The Asymptomatic Carotid Emboli Study: study design and baseline results.
BACKGROUND
Better methods of identifying which patients with asymptomatic carotid stenosis will develop stroke, are required to improve the risk-benefit ratio of carotid endarterectomy. A promising method is the detection of asymptomatic embolic signals using transcranial Doppler. Embolic signals predict stroke risk in symptomatic carotid stenosis, but their predictive role in asymptomatic carotid stenosis is uncertain.


OBJECTIVE
The Asymptomatic Carotid Emboli Study is a prospective observational study in patients with asymptomatic carotid stenosis> or =70%.


METHODS
Two 1-h transcranial Doppler recordings from the ipsilateral middle cerebral artery are performed at baseline, and a single-hour recording is performed at 6, 12 and 18 months. Follow-up is for 2 years. All recordings are centrally blinded to subject identity during analysis. The primary hypothesis is: do embolic signals on either of two 1-h recordings at entry predict ipsilateral transient ischaemic attack and stroke risk over the following 2 years? The major secondary hypothesis is: does the presence of embolic signals on a single-hour-long recording at baseline or at 6, 12 or 18 months predict ipsilateral transient ischaemic attack and stroke risk over the subsequent 6-month period?


RESULTS
Recruitment was completed in October 2007 with 482 subjects. At the baseline, the proportion of subjects with embolic signals was 10.7% on recording 1, 10.8% on recording 2 and 16.7% on either of the two recordings. Embolic signal prevalence on the two recordings was significantly associated (chi(2) 27.48, P<0.0005). Patients without embolic signals were more likely to be treated with antiplatelets (90.8 vs 76.9%, P<0.0005) and this difference persisted on multivariate analysis.


CONCLUSIONS
Asymptomatic Carotid Emboli Study will determine whether embolic signal is a useful predictor in asymptomatic carotid stenosis, and detection allows its predictive value to be compared with clinical features, imaging parameters and ultrasound plaque morphology. Baseline data show antiplatelet therapy is associated with fewer embolic signals.
D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002343:Carotid Artery, Internal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D004617:Embolism / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D016894:Endarterectomy, Carotid / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D017585:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial / Q000379:methods