Exposure assessment of particulates of diesel and natural gas fuelled buses in silico.
Lung deposition estimates of particulate emissions of diesel and natural gas (CNG) fuelled vehicles were studied by using in silico methodology. Particulate emissions and particulate number size distributions of two Euro 2 petroleum based diesel buses and one Euro 3 gas bus were measured. One of the petroleum based diesel buses used in the study was equipped with an oxidation catalyst on the vehicle (DI-OC) while the second had a partial-DPF catalyst (DI-pDPF). The third bus used was the gas bus with an oxidation catalyst on the vehicle (CNG-OC). The measurements were done using a transient chassis dynamometer test cycle (Braunschweig cycle) and an Electric Low Pressure Impactor (ELPI) with formed particulates in the size range of 7 nm to 10 microm. The total amounts of the emitted diesel particulates were 88-fold for DI-OC and 57-fold for DI-pDPF compared to the total amount of emitted CNG particulates. Estimates for the deposited particulates were computed with a lung deposition model ICRP 66 using in-house MATLAB scripts. The results were given as particulate numbers and percentages deposited in five different regions of the respiratory system. The percentages of particulates deposited in the respiratory system were 56% for DI-OC, 51% for DI-pDPF and 77% for CNG-OC of all the inhaled particulates. The result shows that under similar conditions the total lung dose of particulates originating from petroleum diesel fuelled engines DI-OC and DI-pDPF was more than 60-fold and 35-fold, respectively, compared to the lung dose of particulates originating from the CNG fuelled engine. The results also indicate that a majority (35-50%) of the inhaled particulates emitted from the tested petroleum diesel and CNG engines penetrate deep into the unciliated regions of the lung where gas-exchange occurs.
Pietikäinen
Mari
M
Department of Process and Environmental Engineering, University of Oulu, POB 4300, FI-90014 University of Oulu, Finland. mari.pietikainen@oulu.fi
Oravisjärvi
Kati
K
Rautio
Arja
A
Voutilainen
Arto
A
Ruuskanen
Juhani
J
Keiski
Riitta L
RL
D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis; D002384:Catalysis; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D005579:Fossil Fuels / Q000032:analysis*; D005742:Gasoline / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000378:metabolism*; D018986:Motor Vehicles; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010316:Particle Size; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000032:analysis*
D000393:Air Pollutants; D005579:Fossil Fuels; D005742:Gasoline; D052638:Particulate Matter; D001335:Vehicle Emissions