title: An experimental test of the effect of incentives on recruitment of ethnically diverse colorectal cancer cases and their first-degree relatives into a research study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Optimizing participant response rates is important for obtaining representative samples and the timely completion of studies. It is a common practice to use participant incentives to boost response rates, but few studies have systematically examined their effectiveness, particularly among minority groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  We experimentally tested three incentive strategies for their effectiveness in improving response rates among colorectal cancer cases (n = 3,816) and their relatives (n = 2,353). A 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design compared (a) registered versus first class mail, (b) $5 cash with the initial mailing (yes/no), and (c) $20 promise (yes/no) upon completion of the information form (for cases) or $10 promise (yes/no) upon completion of the baseline survey (for relatives). Outcome measures were provision of contact information on first-degree relatives for cases and completion of the baseline survey for relatives.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The response rate among cases was low in all ethnic groups (28-37%) and incentive strategies did not have an effect. Among relatives, the overall baseline survey response rate was 71%, ranging from 66% among Asians to 76% among Whites. Modest absolute increases were observed for payment schedules that included a $5 cash enclosure with the initial mailing in the total sample [odds ratio (OR), 1.65 and 1.47] and among Latinos (OR, 1.94 and 1.74) but not among Asians (OR, 1.61 and 1.55) or African Americans (OR, 1.19 and 1.02). Response rates were not influenced by registered versus first-class mailing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The effects of incentives in this study were modest with some suggestion of differences by ethnic group and type of incentive.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, USA. amaxwell@ucla.edu
authors.forename: Annette E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Maxwell
authors.forename: Roshan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bastani
authors.forename: Beth A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Glenn
authors.forename: Cynthia M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Mojica
authors.forename: L Cindy
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000208:ethnology*; D005006:Ethnicity; D019538:Health Care Surveys / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D009042:Motivation; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011177:Postal Service; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012107:Research Design; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013689:Telephone