title: Stress induced hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis responses and disturbances in psychological profiles in men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Chronic pelvic pain in men has a strong relationship with biopsychosocial stress and central nervous system sensitization may incite or perpetuate the pain syndrome. We evaluated patients and asymptomatic controls for psychological factors and neuroendocrine reactivity under provoked acute stress conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Men with pain (60) and asymptomatic controls (30) completed psychological questionnaires including the Perceived Stress, Beck Anxiety, Type A behavior and Brief Symptom Inventory for distress from symptoms. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function was measured during the Trier Social Stress Test with serum adrenocorticotropin hormone and cortisol reactivity at precise times, before and during acute stress, which consisted of a speech and mental arithmetic task in front of an audience. The Positive and Negative Affective Scale measured the state of emotions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with chronic pelvic pain had significantly more anxiety, perceived stress and a higher profile of global distress in all Brief Symptom Inventory domains (p <0.001), scoring in the 94th vs the 49th percentile for controls (normal population). Patients showed a significantly blunted plasma adrenocorticotropin hormone response curve with a mean total response approximately 30% less vs controls (p = 0.038) but no differences in any cortisol responses. Patients with pelvic pain had less emotional negativity after the test than controls, suggesting differences in cognitive appraisal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Men with pelvic pain have significant disturbances in psychological profiles compared to healthy controls and evidence of altered hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal axis function in response to acute stress. These central nervous system observations may be a consequence of neuropsychological adjustments to chronic pain and modulated by personality.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5118, USA. rua@stanford.edu
authors.forename: Rodney U
authors.initials: RU
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Elaine K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Orenberg
authors.forename: Angie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Morey
authors.forename: Natalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chavez
authors.forename: Christine A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Chan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D006801:Humans; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010913:Pituitary-Adrenal System / Q000502:physiology*; D011472:Prostatitis / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications*; D055815:Young Adult