title: Writing memories with light-addressable reinforcement circuitry.
abstract: Dopaminergic neurons are thought to drive learning by signaling changes in the expectations of salient events, such as rewards or punishments. Olfactory conditioning in Drosophila requires direct dopamine action on intrinsic mushroom body neurons, the likely storage sites of olfactory memories. Neither the cellular sources of the conditioning dopamine nor its precise postsynaptic targets are known. By optically controlling genetically circumscribed subsets of dopaminergic neurons in the behaving fly, we have mapped the origin of aversive reinforcement signals to the PPL1 cluster of 12 dopaminergic cells. PPL1 projections target restricted domains in the vertical lobes and heel of the mushroom body. Artificially evoked activity in a small number of identifiable cells thus suffices for programming behaviorally meaningful memories. The delineation of core reinforcement circuitry is an essential first step in dissecting the neural mechanisms that compute and represent valuations, store associations, and guide actions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK.
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Claridge-Chang
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Roorda
authors.forename: Eleftheria
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vrontou
authors.forename: Lucas
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sjulson
authors.forename: Haiyan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Jay
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hirsh
authors.forename: Gero
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Miesenböck
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology; D003214:Conditioning, Classical; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D004331:Drosophila melanogaster / Q000502:physiology*; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D008568:Memory; D024521:Mushroom Bodies / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology; D009833:Olfactory Pathways
chemical_list: D004298:Dopamine