title: Idiopathic recurrent calcium urolithiasis (IRCU): variation of fasting urinary protein is a window to pathophysiology or simple consequence of renal stones in situ? A tripartite study in male patients providing insight into oxidative metabolism as possible driving force towards alteration of urine composition, calcium salt crystallization and stone formation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In IRCU it is uncertain whether variation of urinary protein, especially non-albumin protein (N-Alb-P), is due to the presence of stones or reflects alteration of oxidative metabolism.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To validate in a tripartite cross-sectional study of 187 ambulatory male patients, undergoing a standardized laboratory programme, whether stones impact on N-Alb-P or the state of oxidative metabolism interferes with IRCU pathophysiology.
  
  
  METHODS
  In part 1 the strata low and high of fasting urinary excretion rate per 2 h of N-Alb-P, malonedialdehyde, hypoxanthine, xanthine, pH and other urine components were compared, and association with renal stones in situ evaluated; in part 2 the co-variation of oxidatively modulated environment, fasting urinary pH, calcium (Ca) salt crystallization risk and the number of patients with stones in situ was examined; in part 3, the nucleation of Ca oxalate and Ca phosphate was tested in undiluted postprandial urine of patients and related to the state of oxidative metabolism.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In part 1, N-Alb-P excretion >4.3 mg was associated with increase of blood pressure, excretion of total protein, hypoxanthine (a marker of tissue hypoxia), malonedialdehyde (a marker of lipid peroxidation), sodium, magnesium, citrate, uric acid, volume, pH, and increase of renal fractional excretion of both N-Alb-P and uric acid; when stones were present, urinary pH was elevated but other parameters were unaffected. Significant predictors of N-Alb-P excretion were malonedialdehyde, fractional N-Alb-P and hypoxanthine. In part 2, urine pH >6.14 was associated with unchanged blood pressure and plasma vasopressin, increase of blood pH, urinary volume, malonedialdehyde, fractional excretion of N-Alb-P, uric acid, Ca phosphate, but not Ca oxalate, supersaturation; this spectrum was accompanied by decrease of concentration of urinary total and free magnesium, total and complexed citrate, plasma uric acid (in humans the major circulating antioxidant) and insulin; the number of stone-bearing patients was increased. Significant predictors of urine pH were body mass index, plasma insulin and uric acid (negative), and urinary xanthine (positive). In part 3 low plasma uric acid, not high urinary malonedialdehyde or high ratio malonedialdehyde/uric acid was significantly associated with diminished Ca but not oxalate tolerance, with the first nucleating crystal type being mostly Ca phosphate (hydroxyapatite), in the rest Ca oxalate dihydrate; uricemia correlated marginally positively (p = 0.055) with Ca tolerance of urine, stronger with blood pressure and insulin, and negatively with urinary xanthine, fractional N-Alb-P, volume, sodium.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In IRCU 1) not renal stones in situ, but disturbed oxidative metabolism apparently modulates nephron functionality, ending up in higher renal N-Alb-P release, urinary volume, sodium and pH of fasting urine; 2) etiologically unknown decline of uricemia may represent antioxidant deficiency and cause a risk of hydroxyapatite crystallization and stone formation in a weakly acidic or alkaline inhibitor-deficient and N-Alb-P-rich milieu; 3) several observations, linking oxidative and systemic metabolism, are compatible with Ca stone initiation beyond tubules.
authors.affiliation: Mineral Metabolism and Endocrine Research Laboratory, Departments of Surgery and Urology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany. ml.rasenack@web.de.
authors.forename: Paul O
authors.initials: PO
authors.lastname: Schwille
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schmiedl
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wipplinger
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002129:Calcium Oxalate / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine; D002130:Calcium Phosphates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003460:Crystallization; D005215:Fasting / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D019271:Hypoxanthine / Q000652:urine; D007328:Insulin; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000652:urine; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000097:blood; D016482:Urinalysis / Q000379:methods*; D052878:Urolithiasis / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine; D019820:Xanthine / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D002130:Calcium Phosphates; D007328:Insulin; D019820:Xanthine; D002129:Calcium Oxalate; D014527:Uric Acid; D019271:Hypoxanthine; D008315:Malondialdehyde; C020243:calcium phosphate