title: Social capital and self-rated health in 21 European countries.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this paper is to explore the association between social capital and self-rated health in different European countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  For the cross sectional, comparative analyses data from 21 European countries were used. 40,856 people aged 15 years and older were personally interviewed in 2003 (European Social Survey). Perceptions of social trust, and membership, participation and voluntary work in civic organisations were used as social capital indicators. Analyses are conducted on an aggregate level (country) and on an individual level.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results indicate comparatively low levels of social capital in East and South European countries. Countries with low levels of social capital have a high percentage of residents reporting poor health. Social capital is significantly associated with self-rated health in most of the European countries on the individual level after accounting for gender and age. However, additional adjustment for socio-economic status results in a decrease of the associations between activities in voluntary organisations and health. Further adjustment for social contacts and emotional support results in only minor changes of the associations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Analyses reveal strong correlations between social capital and self-rated health in a number of European countries on the aggregate level. Associations on the individual level are weaker in East and South European countries. Moreover, association of self-rated health with perceptions of social trust seems to be more consistent than with activities in voluntary organisations.
authors.affiliation: University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Center of Psychosocial Medicine, Institute of Medical Sociology, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Olaf
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: von dem Knesebeck
authors.forename: Nico
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dragano
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Siegrist