title: Hepatoprotective effects of salidroside on fulminant hepatic failure induced by D-galactosamine and lipopolysaccharide in mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim was to investigate the protective effect of salidroside isolated from Rhodiola sachalinensis A. Bor. (Crassulaceae) on D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide-induced fulminant hepatic failure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hepatotoxicity was induced by an intraperitoneal injection of D-galactosamine (700 mg/kg) and lipopolysaccharide (10 mug/kg); salidroside (20, 50 and 100 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally 1 h before induction of hepatoxicity. Liver injury was assessed biochemically and histologically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Salidroside attenuated the induced acute increase in serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase activities, and levels of tumour necrosis factor-alpha levels and serum nitric oxide. It restored depleted hepatic glutathione, superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities, decreased malondialdehyde levels and considerably reduced histopathological changes. Histopathological, immunohistochemical and Western blot analyses also demonstrated that salidroside could reduce the appearance of necrotic regions and expression of caspase-3 and hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha in liver tissue.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Salidroside protected liver tissue from the oxidative stress elicited by D-galactosamine and lipopolysaccharide. The hepatoprotective mechanism of salidroside appear to be related to antioxidant activity and inhibition of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Natural Resource of Changbai Mountain & Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Jilin Province, China.
authors.forename: Yan-Ling
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Li-Hua
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Lian
authors.forename: Ying-Zi
authors.initials: YZ
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Ji-Xing
authors.initials: JX
authors.lastname: Nan
mesh_terms: D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases / Q000097:blood; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005688:Galactosamine; D005960:Glucosides / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D017114:Liver Failure, Acute / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000097:blood; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D010636:Phenols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D005960:Glucosides; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D010636:Phenols; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D005688:Galactosamine; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases; D000410:Alanine Transaminase; D053148:Caspase 3; C009172:rhodioloside