title: Regulation of EP receptors in non-small cell lung cancer by epigenetic modifications.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 is frequently overexpressed in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and results in increased levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE(2)), an important signalling molecule implicated in tumourigenesis. PGE(2) exerts its effects through the E prostanoid (EP) receptors (EPs1-4).
  
  
  METHODS
  The expression and epigenetic regulation of the EPs were evaluated in a series of resected fresh frozen NSCLC tumours and cell lines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  EP expression was dysregulated in NSCLC being up and downregulated compared to matched control samples. For EPs1, 3 and 4 no discernible pattern emerged. EP2 mRNA however was frequently downregulated, with low levels being observed in 13/20 samples as compared to upregulation in 5/20 samples examined. In NSCLC cell lines DNA CpG methylation was found to be important for the regulation of EP3 expression, the demethylating agent decitabine upregulating expression. Histone acetylation was also found to be a critical regulator of EP expression, with the histone deacteylase inhibitors trichostatin A, phenylbutyrate and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid inducing increased expression of EPs2-4. Direct chromatin remodelling was demonstrated at the promoters for EPs2-4.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that EP expression is variably altered from tumour to tumour in NSCLC. EP2 expression appears to be predominantly downregulated and may have an important role in the pathogenesis of the disease. Epigenetic regulation of the EPs may be central to the precise role COX-2 may play in the evolution of individual tumours.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Clinical Medicine, Thoracic Oncology Research Group, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland.
authors.forename: Steven G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: Nael
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Al-Sarraf
authors.forename: Anne-Marie
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Baird
authors.forename: Mary-Clare
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Cathcart
authors.forename: Eilish
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: McGovern
authors.forename: Kenneth J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: O'Byrne
mesh_terms: D000107:Acetylation; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001374:Azacitidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D042002:Chromatin Assembly and Disassembly / Q000235:genetics; D018899:CpG Islands / Q000235:genetics; D019175:DNA Methylation; D000077209:Decitabine; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D006657:Histones / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D010654:Phenylbutyrates / Q000494:pharmacology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D018078:Receptors, Prostaglandin E / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D000077337:Vorinostat
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; D006657:Histones; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids; D010654:Phenylbutyrates; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018078:Receptors, Prostaglandin E; C012589:trichostatin A; D000077337:Vorinostat; D000077209:Decitabine; D001374:Azacitidine