title: Depressive symptoms from kindergarten to early school age: longitudinal associations with social skills deficits and peer victimization.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Depressive symptoms in children are associated with social skills deficits and problems with peers. We propose a model which suggests different mechanisms for the impact of deficits in self-oriented social skills (assertiveness and social participation) and other-oriented social skills (pro-social, cooperative and non-aggressive behaviors) on children's depressive symptoms. We hypothesized that deficits in self-oriented social skills have a direct impact on children's depressive symptoms because these children have non-rewarding interactions with peers, whereas the impact of deficits in other-oriented social skills on depressive symptoms is mediated through negative reactions from peers such as peer victimization.
  
  
  METHODS
  378 kindergarten children (163 girls) participated at two assessments (Age at T1: M = 5.8, T2: M = 7.4). Teachers completed questionnaires on children's social skills at T1. Teacher reports on peer victimization and depressive symptoms were assessed at both assessment points.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our study partially confirmed the suggested conceptual model. Deficits in self-oriented social skills significantly predicted depressive symptoms, whereas deficits in other-oriented social skills were more strongly associated with peer victimization. Longitudinal associations between other-oriented social skills and depressive symptoms were mediated through peer victimization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study emphasizes the role of deficits in self-oriented social skills and peer victimization for the development of internalizing disorders.
authors.affiliation: Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland. perren@jacobscenter.uzh.ch
authors.forename: Sonja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Perren
authors.forename: Françoise D
authors.initials: FD
authors.lastname: Alsaker