Comparative pharmacokinetics of RAD001 (everolimus) in normal and tumor-bearing rodents.
OBJECTIVE
Comparative pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis of the mTOR inhibitor RAD001 (everolimus) in rats and mice.


METHODS
Blood cell partitioning, plasma protein binding and PK parameters of RAD001 in blood and tissues (including brain) of both mice and rats were determined. PK modeling predicted plasma/blood and tumor levels from a variety of regimens and these were compared with the known human PK profile. DCE-MRI was used to compare tumor vascularity between mice and rats. Estimation of IC50 values in vitro and ED50 values in vivo were used to provide an indication of anti-tumor activity.


RESULTS
The PK properties of RAD001 differed between mice and rats, including erythrocyte partitioning, plasma protein binding, plasma/blood t(1/2), oral bioavailability, volume of distribution, tissue/tumor penetration and elimination. Modeling of tumor and blood/plasma PK suggested that in mice, multiple daily administrations result in a 2-fold increase in tumor levels of RAD001 at steady state, whereas in rats, a 7.9-fold increase would occur. Weekly high-dose regimens were predicted not to facilitate tumor accumulation in either species. Total tumor levels of RAD001 were four- to eight-fold greater in rats than in mice. Rat tumors had a >2-fold greater plasma content and permeability compared to mouse tumors, which could contribute to differences in tumor drug uptake. Maximal antitumor effects (T/C of 0.04-0.35) were observed in both species after daily administration with similar C(max) and AUC values of unbound (free) RAD001. These free levels of RAD001 are exceeded in serum from cancer patients receiving clinically beneficial daily regimens. In rodents, brain penetration of RAD001 was poor, but was dose-dependent and showed over-proportional uptake in rats with a longer t(1/2) compared to the systemic circulation.


CONCLUSIONS
The PK of RAD001 differed between mice and rats, with rats having a PK profile closer to that of humans. High intermittent doses of RAD001 may be more appropriate for treatment of brain tumors.
Department of Oncology Research, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, WKL-125.13.17, 4002, Basel, Switzerland.
Terence
T
O'Reilly
Paul M J
PM
McSheehy
R
R
Kawai
O
O
Kretz
L
L
McMahon
J
J
Brueggen
A
A
Bruelisauer
H-P
HP
Gschwind
P R
PR
Allegrini
H A
HA
Lane
D000818:Animals; D019540:Area Under Curve; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D000068338:Everolimus; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000652:urine; D008297:Male; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009374:Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine; D051381:Rats; D011914:Rats, Inbred BN; D011917:Rats, Inbred Lew; D020123:Sirolimus / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D013045:Species Specificity; D013997:Time Factors; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous
D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D000068338:Everolimus; D020123:Sirolimus