title: How to avoid nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: current guidelines in Europe and the United States.
abstract: Views vary about how to avoid nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF). In Europe, it is contraindicated to use gadodiamide, gadopentetate dimeglumine, and gadovertisamide in patients who have a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of less than 30 mL/min, and these agents may only be used with caution in patients who have a GFR between 30 and 60 mL/min. Similar restrictions have not been introduced for the other six gadolinium-based contrast agents available in the European market. In the United States, the US Food and Drug Administration introduced a class ban and warned about the use of gadolinium-based contrast agents in patients who have reduced renal function. However, European and American guidelines about how to avoid NSF are generally not very different.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-Copenhagen N, Denmark. hentho01@heh.regionh.dk
authors.forename: Henrik S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Thomsen
mesh_terms: D000075202:Contraindications; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005060:Europe; D005682:Gadolinium / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D007677:Kidney Function Tests; D054989:Nephrogenic Fibrosing Dermopathy / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D005682:Gadolinium