A review of smoking behavior and smokers evidence (chemical modification, inducing nicotine metabolism, and individual variations by genotype: dopaminergic function and personality traits).
The nicotine metabolism of CYP2A6 (CYP2A6*1A,*1B, and *1C), and the cholecystokinin (CCK; which modulates the release of dopamine) and CCK-A receptor gene and personality traits for NEO-FFI, was investigated for the mechanism for elucidation of the smoking behavior in Japanese populations. The frequency of the CYP2A6*4C allele, which is a whole deleted allele of the human CYP2A6 gene, was higher, whereas that of CYP2A6*1A/*1B heterozygotes with higher nicotine metabolism activity was lower in nonsmokers than in smokers. There was also a significant difference between the current smoking and nonsmoking groups in the allele frequency of the CCK -45C/T polymorphism. It was also shown that the Openness (O) factor for smokers was significantly higher than that of nonsmokers; however, there were no significant differences in the Neuroticism (N), Extraversion (E), Agreeable (A), and Conscientiousness (C) scores among smokers than nonsmokers. It was suggested that the CYP2A6*4C allele may prevent the carrier from smoking, and being a CYP2A6*1A/*1B heterozygote and the CCK T allele may be risk factors for developing smoking behavior. Also, it is possible that persons with a low score in Openness may be refraining from smoking because they have a general negative impression toward smoking.
Iwahashi
Kazuhiko
K
Graduate School of Azabu University/Health Administration Center, Kanagawa, Japan. iwahashi@azabu-u.ac.jp
Aoki
Jun
J
D000483:Alleles; D044466:Asian People / Q000235:genetics; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism; D017353:Gene Deletion; D005787:Gene Frequency; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005838:Genotype; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006579:Heterozygote; D006801:Humans; D034062:Insomnia, Fatal Familial / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D043886:Receptor, Cholecystokinin A / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000235:genetics*
D043886:Receptor, Cholecystokinin A; D004298:Dopamine