title: Nutrition-related cardiovascular risk factors in hemodialysis patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study sought to determine nutrition-related cardiovascular risk factors in hemodialysis patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study included outpatients from the Hemodialysis Unit of Baskent University Ankara Hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was conducted on 93 endstage chronic renal-failure patients (50 male and 43 female) aged between 18 and 65 years. Patients undergoing hemodialysis three times weekly with 4 hours of standardized bicarbonate hemodialysis were included. Patients with cardiovascular disease were excluded.
  
  
  METHODS
  A questionnaire was administered to patients regarding demographic and disease information. The nutritional status of patients was determined by a food-frequency questionnaire, a 3-day, 24-hour dietary record, and subjective global assessment. Several biochemical parameters were analyzed, and body weight was measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Percentages of patients' serum total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride, and total cholesterol/low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels that were higher than National Kidney Foundation (NKF) and National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP/ATP III) criteria amounted to 7.5%, 4.3%, 43%, and 10.8%, respectively. The percentage of patients' serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels that were lower than NKF and NCEP/ATP III criteria reached 41.9%. According to serum albumin levels, 44.1% of patients were malnourished. In terms of patients' dietary total fat intake, 98.9% were higher than NKF and NCEP/ATP III criteria, and all patients' dietary saturated fatty acids intake were higher than recommended. For 87.1% of patients, the dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids/saturated fatty acids ratio was <1. Moreover, in terms of NKF recommendations, the percentages of patients with insufficient dietary folate and vitamin B(12) intake reached 100% and 61.3%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hemodialysis patients should be considered at high risk for developing cardiovascular disease. Therefore, when planning diets of endstage renal disease patients, it is important to consider nutrition-related cardiovascular-disease risk factors for the sake of quality of life and survival.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Health Sciences Faculty, Baskent University, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Yasemin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Arslan
authors.forename: Gul
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kiziltan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009752:Nutritional Status; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012709:Serum Albumin / Q000032:analysis; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014805:Vitamin B 12 / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D004041:Dietary Fats; D008055:Lipids; D012709:Serum Albumin; D005492:Folic Acid; D014805:Vitamin B 12