Apocynin decreases hydrogen peroxide and nitrate concentrations in exhaled breath in healthy subjects.
The imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) synthesis and antioxidants might be involved in the pathogenesis of many inflammatory diseases. NADPH oxidase, an enzyme responsible for ROS production, may represent an attractive therapeutic target to inhibit, for the treatment of these diseases. Apocynin is an inhibitor of activation of NADPH oxidase complex present in the inflammatory cells. In double blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study, we investigated the effect of nebulized apocynin on ROS synthesis in 10 nonsmoking healthy volunteers. Apocynin (6ml of 0.5mg/ml) was administered by nebulization and its effects on H(2)O(2), NO(2)(-) and NO(3)(-) generation were assessed after 30, 60 and 120min by collecting exhaled breath condensate (EBC) samples using an EcoScreen analyzer. Additionally, respiratory parameters have been evaluated, utilizing spirometry and DLCO. We also analyzed peripheral blood differential counts and NO(2)(-) serum level, cough scale control and blood pressure as safety parameters. Apocynin caused reduction of H(2)O(2) concentration in EBC as compared to placebo, after 60min. of inhalation (0.18microM vs. 0.31microM, p<0.05) as well as after 120min. (0.2microM vs. 0.31microM, p<0.05). Similarly, apocynin significantly decreased concentration of NO(3)(-) as compared to placebo, after 60 and 120min. (6.8microM vs. 14.4microM and 6.5microM vs. 14.9microM respectively, p<0.05). Apocynin was well tolerated and no adverse events have been observed throughout the study. Thus, as apocynin significantly influence ROS concentration, it might have also antiinflammatory properties. As it is safe, it may have a potential to become a drug in airway inflammatory diseases treatment.
Department of Immunopathology, Medical University of Lodz, 251 Pomorska Street, Building C5, 92 213 Lodz, Poland.
J
J
Stefanska
M
M
Sokolowska
A
A
Sarniak
A
A
Wlodarczyk
Z
Z
Doniec
D
D
Nowak
R
R
Pawliczak
D000098:Acetophenones / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000328:Adult; D001944:Breath Tests; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D009566:Nitrates / Q000378:metabolism*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism
D000098:Acetophenones; D009566:Nitrates; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C056165:acetovanillone; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide