title: Management of delayed esophageal perforations after anterior cervical spinal surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Delayed esophageal perforation is an uncommon but well-known complication after anterior cervical spine surgery. To the authors' knowledge there is no consensus to the optimal management of these patients in the literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors performed a retrospective review of 5 cases involving patients who were referred to their institution for the management of delayed esophageal perforations after undergoing anterior cervical spine surgery for a variety of reasons.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The primary presenting symptom in all 5 patients was dysphagia. All patients initially underwent primary closure of the perforation with a sternocleidomastoid muscle flap. One patient required multiple surgeries to correct the perforation and ultimately required a free flap.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The authors recommend a multidisciplinary approach that involves otolaryngological surgeons as well as spine surgeons. They recommend removal of all anterior hardware and believe that it is essential to the treatment of esophageal perforations. If the patient does not have evidence of fusion at the time of presentation, then posterior cervical instrumentation is a viable alternative.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA.
authors.forename: Elias
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dakwar
authors.forename: Juan S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Uribe
authors.forename: Tapan A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Padhya
authors.forename: Fernando L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Vale
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000293:injuries; D017586:Diskectomy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004939:Esophageal Perforation / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016103:Spinal Fractures / Q000601:surgery; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000009:adverse effects*; D055009:Spondylosis / Q000601:surgery; D013524:Surgical Flaps