title: Peripheral insulin-like factor 3 concentrations are reduced in men with type 2 diabetes mellitus: effect of glycemic control and visceral adiposity on Leydig cell function.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hypogonadism frequently occurs in men with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), while the role of glycemic control and visceral obesity is still unclear. This study aimed to assess the Leydig cell function, including the new sensitive marker insulin-like factor 3 (INSL3), in T2DM patients without overt hypogonadism and the influence of either glycemic control or visceral adiposity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty T2DM patients (age 57.1+/-6.2 years, body mass index (BMI) 28.0+/-4.3) without overt hypogonadism and 30 age- and BMI-matched controls were studied. Anthropometric, glycometabolic parameters and testosterone, SHBG, LH, INSL3 levels, bioavailable and free testosterone (BT and cFT) were evaluated. The human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) test was also performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients had lower total testosterone (452.6+/-130.0 vs 512.6+/-117.3 ng/dl, P=0.06), BT (189.7+/-36.4 vs 237.1+/-94.1 ng/dl, P=0.002), cFT (8.1+/-1.6 vs 10.1+/-4.0 ng/dl, P=0.002), and higher LH levels (3.5+/-1.6 vs 2.6+/-1.2 mU/ml, P=0.01) versus controls. Serum INSL3 concentrations were also lower in patients (1.1+/-0.3 vs 1.5+/-0.7 ng/ml, P=0.01). These hormonal parameters, including INSL3, did not differ between T2DM patients with poor or good glycemic control (HbA1c>9 or <7% respectively). In patients, waist circumferences (97.9+/-12.4 cm) negatively correlated with INSL3 (P=0.03) and basal, as well as hCG-stimulated testosterone levels (P=0.04 and 0.004 respectively). Basal or stimulated hormonal levels and INSL3 concentrations were not different between patients with (40%) or without erectile dysfunction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An early impairment of the overall Leydig cell function is present in men with T2DM, mainly related to visceral adiposity rather than to glycemic control.
authors.affiliation: Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Via Morandi 30, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ermetici
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Donadio
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Iorio
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Malavazos
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dolci
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Peverelli
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Barbieri
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Morricone
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Chiodini
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Arosio
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lania
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Beck-Peccoz
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ambrosi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Corbetta
mesh_terms: D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood*; D050152:Intra-Abdominal Fat / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011506:Proteins; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; C084797:Leydig insulin-like protein; D011506:Proteins; D013739:Testosterone