title: The UK model for system redesign and chronic kidney disease services.
abstract: The British National Health Service is a closed managed care system. This single health care system for the United Kingdom is funded by the government and paid for by general taxation. All UK citizens are registered with primary care physicians who control access to secondary care services. As a managed care system it should be able to offer integrated care across the whole patient pathway. In reality there are professional, organizational, and institutional barriers to coordination and delivery of care in the NHS. Historically, the United Kingdom has been among the lowest health care spenders of organizations for economic cooperation in developed countries, in absolute terms as well as proportion of the gross domestic product. However, since a Government pledge to place quality at the heart of the NHS and a commitment in 2000 to increase spending on the NHS, the NHS budget has more than doubled-an unprecedented rate of growth, roughly by 7.5% annually in real terms. A quality and outcomes framework has been introduced into primary care to systematically incentivize process measures such as computerization and chronic disease management by establishing practice-based disease registers. The strategic planning for kidney services in England has been developed in this national environment complemented by local research findings and the wider international consensus that has emerged since the publication of the classification of chronic kidney disease in 2002. This program of work has resulted in a paradigm shift from kidney disease being viewed as a secondary care condition to being a primary care priority as part of vascular disease control and management. In the first 2 years of the initiative more than 40% of the expected chronic kidney disease stage 3 to 5 population have been registered in primary care. Kidney disease now is recognized as a public health problem in the United Kingdom, preventative strategies are being integrated into comprehensive vascular risk assessment and management programs, and kidney disease has become an NHS priority area.
authors.affiliation: Department of Renal Medicine, East Kent Hospitals University Foundation National Health Service Trust, Kent and Canterbury Hospital, Canterbury, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Paul E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.forename: Donal J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: O'Donoghue
mesh_terms: D002908:Chronic Disease; D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000145:classification / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D008329:Managed Care Programs; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D015995:Prevalence; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000458:organization & administration*; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D012042:Registries; D013222:State Medicine / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology