title: Two factor reprogramming of human neural stem cells into pluripotency.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Reprogramming human somatic cells to pluripotency represents a valuable resource for the development of in vitro based models for human disease and holds tremendous potential for deriving patient-specific pluripotent stem cells. Recently, mouse neural stem cells (NSCs) have been shown capable of reprogramming into a pluripotent state by forced expression of Oct3/4 and Klf4; however it has been unknown whether this same strategy could apply to human NSCs, which would result in more relevant pluripotent stem cells for modeling human disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Here, we show that OCT3/4 and KLF4 are indeed sufficient to induce pluripotency from human NSCs within a two week time frame and are molecularly indistinguishable from human ES cells. Furthermore, human NSC-derived pluripotent stem cells can differentiate into all three germ lineages both in vitro and in vivo.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We propose that human NSCs represent an attractive source of cells for producing human iPS cells since they only require two factors, obviating the need for c-MYC, for induction into pluripotency. Thus, in vitro human disease models could be generated from iPS cells derived from human NSCs.
authors.affiliation: The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Mark E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Hester
authors.forename: Sungwon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Carlos J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Miranda
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Eagle
authors.forename: Phillip H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: Brian K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Kaspar
mesh_terms: D002454:Cell Differentiation; D019070:Cell Lineage; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000196:embryology*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D005854:Germ Cells / Q000166:cytology; D006801:Humans; D007621:Karyotyping; D000090062:Kruppel-Like Factor 4; D051741:Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D050814:Octamer Transcription Factor-3 / Q000378:metabolism*; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology*
chemical_list: C000715467:KLF4 protein, human; C000715468:Klf4 protein, mouse; D000090062:Kruppel-Like Factor 4; D051741:Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors; D050814:Octamer Transcription Factor-3; C494173:POU5F1 protein, human; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc