title: Percutaneous techniques in the treatment of spine tumors: what are the diagnostic and therapeutic indications and outcomes?
abstract: METHODS
  Systematic review of the literature.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Should cement augmentation procedures such as vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty be used in patients with painful compression fractures associated with metastatic spine disease? What is the role of embolization in the treatment of metastatic spine disease?
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Vertebral augmentation is commonly employed in treating osteoporotic fractures and is now increasingly used in the management of pain in patients with spinal tumors. Intra-arterial and transcutaneous embolization techniques are also available in the management of spinal tumors. To date, the effectiveness and safety of these procedures have not been adequately demonstrated.
  
  
  METHODS
  A review of the English literature was performed in Pub-Med. One search was performed using the following keywords: cancer, tumor, vertebroplasty, kyphoplasty, vertebral augmentation, outcome, safety, pain, and quality of life. A Second search was performed using the keywords: embolization, spinal, and tumors. Original studies reporting on at least 10 patients were included and systematically reviewed. The results were reviewed and discussed through consensus among a multidisciplinary panel of expert members of the Spine Oncology Study Group. Recommendations were made according to the Guyatt Guidelines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 1665 abstracts were identified. Twenty-eight articles using vertebroplasty reported on 877 patients and 1599 treated levels. Medical and neurologic complications varied from 0% to 7.1% and 0% to 8.1%, respectively. Twelve articles using kyphoplasty reported on 333 patients and 481 treated levels. Medical complication rates varied from 0% to 0.5%, without any neurologic complications. Pain and functional outcomes were universally successful using either technique. Ten studies on embolization reported on 330 patients. There were 4 permanent complications (1.4%). Complete or partial embolization was possible in 97.5% with an estimated reduction of intraoperative blood loss of 2.3 L.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is strong recommendation and moderate evidence for vertebral augmentation as safe and effective in providing pain relief and improving functional outcome in patients with vertebral body fractures and axial pain due to metastatic disease. There is a strong recommendation and very low evidence for embolization techniques as safe and effective in decreasing intraoperative blood loss in hypervascular tumors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, The Ohio State University Medical Center and The James Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA. ehud.mendel@osumc.edu
authors.forename: Ehud
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mendel
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bourekas
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gerszten
authors.forename: Jeff D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Golan
mesh_terms: D050815:Fractures, Compression / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis / Q000473:pathology; D010146:Pain / Q000601:surgery; D013125:Spinal Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D013131:Spine / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D054854:Vertebroplasty