title: Variation in diagnosis of compartment syndrome by surgeons treating tibial shaft fractures.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is agreed that missed compartment syndrome is associated with significant morbidity, but controversy regarding its diagnosis remains. To our knowledge, no one has analyzed the effect of individual surgeon variation on the diagnosis of compartment syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed a consecutive cohort of patients with tibial shaft fractures at our level I trauma center (n = 386 fractures). We identified all patients who were diagnosed as having compartment syndrome and who therefore underwent fasciotomy. The surgeon of record for each patient was recorded. Surgeons took call on random nights. All the surgeons were full-time orthopedic trauma surgeons. Patients with "prophylactic" fasciotomies were not included. Results were analyzed by conducting analysis of variance and the Kruskal-Wallis H test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Even though all the surgeons practiced at the same hospital during the same time period, wide variation existed in the rate of diagnosis and treatment of compartment syndrome. The rate ranged from a maximum of 24% to a minimum of 2% of the tibial fractures being diagnosed with compartment syndrome, depending on the surgeon. The differences were highly statistically significant (p < 0.005, Kruskal-Wallis H test). The surgeons' use of compartment pressure checks also varied (p < 0.05, Kruskal-Wallis H test) and seemed to approximately parallel the rate of compartment syndrome diagnosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The diagnosis of compartment syndrome is difficult, and the data reported herein show that significant practice variation is likely, even within a single institution. It is unknown what the "true" rate of compartment syndrome should be, considering that a rate that is too high indicates unnecessary surgery and a rate that is too low means missing a devastating injury. Our data indicate lack of consensus in practice regarding the diagnosis of compartment syndrome, even at a high-volume level I trauma center, and emphasize the possibility of false-positive results of compartment pressure checks in clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA. rvo3@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Robert V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: O'Toole
authors.forename: Augusta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Whitney
authors.forename: Nishant
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Merchant
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hui
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Higgins
authors.forename: Terrence T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sagebien
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002983:Clinical Competence; D003161:Compartment Syndromes / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013978:Tibial Fractures / Q000150:complications* / Q000601:surgery*; D055815:Young Adult