title: Transcriptome analysis of functional differentiation between haploid and diploid cells of Emiliania huxleyi, a globally significant photosynthetic calcifying cell.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Eukaryotes are classified as either haplontic, diplontic, or haplo-diplontic, depending on which ploidy levels undergo mitotic cell division in the life cycle. Emiliania huxleyi is one of the most abundant phytoplankton species in the ocean, playing an important role in global carbon fluxes, and represents haptophytes, an enigmatic group of unicellular organisms that diverged early in eukaryotic evolution. This species is haplo-diplontic. Little is known about the haploid cells, but they have been hypothesized to allow persistence of the species between the yearly blooms of diploid cells. We sequenced over 38,000 expressed sequence tags from haploid and diploid E. huxleyi normalized cDNA libraries to identify genes involved in important processes specific to each life phase (2N calcification or 1N motility), and to better understand the haploid phase of this prominent haplo-diplontic organism.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The haploid and diploid transcriptomes showed a dramatic differentiation, with approximately 20% greater transcriptome richness in diploid cells than in haploid cells and only <or= 50% of transcripts estimated to be common between the two phases. The major functional category of transcripts differentiating haploids included signal transduction and motility genes. Diploid-specific transcripts included Ca2+, H+, and HCO3- pumps. Potential factors differentiating the transcriptomes included haploid-specific Myb transcription factor homologs and an unusual diploid-specific histone H4 homolog.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study permitted the identification of genes likely involved in diploid-specific biomineralization, haploid-specific motility, and transcriptional control. Greater transcriptome richness in diploid cells suggests they may be more versatile for exploiting a diversity of rich environments whereas haploid cells are intrinsically more streamlined.
authors.affiliation: Evolution du Plancton et PaleOceans, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CNRS UPMC UMR7144, 29682 Roscoff, France. dassow@sb-roscoff.fr
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: von Dassow
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ogata
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Probert
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wincker
authors.forename: Corinne
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Da Silva
authors.forename: Stéphane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Audic
authors.forename: Jean-Michel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Claverie
authors.forename: Colomban
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: de Vargas
mesh_terms: D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000235:genetics; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D004171:Diploidy; D020224:Expressed Sequence Tags; D005407:Flagella / Q000235:genetics; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D015723:Gene Library; D006238:Haploidy; D006657:Histones / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010788:Photosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D010839:Phytoplankton / Q000166:cytology* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012689:Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D006657:Histones; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins