title: Mevalonate pathway intermediates downregulate zoledronic acid-induced isopentenyl pyrophosphate and ATP analog formation in human breast cancer cells.
abstract: Increasing evidence is accumulating that zoledronic acid (ZOL), a nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate (N-BP), is able to affect tumor cells by inhibiting the enzyme farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPPS) in the mevalonate pathway (MVP). The consequent accumulation of unprenylated proteins is believed to largely account for the cytotoxic effects of ZOL. FPPS inhibition leads also to the accumulation of isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) and the apoptotic ATP analog, ApppI, but the role of this mechanism in the cytotoxic action of bisphosphonates is less clear. Since treatment with MVP intermediates has been shown to overcome N-BP-induced apoptosis via rescuing protein prenylation, our aim here was to determine their mechanism of action on ZOL-induced IPP/ApppI accumulation. Interestingly, the results revealed that ZOL-induced IPP/ApppI accumulation in MCF-7 cells were decreased by farnesol, and almost completely blocked by geranylgeraniol and geranylpyrophosphate. The functionality of the regulatory enzymes of IPP and ApppI, IPP isomerase and aminoacyl-tRNA-synthase, respectively, or protein levels of FPPS were not affected by the treatments. However, the protein levels of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMGR) and unprenylated Rap1A were observed to be strongly downregulated by geranylgeraniol and geranylpyrophosphate. This study represents a novel insight into the mechanism of action of MVP intermediates on the regulation of MVP after FPPS inhibition. The data implies that in addition to the previously reported effects on rescuing protein prenylation, MVP intermediates can preserve cell activity by inhibiting the accumulation of IPP/ApppI via HMGR downregulation. This supports the hypothesis that IPP/ApppI formation is a significant mechanism in the anticancer action of ZOL.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland. Johanna.Raikkonen@uku.fi
authors.forename: Johanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Räikkönen
authors.forename: Hannu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mönkkönen
authors.forename: Seppo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Auriola
authors.forename: Jukka
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mönkkönen
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism*; D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004164:Diphosphonates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D004354:Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; D005204:Farnesol / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D045782:Hemiterpenes / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008798:Mevalonic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds / Q000378:metabolism; D000077211:Zoledronic Acid
chemical_list: D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents; D004164:Diphosphonates; D045782:Hemiterpenes; D007093:Imidazoles; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds; C004809:isopentenyl pyrophosphate; D005204:Farnesol; D000077211:Zoledronic Acid; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D008798:Mevalonic Acid