title: Alterations to pre-pulse inhibition (PPI) in chronic cannabis users are secondary to sustained attention deficits.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Given the hypothesised association between cannabis use and schizophrenia, and the well documented alterations in pre-pulse inhibition (PPI) that are observed in schizophrenia, it is of interest to examine the effects of cannabis use on PPI.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of the study was to use novel methodology for the measurement and characterisation of attentional modulation of PPI, in order to examine the nature of PPI in chronic cannabis users.
  
  
  METHODS
  PPI was measured in 34 chronic cannabis users (who were otherwise healthy) and 32 healthy controls, across a range of startling stimulus intensities, during two attention set conditions, one in which they were instructed to attend to the auditory stimuli and one in which they were instructed to ignore the auditory stimuli and focus on a visual task. Curves of best fit were fitted to the startle magnitudes, across the stimulus intensities. A number of reflex parameters were extracted from these logistic functions, each of which reflects a different characteristic of the startle response.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cannabis users failed to show attentional modulation of any of the reflex parameters and showed altered PPI, relative to controls, but only when they were instructed to sustain attention to the auditory stimuli.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cannabis users showed an attention-dependant alteration in PPI, which appeared to reflect a deficit in sustain attention, and which was different to that which has been observed in schizophrenia using the same methodology.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Clinical Research in Neuropsychiatry, Graylands Hospital, Claremont, WA 6910, Australia. kirsty.scholes@health.wa.gov.au
authors.forename: Kirsty Elizabeth
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Scholes
authors.forename: Mathew Thomas
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Martin-Iverson
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation / Q000523:psychology*; D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention / Q000187:drug effects*; D002188:Cannabis; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008385:Marijuana Smoking / Q000523:psychology*; D013216:Reflex, Startle / Q000187:drug effects*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000523:psychology*