title: The glucagon test in the diagnosis of growth hormone deficiency in children with short stature younger than 6 years.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Few studies have addressed the diagnostic role of the glucagon test in children with suspected GH deficiency (GHD).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of the study was to investigate the diagnostic value of the glucagon test as an alternative test to insulin tolerance test (ITT) and arginine in GHD children younger than 6 yr.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was conducted in two pediatric endocrinology centers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-eight children (median age 4.2 yr, median height -3.0 sd score) with GHD confirmed by a peak GH to ITT and arginine less than 10 microg/liter (median 4.7 and 3.4 microg/liter, respectively) underwent a glucagon stimulation test. Magnetic resonance imaging showed normal hypothalamic-pituitary anatomy in 24 children, isolated anterior pituitary hypoplasia in seven, and structural hypothalamic-pituitary abnormalities in 17.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median GH peak response to glucagon (13.5 microg/liter) was significantly higher than that observed after ITT and arginine (P < 0.0001). GH peak after glucagon was less than 10 microg/liter in 20 subjects (group 1) and greater than 10 microg/liter in 28 subjects (group 2) without significant clinical or biochemical differences between the two groups. Median GH peak after glucagon was similar between patients with multiple pituitary hormone deficiency and those with isolated GHD and between subjects with and without structural hypothalamic-pituitary abnormalities. The magnitude of the GH peak after glucagon was negatively correlated to age at diagnosis (rho = -0.636, P < 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that glucagon has an effective GH-releasing activity and can be used to evaluate somatotroph function in young children with short stature. Normative data for this test in young children need to be established before its use in clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico G Gaslini Institute, University of Genova, 16147 Genova, Italy.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Secco
authors.forename: Natascia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: di Iorgi
authors.forename: Flavia
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Napoli
authors.forename: Erika
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Calandra
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ghezzi
authors.forename: Costanza
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Frassinetti
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Parodi
authors.forename: Maria Rosaria
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Casini
authors.forename: Renata
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lorini
authors.forename: Sandro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Loche
authors.forename: Mohamad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maghnie
mesh_terms: D001120:Arginine / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D001827:Body Height; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004393:Dwarfism, Pituitary / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005813:Genes, Synthetic; D005934:Glucagon / Q000097:blood; D013006:Growth Hormone / Q000097:blood* / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000502:physiology; D007328:Insulin; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D013972:Thyrotropin / Q000172:deficiency
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; C085784:TBI protein, recombinant; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; D013972:Thyrotropin; D013006:Growth Hormone; D005934:Glucagon; D001120:Arginine