title: Does daily alcohol and/or cigarette consumption cause low-grade dysplasia, a precursor of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption are well-known risk factors for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), which has a very poor prognosis. Successful screening strategies for precursor lesions that can be targets for early detection and treatment are required to prevent ESCC.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a prospectively cross-sectional study. To clarify whether daily smoking and/or alcohol consumption are risk factors for dysplasia, which is the initial lesion leading to ESCC. Lugol chromoendoscopy was performed in 1,345 eligible individuals. Six hundred ninety individuals had daily smoking and/or alcohol consumption; 655 individuals did not smoke and drink alcohol. The effects of smoking and alcohol consumption among high-grade dysplasia (HGD), low-grade dysplasia (LGD), and controls without dysplasia were evaluated using multiple logistic regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 1,345 individuals, 17 HGD and 23 LGD lesions were confirmed histologically. The prevalence of both smoking and drinking consumption was significantly higher in HGD than in LGD individuals (age and sex adjusted odds ratio; 113.0, 95% confidence interval; 6.26), whereas no significant difference was seen in both consumption between LGD individuals and controls (odds ratio; 1.29, 95% confidence interval; 0.33-6.37). Approximately 70% of HGD individuals, but only 13% of LGD individuals, both smoked and consumed alcohol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Daily cigarette and alcohol consumption were not the risk factors for LGD, however, consumption of both were high-risk factors for HGD. We suggest that documenting the difference of risk factors for LGD and HGD can assist in the development of effective screening, early detection, and prevention strategies for ESCC.
authors.affiliation: Division of Digestive Endoscopy/Gastrointestinal Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba, Japan. kkaneko@east.ncc.go.jp
authors.forename: Kazuhiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kaneko
authors.forename: Yoshitaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Murakami
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Katagiri
authors.forename: Kazuo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Konishi
authors.forename: Yutaro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kubota
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Muramoto
authors.forename: Miki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kushima
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ohtsu
authors.forename: Michio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Imawari
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000473:pathology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology; D004945:Esophagoscopy / Q000379:methods; D004947:Esophagus / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014741:Video Recording; D055815:Young Adult