title: Radiofrequency ablation of small liver malignancies under magnetic resonance guidance: progress in targeting and preliminary observations with temperature monitoring.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of magnetic resonance (MR)-guided radiofrequency (RF) ablation for small liver tumours with poor conspicuity on both contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (US) and computed tomography (CT), using fast navigation and temperature monitoring.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen malignant liver nodules (long-axis diameter, 0.6-2.4 cm) were treated with multipolar RF ablation on a 1.5-T wide-bore MR system in ten patients. Targeting was performed interactively, using a fast steady-state free precession sequence. Real-time MR-based temperature mapping was performed, using gradient echo-echo planar imaging (GRE-EPI) and hardware filtering. MR-specific treatment data were recorded. The mean follow-up time was 19 +/- 7 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Correct placement of RF electrodes was obtained in all procedures (image update, <500 ms; mean targeting time, 21 +/- 11 min). MR thermometry was available for 14 of 16 nodules (88%) with an accuracy of 1.6 degrees C in a non-heated region. No correlation was found between the size of the lethal thermal dose and the ablation zone at follow-up imaging. The primary and secondary effectiveness rates were 100% and 91%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RF ablation of small liver tumours can be planned, targeted, monitored and controlled with MR imaging within acceptable procedure times. Temperature mapping is technically feasible, but the clinical benefit remains to be proven.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. sylvain.terraz@hcuge.ch
authors.forename: Sylvain
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Terraz
authors.forename: Alexandru
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cernicanu
authors.forename: Matthieu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lepetit-Coiffé
authors.forename: Magalie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Viallon
authors.forename: Rares
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Salomir
authors.forename: Gilles
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mentha
authors.forename: Christoph D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Becker
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006498:Hepatectomy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D013817:Thermography / Q000379:methods*