title: The clinical analysis of young children's urolithiasis due to melamine-tainted infant formula.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze etiology, clinical features, effective diagnostic methods and therapeutic efficacy of infant urolithiasis related to melamine.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 2,235 children fed with milk products were screened at the Second Hospital of Shandong University between 1st September and 31st December 2008. Of the children screened, 1,242 were male and 993 female, with a median age of 15 months (range 4-72 months). Among them, 182 with detailed data were enrolled and divided into Group 1 (calculus group, n = 79) and Group 2 (noncalculus group, n = 103) according to their results of the screening. All cases were reviewed with regard to melamine exposure, presentation, laboratory data, B-ultrasound findings and treatment efficacy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to 103 patients without stones, the 79 patients with stones confirmed by B-ultrasound had significant differences in: melamine daily intake (5.17 ± 4.53 vs. 2.38 ± 3.39 mg/kg per day, P < 0.001) and duration of problematic milk feeding (12.53 ± 8.47 vs. 8.65 ± 3.40 months, P < 0.001). Most of the patients in Group 1 (65.82%) were asymptomatic. In Group 1, all the patients with kidney stones less than 10 mm (n = 75) were successively treated conservatively, whereas the other four with kidney stones >10 mm required surgical treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Melamine overdose can cause an increased risk of developing kidney stones in children. B-ultrasound is the first choice for the diagnosis of urolithiasis related to melamine. For most patients, the conservative treatment is effective; however, the patients with kidney stones >10 mm, surgery may be needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular Surgery, Second Hospital of Shandong University, 100 Haoyuan, 44# Wenhua Xi Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, China. sundaqing2009@yahoo.cn
authors.forename: Da-Qing
authors.initials: DQ
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Xu-Feng
authors.initials: XF
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.forename: Yu-Hai
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005440:Fluid Therapy; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D041943:Infant Formula; D008297:Male; D008516:Medicine, Chinese Traditional; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014227:Triazines / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014463:Ultrasonography; D052878:Urolithiasis / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D014227:Triazines; C011907:melamine