title: [Characteristics and impact of sedation, analgesia, and neuromuscular blockage in critical patients undergoing prolonged mechanical ventilation].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe use of sedatives, analgesics, and neuromuscular blockers (NMB) in patients undergoing long-term mechanical ventilation and to assess factors associated with their use and their association with mortality at 28 days.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective observational multicenter cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirteen intensive care units (ICU) in Chile.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients undergoing mechanical ventilation for more than 48h. We excluded patients with neurological disorders, cirrhosis of the liver, chronic renal failure, suspected drug addiction, and early no resuscitation orders.
  
  
  METHODS
  None.
  
  
  METHODS
  Proportion of use and dosage of sedatives, analgesics, and NMB. Level of sedation observed (SAS). Variables associated with the Sedation Agitation Scale (SAS), use of sedatives, analgesics, and NMB. Multivariate logistic regression of variables associated to mortality at 28 days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 155 patients participated (60+/-18 years, 57% male, SOFA 7 [6-10], APACHE II 18 [15-22], 63% with sepsis, and 47% with acute lung injury/adult respiratory distress syndrome. The drugs most frequently used were midazolam (85%, 4 [1.9-6.8]mg/hr) and fentanyl (81%, 76 [39-140]microg/hr). NMB were administered at least 1 day in 30% of patients. SAS score was 1 or 2 in 55% of patients. There was an association between NMB use and mortality at 28 days, but it was not consistent in all the models of NMB evaluated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sedatives were frequently employed and deep sedation was common. Midazolam and fentanyl were the most frequently administered drugs. The use of NMB might be independently associated to greater mortality.
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Paciente Crítico, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile. etobar@redclinicauchile.cl
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tobar
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bugedo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Andresen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aguirre
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Lira
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Godoy
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: González
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hernández
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Tomicic
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Castro
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jara
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ugarte
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000698:Analgesia; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016292:Procedural Sedation; D016638:Critical Illness; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009407:Nerve Block; D012121:Respiration, Artificial