title: Careful climbing in the Miocene: the forelimbs of Ardipithecus ramidus and humans are primitive.
abstract: The Ardipithecus ramidus hand and wrist exhibit none of the derived mechanisms that restrict motion in extant great apes and are reminiscent of those of Miocene apes, such as Proconsul. The capitate head is more palmar than in all other known hominoids, permitting extreme midcarpal dorsiflexion. Ar. ramidus and all later hominids lack the carpometacarpal articular and ligamentous specializations of extant apes. Manual proportions are unlike those of any extant ape. Metacarpals 2 through 5 are relatively short, lacking any morphological traits associable with knuckle-walking. Humeral and ulnar characters are primitive and like those of later hominids. The Ar. ramidus forelimb complex implies palmigrady during bridging and careful climbing and exhibits none of the adaptations to vertical climbing, forelimb suspension, and knuckle-walking that are seen in extant African apes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anthropology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44240-0001, USA. olovejoy@aol.com
authors.forename: C Owen
authors.initials: CO
authors.lastname: Lovejoy
authors.forename: Scott W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Simpson
authors.forename: Tim D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Berhane
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Asfaw
authors.forename: Gen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Suwa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D002348:Carpal Bones / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D050824:Carpal Joints / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D050278:Finger Phalanges / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D005552:Forelimb / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005580:Fossils; D050823:Hand Joints / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D015186:Hominidae / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D006811:Humerus / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D008124:Locomotion; D050279:Metacarpal Bones / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D011884:Radius / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D014457:Ulna / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D016138:Walking