title: Age, obesity, and sex effects on insulin sensitivity and skeletal muscle mitochondrial function.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Reductions in insulin sensitivity in conjunction with muscle mitochondrial dysfunction have been reported to occur in many conditions including aging. The objective was to determine whether insulin resistance and mitochondrial dysfunction are directly related to chronological age or are related to age-related changes in body composition.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve young lean, 12 young obese, 12 elderly lean, and 12 elderly obese sedentary adults were studied. Insulin sensitivity was measured by a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp, and skeletal muscle mitochondrial ATP production rates (MAPRs) were measured in freshly isolated mitochondria obtained from vastus lateralis biopsy samples using the luciferase reaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Obese participants, independent of age, had reduced insulin sensitivity based on lower rates of glucose infusion during a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. In contrast, age had no independent effect on insulin sensitivity. However, the elderly participants had lower muscle MAPRs than the young participants, independent of obesity. Elderly participants also had higher levels inflammatory cytokines and total adiponectin. In addition, higher muscle MAPRs were also noted in men than in women, whereas glucose infusion rates were higher in women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results demonstrate that age-related reductions in insulin sensitivity are likely due to an age-related increase in adiposity rather than a consequence of advanced chronological age. The results also indicate that an age-related decrease in muscle mitochondrial function is neither related to adiposity nor insulin sensitivity. Of interest, a higher mitochondrial ATP production capacity was noted in the men, whereas the women were more insulin sensitive, demonstrating further dissociation between insulin sensitivity and muscle mitochondrial function.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Unit, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Karakelides
authors.forename: Brian A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Irving
authors.forename: Kevin R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Short
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: O'Brien
authors.forename: K Sreekumaran
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Nair
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001706:Biopsy; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D015992:Body Mass Index; D005260:Female; D015309:Glucose Clamp Technique; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008931:Mitochondria, Muscle / Q000378:metabolism; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009765:Obesity / Q000503:physiopathology*; D057185:Sedentary Behavior; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate