title: Differential expression of follistatin and FLRG in human breast proliferative disorders.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Activins are growth factors acting on cell growth and differentiation. Activins are expressed in high grade breast tumors and they display an antiproliferative effect inducing G0/G1 cell cycle arrest in breast cancer cell lines. Follistatin and follistatin- related gene (FLRG) bind and neutralize activins. In order to establish if these activin binding proteins are involved in breast tumor progression, the present study evaluated follistatin and FLRG pattern of mRNA and protein expression in normal human breast tissue and in different breast proliferative diseases.
  
  
  METHODS
  Paraffin embedded specimens of normal breast (NB - n = 8); florid hyperplasia without atypia (FH - n = 17); fibroadenoma (FIB - n = 17); ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS - n = 10) and infiltrating ductal carcinoma (IDC - n = 15) were processed for follistatin and FLRG immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. The area and intensity of chromogen epithelial and stromal staining were analyzed semi-quantitatively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Follistatin and FLRG were expressed both in normal tissue and in all the breast diseases investigated. Follistatin staining was detected in the epithelial cytoplasm and nucleus in normal, benign and malignant breast tissue, with a stronger staining intensity in the peri-alveolar stromal cells of FIB at both mRNA and protein levels. Conversely, FLRG area and intensity of mRNA and protein staining were higher both in the cytoplasm and in the nucleus of IDC epithelial cells when compared to NB, while no significant changes in the stromal intensity were observed in all the proliferative diseases analyzed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present findings suggest a role for follistatin in breast benign disease, particularly in FIB, where its expression was increased in stromal cells. The up regulation of FLRG in IDC suggests a role for this protein in the progression of breast malignancy. As activin displays an anti-proliferative effect in human mammary cells, the present findings indicate that an increased FST and FLRG expression in breast proliferative diseases might counteract the anti-proliferative effects of activin in human breast cancer.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Physiology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. bloise2@unisi.i
authors.forename: Enrrico
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bloise
authors.forename: Henrique L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Couto
authors.forename: Lauretta
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Massai
authors.forename: Pasquapina
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ciarmela
authors.forename: Marzia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mencarelli
authors.forename: Lavinia E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Borges
authors.forename: Michela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Muscettola
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Grasso
authors.forename: Vania F
authors.initials: VF
authors.lastname: Amaral
authors.forename: Geovanni D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Cassali
authors.forename: Felice
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Petraglia
authors.forename: Fernando M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Reis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D038681:Follistatin / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D038702:Follistatin-Related Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D021381:Protein Transport
chemical_list: D038681:Follistatin; D038702:Follistatin-Related Proteins