title: A survey study of etiology of altered consciousness in the emergency department.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Altered consciousness (AC) is a common presenting problem in the Emergency Department (ED), the causes of which can be either intracranial or extracranial in origin.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the common etiologies of AC among patients in the ED of a medical teaching hospital and to build up a proper differential diagnosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review of the medical records of patients who presented with AC in the ED between January and August 2004 was conducted Patient characteristics and demographic data as well as the etiologies of AC were presented in descriptive pattern.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 350 patients, of whom 67 (19.1%) were admitted, 38(10.9%) were transferred to other hospitals due to full occupancy, 35 (10%) died in the ED, and the rest (60%) were discharged and re-evaluated The mean age was 60.3 years old with 57.1% males and 42.9% females. The etiologies included neurological disorders (29.1%), endocrine/metabolic derangement (20.8%), infectious diseases and sepsis (18.8%), cardiovascular disorders (10%), psychiatric illness (8.8%), pulmonary (7.1%), and toxicological causes (5.1%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Though neurological disorders or intracranial causes were the most common etiology of AC in the ED, they accounted for only one-third of all cases in the ED. The larger proportion of AC cases was extracranial abnormalities including adverse effects from current medications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand. sporncha@medicine.psu.ac.th
authors.forename: Pornchai
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sathirapanya
authors.forename: Naris
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Smitasin
authors.forename: Kitti
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Limapichart
authors.forename: Suwanna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Setthawatcharawanich
authors.forename: Kanitpong
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Phabphal
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003244:Consciousness Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013785:Thailand; D055815:Young Adult