title: Renal cell carcinoma with caval thrombus extending to the right atrium in a horseshoe kidney: a unique surgical challenge.
abstract: The surgical anatomy of a horseshoe kidney (HK) is unique in many ways, ranging from its anomalous circulation, shared renal parenchyma between the right and left renal moieties, and its anterior renal pelvis, to the fact that it obscures access to the vena cava and aorta. While renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) are known to occur in HKs, the surgical approach to an RCC with tumour thrombus extending to the right atrium has not been reported in the literature. We report an unusual presentation of RCC and the technical aspects of our successful experience with managing RCC of a HK extending to the inferior vena cava and right atrium.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR.
authors.forename: Graham F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Greene
authors.forename: Nabil K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Bissada
authors.forename: Rabii
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Madi