title: Cardioprotection, attenuated systemic inflammation, and survival benefit of beta1-adrenoceptor blockade in severe sepsis in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the hypothesis that beta-1 adrenoreceptor blockade may be protective through the attenuation of sympathetic hyperactivity and catecholaminergic inflammatory effects on cardiac and hepatic function.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, randomized, controlled study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Animal laboratory in a university medical center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male adult Wistar rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Peripheral beta1-adrenoceptor blockade through daily intraperitoneal injection (metoprolol, 100 mg x kg(-1); atenolol, 6 mg x kg(-1)) or central nervous system beta1-adrenoceptor blockade (intracerebroventricular metoprolol, 25 microg) to achieve approximately 20% heart rate reduction in rats for 2 days before or after the induction of lethal endotoxemia, cecal ligation and puncture, or fecal peritonitis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Peripheral beta1-adrenoceptor blockade established for 2 days before lethal endotoxemia markedly improved survival in both metoprolol-treated (n = 16; log rank test, p = .002) and atenolol-treated (n = 15; p = .03) rats. Overall mortality in cecal ligation and puncture was similar between metoprolol (40%; n = 10) and saline (50%; n = 10) pretreatment (p = .56), but the median time to death was increased by 33 hrs in metoprolol-treated rats (p = .03). Metoprolol pretreatment reduced hepatic expression of proinflammatory cytokines and lowered plasma interleukin-6 (both p < .05). Myocardial protein expression of interleukin-18 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, key mediators of cardiac dysfunction in sepsis, were also reduced (p < .05). Peripheral beta1-adrenoceptor blockade commenced 6 hrs after lethal endotoxemia or fecal peritonitis did not improve survival. However, arterial blood pressure was preserved and left ventricular contractility restored similar to that found in nonseptic controls. Central nervous system beta1-adrenoceptor blockade (metoprolol) did not reduce plasma cytokines or mortality, despite enhancing parasympathetic tone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Peripheral beta1-adrenoceptor blockade offers anti-inflammatory and cardioprotective effects, with mortality reduction if commenced before a septic insult. Its role in sepsis should be explored further.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Anaesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, University College London, UK. g.ackland@ucl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Gareth L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Ackland
authors.forename: Song T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rudiger
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dyson
authors.forename: Ray
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stidwill
authors.forename: Dmitry
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Poputnikov
authors.forename: Mervyn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Singer
authors.forename: Alexander V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Gourine
mesh_terms: D058671:Adrenergic beta-1 Receptor Antagonists; D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D001262:Atenolol / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D007249:Inflammation / Q000503:physiopathology; D007274:Injections, Intraperitoneal; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008790:Metoprolol / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D018342:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1 / Q000502:physiology; D018805:Sepsis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D058671:Adrenergic beta-1 Receptor Antagonists; D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D016207:Cytokines; D018342:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1; D001262:Atenolol; D008790:Metoprolol