title: Assessment of strategies to increase chondrocyte viability in cryopreserved human osteochondral allografts: evaluation of the glycosylated hydroquinone, arbutin.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Allogeneic cartilage is used to repair damaged areas of articular cartilage, requiring the presence of living chondrocytes. So far, no preservation method can effectively meet that purpose. Identification of more effective cryoprotective agents (CPAs) can contribute to this goal. The aim of this study was to determine whether the glycosylated hydroquinone, arbutin, alone or in combination with low concentrations of other CPAs, has cryoprotective properties towards human articular cartilage.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human tibial plateaus were procured from multi-organ donors, with the approval of the Ethics Committee of the University Hospital of Coimbra. The tibial plateaus were treated with or without arbutin (50 or 100mM), alone or in combination with various concentrations of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and glycerol, for 0.5-1.5h/37 degrees C, then frozen at -20 degrees C and 24h later transferred to a biofreezer at -80 degrees C. Two to 3 months later, thawing was achieved by immersion in cell culture medium at 37 degrees C/1h. Chondrocyte viability was assessed before and after freeze-thawing using a colorimetric assay based on the cell's metabolic activity and fluorescent dyes to evaluate cell membrane integrity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Before freezing, chondrocyte metabolic activity was identical in all the conditions tested. After freeze-thawing, the highest activity, corresponding to 34.2+/-2.1% of that in the Fresh Control, was achieved in tibial plateaus incubated in 50mM arbutin for 1h whereas in those left untreated it was 11.1+/-4.7. Addition of DMSO and glycerol to arbutin did not increase chondrocyte viability any further. Fluorescence microscopy confirmed these results and showed that living chondrocytes were mainly restricted to the superficial cartilage layers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Arbutin seems to be an effective cryoprotective agent for osteochondral allografts with potential benefits over DMSO and glycerol.
authors.affiliation: Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology and Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal.
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Rosa
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gonçalves
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Judas
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lopes
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Mendes
mesh_terms: D001104:Arbutin / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016025:Bone Transplantation / Q000379:methods; D002102:Cadaver; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000378:metabolism*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000502:physiology; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D003451:Cryoprotective Agents / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D009926:Organ Preservation; D013977:Tibia / Q000637:transplantation; D020858:Tissue and Organ Harvesting
chemical_list: D003451:Cryoprotective Agents; D001104:Arbutin