Impact of censoring on learning Bayesian networks in survival modelling.
OBJECTIVE
Bayesian networks are commonly used for presenting uncertainty and covariate interactions in an easily interpretable way. Because of their efficient inference and ability to represent causal relationships, they are an excellent choice for medical decision support systems in diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. Although good procedures for learning Bayesian networks from data have been defined, their performance in learning from censored survival data has not been widely studied. In this paper, we explore how to use these procedures to learn about possible interactions between prognostic factors and their influence on the variate of interest. We study how censoring affects the probability of learning correct Bayesian network structures. Additionally, we analyse the potential usefulness of the learnt models for predicting the time-independent probability of an event of interest.


METHODS
We analysed the influence of censoring with a simulation on synthetic data sampled from randomly generated Bayesian networks. We used two well-known methods for learning Bayesian networks from data: a constraint-based method and a score-based method. We compared the performance of each method under different levels of censoring to those of the naive Bayes classifier and the proportional hazards model. We did additional experiments on several datasets from real-world medical domains. The machine-learning methods treated censored cases in the data as event-free.


RESULTS
We report and compare results for several commonly used model evaluation metrics. On average, the proportional hazards method outperformed other methods in most censoring setups. As part of the simulation study, we also analysed structural similarities of the learnt networks. Heavy censoring, as opposed to no censoring, produces up to a 5% surplus and up to 10% missing total arcs. It also produces up to 50% missing arcs that should originally be connected to the variate of interest.


CONCLUSIONS
Presented methods for learning Bayesian networks from data can be used to learn from censored survival data in the presence of light censoring (up to 20%) by treating censored cases as event-free. Given intermediate or heavy censoring, the learnt models become tuned to the majority class and would thus require a different approach.
Stajduhar
Ivan
I
Department of Automation, Electronics and Computing, Faculty of Engineering, University of Rijeka, Vukovarska 58, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia. ivan.stajduhar@riteh.hr
Dalbelo-Basić
Bojana
B
Bogunović
Nikola
N
D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D001185:Artificial Intelligence; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D016026:Bone Marrow Transplantation; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003198:Computer Simulation; D020000:Decision Support Systems, Clinical; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D007938:Leukemia / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery; D008105:Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality; D008223:Lymphoma / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015233:Models, Statistical; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome