title: Fluorouracil versus combination of irinotecan plus cisplatin versus S-1 in metastatic gastric cancer: a randomised phase 3 study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The best chemotherapy regimen for metastatic gastric cancer is uncertain, but promising findings have been reported with irinotecan plus cisplatin and S-1 (tegafur, 5-chloro-2,4-dihydropyrimidine, and potassium oxonate). We aimed to investigate the superiority of irinotecan plus cisplatin and non-inferiority of S-1 compared with fluorouracil, with respect to overall survival, in patients with metastatic gastric cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  We undertook a phase 3 open label randomised trial in 34 institutions in Japan. We enrolled patients aged 20-75 years or younger, who had histologically proven gastric adenocarcinoma, and randomly assigned them by minimisation to receive either: a continuous infusion of fluorouracil (800 mg/m(2) per day, on days 1-5) every 4 weeks (n=234); intravenous irinotecan (70 mg/m(2), on days 1 and 15) and cisplatin (80 mg/m(2), on day 1) every 4 weeks (n=236); or oral S-1 (40 mg/m(2), twice a day, on days 1-28) every 6 weeks (n=234). The primary endpoint was overall survival. Analyses were done by intention to treat. This study is registered with Clinicaltrials.gov, number NCT00142350, and with UMIN-CTR, number C000000062.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All randomised patients were included in the primary analysis. Median overall survival was 10.8 months (IQR 5.7-17.8) for individuals assigned fluorouracil, 12.3 months (8.1-19.5) for those allocated irinotecan plus cisplatin (hazard ratio 0.85 [95% CI 0.70-1.04]; p=0.0552), and 11.4 months (6.4-21.3) for those assigned S-1 (0.83 [0.68-1.01]; p=0.0005 for non-inferiority). Three treatment-related deaths occurred in the irinotecan plus cisplatin group and one was recorded in the S-1 group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  S-1 is non-inferior to fluorouracil and, in view of the convenience of an oral administration, could replace intravenous fluorouracil for treatment of unresectable or recurrent gastric cancer, at least in Asia. Irinotecan plus cisplatin is not superior to fluorouracil in this setting.
authors.affiliation: Shizuoka Cancer Centre, Shizuoka, Japan. n.boku@scchr.jp
authors.forename: Narikazu
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Boku
authors.forename: Seiichiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: Haruhiko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fukuda
authors.forename: Kuniaki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shirao
authors.forename: Toshihiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Doi
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sawaki
authors.forename: Wasaburo
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Koizumi
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.forename: Kensei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamaguchi
authors.forename: Hiroya
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Takiuchi
authors.forename: Junichiro
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nasu
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ohtsu
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000556:secondary; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002166:Camptothecin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005260:Female; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D000077146:Irinotecan; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010094:Oxonic Acid / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000556:secondary; D005641:Tegafur / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; D004338:Drug Combinations; C079198:S 1 (combination); D005641:Tegafur; D010094:Oxonic Acid; D000077146:Irinotecan; D002945:Cisplatin; D005472:Fluorouracil; D002166:Camptothecin