title: Application of endoscopic hemoclips for nonvariceal bleeding in the upper gastrointestinal tract.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate acute nonvariceal bleeding in the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract and evaluate the effects of endoscopic hemoclipping.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-eight cases of acute nonvariceal bleeding in the upper GI tract were given endoscopic treatment with hemoclip application. Clinical data, endoscopic findings, and the effects of the therapy were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 68 cases (male:female = 42:26, age from 9 to 70 years, average 54.4) presented with hematemesis in 26 cases (38.2%), melena in nine cases (13.3%), and both in 33 cases (48.5%). The causes of the bleeding included gastric ulcer (29 cases), duodenal ulcer (11 cases), Dieulafoy's lesion (11 cases), Mallory-Weiss syndrome (six cases), post-operative (three cases), post-polypectomy bleeding (five cases), and post-sphincterotomy bleeding (three cases); 42 cases had active bleeding. The mean number of hemoclips applied was four. Permanent hemostasis was obtained by hemoclip application in 59 cases; 6 cases required emergent surgery (three cases had peptic ulcers, one had Dieulafoy's lesion, and two were caused by sphincterotomy); three patients died (two had Dieulafoy's lesion and one was caused by sphincterotomy); and one had recurrent bleeding with Dieulafoy's lesion 10 mo later, but in a different location.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endoscopic hemoclip application was an effective and safe method for acute nonvariceal bleeding in the upper GI tract with satisfactory outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, the Affiliated First Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116001, Liaoning Province, China. gsb@dl.cn
authors.forename: Shi-Bin
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Ai-Xia
authors.initials: AX
authors.lastname: Gong
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Leng
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Lin-Mei
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Ge
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D020776:Endoscopes, Gastrointestinal; D005260:Female; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D041742:Upper Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000601:surgery*; D055815:Young Adult