A developmental approach to complex PTSD: childhood and adult cumulative trauma as predictors of symptom complexity.
Exposure to multiple traumas, particularly in childhood, has been proposed to result in a complex of symptoms that includes posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as well as a constrained, but variable group of symptoms that highlight self-regulatory disturbances. The relationship between accumulated exposure to different types of traumatic events and total number of different types of symptoms (symptom complexity) was assessed in an adult clinical sample (N = 582) and a child clinical sample (N = 152). Childhood cumulative trauma but not adulthood trauma predicted increasing symptom complexity in adults. Cumulative trauma predicted increasing symptom complexity in the child sample. Results suggest that Complex PTSD symptoms occur in both adult and child samples in a principled, rule-governed way and that childhood experiences significantly influenced adult symptoms.
Cloitre
Marylene
M
Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. marylene.cloitre@nyumc.org
Stolbach
Bradley C
BC
Herman
Judith L
JL
van der Kolk
Bessel
B
Pynoos
Robert
R
Wang
Jing
J
Petkova
Eva
E
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D054523:Adult Survivors of Child Abuse / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006803:Human Development; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008960:Models, Psychological; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology*; D014481:United States