Dominant role of antigen dose in CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cell induction and expansion.
The definitions of tolerogenic vs immunogenic dendritic cells (DC) remain controversial. Immature DC have been shown to induce T regulatory cells (Treg) specific for foreign and allogeneic Ags. However, we have previously reported that mature DC (mDC) prevented the onset of autoimmune diabetes, whereas immature DC (iDC) were therapeutically ineffective. In this study, islet-specific CD4(+) T cells from BDC2.5 TCR-transgenic mice were stimulated in the absence of exogenous cytokine with iDC or mDC pulsed with high- or low-affinity antigenic peptides and examined for Treg induction. Both iDC and mDC presenting low peptide doses induced weak TCR signaling via the Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, resulting in significant expansion of Foxp3(+) Treg. Furthermore, unpulsed mDC, but not iDC, also induced Treg. High peptide doses induced strong Akt/mTOR signaling and favored the expansion of Foxp3(neg) Th cells. The inverse correlation of Foxp3 and Akt/mTOR signaling was also observed in DO11.10 and OT-II TCR-transgenic T cells and was recapitulated with anti-CD3/CD28 stimulation in the absence of DC. IL-6 production in these cultures correlated positively with Ag dose and inversely with Treg expansion. Studies with T cells or DC from IL-6(-/-) mice revealed that IL-6 production by T cells was more important in the inhibition of Treg induction at low Ag doses. These studies indicate that the strength of Akt/mTOR signaling, a critical T cell-intrinsic determinant for Treg vs Th induction, can be controlled by adjusting the dose of antigenic peptide. Furthermore, this operates in a dominant fashion over DC phenotype and cytokine production.
Turner
Michael S
MS
Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
Kane
Lawrence P
LP
Morel
Penelope A
PA
D000818:Animals; D000906:Antibodies / Q000276:immunology; D000941:Antigens / Q000276:immunology*; D018106:CD28 Antigens / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D017252:CD3 Complex / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000276:immunology*; D004306:Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors / Q000276:immunology; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D016688:Mice, Inbred NOD; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D051058:Oncogene Protein v-akt / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D010047:Ovalbumin / Q000276:immunology; D010455:Peptides / Q000276:immunology; D017853:Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor) / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D011948:Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000276:immunology; D050378:T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases
D000906:Antibodies; D000941:Antigens; D018106:CD28 Antigens; D017252:CD3 Complex; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D016207:Cytokines; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; C498833:Foxp3 protein, mouse; D015850:Interleukin-6; D010455:Peptides; D011948:Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell; D010047:Ovalbumin; D017853:Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor); C546843:mTOR protein, mouse; D051058:Oncogene Protein v-akt; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases