title: Melanocortin peptides inhibit urate crystal-induced activation of phagocytic cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The melanocortin peptides have marked anti-inflammatory potential, primarily through inhibition of proinflammatory cytokine production and action on phagocytic cell functions. Gout is an acute form of arthritis caused by the deposition of urate crystals, in which phagocytic cells and cytokines play a major pathogenic role. We examined whether alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) and its synthetic derivative (CKPV)2 influence urate crystal-induced monocyte (Mo) activation and neutrophil responses in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  Purified Mos were stimulated with monosodium urate (MSU) crystals in the presence or absence of melanocortin peptides. The supernatants were tested for their ability to induce neutrophil activation in terms of chemotaxis, production of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs), and membrane expression of CD11b, Toll-like receptor-2 (TLR2) and TLR4. The proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and caspase-1 were determined in the cell-free supernatants. In parallel experiments, purified neutrophils were preincubated overnight with or without melanocortin peptides before the functional assays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The supernatants from MSU crystal-stimulated Mos exerted chemoattractant and priming activity on neutrophils, estimated as ROI production and CD11b membrane expression. The supernatants of Mos stimulated with MSU in the presence of melanocortin peptides had less chemoattractant activity for neutrophils and less ability to prime neutrophils for CD11b membrane expression and oxidative burst. MSU crystal-stimulated Mos produced significant levels of IL-1beta, IL-8, TNF-alpha, and caspase-1. The concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines, but not of caspase-1, were reduced in the supernatants from Mos stimulated by MSU crystals in the presence of melanocortin peptides. Overnight incubation of neutrophils with the peptides significantly inhibited their ability to migrate toward chemotactic supernatants and their capacity to be primed in terms of ROI production.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Alpha-MSH and (CKPV)2 have a dual effect on MSU crystal-induced inflammation, inhibiting the Mos' ability to produce neutrophil chemoattractants and activating compounds and preventing the neutrophil responses to these proinflammatory substances. These findings reinforce previous observations on the potential role of alpha-MSH and related peptides as a new class of drugs for treatment of inflammatory arthritis.
authors.affiliation: Rheumatology Unit, Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi IRCCS (Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico), University of Milan, Via Riccardo Galeazzi 4, 20161 Milan, Italy. franco.capsoni@unimi.it
authors.forename: Franco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Capsoni
authors.forename: Anna Maria
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Ongari
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Reali
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Catania
mesh_terms: D003460:Crystallization; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D006073:Gout / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D053486:Melanocortins / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D009000:Monocytes / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D018375:Neutrophil Activation / Q000276:immunology*; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D053486:Melanocortins; D014527:Uric Acid