title: Both ischemic preconditioning and ghrelin administration protect hippocampus from ischemia/reperfusion and upregulate uncoupling protein-2.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A major endogenous protective mechanism in many organs against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is ischemic preconditioning (IPC). By moderately uncoupling the mitochondrial respiratory chain and decreasing production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), IPC reduces apoptosis induced by I/R by reducing cytochrome c release from the mitochondria. One element believed to contribute to reduce ROS production is the uncoupling protein UCP2 (and UCP3 in the heart). Although its implication in IPC in the brain has been shown in vitro, no in vivo study of protein has shown its upregulation. Our first goal was to determine in rat hippocampus whether UCP2 protein upregulation was associated with IPC-induced protection and increased ROS production. The second goal was to determine whether the peptide ghrelin, which possesses anti-oxidant and protective properties, alters UCP2 mRNA levels in the same way as IPC during protection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After global forebrain ischemia (15 min) with 72 h reperfusion (I/R group), we found important neuronal lesion in the rat hippocampal CA1 region, which was reduced by a preceding 3-min preconditioning ischemia (IPC+I/R group), whereas the preconditioning stimulus alone (IPC group) had no effect. Compared to control, UCP2 protein labelling increased moderately in the I/R (+39%, NS) and IPC+I/R (+28%, NS) groups, and substantially in the IPC group (+339%, P < 0.05). Treatment with superoxide dismutase (10000 U/kg ip) at the time of a preconditioning ischemia greatly attenuated (-73%, P < 0.001) the increase in UCP2 staining at 72 h, implying a role of oxygen radicals in UCP2 induction.Hippocampal UCP2 mRNA showed a moderate increase in I/R (+33%, P < 0.05) and IPC+I/R (+40%, P < 0.05) groups versus control, and a large increase in the IPC group (+333%, P < 0.001). In ghrelin experiments, the I/R+ghrelin group (3 daily administrations) showed considerable protection of CA1 neurons versus I/R animals, and increased hippocampal UCP2 mRNA (+151%, P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We confirm that IPC causes increased expression of UCP2 protein in vivo, at a moment appropriate for protection against I/R in the hippocampus. The two dissimilar protective strategies, IPC and ghrelin administration, were both associated with upregulated UCP2, suggesting that UCP2 may often represent a final common pathway in protection from I/R.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, PR China. liuducky@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Yajun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Lianbi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Xiaoqun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vicaut
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sercombe
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002452:Cell Count; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D054439:Ghrelin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D007274:Injections, Intraperitoneal; D007473:Ion Channels / Q000378:metabolism*; D019194:Ischemic Preconditioning; D008297:Male; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013997:Time Factors; D014475:Uncoupling Agents / Q000378:metabolism; D000071246:Uncoupling Protein 2
chemical_list: D054439:Ghrelin; D007473:Ion Channels; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C000604391:Ucp2 protein, rat; D014475:Uncoupling Agents; D000071246:Uncoupling Protein 2