title: Cerebellar contributions to adaptive control of saccades in humans.
abstract: The cerebellum may monitor motor commands and through internal feedback correct for anticipated errors. Saccades provide a test of this idea because these movements are completed too quickly for sensory feedback to be useful. Earlier, we reported that motor commands that accelerate the eyes toward a constant amplitude target showed variability. Here, we demonstrate that this variability is not random noise, but is due to the cognitive state of the subject. Healthy people showed within-saccade compensation for this variability with commands that arrived later in the same saccade. However, in people with cerebellar damage, the same variability resulted in dysmetria. This ability to correct for variability in the motor commands that initiated a saccade was a predictor of each subject's ability to learn from endpoint errors. In a paradigm in which a target on the horizontal meridian jumped vertically during the saccade (resulting in an endpoint error), the adaptive response exhibited two timescales: a fast timescale that learned quickly from endpoint error but had poor retention, and a slow timescale that learned slowly but had strong retention. With cortical cerebellar damage, the fast timescale of adaptation was effectively absent, but the slow timescale was less impaired. Therefore, the cerebellum corrects for variability in the motor commands that initiate saccades within the same movement via an adaptive response that not only exhibits strong sensitivity to previous endpoint errors, but also rapid forgetting.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA. mxu@bme.jhu.edu
authors.forename: Minnan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Xu-Wilson
authors.forename: Haiyin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chen-Harris
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Zee
authors.forename: Reza
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shadmehr
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000502:physiology*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001676:Biofeedback, Psychology; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D015220:Calcium Channels / Q000235:genetics; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002526:Cerebellar Diseases / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000502:physiology*; D005133:Eye Movements / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009622:Noise; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D012438:Saccades / Q000502:physiology*; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D020864:Calcium Channels, N-Type
chemical_list: D015220:Calcium Channels; C105656:CACNA1A protein, human; D020864:Calcium Channels, N-Type