Usefulness of small-bowel mucosal transglutaminase-2 specific autoantibody deposits in the diagnosis and follow-up of celiac disease.
BACKGROUND
Diagnosis of celiac disease may be problematic in that small-bowel villous atrophy sometimes occurs in conjunction with other enteropathies, develops gradually and may be patchy. Furthermore, as the often compromised quality of biopsy specimens renders diagnosis difficult, new diagnostic tools are warranted.


OBJECTIVE
As the celiac disease-specific autoantibodies are found deposited at their production site, in the small-bowel mucosa, they may be useful in diagnostics, especially in problematic cases. We therefore systematically assessed the occurrence of celiac-specific autoantibody deposits in a large cohort of celiac patients, and established how IgA deposits decline after initiation of a gluten-free diet.


METHODS
Transglutaminase-2 specific mucosal IgA autoantibody deposits were determined from small-bowel mucosal biopsies in 261 untreated, 71 short-term (1 y), and 105 long-term (2 to 41 y) treated celiac disease patients and in 78 nonceliac controls. The presence of the deposits was compared with celiac serology, mucosal villous morphology and density of intraepithelial lymphocytes.


RESULTS
All untreated celiac disease patients had mucosal autoantibody deposits and their intensity was moderate or strong in 90% of cases. In contrast, 18% of the controls had weak depositions. During a gluten-free diet the intensity of the deposits diminished, but was still faintly positive in 56% of long-term treated celiac patients. The efficiency of the test in determining mucosal autoantibody deposits was superior to serology and inflammatory markers.


CONCLUSIONS
Mucosal transglutaminase-2 specific autoantibody deposits proved to be accurate gluten-dependent markers of celiac disease and would thus be of value in the diagnostics and dietary monitoring of this disorder.
Koskinen
Outi
O
Pediatric Research Center, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.
Collin
Pekka
P
Lindfors
Katri
K
Laurila
Kaija
K
Mäki
Markku
M
Kaukinen
Katri
K
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000276:immunology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002446:Celiac Disease / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000276:immunology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D055050:Diet, Gluten-Free; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007070:Immunoglobulin A / Q000276:immunology*; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000201:enzymology / Q000276:immunology; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000201:enzymology / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D000091345:Protein Glutamine gamma Glutamyltransferase 2; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D011503:Transglutaminases / Q000276:immunology*; D055815:Young Adult
D001323:Autoantibodies; D007070:Immunoglobulin A; D000091345:Protein Glutamine gamma Glutamyltransferase 2; D011503:Transglutaminases; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins