title: Emotion, stress, and cardiovascular response: an experimental test of models of positive and negative affect.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The nature of the relationship between positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA) has been a topic of debate for some time. In particular, there are gaps in our knowledge of the independent effects of PA and NA on health under stress.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The study examined the effects of a laboratory-induced stressor on the experience of PA and NA, and the effects of affect on cardiovascular (CV) reactivity and recovery.
  
  
  METHODS
  A sample of 56 female college students was randomly assigned to a public speaking (stress) task or a silent reading (control) task. Pre- and posttask PA and NA were measured using the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS Watson J Pers Soc Psychol 54:1,063-1,070, 1988). Baseline, task, and posttask cardiovascular measures were also recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results indicated that PA and NA responded differently to the stressor and contributed independently to the prediction of both CV reactivity and recovery. Of particular interest was the finding that higher levels of both PA and NA predicted greater CV recovery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results are discussed in light of the debate concerning the (in)dependence of positive and negative emotions and the importance of understanding the dynamics of emotions, stress, and health.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, NUI, Galway, Ireland.
authors.forename: Haulie
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dowd
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zautra
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hogan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect / Q000502:physiology*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D002320:Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult