title: Clinical benefits of a multivariate prediction model for bladder cancer: a decision analytic approach.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It has been demonstrated that multivariate prediction models predict cancer outcomes more accurately than cancer stage; however, the effects of these models on clinical management are unclear. The objective of the current study was to determine whether a previously published multivariate prediction model for bladder cancer ("bladder nomogram") improved medical decision making when referral for adjuvant chemotherapy was used as a model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were analyzed from an international cohort study of 4462 patients who underwent cystectomy without chemotherapy from 1969 to 2004. The number of patients eligible for chemotherapy was determined using pathologic stage criteria (lymph node-positive disease or pathologic T3 [pT3] or pT4 tumor classification) and for 3 cutoff levels on the bladder nomogram (10%, 25%, and 70% risk of recurrence with surgery alone). The number of recurrences was calculated by applying a relative risk reduction to the baseline risk among eligible patients. Clinical net benefit was then calculated by combining recurrences and treatments and weighting the latter by a factor related to drug tolerability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A nomogram cutoff outperformed pathologic stage for chemotherapy in every scenario of drug effectiveness and tolerability. For a drug with a relative risk of 0.80, with which clinicians would treat <or=20 patients to prevent 1 recurrence, use of the nomogram was equivalent to a strategy that resulted in 60 fewer chemotherapy treatments per 1000 patients without any increase in recurrence rates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The authors concluded that referring patients who undergo cystectomy to adjuvant chemotherapy on the basis of a multivariate model is likely to lead to better patient outcomes than the use of pathologic stage. Further research is warranted to evaluate the clinical effects of multivariate prediction models.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA. vickersa@mskcc.org
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Vickers
authors.forename: Angel M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Cronin
authors.forename: Michael W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Kattan
authors.forename: Mithat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gonen
authors.forename: Peter T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Scardino
authors.forename: Matthew I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Milowsky
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dalbagni
authors.forename: Bernard H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Bochner
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D015653:Cystectomy; D003657:Decision Making; D005260:Female; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D049451:Nomograms; D012306:Risk; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*