title: Phonetograms, aerodynamic measurements, self-evaluations, and auditory perceptual ratings of male-to-female transsexual voice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This exploratory study reports instrumental and subjective data for 25 male-to-female transsexual (M-F TS) individuals using their attempted female voice. The aim was to examine the usefulness of phonetograms and aerodynamic measures for voice assessment of this client group.
  
  
  METHODS
  Descriptive and correlational.
  
  
  METHODS
  Phonetogram speech-range profiles (SRPs) were recorded for the M-F TS participants' attempted female voice. Transglottal air pressure and airflow were estimated from oral recordings. All recordings were made in typical- and loud-voice conditions. Relationships among acoustical and aerodynamic measurements, background data, self-evaluations, and auditory perceptual ratings were examined. M-F TS data were compared with male and female normative data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Agreement between naive and voice-expert listeners as well as intra- and interlistener reliability was good. Fundamental frequency (F(0)) accounted for 41-49% of variation in gender ratings for the group, but individual exceptions were found. Background data did not account for female voice success. Perceptual ratings of strain and breathiness were low. No data indicated hyperfunctional vocal behavior. The aerodynamic data agreed with normative male high-pitch data. The speech sound pressure level (SPL) was higher than the female norms. Phonetogram speech-range data fell between male and female data.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The importance of speaking fundamental frequency (SFF) in perception of gender was confirmed. Instrumental and subjective data suggested that the use of low speech intensities and avoidance of vocal fry could help contribute to a successful female voice. Phonetograms were suggested to be useful for visual feedback and documentation of changes in voice therapy for M-F TS clients.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Science, Intervention, and Technology-CLINTEC, Division of Logopedics and Phoniatrics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden. eva.holmberg@ki.se
authors.forename: Eva B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Holmberg
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Oates
authors.forename: Georgia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dacakis
authors.forename: Cameron
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Grant
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000399:Air Pressure; D059026:Diagnostic Self Evaluation; D005260:Female; D005931:Glottis / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010700:Phonetics; D012737:Sex Factors; D057829:Gender-Affirming Procedures; D013018:Sound Spectrography; D013061:Speech Acoustics; D013067:Speech Perception; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014189:Transsexualism / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D014739:Victoria; D014831:Voice; D014833:Voice Quality; D014834:Voice Training; D055815:Young Adult