title: Vanoxerine: cellular mechanism of a new antiarrhythmic.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There remains an unmet need for safe and effective antiarrhythmic drugs, especially for the treatment of atrial fibrillation. Vanoxerine is a drug that is free of adverse cardiac events in normal volunteers, yet is a potent blocker of the hERG (hK(v)11.1) cardiac potassium channel. Consequently,we hypothesized that vanoxerine might also be a potent blocker of cardiac calcium (Ca) and sodium (Na) currents, and would not affect transmural dispersion of repolarization.
  
  
  METHODS
  The whole cell patch clamp technique was used to measure currents from cloned ion channels overexpressed in stable cell lines and single ventricular myocytes. We measured intracellular action potentials from canine ventricular wedges and Purkinje fibers using sharp microelectrode technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that vanoxerine was a potent hK(v)11.1 blocker, and at submicromolar concentrations, it blocked Ca and Na currents in a strongly frequency-dependent manner. In the canine ventricular wedge preparation vanoxerine did not significantly affect transmural action potential waveforms, QT interval or transmural dispersion of repolarization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vanoxerine (1) is a potent blocker of cardiac hERG, Na and Ca channels; (2) block is strongly frequency-dependent especially for Na and Ca channels; and (3) transmural dispersion of ventricular repolarization is unaffected. The multichannel block and repolarization uniformity resemble the effects of amiodarone, the exemplar atrial fibrillation drug. Vanoxerine is a completely different chemical and has none of amiodarone's toxic effects. Vanoxerine has characteristics of a potentially effective and safe antiarrhythmic.
authors.affiliation: ChanTest Corporation, Cleveland, Ohio 44128, USA. alacerda@chantest.com
authors.forename: Antonio E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Lacerda
authors.forename: Yuri A
authors.initials: YA
authors.lastname: Kuryshev
authors.forename: Gan-Xin
authors.initials: GX
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: Albert L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Waldo
authors.forename: Arthur M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Brown
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D002460:Cell Line; D004285:Dogs; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D010879:Piperazines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; D010879:Piperazines; C043425:vanoxerine