title: Evidence that human Chlamydia pneumoniae was zoonotically acquired.
abstract: Zoonotic infections are a growing threat to global health. Chlamydia pneumoniae is a major human pathogen that is widespread in human populations, causing acute respiratory disease, and has been associated with chronic disease. C. pneumoniae was first identified solely in human populations; however, its host range now includes other mammals, marsupials, amphibians, and reptiles. Australian koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) are widely infected with two species of Chlamydia, C. pecorum and C. pneumoniae. Transmission of C. pneumoniae between animals and humans has not been reported; however, two other chlamydial species, C. psittaci and C. abortus, are known zoonotic pathogens. We have sequenced the 1,241,024-bp chromosome and a 7.5-kb cryptic chlamydial plasmid of the koala strain of C. pneumoniae (LPCoLN) using the whole-genome shotgun method. Comparative genomic analysis, including pseudogene and single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) distribution, and phylogenetic analysis of conserved genes and SNPs against the human isolates of C. pneumoniae show that the LPCoLN isolate is basal to human isolates. Thus, we propose based on compelling genomic and phylogenetic evidence that humans were originally infected zoonotically by an animal isolate(s) of C. pneumoniae which adapted to humans primarily through the processes of gene decay and plasmid loss, to the point where the animal reservoir is no longer required for transmission.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA. gmyers@som.umaryland.edu
authors.forename: G S A
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Myers
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Mathews
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eppinger
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: O'Brien
authors.forename: O R
authors.initials: OR
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Benahmed
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Brunham
authors.forename: T D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Read
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ravel
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Bavoil
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Timms
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002690:Chlamydia Infections / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D016993:Chlamydophila pneumoniae / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D016680:Genome, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D048368:Phascolarctidae / Q000382:microbiology; D010802:Phylogeny; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics