title: Infant neurobehavioral dysregulation: behavior problems in children with prenatal substance exposure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to test a developmental model of neurobehavioral dysregulation relating prenatal substance exposure to behavior problems at age 7.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample included 360 cocaine-exposed and 480 unexposed children from lower to lower middle class families of which 78% were black. Structural equation modeling was used to test models whereby prenatal exposure to cocaine and other substances would result in neurobehavioral dysregulation in infancy, which would predict externalizing and internalizing behavior problems in early childhood. Structural equation models were developed for individual and combined parent and teacher report for externalizing, internalizing, and total problem scores on the Child Behavior Checklist.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The goodness-of-fit statistics indicated that all of the models met criteria for adequate fit with 7 of the 9 models explaining 18% to 60% of the variance in behavior problems at age 7. The paths in the models indicate that there are direct effects of prenatal substance exposure on 7-year behavior problems as well as indirect effects, including neurobehavioral dysregulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prenatal substance exposure affects behavior problems at age 7 through 2 mechanisms. The direct pathway is consistent with a teratogenic effect. Indirect pathways suggest cascading effects whereby prenatal substance exposure results in neurobehavioral dysregulation manifesting as deviations in later behavioral expression. Developmental models provide an understanding of pathways that describe how prenatal substance exposure affects child outcome and have significant implications for early identification and prevention.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Brown Center for the Study of Children at Risk, Women and Infants' Hospital, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02905, USA. blester@wihri.org
authors.forename: Barry M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Lester
authors.forename: Daniel M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Bagner
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Linda L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: LaGasse
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Seifer
authors.forename: Charles R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: Seetha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shankaran
authors.forename: Henrietta
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bada
authors.forename: Rosemary D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Higgins
authors.forename: Abhik
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Das
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D018730:Infant Behavior / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications*