title: Can the costs of critical care be controlled?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Critical care medicine (CCM) is expensive. CCM costs have continued to rise since they were first calculated in the 1970s. By 2005, CCM costs in the US were estimated to be $81.7 billion accounting for 13.4% of hospital costs, 4.1% of the national health expenditures and 0.66% of the gross domestic product.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This review first addresses the methodology and inherent limitations of calculating global CCM costs using the Russell equation and the challenges of defining critical care in the US when universal definitions of intensive care unit (ICU) bed types do not exist. Studies and concepts recently put forth to control CCM costs are then discussed. These include rationing ICU care, caring for patients in non-ICU locations, regionalizing care, changing the ICU workforce, imposing care protocols and bundles, and adjusting long-term ICU traditions. Many of these programs have benefits but may also have unintended expenses. Even documenting ICU costs themselves may be quite challenging as costs are frequently shifted between the ICU and its supporting clinical and hospital services.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cost containment is difficult to attain in critical care as the programs proposed to achieve cost control may be so pricey, that potential cost savings are offset. Some CCM cost saving methodologies may benefit patient care, whereas others may be detrimental to society. CCM cost containment may prove as illusory in the future as it has been in the past.
authors.affiliation: Critical Care Medicine Service, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA. halpernn@mskcc.org
authors.forename: Neil A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Halpern
mesh_terms: D003363:Cost Control / Q000379:methods*; D003422:Critical Care / Q000191:economics*