title: Prognosis for severe traumatic brain injury patients treated with bilateral decompressive craniectomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Decompressive craniectomy for traumatic brain injury patients has been shown to reduce intracranial hypertension, while it often results in increased brain edema and/or contralateral space-occupied hematoma. The purpose of this study was to determine the prognosis of bilateral decompressive craniectomy in severe head injury patients with the development of either bilateral or contralateral lesions after ipsilateral decompressive craniectomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve patients underwent bilateral decompressive craniectomy among 217 individuals who had been treated with decompressive craniectomy with dural expansion from September 1995 to August 2006. The following patient data were retrospectively collected: age, neurological status at admission, time between injury and surgical decompression, time between first and second decompression, laboratory and physiological data collected in the intensive care unit, and outcome according to the Glasgow Outcome Scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patient outcomes fell into the following categories: good recovery (three patients); mild disability (one patient); severe disability (two patients); persistent vegetative state (one patient); and death (five patients). Patients with good outcomes were younger and had better pupil reactions and neurological statuses on admission. Other factors existing prior to the operation did not directly correlate with outcome. At 24 h post-surgery, the average intercranial pressure (ICP), cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), glucose level, and lactate level in patients with poor outcomes differed significantly from those of patients with a good prognosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Head injury patients with either bilateral or contralateral lesions have poor prognosis. However, bilateral decompressive craniectomy may be a favorable treatment in certain younger patients with reactive pupils, whose ICP and CPP values are stabilized 24 h post-surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital Organization Disaster Medical Center, Tachikawa, Tokyo, Japan. hyatsushige@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yatsushige
authors.forename: Yoshio
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takasato
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Masaoka
authors.forename: Takanori
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hayakawa
authors.forename: Naoki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Otani
authors.forename: Yoshikazu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yoshino
authors.forename: Kyoko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sumiyoshi
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sugawara
authors.forename: Hiroki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Miyawaki
authors.forename: Chikashi
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Aoyagi
authors.forename: Satoru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takeuchi
authors.forename: Go
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Suzuki
mesh_terms: D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery*; D056424:Decompressive Craniectomy / Q000379:methods*; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology*; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007427:Intracranial Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D009460:Neurologic Examination / Q000379:methods; D018458:Persistent Vegetative State; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D019344:Lactic Acid; D005947:Glucose