Body composition at high altitude: a randomized placebo-controlled trial of dietary carbohydrate supplementation.
BACKGROUND
Body mass loss is inevitable with chronic hypoxic exposure. However, the exact body-composition changes, their causes, and possible treatments remain unknown.


OBJECTIVE
The objective was to investigate body composition during a high-altitude expedition by using non-empirically derived methods, experimentally manipulating energy intake, and investigating the influence of initial body composition.


METHODS
Forty-one participants completed a 21-d expedition in the Himalayas. Energy intake was manipulated with a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of carbohydrate energy supplementation. Body composition was assessed before and after the expedition by using a 4-component model including fat mass, total body water, bone mineral mass, and residual mass (principally protein and glycogen). Data were analyzed by repeated-measures analysis of variance.


RESULTS
Participants allocated to receive carbohydrate were given an additional 15,058 +/- 6211 kcal over the 21-d expedition (>6 kcal x kg(-1) x d(-1)). Nevertheless, the functionally important residual mass decreased in both groups by 6% (main effect of time: P = 0.021), with no effect of allocation (interaction effect: P = 0.116). Similar decreases were observed for fat mass (11%) and total body water (3%), which were also unabated by allocation. Furthermore, high initial fat mass (by median split) did not preserve residual mass (high-fat compared with low-fat participants: residual loss = 5% compared with 8%; P = 0.990).


CONCLUSIONS
High-altitude exposure decreased body mass, including the functionally important residual component. These losses were not abated by increasing energy intake or an initially high fat mass. Factors other than negative energy balance must contribute to body-composition changes with chronic hypoxia. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00731510.
Macdonald
Jamie H
JH
School of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, Bangor University, George Building, Bangor, Gwynedd, United Kingdom. j.h.macdonald@bangor.ac.uk
Oliver
Samuel J
SJ
Hillyer
Kelly
K
Sanders
Stephan
S
Smith
Zoe
Z
Williams
Catherine
C
Yates
Danny
D
Ginnever
Hazel
H
Scanlon
Edward
E
Roberts
Edward
E
Murphy
Dave
D
Lawley
Justin
J
Chichester
Eleanor
E
D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D000531:Altitude; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001823:Body Composition / Q000502:physiology*; D001834:Body Water / Q000378:metabolism; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D002149:Energy Intake; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology
D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates