title: Can cross country differences in return-to-work after chronic occupational back pain be explained? An exploratory analysis on disability policies in a six country cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are substantial differences in the number of disability benefits for occupational low back pain (LBP) among countries. There are also large cross country differences in disability policies. According to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) there are two principal policy approaches: countries which have an emphasis on a compensation policy approach or countries with an emphasis on an reintegration policy approach. The International Social Security Association initiated this study to explain differences in return-to-work (RTW) among claimants with long term sick leave due to LBP between countries with a special focus on the effect of different disability policies.
  
  
  METHODS
  A multinational cohort of 2,825 compensation claimants off work for 3-4 months due to LBP was recruited in Denmark, Germany, Israel, the Netherlands, Sweden, and the United States. Relevant predictors and interventions were measured at 3 months, one and 2 years after the start of sick leave. The main outcome measure was duration until sustainable RTW (i.e. working after 2 years). Multivariate analyses were conducted to explain differences in sustainable RTW between countries and to explore the effect of different disability policies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Medical and work interventions varied considerably between countries. Sustainable RTW ranged from 22% in the German cohort up to 62% in the Dutch cohort after 2 years of follow-up. Work interventions and job characteristics contributed most to these differences. Patient health, medical interventions and patient characteristics were less important. In addition, cross-country differences in eligibility criteria for entitlement to long-term and/or partial disability benefits contributed to the observed differences in sustainable RTW rates: less strict criteria are more effective. The model including various compensation policy variables explained 48% of the variance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Large cross-country differences in sustainable RTW after chronic LBP are mainly explained by cross-country differences in applied work interventions. Differences in eligibility criteria for long term disability benefits contributed also to the differences in RTW. This study supports OECD policy recommendations: Individual packages of work interventions and flexible (partial) disability benefits adapted to the individual needs and capacities are important for preventing work disability due to LBP.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public and Occupational Health and EMGO Institute, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands. h.anema@vumc.nl
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Anema
authors.forename: A J M
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Schellart
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Cassidy
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Loisel
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Veerman
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: van der Beek
mesh_terms: D001416:Back Pain / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D004651:Employment; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D006291:Health Policy; D006801:Humans; D007557:Israel; D008297:Male; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D018582:Sick Leave / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D014481:United States