title: Does allergic contact dermatitis from formaldehyde in clothes treated with durable-press chemical finishes exist in the USA?
abstract: Recent US studies have presented case series of patient with allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) allegedly caused by formaldehyde in clothes treated with durable-press chemical finishes (DPCF), which are known formaldehyde releasers. However, the amounts of formaldehyde released by modern DPCF are thought to be well below the levels previously estimated to be able to elicit ACD. The objectives of this review are (i) to investigate whether clothes sold in the USA may contain enough free formaldehyde to elicit ACD in previously sensitized individuals and (ii) to assess the validity of US reports on ACD from formaldehyde in DPCF treated clothes. Literature was examined using various resources. The threshold level for formaldehyde in clothes that may cause ACD in sensitized individuals is unknown; we present data suggesting that levels < 200 ppm will be safe for most patients and that textiles will rarely contain higher amounts. All US studies presenting patients with ACD from formaldehyde in clothes had some weaknesses and in no report was the diagnosis proven beyond doubt. Currently, there is no definite proof that textile ACD from formaldehyde in DPCF in the USA exists. Future research should be directed at establishing the elicitation threshold and the amounts of formaldehyde present in textiles.
authors.affiliation: Schipslootweg 5, 8351 HV Wapserveen, The Netherlands. antondegroot@planet.nl
authors.forename: Anton C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: de Groot
authors.forename: Howard I
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Maibach
mesh_terms: D000485:Allergens / Q000633:toxicity; D003020:Clothing; D017449:Dermatitis, Allergic Contact / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D005557:Formaldehyde / Q000633:toxicity*; D006801:Humans; D013784:Textiles; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000485:Allergens; D005557:Formaldehyde