title: Pulse pressure strongly predicts cardiovascular disease risk in patients with type 2 diabetes from the Swedish National Diabetes Register (NDR).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze pulse pressure (PP) as a risk predictor for coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke and cardiovascular disease (CVD; CHD and/or stroke) in type 2 diabetic patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 11,128 female and male type 2 diabetic patients with known baseline PP values and no CVD, aged 50-74 years, were followed for a mean duration of 5.6 years (1998-2003). A subgroup of 5521 patients with known mean PP values (mean values at baseline and at the end of the study) was also included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% CI for fatal/nonfatal CHD with baseline or mean PP>or=75mmHg, compared to <75mmHg, were 1.23 (1.07-1.40; P=0.003) and 1.32 (1.07-1.62; P=0.009), respectively, after adjusting for mean blood pressure (MBP), age, gender, diabetes duration, HbA(1c), body mass index (BMI), lipid-reducing drugs, microalbuminuria > 20microg/min, antihypertensive drugs and hypoglycaemic treatment, using Cox regression analyses. Fully-adjusted respective HRs for stroke were 1.17 (0.98-1.39) and 1.21 (0.90-1.61) and, for CVD, 1.23 (1.10-1.37; P<0.001) and 1.28 (1.07-1.52; P=0.007). Fully-adjusted HRs for baseline PP increased per quartile and, CHD, stroke or CVD, were 1.09 (1.03-1.16; P=0.004), 1.14 (1.05-1.23; P=0.002) and 1.11 (1.05-1.17; P<0.001), respectively. The data suggest that, if a mean PP>or=75mmHg were to be avoided, then 15% and 17% of CHD and or CVD, cases, respectively, in such a cohort might be prevented after multivariable adjustments, with a further 10% of cases avoided if also adjusted for MBP and age. Increasing baseline MBP, age and microalbuminuria were independently and significantly associated (P<0.001) with increasing baseline or mean PP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased PP is a powerful independent risk predictor of CVD in type 2 diabetic patients, and lowering PP can lead to a marked reduction in risk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden. Peter.Nilsson@med.lu.se
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Nilsson
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cederholm
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Eeg-Olofsson
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Eliasson
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zethelius
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gudbjörnsdóttir
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D002319:Cardiovascular System / Q000503:physiopathology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012042:Registries; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012306:Risk; D013548:Sweden