title: Mobile phone-based interventions for smoking cessation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Innovative effective smoking cessation interventions are required to appeal to those who are not accessing traditional cessation services. Mobile phones are widely used and are now well integrated into the daily lives of many, particularly young adults. Mobile phones are a potential medium for the delivery of health programmes such as smoking cessation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether mobile phone-based interventions are effective at helping people who smoke, to quit.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cinahl, PsycINFO, The Cochrane Library, the National Research Register and the ClinicalTrials register, with no restrictions placed on language or publication date.
  
  
  METHODS
  We included randomized or quasi-randomized trials. Participants were smokers of any age who wanted to quit. Studies were those examining any type of mobile phone-based intervention. This included any intervention aimed at mobile phone users, based around delivery via mobile phone, and using any functions or applications that can be used or sent via a mobile phone.
  
  
  METHODS
  Information on the specified quality criteria and methodological details was extracted using a standardised form. Participants who dropped out of the trials or were lost to follow up were considered to be smoking. Meta-analysis of the included studies was undertaken using the Mantel-Haenszel Risk Ratio fixed-effect method provided that there was no evidence of substantial statistical heterogeneity as assessed by the I(2) statistic. Where meta-analysis was not possible, summary and descriptive statistics are presented.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four studies were excluded as they were small non-randomized feasibility studies, and two studies were excluded because follow up was less than six months. Four trials (reported in five papers) are included: a text message programme in New Zealand; a text message programme in the UK; and an Internet and mobile phone programme involving two different groups in Norway. The different types of interventions are analysed separately. When combined by meta-analysis the text message programme trials showed a significant increase in short-term self-reported quitting (RR 2.18, 95% CI 1.80 to 2.65). However, there was considerable heterogeneity in long-term outcomes, with the much larger trial having problems with misclassification of outcomes; therefore these data were not combined. When the data from the Internet and mobile phone programmes were pooled we found statistically significant increases in both short and long-term self-reported quitting (RR 2.03, 95% CI 1.40 to 2.94).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current evidence shows no effect of mobile phone-based smoking cessation interventions on long-term outcome. While short-term results are positive, more rigorous studies of the long-term effects of mobile phone-based smoking cessation interventions are needed.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Trials Research Unit, University of Auckland, Cnr Morrin & Merton Rds, Glen Innes, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Robyn
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Whittaker
authors.forename: Ron
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Borland
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bullen
authors.forename: Ruey B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Hayden
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: McRobbie
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rodgers
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D040421:Cell Phone; D003376:Counseling / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods*