title: Similarity in depressive symptom profile in a population-based study of migrants in the Netherlands.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Depression is a clinical syndrome developed in Western Europe and North-America. The expression of symptoms and the impact of symptoms on functioning may therefore be expected to vary across cultures and languages. Our first aim was to study differences in depressive symptom profile between indigenous and non-Western immigrant populations in the Netherlands. We hypothesized that differences in expression of depressive symptoms would be more likely in the domains of mood and cognitions, and less likely in the domains of psychomotor and vegetative symptoms. Our second aim was to study ethnic differences in the association of depressive symptoms and general functioning.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a random community sample stratified for ethnicity in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, depressive symptoms were assessed by bilingual interviewers using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI 2.1) and the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R). Impairments in functioning were measured by the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule II (WHODAS II). Results were obtained from 812 subjects: N = 321 native Dutch, N = 213 Turkish-Dutch, N = 191 Moroccan-Dutch, N = 87 Surinamese-Dutch. Differences in depressive symptom expression were tested by differential item functioning.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of DSM-IV depressive disorder and the overall level of depressive symptoms were higher in the Turkish and Moroccan immigrant groups compared to native Dutch subjects. Ethnic differences in item functioning of depressive symptoms were rare, and equally unlikely in all four symptom domains. Depression was equally associated with functional impairment across ethnic groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although depressive symptoms were more common among migrants than in the indigenous population, both the depressive symptom profile and the associated functional impairments were comparable. These findings may help diminishing concerns about the validity of using existing diagnostic procedures among ethnic minority groups.
authors.affiliation: Altrecht Institute for Mental Health Care, Utrecht, The Netherlands. a.schrier@altrecht.nl
authors.forename: Agnes C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Schrier
authors.forename: Matty A S
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: de Wit
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rijmen
authors.forename: Wilco C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Tuinebreijer
authors.forename: Arnoud P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Verhoeff
authors.forename: Ralph W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Kupka
authors.forename: Jack
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dekker
authors.forename: Aartjan T F
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Beekman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D057189:Checklist; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008913:Minority Groups / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009018:Morocco / Q000208:ethnology; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology; D044382:Population Groups / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015995:Prevalence; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012307:Risk Factors; D013532:Suriname / Q000208:ethnology; D014171:Transients and Migrants / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014421:Turkey / Q000208:ethnology