title: Spontaneous and bleomycin-induced chromosome damage in non cancer thyroid patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Presence of chromosome damage in lymphocytes of patients affected by several diseases, including cancer, was detected by the micronucleus (MN) assay. Individual susceptibility to DNA damage, considered as a risk factor for cancer, can be also evaluated using the bleomycin (BLM) sensitivity test.
  
  
  METHODS
  We aimed to evaluate spontaneous or BLM-induced MN frequencies in autoimmune (AI, n = 19) and non autoimmune (NAI, n = 11) thyroid patients, not receiving (131)I radiometabolic therapy with respect to a control group of 18 healthy subjects. According to thyroid function, patients were also divided into hypothyroid (n = 10), euthyroid (n = 13) or hyperthyroid (n = 7) subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Spontaneous MN frequencies of AI and NAI patients did not differ from those of controls. Hypothyroid patients had more elevated MN basal levels (9.00 + or - 1.71 per thousand) than hyperthyroid (3.75 + or - 1.17 per thousand, P < 0.05) and euthyroid (5.38 + or - 0.97 per thousand, P < 0.01) patients or healthy subjects (4.17 + or - 0.63 per thousand, P < 0.01). In particular, the hypothyroid AI group showed the highest value (9.79 + or - 2.26 per thousand, P < 0.01). All thyroid patients responded differently to BLM than controls (39.90 + or - 2.48 per thousand vs. 31.08 + or - 2.51 per thousand, P = 0.0377). The NAI group had BLM-induced MN levels (45.00 + or - 2.56 per thousand) significantly higher (P = 0.0215) than AI patients (36.95 + or - 3.49 per thousand) or healthy subjects (31.08 + or - 2.51 per thousand). No significant difference was seen when patients were stratified according to autoimmunity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We report that hypothyroid patients exhibit a moderate increase in the level of spontaneous genome damage, and that AI thyroid patients resulted to be less sensitive than NAI patients to the mutagen sensitivity test. In prospective, it may be of interest to reinvestigate hypothyroid patients when correction of their dysfunction is achieved.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Biologia, University of Pisa, Via Derna 1, 56100 Pisa, Italy. rscarpato@biologia.unipi.it
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Scarpato
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Tusa
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Antonelli
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fallhai
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sbrana
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001761:Bleomycin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002877:Chromosomes, Human / Q000187:drug effects; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects*; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D015162:Micronucleus Tests; D008875:Middle Aged; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000187:drug effects; D013966:Thyroiditis / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D001761:Bleomycin