title: The formin-homology protein SmDia interacts with the Src kinase SmTK and the GTPase SmRho1 in the gonads of Schistosoma mansoni.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Schistosomiasis (bilharzia) is a parasitic disease of worldwide significance affecting human and animals. As schistosome eggs are responsible for pathogenesis, the understanding of processes controlling gonad development might open new perspectives for intervention. The Src-like tyrosine-kinase SmTK3 of Schistosoma mansoni is expressed in the gonads, and its pharmacological inhibition reduces mitogenic activity and egg production in paired females in vitro. Since Src kinases are important signal transduction proteins it is of interest to unravel the signaling cascades SmTK3 is involved in to understand its cellular role in the gonads.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Towards this end we established and screened a yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) cDNA library of adult S. mansoni with a bait construct encoding the SH3 (src homology) domain and unique site of SmTK3. Among the binding partners found was a diaphanous homolog (SmDia), which was characterized further. SmDia is a single-copy gene transcribed throughout development with a bias towards male transcription. Its deduced amino acid sequence reveals all diaphanous-characteristic functional domains. Binding studies with truncated SmDia clones identified SmTK3 interaction sites demonstrating that maximal binding efficiency depends on the N-terminal part of the FH1 (formin homology) domain and the inter-domain region of SmDia located upstream of FH1 in combination with the unique site and the SH3 domain of SmTK3, respectively. SmDia also directly interacted with the GTPase SmRho1 of S. mansoni. In situ hybridization experiments finally demonstrated that SmDia, SmRho1, and SmTK3 are transcribed in the gonads of both genders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data provide first evidence for the existence of two cooperating pathways involving Rho and Src that bridge at SmDia probably organizing cytoskeletal events in the reproductive organs of a parasite, and beyond that in gonads of eukaryotes. Furthermore, the FH1 and inter domain region of SmDia have been discovered as binding sites for the SH3 and unique site domains of SmTK3, respectively.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Parasitology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Quack
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Knobloch
authors.forename: Svenja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Beckmann
authors.forename: Jérome
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vicogne
authors.forename: Colette
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dissous
authors.forename: Christoph G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Grevelding
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D003599:Cytoskeleton / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005326:Fetal Proteins / Q000737:chemistry*; D000080865:Formins; D020558:GTP Phosphohydrolases / Q000737:chemistry*; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D006066:Gonads / Q000201:enzymology*; D008297:Male; D008840:Microfilament Proteins / Q000737:chemistry*; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000737:chemistry*; D016366:Open Reading Frames; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D012550:Schistosoma mansoni / Q000378:metabolism*; D020798:Two-Hybrid System Techniques; D020741:rho GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000737:chemistry*; D019061:src-Family Kinases / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D005326:Fetal Proteins; D000080865:Formins; D008840:Microfilament Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D019061:src-Family Kinases; D020558:GTP Phosphohydrolases; D020741:rho GTP-Binding Proteins