title: Cyclophosphamide chemotherapy sensitizes tumor cells to TRAIL-dependent CD8 T cell-mediated immune attack resulting in suppression of tumor growth.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Anti-cancer chemotherapy can be simultaneously lymphodepleting and immunostimulatory. Pre-clinical models clearly demonstrate that chemotherapy can synergize with immunotherapy, raising the question how the immune system can be mobilized to generate anti-tumor immune responses in the context of chemotherapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We used a mouse model of malignant mesothelioma, AB1-HA, to investigate T cell-dependent tumor resolution after chemotherapy. Established AB1-HA tumors were cured by a single dose of cyclophosphamide in a CD8 T cell- and NK cell-dependent manner. This treatment was associated with an IFN-alpha/beta response and a profound negative impact on the anti-tumor and total CD8 T cell responses. Despite this negative effect, CD8 T cells were essential for curative responses. The important effector molecules used by the anti-tumor immune response included IFN-gamma and TRAIL. The importance of TRAIL was supported by experiments in nude mice where the lack of functional T cells could be compensated by agonistic anti-TRAIL-receptor (DR5) antibodies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data support a model in which chemotherapy sensitizes tumor cells for T cell-, and possibly NK cell-, mediated apoptosis. A key role of tumor cell sensitization to immune attack is supported by the role of TRAIL in tumor resolution and explains the paradox of successful CD8 T cell-dependent anti-tumor responses in the absence of CD8 T cell expansion.
authors.affiliation: National Research Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia. robbertvdm@gmail.com
authors.forename: Robbert G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: van der Most
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Currie
authors.forename: Amanda L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Cleaver
authors.forename: Joanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Salmons
authors.forename: Anna K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Nowak
authors.forename: Sathish
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mahendran
authors.forename: Irma
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Larma
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Prosser
authors.forename: Bruce W S
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: Mark J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Smyth
authors.forename: Anthony A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Scalzo
authors.forename: Mariapia A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Degli-Esposti
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Lake
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000378:metabolism; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000166:cytology; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D053221:TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D053221:TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand; C505653:TNFSF10 protein, human; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D003520:Cyclophosphamide