Biological effects of growth hormone on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism.
This review will summarize the metabolic effects of growth hormone (GH) on the adipose tissue, liver, and skeletal muscle with focus on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. The metabolic effects of GH predominantly involve the stimulation of lipolysis in the adipose tissue resulting in an increased flux of free fatty acids (FFAs) into the circulation. In the muscle and liver, GH stimulates triglyceride (TG) uptake, by enhancing lipoprotein lipase (LPL) expression, and its subsequent storage. The effects of GH on carbohydrate metabolism are more complicated and may be mediated indirectly via the antagonism of insulin action. Furthermore, GH has a net anabolic effect on protein metabolism although the molecular mechanisms of its actions are not completely understood. The major questions that still remain to be answered are (i) What are the molecular mechanisms by which GH regulates substrate metabolism? (ii) Does GH affect substrate metabolism directly or indirectly via IGF-1 or antagonism of insulin action?
Vijayakumar
Archana
A
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Diseases, The Samuel Bronfman Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA.
Novosyadlyy
Ruslan
R
Wu
Yingjie
Y
Yakar
Shoshana
S
LeRoith
Derek
D
D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D050260:Carbohydrate Metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D013006:Growth Hormone / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000378:metabolism; D050356:Lipid Metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism; D011506:Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology
D011506:Proteins; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; D013006:Growth Hormone