title: Enterocyte shedding and epithelial lining repair following ischemia of the human small intestine attenuate inflammation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recently, we observed that small-intestinal ischemia and reperfusion was found to entail a rapid loss of apoptotic and necrotic cells. This study was conducted to investigate whether the observed shedding of ischemically damaged epithelial cells affects IR induced inflammation in the human small gut.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using a newly developed IR model of the human small intestine, the inflammatory response was studied on cellular, protein and mRNA level. Thirty patients were consecutively included. Part of the jejunum was subjected to 30 minutes of ischemia and variable reperfusion periods (mean reperfusion time 120 (+/-11) minutes). Ethical approval and informed consent were obtained. Increased plasma intestinal fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP) levels indicated loss in epithelial cell integrity in response to ischemia and reperfusion (p<0.001 vs healthy). HIF-1alpha gene expression doubled (p = 0.02) and C3 gene expression increased 4-fold (p = 0.01) over the course of IR. Gut barrier failure, assessed as LPS concentration in small bowel venous effluent blood, was not observed (p = 0.18). Additionally, mRNA expression of HO-1, IL-6, IL-8 did not alter. No increased expression of endothelial adhesion molecules, TNFalpha release, increased numbers of inflammatory cells (p = 0.71) or complement activation, assessed as activated C3 (p = 0.14), were detected in the reperfused tissue.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the human small intestine, thirty minutes of ischemia followed by up to 4 hours of reperfusion, does not seem to lead to an explicit inflammatory response. This may be explained by a unique mechanism of shedding of damaged enterocytes, reported for the first time by our group.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, School for Nutrition & Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Matthijsen
authors.forename: Joep P M
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Derikx
authors.forename: Dian
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kuipers
authors.forename: Ronald M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: van Dam
authors.forename: Cornelis H C
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Dejong
authors.forename: Wim A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Buurman
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D017209:Apoptosis; D020895:Enterocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D004848:Epithelium / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000473:pathology*; D007511:Ischemia / Q000473:pathology*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009336:Necrosis; D015427:Reperfusion Injury; D014945:Wound Healing
chemical_list: D008070:Lipopolysaccharides