The costs of chronic noise exposure for terrestrial organisms.
Growth in transportation networks, resource extraction, motorized recreation and urban development is responsible for chronic noise exposure in most terrestrial areas, including remote wilderness sites. Increased noise levels reduce the distance and area over which acoustic signals can be perceived by animals. Here, we review a broad range of findings that indicate the potential severity of this threat to diverse taxa, and recent studies that document substantial changes in foraging and anti-predator behavior, reproductive success, density and community structure in response to noise. Effective management of protected areas must include noise assessment, and research is needed to further quantify the ecological consequences of chronic noise exposure in terrestrial environments.
Barber
Jesse R
JR
Department of Fish, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA. barber.jesse@gmail.com
Crooks
Kevin R
KR
Fristrup
Kurt M
KM
D000162:Acoustics; D000220:Adaptation, Biological; D000819:Animal Communication; D000818:Animals; D017753:Ecosystem; D009624:Noise, Transportation / Q000009:adverse effects*