Acute and chronic effects of smoking on inflammation markers in exhaled breath condensate in current smokers.
BACKGROUND
Long-term cigarette smoking is associated with pulmonary inflammation, but the acute effects of smoking have been less well studied. Analysis of the exhaled breath condensate (EBC) can provide noninvasive markers that might be indicative of inflammation.


OBJECTIVE
The aim of the study was to determine whether the pH , electrical conductivity and the levels of ammonium and interleukin 8 (IL-8) of EBC were altered in smokers and whether they changed after smoking a single cigarette.


METHODS
We included 19 healthy nonsmokers (controls), 29 asymptomatic smokers, 10 patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) [Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease stages (GOLD) stages II-III], and 10 patients with exacerbated COPD. In 13 smokers, EBC was also analyzed before and after smoking. EBC was obtained during 10 min tidal breathing with a cooled RTube. pH was determined after deaeration with argon.


RESULTS
Acute smoking did not alter the pH or ammonium and IL-8 levels, but raised conductivity. As in COPD patients, the pH was significantly decreased in chronic smokers with a history of at least 10 pack-years compared to controls.


CONCLUSIONS
EBC can be used to detect the acute and chronic effects of smoking. The increased conductivity of EBC after smoking suggests acute inflammatory effects. The reduced pH in chronic smokers shows cigarette-induced inflammation.
Koczulla
A-Rembert
AR
Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Marburg, Germany. koczulla @ med.uni-marburg.de
Noeske
Sarah
S
Herr
Christian
C
Jörres
Rudolf A
RA
Römmelt
Horst
H
Vogelmeier
Claus
C
Bals
Robert
R
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D001944:Breath Tests; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004553:Electric Conductivity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007249:Inflammation / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000378:metabolism; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds / Q000378:metabolism; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D055815:Young Adult
D015415:Biomarkers; D016209:Interleukin-8; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds