title: Risk stratification by T-wave morphology for cardiovascular mortality in patients with systolic heart failure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to investigate the prognostic value of T-wave morphology in systolic heart failure patients. T-wave morphology descriptors on standard 12-lead electrocardiograms (ECG) have been shown to have prognostic importance concerning the arrhythmic susceptibility of patients with previous myocardial infarction. However, these descriptors have not been considered with regard to further risk stratification in patients with systolic heart failure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with systolic heart failure [defined by a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) <50%] were enrolled. Standard digitized 12-lead ECGs were used for analysis of T-wave morphology descriptors [lead dispersion, T-wave morphology dispersion, percentage of the loop area, percentage of the outer area, and the total cosine between QRS and T-wave (TCRT)]. A total of 650 patients with a mean age of 63 +/- 14 years were enrolled and followed-up for 2.7 +/- 1.8 years. The mean LVEF was 36 +/- 9%. During this study, the total mortality rate was 32.7% and cardiovascular mortality rate was 22.3%. A stepwise backward Cox regression analysis showed that cardiovascular mortality was significantly associated with age (P < 0.001), diabetes mellitus (P = 0.022), haemoglobin (P = 0.001), LVEF (P = 0.001), and TCRT (P = 0.003). On the basis of a median TCRT of -0.473 as a cut-off point, a significant difference in cardiovascular mortality was observed from a Kaplan-Meier survival curve (P = 0.01). Total cosine between QRS and T-wave further stratified the risk of LVEF (P = 0.007), age (P = 0.001), haemoglobin (P < 0.001), and diabetes mellitus (P < 0.001) in cardiovascular mortality for these patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Total cosine between QRS and T-wave may provide further risk stratification for and therefore impact on the prognosis of patients with systolic heart failure.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 100, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Hui-Chun
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Lian-Yu
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Hsi-Yu
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Yi-Lwun
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Ho
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015897:Comorbidity; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016019:Survival Analysis; D015996:Survival Rate; D013624:Taiwan / Q000453:epidemiology; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality*; D055815:Young Adult