title: Renal proximal tubular reabsorption is reduced in adult spontaneously hypertensive rats: roles of superoxide and Na+/H+ exchanger 3.
abstract: Proximal tubule reabsorption is regulated by systemic and intrinsic mechanisms, including locally produced autocoids. Superoxide, produced by NADPH oxidase enhances NaCl transport in the loop of Henle and the collecting duct, but its role in the proximal tubule is unclear. We measured proximal tubule fluid reabsorption (Jv) in WKY rats and compared that with Jv in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR), a model of enhanced renal superoxide generation. Rats were treated with the NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin (Apo) or with small interfering RNA for p22(phox), which is the critical subunit of NADPH oxidase. Jv was lower in SHR compared with Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY; WKY: 2.3+/-0.3 vs SHR: 1.1+/-0.2 nL/min per millimeter; n=9 to 11; P<0.001). Apo and small interfering RNA to p22(phox) normalized Jv in SHRs but had no effect in WKY rats. Jv was reduced in proximal tubules perfused with S-1611, a highly selective inhibitor of the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger 3, the major Na(+) uptake pathway in the proximal tubule, in WKY rats but not in SHRs. Pretreatment with Apo restored an effect of S-1611 to reduce Jv in the SHRs (SHR+Apo: 2.9+/-0.4 vs SHR+Apo+S-1611: 1.0+/-0.3 nL/min per millimeter; P<0.001). However, because expression of the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger 3 was similar between SHR and WKY rats, this suggests that superoxide affects Na(+)/H(+) exchanger 3 activity. Direct microperfusion of Tempol or Apo into the proximal tubule also restored Jv in SHRs. In conclusion, superoxide generated by NADPH oxidase inhibits proximal tubule fluid reabsorption in SHRs. This finding implies that proximal tubule fluid reabsorption is regulated by redox balance, which may have profound effects on ion and fluid homeostasis in the hypertensive kidney.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, 4000 Reservoir Rd, Building D-395, Washington, DC 20057, USA.
authors.forename: Carolina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Panico
authors.forename: Zaiming
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Damiano
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Artigiano
authors.forename: Pritmohinder
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gill
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Welch
mesh_terms: D000098:Acetophenones / Q000494:pharmacology; D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D003497:Cyclic N-Oxides / Q000494:pharmacology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D006706:Homeostasis / Q000502:physiology; D006977:Hypertension, Renal / Q000378:metabolism*; D007687:Kidney Tubules, Proximal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D019255:NADPH Oxidases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D051381:Rats; D011918:Rats, Inbred SHR; D011921:Rats, Inbred WKY; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000378:metabolism; D000074083:Sodium-Hydrogen Exchanger 3; D017923:Sodium-Hydrogen Exchangers / Q000378:metabolism*; D013113:Spin Labels; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000098:Acetophenones; D000975:Antioxidants; D003497:Cyclic N-Oxides; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D000074083:Sodium-Hydrogen Exchanger 3; D017923:Sodium-Hydrogen Exchangers; D013113:Spin Labels; D013481:Superoxides; D012965:Sodium Chloride; C056165:acetovanillone; D019255:NADPH Oxidases; C515768:Cyba protein, rat; C001803:tempol