title: HIV infection does not affect active case finding of tuberculosis in South African gold miners.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gold miners in South Africa undergo annual radiological screening for tuberculosis in an occupational health center of a gold mining company, but the optimal screening algorithm is unclear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate methods for active case detection of tuberculosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A sequential sample of miners attending annual medical examination was screened for tuberculosis using a symptom questionnaire, chest radiograph, and two sputum specimens for microscopy and culture.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 1,955 miners included in this study; all were male with a median age of 41 years (range, 20-61 yr). Presence of at least one of a trio of symptoms (new or worsening cough, night sweats, or weight loss) had similar sensitivity (29.4%) to either chest radiograph (25.5%) or sputum smear (25.5%). These sensitivities did not differ by HIV status. Presence of one or more elements of the symptom trio and/or new radiological abnormality substantially increased sensitivity to 49.0%. Specificity of the symptom trio was higher in HIV-uninfected (91.8%) than in HIV-infected persons (88.2%; P = 0.018). Specificity of chest radiography and smear were similar (98.7% and 99.0%, respectively) and did not differ by HIV status (both P values > 0.8).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a population of gold miners who undergo regular radiological screening, the addition of chest radiography to symptom screening substantially improved the sensitivity and positive predictive value. HIV infection did not alter the sensitivity of the screening tool.
authors.affiliation: Aurum Institute for Health Research, Postnet Suite 300, Private Bag X 30500, Houghton, Johannesburg, South Africa 2041. jlewis@auruminstitute.org
authors.forename: James J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: Salome
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Charalambous
authors.forename: John H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Day
authors.forename: Katherine L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Fielding
authors.forename: Alison D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Hayes
authors.forename: Elizabeth L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Corbett
authors.forename: Gavin J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Churchyard
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015897:Comorbidity; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods; D008875:Middle Aged; D008906:Mining; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015995:Prevalence; D011859:Radiography; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013019:South Africa / Q000453:epidemiology; D013183:Sputum / Q000382:microbiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology; D055815:Young Adult