title: Searching for conditions to form stable protein oligomers with amyloid-like characteristics: The unexplored basic pH.
abstract: Conversion of peptides and proteins from their native states into amyloid fibrillar aggregates is the hallmark of a number of pathological conditions, including Alzheimer's disease and amyloidosis. Evidence is accumulating that soluble oligomers, as opposed to mature fibrils, mediate cellular dysfunction, ultimately leading to disease onset. In this study, we have explored the ability of alkaline pH solutions, which have remained relatively unexplored so far, to form a partially folded state of the N-terminal domain of the Escherichia coli protein HypF (HypF-N), which subsequently assembles to form stable soluble oligomers. Results showed that HypF-N unfolds at high pH via a two-state process. Characterization of the resulting alkaline-unfolded state by near- and far-UV circular dichroism, intrinsic and ANS-derived fluorescence and DLS indicated characteristics of a monomeric, premolten globule state. Interestingly, alkaline-unfolded HypF-N aggregates, at high concentration in the presence of low concentrations of TFE, into stable oligomers. These are able to bind amyloid-specific dyes, such as Congo red, ThT, and ANS, contain extensive beta-sheet structure, as detected with far-UV circular dichroism, and have a height of 2.0-3.9 nm when analysed using atomic force microscopy. This study, which complements our previous one in which morphologically, structurally, and tinctorially similar oligomers were formed at low and nearly neutral pH values by the same protein, offers opportunities to explore the fine differences existing in the mechanism of formation of these species under different conditions, in their precise molecular structure and in their ability to cause cellular dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemical Sciences, University of Florence, 50134, Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: Basir
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Winkelmann
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tiribilli
authors.forename: Fabrizio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chiti
mesh_terms: D000682:Amyloid / Q000737:chemistry*; D052160:Benzothiazoles; D019878:Carboxyl and Carbamoyl Transferases / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000187:drug effects; D002942:Circular Dichroism; D003224:Congo Red / Q000737:chemistry; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000187:drug effects; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force; D008958:Models, Molecular; D011487:Protein Conformation; D011489:Protein Denaturation; D017510:Protein Folding; D055503:Protein Multimerization; D020836:Protein Structure, Quaternary; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000737:chemistry; D014270:Trifluoroethanol / Q000494:pharmacology; D014364:Tryptophan / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000682:Amyloid; D052160:Benzothiazoles; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; D013844:Thiazoles; C009462:thioflavin T; D003224:Congo Red; D014270:Trifluoroethanol; D014364:Tryptophan; D019878:Carboxyl and Carbamoyl Transferases; C504838:hypF protein, E coli