title: Selective deactivation of gibberellins below the shoot apex is critical to flowering but not to stem elongation of Lolium.
abstract: Gibberellins (GAs) cause dramatic increases in plant height and a genetic block in the synthesis of GA(1) explains the dwarfing of Mendel's pea. For flowering, it is GA(5) which is important in the long-day (LD) responsive grass, Lolium. As we show here, GA(1) and GA(4) are restricted in their effectiveness for flowering because they are deactivated by C-2 hydroxylation below the shoot apex. In contrast, GA(5) is effective because of its structural protection at C-2. Excised vegetative shoot tips rapidly degrade [14C]GA(1), [14C]GA(4), and [14C]GA(20) (>80% in 6 h), but not [14C]GA(5). Coincidentally, genes encoding two 2beta-oxidases and a putative 16-17-epoxidase were most expressed just below the shoot apex (<3 mm). Further down the immature stem (>4 mm), expression of these GA deactivation genes is reduced, so allowing GA(1) and GA(4) to promote sub-apical stem elongation. Subsequently, GA degradation declines in florally induced shoot tips and these GAs can become active for floral development. Structural changes which stabilize GA(4) confirm the link between florigenicity and restricted GA 2beta-hydroxylation (e.g. 2alpha-hydroxylation and C-2 di-methylation). Additionally, a 2-oxidase inhibitor (Trinexapac Ethyl) enhanced the activity of applied GA(4), as did limiting C-16,17 epoxidation in 16,17-dihydro GAs or after C-13 hydroxylation. Overall, deactivation of GA(1) and GA(4) just below the shoot apex effectively restricts their florigenicity in Lolium and, conversely, with GA(5), C-2 and C-13 protection against deactivation allows its high florigenicity. Speculatively, such differences in GA access to the shoot apex of grasses may be important for separating floral induction from inflorescence emergence and thus could influence their survival under conditions of herbivore predation.
authors.affiliation: CSIRO, Plant Industry, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia. rod.king@csiro.au
authors.forename: Rod W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: Lewis N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Mander
authors.forename: Torben
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Asp
authors.forename: Colleen P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: MacMillan
authors.forename: Cheryl A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Blundell
authors.forename: Lloyd T
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Evans
mesh_terms: D035264:Flowers / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development*; D005875:Gibberellins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D006131:Growth Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D007700:Kinetics; D008129:Lolium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism; D005810:Multigene Family; D017440:Photoperiod; D010937:Plant Growth Regulators / Q000494:pharmacology; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D018547:Plant Stems / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development*; D013379:Substrate Specificity
chemical_list: D005875:Gibberellins; D006131:Growth Inhibitors; D010937:Plant Growth Regulators