title: Genotyping analyses of tuberculosis transmission among immigrant residents in Italy.
abstract: We used DNA fingerprinting to analyse tuberculosis (TB) epidemiology in immigrant patients living in two major northern Italian urban areas. The study population included 1999 TB patients (1500 Italian-born and 499 immigrants). Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to identify risk factors related to clustering similar proportions of immigrant and Italian-born patients (46%) had infection with TB strains that belonged to genetic clusters. This supports the hypothesis that the disease in foreign patients is more likely to have arisen from reactivation of latent infection acquired in the country of origin than from recent transmission. Gender, age, human immunodeficiency virus infection and drug resistance were not significantly linked to TB clustering. Risk factors associated with strain clustering were country of origin (Somalia, adjusted OR (AOR) 3.19, p 0.017; Peru, AOR 2.86, p 0.014; and Senegal, AOR 2.60, p 0.045) and city of residence. Immigrant status in the larger urban area was an independent risk factor for infection with clustered TB, as reinforced by a subanalysis of the Senegalese group. In conclusion, variations in TB transmission were observed among immigrants from different countries and even within national groups, where living conditions have been found to exert a profound impact. These results emphasize the importance of improving social integration of immigrant subjects in order to limit risks of TB transmission in developed countries.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Science Department, Section of Infectious Diseases, L. Sacco Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy. fabio.franzetti@unimi.it
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Franzetti
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Codecasa
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Matteelli
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Degli Esposti
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bandera
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lacchini
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lombardi
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pinsi
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zanini
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: El-Hamad
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gori
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D016172:DNA Fingerprinting; D054242:Emigrants and Immigrants; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D012307:Risk Factors; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000635:transmission*; D014505:Urban Population