Volatility of fragrance chemicals: patch testing implications.
BACKGROUND
Diagnostic and predictive patch testing to determine contact allergy due to fragrance materials requires applying a fixed dose of material to the skin. This dose can be affected by the volatile nature of fragrances; little data exist on how the loss of fragrance dose due to volatility affects patch testing.


OBJECTIVE
(1) To evaluate pH dependence and evaporation rates of two fragrance chemicals, geraniol, citronellol, and a common fragrance solvent, diethyl phthalate (DEP) and (2) Assess implications for predictive patch-testing methods for fragrances.


METHODS
pH analysis of each material at 1% for three values (4.0, 5.0, 7.0) was done over 40 hours. Volatility experiments for each material, nonradiolabeled and radiolabeled, were conducted over a 24-hour period, taking readings at six time points (5 minutes, 15 minutes, 40 minutes, 1 hour, 3 hours, and 24 hours).


RESULTS
Evaporation rates were not sensitive to pH shifts from 4.0 to 7.0. Evaporation rates for nonradiolabeled materials were low: after 24 hours, geraniol lost 8.9%, citronellol 27.0% and DEP 14.5%. The volatility data for radiolabeled materials demonstrated that geraniol loses up to 39% of its dose, citronellol loses up to 26%, and DEP up to 14% within 40 minutes.


CONCLUSIONS
The tendency of fragrance materials to evaporate can impact the dose being applied to the patch and therefore the result of the patch and ultimately the decision-making process regarding that fragrance material's safety. These data, developed with DEP, utilized in a predictive sensitization assay cannot be generalized.
Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Sarah J
SJ
Gilpin
Xiaoying
X
Hui
Howard I
HI
Maibach
D000080462:Acyclic Monoterpenes; D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000485:Allergens / Q000737:chemistry*; D017449:Dermatitis, Allergic Contact / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D039821:Monoterpenes / Q000737:chemistry*; D010328:Patch Tests / Q000379:methods*; D010476:Perfume / Q000737:chemistry*; D010795:Phthalic Acids / Q000737:chemistry*; D013729:Terpenes / Q000737:chemistry*; D014835:Volatilization
D000080462:Acyclic Monoterpenes; D000485:Allergens; D039821:Monoterpenes; D010476:Perfume; D010795:Phthalic Acids; D013729:Terpenes; C007836:geraniol; C007078:citronellol; C007379:diethyl phthalate