title: Management of benign ureteral strictures in the endoscopic era.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  During the past decade, endoscopic management has emerged as the first-line treatment of benign ureteral strictures. We reviewed our experience with the management of benign ureteral strictures to determine the success rate of endoscopic surgery in a contemporary series and assessed the viability of surgical reimplantation in the modern era.
  
  
  METHODS
  We identified 75 patients with a diagnosis of ureteral stricture between 2000 and 2005 via electronic medical records search and excluded those with completely obliterated, external compressive, malignant, or ureteroenteric strictures, ureteropelvic junction obstruction, and those with follow-up less than 2 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-four patients who were treated endoscopically (balloon dilation and/or holmium laser endoureterotomy) were identified. Mean stricture length in each patient was 1.6 +/- 1 cm (range 0.5-4 cm), and the mean number of procedures per patient was 1.7 +/- 0.8. Endoscopic success was achieved in 29 (85%), while 5 (15%) patients experienced endoscopic management failure and ultimately needed ureteral reimplantation. When comparing the endoscopically treated and reimplant groups, there was no significant difference in mean stricture length (1.38 +/- 1.13 vs 2 +/- 1.1 cm, P = 0.14), yet mean number of procedures performed (1.41 +/- 0.85 vs 3.6 +/- 1.5; P = 0.002) reached statistical significance. There were no clinical or radiographic signs of obstruction in 100% of patients who received endoscopic therapy only and 100% of patients who needed open surgical management at a mean follow-up of 25.2 +/- 19.3 and 7.7 +/- 3.2 months, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endoscopic surgery is clearly a successful primary treatment modality in the management of benign ureteral strictures with minimal morbidity. In the modern era of endoscopic surgery, however, ureteral reimplantation remains a viable option in treating the small subset of patients with benign ureteral strictures for whom endoscopic management fails.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA. corcoranat@upmc.edu
authors.forename: Anthony T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Corcoran
authors.forename: Marc C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Smaldone
authors.forename: Daniel D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Ricchiuti
authors.forename: Timothy D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Averch
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003251:Constriction, Pathologic / Q000601:surgery; D004724:Endoscopy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014517:Ureteral Obstruction / Q000601:surgery*; D055815:Young Adult