title: Impact of recent reforms in Austria on utilization and expenditure of PPIs and lipid-lowering drugs: implications for the future.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the impact of a plethora of reforms and initiatives introduced in Austria since 2002 on the actual utilization and expenditure of proton pump inhibitors and statins.
  
  
  METHODS
  Utilization of dispensed prescriptions in ambulatory care was captured from 2001 to 2007 using defined daily doses (DDD) as well as DDDs/1000 inhabitants/day for patients covered by the social health insurance system. The data were provided by the internal data warehouse of Hauptverband der Osterreichischen Sozialversicherungsträger. Total costs in Euros were used for the analysis from the payer's perspective.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The reduction in the expenditure per DDD for both generic PPIs and statins was generally in line with expectations at over 60% of originator prices before multiple sources became available. There was also increased utilization of generics following the range of demand-side initiatives. This was 89.5% for generic omeprazole versus total omeprazole and 95.1% for generic simvastatin versus total simvastatin by the end of 2007. The utilization of atorvastatin fell substantially from 36.5% of all statins in 2002 to 10.7% by the end of 2007 following restrictions on its prescribing to patients not achieving target lipid levels with, for instance, generic simvastatin. The combined initiatives reduced expenditure per DDD for the PPIs and the statins by 41 and 60%, respectively, in 2007 versus 2001 levels. This reduction translated into lower expenditure for the statins in 2007 versus 2001 despite substantially increased utilization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results provide examples to other European countries, especially the restrictions on atorvastatin utilization. Nevertheless, further initiatives will be needed to conserve resources as utilization rates grow in chronic disease areas. This includes potential lessons from other European countries.
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, SE-141 86, Stockholm, Sweden. godman@marionegri.it
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Godman
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Burkhardt
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bucsics
authors.forename: Björn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wettermark
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wieninger
mesh_terms: D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000191:economics / Q000639:trends; D001317:Austria; D016527:Drug Costs / Q000639:trends; D016568:Drugs, Generic / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018166:Health Care Reform; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009313:National Health Programs / Q000191:economics; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000639:trends*; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D016568:Drugs, Generic; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors