title: Bertha Harmer's 1922 textbook - The Principles and Practice of Nursing: clinical nursing from an historical perspective.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study analyses the origins of a widely used textbook of nursing, commonly utilised in North American Schools of Nursing since 1922, and eventually worldwide. A biography of its first author, Bertha Harmer, is also included.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Tracing central ideas of nursing throughout the various editions, the book provides a commentary on the cultural-historical context of nursing and reveals how nursing leaders conceptualised the day-to-day knowledge base nurses would need for their practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Historical analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The core nursing concept of 'human needs' was central to Harmer's work and thinking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Its continuous development by her and her later co-author, Virginia Henderson, reflected broader changes in nursing that were central to the construction of nursing as hospital-based care during the twentieth century. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE AND CONCLUSION: Renewal of nursing practice exists by the virtue of nurses' collective ability to question continuously and critically, the foundations of their practice. Historical analysis of core nursing concepts is one approach to further such critique.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. geertje.boschma@nursing.ubc.ca
authors.forename: Geertje
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Boschma
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Davidson
authors.forename: Nerrisa
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bonifacio
mesh_terms: D002170:Canada; D004506:Education, Nursing; D006676:History of Nursing; D049673:History, 20th Century; D013782:Textbooks as Topic