title: Evaluation of the genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of crude extracts of Cordia ecalyculata and Echinodorus grandiflorus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cordia ecalyculata Vell. and Echinodorus grandiflorus (Cham. & Schltdl.) Micheli are extensively used in Brazil as therapeutic preparations for indigenous groups and the general population. These plants have been used in the folk medicine as: tonic, diuretic, anti-inflammatory, appetite suppressants, for the treatment of snake bites, and weight loss.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In this study, it was verified the possible cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of the crude extracts of. Cordia ecalyculata and Echinodorus grandiflorus, as well as their effectiveness in treating obesity.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Micronucleus Test was used for the evaluation of possible clastogenic and aneugenic effects, and the Comet Assay was used for the evaluation of single-strand and double-strand DNA breaks. The cytotoxic effects of the crude extracts were verified by PCE/NCE ratio. Swiss mice (Mus musculus) were used as the experimental model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  It was observed a significant (P<0.05) increase, dose-independent, in the average frequency of micronucleated erythrocytes in peripheral blood in mice treated with either the Cordia ecalyculata or Echinodorus grandiflorus extracts, in comparison with the negative control. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) in the frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes for both extract treatment. We observed that treatment with the Cordia ecalyculata extract at concentrations of 1000 and 2000 mg/kg bw resulted in a PCE/NCE ratio that was larger (P<0.05) than the negative control. After 15 days of daily treatment, a dose of 2000 mg/kg bw of either phytotherapeutic did not reduce body mass gain or the amount of food consumed by Swiss mice when compared with the negative control (P>0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study allowed us to infer that the crude extracts of Cordia ecalyculata and Echinodorus grandiflorus do not display cytotoxic or genotoxic activities. However, they do possess weak clastogenic activity (without significance) on peripheral blood cells. Contrary to commonly held beliefs it was also found in this study that the extracts are not effective for obesity treatments.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900 Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo CP 14049-900, Brazil. cristianoprofeta@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Cristiano José
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: da Silva
authors.forename: Jairo Kenupp
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Bastos
authors.forename: Catarina Satie
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Takahashi
mesh_terms: D034901:Alismataceae; D000818:Animals; D031213:Cordia; D003603:Cytotoxins / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000633:toxicity*; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009765:Obesity / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000633:toxicity*; D018515:Plant Leaves
chemical_list: D003603:Cytotoxins; D010936:Plant Extracts