title: Patients' memory and psychological distress after ICU stay compared with expectations of the relatives.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare patients' psychological distress and memories from intensive care unit (ICU) treatment 4-6 weeks after ICU discharge with expectations of their relatives. Further, to explore the relationship between personality traits and ICU memories with psychological distress.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study of 255 patients and 298 relatives. The questionnaire included: hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS), impact of event scale (IES), life orientation test, ICU memory tool and memory of ICU; technical procedures, pain, lack of control and inability to express needs. Relatives were assessed for their expectations of the patients' memories and psychological distress.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-five percent of the patients reported severe posttraumatic stress symptoms, IES-total >or= 35. The levels of anxiety and depression were significantly higher than in the general population, mean anxiety was 5.6 versus 4.2 (p < 0.001), and mean depression was 4.8 versus 3.5 (p < 0.001). Relatives expected more psychological distress and the relatives thought the patient was less able to express needs than the patients reported (p < 0.001). Higher age, unemployment, respirator treatment, pessimism, memory of pain, lack of control and inability to express needs were independent predictors of posttraumatic stress symptoms (p < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Psychological distress symptoms were frequent among ICU survivors. Relatives expected the patients to be more distressed after ICU treatment than the patients reported. The strongest predictors of posttraumatic stress symptoms from the ICU were memoris about pain, lack of control and inability to express needs. Pessimism may be a reason for psychological distress and should be addressed during follow up, as pessimistic patients may need more motivation and support.
authors.affiliation: Intensive Care Unit, Oslo University Hospital, Ulleval, Oslo, Norway. himy@uus.no
authors.forename: Hilde
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Myhren
authors.forename: Kirsti
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tøien
authors.forename: Oivind
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ekeberg
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Karlsson
authors.forename: Leiv
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sandvik
authors.forename: Olav
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Stokland
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D001294:Attitude to Health; D003142:Communication; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015588:Observer Variation; D010361:Patients / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult