title: Cilostazol, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, attenuates photothrombotic focal ischemic brain injury in hypertensive rats.
abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the effects of anti-platelet agents with different modes of action (cilostazol, aspirin, and clopidogrel) on brain infarction produced by photothrombotic middle-cerebral-artery (MCA) occlusion in male, spontaneously hypertensive rats. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was measured with laser-Doppler flowmetry in the penumbral cortex. Infarct size was evaluated 24 h after MCA occlusion. The effects of these drugs on infarct size were examined by pretreatment of rats undergoing MCA occlusion. Pretreatment with cilostazol (100 mg/kg) significantly reduced infarct size. In contrast, aspirin (10 mg/kg) and clopidogrel (3 mg/kg) failed to mitigate infarct size, regardless of their apparent inhibitory effects on platelet aggregation. Post-treatment with cilostazol also significantly attenuated the infarct size, associated with improved CBF in the penumbral region. In support of this effect, cilostazol increased nitric oxide (NO) production and prostaglandin-I(2) (PGI(2)) release in cultured human brain microvascular endothelial cells. Cilostazol-induced NO production and PGI(2) release were completely abolished by an NO synthase inhibitor and aspirin, respectively. These findings show that cilostazol reduced brain infarct size due to an improvement in penumbral CBF possibly in association with increased endothelial NO and PGI(2) production.
authors.affiliation: First Institute of New Drug Discovery, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co Ltd, Tokushima, Japan. h_ito@research.otsuka.co.jp
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: Ayako
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hashimoto
authors.forename: Yutaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.forename: Goro
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Miyakoda
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001241:Aspirin / Q000494:pharmacology; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000187:drug effects; D000077407:Cilostazol; D000077144:Clopidogrel; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects; D011464:Epoprostenol / Q000096:biosynthesis; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D017078:Laser-Doppler Flowmetry; D008297:Male; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010974:Platelet Aggregation / Q000187:drug effects; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D011918:Rats, Inbred SHR; D013777:Tetrazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013988:Ticlopidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D013777:Tetrazoles; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D000077144:Clopidogrel; D011464:Epoprostenol; D000077407:Cilostazol; D013988:Ticlopidine; D001241:Aspirin