title: First things first: effectiveness and scalability of a basic prehospital trauma care program for lay first-responders in Kampala, Uganda.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We previously showed that in the absence of a formal emergency system, lay people face a heavy burden of injuries in Kampala, Uganda, and we demonstrated the feasibility of a basic prehospital trauma course for lay people. This study tests the effectiveness of this course and estimates the costs and cost-effectiveness of scaling up this training.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For six months, we prospectively followed 307 trainees (police, taxi drivers, and community leaders) who completed a one-day basic prehospital trauma care program in 2008. Cross-sectional surveys and fund of knowledge tests were used to measure their frequency of skill and supply use, reasons for not providing aid, perceived utility of the course and kit, confidence in using skills, and knowledge of first-aid. We then estimated the cost-effectiveness of scaling up the program. At six months, 188 (62%) of the trainees were followed up. Their knowledge retention remained high or increased. The mean correct score on a basic fund of knowledge test was 92%, up from 86% after initial training (n = 146 pairs, p = 0.0016). 97% of participants had used at least one skill from the course: most commonly haemorrhage control, recovery position and lifting/moving and 96% had used at least one first-aid item. Lack of knowledge was less of a barrier and trainees were significantly more confident in providing first-aid. Based on cost estimates from the World Health Organization, local injury data, and modelling from previous studies, the projected cost of scaling up this program was $0.12 per capita or $25-75 per life year saved. Key limitations of the study include small sample size, possible reporter bias, preliminary local validation of study instruments, and an indirect estimate of mortality reduction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lay first-responders effectively retained knowledge on prehospital trauma care and confidently used their first-aid skills and supplies for at least six months. The costs of scaling up this intervention to cover Kampala are very modest. This may be a cost-effective first step toward developing formal emergency services in Uganda other resource-constrained settings. Further research is needed in this critical area of trauma care in low-income countries.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Sudha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jayaraman
authors.forename: Jacqueline R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Mabweijano
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Lipnick
authors.forename: Nolan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Caldwell
authors.forename: Justin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Miyamoto
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wangoda
authors.forename: Cephas
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mijumbi
authors.forename: Renee
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hsia
authors.forename: Rochelle
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dicker
authors.forename: Doruk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ozgediz
mesh_terms: D015331:Cohort Studies; D003150:Community Health Workers / Q000191:economics / Q000193:education*; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003479:Curriculum; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration*; D005392:First Aid / Q000191:economics*; D006801:Humans; D007318:Inservice Training / Q000458:organization & administration*; D020380:Needs Assessment; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D014187:Transportation of Patients / Q000458:organization & administration*; D014454:Uganda; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*