title: Cost-of-illness of rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess, quantify and summarise the cost of illness of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and ankylosing spondylitis (AS) from the societal perspective.
  
  
  METHODS
  Original studies reporting costs of RA or AS were searched systematically. Both cost-of-illness studies and economic evaluations of therapies were included. Studies were appraised for patient and study characteristics, type of costs and actual costs. Reported costs were aggregated by cost categories and overall mean costs were summarised by cost domain (healthcare, patient and family, and productivity costs).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall mean costs of RA (euro14,906 per year) were above that of AS (euro9,374 per year), while the relative distribution of costs over cost domains was approximately similar. For both diseases, productivity costs based on the human cost approach were 3 to 10 times higher than the friction costs and accounted for more than half the total costs of both diseases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Productivity costs constitute the largest part of the total cost-off-illness of RA and AS reflecting the high burden of the disease on work participation. Although total and direct costs of illness in RA were higher than in AS, the average age of AS patients was 10 years lower and therefore, lifetime costs associated with AS may actually be equal or higher.
authors.affiliation: Maastricht University, CAPHRI Institute, Faculty of Health Medicine and Life Sciences, Department of Health Organisation Policy and Economics, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Franke
authors.forename: A J H A
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Ament
authors.forename: M A F J
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: van de Laar
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Boonen
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Severens
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000191:economics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004526:Efficiency; D004651:Employment; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs; D005102:Health Expenditures; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013167:Spondylitis, Ankylosing / Q000191:economics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D055815:Young Adult