title: Action planning as predictor of health protective and health risk behavior: an investigation of fruit and snack consumption.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Large discrepancies between people's intention to eat a healthy diet and actual dietary behavior indicate that motivation is not a sufficient instigator for healthy behavior. Research efforts to decrease this 'intention - behavior gap' have centered on aspects of self-regulation, most importantly self-regulatory planning. Most studies on the impact of self-regulatory planning in health and dietary behavior focus on the promotion of health protective behaviors. This study investigates and compares the predictive value of action planning in health protective behavior and the restriction of health risk behavior.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two longitudinal observational studies were performed simultaneously, one focusing on fruit consumption (N = 572) and one on high-caloric snack consumption (N = 585) in Dutch adults. Structural equation modeling was used to investigate and compare the predictive value of action planning in both behaviors, correcting for demographics and the influence of motivational factors and past behavior. The nature of the influence of action planning was investigated by testing mediating and moderating effects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Action planning was a significant predictor of fruit consumption and restricted snack consumption beyond the influence of motivational factors and past behavior. The strength of the predictive value of action planning did not differ between the two behaviors. Evidence for mediation of the intention - behavior relationship was found for both behaviors. Positive moderating effects of action planning were demonstrated for fruit consumption, indicating that individuals who report high levels of action planning are significantly more likely to translate their intentions into actual behavior.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that the planning of specific preparatory actions predicts the performance of healthy dietary behavior and support the application of self-regulatory planning in both health protective and health risk behaviors. Future interventions in dietary modification may turn these findings to advantage by incorporating one common planning protocol to increase the likelihood that good intentions are translated into healthy dietary behavior.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Psychology, Open University Netherlands, Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), PO Box 2960, 6401 DL, Heerlen, the Netherlands. Lilian.Lechner@ou.nl.
authors.forename: Liesbeth
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: van Osch
authors.forename: Mariëlle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Beenackers
authors.forename: Astrid
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Reubsaet
authors.forename: Lilian
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lechner
authors.forename: Math
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Candel
authors.forename: Hein
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: de Vries