Differentiation of convulsive syncope from epilepsy with an implantable loop recorder.
BACKGROUND
Not all convulsive episodes are due to epilepsy and a number of these have a cardiovascular cause. Failure to identify these patients delays the provision of adequate therapy while at the same time exposes the individual to the risk of injury or death.


METHODS
We report on three patients who suffered from recurrent convulsive episodes, thought to be epileptic in origin, who were refractory to antiseizure therapy. Although each patient had undergone extensive evaluation, no other potential cause of his or her seizure like episodes had been uncovered. In each patient placement of an implantable loop recorder (ILR) demonstrated that their convulsive episodes were due to prolonged periods of cardiac asystole and/or complete heart block. In all patients their convulsive episodes were eliminated by permanent pacemaker implantation.


CONCLUSIONS
In patients with refractory "seizure' like episodes of convulsive activity of unknown etiology a potential cardiac rhythm disturbance should be considered and can be easily evaluated by ILR placement.
Kanjwal
Khalil
K
Electrophysiology Section, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Health Science Campus, The University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, Ohio 43614, USA.
Karabin
Beverly
B
Kanjwal
Yousuf
Y
Grubb
Blair P
BP
D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013575:Syncope / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology