title: CFH, C3 and ARMS2 are significant risk loci for susceptibility but not for disease progression of geographic atrophy due to AMD.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a prevalent cause of blindness in Western societies. Variants in the genes encoding complement factor H (CFH), complement component 3 (C3) and age-related maculopathy susceptibility 2 (ARMS2) have repeatedly been shown to confer significant risks for AMD; however, their role in disease progression and thus their potential relevance for interventional therapeutic approaches remains unknown.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Here, we analyzed association between variants in CFH, C3 and ARMS2 and disease progression of geographic atrophy (GA) due to AMD. A quantitative phenotype of disease progression was computed based on longitudinal observations by fundus autofluorescence imaging. In a subset of 99 cases with pure bilateral GA, variants in CFH (Y402H), C3 (R102G), and ARMS2 (A69S) are associated with disease (P = 1.6x10(-9), 3.2x10(-3), and P = 2.6x10(-12), respectively) when compared to 612 unrelated healthy control individuals. In cases, median progression rate of GA over a mean follow-up period of 3.0 years was 1.61 mm(2)/year with high concordance between fellow eyes. No association between the progression rate and any of the genetic risk variants at the three loci was observed (P>0.13).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study confirms that variants at CFH, C3, and ARMS2 confer significant risks for GA due to AMD. In contrast, our data indicate no association of these variants with disease progression which may have important implications for future treatment strategies. Other, as yet unknown susceptibilities may influence disease progression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Hendrik P N
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Scholl
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fleckenstein
authors.forename: Lars G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Fritsche
authors.forename: Steffen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schmitz-Valckenberg
authors.forename: Arno
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Göbel
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Adrion
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Herold
authors.forename: Claudia N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Keilhauer
authors.forename: Friederike
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mackensen
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mössner
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pauleikhoff
authors.forename: Andreas W A
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Weinberger
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Mansmann
authors.forename: Frank G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Holz
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: Bernhard H F
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Weber
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003176:Complement C3 / Q000378:metabolism*; D017242:Complement Factor H / Q000378:metabolism*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D057092:Geographic Atrophy / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods; D008875:Middle Aged; D011506:Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D012306:Risk
chemical_list: C514392:ARMS2 protein, human; D003176:Complement C3; D011506:Proteins; D017242:Complement Factor H