Streptococcal infection, Tourette syndrome, and OCD: is there a connection?
BACKGROUND
A causal relationship of common streptococcal infections and childhood neuropsychiatric disorders has been postulated.


OBJECTIVE
To test the hypothesis of an increased rate of streptococcal infections preceding the onset of neuropsychiatric disorders.


METHODS
Case-control study of a large primary care database comparing the rate of possible streptococcal infections in patients aged 2-25 years with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), Tourette syndrome (TS), and tics with that in controls matched for age, gender, and practice (20 per case). We also examined the influence of sociodemographic factors.


RESULTS
There was no overall increased risk of prior possible streptococcal infection in patients with a diagnosis of OCD, TS, or tics. Subgroup analysis showed that patients with OCD had a slightly higher risk than controls of having had possible streptococcal infections without prescription of antibiotics in the 2 years prior to the onset of OCD (odds ratio 2.59, 95% confidence interval 1.18, 5.69; p = 0.02). Cases with TS or tics were not more likely to come from more affluent or urban areas, but more cases lived in areas with a greater proportion of white population (p value for trend = 0.05).


CONCLUSIONS
The present study does not support a strong relationship between streptococcal infections and neuropsychiatric syndromes such as obsessive-compulsive disorder and Tourette syndrome. However, it is possible that a weak association (or a stronger association in a small susceptible subpopulation) was not detected due to nondifferential misclassification of exposure and limited statistical power. The data are consistent with previous reports of greater rates of diagnosis of Tourette syndrome or tics in white populations.
Schrag
A
A
Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Royal Free Campus, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK. a.schrag@medsch.ucl.ac.uk
Gilbert
R
R
Giovannoni
G
G
Robertson
M M
MM
Metcalfe
C
C
Ben-Shlomo
Y
Y
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009771:Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013290:Streptococcal Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D020323:Tics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D005879:Tourette Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D055815:Young Adult
D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents