title: Body art practices among inmates: Implications for transmission of bloodborne infections.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Unsterile body art practices among inmates in prison have been implicated in the transmission of bloodborne viruses. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of tattooing and body piercing among inmates, identify factors associated with receiving a tattoo in prison, and explore the contexts of tattooing and body piercing in prison.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional survey was conducted among randomly selected inmates in 17 state prisons in Illinois; a convenient sample of recently released exprisoners in Chicago, IL, participated in focus group discussions (FGDs).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 1819 (1293 men and 526 women) inmates participated in the survey, and 47 exprisoners participated in the FGDs. Sixty-seven percent of the survey sample had tattoos, and 60% had body piercings. More men (19.3%) than women (8.7%) had received tattoos in prison (odds ratio, 0.40; 95% confidence interval: 0.29-0.56); prevalence of body piercing in prison was low (1.3%) and similar for men and women. Factors associated with tattooing in prison include incarceration for 1 year or longer and having had sex in prison among both men and women; nonheterosexual identity for women only; and for men, being 30-39 years old; incarcerated 4 or more times; having a history of sharing needles, multiple vaginal sex partners, and inconsistent condom use in the 6 months before arrest. Focus groups provided information on body art practices in prison. Inmates had a variety of reasons for getting body art, equipment was often shared, and cleansing agents were not readily available.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tattooing and body piercing practices exist in prison and could constitute risks for transmission of bloodborne viral infections. Interventions to reduce these risks are discussed.
authors.affiliation: HIV/AIDS Research and Policy Institute, Chicago State University, IL 60628, USA. tabiona@csu.edu
authors.forename: Titilayo C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Abiona
authors.forename: Joseph A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Balogun
authors.forename: Adedeji S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Adefuye
authors.forename: Patricia E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Sloan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017848:Blood-Borne Pathogens; D046288:Body Piercing / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000523:psychology*; D003141:Communicable Diseases / Q000635:transmission*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D006801:Humans; D007087:Illinois; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011329:Prisoners; D012307:Risk Factors; D013653:Tattooing / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult