Fetal programming of adult glucose homeostasis in mice.
BACKGROUND
Emerging evidence suggests that dietary soy and phytoestrogens can have beneficial effects on lipid and glucose metabolism. We have previously shown that male mice fed from conception to adulthood with a high soy-containing diet had reduced body weight, adiposity and a decrease in glucose intolerance, an early marker of insulin resistance and diabetes.


OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study was to identify the precise periods of exposure during which phytoestrogens and dietary soy improve lipid and glucose metabolism. Since intrauterine position (IUP) has been shown to alter sensitivity to endocrine disruptors, we also investigated whether the combination of IUP and fetal exposure to dietary phytoestrogens could potentially affect adult metabolic parameters.


METHODS
Male outbred mice (CD-1) were allowed ad libitum access to either a high soy-containing diet or a soy-free diet either during gestation, lactation or after weaning. Adiposity and bone mass density was assessed by dual x-ray absorptiometry. Glucose tolerance was assessed by a glucose tolerance test. Blood pressure was examined by the tail-cuff system.


RESULTS
Here we show that metabolic improvements are dependent on precise windows of exposure during life. The beneficial effects of dietary soy and phytoestrogens on adiposity were apparent only in animals fed post-natally, while the improvements in glucose tolerance are restricted to animals with fetal exposure to soy. Interestingly, we observed that IUP influenced adult glucose tolerance, but not adiposity. Similar IUP trends were observed for other estrogen-related metabolic parameters such as blood pressure and bone mass density.


CONCLUSIONS
Our results suggest that IUP and fetal exposure to estrogenic environmental disrupting compounds, such as dietary phytoestrogens, could alter metabolic and cardiovascular parameters in adult individuals independently of adipose gain.
Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland.
Christopher R
CR
Cederroth
Serge
S
Nef
D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000378:metabolism; D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure; D001823:Body Composition; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006706:Homeostasis; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D008055:Lipids / Q000737:chemistry; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D048789:Phytoestrogens / Q000378:metabolism; D013025:Glycine max
D008055:Lipids; D048789:Phytoestrogens; D005947:Glucose