title: Implication of 5-aminolevulinic acid fluorescence of the ventricular wall for postoperative communicating hydrocephalus associated with cerebrospinal fluid dissemination in patients with glioblastoma multiforme: a report of 7 cases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Fluorescence-guided surgery using 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) has been broadly recognized as a beneficial tool for the resection of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Fluorescence in the ventricular walls, which were apparently free of macroscopic tumor or MR imaging enhancement indicative of CSF dissemination, was detected during surgery for GBM. To evaluate the clinical significance of the 5-ALA fluorescence, the authors resected ventricle wall tissue together with the adjacent tumors for pathological examination and then followed up the clinical courses of the patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven consecutive GBMs located near the lateral ventricle were surgically treated using a fluorescence-guided technique with 5-ALA at the authors' hospital since acquiring instrumentation for the detection of 5-ALA fluorescence in 2007. All of the procedures were performed using a ventricular entry, and 5-ALA fluorescence of the ventricular wall was detected despite the absence of macroscopic tumor invasion of the wall.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A pathological examination of the resected ventricular wall tissues revealed tumor cells in 6 of the 7 cases and disruption of the ependymal cell layer in all 7 cases. Delayed communicating hydrocephalus followed surgery in all 7 patients, and ventricular wall enhancements on MR imaging were demonstrated after hydrocephalus in 2 of the patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Data in this study suggest that 5-ALA fluorescence of the ventricular wall may be predictive of postoperative hydrocephalus associated with CSF dissemination even in cases without evidence of CSF dissemination on MR imaging studies before surgery. The authors also speculate that postoperative radiotherapy covering the whole ventricular system may be a better therapeutic option for these patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa, Japan. yuh@ns.m.kanazawa-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Yutaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.forename: Mitsutoshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakada
authors.forename: Shingo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Naoyuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Uchiyama
authors.forename: Yasuhiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.forename: Daisuke
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kita
authors.forename: Jun-ichiro
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hamada
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery; D002552:Cerebral Ventricles / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D011182:Postoperative Care