title: Lipid emulsion improves recovery from bupivacaine-induced cardiac arrest, but not from ropivacaine- or mepivacaine-induced cardiac arrest.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cardiac toxicity significantly correlates with the lipophilicity of local anesthetics (LAs). Recently, the infusion of lipid emulsions has been shown to be a promising approach to treat LA-induced cardiac arrest. As the postulated mechanism of action, the so-called "lipid sink" effect may depend on the lipophilicity of LAs. In this study, we investigated whether lipid effects differ with regard to the administered LAs.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the isolated rat heart, cardiac arrest was induced by administration of equipotent doses of bupivacaine, ropivacaine, and mepivacaine, respectively, followed by cardiac perfusion with or without lipid emulsion (0.25 mL x kg(-1) x min(-1)). Subsequently, the times from the start of perfusion to return of first heart activity and to recovery of heart rate and rate-pressure product (to 90% of baseline values) were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all groups, lipid infusion had no effects on the time to the return of any cardiac activity. However, recovery times of heart rate and rate-pressure product (to 90% of baseline values) were significantly shorter with the administration of lipids in bupivacaine-induced cardiac toxicity, but not in ropivacaine- or mepivacaine-induced cardiac toxicity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data show that the effects of lipid infusion on LA-induced cardiac arrest are strongly dependent on the administered LAs itself. We conclude that lipophilicity of LAs has a marked impact on the efficacy of lipid infusions to treat cardiac arrest induced by these drugs.
authors.affiliation: University of Regensburg, Department of Anaesthesiology, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany. york.zausig@klinik.uni-regensburg.de
authors.forename: York A
authors.initials: YA
authors.lastname: Zausig
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zink
authors.forename: Meike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Keil
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sinner
authors.forename: Juergen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Barwing
authors.forename: Christoph H R
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Wiese
authors.forename: Bernhard M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Graf
mesh_terms: D000577:Amides / Q000633:toxicity*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D000931:Antidotes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000633:toxicity*; D005217:Fat Emulsions, Intravenous / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D008619:Mepivacaine / Q000633:toxicity*; D010477:Perfusion; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D020127:Recovery of Function; D000077212:Ropivacaine; D013997:Time Factors; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000187:drug effects; D017725:Ventricular Pressure / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000577:Amides; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D000931:Antidotes; D005217:Fat Emulsions, Intravenous; D000077212:Ropivacaine; D008619:Mepivacaine; D002045:Bupivacaine