title: Three-dimensional orthodontic force measurements.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Until recently, much of the orthodontic biomechanics literature was restricted to 2-dimensional experimental studies and, more recently, to assumption-based 3-dimensional computer modeling. There is little evidence in the literature regarding 3-dimensional experimental measurements and analysis of orthodontic force systems.
  
  
  METHODS
  The purpose of this study was the design, construction, and validation of a laboratory-based human mouth model capable of accurately measuring forces and moments applied by orthodontic fixed appliances on all teeth in 1 arch. A high canine malocclusion was simulated, and forces and moments acting on the canine, lateral incisor, and premolar were measured with passive and conventional ligation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We were successful in building this human mouth model. The error in force measurements of the 14 transducers was 1.54%. The force system resulting from passive ligation brackets was considerably different from that of conventional ligation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This method will allow us, for the first time in the history of our specialty, to determine with great accuracy the forces acting on orthodontically treated teeth. Future research will focus on simulating many types of orthodontic clinical applications of full-fixed or partial-fixed appliances.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. hbadawi@ualberta.ca
authors.forename: Hisham M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Badawi
authors.forename: Roger W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Toogood
authors.forename: Jason P R
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Carey
authors.forename: Giseon
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Heo
authors.forename: Paul W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Major
mesh_terms: D001641:Bicuspid / Q000473:pathology; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001698:Biomedical Engineering / Q000295:instrumentation; D003196:Computer Graphics; D003481:Cuspid / Q000473:pathology; D003724:Dental Arch / Q000473:pathology; D020724:Elastomers; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D007180:Incisor / Q000473:pathology; D008310:Malocclusion / Q000628:therapy; D008437:Maxilla / Q000473:pathology; D016382:Orthodontic Appliance Design; D016910:Orthodontic Brackets / Q000145:classification; D009969:Orthodontic Wires / Q000145:classification; D012984:Software; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D014087:Tooth Movement Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D019415:Torque; D014159:Transducers / Q000145:classification; D014584:User-Computer Interface
chemical_list: D020724:Elastomers