title: Cementum, pulp, periodontal ligament, and bone response after direct injury with orthodontic anchorage screws: a histomorphologic study in an animal model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the histologic response of the periodontium, cementum, and pulp after intentional root injury with titanium screws.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three female beagle dogs were used, and a total of 60 self-drilling/self-tapping miniscrews were manually inserted into the maxilla and the mandible with the intention of placement in close proximity or in direct contact with the roots. Digital radiographs were taken to select the sites with root injuries. After a 3-month period, the animals were killed and serial nondecalcified histologic sections were obtained with the miniscrew in place.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixteen sites with significant root injury were identified. Four sites presented with cementum abrasion, 7 sites had dentin penetration up to 50% of the diameter of the screw, and 5 sites had miniscrew penetration into the pulp space with root fragmentation. At all damaged sites, continuous cementum repair could be observed. There was no evidence of external resorption or pulpal necrosis and/or inflammatory infiltrate. Point ankylosis was seen only in cases of severe injury with root fragmentation. Finally, woven bone was present along the miniscrew threads.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When titanium screws penetrate root cementum or dentin, pulpal necrosis and/or inflammation was not observed at 12 weeks in an animal model. Cementum regenerates at every injury site, but ankylosis can occur with root fragmentation. Woven bone is present at the screw-bone interface even with root contact suggesting osteointegration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dentistry, Montefiore Medical Center, The University Hospital for the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Volong
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Dao
authors.forename: Rahul
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Renjen
authors.forename: Hari S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Prasad
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Rohrer
authors.forename: Anthony L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Maganzini
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Kraut
mesh_terms: D000539:Alveolar Process / Q000293:injuries / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D001863:Bone Screws / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003739:Dental Cementum / Q000293:injuries / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology; D003758:Dental Implantation, Endosseous / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation; D003782:Dental Pulp / Q000293:injuries / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D008334:Mandible; D008437:Maxilla; D052280:Orthodontic Anchorage Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation; D016348:Osseointegration / Q000502:physiology; D010513:Periodontal Ligament / Q000293:injuries / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology; D010519:Periodontium / Q000293:injuries* / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology; D014025:Titanium; D020254:Tooth Ankylosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D018677:Tooth Injuries / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D014092:Tooth Root / Q000293:injuries* / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D014025:Titanium