Work life and mental well-being: single and coupled employed mothers in Southern Europe and Scandinavia.
Many European mothers, single and coupled, combine work outside the home and family life. The effects of this on their mental well-being may vary depending on the level of support available from the State's welfare system, since welfare may buffer working mothers from some of the stress that can arise from trying to manage significant responsibilities on the job and at home. Welfare may be especially important for single working mothers, for whom the burden of multiple roles may be even heavier. The present study assessed levels and predictors of well-being of single and coupled employed mothers in Greece, Portugal and Spain, where welfare support is relatively limited. Results were compared to a parallel study with data from Denmark, Norway and Sweden, where welfare support is relatively comprehensive. Coupled mothers in Scandinavia had significantly lower financial hardship, longer education, higher life satisfaction, more enriching jobs, practical support, financial support and social participation than coupled mothers in the Southern European sample. On the other hand, the Scandinavian coupled mothers had higher levels of work family conflict than coupled mothers in Southern Europe. Single mothers in Scandinavia, compared to single mothers in Southern Europe, had significantly longer education, higher life satisfaction and positive affect, more enriching jobs, confidant support, practical support, financial support and social participation. Level of job stress was the same for all mother groups. All groups differed significantly from each other in level of financial hardship, with Scandinavian coupled mothers being best off, followed by Scandinavian single mothers, Southern European coupled mothers, and Southern European single mothers. The regional differences suggest that single motherhood per se need not be a risk factor for poorer well-being, and that welfare policies may have a protective effect for the mental well-being of single mothers.
Research Centre for Health Promotion, Christiesgt. 13, Bergen N-5020, Norway. Torill.Bull@iuh.uib.no
Torill
T
Bull
D000328:Adult; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D004522:Educational Status; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007588:Job Satisfaction; D017533:Marital Status; D008603:Mental Health; D008875:Middle Aged; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology*; D012537:Scandinavian and Nordic Countries; D012944:Social Support; D012946:Social Welfare; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological; D014931:Women, Working / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult