title: Seawater tolerance in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., brown trout, Salmo trutta L., and S. salar × S. trutta hybrids smolt.
abstract: High levels of hybridization between Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and brown trout (Salmo trutta) have been reported in the Gyrodactylus salaris infected Rivers Vefsna and Driva in Norway. The survival and behaviour during the sea phase of such hybrids is unknown. The reported work documents ionoregulatory status after 24 h seawater challenge tests (24hSW) and gill Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA) activity of migrating wild smolts of Atlantic salmon, brown trout and hybrids at two sampling dates during the 2006 smolt run in River Driva. Salmon, trout and hybrids contributed to 27, 52 and 21% of the catches, respectively. The large contribution of hybrids suggests both a high hybridization rate and a high survival rate from fry to smolt. Both salmon and hybrids had a well-developed seawater tolerance at the time of downstream migration, revealed by small ionoregulatory effects and no or low mortality rates during the 24hSW tests. The trout were not fully adapted to seawater, and high mortality rates were observed (71 and 92%) during the 24hSW tests. The NKA activity was not significantly different between salmon and hybrids. Most of the hybrids were physiologically capable of direct entry to full strength seawater. The incomplete seawater tolerance in trout compared to salmon corresponds well with differences in life-history patterns between these two species. The life history strategy of the hybrids during the sea phase is not known, and further investigations on the marine behaviour and survival is needed to evaluate the role of hybrids in the risk of spreading G. salaris to nearby river systems.
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Institute of Water Research, 7462, Trondheim, Norway. henning.urke@niva.no
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Urke
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Koksvik
authors.forename: J V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Arnekleiv
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hindar
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kroglund
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kristensen
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D005398:Fisheries; D005819:Genetic Markers / Q000235:genetics; D005880:Gills / Q000378:metabolism; D006824:Hybridization, Genetic; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats / Q000235:genetics; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009664:Norway; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D045483:Rivers; D020317:Salmo salar / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D012623:Seawater / Q000737:chemistry*; D000254:Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase / Q000378:metabolism*; D014337:Trout / Q000502:physiology*; D014882:Water-Electrolyte Balance / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D005819:Genetic Markers; D000254:Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase