Evaluation and stages of surgical innovations.
Surgical innovation is an important part of surgical practice. Its assessment is complex because of idiosyncrasies related to surgical practice, but necessary so that introduction and adoption of surgical innovations can derive from evidence-based principles rather than trial and error. A regulatory framework is also desirable to protect patients against the potential harms of any novel procedure. In this first of three Series papers on surgical innovation and evaluation, we propose a five-stage paradigm to describe the development of innovative surgical procedures.
Barkun
Jeffrey S
JS
McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada. jeffrey.barkun@muhc.mcgill.ca
Aronson
Jeffrey K
JK
Feldman
Liane S
LS
Maddern
Guy J
GJ
Strasberg
Steven M
SM
Altman
Douglas G
DG
Barkun
Jeffrey S
JS
Blazeby
Jane M
JM
Boutron
Isabell C
IC
Campbell
W Bruce
WB
Clavien
Pierre-Alain
PA
Cook
Jonathan A
JA
Ergina
Patrick L
PL
Flum
David R
DR
Glasziou
Paul
P
Marshall
John C
JC
McCulloch
Peter
P
Nicholl
Jon
J
Reeves
Bournaby C
BC
Seiler
Christoph M
CM
Meakins
Jonathan L
JL
Ashby
Deborah
D
Black
Nick
N
Bunker
John
J
Burton
Martin
M
Campbell
Marion
M
Chalkidou
Kalipso
K
Chalmers
Iain
I
de Leval
Marc
M
Deeks
Jon
J
Grant
Adrian
A
Gray
Muir
M
Greenhalgh
Roger
R
Jenicek
Milos
M
Kehoe
Sean
S
Lilford
Richard
R
Littlejohns
Peter
P
Loke
Yoon
Y
Madhock
Rajan
R
McPherson
Kim
K
Rothwell
Peter
P
Summerskill
Bill
B
Taggart
David
D
Tekkis
Parris
P
Thompson
Matthew
M
Treasure
Tom
T
Trohler
Ulrich
U
Vandenbroucke
Jan
J
D035843:Biomedical Research; D004059:Diffusion of Innovation; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013673:Technology Assessment, Biomedical