Urinary TWEAK as a biomarker of lupus nephritis: a multicenter cohort study.
BACKGROUND
TNF-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) has been implicated as a mediator of chronic inflammatory processes via prolonged activation of the NF-kappaB pathway in several tissues, including the kidney. Evidence for the importance of TWEAK in the pathogenesis of lupus nephritis (LN) has been recently introduced. Thus, TWEAK levels may serve as an indication of LN presence and activity.


METHODS
Multicenter cohorts of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients and controls were recruited for cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis of urinary TWEAK (uTWEAK) and/or serum TWEAK (sTWEAK) levels as potential biomarkers of LN. The performance of TWEAK as a biomarker for nephritis was compared with routinely used laboratory tests in lupus patients, including anti-double stranded DNA antibodies and levels of C3 and C4.


RESULTS
uTWEAK levels were significantly higher in LN patients than in non-LN SLE patients and other disease control groups (P = 0.039). Furthermore, uTWEAK was better at distinguishing between LN and non-LN SLE patients than anti-DNA antibodies and complement levels, while high uTWEAK levels predicted LN in SLE patients with an odds ratio of 7.36 (95% confidence interval = 2.25 to 24.07; P = 0.001). uTWEAK levels peaked during LN flares, and were significantly higher during the flare than at 4 and 6 months prior to or following the flare event. A linear mixed-effects model showed a significant association between uTWEAK levels in SLE patients and their disease activity over time (P = 0.008). sTWEAK levels, however, were not found to correlate with the presence of LN or the degree of nephritis activity.


CONCLUSIONS
High uTWEAK levels are indicative of LN, as opposed to non-LN SLE and other healthy and disease control populations, and reflect renal disease activity in longitudinal follow-up. Thus, our study further supports a role for TWEAK in the pathogenesis of LN, and provides strong evidence for uTWEAK as a candidate clinical biomarker for LN.
Schwartz
Noa
N
Division of Rheumatology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA. noa.schwartz@gmail.com
Rubinstein
Tamar
T
Burkly
Linda C
LC
Collins
Christopher E
CE
Blanco
Irene
I
Su
Lihe
L
Hojaili
Bernard
B
Mackay
Meggan
M
Aranow
Cynthia
C
Stohl
William
W
Rovin
Brad H
BH
Michaelson
Jennifer S
JS
Putterman
Chaim
C
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D000074049:Cytokine TWEAK; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008181:Lupus Nephritis / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D048069:Tumor Necrosis Factors / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine*
D015415:Biomarkers; D000074049:Cytokine TWEAK; C109743:TNFSF12 protein, human; D048069:Tumor Necrosis Factors