title: Reduced stretch-induced force response in failing human myocardium caused by impaired Na(+)-contraction coupling.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Stretch elicits an immediate, followed by a delayed, inotropic response in various animal models and failing human myocardium. This study aimed to characterize functional differences in the stretch response between failing and nonfailing human myocardium.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Experiments were performed in muscle tissue from 86 failing and 16 nonfailing human hearts. Muscles were stretched from 88% to 98% of optimal length. Resulting immediate (Frank-Starling mechanism [FSM]) and delayed (slow-force response [SFR]) increases in twitch force were assessed before and after blockade of nitric oxide synthase, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase, or reverse-mode Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchange. Stretch-induced changes in [Na(+)](i) were measured using fluorescent indicator sodium-binding benzofuran isophthalate-AM. Nitric oxide synthase isoform expression was quantified by Western blot analysis. FSM was comparable between nonfailing (227+/-8%) and failing (222+/-9%) myocardium, whereas the additional increase during SFR (approximately 5 minutes) was larger in nonfailing myocardium (to 126+/-3% versus 119+/-2% of force of FSM, respectively; P<0.05). Basal [Na(+)](i) and stretch-induced increase in [Na(+)](i) were lower in nonfailing myocardium. Inhibition of the Na(+)/H(+) exchange largely reduced the increase in [Na(+)](i) and significantly blocked the SFR. In both groups, SFR was almost completely prevented by reverse-mode Na(+)/Ca(+)-exchanger inhibition. Although neuronal and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression were significantly upregulated in failing myocardium, inhibition of nitric oxide synthase and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase had no effect on FSM or SFR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data demonstrate a Na(+)-independent FSM and a Na(+)-dependent SFR in both nonfailing and failing human myocardium. The larger stretch-dependent increase in [Na(+)](i) in failing myocardium was associated with a blunted functional response, indicating impaired Na(+)-contraction coupling in the failing human heart.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria. dirk.von-lewinski@meduni-graz.at
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: von Lewinski
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kockskämper
authors.forename: Danan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Heiner
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Post
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Elgner
authors.forename: Burkert
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pieske
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015153:Blotting, Western; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester / Q000494:pharmacology; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000096:biosynthesis; D012026:Reflex, Stretch / Q000502:physiology*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D012964:Sodium / Q000378:metabolism; D019831:Sodium-Calcium Exchanger / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D019831:Sodium-Calcium Exchanger; D012964:Sodium; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester