title: Depressed patients understand heart failure prognosis but not how to control it.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Depression prevalence in patients with heart failure (HF) is 21% to 42%. Conceptual illness beliefs that patients have about HF may be associated with depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined whether accuracy of illness beliefs was associated with depression. Illness belief scores were compared with depression severity, and multivariable analyses were performed to determine factors that were independently associated with depression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 219 elderly patients with HF, depression prevalence was 47%. Accuracy of illness beliefs was associated with depression (r = .224; P = .049), due solely to accuracy of beliefs about consequences of HF (P = .005). Beliefs about how to control HF remained stable as depression severity increased. After controlling for significant univariable factors, mean illness belief and consequence scores remained associated with depression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this sample, accuracy of beliefs about HF consequences increased but beliefs about how to control HF remained unchanged as depression severity worsened. This combination of HF beliefs may influence coping through self-care behaviors.
authors.affiliation: Nursing Institute and Kaufman Center for Heart Failure, Cleveland Clinic, Ohio 44195, USA.
authors.forename: Nancy M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Albert
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zeller
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008960:Models, Psychological; D011379:Prognosis; D011594:Psychometrics; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013315:Stress, Psychological; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires