title: Extraction of average neck flexion angle during swallowing in neutral and chin-tuck positions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A common but debated technique in the management of swallowing difficulties is the chin tuck swallow, where the neck is flexed forward prior to swallowing. Natural variations in chin tuck angles across individuals may contribute to the differential effectiveness of the technique.
  
  
  METHODS
  To facilitate the study of chin tuck angle variations, we present a template tracking algorithm that automatically extracts neck angles from sagittal videos of individuals performing chin tuck swallows. Three yellow markers geometrically arranged on a pair of dark visors were used as tracking cues.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The algorithm was applied to data collected from 178 healthy participants during neutral and chin tuck position swallows. Our analyses revealed no major influences of body mass index and age on neck flexion angles during swallowing, while gender influenced the average neck angle only during wet swallows in the neutral position. Chin tuck angles seem to be independent of anthropometry and gender in healthy adults, but deserve further study in pathological populations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proposed neck flexion angle extraction algorithm may be useful in future studies where strict participant compliance to swallowing task protocol can be assured.
authors.affiliation: Bloorview Research Institute, Bloorview Kids Rehab, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. delbert.hung@utoronto.ca
authors.forename: Delbert
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hung
authors.forename: Ervin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sejdić
authors.forename: Catriona M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Steele
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chau
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002680:Chin / Q000502:physiology*; D003679:Deglutition; D003680:Deglutition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009068:Movement; D009333:Neck / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D011187:Posture