title: Factors associated with psychological distress in a community-dwelling Japanese population: the Ohsaki Cohort 2006 Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In Asia, there has been no population-based epidemiological study using the K6, a 6-item instrument that assesses nonspecific psychological distress.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using cross-sectional data from 2006, we studied 43,716 (20,168 men and 23,548 women) community-dwelling people aged 40 years or older living in Japan. We examined the association between psychological distress and demographic, medical, lifestyle, and social factors by using the K6, with psychological distress defined as 13 or more points out of a total of 24 points.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The following variables were significantly associated with psychological distress among the population: female sex, young and old age, a history of serious disease (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, stroke, myocardial infarction, or cancer), current smoking, former alcohol drinking, low body mass index, shorter daily walking time, lack of social support (4 of 5 components), and lack of participation in community activities (4 of 5 components). Among men aged 40 to 64 years, only "lack of social support for consultation when in trouble" and a history of diabetes mellitus remained significant on multivariate analysis. Among men aged 65 years or older, age was not significantly associated with psychological distress, and the significant association with current smoking disappeared on multivariate analysis. Among women aged 40 to 64 years, a history of stroke was not associated with psychological distress. Among women aged 65 years or older, the significant association with current smoking disappeared on multivariate analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A number of factors were significantly associated with psychological distress, as assessed by the K6. These factors differed between men and women, and also between middle-aged and elderly people.
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Forensic Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan. s-kuri@mail.tains.tohoku.ac.jp
authors.forename: Shinichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kuriyama
authors.forename: Naoki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nakaya
authors.forename: Kaori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ohmori-Matsuda
authors.forename: Taichi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shimazu
authors.forename: Nobutaka
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kikuchi
authors.forename: Masako
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kakizaki
authors.forename: Toshimasa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sone
authors.forename: Fumi
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Masato
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nagai
authors.forename: Yumi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sugawara
authors.forename: Munira
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Akhter
authors.forename: Mizuka
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Higashiguchi
authors.forename: Naru
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fukuchi
authors.forename: Hideko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hozawa
authors.forename: Ichiro
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Tsuji
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006304:Health Status; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012737:Sex Factors; D012944:Social Support; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology*