title: Acteoside inhibits alpha-MSH-induced melanin production in B16 melanoma cells by inactivation of adenyl cyclase.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to determine the mechanism of the whitening effect of acteoside.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used tyrosinase activity and melanin production stimulated in B16 melanoma cells by alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) or forskolin to measure the whitening effect of acteoside.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Acteoside did not directly inhibit mushroom tyrosinase activity, but dose-dependently inhibited tyrosinase activity and melanin production in B16 melanoma cells stimulated by 1 micromol/l alpha-MSH. Acteoside also reduced cyclic AMP levels in cells stimulated by 1 micromol/l alpha-MSH, suggesting direct inhibition of adenyl cyclase. Acteoside also inhibited production of both melanin and cyclic AMP in cells stimulated by 1 micromol/l forskolin, an adenyl cyclase activator. Acteoside showed antioxidant activity in a cell-free DPPH (1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydroazyl) assay and inhibited generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that the whitening activity of acteoside results from inhibition of adenyl cyclase and alpha-MSH signalling.
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Ho Sun
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Sang Soo
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Sim
mesh_terms: D000262:Adenylyl Cyclases / Q000187:drug effects*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D005576:Colforsin / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000096:biosynthesis; D005960:Glucosides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D008543:Melanins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008546:Melanoma, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000201:enzymology*; D014442:Monophenol Monooxygenase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D010636:Phenols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010851:Picrates / Q000737:chemistry; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D000521:alpha-MSH / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D059808:Polyphenols
chemical_list: D000262:Adenylyl Cyclases; D000975:Antioxidants; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D005576:Colforsin; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D005960:Glucosides; D008543:Melanins; D014442:Monophenol Monooxygenase; D010636:Phenols; D010851:Picrates; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D000521:alpha-MSH; C058956:acteoside; D059808:Polyphenols; C004931:1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl