title: Magnesium supplementation during cardiopulmonary bypass to prevent junctional ectopic tachycardia after pediatric cardiac surgery: a randomized controlled study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We analyzed the role of magnesium sulfate (MgSO(4)) supplementation during cardiopulmonary bypass in pediatric patients undergoing cardiac surgery, assessing the incidence of hypomagnesemia and the incidence of junctional ectopic tachycardia.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial in 99 children. MgSO(4) or placebo was administered during the rewarming phase of cardiopulmonary bypass: group 1, placebo group (29 patients); group 2, 25 mg/kg of MgSO(4) (30 patients); and group 3, 50 mg/kg of MgSO(4) (40 patients).
  
  
  RESULTS
  At the time of admission to the cardiac intensive care unit, groups receiving MgSO(4) had significantly greater levels of ionized magnesium (group 1, 0.51 + or - 0.07; group 2, 0.57 + or - 0.09; group 3, 0.59 + or - 0.09). Hypomagnesemia before bypass was common (75%-86.2%) and not significantly different among the groups. The proportion of hypomagnesemia decreased significantly at admission to the cardiac intensive care unit in groups receiving MgSO(4) (group 1, 77.8%; group 2, 63%; group 3, 47.4%). Patients receiving placebo (group 1) had a significantly greater occurrence of junctional ectopic tachycardia than groups receiving MgSO(4) (group 1, n = 5 [17.9%]; group 2, n = 2 [6.7%]; group 3, n = 0 [0%]). Age (<1 month), Aristotle score (>4), and history of cardiac failure were associated with junctional ectopic tachycardia. None of the patients with those characteristics in group 3 had junctional ectopic tachycardia. No association was found between study groups and the Pediatric Risk of Mortality score or length of stay in the cardiac intensive care unit.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Supplementation with MgSO(4) during cardiopulmonary bypass seems to reduce the incidence of hypomagnesemia and junctional ectopic tachycardia at admission to the cardiac intensive care unit. This effect seems to be dose related.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Heart Center, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Ana M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Manrique
authors.forename: Margarita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Arroyo
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Samar R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: El Khoudary
authors.forename: Erin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Colvin
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lichtenstein
authors.forename: Constantinos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chrysostomou
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Orr
authors.forename: Edmund
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jooste
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wearden
authors.forename: Victor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Morell
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Munoz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008274:Magnesium / Q000097:blood; D008278:Magnesium Sulfate / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control; D013613:Tachycardia, Ectopic Junctional / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; D008278:Magnesium Sulfate; D008274:Magnesium