title: Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat (CM) extract protects human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells against MPP+-induced cytotoxicity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat (Asteraceae) has (CM) long been used in Korean and Chinese traditional herbal medicines with numerous therapeutic applications.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the neuroprotective activities of Chrysanthemum morifolium (CM) extract against 1-methyl-4-phenylpridinium ions (MPP(+)), Parkinsonian toxin through oxidative stress and impaired energy metabolism, in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells and the underlying mechanisms.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effects of CM against MPP(+)-induced cytotoxicity and neuronal cell viability, oxidative damage, the expression of Bcl-2 and Bax, caspase-3 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) proteolysis were evaluated by using SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CM effectively inhibited the cytotoxicity and improved cell viability. CM also attenuated the elevation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, increase in Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, cleavage of caspase-3 and PARP proteolysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate that CM possesses potent neuroprotective activity and therefore, might be a potential candidate in neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 322 Danwol-dong, Chungju 380-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: In Su
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Sushruta
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Koppula
authors.forename: Pyo-Jam
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Ee Hwa
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Chan Gil
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Wahn Soo
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Kwang Ho
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Dong-Kug
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Choi
mesh_terms: D015655:1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium / Q000633:toxicity*; D001483:Base Sequence; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D031202:Chrysanthemum / Q000737:chemistry*; D017931:DNA Primers; D006801:Humans; D009447:Neuroblastoma / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases / Q000378:metabolism; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases; D053148:Caspase 3; D015655:1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium