title: Pain in neonates during screening for retinopathy of prematurity using binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy and wide-field digital retinal imaging: a randomised comparison.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the pain experienced by premature infants undergoing wide-field digital retinal imaging (WFDRI) and binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy (BIO) for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) screening.
  
  
  METHODS
  Infants were recruited at Edinburgh Royal Infirmary Neonatal Unit, Edinburgh, UK. Eyes were examined by WFDRI and BIO with eyelid speculum by two experienced paediatric ophthalmologists in random order. A pain score (Premature Infant Pain Profile (PIPP)) for WFDRI and BIO was generated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 76 infants were recruited. The (mean, SD) PIPP score for WFDRI was 15.0, 2.1 and for BIO was 15.2, 2.4 (paired t test p=0.47). The authors observed that infants started crying with corresponding physiological changes as soon as the eyelid speculum was inserted and crying stopped on speculum removal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  WFDRI and BIO with eyelid speculum are similarly painful for infants. The authors speculate that the eyelid speculum rather than the examination method may contribute most to the pain experienced.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Reproductive Biology, Queens Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK. cdhaliwa@staffmail.ed.ac.uk
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Dhaliwal
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: McIntosh
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dhaliwal
authors.forename: B W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Fleck
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D008297:Male; D009020:Morphine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015997:Neonatal Screening / Q000379:methods; D009887:Ophthalmoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012178:Retinopathy of Prematurity / Q000175:diagnosis*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D009020:Morphine