title: Drugs for discoid lupus erythematosus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Discoid lupus erythematosus is a chronic form of cutaneous (skin) lupus which can cause permanent scarring if treatment is inadequate. Many drugs have been used to treat this disease and some of these are potentially very toxic.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effects of drugs for discoid lupus erythematosus.
  
  
  METHODS
  In June 2009 we updated our searches of the Cochrane Skin Group Specialised Register, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) in The Cochrane Library (Issue 2, 2009), MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS, and online ongoing trials registers. The reference lists of relevant reviews were searched. Index Medicus (1956 to 1966) was handsearched and we approached authors for information about unpublished trials.
  
  
  METHODS
  We included all randomised trials of drugs to treat people with discoid lupus erythematosus. Drugs included in the search were azathioprine, chloroquine, clofazimine, corticosteroids, (oral and topical), dapsone, gold, interferon alpha-2a, methotrexate, phenytoin, retinoids, sulphasalazine, thalidomide, topical calcineurin blockers (pimecrolimus and tacrolimus), and biological agents (etanercept, efalizimab, infliximab, and rituximab).
  
  
  METHODS
  Two reviewers independently examined each retrieved study for eligibility.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two trials involving 136 participants were included. No new trials were included in this update.In a cross-over study of 12 weeks duration, fluocinonide 0.05% cream (a potent topical corticosteroid), appeared to be better than hydrocortisone 1% cream (a mild corticosteroid) when the first arm of the trial involving 78 participants was analysed at 6 weeks. Clearing or excellent improvement was seen in 27% of people using fluocinonide and in 10% of those using hydrocortisone, giving a 17% absolute benefit in favour of fluocinonide (95% CI 0.0 to 0.34, NNT (Number needed to treat) 6).In the second trial, acitretin (50mg/day) was compared with hydroxychloroquine (400mg/day) in 58 people in a parallel trial of 8 weeks duration. There was marked improvement or clearing in 46% of people using acitretin and in 50% of those on hydroxychloroquine but there was no significant difference between the 2 interventions. The adverse effects were more frequent and more severe in the acitretin group. In this trial clearing of erythema was measured and found to be better in the hydroxychloroquine group (RR 0.61, 95% CI 0.36 to 1.06).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fluocinonide cream may be more effective than hydrocortisone in treating people with discoid lupus erythematosus. Hydroxychloroquine and acitretin appear to be of equal efficacy, although adverse effects are more frequent and more severe with acitretin. There is not enough reliable evidence about other drugs used to treat discoid lupus erythematosus.
authors.affiliation: Dermatology, Groote Schuur Hospital, 27 Roosevelt Road, CLAREMONT, Cape Town, South Africa, 7708.
authors.forename: Sue
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jessop
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Whitelaw
authors.forename: Finola M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Delamere
mesh_terms: D017255:Acitretin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003879:Dermatologic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005447:Fluocinonide / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006886:Hydroxychloroquine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008179:Lupus Erythematosus, Discoid / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
chemical_list: D003879:Dermatologic Agents; D005447:Fluocinonide; D006886:Hydroxychloroquine; D017255:Acitretin; D006854:Hydrocortisone