title: Hepatitis B virus X protein overcomes the growth-inhibitory potential of retinoic acid by downregulating retinoic acid receptor-beta2 expression via DNA methylation.
abstract: Aberrant promoter methylation of retinoic acid receptor-beta(2) (RAR-beta(2)) is frequently detected in hepatitis B virus (HBV)-positive hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); however, the mechanism of methylation and its biological significance are unknown. This study showed that HBx, the principal oncogene product of HBV, induced promoter hypermethylation of RAR-beta(2) via upregulation of DNA methyltransferases 1 and 3a, resulting in downregulation of its expression in human HCC cells. In addition, HBx abolished the potential of retinoic acid (RA) to downregulate levels of G(1)-checkpoint regulators including p16, p21 and p27, resulting in activation of E2F1 in the presence of RA. As a consequence, HBx-expressing cells were less susceptible to RA-induced cell growth inhibition compared with control cells. These effects almost completely disappeared when levels of RAR-beta(2) in HBx-expressing cells were restored by treatment with a universal DNA methylation inhibitor, 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine. As RAR-beta(2) is a major executor of the anti-tumour potential of RA, its epigenetic downregulation by HBx is likely to be an important step during HBV-mediated tumorigenesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jin Kyu
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: Sun-Hye
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Kyung Lib
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Jang
mesh_terms: D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000821:virology; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D004248:DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D019175:DNA Methylation; D015536:Down-Regulation; D056945:Hep G2 Cells; D006515:Hepatitis B virus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000821:virology; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D054334:Viral Regulatory and Accessory Proteins
chemical_list: D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid; D015534:Trans-Activators; D054334:Viral Regulatory and Accessory Proteins; C057628:hepatitis B virus X protein; C540966:retinoic acid receptor, beta2, human; D014212:Tretinoin; D004248:DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferases