Unmasking the tonic-aversive state in neuropathic pain.
Tonic pain has been difficult to demonstrate in animals. Because relief of pain is rewarding, analgesic agents that are not rewarding in the absence of pain should become rewarding only when there is ongoing pain. We used conditioned place preference to concomitantly determine the presence of tonic pain in rats and the efficacy of agents that relieve it. This provides a new approach for investigating tonic pain in animals and for evaluating the analgesic effects of drugs.
King
Tamara
T
Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.
Vera-Portocarrero
Louis
L
Gutierrez
Tannia
T
Vanderah
Todd W
TW
Dussor
Gregory
G
Lai
Josephine
J
Fields
Howard L
HL
Porreca
Frank
F
D000241:Adenosine / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000700:Analgesics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology; D003000:Clonidine / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003214:Conditioning, Classical / Q000187:drug effects; D003213:Conditioning, Psychological; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D006930:Hyperalgesia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D008297:Male; D009437:Neuralgia / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000187:drug effects; D012201:Reward; D013997:Time Factors; D020960:omega-Conotoxins / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use
D000700:Analgesics; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D020960:omega-Conotoxins; D000241:Adenosine; D003000:Clonidine