title: Mitigation of Alicyclobacillus spp. spores on food contact surfaces with aqueous chlorine dioxide and hypochlorite.
abstract: The prevalence of Alicyclobacillus spp. and other spore-forming spoilage organisms in food handling and processing environments presents a sanitation challenge to manufacturers of products such as juices and beverages. The objectives of this study were to determine the efficacy of chlorine dioxide and sodium hypochlorite in killing Alicyclobacillus spores in situ and to evaluate the efficacy of various chlorine dioxide and hypochlorite sanitizing regimes on Alicyclobacillus spp. spores on stainless steel, wood, and rubber conveyor material. Five or two log CFU/ml spore concentrations were left in aqueous solution or inoculated onto stainless steel, rubber, or wood coupons and challenged with sanitizer for varied time intervals. After treatment, the coupons were placed in sterile sample bags, massaged with neutralizing buffer, and enumerated on Ali agar. Surfaces were also examined before and after treatment by scanning electron microscopy to confirm destruction or removal of the spores. For both five and two log CFU/ml spore concentrations, treatments of 50 and 100 ppm of chlorine dioxide and 1000 and 2000 ppm of hypochlorite, respectively, were the most effective. Of the range of chlorine dioxide concentrations and contact time regimes evaluated for all surfaces, the most effective concentration/time regime applied was 100 ppm for 10 min. Reductions ranged from 0 to 4.5 log CFU/coupon. Chlorine dioxide was least effective when applied to wood. Hypochlorite was not efficient at eliminating Alicyclobacillus spores from any of the food contact surfaces at any time and concentration combinations tested. Chlorine dioxide is an alternative treatment to kill spores of Alicyclobacillus spp. in the processing environment.
authors.affiliation: Citrus Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA.
authors.forename: Loretta M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Friedrich
authors.forename: Renee
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Goodrich-Schneider
authors.forename: Mickey E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Parish
authors.forename: Michelle D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Danyluk
mesh_terms: D056450:Alicyclobacillus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D017606:Chlorine Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D003257:Consumer Product Safety; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004866:Equipment Contamination; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis / Q000517:prevention & control; D005516:Food Microbiology; D005525:Food-Processing Industry / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D006997:Hypochlorous Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010087:Oxides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012408:Rubber; D013171:Spores, Bacterial; D013193:Stainless Steel; D014934:Wood / Q000382:microbiology / Q000648:ultrastructure
chemical_list: D017606:Chlorine Compounds; D004202:Disinfectants; D010087:Oxides; D013193:Stainless Steel; D006997:Hypochlorous Acid; C025109:chlorine dioxide; D012408:Rubber