title: Predictors of complication after percutaneous ultrasound-guided kidney biopsy in HIV-infected individuals: possible role of hepatitis C and HIV co-infection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  HIV-infected patients often undergo kidney biopsy. The risks of percutaneous ultrasound-guided kidney biopsy in this population are not well established.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a case-control, single-center study of 1116 (243 with HIV infection and 873 without) consecutive ultrasound-guided biopsies from 1024 patients. The primary outcome was any major or minor complication. Major complications included biopsy-associated bleeding that required transfusion, angiography, or surgery; hypotension that required intervention; and death. Minor complications included development of a hematoma or gross hematuria. The odds of complication was assessed with logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall complication rates (8.6 versus 7.2%) did not significantly differ between HIV-infected and noninfected individuals. HIV-positive status did not predict complication. In the entire cohort, hepatitis C infection was associated with a 2.08 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.47 to 2.93) increased odds of complication, and each 10,000-cells/mm(3) decrease in prebiopsy platelet count a 1.05 (95% CI 1.02 to 1.08) increased odds of complication. In addition, prebiopsy hematocrit <30% and estimated GFR <30 ml/min per 1.73 m(2) were associated with major complication. Whereas the association of prebiopsy platelet count was not modified by HIV infection, hepatitis C/HIV co-infection was associated with a 5.71 (95% CI 1.89 to 17.2) increased odds of complication as compared with 1.27 (95% CI 0.73 to 2.19) in hepatitis C-positive/HIV-negative individuals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ultrasound-guided percutaneous kidney biopsy is a relatively safe, well-tolerated procedure in the HIV-infected population. HIV-infected individuals who are co-infected with hepatitis C seem to be at greatest risk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. sayedtab@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Sayed
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tabatabai
authors.forename: C John
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Sperati
authors.forename: Mohamed G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Atta
authors.forename: Kashif
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Janjua
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Roxbury
authors.forename: Gregory M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Lucas
authors.forename: Derek M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Fine
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001706:Biopsy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006406:Hematoma / Q000209:etiology; D006417:Hematuria / Q000209:etiology; D019698:Hepatitis C, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014463:Ultrasonography