title: Effects of remifentanil on convulsion duration and hemodynamic responses during electroconvulsive therapy: a double-blind, randomized clinical trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Among the drugs used for the induction of anesthesia for electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), thiopental induces a greater degree of cardiovascular alteration than other agents. Remifentanil has been found to reduce blood pressure and heart rate when administered as an adjuvant during general anesthesia, with unknown effects on the duration of motor or electroencephalographic seizure activity during ECT. The purpose of this prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study was to evaluate the effects of supplementing thiopental anesthesia with remifentanil on convulsion duration and cardiovascular response during ECT.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four American Society of Anesthesiologists I and II patients receiving 6 sessions of ECT were randomly allocated to 2 groups. All patients were premedicated with atropine (0.4 mg, intravenously), then anesthesia was induced by thiopental (1.0 mg/kg), succinylcholine (0.5 mg/kg), and remifentanil (1.0 microg/kg) in the case group or normal saline (3 mL) in the control group in a crossover format. Stimulus amplitude for applying ECT was kept constant during the sessions of treatment in the course of study for each patient. Hemodynamic parameters, convulsion duration, and recovery parameters were recorded. Statistical analysis was done using paired t tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no statistically significant difference between the groups regarding convulsion duration, recovery times to eye opening, obeying specific commands, and walking without help. Remifentanil significantly attenuated the increase in heart rate and arterial blood pressure (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Remifentanil (1 microg/kg) administered before thiopental (1 mg/kg) has no adverse effect on the duration of ECT-induced convulsion and recovery time, but it can attenuate the increase in heart rate and arterial blood pressure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran. bihoshi@gmail.com
authors.forename: Karim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nasseri
authors.forename: Mehdi Tayebi
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Arasteh
authors.forename: Azad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maroufi
authors.forename: Shoaleh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shami
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000758:Anesthesia; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004565:Electroconvulsive Therapy; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010880:Piperidines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D000077208:Remifentanil; D012640:Seizures / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013874:Thiopental; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D010880:Piperidines; D013874:Thiopental; D000077208:Remifentanil