title: Surface modification of upconverting NaYF4 nanoparticles with PEG-phosphate ligands for NIR (800 nm) biolabeling within the biological window.
abstract: We present a technique for the replacement of oleate with a PEG-phosphate ligand [PEG = poly(ethylene glycol)] as an efficient method for the generation of water-dispersible NaYF(4) nanoparticles (NPs). The PEG-phosphate ligands are shown to exchange with the original oleate ligands on the surface of the NPs, resulting in water-dispersible NPs. The upconversion intensity of the NPs in aqueous environments was found to be severely quenched when compared to the original NPs in organic solvents. This is attributed to an increase in the multiphonon relaxations of the lanthanide excited state in aqueous environments due to high energy vibrational modes of water molecules. This problem could be overcome partially by the synthesis of core/shell NPs which demonstrated improved photophysical properties in water over the original core NPs. The PEG-phosphate coated upconverting NPs were then used to image a line of ovarian cancer cells (CaOV3) to demonstrate their promise in biological application.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3065, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, V8W 3V6.
authors.forename: John-Christopher
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Boyer
authors.forename: Marie-Pascale
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Manseau
authors.forename: Jill I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: Frank C J M
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: van Veggel
mesh_terms: D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D005260:Female; D005459:Fluorides / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry*; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared / Q000379:methods*; D015019:Yttrium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: C525362:sodium yttriumtetrafluoride; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D015019:Yttrium; D005459:Fluorides