title: A novel adeno-associated viral variant for efficient and selective intravitreal transduction of rat Müller cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The pathologies of numerous retinal degenerative diseases can be attributed to a multitude of genetic factors, and individualized treatment options for afflicted patients are limited and cost-inefficient. In light of the shared neurodegenerative phenotype among these disorders, a safe and broad-based neuroprotective approach would be desirable to overcome these obstacles. As a result, gene delivery of secretable-neuroprotective factors to Müller cells, a type of retinal glia that contacts all classes of retinal neurons, represents an ideal approach to mediate protection of the entire retina through a simple and innocuous intraocular, or intravitreal, injection of an efficient vehicle such as an adeno-associated viral vector (AAV). Although several naturally occurring AAV variants have been isolated with a variety of tropisms, or cellular specificities, these vectors inefficiently infect Müller cells via intravitreal injection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We have previously applied directed evolution to create several novel AAV variants capable of efficient infection of both rat and human astrocytes through iterative selection of a panel of highly diverse AAV libraries. Here, in vivo and in vitro characterization of these isolated variants identifies a previously unreported AAV variant ShH10, closely related to AAV serotype 6 (AAV6), capable of efficient, selective Müller cell infection through intravitreal injection. Importantly, this new variant shows significantly improved transduction relative to AAV2 (>60%) and AAV6.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings demonstrate that AAV is a highly versatile vector capable of powerful shifts in tropism from minor sequence changes. This isolated variant represents a new therapeutic vector to treat retinal degenerative diseases through secretion of neuroprotective factors from Müller cells as well as provides new opportunities to study their biological functions in the retina.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Ryan R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Klimczak
authors.forename: James T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Koerber
authors.forename: Deniz
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dalkara
authors.forename: John G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Flannery
authors.forename: David V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Schaffer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D000229:Dependovirus / Q000235:genetics*; D018014:Gene Transfer Techniques; D015316:Genetic Therapy; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D006801:Humans; D009457:Neuroglia / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012160:Retina / Q000378:metabolism; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000628:therapy*; D055351:Retinal Neurons / Q000378:metabolism