title: N(3)-o-toluyl-fluorouracil inhibits human hepatocellular carcinoma cell growth via sustained release of 5-FU.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  N(3)-o-toluyl-fluorouracil (TFU), the prodrug of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), is the metabolite of N(1)-acetyl-N(3)-o-toluyl-fluorouracil (atofluding). In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the efficacy of TFU on the inhibition of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells via sustained release of 5-FU. The metabolism of TFU underlying the inhibitory effect was also analyzed.
  
  
  METHODS
  In vitro assays, inhibition of cell growth by TFU was evaluated by the 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide method. The levels of TFU and 5-FU in the cell culture supernatant fluid were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In vivo assays, the efficacy of TFU was evaluated in a human hepatocellular carcinoma xenograft mice model after 3 weeks of oral administration. The distributions of TFU and 5-FU in plasma and homogenate tissues including liver, lung and tumor were determined by HPLC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  N(3)-o-toluyl-fluorouracil weakly inhibited the proliferation of SMMC-7721 and PLC/PRF/5 cells in the absence of liver microsomal enzymes. In contrast, the inhibition rates were significantly increased in the presence of these enzymes. HPLC results revealed that TFU was metabolized slowly by liver microsomal enzymes and therefore the concentration of 5-FU was gradually increased with a longer retention time in cell culture supernatant fluid. The efficacy of TFU was confirmed in SMMC-7721 xenografts in Balb/c athymic (nu+/nu+) mice model. TFU treatment induced inhibition of SMMC-7721 growth with few side effects. HPLC results showed that high levels of TFU were still in liver 48 h after the end of oral administration, implying that TFU preferentially accumulated in liver with slow conversion to 5-FU by enzymes. This led to a long-lasting concentration of 5-FU in plasma. Further, a high level of 5-FU was found in tumors with a relatively low level in lungs. These results suggest that the metabolite of TFU was preferentially converted or taken up by tumor cells. The distributions of 5-FU may contribute to its high anti-tumor activity and low adverse reactions in vivo.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate that TFU is a promising prodrug of 5-FU for cancer treatment via sustained release of 5-FU in liver.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
authors.forename: Xiaofan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Julia Li
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Zhong
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Zuhua
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Xia
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.forename: Pan
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Yue
authors.forename: Limei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Cuirong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Wenfang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Xianjun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Qu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000188:drug therapy*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D004354:Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008862:Microsomes, Liver / Q000201:enzymology; D011355:Prodrugs / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D013997:Time Factors; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
chemical_list: D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; C517181:N3-o-toluyl-fluorouracil; D011355:Prodrugs; D005472:Fluorouracil