title: Day hospital versus outpatient care for people with schizophrenia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This review considers the use of day hospitals as an alternative to outpatient care. Two types of day hospital are covered by the review: 'day treatment programmes' and 'transitional' day hospitals. Day treatment programmes offer more intense treatment for people who have failed to respond to outpatient care. Transitional day hospitals offer time-limited care to people who have just been discharged from inpatient care.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess effects of day hospital care as an alternative to continuing outpatient care for people with schizophrenia and and other similar severe mental illness.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Cochrane Schizophrenia Group Trials Register (May 2009) and references of all identified studies for further citations. If necessary, we also contacted authors of trials for further information.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised controlled trials comparing day hospital care with outpatient care for those with schizophrenia and other similar severe mental illness.
  
  
  METHODS
  We extracted and cross-checked data independently. We analysed dichotomous data using fixed-effect relative risk (RR) and estimated the 95% confidence interval (CI). If continuous data were included, we analysed this data using the random-effects weighted mean difference (MD) with a 95% confidence interval.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified four relevant trials all dating from before 1986 (total n=309 participants); all but one of which (n=37) evaluated day treatment centres. Across time less people allocated to day hospital care tend to be admitted to hospital (beyond one year: n=242, 2 RCTs, RR 0.71 CI 0.56 to 0.89 day treatment centres) but data are heterogeneous (I(2) =74% P=0.05) and should not be taken into account. Data on time spent as an inpatient seem to support this finding but are poorly reported. We found no clear difference between day hospital and outpatient care for the outcome of 'lost to follow up' (at six months: n=147, 3 RCTs, RR 0.97 CI 0.48 to 1.95; at 12 months: n=117, 2 RCTs, RR 0.97 CI 0.48 to 1.95 day treatment centres / transitional day hospital). Scale derived findings on social functioning are equivocal (SAS: n=37, 1 RCT, MD 0.36 CI -0.07 to 0.79 transitional day hospital) but there was some suggestion from small studies that day hospital care may decrease the risk of unemployment (at 12 months: n=80, 1 RCT, RR 0.86 CI 0.69 to 1.06 day treatment centre). Different measures of mental state showed no convincing effect (Symptom Check List: n=30, 1 RCT, MD -90 0.31 CI -0.20 to 0.82 day treatment centre). Poorly reported economic data from decades ago suggested that day hospitals were more costly to establish and run than outpatient care but took no account of other costs such as inpatient stay.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Evidence is limited and dated. Day hospital care may help avoid inpatient care but data are lacking on missing on a raft of outcomes that are now considered important, such as quality of life, satisfaction, healthy days, and cost.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Research India, 242A, 13th Cross, CMH Road, Bangalore, Karnataka, India, 560038.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Shek
authors.forename: Airton T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.forename: Flavio M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Shansis
authors.forename: Max
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Crowther
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tyrer
mesh_terms: D000359:Aftercare; D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000592:standards; D003631:Day Care, Medical / Q000191:economics / Q000592:standards*; D006778:Hospitals, Psychiatric; D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000628:therapy; D015397:Program Evaluation; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000628:therapy*