title: Cost-effectiveness of anastrozole, in comparison with tamoxifen, in the adjuvant treatment of early breast cancer in Brazil.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Breast cancer, a leading type of cancer in many developing countries, is the most frequent non-cutaneous tumor in Brazil. Hormone therapy is the standard of care in the adjuvant treatment of early-stage, hormone-receptor-positive disease, and both tamoxifen and third-generation aromatase inhibitors are options in postmenopausal women. The comparative cost-effectiveness of different treatment strategies is of considerable interest in societies facing limited resources.
  
  
  METHODS
  In an attempt to compare cost-effectiveness of upfront treatment with tamoxifen or anastrozole, the medical and economic results in a hypothetical cohort of 64-year-old postmenopausal women, was analyzed considering the Brazilian healthcare system in 2005, the primary perspective of the private sector, and a lifetime horizon. Data from the ATAC Trial, Markov modeling, a modified Delphi panel, and microcosting (in Brazilian R$) were used to estimate costs and effectiveness of the two upfront strategies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The model estimated a gain of 0.55 discounted life-years for patients receiving anastrozole, relative to those treated with tamoxifen. With an incremental cost of R$ 15,141.15, the model estimated that the cost-effectiveness of anastrozole, in relation to tamoxifen, was R$ 27,326.80. Monte Carlo simulations showed that approximately 50% of the cases fell below the threshold of R$ 29,229.00 per life-year gained, which is recommended by the World Health Organization for Brazil.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It was concluded that upfront anastrozole is a cost-effective option compared with tamoxifen in the adjuvant treatment of postmenopausal women with hormone-receptor-positive early breast cancer.
authors.affiliation: AxiaBio Consultoria Econômica, S.Paulo, SP, Brazil. marcelo.fonseca@axia.bio.br
authors.forename: Marcelo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fonseca
authors.forename: Gabriela T B
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Araújo
authors.forename: Everardo D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Saad
mesh_terms: D000077384:Anastrozole; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001938:Brazil; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant / Q000191:economics; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis / Q000191:economics; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008390:Markov Chains; D008875:Middle Aged; D009570:Nitriles / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017698:Postmenopause; D013629:Tamoxifen / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014230:Triazoles / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; D009570:Nitriles; D014230:Triazoles; D013629:Tamoxifen; D000077384:Anastrozole