title: Female reproductive success decreases with display size in monkshood, Aconitum kusnezoffii (Ranunculaceae).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Reduction in female fitness in large clones can occur as a result of increased geitonogamous self-fertilization and its influence through inbreeding depression. This possibility was investigated in the self-compatible, bee-pollinated perennial herb Aconitum kusnezoffii which varies in clone size.
  
  
  METHODS
  Field investigations were conducted on pollinator behaviour, flowering phenology and variation in seed set. The effects of self-pollination following controlled self- and cross-pollination were also examined. Selfing rates of differently sized clones were assessed using allozyme markers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  High rates of geitonogamous pollination were associated with large display size. Female fitness at the ramet level decreased with clone size. Fruit and seed set under cross-pollination were significantly higher than those under self-pollination. The pre-dispersal inbreeding depression was estimated as 0.502 based on the difference in seed set per flower between self- and cross-pollinated flowers. Selfing rates of differently sized clones did not differ.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is concluded that in A. kusnezoffii the negative effects of self-pollination causing reduced female fertility with clone size arise primarily from a strong early-acting inbreeding depression leading to the abortion of selfed embryos prior to seed maturation.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology and MOE Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
authors.forename: Wan-Jin
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Bi-Ru
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Xia-Qing
authors.initials: XQ
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Yan-Fei
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.forename: Da-Yong
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D031841:Aconitum / Q000254:growth & development*; D000818:Animals; D001516:Bees; D035264:Flowers / Q000254:growth & development*; D005638:Fruit / Q000254:growth & development*; D007178:Inbreeding; D054817:Pollination