title: Enhancement of the encapsulation and transmembrane permeation of isoflavone-containing red clover extracts in phospholipid-based microemulsions using different extraction processes.
abstract: Several isoflavone-enriched red clover extracts (RCE) prepared by using solid- or liquid-phase extraction or a combination of both were studied for their encapsulation into a phospholipid-based microemulsion system. The optimization process with regard to the bioactive ingredient-encapsulated amounts and transmembrane efficiency of various RCE micelles was demonstrated. The results indicated that the encapsulated amounts of isoflavones in RCE-encapsulated microemulsions (ME) of ME-RC5, ME-RC6, and ME-RC7 were increased by >10-fold when compared with that of the raw red clover extracts. Comparison of the permeability coefficient K(p) of the formononetin among the ME-RCs from the in vitro skin permeation study showed that ME-RC5 significantly exhibited the least permeability, whereas ME-RC6 exhibited enhanced permeability after two-stage solid-phase extraction, indicating the potential role of the matrix material as a barrier or enhancer in the transmembrane study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 840, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Mei-Hwa
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Ming-Wen
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kao
authors.forename: Chuan-Chuan
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002463:Cell Membrane Permeability; D005591:Chemical Fractionation; D004339:Drug Compounding; D004655:Emulsions; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007529:Isoflavones / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D010743:Phospholipids / Q000737:chemistry; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction; D029921:Trifolium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D004655:Emulsions; D007529:Isoflavones; D010743:Phospholipids; D010936:Plant Extracts