title: Antibody-dependent enhancement of dengue virus infection in U937 cells requires cholesterol-rich membrane microdomains.
abstract: Dengue virus (DENV) is the causative agent of dengue fever and the more severe forms of the infection known as dengue haemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome (DHF/DSS). Secondary infections with a serotype different from the primary infection are considered a risk factor for the development of DHF/DSS. One explanation for the increased risk of DHF/DSS development after heterologous secondary infections is the antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) hypothesis. This hypothesis postulates that pre-existing non-neutralizing antibodies will form immune complexes with the new serotype-infecting virus that in turn will have enhanced capacity to infect macrophages and other Fcgamma receptor (FcgammaR)-bearing cells. Despite the evidence supporting the ADE hypothesis, the molecular mechanisms of ADE are not fully understood. In this work, we present evidence which indicates that intact lipid rafts are required for the ADE infection of U937 cells with DENV. Flow cytometry analysis to measure the percentage of infected cells showed that treatment of differentiated U937 cells with nystatin (30 microg ml(-1)), filipin (10 microg ml(-1)) or beta-methyl cyclodextrin (30 mM) significantly reduces (P<0.05) the ADE of DENV-4 infection in vitro without any effect on viability or the number of FcgammaR-bearing cells. Later cholesterol replenishment by supplementing treated cell cultures with bovine fetal serum for 24 h re-established lipid raft integrity and reversed the alteration of the ADE in vitro (P<0.05). Our results suggest that ADE of U937 infection by DENV requires the presence of cholesterol and cholesterol-rich membrane microdomains.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, CINVESTAV-IPN, Mexico, DF, Mexico.
authors.forename: Henry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Puerta-Guardo
authors.forename: Clemente
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mosso
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Medina
authors.forename: Ferdinando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Liprandi
authors.forename: Juan E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Ludert
authors.forename: Rosa María
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: del Angel
mesh_terms: D019067:Antibody-Dependent Enhancement; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000378:metabolism*; D003716:Dengue Virus / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D021962:Membrane Microdomains / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000821:virology; D019595:Severe Dengue / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000821:virology; D020298:U937 Cells
chemical_list: D002784:Cholesterol