title: Longitudinal assessment of neurocognitive function in rats after cardiopulmonary bypass: evidence for long-term deficits.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Neurologic and neurocognitive dysfunction after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) have been shown in both clinical and experimental settings. Although short-term outcome has been evaluated in rats, the assessment of neurocognitive dysfunction with long-term follow-up has not been reported in experimental CPB models. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of CPB on long-term neurocognitive function in the rat.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, interventional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A university research laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Sprague-Dawley rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized to either CPB (n = 19) or sham-operated groups (n = 17). On days 3, 7, and 14 and at 6 weeks after surgery, the rats were submitted to standardized neurologic testing (Neuroscore). In addition, the animals underwent cognitive testing in the Morris water maze (MWM), including basic, probe, and reversal trial protocols during the first 19 postoperative days (short-term cognitive outcome) and then repeated 6 weeks after surgery (long-term cognitive outcome).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The CPB group had worse Neuroscores (day 3, 5[2]; day 7, 7[2]; day 14, 5[1]; 6 weeks, 5[1]) compared with the sham group (day 3, 7[2]; day 7, 7[1]; day 14, 7[1]; 6 weeks, 7[1]) at all time points tested (p < 0.05). In the MWM, the CPB group showed both short-term and persistent long-term neurocognitive dysfunction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared with sham-operated controls, rats undergoing CPB showed worse neurologic and neurocognitive outcome early after surgery. Importantly, long-term deficits also persisted at 6 weeks after surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
authors.forename: H Mayumi
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Homi
authors.forename: Carla L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Calvi
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lynch
authors.forename: Hilary P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Grocott
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000523:psychology; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D018782:Maze Learning / Q000502:physiology; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013997:Time Factors