title: A prospective study of diurnal cortisol and cognitive function in community-dwelling elderly people.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Elevated cortisol levels due to hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis stress response have been associated with cognitive impairment. However, the causal relationship between stress and subsequent cognitive impairment remains unclear, notably because of the small number of gender-stratified prospective studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Salivary cortisol secretion was evaluated in 197 non-depressed community-dwelling elderly people at three time points on the day of hospital attendance for a clinical examination and again on the following day at home, in a distinct environmental context. Cognitive performance was evaluated at baseline and at 2- and 4-year follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cross-sectional logistic analyses adjusted for age and education indicated that men with high morning cortisol at the hospital had higher risk of low cognitive performance in verbal fluency [odds ratio (OR) 3.0, p=0.05] and visuospatial performance (OR 5.1, p=0.03). Impairment in verbal fluency was observed in women with moderate high morning cortisol (OR 3.6, p=0.05) or moderate slow diurnal rhythm (OR 3.7, p=0.04). In longitudinal analyses, slow diurnal rhythm (flatter slope) was associated with decline over 4 years in visuospatial performance (OR 7.7, p=0.03) and visual memory (OR 4.1, p=0.03) in men, and in verbal fluency (OR 6.0, p=0.01) in women. High morning cortisol was associated with decline in visual memory in women (OR 5.1, p=0.06).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HPA axis dysregulation seems to be associated with low cognitive performance in the elderly. Slower cortisol elimination rates could predict cognitive decline affecting principally non-verbal functioning in men and verbal functioning in women. The effects are independent of environmental context, apolipoprotein E (ApoE) genotype or psychopathology. Interventions blocking this pathway may provide new therapeutic options to prevent cognitive decline.
authors.affiliation: Inserm, U888, University of Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Beluche
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Carrière
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ritchie
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Ancelin
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003704:Dementia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood*; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000503:physiopathology; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008609:Mental Status Schedule / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate / Q000502:physiology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010913:Pituitary-Adrenal System / Q000503:physiopathology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011594:Psychometrics; D012737:Sex Factors; D012931:Social Environment; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications
chemical_list: D006854:Hydrocortisone