title: Coronary calcification in patients with chronic kidney disease and coronary artery disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A close linkage between chronic kidney disease (CKD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been demonstrated. Coronary artery calcification (CAC) is considered to be the causal link connecting them. The aim of the study is to determine the relationship between level of kidney function and the prevalence of CAC.
  
  
  METHODS
  Autopsy subjects known to have coronary artery disease and a wide range of kidney function were studied. Patients without CKD were classified into five groups depending on estimated GFR (eGFR) and proteinuria: eGFR > or =60 ml/min/1.73 m(2) without proteinuria; CKD1/2: eGFR > or =60 ml/min/1.73 m(2) with proteinuria; CKD3: 60 ml/min/1.73 m(2) >eGFR > or =30 ml/min/1.73 m(2); CKD4/5: eGFR <30 ml/min/1.73 m(2); and CKD5D: on hemodialysis. Intimal and medial calcification of the coronary arteries was evaluated. Risk factors for CVD and uremia were identified as relevant to CAC using logistic regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intimal calcification of plaques was present in all groups, but was most frequent and severe in the CKD5D group and less so in the CKD4/5 and CKD3 groups. Risk factors included luminal stenosis, age, smoking, diabetes, calcium-phosphorus product, inflammation, and kidney function. Medial calcification was seen in a small number of CKD4/5 and CKD5D groups. Risk factors were use of calcium-containing phosphate binders, hemodialysis treatment, and duration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It was concluded that CAC was present in the intimal plaque of both nonrenal and renal patients. Renal function and traditional risks were linked to initimal calcification. Medial calcification occurred only in CKD patients.
authors.affiliation: Division of Hypertension and Nephrology, Department of Medicine, National Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan. snakamur@hsp.ncvc.go.jp
authors.forename: Satoko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Hatsue
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ishibashi-Ueda
authors.forename: Sinichiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Niizuma
authors.forename: Fumiki
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yoshihara
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Horio
authors.forename: Yuhei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kawano
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001344:Autopsy; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009017:Morbidity; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009336:Necrosis; D015995:Prevalence; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012307:Risk Factors