title: Radiation exposure prior to ischemia decreases lesion volume, brain edema and cell death.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the neuronal response to ischemic injury following exposure to whole brain proton irradiation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Brain only proton irradiation (8 Gy, 250 MeV) was performed ten days prior to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in 1 year old male Sprague Dawley rats. MCAO was induced in two animal groups: proton irradiated (MCAO + Rad) and MCAO only. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and quantitative analysis were performed prior to and 2 days after irradiation, and then 2, 14 and 28 days after MCAO. After the last imaging time point animals were sacrificed and TUNEL staining was performed on 4% paraformaldehyde - fixed brain sections.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neuroimaging demonstrated a reduction in ischemic lesion volume in the MCAO + Rad group compared with MCAO alone. Neurological deficits did not differ between ischemia groups. Interestingly, there was a 34% decrease in the number of TUNEL-positive cells in MCAO + Rad brains compared to MCAO alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that radiation treatment reduces brain edema, ischemic lesion volume and peri-ischemic apoptosis. The underlying mechanisms are currently unknown and additional studies will elucidate the significance of these results.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Medicine, Loma Linda University, Chan Shun Pavilion, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Titova
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Adami
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ostrowski
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lalas
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vlkolinsky
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Obenaus
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000528:radiation effects; D001929:Brain Edema / Q000473:pathology*; D016923:Cell Death / Q000502:physiology; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D020244:Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology*; D019194:Ischemic Preconditioning / Q000379:methods; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D011827:Radiation; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley