title: Unintended spread of a biosafety level 2 recombinant retrovirus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Contamination of vertebrate cell lines with animal retroviruses has been documented repeatedly before. Although such viral contaminants can be easily identified with high sensitivity by PCR, it is impossible to screen for all potential contaminants. Therefore, we explored two novel methods to identify viral contaminations in cell lines without prior knowledge of the kind of contaminant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The first hint for the presence of contaminating retroviruses in one of our cell lines was obtained by electron microscopy of exosome-like vesicles released from the supernatants of transfected 293T cells. Random amplification of particle associated RNAs (PAN-PCR) from supernatant of contaminated 293T cells and sequencing of the amplicons revealed several nucleotide sequences showing highest similarity to either murine leukemia virus (MuLV) or squirrel monkey retrovirus (SMRV). Subsequent mass spectrometry analysis confirmed our findings, since we could identify several peptide sequences originating from monkey and murine retroviral proteins. Quantitative PCRs were established for both viruses to test currently cultured cell lines as well as liquid nitrogen frozen cell stocks. Gene fragments for both viruses could be detected in a broad range of permissive cell lines from multiple species. Furthermore, experimental infections of cells negative for these viruses showed that both viruses replicate rapidly to high loads. We decided to further analyze the genomic sequence of the MuLV-like contaminant virus. Surprisingly it was neither identical to MuLV nor to the novel xenotropic MuLV related retrovirus (XMRV) but showed 99% identity to a synthetic retrovirus which was engineered in the 1980s.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The high degree of nucleotide identity suggests unintended spread of a biosafety level 2 recombinant virus, which could also affect the risk assessment of gene-modified organisms released from contaminated cell cultures. The study further indicates that both mass spectrometry and PAN-PCR are powerful methods to identify viral contaminations in cell lines without prior knowledge of the kind of contaminant. Both methods might be useful tools for testing cell lines before using them for critical purposes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany. alexander.stang@rub.de
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stang
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Petrasch-Parwez
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brandt
authors.forename: Rolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dermietzel
authors.forename: Helmut E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Stühler
authors.forename: Sven-T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Liffers
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Uberla
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Grunwald
mesh_terms: D030121:Betaretrovirus / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D002460:Cell Line / Q000821:virology*; D003264:Containment of Biohazards; D006801:Humans; D009052:Leukemia Virus, Murine / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D008854:Microscopy, Electron / Q000379:methods; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods