title: Detection and prognostic impact of renal dysfunction in patients with chronic heart failure and normal serum creatinine.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Accurate identification of renal dysfunction (RD) is crucial to risk stratification in chronic heart failure (CHF). Patients with CHF are at special risk of having RD despite normal serum creatinine (SCr), owing to a decreased Cr generation. At low levels of SCr, the equations estimating renal function are less accurate. This study was aimed to assess and compare the prognostic value of formulas estimating renal function in CHF patients with normal SCr.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 462 patients with systolic CHF and normal SCr. Creatinine clearance was estimated by the Cockcroft-Gault (eCrCl) and glomerular filtration rate by the 4-variable MDRD equation (eGFR); eCrCl normalized for body-surface area (eCrCl(BSA)) was calculated. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality at 2 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy five patients died. At multivariate Cox regression analysis, only eCrCl(BSA) was significantly associated with mortality (p = 0.006); eGFR (p = 0.24), eCrCl (p = 0.09) and BUN (p = 0.14) were not statistically significant predictors. The patients in the lowest eCrCl(BSA) quartile had an adjusted 2.1-fold (CI: 1.06-4.1) increased risk of mortality, compared with those in the referent quartile. Two-year survival was 70.4% in the lowest eCrCl(BSA) quartile and 89.7% in the referent quartile. Other independent predictors of mortality were ischemic etiology (RR: 2.16 [CI: 1.3-3.5], p = 0.0017), NYHA III/IV class (RR: 2.45 [CI: 1.51-3.97], p = 0.0003), LVEF <0.25 (RR: 3.38 [CI: 1.69-6.75], p = 0.014), and anemia (RR: 1.86 [CI: 1.16-2.99], p = 0.009).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A sizeable proportion of CHF patients have prognostically significant RD despite normal SCr. Such patients represent a high-risk subgroup and can more accurately be identified by the CG formula corrected for BSA than the MDRD.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology and Cardiac Rehabilitation, S Maugeri Foundation, IRCCS, Institute of Cassano Murge, Bari, Italy. domenico.scrutinio@fsm.it
authors.forename: Domenico
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Scrutinio
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Passantino
authors.forename: Rocco
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lagioia
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Santoro
authors.forename: Erasmo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cacciapaglia
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001806:Blood Urea Nitrogen; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000401:mortality*; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D007677:Kidney Function Tests; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality*; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D003404:Creatinine