title: Atrial tachycardia after ablation of persistent atrial fibrillation: identification of the critical isthmus with a combination of multielectrode activation mapping and targeted entrainment mapping.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Atrial tachycardia (AT) that develops after ablation of atrial fibrillation often poses a more difficult clinical situation than the index arrhythmia. This study details the use of an impedance-based electroanatomic mapping system (Ensite NavX) in concert with a specialized multielectrode mapping catheter for rapid, high-density atrial mapping. In this study, this activation mapping was combined with entrainment mapping to eliminate ATs developing late after atrial fibrillation ablation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All study patients developed AT after ablation for atrial fibrillation. The approach to AT ablation consisted of 4 steps: use of a 20-pole penta-array catheter to map the chamber rapidly during the rhythm of interest, analysis of the patterns of atrial activation to identify wave fronts of electric propagation, targeted entrainment at putative channels, and catheter ablation at these "isthmuses." All ablations were performed with irrigated radiofrequency ablation catheters. Forty-one ATs were identified in 17 patients (2.4+/-1.6 ATs per patient). Using the multielectrode catheter in conjunction with the Ensite NavX system, we created activation maps of 33 of 41 ATs (81%) (mean cycle length, 284+/-71 seconds) with a mean of 365+/-108 points per map and an average mapping time of 8+/-3 minutes. Of the 33 mapped ATs, 7 terminated either spontaneously or during entrainment maneuvers. Radiofrequency energy was used to attempt ablation of 26 ATs; 25 of 26 of the ATs (96%) were terminated successfully by ablation or catheter pressure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates a strategy for rapidly defining and eliminating the scar-related ATs typically encountered after ablation of atrial fibrillation.
authors.affiliation: Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
authors.forename: Anshul M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Andre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: d'Avila
authors.forename: Petr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Neuzil
authors.forename: Steven J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Theofanie
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mela
authors.forename: Jagmeet P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Jeremy N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Ruskin
authors.forename: Vivek Y
authors.initials: VY
authors.lastname: Reddy
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004562:Electrocardiography; D022062:Electrophysiologic Techniques, Cardiac / Q000295:instrumentation; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012086:Reoperation; D013617:Tachycardia, Supraventricular / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome