title: Improved secretion of the cancer-testis antigen SSX2 in Pichia pastoris by deletion of its nuclear localization signal.
abstract: The cancer-testis (CT) antigen synovial sarcoma X break point 2 (SSX2) was expressed in Pichia pastoris as a means to produce a delayed-type hypersensitivity skin test reagent for monitoring SSX2-specific anti-cancer immune responses. SSX2 was detected intracellularly in P. pastoris despite the addition of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae alpha-mating factor secretion signal. Increasing the SSX2 gene copy number did not improve its secretion but did enhance intracellular SSX2 levels. SSX2 with its C-terminal nuclear localization signal (NLS) deleted (SSX2NORD), however, was secreted. Indirect immunofluorescence indicated that SSX2 containing the NLS did not translocate to the nucleus but accumulated in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Experimental results further suggested that SSX2 containing the NLS was misfolded in the ER, while deletion of the NLS facilitated correct folding of SSX2 inside the ER and improved its secretion. Production of SSX2NORD was scaled-up to a 2-L fermentor using a fed-batch protocol to maintain methanol at a concentration of 1 g L(-1). Decreasing the cultivation temperature from 25 degrees C to 16 degrees C improved protein stability in the culture supernatant. In this process, after 120 h cultivation, the wet cell weight of P. pastoris reached 280 mg mL(-1), and the yield of SSX2NORD was 21.6 mg L(-1).
authors.affiliation: Field of Microbiology, Cornell University, 317 Stocking Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
authors.forename: Chung-Jr
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Kyle A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Leonardo M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Damasceno
authors.forename: Gerd
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ritter
authors.forename: Lloyd J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Old
authors.forename: Carl A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Batt
mesh_terms: D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D001709:Biotechnology / Q000379:methods; D019084:Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D006968:Hypersensitivity, Delayed / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D019913:Nuclear Localization Signals; D010843:Pichia / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D017384:Sequence Deletion; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D019913:Nuclear Localization Signals; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D012097:Repressor Proteins; C093962:synovial sarcoma X breakpoint proteins