Estimating the density of honeybee colonies across their natural range to fill the gap in pollinator decline censuses.
Although pollinator declines are a global biodiversity threat, the demography of the western honeybee (Apis mellifera) has not been considered by conservationists because it is biased by the activity of beekeepers. To fill this gap in pollinator decline censuses and to provide a broad picture of the current status of honeybees across their natural range, we used microsatellite genetic markers to estimate colony densities and genetic diversity at different locations in Europe, Africa, and central Asia that had different patterns of land use. Genetic diversity and colony densities were highest in South Africa and lowest in Northern Europe and were correlated with mean annual temperature. Confounding factors not related to climate, however, are also likely to influence genetic diversity and colony densities in honeybee populations. Land use showed a significantly negative influence over genetic diversity and the density of honeybee colonies over all sampling locations. In Europe honeybees sampled in nature reserves had genetic diversity and colony densities similar to those sampled in agricultural landscapes, which suggests that the former are not wild but may have come from managed hives. Other results also support this idea: putative wild bees were rare in our European samples, and the mean estimated density of honeybee colonies on the continent closely resembled the reported mean number of managed hives. Current densities of European honeybee populations are in the same range as those found in the adverse climatic conditions of the Kalahari and Saharan deserts, which suggests that beekeeping activities do not compensate for the loss of wild colonies. Our findings highlight the importance of reconsidering the conservation status of honeybees in Europe and of regarding beekeeping not only as a profitable business for producing honey, but also as an essential component of biodiversity conservation.
Institut für Biologie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Hoher Weg 4, Halle (Saale) 06120, Germany. rodolfo.jaffe@zoologie.uni-halle.de
Rodolfo
R
Jaffé
Vincent
V
Dietemann
Mike H
MH
Allsopp
Cecilia
C
Costa
Robin M
RM
Crewe
Raffaele
R
Dall'olio
Pilar
P
DE LA Rúa
Mogbel A A
MA
El-Niweiri
Ingemar
I
Fries
Nikola
N
Kezic
Michael S
MS
Meusel
Robert J
RJ
Paxton
Taher
T
Shaibi
Eckart
E
Stolle
Robin F A
RF
Moritz
D000818:Animals; D001209:Asia, Central; D056630:Beekeeping; D001516:Bees / Q000235:genetics*; D044822:Biodiversity; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D005819:Genetic Markers / Q000235:genetics; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006702:Homing Behavior; D008297:Male; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats / Q000235:genetics; D010067:Ownership; D054817:Pollination; D011156:Population Density; D013019:South Africa
D005819:Genetic Markers