title: Development and management of systemic lupus erythematosus in an HIV-infected man with hepatitis C and B co-infection following interferon therapy: a case report.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The association of human immunodeficiency virus and immune dysfunction leading to development of autoimmune markers is well described, but human immunodeficiency virus infection is relatively protective for the development of systemic lupus erythematosus. In contrast, development of systemic lupus erythematosus with hepatitis C and with interferon therapy is well described in a number of case reports. We here describe the first case of systemic lupus erythematosus developing in a man infected with human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis C and hepatitis B co-infection where the onset seems to have been temporally related to interferon therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We report the occurrence of systemic lupus erythematosus complicating interferon-alpha therapy for hepatitis C in a 47-year-old asplenic male with haemophilia co-infected with human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis B. He presented with a truncal rash, abdominal pains and headache and later developed grade IV lupus nephritis requiring haemodialysis, mycophenolate mofetil and steroid therapy. We were able to successfully withdraw dialysis and mycophenolate while maintaining stable renal function.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Interferon-alpha is critical in antiviral immunity against hepatitis C but also acts as a pathogenic mediator for systemic lupus erythematosus, a condition associated with activation of plasmacytoid dendritic cells that are depleted in human immunodeficiency virus infection. The occurrence of auto-antibodies and lupus-like features in the coinfections with hepatitis C require careful assessment. Immunosuppressant therapy for lupus risks exacerbating underlying infections in patients with concurrent human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B and C.
authors.forename: Iain J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Abbott
authors.forename: Christina C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Skinner
authors.forename: Alison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Street
authors.forename: Greg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Perry
authors.forename: Catriona
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: McLean
authors.forename: Edwina J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: Paul U
authors.initials: PU
authors.lastname: Cameron