title: Design and implementation of an effective telephone counseling intervention for adolescent smoking cessation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Effective smoking cessation for youth is urgently needed, but the literature guiding such efforts is nascent. We evaluated the implementation of a proactive intervention for adolescent smoking cessation that incorporated motivational interviewing (MI) and cognitive behavioral skills training (CBST).
  
  
  METHODS
  We proactively identified 1058 smokers via classroom survey of enrolled juniors in 25 experimental high schools. After parental consent was obtained, trained counselors telephoned participants to invite their participation and deliver personalized smoking cessation counseling that combined MI and CBST. Implementation quality was assessed via weekly supervision of counselors, monitoring of counselor adherence to protocol via review of 5% of each counselor's calls, and formal evaluation of counselor fidelity to MI via review of a random sample of 19.8% of counseling calls using the Motivational Interviewing Treatment Integrity Code.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among identified smokers, 948 (89.6%) were eligible for intervention by age (> or =18 years) or parental consent, 736 (70%) agreed to participate in telephone counseling, 691 (65%) completed one or more counseling calls, and 499 (47%) completed all planned calls. Telephone delivery of the personalized MI and CBST counseling intervention to a general population of adolescents was done with greater than 90% adherence to the intervention protocol. Review of the random sample of counselors' calls demonstrated that more than 85% of counselors' calls met or exceeded benchmark scores for four of six evaluated behaviors: MI spirit (99.1%), empathy (96.2%), ratio of reflections to questions (97.2%), and MI adherent (85.7%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An effective proactive telephone counseling intervention consisting of MI and CBST can be successfully implemented with reach and fidelity in a general population of adolescent smokers.
authors.affiliation: Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA. kkealey@fhcrc.org
authors.forename: Kathleen A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Kealey
authors.forename: Evette J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Ludman
authors.forename: Patrick M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Marek
authors.forename: Sue L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Mann
authors.forename: Jonathan B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Bricker
authors.forename: Arthur V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Peterson
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D003071:Cognition; D003376:Counseling / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016555:Matched-Pair Analysis; D009042:Motivation; D012107:Research Design; D012574:Schools; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013689:Telephone; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014861:Washington / Q000453:epidemiology