Cultural constraints on brain development: evidence from a developmental study of visual word processing in mandarin chinese.
Developmental differences in phonological and orthographic processing in Chinese were examined in 9 year olds, 11 year olds, and adults using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Rhyming and spelling judgments were made to 2-character words presented sequentially in the visual modality. The spelling task showed greater activation than the rhyming task in right superior parietal lobule and right inferior temporal gyrus, and there were developmental increases across tasks bilaterally in these regions in addition to bilateral occipital cortex, suggesting increased involvement over age on visuo-orthographic analysis. The rhyming task showed greater activation than the spelling task in left superior temporal gyrus and there were developmental decreases across tasks in this region, suggesting reduced involvement over age on phonological representations. The rhyming and spelling tasks included words with conflicting orthographic and phonological information (i.e., rhyming words spelled differently or nonrhyming words spelled similarly) or nonconflicting information. There was a developmental increase in the difference between conflicting and nonconflicting words in left inferior parietal lobule, suggesting greater engagement of systems for mapping between orthographic and phonological representations. Finally, there were developmental increases across tasks in an anterior (Broadman area [BA] 45, 46) and posterior (BA 9) left inferior frontal gyrus, suggesting greater reliance on controlled retrieval and selection of posterior lexical representations.
Cao
Fan
F
Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60201, USA. f-cao@northwestern.edu
Lee
Rebecca
R
Shu
Hua
H
Yang
Yanhui
Y
Xu
Guoqing
G
Li
Kuncheng
K
Booth
James R
JR
D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D044466:Asian People; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002648:Child; D003467:Cultural Deprivation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D007802:Language; D007804:Language Development; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D010700:Phonetics; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D014705:Verbal Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult
D010100:Oxygen