title: Degradation of hexane and other recalcitrant hydrocarbons by a novel isolate, Rhodococcus sp. EH831.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hexane, a representative VOC, is used as a solvent for extraction and as an ingredient in gasoline. The degradation of hexane by bacteria is relatively slow due to its low solubility. Moreover, the biodegradation pathway of hexane under aerobic conditions remains to be investigated; therefore, a study relating to aerobic biodegradation mechanisms is required. Consequently, in this study, an effective hexane degrader was isolated and the biodegradation pathway examined for the first time. In addition, the degradation characteristics of a variety of recalcitrant hydrocarbons were qualitatively and quantitatively investigated using the isolate.
  
  
  METHODS
  A hexane-degrading bacterium was isolated from an enrichment culture using petroleum-contaminated soil as an inoculum with hexane as the sole carbon and energy source. The bacterium was also identified using the partial 16S rRNA gene sequence. To test the hexane-degrading capacity of the isolate, 10 ml of an EH831 cell suspension was inoculated into a 600-ml serum bottle with hexane (7.6-75.8 micromol) injected as the sole carbon source. The rates of hexane degradation were determined by analyzing the concentrations of hexane using headspace gas chromatography. In addition, the hexane biodegradation pathway under aerobic conditions was investigated by identifying the metabolites using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with solid-phase microextraction. 14C-hexane was used to check if EH831 could mineralize hexane in the same experimental system. The degradabilities of other hydrocarbons were examined using EH831 with methanol, ethanol, acetone, cyclohexane, methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), dichloromethane (DCM), trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene (BTEX), pyrene, diesel, lubricant oil, and crude oil as sole carbon sources.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A bacterium, EH831, was isolated from the enriched hexane-degrading consortium, which was able to degrade hexane and various hydrocarbons, including alcohols, chlorinated hydrocarbons, cyclic alkanes, ethers, ketones, monoaromatic and polyaromatic hydrocarbons, and petroleum hydrocarbons. The maximum hexane degradation rate (V max) of EH831 was 290 micromol g dry cell weight(-1) h(-1), and the saturation constant (K s) was 15 mM. Using 14C-hexane, EH831 was confirmed to mineralize approximately 49% of the hexane into CO2 and, converted approximately, 46% into biomass; the rest (1.7%) remained as extracellular metabolites in the liquid phase. The degradation pathway was assessed through the qualitative analysis of the hexane intermediates due to EH831, which were 2-hexanol, 2-hexanone, 5-hexen-2-one and 2,5-hexanedione, in that order, followed by 4-methyl-2-pentanone, 3-methyl-1-butanol, 3-methyl-1-butanone and butanal, and finally, CO2. EH831 could degrade methanol, ethanol, acetone, cyclohexane, MTBE, DCM, BTEX, pyrene, diesel, and lubricant oil.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EH831 was able to degrade many recalcitrant hydrocarbons at higher degradation rates compared with previous well-known degraders. Furthermore, this study primarily suggested the aerobic biodegradation pathway, which may provide valuable information for researchers and engineers working in the field of environmental engineering.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rhodococcus sp. EH831 is a promising bioresource for removing hexane and other recalcitrant hydrocarbons from a variety of environments. Moreover, the aerobic biodegradation pathway is reported for the first time in this study, which offers valuable information for understanding the microbial degradation of hexane.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The utility of the strain isolated in this study needs to be proved by its application to biological process systems, such as biofilters and bioreactors, etc., for the degradation of hexane and many other recalcitrant hydrocarbons. Detailed investigations will also be needed to clarify the enzymatic characteristics relating the degradation of both recalcitrant hydrocarbons and hexane.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 120-750, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Eun-Hee
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Jaisoo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Kyung-Suk
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Yun Gyong
authors.initials: YG
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.forename: Geum-Sook
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Hwang
mesh_terms: D000332:Aerobiosis; D000438:Alcohols / Q000378:metabolism; D001554:Benzene / Q000378:metabolism; D001555:Benzene Derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D005742:Gasoline; D006586:Hexanes / Q000378:metabolism*; D006838:Hydrocarbons / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D012240:Rhodococcus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000378:metabolism*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000438:Alcohols; D001555:Benzene Derivatives; D005742:Gasoline; D006586:Hexanes; D006838:Hydrocarbons; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D001554:Benzene