title: Analyzing plant defenses in nature.
abstract: A broad range of chemical plant defenses against herbivores has been studied extensively under laboratory conditions. In many of these cases there is still little understanding of their relevance in nature. In natural systems, functional analyses of plant traits are often complicated by an extreme variability, which affects the interaction with higher trophic levels. Successful analyses require consideration of the numerous sources of variation that potentially affect the plant trait of interest. In our recent study on wild lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.) in South Mexico, we applied an integrative approach combining analyses for quantitative correlations of cyanogenic potential (HCNp; the maximum amount of cyanide that can be released from a given tissue) and herbivory in the field with subsequent feeding trials under controlled conditions. This approach allowed us to causally explain the consequences of quantitative variation of HCNp on herbivore-plant interactions in nature and highlights the importance of combining data obtained in natural systems with analyses under controlled conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Botany-Plant Ecology, Universität Duisburg-Essen, FB BioGeo, Essen, Germany. daniel.ballhorn@uni-due.de
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Ballhorn
authors.forename: Stefanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kautz
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heil
authors.forename: Adrian D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Hegeman