Ethics, governance and consent in the UK: implications for research into the longer-term outcomes of congenital heart defects.
OBJECTIVE
To explore the effect of research ethics, governance and consent requirements and recent reforms on UK-wide follow-up of children with congenital heart defects (CHD).


METHODS
Prospective cohort study.


METHODS
UK National Health Service.


METHODS
3897 children with CHD requiring intervention, or resulting in death, before they were 1-year-old (1993-1995).


RESULTS
Impact on study protocol, timeliness and findings of a multicentre study of survival and quality of life.


RESULTS
The peer-reviewed study protocol was altered to accommodate ethics committee stipulations that researchers should not approach families directly with a request to participate and that the general practitioner's (GP) permission be sought before the local clinician could do so. Individual consent was required to confirm the vital status of participants and for future tracing of public death registrations. Local study registration took a median of 40 weeks (IQR 25-57). 180 (24%) of 739 surviving children (five centres) could not be contacted because their GP was untraceable (32), had changed (128) or considered contact inappropriate (20). Invitations could not be sent to 31% from the most deprived compared with 17% from the least deprived areas.


CONCLUSIONS
Decision making concerning childhood interventions should be influenced by evidence on long-term outcomes. However, current UK research regulations hinder follow-up in multicentre studies. Stipulations preventing researchers contacting families directly with research invitations appear disproportionate to the risks, impede equitable access to research opportunities and introduce bias. The requirement for an individual's consent to confirm whether they are alive and monitor survival precludes effective long-term follow-up.
Knowles
Rachel L
RL
MRC Centre of Epidemiology for Child Health, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK. r.knowles@ich.ucl.ac.uk
Bull
Catherine
C
Wren
Christopher
C
Dezateux
Carol
C
D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D054976:Clinical Governance / Q000592:standards*; D002985:Clinical Protocols / Q000592:standards; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D028744:Ethics Committees, Research; D004992:Ethics, Medical; D005194:Family Practice / Q000941:ethics; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000401:mortality* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007258:Informed Consent / Q000941:ethics*; D007400:Interprofessional Relations / Q000941:ethics; D011379:Prognosis; D035844:Researcher-Subject Relations / Q000941:ethics; D013222:State Medicine / Q000941:ethics; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology