title: Outcome of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia with induction failure treated by the Japan Association of Childhood Leukemia study (JACLS) ALL F-protocol.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) who fail to achieve complete remission (CR) after induction therapy (induction failure: IF) have a poor prognosis; however, there have been few prospective studies in patients with IF.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between April 1997 and March 2005, 27 of 1,237 leukemic patients (2.2%) failed to achieve CR after four- or five-drug induction therapy. Twenty-three of these patients entered the F-protocol study, which mainly consisted of acute-myeloid-leukemia-oriented chemotherapy followed by scheduled hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventeen (73.9%) of the 23 patients responded to re-induction chemotherapy with CR. Of note, 15 (93.8%) of 16 patients with Philadelphia-chromosome-negative (non-Ph(+)) ALL achieved CR; in contrast, only 2 (28.6%) of 7 Ph(+) patients achieved CR. Fourteen (82.4%) of 17 patients remained in CR (CCR) until their scheduled HCT, 12 of the 14 with CCR underwent HCT as scheduled, and 6 patients remain in first CR after a median of 78 months (range, 49-107 months). The 5-year overall survival (OS) rates of 16 patients with non-Ph(+) and 7 patients with Ph(+) were 43.8 +/- 12.4% and 14.3 +/- 13.2%, respectively (P = 0.012). The 5-year OS rate of the 17 patients who obtained CR by re-induction therapy and the 6 who did not were 47.1 +/- 12.1% and 0%, respectively (P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Acute-myeloid-leukemia-oriented chemotherapy followed by scheduled HCT is a promising treatment strategy for non-Ph(+) ALL patients with IF.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Sapporo Medical University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan. nsuzuki@sapmed.ac.jp
authors.forename: Nobuhiro
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Keiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yumura-Yagi
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.forename: Junichi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hara
authors.forename: Shinichiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nishimura
authors.forename: Tooru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kudoh
authors.forename: Akio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tawa
authors.forename: Ikuya
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Usami
authors.forename: Akihiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tanizawa
authors.forename: Hiroki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hori
authors.forename: Yasuhiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: Ryosuke
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Miyaji
authors.forename: Megumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oda
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.forename: Kazuko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hamamoto
authors.forename: Yuko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Osugi
authors.forename: Yoshiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hashii
authors.forename: Tatsutoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakahata
authors.forename: Keizo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Horibe
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016026:Bone Marrow Transplantation; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010677:Philadelphia Chromosome; D054198:Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012074:Remission Induction; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome