title: Fat distribution influences the cardio-metabolic profile in a clinically healthy European population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Waist and hip circumferences are largely influenced by Fat Mass and several other determinants. To evaluate the specific effects of a preferential fat distribution, we corrected the waist and hip circumferences for all their determinants. We then examined the association between fat distribution and several cardio-metabolic parameters in a clinically healthy population.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a subgroup of 625 females (F) and 490 males (M) from the RISC (Relationship between Insulin Sensitivity and Cardiovascular Disease) study, we evaluated insulin sensitivity by hyperinsulinaemic euglycaemic clamp and intima-media thickness (IMT) of the common (CCA) and internal (ICA) carotid artery by ultrasound imaging. Waist and hip circumferences were adjusted for age, height, fat and fat-free mass; in males, waist was also adjusted by hip and vice versa.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both F and M with enlarged waist showed significantly increased plasma insulin, C-peptide, total cholesterol, non-high density lipoprotein-cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides, when compared with subjects with a smaller waist circumference. Males also showed lower glucose uptake and higher heart rate and ICA-IMT. A larger hip in both females and males was linked to a significantly greater inhibition of free fatty acids during the clamp test.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adjustment of waist circumference for its determinants permits the detection of early impairment of cardiovascular function and of glucose and lipid metabolism in a clinically healthy population, in particular in normal body weight subjects. Enlarged hip adjusted values are associated with greater insulin sensitivity.
authors.affiliation: Service of Therapeutic Education for Chronic Diseases, Geneva University Hospital, Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, CH-1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland. elisabetta.harsch@hcuge.ch
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bobbioni-Harsch
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Pataky
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Makoundou
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kozakova
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dekker
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Golay
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002096:C-Peptide / Q000097:blood; D017536:Carotid Artery, Common / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D017540:Tunica Media / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014463:Ultrasonography; D055105:Waist Circumference / Q000502:physiology*; D049629:Waist-Hip Ratio; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D002096:C-Peptide; D007328:Insulin; D008055:Lipids; D014280:Triglycerides; D002784:Cholesterol; D005947:Glucose