title: Neuroadrenergic dysfunction in obesity: an overview of the effects of weight loss.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The prevalence of obesity is rising to epidemic proportions worldwide, and in tandem so is that of type 2 diabetes. Neuroadrenergic abnormalities, comprising increased resting sympathetic nervous system activity and blunted sympathetic neural responsiveness are recognized features of metabolic syndrome obesity, which contribute importantly to both the pathophysiology and adverse clinical prognosis of this high-risk population. Weight loss is recommended as first-line treatment for obesity. This review examines the effects of nonpharmacological weight loss on sympathetic nervous system function under basal and stimulated conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Human weight loss trials show that even moderate weight reduction is accompanied by significant attenuation in resting whole-body norepinephrine spillover rate and muscle sympathetic nerve activity, an improvement in cardiac autonomic modulation, and a reversal of blunted sympathetic responsiveness at both peripheral and central nervous system levels. Recent findings underscore the relevance of insulin resistance in mediating blunted sympathetic responsiveness to endogenous hyperinsulinemia induced by glucose ingestion. Impaired insulin transport across the blood-brain barrier may be one mechanism mediating these effects. Weight loss reverses blunted sympathetic responsiveness to glucose, which has implications for postprandial energy expenditure and body weight homeostasis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The autonomic dysfunction of obesity is reversible with weight loss, highlighting the importance of lifestyle intervention as a key therapeutic modality.
authors.affiliation: Human Neurotransmitters Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. nora.straznicky@bakeridi.edu.au
authors.forename: Nora E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Straznicky
authors.forename: Gavin W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Lambert
authors.forename: Elisabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Lambert
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D009765:Obesity / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012146:Rest / Q000502:physiology; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015431:Weight Loss