title: Aggregated low density lipoprotein induces tissue factor by inhibiting sphingomyelinase activity in human vascular smooth muscle cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Our previous results demonstrated that aggregated low density lipoprotein (agLDL) induces tissue factor (TF) expression and activation through Rho A translocation in human vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). We also previously demonstrated that membrane sphingomyelin (SM) content is higher in agLDL-exposed VSMC than in control cells. The main enzymes regulating cellular SM content are the family of sphingomyelinases (Smases) that hydrolize SM to phosphorylcholine and ceramide (CER).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We wished to investigate whether agLDL has the ability to modulate acidic- (A-) and neutral (N-) Smase activity and whether or not this effect is related to the upregulatory effect of agLDL on Rho A translocation and TF activation in human VSMC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  By measuring generated [(14)C]-phosphorylcholine, we found that agLDL significantly decreased A-Smase and specially N-Smase activity. Pharmacological Smase inhibitors increased Rho A and TF. Specific loss-of-function of A-Smase or N-Smase 1 (N1-Smase) by siRNA treatment (500 nmol L(-1), 12 hours) dramatically increased membrane Rho A protein levels (5- and 3-fold, respectively). Concomitantly, TF protein expression and TF procoagulant activity were also increased. Inhibition of A-Smase or N-Smase activity by agLDL, siRNA-anti A- or N1-Smase or pharmacological treatment significantly increased the SM content of vascular cells. The inhibition of SM synthesis by fumonisin B(1) (FB(1)) prevented the upregulatory effect of agLDL on TF.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate that inhibition of both A- and N1-Smase might explain the upregulatory effect of agLDL on TF activation, and suggest that this effect is related, at least in part, to membrane SM enrichment.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Research Center of Barcelona, CSIC-ICCC, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Camino-López
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Badimon
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: González
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Canals
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Peña
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Llorente-Cortés
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D032389:Myocytes, Smooth Muscle / Q000378:metabolism; D055503:Protein Multimerization; D021381:Protein Transport; D013108:Sphingomyelin Phosphodiesterase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D013925:Thromboplastin / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000235:genetics*; D054460:rho-Associated Kinases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; D013925:Thromboplastin; D054460:rho-Associated Kinases; D013108:Sphingomyelin Phosphodiesterase