title: Stance width and angle at sea: effects of sea state and body orientation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  On land, the distance and angle between the feet in side-by-side stance tend to have characteristic values. Ship motion mandates changes in the control of stance, but there have been no direct assessments of how stance width and angle are controlled at sea. We predicted that participants would adopt a wider stance at sea.
  
  
  METHODS
  On two ships, we measured experienced crewmembers' stance width and stance angle during quiet stance when facing forward and when facing athwartship. Each ship was 84 m long and displaced 3500 tons. Measurements were repeated over consecutive days at sea. For one ship, we tested crew-members on land prior to the cruise.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On land, stance width (mean = 19.0 cm) and stance angle (mean = 16.19 degrees) were similar to previous reports. At sea, stance width tended to be greater than on land. When facing athwartship on Ship B, changes in stance width across days were correlated with changes in motion of the ship in its surge axis (r = 0.968). Stance angle at sea did not differ from stance angle on land.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that preferred stance width is influenced by the fact of being at sea and by the sea state. These variations may be related to the efficiency of postural control on land and at sea. Future research should examine changes in stance width as novices acclimate to life at sea.
authors.affiliation: School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA. tas@umn.edu
authors.forename: Thomas A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Stoffregen
authors.forename: Fu-Chen
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Yawen
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Sebastien
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Villard
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000502:physiology*; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology*; D012767:Ships