High-mobility group box 1 protein in CSF of patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage.
BACKGROUND
High-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) is a nuclear factor that is a potent proinflammatory mediator, and may trigger increases in other inflammatory cytokines. The inflammatory cytokines in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) have been reported previously, but HMGB1 has not. In this study, we measured HMGB1 and the inflammatory cytokines in the CSF of patients with SAH.


METHODS
CSF samples were collected on days 3, 7, and 14 from the drainage tubes of the postaneurysm clips of 39 patients with SAH. HMGB1, interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) were measured in the CSF, and compared between the patients with favorable (good recovery and moderate disability) and unfavorable outcomes (severe disability, vegetative state, and death) at 3 months.


RESULTS
In the unfavorable outcome group, HMGB1 (P = 0.017), IL-6 (P = 0.003), IL-8 (P = 0.041), and TNF-alpha (P = 0.002) were significantly increased. HMGB1 correlated significantly with IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-alpha (R = 0.672, 0.421, and 0.697, respectively).


CONCLUSIONS
HMGB1 was increased in the CSF of SAH patients with an unfavorable outcome, as were the other cytokines. These results suggest that HMGB1 and cytokines are related to the brain damage observed after SAH. HMGB1 might play a key role in the inflammatory response in the CNS of SAH patients.
Nakahara
Takashi
T
Advanced Medical Emergency and Critical Care Center, Yamaguchi University Hospital, 1-1-1 Minamikogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan.
Tsuruta
Ryosuke
R
Kaneko
Tadashi
T
Yamashita
Susumu
S
Fujita
Motoki
M
Kasaoka
Shunji
S
Hashiguchi
Teruto
T
Suzuki
Michiyasu
M
Maruyama
Ikuro
I
Maekawa
Tsuyoshi
T
D000368:Aged; D004660:Encephalitis / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D024243:HMGB1 Protein / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020127:Recovery of Function / Q000276:immunology; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000401:mortality; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid
D024243:HMGB1 Protein; C508600:IL6 protein, human; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha