title: Minimal persistent inflammation in allergic rhinitis: implications for current treatment strategies.
abstract: Patients with allergic rhinitis have traditionally been placed into 'seasonal' and 'perennial' categories, which do not account for the subclinical inflammatory state that exists in many patients. In subjects with seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis, even subthreshold doses of allergen have been found to cause inflammatory cell infiltration in the nasal mucosa, including increases in expression of cellular adhesion molecules, nasal and conjunctival eosinophilia, and other markers of inflammation, which do not result in overt allergy symptoms. This state - which has been termed 'minimal persistent inflammation'- may contribute to hyperreactivity and increased susceptibility to development of clinical symptoms as well as common co-morbidities of allergic rhinitis, such as asthma. Treating overt allergy symptoms as well as this underlying inflammatory state requires agents that have well-established clinical efficacy, convenient administration, potent anti-inflammatory effects and proven long-term safety, so that long-term continuous administration is feasible. Of the three major classes of commonly used allergic rhinitis medications - intranasal corticosteroids, anti-histamines, and anti-leukotrienes - intranasal corticosteroids appear to represent the most reasonable therapeutic option in patients who would benefit from continuous inhibition of persistent inflammation.
authors.affiliation: Allergy and Respiratory Diseases, Clinic Dipartmento di Medicina Interna e Specialita Mediche (DIMI), University of Genova, Genova, Italy. canonica@unige.it
authors.forename: G W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Canonica
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Compalati
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000485:Allergens / Q000276:immunology; D001249:Asthma / Q000209:etiology; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006634:Histamine H1 Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000276:immunology; D020024:Leukotriene Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012221:Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D006255:Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000485:Allergens; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D006634:Histamine H1 Antagonists; D020024:Leukotriene Antagonists; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1