title: Effect of duration and intermittency of rifampin on tuberculosis treatment outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Treatment regimens for active tuberculosis (TB) that are intermittent, or use rifampin during only the initial phase, offer practical advantages, but their efficacy has been questioned. We conducted a systematic review of treatment regimens for active TB, to assess the effect of duration and intermittency of rifampin use on TB treatment outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane CENTRAL database for clinical trials were searched for randomized controlled trials, published in English, French, or Spanish, between 1965 and June 2008. Selected studies utilized standardized treatment with rifampin-containing regimens. Studies reported bacteriologically confirmed failure and/or relapse in previously untreated patients with bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary TB. Pooled cumulative incidences of treatment outcomes and association with risk factors were computed with stratified random effects meta-analyses. Meta-regression was performed using a negative binomial regression model. A total of 57 trials with 312 arms and 21,472 participants were included in the analysis. Regimens utilizing rifampin only for the first 1-2 mo had significantly higher rates of failure, relapse, and acquired drug resistance, as compared to regimens that used rifampin for 6 mo. This was particularly evident when there was initial drug resistance to isoniazid, streptomycin, or both. On the other hand, there was little evidence of difference in failure or relapse with daily or intermittent schedules of treatment administration, although there was insufficient published evidence of the efficacy of twice-weekly rifampin administration throughout therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TB treatment outcomes were significantly worse with shorter duration of rifampin, or with initial drug resistance to isoniazid and/or streptomycin. Treatment outcomes were similar with all intermittent schedules evaluated, but there is insufficient evidence to support administration of treatment twice weekly throughout therapy.
authors.affiliation: Respiratory and Epidemiology Clinical Research Unit, Montreal Chest Institute & Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics & Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada. dick.menzies@mcgill.ca
authors.forename: Dick
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Menzies
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Benedetti
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Paydar
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Royce
authors.forename: Madhukar
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pai
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vernon
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lienhardt
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Burman
mesh_terms: D000904:Antibiotics, Antitubercular / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D006801:Humans; D007538:Isoniazid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012008:Recurrence; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012293:Rifampin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012307:Risk Factors; D013307:Streptomycin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017211:Treatment Failure; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000904:Antibiotics, Antitubercular; D007538:Isoniazid; D012293:Rifampin; D013307:Streptomycin