title: Cyclin-dependent kinase 1 plays a critical role in DNA replication control during rat liver regeneration.
abstract: Liver regeneration is a unique process to restore hepatic homeostasis through rapid and synchronous proliferation of differentiated hepatocytes. Previous studies have shown that hepatocyte proliferation is characterized by high expression levels of the "mitotic" cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1) during S-phase compared to other mammalian cells. In the light of findings showing that Cdk1 compensates for the loss of Cdk2 and drives S-phase in Cdk2-deficient cells derived from Cdk2 knockout mice, we took advantage of the models of liver regeneration following partial hepatectomy and primary cultures of normal rat hepatocytes to further examine the involvement of Cdk1 during DNA replication in hepatocytes and to dissect specific cell cycle regulation in hepatocytes compared to control human foreskin fibroblasts. In hepatocytes, Cdk1 exhibited a biphasic activation pattern correlating S-phase and G(2)/M transition, bound to cyclin A or B1 and localized to the nucleus during DNA replication. Importantly, small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated silencing of Cdk1 led to a strong decrease in DNA synthesis without affecting centrosome duplication. Furthermore, in hepatocytes arrested by the iron chelator O-Trensox in early S-phase prior to DNA replication, Cdk1/cyclin complexes were active, while replication initiation components such as the minichromosome maintenance 7 (Mcm7) protein were loaded onto DNA. Moreover, Mcm7 expression and loading onto DNA were not modified by Cdk1 silencing. Conversely, in fibroblasts, Cdk1 expression and activation were low in S-phase and its silencing did not reduce DNA synthesis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cdk1 is essential for DNA replication downstream formation of replication initiation complexes in hepatocytes but not in fibroblasts and, as such, our data exemplify crucial differences in the cell cycle regulation between various mammalian cell types.
authors.affiliation: Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U522, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pontchaillou, Rennes, France.
authors.forename: Delphine
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Garnier
authors.forename: Pascal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Loyer
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ribault
authors.forename: Christiane
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Guguen-Guillouzo
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Corlu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016203:CDC2 Protein Kinase / Q000502:physiology*; D002453:Cell Cycle; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019925:Cyclin A / Q000502:physiology; D056744:Cyclin B1 / Q000502:physiology; D004261:DNA Replication; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000201:enzymology; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000201:enzymology; D008115:Liver Regeneration; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: C534701:Ccnb1 protein, rat; D019925:Cyclin A; D056744:Cyclin B1; D016203:CDC2 Protein Kinase