title: The cost-effectiveness of Maze procedures using ablation techniques at the time of mitral valve surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The classic cut and sew surgical Maze procedure has been shown to reduce atrial fibrillation (AF), and recently newer surgical ablation techniques with reduced technical complexity have been introduced. This study sought to systematically review the efficacy and safety of these newer techniques and to evaluate their long-term cost-effectiveness at the time of scheduled mitral valve (MV) surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic literature search and meta-analysis was performed to generate the most reliable efficacy and safety parameter estimates for a Markov decision analysis model comparing MV surgery alone to MV surgery plus an ablation Maze procedure. Both basic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Based on the six randomized controlled trials (RCTs) identified, the pooled 1-year estimate of AF after surgery alone was 71 percent (95 percent confidence interval [CI], 64 percent to 78 percent). The pooled risk ratio of AF after surgical ablation treatment at the time of mitral valve surgery relative to valve surgery alone was 0.33 (95 percent CI, 0.19 to 0.55). The pooled analyses showed that no statistical significant increases in operative mortality, permanent pacemaker implantation, and postoperative bleeding with the ablative Maze procedures. An ablation-based Maze procedure at the time of mitral valve surgery had an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of $4,446CAD ($3,850US) per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) compared with valve surgery alone. Specifically costs were an extra $900CAD but with improved clinical outcomes (0.20 QALYs), including a prolonged life expectancy of 0.10 life-years. In one-way sensitivity analyses, survival time after MV surgery had the largest impact on ICER. Other variables influencing the ICER included the risk ratio of AF, utility, and cost estimates. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis suggests that 58.1 percent, 73.9 percent, and 89.3 percent of the simulations of the Maze strategy are cost-effective at willingness to pay thresholds of $20,000, $50,000, and $100,000CAD per QALY gained, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our meta-analysis suggests that a Maze surgical ablation procedure at the time of MV surgery is associated with a reduced postoperative AF risk. Our economic model further suggests that the surgical ablation strategy at the time of mitral valve surgery is likely a cost-effective intervention, provided patients have a good long-term postsurgical prognosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Royal Victoria Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, Quebec, Canada. stephane.quenneville@mail.mcgill.ca
authors.forename: Stéphane P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Quenneville
authors.forename: Xuanqian
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Brophy
mesh_terms: D055011:Ablation Techniques / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods*; D000367:Age Factors; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods*; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D006801:Humans; D008390:Markov Chains; D008943:Mitral Valve / Q000601:surgery*; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000191:economics / Q000401:mortality; D011788:Quality of Life; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic