title: Outcome definitions in non-dialysis intervention and prevention trials in acute kidney injury (AKI).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The risk, injury, failure, loss-of-function, end-stage-renal-failure (RIFLE) and acute kidney injury network (AKIN) consensus definitions of acute kidney injury (AKI) were established in part to facilitate comparison of trials. Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) has traditionally used a less demanding definition.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To review use of RIFLE and AKIN as AKI trial outcome variables and contrast these with outcomes for CIN.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a search of PubMed from 1 January 2005 to 31 December 2008 and 9 trial registries for randomized control trials for preventional or interventional treatment of AKI and CIN.
  
  
  RESULTS
  RIFLE or AKIN were outcome variables in 36% (n = 8) of the published (n = 22) and 18% (n = 4) of the current (n = 22) AKI trials. RIFLE was used to triage to intervention in three trials. The urine output definition of RIFLE and AKIN was an outcome in only two trials. In 18% (n = 8) of AKI trials, the CIN definition (increase in serum creatinine of > or =25% and/or > or =44 micromol/l) was the primary outcome. This was also the primary outcome in 56% (n = 13) of published (n = 12) and current (n = 11) CIN trials. Three published CIN trials used RIFLE or AKIN as an outcome (13%). The duration over which outcomes were determined varied from 24 h to 7 days.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Considerable heterogeneity remains in outcome variables of AKI and CIN clinical trials. Even when the RIFLE or AKIN criteria were used, they were not applied consistently. There is a need for further consensus on surrogate outcome variables.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Christchurch Kidney Research Group, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand. Rowena.fisher@otago.ac.nz
authors.forename: Zoltán H
authors.initials: ZH
authors.lastname: Endre
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Pickering
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000652:urine; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000009:adverse effects; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D011379:Prognosis; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D003287:Contrast Media; D003404:Creatinine