title: Standard examination system for laparoscopy in penetrating abdominal trauma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The high missed occult small bowel injuries (SBI) associated with laparoscopy in trauma (LIT) is a major reason why some surgeons still preclude LIT today. No standardized laparoscopic examination for evaluation of the peritoneal cavity is described for trauma. The objective of this article is to verify if a systematic standardized laparoscopic approach could correctly identify SBI in the peritoneal cavity for penetrating abdominal trauma (PAT).
  
  
  METHODS
  Victims with PAT were evaluated in a prospective, nonrandomized study. A total of 75 hemodynamically stable patients with suspected abdominal injuries were operated by LIT and converted to laparotomy if criteria were met: SBI and lesions to blind spot zones--retroperitoneal hematoma, injuries to segments VI or VII of the liver, or injuries to the posterior area of the spleen. Inclusion criteria were equivocal evidence of abdominal injuries or peritoneal penetration; systolic blood pressure >90 mm Hg and <3 L of IV fluids in the first hour of admission; Glasgow Coma Scale score >12; and age >12 years. Exclusion criteria were back injuries; pregnancy; previous laparotomy; and chronic cardiorespiratory disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty patients were males and there were 38 stab wounds and 37 gunshot wounds. No SBI was missed, but a pancreatic lesion was undiagnosed due to a retroperitoneal hematoma. Twenty patients (26.6%) were converted. Unnecessary laparotomies were avoided in 73.33%. Therapeutic LIT was possible in 22.7%. Accuracy was 98.66% with 97.61% sensitivity and 100% specificity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Standard systematic laparoscopic exploration was 100% effective to detect SBI in the peritoneal cavity. Conversion from LIT to laparotomy should be done if injuries to blind spot zones are found which are poorly evaluated by LIT. Therapeutic LIT is feasible in PAT.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Surgical Pathophysiology Investigation (Lim 62), Department of Trauma, Hospital das Clínicas, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil. niltonkawahara@uol.com.br
authors.forename: Nilton Tokio
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Kawahara
authors.forename: Clarissa
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Alster
authors.forename: Ikurou
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Fujimura
authors.forename: Renato Sergio
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Poggetti
authors.forename: Dario
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Birolini
mesh_terms: D000007:Abdominal Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D003663:Decision Trees; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000293:injuries*; D010535:Laparoscopy; D007813:Laparotomy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012187:Retroperitoneal Space; D014781:Viscera / Q000293:injuries*; D014948:Wounds, Gunshot / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery; D014951:Wounds, Stab / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery; D055815:Young Adult