title: Morphology and accommodative function of the vitreous zonule in human and monkey eyes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the attachments of the posterior zonule and vitreous in relation to accommodation and presbyopia in monkeys and humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  Novel scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) techniques were used to visualize the anterior, intermediate, and posterior vitreous zonule and their connections to the ciliary body, vitreous membrane, lens capsule, and ora serrata, and to characterize their age-related changes and correlate them with loss of accommodative forward movement of the ciliary body. alpha-Chymotrypsin was used focally to lyse the vitreous zonule and determine the effect on movement of the accommodative apparatus in monkeys.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The vitreous attached to the peripheral lens capsule and the ora serrata directly. The pars plana zonule and the posterior tines of the anterior zonule were separated from the vitreous membrane except for strategically placed attachments, collectively termed the vitreous zonule, that may modulate and smooth the forward and backward movements of the entire system. Age-dependent changes in these relationships correlated significantly with loss of accommodative amplitude. Lysis of the intermediate vitreous zonule partially restored accommodative movement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The vitreous zonule system may help to smoothly translate to the lens the driving forces of accommodation and disaccommodation generated by the ciliary muscle, while maintaining visual focus and protecting the lens capsule and ora serrata from acute tractional forces. Stiffening of the vitreous zonular system may contribute to age-related loss of accommodation and offer a therapeutic target for presbyopia.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Anatomy II, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Elke
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lütjen-Drecoll
authors.forename: Paul L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Kaufman
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wasielewski
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ting-Li
authors.forename: Mary Ann
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Croft
mesh_terms: D000065:Accommodation, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D002924:Ciliary Body / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007908:Lens, Crystalline / Q000502:physiology*; D008022:Ligaments / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D008252:Macaca fascicularis; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008297:Male; D033401:Microscopy, Acoustic; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008875:Middle Aged; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D014822:Vitreous Body / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure