title: Prevalence of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in a general population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Because the process of myocardial remodelling starts before the onset of symptoms, recent heart failure (HF) guidelines place special emphasis on the detection of subclinical left ventricular (LV) systolic and diastolic dysfunction and the timely identification of risk factors for HF. Our goal was to describe the prevalence and determinants (risk factors) of LV diastolic dysfunction in a general population and to compare the amino terminal probrain natriuretic peptide level across groups with and without diastolic dysfunction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In a randomly recruited population sample (n=539; 50.5% women; mean age, 52.5 years), we measured early and late diastolic peak velocities of mitral inflow (E and A), pulmonary vein flow by pulsed-wave Doppler, and the mitral annular velocities (Ea and Aa) at 4 sites by tissue Doppler imaging. A healthy subsample of 239 subjects (mean age, 43.7 years) provided age-specific cutoff limits for normal E/A and E/Ea ratios and the differences in duration between the mitral A and the reverse pulmonary vein flows during atrial systole (DeltaAd-ARd). The number of subjects in diastolic dysfunction groups 1 (impaired relaxation), 2 (elevated LV end-diastolic filling pressure), and 3 (elevated E/Ea and abnormally low E/A) were 53 (9.8%), 76 (14.1%), and 18 (3.4%), respectively. We used Delta(Ad<ARd+10) to confirm possible elevation of LV filling pressures in group 2. Compared with subjects with normal diastolic function (n=392, 72.7%), group 1 (209 versus 251 pmol/L; P=0.015) and group 2 (209 versus 275 pmol/L; P=0.0003) but not group 3 (209 versus 224 pmol/L; P=0.65) had a significantly higher adjusted NT-probrain natriuretic peptide. Higher age, body mass index, heart rate, systolic blood pressure, serum insulin, and creatinine were significantly associated with a higher risk of LV diastolic dysfunction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The overall prevalence of LV diastolic dysfunction in a random sample of a general population, as estimated from echocardiographic measurements, was as high as 27.3%.
authors.affiliation: Studies Coordinating Centre, Division of Hypertension and Cardiovascular Rehabilitation, Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. tatiana.kouznetsova@med.kuleuven.be
authors.forename: Tatiana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kuznetsova
authors.forename: Lieven
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Herbots
authors.forename: Begoña
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: López
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Richart
authors.forename: Lutgarde
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Thijs
authors.forename: Arantxa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: González
authors.forename: Marie-Christine
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Herregods
authors.forename: Robert H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Fagard
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Díez
authors.forename: Jan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Staessen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001530:Belgium / Q000453:epidemiology; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D003971:Diastole; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020097:Natriuretic Peptide, Brain / Q000097:blood*; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000097:blood*; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin; D010446:Peptide Fragments; C109794:pro-brain natriuretic peptide (1-76); D020097:Natriuretic Peptide, Brain; D003404:Creatinine