Hirschfeld to hooker to herek to high schools: a study of the history and development of GLBT empirical research, institutional policies, and the relationship between the two.
Empirical gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender (GLBT) research has passed through three stages. Transitions between stages have been caused by an interaction of empirical research and institutional policies. The first period is from the late 1800s up to 1972, when research focused on categorizing homosexuality as a disease, treatments for homosexuality, and then research refuting the disease model. The second period ran from 1972 to approximately 1990, when researchers began to apply the disease model not to GLBT persons, but rather to those having negative attitudes toward homosexuality (homophobia), and researchers began to look at what it was like to be a GLBT person from GLBT persons' perspectives. The third period began in the early 1990s and continues today, when researchers focus on institutions, particularly action research aimed at changing institutions.
School of Education, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA. Mmaher@luc.edu
Michael J
MJ
Maher
Kimberly
K
Landini
Dennis M
DM
Emano
Andrew M
AM
Knight
Geoffrey D
GD
Lantz
Michael
M
Parrie
Shaun
S
Pichler
Linda M
LM
Sever
D001727:Bisexuality; D036262:Empirical Research; D005260:Female; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D006716:Homosexuality / Q000266:history* / Q000523:psychology; D018452:Homosexuality, Female; D018451:Homosexuality, Male; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016134:Organizational Policy; D011287:Prejudice; D014189:Transsexualism