title: Distinguishing properties of cells from the myocardial sleeves of the pulmonary veins: a comparison of normal and abnormal pacemakers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A common source of arrhythmogenic spontaneous activity instigating atrial fibrillation is the myocardial tissue, or sleeves, at the base of the pulmonary veins. This study compared the properties of cells from the myocardial sleeves of the pulmonary veins (PV(m)) with cells from the normal cardiac pacemaker (the sinoatrial node) and regions of the atria. Our objective was to identify key features of these cells that predispose them to becoming the focus of cardiac arrhythmias.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Single cells were isolated from samples of rabbit PV(m), central and peripheral sinoatrial node, crista terminalis, and left and right atria. Detailed morphology of cells was assessed and intracellular calcium concentrations measured with the use of Fluo-3. Cells from the PV(m) were smaller than atrial cells and showed large elevations in diastolic calcium during activation at physiological rates, a feature the PV(m) cells shared with cells from the sinoatrial node. Unstimulated spontaneous activity was observed in a minority of cells from the PV(m), but numerous cells from this region showed spontaneous activity for a brief period immediately subsequent to stimulation at physiological rates. This was not observed in atrial cells. Assessment of calcium removal pathways showed sarcolemmal calcium extrusion in cells from the PV(m) to have a high reliance on "slow" extrusion pathways to maintain intracellular calcium homeostasis because of a low expression of sodium-calcium exchanger.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that cells from the PV(m) share some features with cells from the sinoatrial node but also have distinctly unique features that predispose them to the development of spontaneous activity.
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Sciences, University of Hull, Kingston-Upon-Hull, UK.
authors.forename: Sandra A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Mitsuru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: James O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Tellez
authors.forename: Rudi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Billeter
authors.forename: Mark R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Boyett
authors.forename: Haruo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Honjo
authors.forename: Matthew K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Lancaster
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials; D000818:Animals; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D001683:Biological Clocks / Q000187:drug effects; D002110:Caffeine / Q000494:pharmacology; D020013:Calcium Signaling / Q000187:drug effects; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial; D048430:Cell Shape; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000378:metabolism; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D011667:Pulmonary Veins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D011817:Rabbits; D012433:Ryanodine / Q000494:pharmacology; D019837:Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012508:Sarcolemma / Q000378:metabolism; D012519:Sarcoplasmic Reticulum / Q000378:metabolism; D053498:Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium-Transporting ATPases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012849:Sinoatrial Node / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D019831:Sodium-Calcium Exchanger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D019837:Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel; D019831:Sodium-Calcium Exchanger; C110374:sodium-calcium exchanger 1; D012433:Ryanodine; D002110:Caffeine; D053498:Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium-Transporting ATPases