title: Evaluation of the tocolytic effect of morphine in a mouse model of lipopolysaccharide-induced preterm delivery: the role of nitric oxide.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study evaluated the preventive effect of morphine on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced preterm delivery and the contribution of the nitric oxide pathway as a mechanism involved in this process.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pregnant mice were treated with LPS: (a) single doses of 35, 50 and 75 microg/kg; (b) double doses of 25, 35 and 50 microg/kg with a 3-h interval, on gestational day 15. Each treatment group consisted of 5-10 mice and the main outcome measurements were the incidence and gestational duration after injection of the last LPS dose. Administration of LPS (35 microg/kg, with a 3-h interval) induced the highest incidence of preterm delivery in mice. For investigation of morphine effects on preterm delivery, animals were treated either with a single dose (10 or 20 mg/kg), or with double doses (5 or 10 mg/kg; with a 3-h interval) of morphine, 1h before each LPS injection. To assess the involved mechanism, either naltrexone (5 and 10 mg/kg) or N(omega)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME, 2-10 mg/kg) was administered 1h before the first morphine administration. Any interaction in the incidence and/or time of preterm delivery was ruled out by other groups which received naltrexone or l-NAME, each alone. Data were analyzed by the Fisher's exact test for determination of preterm delivery incidences and by the one-way analysis of variance, followed by post-test Tukey, for determination of gestational duration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although LPS induced premature labor and decreased the delivery time to gestational day 16, morphine treatment significantly decreased the incidence of LPS-induced premature labor by 50% and increased the delivery time to gestational day 17.6. Naltrexone (5 mg/kg) did not influence morphine-induced attenuation of preterm delivery rate and pregnancy duration. Unlike naltrexone, l-NAME (2 mg/kg) increased the rate of preterm delivery to 100% and decreased pregnancy duration to gestational day 16 in morphine-treated mice. In fact, l-NAME significantly attenuated morphine's preventive effect on preterm delivery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Morphine increases the gestational duration and decreases the preterm delivery rate induced by LPS probably through modulation in NO release. l-NAME, unlike naltrexone, reversed the effect of morphine on preterm delivery, demonstrating the involvement of nitric oxidergic pathway.
authors.affiliation: Brain and Spinal Injury Repair Research Center, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mehrak
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Javadi-Paydar
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lesani
authors.forename: Ramin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vakilipour
authors.forename: Payam
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ghazi
authors.forename: Seyed Mohammad
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Tavangar
authors.forename: Sedigheh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hantoushzadeh
authors.forename: Abbas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Norouzi
authors.forename: Ahmad Reza
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Dehpour
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000633:toxicity*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009020:Morphine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester / Q000494:pharmacology; D009271:Naltrexone / Q000494:pharmacology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000502:physiology*; D007752:Obstetric Labor, Premature / Q000139:chemically induced; D010920:Placenta / Q000473:pathology; D011247:Pregnancy; D015149:Tocolytic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D015149:Tocolytic Agents; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D009271:Naltrexone; D009020:Morphine; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester