Risk factors for allergic rhinitis in Costa Rican children with asthma.
BACKGROUND
Risk factors for allergic rhinitis (AR) in asthmatics are likely distinct from those for AR or asthma alone. We sought to identify clinical and environmental risk factors for AR in children with asthma.


METHODS
We performed a cross-sectional study of 616 Costa Rican children aged 6-14 years with asthma. Candidate risk factors were drawn from questionnaire data, spirometry, methacholine challenge testing, skin testing, and serology. Two outcome measures, skin test reaction (STR)-positive AR and physician-diagnosed AR, were examined by logistic regression.


RESULTS
STR-positive AR had high prevalence (80%) in Costa Rican children with asthma, and its independent risk factors were nasal symptoms after exposure to dust or mold, parental history of AR, older age at asthma onset, oral steroid use in the past year, eosinophilia, and positive IgEs to dust mite and cockroach. Physician-diagnosed AR had lower prevalence (27%), and its independent risk factors were nasal symptoms after pollen exposure, STR to tree pollens, a parental history of AR, inhaled steroid and short-acting beta2 agonist use in the past year, household mold/mildew, and fewer older siblings. A physician's diagnosis was only 29.5% sensitive for STR-positive AR.


CONCLUSIONS
Risk factors for AR in children with asthma depend on the definition of AR. Indoor allergens drive risk for STR-positive AR. Outdoor allergens and home environmental conditions are risk factors for physician-diagnosed AR. We propose that children with asthma in Costa Rica and other Latin American nations undergo limited skin testing or specific IgE measurements to reduce the current under-diagnosis of AR.
Bunyavanich
S
S
Channing Laboratory, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
Soto-Quiros
M E
ME
Avila
L
L
Laskey
D
D
Senter
J M
JM
Celedón
J C
JC
D000293:Adolescent; D001249:Asthma / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology; D002648:Child; D003364:Costa Rica / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D012220:Rhinitis / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology; D012882:Skin Tests