Incidence and risk factors for chronic pain after caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia.
This study investigated the incidence and risk factors associated with chronic pain after elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia in an Asian population. A prospective cohort study was conducted among subjects who underwent elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia, with morphine patient-controlled analgesia administered for 24 hours postoperatively. Perioperative, surgical and obstetric factors were investigated prospectively. Phone surveys were conducted to identify risk factors associated with chronic pain. A total of 857 subjects completed both the perioperative study and phone survey. The incidence of wound scar pain for three months after surgery was 9.2% (79). Of the 51 subjects with persistent pain at the time of subsequent survey, 9.8% (n = 5) had constant pain, 9.8% (n = 5) had daily pain and 23.5% (n = 12) had pain intermittently, at an interval of days. The independent risk factors for development of chronic pain were higher pain scores recalled in the immediate postoperative period (odds ratio [OR, 95% confidence interval] 1.348 [1.219 to 1.490], P = 0.0001), pain present elsewhere (OR 2.471 [1.485 to 4.112], P = 0.001) and non-private insurance status (OR 1.679 [1.034 to 2.727], P = 0.036). The two most common sites of pain other than wound pain were back pain (n = 316) and migraine (n = 87).
Department of Women's Anaesthesia, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore.
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D000328:Adult; D016058:Analgesia, Patient-Controlled / Q000379:methods*; D000773:Anesthesia, Obstetrical / Q000379:methods*; D000775:Anesthesia, Spinal / Q000379:methods*; D044466:Asian People; D001416:Back Pain / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D002585:Cesarean Section / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D002921:Cicatrix / Q000150:complications; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007350:Insurance, Hospitalization; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome