title: Hope as an emotion of expectancy: first assessment results.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Based on deficiencies of present conceptions of hope, an appraisal model is proposed as an alternative approach, in which hope is defined as the expectancy that a possible event, which a person rates positively, will occur in the future. The event depends both on situational and internal factors. This model differentiates between a subjective probability of occurrence and a subjective probability of affiliation. The first refers to a person's estimation of the probability that a positive event can occur in general (e.g. the chances of recovering from a life-threatening illness); the second refers to the estimated probability that he/she belongs to those, for which the positive outcome is likely.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present contribution is a first validation of the appraisal model of hope.
  
  
  METHODS
  On a sample of prisoners (N=172) the degree of hope never to be incarcerated again after serving the present sentence was tested. Furthermore, personality dimensions, psychological distress, perceived social support and features of childhood delinquency were assessed using questionnaires.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As expected, the results indicate that both probability-estimations are largely independent of each other and were predicted by different factors (such as duration of arrest, anxiety, social support, or childhood delinquency).
authors.affiliation: Institute for Psychology II, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Marcus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Roth
authors.forename: Philipp
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hammelstein