title: Cognitive functioning is related to physical functioning in a longitudinal study of women at midlife.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Studies have reported declines with age in cognitive or physical functioning, but rarely identify whether these are parallel or linked events in the same study. Furthermore, most research in this area has focused on persons in late life rather than midlife.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of the study was to determine (1) if cognitive functioning was related to physical functioning and whether this relationship persisted after adjustment for age, menopause status, metabolic status, depression and socioeconomic resources, and (2) if changes in physical functioning were associated with changes in cognitive functioning over a 4-year follow-up period.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were from the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN), a multi-site, longitudinal study of women aged 46-56 years at follow-up examination 4. Three follow-up examinations (study years 04, 06 and 08) included measures of physical functioning perception (MOS SF-36) and cognitive functioning [Symbol Digit Modality Test (SDMT), Digit Span Backward Test (DSBT), and East Boston Memory Test (EBMT)] (n = 2,405).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women with lower cognitive functioning scores also had lower perceived physical functioning scores. While adjustment for covariates attenuated the association between perceived physical functioning and both the SDMT and EBMT cognitive measures, these associations remained statistically significant. Additionally, the 4-year change in perceived physical functioning was significantly associated with the 4-year change in the EBMT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At midlife, there were associated declines in cognitive and perceived physical functioning scores, commencing at midlife in women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48104, USA. kford@umich.edu
authors.forename: Kathleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ford
authors.forename: Maryfran
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sowers
authors.forename: Teresa E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Seeman
authors.forename: Gail A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Greendale
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sternfeld
authors.forename: Susan A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Everson-Rose
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity; D012649:Self Concept; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D016387:Women's Health