title: Constraint-induced movement therapy for upper extremities in stroke patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In stroke patients, upper limb paresis affects many activities of daily life. Reducing disability is therefore a major aim of rehabilitation programmes for hemiparetic patients. Constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT) is a current approach to stroke rehabilitation that implies the forced use and the massed practice of the affected arm by restraining the unaffected arm.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the efficacy of CIMT, modified CIMT (mCIMT), or forced use (FU) for arm management in hemiparetic patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Cochrane Stroke Group trials register (last searched June 2008), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library Issue 1, 2008), MEDLINE (1966 to June 2008), EMBASE (1980 to June 2008), CINAHL (1982 to June 2008), and the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) (June 2008).
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised control trials (RCTs) and quasi-RCTs (qRCTs) comparing CIMT, mCIMT or FU with other rehabilitative techniques, or none.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two review authors independently classified the identified trials according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, assessed methodological quality and extracted data. The primary outcome was disability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We included 19 studies involving 619 participants. The trials included participants who had some residual motor power of the paretic arm, the potential for further motor recovery and with limited pain or spasticity, but tended to use the limb little if at all. Only five studies had adequate allocation concealment. The majority of studies were underpowered (median number of included patients was 15) and we cannot rule out small-trial bias. Six trials (184 patients) assessed disability immediately after the intervention, indicating a significant standard mean difference (SMD) of 0.36, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.06 to 0.65. For the most frequently reported outcome, arm motor function (11 studies involving 373 patients), the SMD was 0.72 (95% CI 0.32 to 1.12). There were only two studies that explored disability improvement after a few months of follow up and found no significant difference, SMD -0.07 (95% CI -0.53 to 0.40).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CIMT is a multifaceted intervention: the restriction to the normal limb is accompanied by a certain amount of exercise of the appropriate quality. It is associated with a moderate reduction in disability assessed at the end of the treatment period. However, for disability measured some months after the end of treatment, there was no evidence of persisting benefit. Further randomised trials, with larger sample sizes and longer follow up, are justified.
authors.affiliation: Unita Operativa di Recupero e Rieducazione Funzionale, Fondazione Centro San Raffaele del Monte Tabor, via Olgettina, 58, Milan, Lombardia, Italy, 20132.
authors.forename: Valeria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sirtori
authors.forename: Davide
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Corbetta
authors.forename: Lorenzo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Moja
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gatti
mesh_terms: D026241:Exercise Movement Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007103:Immobilization / Q000379:methods*; D010291:Paresis / Q000209:etiology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications; D000071939:Stroke Rehabilitation; D013997:Time Factors; D034941:Upper Extremity