title: Variation in clitoral length in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta).
abstract: Clitoromegaly in the neonatal period is an important morphologic sign that can be useful for sexual determination in aberrant cases. In rhesus monkeys, differentiation of the external genitalia occurs early during gestation (at 55 to 60 d) and is complete by approximately 80 d. Most of the critical steps in genital differentiation in primates occur prenatally. We sought to determine clitoral size in normal rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) and possible effects of age and inheritance. Clitoral length was highly variable and had no relationship to fertility. Statistical evaluation revealed no association in the distribution of daughters with and without clitoris between mothers with and without clitoris. However, even when mated with several female monkeys, some male macaques produced primarily daughters without clitoris.
authors.affiliation: Primatology Department, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. bibi@fiocruz.br
authors.forename: Beatriz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Goldschmidt
authors.forename: Pedro H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Cabello
authors.forename: Tatiana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kugelmeier
authors.forename: Barbara B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.forename: Claudia A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Lopes
authors.forename: Daniele M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Fasano
authors.forename: Marcia C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Andrade
authors.forename: Joice S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: Antonio M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Marinho
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002987:Clitoris / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D005298:Fertility; D008253:Macaca mulatta / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D012733:Sex Differentiation