title: Effect of filler particle size and morphology on force/work parameters for stickiness of unset resin-composites.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effect of variation in filler particle size and morphology within an unset model series of resin-composites on two stickiness parameters: (1) maximum probe separation-force and (2) work-of-separation. This study was to complement previously reported measurements of composite stickiness in terms of a strain-parameter, 'peak-height'.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven experimental light cured resin-composites were selected. All had the same matrix (Bis-GMA, UDMA and TEGDMA, with 0.33% camphoroquinone) and the same filler volume fraction-56.7%, however filler particles varied in size and shape and were either unimodal or multimodal in size-distribution. Each material was placed in a cylindrical mould (phi=7mmx5mm depth) held at 26 or 37 degrees C. The maximum force (F(max), N) and work of probe-separation (W(s), Nmm) were measured. A flat-ended stainless-steel probe (phi=6mm) was mechanically lowered onto and into the surface of the unset sample, until a compressive force of 1N was reached, which was held constant for 1s. Then the probe was moved vertically upward at a constant speed; either 2 or 8mm/s. The tensile force produced on the probe by the sticky composite was plotted against displacement and the maximum value was identified (F(max)). W(s) was obtained as the integrated area. Data was analyzed by multivariate ANOVA and multiple pair-wise comparisons using a Tukey post hoc test to establish homogenous subsets (at p=0.05) for F(max) and a Games-Howell was used for W(s).
  
  
  RESULTS
  As potential measures of stickiness, F(max) and W(s) showed more coherent trends with fillersize when measured at the lower of the two probe speeds, 2mm/s. For unimodal resin-composite F(max) ranged from 1.04 to 5.11N and W(s) from 0.48 to 11.12Nmm. For the multimodal resin-composite they ranged from 1.64 to 4.13N and from 2.32 to 8.34Nmm respectively. Temperature increase tended to slightly reduce F(max), although this trend was not consistent. W(s) generally increased with temperature.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Filler particle size and morphology influences F(max) and W(s) of uncured resin-composite which partly express the handling behaviors of resin-composites.
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK. dr kaleem78@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kaleem
authors.forename: Julian D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Satterthwaite
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Watts
mesh_terms: D000268:Adhesiveness; D017609:Barium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D017438:Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate / Q000737:chemistry; D003188:Composite Resins / Q000737:chemistry*; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D005898:Glass / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D055595:Mechanical Phenomena; D008689:Methacrylates / Q000737:chemistry; D010316:Particle Size; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry; D011109:Polymethacrylic Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D011140:Polyurethanes / Q000737:chemistry; D012212:Rheology; D012821:Silanes / Q000737:chemistry; D017640:Silicates / Q000737:chemistry; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013696:Temperature; D013729:Terpenes / Q000737:chemistry; D014159:Transducers
chemical_list: D017609:Barium Compounds; D003188:Composite Resins; D003764:Dental Materials; D008689:Methacrylates; D011109:Polymethacrylic Acids; D011140:Polyurethanes; D012821:Silanes; D017640:Silicates; D013729:Terpenes; C415406:barium borosilicate; C029824:urethane dimethacrylate luting resin; C020946:triethylene glycol dimethacrylate; C017492:methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D017438:Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate; C048339:camphoroquinone; D012822:Silicon Dioxide