title: Mortality of HIV-infected patients starting potent antiretroviral therapy: comparison with the general population in nine industrialized countries.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mortality in HIV-infected patients has declined substantially with combination antiretroviral therapy (ART), but it is unclear whether it has reached that of the general population. We compared mortality in patients starting ART in nine countries of Europe and North America with the corresponding general population, taking into account their response to ART.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eligible patients were enrolled in prospective cohort studies participating in the ART Cohort Collaboration. We calculated the ratio of observed to expected deaths from all causes [standardized mortality ratio (SMR)], measuring time from 6 months after starting ART, according to risk group, clinical stage at the start of ART and CD4 cell count and viral load at 6 months. Expected numbers of deaths were obtained from age-, sex- and country-specific mortality rates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 29 935 eligible patients, 1134 deaths were recorded in 131 510 person-years of follow-up. The median age was 37 years, 8162 (27%) patients were females, 4400 (15%) were injecting drug users (IDUs) and 6738 (23%) had AIDS when starting ART. At 6 months, 23 539 patients (79%) had viral load measurements <or=500 copies/ml. The lowest SMR, 1.05 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.82-1.35] was found for men who have sex with men (MSM) who started ART free of AIDS, reached a CD4 cell count of >or=350 cells/microL and suppressed viral replication to <or=500 copies/ml by the sixth month. In contrast, the SMR was 73.7 (95% CI 46.4-116.9) in IDUs who failed to suppress viral replication and had CD4 cell counts <50 cells/microL at 6 months. The percentage of patients with SMRs <2 was 46% for MSM, 42% for heterosexually infected patients and 0% for patients with a history of injection drug use. Corresponding percentages for SMRs >10 were 4, 14 and 47%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In industrialized countries, the mortality experience of HIV-infected patients who start ART and survive the first 6 months continues to be higher than in the general population, but for many patients excess mortality is moderate and comparable with patients having other chronic conditions. Much of the excess mortality might be prevented by earlier diagnosis of HIV followed by timely initiation of ART.
authors.forename: Marcel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zwahlen
authors.forename: Ross
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: May
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hogg
authors.forename: Dominique
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Costagliola
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: de Wolf
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gill
authors.forename: Gerd
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fätkenheuer
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lewden
authors.forename: Mike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saag
authors.forename: Sholmo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Staszewski
authors.forename: Antonella
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: d'Arminio Monforte
authors.forename: Jordi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Casabona
authors.forename: Fiona
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lampe
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Justice
authors.forename: Viktor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: von Wyl
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Egger
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology / Q000401:mortality* / Q000821:virology; D000328:Adult; D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D002423:Cause of Death; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006678:HIV / Q000502:physiology; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000401:mortality* / Q000821:virology; D018451:Homosexuality, Male; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009026:Mortality / Q000639:trends*; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous; D019562:Viral Load; D014779:Virus Replication
chemical_list: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents