Novel markers of peripheral arterial disease.
Peripheral arterial disease (PAD), a relatively common manifestation of atherosclerotic vascular disease, is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Although conventional risk factors contribute to the onset and progression of PAD, the role of 'novel' biomarkers in pathways of inflammation, thrombosis, lipoprotein metabolism, and oxidative stress in determining susceptibility to PAD is being increasingly recognized. Validation of novel risk factors for PAD may allow earlier detection, an improved understanding of disease etiology and progression, and the development of new therapies. In this review, we discuss available evidence for associations between novel circulating markers and several aspects of PAD including disease susceptibility, progression, functional limitation, and adverse outcomes.
Khawaja
Farhan J
FJ
Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases and the Gonda Vascular Center, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
Kullo
Iftikhar J
IJ
D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D018450:Disease Progression; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood*; D008074:Lipoproteins / Q000097:blood; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D016491:Peripheral Vascular Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications
D015415:Biomarkers; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D008074:Lipoproteins