title: Early alterations of growth factor patterns in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from preterm infants developing bronchopulmonary dysplasia.
abstract: Chronic lung disease of prematurity (bronchopulmonary dysplasia; BPD) is characterized by an arrest in lung development. We hypothesized that early alterations in pulmonary expression of growth factors important for normal lung development would precede development of BPD. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was obtained from ventilated preterm infants (n = 62) on postnatal d 0, 1, 3, and 7 and analyzed for total phospholipids (PL), VEGF, PDGF-BB, TGF-alpha and -beta1, granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and keratinocyte growth factor (KGF). Levels (Ln transformed) were compared between infants developing BPD and BPD-free survivors, adjusted for potential confounders. BPD was associated with higher overall GM-CSF (beta (95% CI) = 0.69 (0.13;1.25); p < 0.05), lower overall latent TGF-beta1 (beta (95% CI) = -1.19 (-1.87, -0.39); p < 0.01) and total PL (beta (95% CI) = -0.64 (-1.23, -0.05); p < 0.05), and lower d 0 and 3 levels of VEGF (mean difference (95% CI) = -1.75 (-2.72, -0.77), p < 0.001; and -1.18 (-2.30, -0.06), p < 0.05, respectively) and TGF-alpha (mean difference (95% CI) = -0.73 (-1.42, -0.04), p < 0.05; and -1.01 (-1.64, -0.38), p < 0.01, respectively). Day 0 VEGF levels had the highest predictive value for BPD (area under receiver operating characteristic curve = 0.87; p < 0.01). In conclusion, substantial alterations in BALF growth factor levels are present in infants developing BPD. An early imbalance in pulmonary growth factors may contribute to the developmental arrest of the lung seen in BPD.
  
  
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authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht 6202 AZ, The Netherlands. jasper.been@mumc.nl
authors.forename: Jasper V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Been
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Debeer
authors.forename: J Freek
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: van Iwaarden
authors.forename: Nico
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kloosterboer
authors.forename: Valéria Lima
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Passos
authors.forename: Gunnar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Naulaers
authors.forename: Luc J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Zimmermann
mesh_terms: D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; D001997:Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia / Q000378:metabolism*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D015999:Multivariate Analysis
chemical_list: D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins