Discovery of Atg5/Atg7-independent alternative macroautophagy.
Macroautophagy is a process that leads to the bulk degradation of subcellular constituents by producing autophagosomes/autolysosomes. It is believed that Atg5 (ref. 4) and Atg7 (ref. 5) are essential genes for mammalian macroautophagy. Here we show, however, that mouse cells lacking Atg5 or Atg7 can still form autophagosomes/autolysosomes and perform autophagy-mediated protein degradation when subjected to certain stressors. Although lipidation of the microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3, also known as Map1lc3a) to form LC3-II is generally considered to be a good indicator of macroautophagy, it did not occur during the Atg5/Atg7-independent alternative process of macroautophagy. We also found that this alternative process of macroautophagy was regulated by several autophagic proteins, including Unc-51-like kinase 1 (Ulk1) and beclin 1. Unlike conventional macroautophagy, autophagosomes seemed to be generated in a Rab9-dependent manner by the fusion of isolation membranes with vesicles derived from the trans-Golgi and late endosomes. In vivo, Atg5-independent alternative macroautophagy was detected in several embryonic tissues. It also had a function in clearing mitochondria during erythroid maturation. These results indicate that mammalian macroautophagy can occur through at least two different pathways: an Atg5/Atg7-dependent conventional pathway and an Atg5/Atg7-independent alternative pathway.
Nishida
Yuya
Y
Department of Pathological Cell Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan.
Arakawa
Satoko
S
Fujitani
Kenji
K
Yamaguchi
Hirofumi
H
Mizuta
Takeshi
T
Kanaseki
Toku
T
Komatsu
Masaaki
M
Otsu
Kinya
K
Tsujimoto
Yoshihide
Y
Shimizu
Shigeomi
S
D000818:Animals; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D001343:Autophagy / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D000071187:Autophagy-Related Protein 5; D000071193:Autophagy-Related Protein 7; D000071189:Autophagy-Related Protein-1 Homolog; D000071186:Beclin-1; D005047:Etoposide / Q000494:pharmacology; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005508:Food Deprivation; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010588:Phagosomes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D020691:rab GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism
D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D000071187:Autophagy-Related Protein 5; D000071193:Autophagy-Related Protein 7; D000071189:Autophagy-Related Protein-1 Homolog; D000071186:Beclin-1; D005047:Etoposide; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D020691:rab GTP-Binding Proteins; C495773:Atg5 protein, mouse; C502661:Atg7 protein, mouse; C115010:Becn1 protein, mouse; C112444:Ulk1 protein, mouse; C544263:rab9 protein, mouse