title: Genetic heterogeneity in latent autoimmune diabetes is linked to various degrees of autoimmune activity: results from the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous studies have indicated that the latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) phenotype is heterogeneous and that LADA patients share features of type 1 and type 2 diabetes in various proportions. We tested for association of known type 1 and type 2 diabetes susceptibility genes in LADA subjects and analyzed relationships to a marker of autoimmune activity (titers of anti-GAD) and a phenotypic risk factor of type 2 diabetes (BMI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were assembled from the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT) study, which comprises the adult population of an entire county in Norway. We genotyped 60 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) known to be associated with type 1 or type 2 diabetes, including 14 tag SNPs used for HLA haplotyping in 120 type 1 diabetic, 126 LADA, and 1,090 type 2 diabetic patients and 1,503 age- and sex-matched nondiabetic subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The majority of the strongly associated HLA haplotypes for type 1 diabetes were significantly associated with LADA in general, but mainly with high anti-GAD LADA patients. Two distinct HLA haplotypes were associated only with LADA and mainly in low anti-GAD LADA patients. There were no associations of non-HLA type 1 diabetes loci with LADA. Of type 2 diabetes-associated genes, the CC/CT genotypes of rs7961581 (TSPAN8) and the obesity-linked AA/AC genotypes of rs8050136 (FTO) were associated with LADA in general, but mainly in low anti-GAD LADA patients (P = 0.004 and P = 0.004, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Genetic heterogeneity in LADA is linked to various degrees of autoimmune activity and may be partly distinct from both type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway. elin.pettersen@ntnu.no
authors.forename: Elin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pettersen
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Skorpen
authors.forename: Kirsti
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kvaløy
authors.forename: Kristian
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Midthjell
authors.forename: Valdemar
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Grill
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015551:Autoimmunity / Q000235:genetics*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D018740:Genetic Heterogeneity; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006680:HLA Antigens / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D012016:Reference Values
chemical_list: D006680:HLA Antigens