title: Tobacco smoke exposure and levels of urinary metals in the U.S. youth and adult population: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2004.
abstract: We assessed 12 urine metals in tobacco smoke-exposed and not exposed National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey participants. Our analysis included age, race/ethnicity, and poverty status. Gender and racial/ethnic differences in cadmium and lead and creatinine-adjusted and unadjusted data for group comparisons are presented. Smokers' had higher cadmium, lead, antimony, and barium levels than nonsmokers. Highest lead levels were in the youngest subjects. Lead levels among adults with high second-hand smoke exposure equaled smokers. Older smokers had cadmium levels signaling the potential for cadmium-related toxicity. Given the potential toxicity of metals, our findings complement existing research on exposure to chemicals in tobacco smoke.
authors.affiliation: Office of Smoking and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA. prichter@cdc.gov
authors.forename: Patricia A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Richter
authors.forename: Ellen E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Bishop
authors.forename: Jiantong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Monica H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Swahn
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000652:urine*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D044469:Racial Groups; D012907:Smoking / Q000652:urine*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D019216:Metals, Heavy; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution