title: Effects of levosimendan in experimental acute coxsackievirus myocarditis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Acute heart failure is a potentially fatal manifestation of viral myocarditis. Development of myocardial damage in myocarditis involves cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Levosimendan is a novel calcium sensitizing inotropic agent with anti-apoptotic properties. We studied the feasibility of inotropic treatment with levosimendan and its effects on apoptosis in experimental acute heart failure caused by coxsackievirus myocarditis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adolescent BALB/c mice were infected with myocarditic Woodruff variant of coxsackievirus B3 (2 x 10(4) plaque-forming units). Mice were randomized into those receiving levosimendan 0.33 mg kg(-1) (total dose 1 mg kg(-1) day(-1)) (n = 20) or vehicle (n = 19) given orally by gauge three times a day for 7 days after infection. Left ventricular function was evaluated by transthoracic echocardiography and the mice were euthanized on day 7. Histopathology, amount of virus in the heart (virus titration assay) and cardiomyocyte apoptosis (TUNEL assay) were studied. Uninfected untreated control mice were also studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Infection resulted in histopathologically severe myocarditis and significant impairment of left ventricular function. Levosimendan treatment significantly improved ventricular function (fractional shortening 0.32 +/- 0.04 vs. 0.23 +/- 0.05, P = 0.005; contractility 0.60 +/- 0.12 vs. 0.39 +/- 0.14, P = 0.007 and myocardial performance index 0.36 +/- 0.06 vs. 0.62 +/- 0.15, P < 0.0001) compared with vehicle. Levosimendan also reduced cardiomyocyte apoptosis (0.26 +/- 0.08% vs. 0.44 +/- 0.15% in vehicle, P = 0.008), but did not have an effect on areas of myocardial necrosis or inflammation, or the amount of virus in the heart. Levosimendan treatment did not affect mortality (total mortality 63%). CONCLUSIONS; Levosimendan improves ventricular function and inhibits cardiomyocyte apoptosis; therefore, it is suggested as a potentially feasible therapy in acute heart failure caused by viral myocarditis.
authors.affiliation: University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Latva-Hirvelä
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kytö
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Saraste
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vuorinen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Levijoki
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Saukko
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003384:Coxsackievirus Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology*; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology*; D006835:Hydrazones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009205:Myocarditis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology* / Q000821:virology; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology*; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000473:pathology; D011724:Pyridazines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000077464:Simendan; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D002316:Cardiotonic Agents; D006835:Hydrazones; D011724:Pyridazines; D000077464:Simendan