title: Diethylnitrosamine (DEN) induces irreversible hepatocellular carcinogenesis through overexpression of G1/S-phase regulatory proteins in rat.
abstract: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most frequent cause of cancer deaths in males and was the third most frequent cause of cancer deaths in 2007 throughout the world. The incidence rate is 2-3 times higher in developing countries than in developed countries. Animal models have enabled study of the mechanism of HCC and the development of possible strategies for treatment. Diethylnitrosamine (DEN) is a representative chemical carcinogen with the potential to cause tumors in various organs, including the liver, skin, gastrointestinal tract, and respiratory system. Specifically in HCC, DEN is a complete carcinogen. Many lines of evidence have demonstrated a relationship between carcinogenesis and cell cycle regulation. In this study we found that cell cycle regulatory proteins were critically involved in cancer initiation and promotion by DEN. Cyclin D1, cyclin E, cdk4, and p21(CIP1/WAF1) are factors whose expression levels may be useful as criteria for the classification of hepatic disease. In particular, cdk4 had a pivotal role in the transition to the neoplastic stage. In conclusion, we suggest that changes in the level of cdk4 may be useful as a biomarker for detection of HCC.
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, 192-1 Hyoja-dong, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do 200-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Dae-Hun
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Jae Wook
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.forename: Seung-Kee
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Jae-Nam
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Seo
authors.forename: Lan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Ja-June
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Jang
authors.forename: Min-Jae
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D000477:Alkylating Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D056486:Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury / Q000473:pathology; D051358:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D004052:Diethylnitrosamine / Q000633:toxicity*; D016193:G1 Phase / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008114:Liver Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D009929:Organ Size / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D016196:S Phase / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D000477:Alkylating Agents; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D051358:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4; D004052:Diethylnitrosamine; C498862:Acta2 protein, rat