title: High prevalence of structural heart disease in children with cblC-type methylmalonic aciduria and homocystinuria.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize the frequency and nature of cardiovascular defects in patients with CblC-type methylmalonic aciduria and homocystinuria (cblC), an inborn error of cobalamin (vitamin B12) metabolism resulting in accumulation of methylmalonic acid and homocysteine.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective observational study was conducted investigating 10 patients with cblC ranging in age from 2 weeks to 24 years (mean 4.4 years +/- 7.5 years, median 0.6 years). All patients underwent a complete 2-D echocardiogram including quantitative assessment of left ventricular systolic function.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Structural heart defects were detected in 50% of patients with cblC. Heart defects included left ventricular (LV) non-compaction (3), secundum atrial septal defect (2), muscular ventricular septal defect (1), dysplastic pulmonary valve without pulmonary stenosis (1) and mitral valve prolapse with mild mitral regurgitation (1). One patient had resolved cor pulmonale and right heart failure secondary to pulmonary embolism. All patients had quantitatively normal LV systolic function.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diverse and clinically significant structural heart defects appear to be highly prevalent in cblC, perhaps due to abnormal DNA and histone methylation during embryogenesis. The specific cardiac defects detected in our cohort were variable, and studies with a larger number of patients are needed to establish which forms are most common. Routine and periodic cardiovascular evaluation may be indicated in patients with cblC.
authors.affiliation: Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, NY 10029, USA. laurie.profitlich@mssm.edu
authors.forename: Laurie E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Profitlich
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kirmse
authors.forename: Melissa P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Wasserstein
authors.forename: George A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Diaz
authors.forename: Shubhika
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Srivastava
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003710:Demography; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging; D005260:Female; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006712:Homocystinuria / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008661:Metabolism, Inborn Errors / Q000150:complications*; D008764:Methylmalonic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D015995:Prevalence; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D008764:Methylmalonic Acid; D005492:Folic Acid