title: Incidence analyses of bladder cancer in the Nile delta region of Egypt.
abstract: Bladder cancer is the most common malignancy among Egyptian males and previously has been attributed to Schistosoma infection, a major risk factor for squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Recently, transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) incidence has been increasing while SCC has declined. To investigate this shift, we analyzed the geographical patterns of all bladder cancers cases recorded in Egypt's Gharbiah Population-Based Cancer Registry from 1999 through 2002. Data on tumor grade, stage, and morphology, as well as smoking, community of residence, age and sex, were collected on 1209 bladder cancer cases. Age-adjusted incidence rates were calculated for males, females, and the total population for the eight administrative Districts and 316 communities in Gharbiah. Incidence Rate Ratios (IRR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were computed using Poisson Regression. The male age-adjusted incidence rate (IR) in Gharbiah Province was 13.65/100,000 person years (PY). The District of Kotour had the highest age-adjusted IR 28.96/100,000 among males. The District of Kotour also had the highest IRR among all Districts, IRR=2.15 95% CI (1.72, 2.70). Kotour's capital city had the highest bladder cancer incidence among the 316 communities (IR=73.11/100,000 PY). Future studies on sources and types of environmental pollution and exposures in relation to the spatial patterns of bladder cancer, particularly in Kotour District, may improve our understating of risk factors for bladder cancer in the region.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
authors.forename: Stacey A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Fedewa
authors.forename: Amr S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Soliman
authors.forename: Kadry
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ismail
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hablas
authors.forename: Ibrahim A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Seifeldin
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ramadan
authors.forename: Hoda G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Omar
authors.forename: Jerome
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nriagu
authors.forename: Mark L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Wilson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000469:parasitology; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004534:Egypt / Q000453:epidemiology; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D016012:Poisson Distribution; D012042:Registries / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012307:Risk Factors; D012552:Schistosomiasis / Q000150:complications; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000469:parasitology; D055815:Young Adult