124 women with metastatic breast cancer.


METHODS
Pain and suffering, frequency of pain, and degree of constant pain were assessed at baseline and 4-month intervals. Those in the treatment group also reported on their experiences using the hypnosis exercises.


RESULTS
Intention-to-treat analyses indicated that the intervention resulted in significantly less increase in the intensity of pain and suffering over time, compared to the education-only group, but had no significant effects on the frequency of pain episodes or amount of constant pain, and there was no interaction of the intervention with hypnotizability. Within the intervention group, highly hypnotizable participants, compared to those less hypnotizable, reported greater benefits from hypnosis, employed self-hypnosis more often outside of group, and used it to manage other symptoms in addition to pain.


CONCLUSIONS
These results augment the growing literature supporting the use of hypnosis as an adjunctive treatment for medical patients experiencing pain.
Butler
Lisa D
LD
Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine., USA. ldbutler@buffalo.edu
Koopman
Cheryl
C
Neri
Eric
E
Giese-Davis
Janine
J
Palesh
Oxana
O
Thorne-Yocam
Krista A
KA
Dimiceli
Sue
S
Chen
Xin-Hua
XH
Fobair
Patricia
P
Kraemer
Helena C
HC
Spiegel
David
D
D000008:Abdominal Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000523:psychology* / Q000556:secondary*; D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001293:Attitude to Death; D001326:Autogenic Training; D001859:Bone Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000523:psychology* / Q000556:secondary*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000523:psychology*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D018450:Disease Progression; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006266:Health Education; D006801:Humans; D006990:Hypnosis; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000523:psychology*; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D010146:Pain / Q000523:psychology; D059408:Pain Management; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D011615:Psychotherapy, Group / Q000379:methods*; D012803:Sick Role; D012944:Social Support; D013899:Thoracic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000523:psychology* / Q000556:secondary*