title: Environmental and intracellular regulation of Francisella tularensis ripA.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Francisella tularensis is a highly virulent, facultative intracellular pathogen and the etiologic agent of the zoonotic disease Tularemia. RipA is a cytoplasmic membrane protein that is conserved among Francisella species and is required for intracellular growth. F. tularensis ripA deletion mutants escape the phagosome of infected cells, but unlike wild type organisms fail to replicate in the host cell cytoplasm.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Further analysis of ripA with respect to environmental effects on the growth of mutant strains and expression levels revealed that RipA is required for optimal growth at pH 7.5 but not pH 6.5. Using a combination of RT-PCR, ripA-lacZ transcriptional and translational fusions, and a RipA-tetracysteine tag fusion protein we found that both ripA transcription and RipA protein levels were elevated in organisms grown at pH 7.5 as compared to organisms grown at pH 5.5. A number of genes, including iglA, that are required for intracellular growth are regulated by the transcriptional regulators MglA and SspA, and are induced upon infection of host cells. We quantified ripA and iglA expression at different stages of intracellular growth and found that the expression of each increased between 1 and 6 hours post infection. Given the similar intracellular expression patterns of ripA and iglA and that MglA and SspA are positive regulators of iglA we tested the impact of mglA and sspA deletions on ripA and iglA expression. In the deletion mutant strains iglA expression was reduced dramatically as expected, however ripA expression was increased over 2-fold.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Expression of ripA is required for growth at neutral pH, is pH sensitive, and is responsive to the intracellular environment. The intracellular expression pattern of ripA coincided with iglA, which is positively regulated by MglA and SspA. However, in contrast to their positive impact on iglA expression, MglA and SspA negatively impacted ripA expression in vitro.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. jrfuller@med.unc.edu
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Fuller
authors.forename: Todd M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Kijek
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Taft-Benz
authors.forename: Thomas H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Kawula
mesh_terms: D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005604:Francisella tularensis / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development*; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D012329:RNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D017384:Sequence Deletion; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D012329:RNA, Bacterial