The effect of on-line position correction on the dose distribution in focal radiotherapy for bladder cancer.
BACKGROUND
The purpose of this study was to determine the dosimetric effect of on-line position correction for bladder tumor irradiation and to find methods to predict and handle this effect.


METHODS
For 25 patients with unifocal bladder cancer intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) with 5 beams was planned. The requirement for each plan was that 99% of the target volume received 95% of the prescribed dose. Tumor displacements from -2.0 cm to 2.0 cm in each dimension were simulated, using 0.5 cm increments, resulting in 729 simulations per patient. We assumed that on-line correction for the tumor was applied perfectly. We determined the correlation between the change in D99% and the change in path length, which is defined here as the distance from the skin to the isocenter for each beam. In addition the margin needed to avoid underdosage was determined and the probability that an underdosage occurs in a real treatment was calculated.


RESULTS
Adjustments for tumor displacement with perfect on-line position correction resulted in an altered dose distribution. The altered fraction dose to the target varied from 91.9% to 100.4% of the prescribed dose. The mean D99% (+/- SD) was 95.8% +/- 1.0%. There was a modest linear correlation between the difference in D99% and the change in path length of the beams after correction (R2 = 0.590). The median probability that a systematic underdosage occurs in a real treatment was 0.23% (range: 0-24.5%). A margin of 2 mm reduced that probability to < 0.001% in all patients.


CONCLUSIONS
On-line position correction does result in an altered target coverage, due to changes in average path length after position correction. An extra margin can be added to prevent underdosage.
van Rooijen
Dominique C
DC
Department of Radiation Oncology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. d.c.vanrooijen@amc.uva.nl
van de Kamer
Jeroen B
JB
Pool
René
R
Hulshof
Maarten C C M
MC
Koning
Caro C E
CC
Bel
Arjan
A
D006801:Humans; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D050397:Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*