title: Ophthalmic manifestations of endocrine disorders: approaches and medical management.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Disorders of the endocrine system may present with various ophthalmic signs, symptoms, and pathology. Early detection, prevention, and monitoring of these manifestations can significantly benefit morbidity associated with such disease states including permanent visual dysfunction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Several studies highlight the importance of early diagnosis in reducing the long-term complications associated with these endocrine conditions, although these observations are mostly based on case reports and case series.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This review will focus on the connection of endocrine-related disease states with the development of specific ophthalmic pathology and is geared towards the general medical practitioner. The focus of the treating physician should be on facilitating early diagnosis to prevent potentially blinding complications.
authors.affiliation: University of Colorado Denver, Department of Ophthalmology Denver, Colorado, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Hendrick
authors.forename: Malik Y
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Kahook
authors.forename: Yassine J
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Daoud
authors.forename: Ribhi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hazin
mesh_terms: D003940:Diagnostic Techniques, Endocrine; D003941:Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological; D004700:Endocrine System Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005128:Eye Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans