Are energy-dense foods really cheaper? Reexamining the relation between food price and energy density.
BACKGROUND
The inverse relation between energy density (kcal/g) and energy cost (price/kcal) has been interpreted to suggest that produce (fruit, vegetables) is more expensive than snacks (cookies, chips).


OBJECTIVE
The objective of this study was to show the methodologic weakness of comparing energy density with energy cost.


METHODS
The relation between energy density and energy cost was replicated in a random-number data set. Additionally, observational data were collected for produce and snacks from an online supermarket. Variables included total energy (kcal), total weight (g), total number of servings, serving size (g/serving), and energy density (kcal/g). Price measures included energy cost ($/kcal), total price ($), unit price ($/g), and serving price ($/serving). Two-tailed t tests were used to compare price measures by food category. Relations between energy density and price measures within food categories were examined with the use of Spearman rank correlation analysis.


RESULTS
The relation between energy density and energy cost was shown to be driven by the algebraic properties of these variables. Food category was strongly correlated with both energy density and food price measures. Energy cost was higher for produce than for snacks. However, total price and unit price were lower for produce. Serving price and serving size were greater for produce than for snacks. Within food categories, energy density was uncorrelated with most measures of food price, except for a weak positive correlation with serving price within the produce category.


CONCLUSIONS
The findings suggest the relation between energy density and food price is confounded by food category and depends on which measure of price is used.
Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA. lml96@cornell.edu
Leah M
LM
Lipsky
D001835:Body Weight; D002151:Calorimetry / Q000191:economics*; D003132:Commerce / Q000191:economics*; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D004034:Diet Surveys; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005502:Food / Q000191:economics*; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D018673:Nutrition Policy / Q000191:economics; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D014481:United States; D014675:Vegetables
D004044:Dietary Proteins