title: Advanced applications of 3-dimensional echocardiography.
abstract: Over the last few decades, advancements in ultrasound, electronic and computing technologies have permitted current second generation 3-dimensional (3D) echocardiography to display on-line 3D rendered images of the heart. Since various studies demonstrated its superiority over 2-dimensional echocardiography, there is growing enthusiasm to embrace this new 3D echocardiographic technology. With its increasing widespread clinical availability, 3D echocardiography is getting closer to routine clinical use. However, as with any new emerging technologies, clinical applications of 3D echocardiography should be based on current evidence. This review will focus on the evidence from clinical studies that form the scientific basis for the advanced applications of 3D echocardiography, from cardiac chamber volume assessments, left ventricular dyssynchrony assessments, quantifications of valvular abnormalities, to the role of 3D echocardiography during cardiac interventions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: A C T
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ct
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Delgado
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bertini
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nucifora
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shanks
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ajmone Marsan
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Holman
authors.forename: N R L
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Van De Veire
authors.forename: D Y
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Bax
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures; D002306:Cardiac Volume; D003326:Coronary Circulation; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler / Q000379:methods; D025401:Echocardiography, Stress / Q000379:methods; D019560:Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal / Q000379:methods; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006349:Heart Valve Diseases / Q000601:surgery; D006351:Heart Valves / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D008943:Mitral Valve / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008944:Mitral Valve Insufficiency / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008946:Mitral Valve Stenosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D013318:Stroke Volume