title: Attachment and social adjustment: relationships to suicide attempt and major depressive episode in a prospective study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study two aspects of interpersonal function - attachment security and social adjustment - in relation to suicide attempt and major depressive episode (MDE) during naturalistic follow-up of up to one year after presentation with MDE.
  
  
  METHODS
  136 adults who presented with a DSM-IV MDE completed the Adult Attachment Scale and the Social Adjustment Scale-Self Report at study entry. Based on follow-up interviews at three months and one year, we used survival analysis to investigate the relationship of scores on these measures with time to a suicide attempt and time to recurrent MDE.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Less secure/more avoidant attachment predicted increased risk of suicide attempt during the 1-year follow-up (Wald chi(2)=9.14, df=1, p=0.003, HR=1.16, 95% CI=1.05 to 1.27). Poorer social adjustment predicted increased risk of recurrent MDE (Wald chi(2)=6.95, df=1, p=0.008, HR=2.36, 95% CI=1.25 to 4.46), and that in turn increased the risk of a suicide attempt (z=4.19, df=1, p<0.001, HR=17.3, 95% CI=4.6 to 65.5).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Avoidant attachment in the setting of major depressive disorder is a potential therapeutic target to prevent suicidal behavior. Enhancing social adjustment may reduce relapse in major depressive disorder and thereby reduce risk of a suicide attempt. Study limitations include small sample size and use of a self-report attachment scale.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, and New York State Psychiatric Institute, USA. mfg14@columbia.edu
authors.forename: Michael F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Grunebaum
authors.forename: Hanga C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Galfalvy
authors.forename: Lindsey Y
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Mortenson
authors.forename: Ainsley K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Burke
authors.forename: Maria A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Oquendo
authors.forename: J John
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Mann
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009769:Object Attachment; D010555:Personality Inventory / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012307:Risk Factors; D012917:Social Adjustment; D013406:Suicide, Attempted / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014481:United States