title: Manual restraint of adult psychiatric inpatients: a literature review.
abstract: Relatively little is known about the prevalence of manual restraint to manage violent or challenging behaviour in hospital psychiatric services or the circumstances of its use. This review identified 45 empirical studies of manual restraint of adult psychiatric inpatients, mostly from the UK. On average, up to five episodes per month of manual restraint might be expected on an average 20-bed ward. Episodes last around 10 min, with about half involving the restraint of patients on the floor, usually in the prone position. Manually restrained patients tend to be younger, male and detained under mental health legislation. Staff value restraint-related training, but its impact on nursing practice has not been evaluated. Research has tended to focus on official reports of violent incidents rather than manual restraint per se. Larger and more complex studies are needed to examine how manual restraint is used in response to different types of incident and in different service settings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mental Health and Learning Disability, City University, London E1 2EA, UK. duncan.stewart.1@city.ac.uk
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bowers
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Simpson
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tziggili
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000374:Aggression; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D001294:Attitude to Health; D003134:Commitment of Persons with Psychiatric Disorders; D005260:Female; D006778:Hospitals, Psychiatric; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015399:Nursing Research; D018579:Patient Selection; D011568:Psychiatric Nursing / Q000193:education / Q000458:organization & administration*; D012107:Research Design; D012149:Restraint, Physical / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D006113:United Kingdom