title: Limited copy number-high resolution melting (LCN-HRM) enables the detection and identification by sequencing of low level mutations in cancer biopsies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mutation detection in clinical tumour samples is challenging when the proportion of tumour cells, and thus mutant alleles, is low. The limited sensitivity of conventional sequencing necessitates the adoption of more sensitive approaches. High resolution melting (HRM) is more sensitive than sequencing but identification of the mutation is desirable, particularly when it is important to discriminate false positives due to PCR errors or template degradation from true mutations.We thus developed limited copy number - high resolution melting (LCN-HRM) which applies limiting dilution to HRM. Multiple replicate reactions with a limited number of target sequences per reaction allow low level mutations to be detected. The dilutions used (based on Ct values) are chosen such that mutations, if present, can be detected by the direct sequencing of amplicons with aberrant melting patterns.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using cell lines heterozygous for mutations, we found that the mutations were not readily detected when they comprised 10% of total alleles (20% tumour cells) by sequencing, whereas they were readily detectable at 5% total alleles by standard HRM. LCN-HRM allowed these mutations to be identified by direct sequencing of those positive reactions.LCN-HRM was then used to review formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) clinical samples showing discordant findings between sequencing and HRM for KRAS exon 2 and EGFR exons 19 and 21. Both true mutations present at low levels and sequence changes due to artefacts were detected by LCN-HRM. The use of high fidelity polymerases showed that the majority of the artefacts were derived from the damaged template rather than replication errors during amplification.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LCN-HRM bridges the sensitivity gap between HRM and sequencing and is effective in distinguishing between artefacts and true mutations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia. hongdo.do@petermac.org
authors.forename: Hongdo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Do
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dobrovic
mesh_terms: D016477:Artifacts; D001483:Base Sequence; D001706:Biopsy; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D004259:DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase / Q000378:metabolism; D005557:Formaldehyde; D018628:Gene Dosage / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology*; D009691:Nucleic Acid Denaturation / Q000235:genetics*; D016612:Paraffin Embedding; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D016283:Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras); D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA / Q000379:methods*; D016707:Tissue Fixation; D018631:ras Proteins / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: C117307:KRAS protein, human; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D005557:Formaldehyde; D004259:DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase; D016283:Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras); D018631:ras Proteins