title: Melanin and facial skin fluorescence as markers of yellowish discoloration with aging.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although one clinical sign of aging and/or photoaging is a yellowish discoloration of the facial skin, little is known about the cause of this change. In addition to the increase in the epidermal melanin content, it has been suggested that advanced glycation end products (AGEs), which are known to accumulate in photoaged skin, may affect this discoloration.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this pilot study was to non-invasively investigate the roles of melanin and AGEs in this yellowish discoloration of the facial skin.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined the spectral reflectance at the cheek in 40 healthy Japanese women of various ages (mean age, 38.1 years) using a reflectance spectrophotometer and a spectrofluorimeter. The degree of yellowish tint was evaluated in terms of b(*). The amount of melanin in the skin was evaluated by calculating the melanin index (MI) A(640)-A(670) [A(lambda): log(10) (1/reflectance) at a wavelength of lambda]. The amount of AGEs was roughly evaluated using the AGEs index, which is thought to linearly correlate with the amount of intrinsic fluorescence markers irrespective of the concentration of melanin and is defined as follows: AGEs index=I(5)/SQR (I(1)xI(2)). In this equation, the intensities of reflectance are I(1) at an excitation wavelength of 335 nm, I(2) at an emission wavelength of 390 nm and I(5) at 390 nm under an excitation wavelength of 335 nm.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both b(*) and the AGEs index were significantly correlated with subject age (r=0.34, P<0.05 and r=0.68, P<0.0001, respectively). Significant correlations were also observed between MI and b(*) (r=0.63, P<0.0001) and between the AGEs index and b(*) (r=0.53, P<0.0005). However, no significant correlations were seen between MI and the AGEs index.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The AGEs index does not appear to be influenced by the amount of melanin and may be utilized as an indicator of the amount of AGEs in the skin. AGEs are likely to play a role in the yellowish discoloration of skin with aging.
authors.affiliation: POLA Laboratories, POLA Chemical Industries Inc, Yokohama, Japan. ooshima@pola.co.jp
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ohshima
authors.forename: Midori
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oyobikawa
authors.forename: Akihiro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tada
authors.forename: Tetsuo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Maeda
authors.forename: Hirotsugu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Takiwaki
authors.forename: Masatoshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Itoh
authors.forename: Hiromi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kanto
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D003116:Color; D004817:Epidermis / Q000378:metabolism*; D005145:Face; D005260:Female; D005453:Fluorescence; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced / Q000378:metabolism; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008543:Melanins / Q000378:metabolism*; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D010865:Pilot Projects; D015595:Skin Aging; D012880:Skin Pigmentation; D013053:Spectrophotometry / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced; D006454:Hemoglobins; D008543:Melanins