title: Metastatic renal cell carcinoma: recent advances in the targeted therapy era.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) has recently evolved from being predominantly cytokine based to being grounded in the use of targeted agents.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To analyse current evidence on the medical management of mRCC.
  
  
  METHODS
  The PubMed and Medline databases were searched for articles published as of 15 July 2009. Only articles published in English were considered. The search terms were metastatic renal cell cancer, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. Proceedings from the 2000-2009 conferences of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, the American Urological Association, and the European Association of Urology were also searched for relevant abstracts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sunitinib has recently emerged as a front-line standard of care in mRCC. Temsirolimus is considered a first-line therapy for patients with poor risk features. Bevacizumab/interferon is likely to be the next U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved first-line treatment. The use of sorafenib has moved toward second-line and later therapy. Everolimus was the first agent to show clinical benefit post-tyrosine kinase inhibitor failure in a phase 3 study and is considered the standard of care in this setting. Temsirolimus provided benefit to patients with non-clear-cell histology. In preliminary results, a favourable risk-benefit ratio has been shown with pazopanib and axitinib as first- and second-line treatment. Until combination therapy is clearly shown to be superior to monotherapy, it should be used in the context of a clinical trial. Deciding which is the best sequence to use in mRCC patients remains up to the best judgement of the treating physician. Cytoreductive nephrectomy in the presence of metastatic disease is often indicated as part of an integrated management strategy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Given considerable advances in understanding the biology of mRCC, several new drugs have recently been developed, offering an increasing number of treatment options. A treatment algorithm based on the best available evidence so far can be therefore postulated, though it continues to evolve as data from ongoing trials become available.
authors.affiliation: Cattedra di Oncologia Medica, Dipartimento di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Molecolare e Clinica, Università degli Studi Federico II, Napoli, Italy. giuseppedilorenzoncol@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Di Lorenzo
authors.forename: Riccardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Autorino
authors.forename: Cora N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Sternberg
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000556:secondary / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D009392:Nephrectomy
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents