title: Chinese herbal medicines for people with impaired glucose tolerance or impaired fasting blood glucose.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Around 308 million people worldwide are estimated to have impaired glucose tolerance (IGT); 25% to 75% of these will develop diabetes within a decade of initial diagnosis. At diagnosis, half will have tissue-related damage and all have an increased risk for coronary heart disease.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this review was to assess the effects and safety of Chinese herbal medicines for the treatment of people with impaired glucose tolerance or impaired fasting glucose (IFG).
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the following databases: The Cochrane Library, PubMed, EMBASE, AMED, a range of Chinese language databases, SIGLE and databases of ongoing trials.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised clinical trials comparing Chinese herbal medicines with placebo, no treatment, pharmacological or non-pharmacological interventions in people with IGT or IFG were considered.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two authors independently extracted data. Trials were assessed for risk of bias against key criteria: random sequence generation, allocation concealment, blinding of participants, outcome assessors and intervention providers, incomplete outcome data, selective outcome reporting and other sources of bias.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This review examined 16 trials lasting four weeks to two years involving 1391 participants receiving 15 different Chinese herbal medicines in eight different comparisons. No trial reported on mortality, morbidity or costs. No serious adverse events like severe hypoglycaemia were observed. Meta-analysis of eight trials showed that those receiving Chinese herbal medicines combined with lifestyle modification were more than twice as likely to have their fasting plasma glucose levels return to normal levels (i.e. fasting plasma glucose <7.8 mmol/L and 2hr blood glucose <11.1 mmol/L) compared to lifestyle modification alone (RR 2.07; 95% confidence intervall (CI) 1.52 to 2.82). Those receiving Chinese herbs were less likely to progress to diabetes over the duration of the trial (RR 0.33; 95% CI 0.19 to 0.58). However, all trials had a considerable risk of bias and none of the specific herbal medicines comparison data was available from more than one study. Moreover, results could have been confounded by rates of natural reversion to normal glucose levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The positive evidence in favour of Chinese herbal medicines for the treatment of IGT or IFG is constrained by the following factors: lack of trials that tested the same herbal medicine, lack of details on co-interventions, unclear methods of randomisation, poor reporting and other risks of bias.
authors.affiliation: University of Western Sydney, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, South DC, Australia, NWS 1797.
authors.forename: Suzanne J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bensoussan
authors.forename: Dennis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Hosen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kiat
authors.forename: Nerida L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Klupp
authors.forename: Jian Ping
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Xun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005215:Fasting / Q000097:blood*; D018149:Glucose Intolerance / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal