title: Visual hallucinations associated with varenicline: a case report.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Varenicline is widely used for smoking cessation. It has shown efficacy over placebo and bupropion in manufacturer-sponsored trials. Those with mental illness were excluded from these trials. There are case reports of exacerbation of mental illness and development of psychiatric symptoms with varenicline use.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 61-year-old male Caucasian being treated for post-traumatic stress disorder, depression not otherwise specified and alcohol dependence, was prescribed varenicline while he was in a post-traumatic stress disorder/alcohol dual diagnosis treatment program. He developed visual hallucinations, which became worse with titration of the medication. These symptoms resolved upon discontinuation of varenicline.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with mental illness have a higher incidence of nicotine dependence, and attempts should be made for smoking cessation. Varenicline has not been widely tested in this population. There are reports of exacerbation of mental illness, and probable causation of psychiatric symptoms in the mentally ill. Providers should be aware of this possibility and advise their patients appropriately.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Sanford School of Medicine, The University of South Dakota Sioux Falls, SD 57108 USA.
authors.forename: B Mahendri
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Raidoo
authors.forename: Eric C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Kutscher