A functional threshold for long-term use of hand and arm function can be determined: predictions from a computational model and supporting data from the Extremity Constraint-Induced Therapy Evaluation (EXCITE) Trial.
BACKGROUND
Although spontaneous use of the more-affected arm and hand after stroke is an important determinant of participation and quality of life, a number of patients exhibit decreases in use following rehabilitative therapy. A previous neurocomputational model predicted that if the dose of therapy is sufficient to bring performance above a certain threshold, training can be stopped.


OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that there exists a threshold for function of the paretic arm and hand after therapy. If function is above this threshold, spontaneous use will increase in the months following therapy. In contrast, if function is below this threshold, spontaneous use will decrease.


METHODS
New computer simulations are presented showing that changes in arm use following therapy depend on a performance threshold. This prediction was tested by reanalyzing the data from the Extremity Constraint-Induced Therapy Evaluation (EXCITE) trial, a phase III randomized controlled trial in which participants received constraint-induced movement therapy for 2 weeks and were tested both 1 week and 1 year after therapy.


RESULTS
The results demonstrate that arm and hand function measured immediately after therapy predicts, on average, the long-term change of arm use. Above a functional threshold, use improves. Below this threshold, use decreases.


CONCLUSIONS
The reanalysis of the EXCITE trial data provides a "group" threshold above which a majority of patients, but not all, improve spontaneously. A goal of future research is to provide the means to assess when patients reach their individual threshold.


CONCLUSIONS
Understanding of the causal and nonlinear relationship between limb function and daily use is important for the future development of cost-effective interventions and prevention of "rehabilitation in vain."
Schweighofer
Nicolas
N
Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy at the School of Dentistry, and Department of Computer Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA. schweigh@usc.edu
Han
Cheol E
CE
Wolf
Steven L
SL
Arbib
Michael A
MA
Winstein
Carolee J
CJ
D017326:Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D006429:Hemiplegia / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D006801:Humans; D008959:Models, Neurological; D053580:Muscle Strength / Q000502:physiology; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D020127:Recovery of Function / Q000502:physiology; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012149:Restraint, Physical; D020521:Stroke / Q000503:physiopathology; D000071939:Stroke Rehabilitation; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000503:physiopathology*