title: Pharmacological interventions for ischaemia reperfusion injury in liver resection surgery performed under vascular control.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vascular occlusion used during elective liver resection to reduce blood loss results in significant ischaemia reperfusion (IR) injury. This in turn leads to significant postoperative liver dysfunction and morbidity. Various pharmacological drugs have been used in experimental settings to ameliorate the ischaemia reperfusion injury in liver resections.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the relative benefits and harms of using one pharmacological intervention versus another pharmacological intervention to decrease ischaemia reperfusion injury during liver resections where vascular occlusion was performed during the surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched The Cochrane Hepato-Biliary Group Controlled Trials Register, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) in The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Science Citation Index Expanded until January 2009.
  
  
  METHODS
  We included randomised clinical trials, irrespective of language or publication status, comparing one pharmacological agent versus another pharmacological agent during elective liver resections with vascular occlusion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two authors independently identified trials for inclusion and independently extracted data. We analysed the data with both the fixed-effect and the random-effects models using RevMan Analysis. We planned to calculate the risk ratio (RR) or mean difference (MD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) based on intention-to-treat analysis or available case analysis. However, all outcomes were only reported on by single trials, and meta-analysis could not be performed. Therefore, we performed Fisher's exact test on dichotomous outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified a total of five randomised trials evaluating nine different pharmacological interventions (amrinone, prostaglandin E1, pentoxifylline, dopexamine, dopamine, ulinastatin, gantaile, sevoflurane, and propofol). All trials had high risk of bias. There was no significant difference between the groups in mortality, liver failure, or perioperative morbidity. The ulinastatin group had significantly lower postoperative enzyme markers of liver injury compared with the gantaile group. None of the other comparisons showed any difference in any of the other outcomes. However, there is a high risk of type I and type II errors because of the few trials included, the small sample size in each trial, and the risk of bias.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ulinastatin may have a protective effect against ischaemia reperfusion injury relative to gantaile in elective liver resections performed under vascular occlusion. The absolute benefit of this drug agent remains unknown. None of the drugs can be recommended for routine clinical practice. Considering that none of the drugs have proven to be useful to decrease ischaemia reperfusion injury, such trials should include a group of patients who do not receive any active intervention whenever possible to determine the pharmacological drug's absolute effects on ischaemia reperfusion injury in liver resections.
authors.affiliation: University Department of Surgery, Royal Free Hospital and University College School of Medicine, 9th Floor, Royal Free Hospital, Pond Street, London, UK, NW3 2QG.
authors.forename: Mahmoud
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Abu-Amara
authors.forename: Kurinchi Selvan
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Gurusamy
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Glantzounis
authors.forename: Barry
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fuller
authors.forename: Brian R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Davidson
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D016063:Blood Loss, Surgical / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017558:Elective Surgical Procedures; D006498:Hepatectomy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000098:blood supply*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000097:blood / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers