title: Gastrointestinal somatization in males and females with depressive disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess gastrointestinal symptoms among depressed patients presenting in an outpatient psychiatric clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  All consecutive and consenting cases of depressive disorder presenting to the clinic from Jan' 02 to Dec' 05 were inducted in the study. A descriptive study was carried out in a clinical setting at the Neuro-Spinal Medical Institute, Karachi, Pakistan. The assessment was based on detailed history, physical examination, mental state examination and filling of semi structured proforma designed for this purpose. For diagnostic purpose WHO classification ICD-10 criteria was used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 1165 (Male: 56%, Female: 43.2%) patients were assessed. The age ranged from 6 to 90 years for male and 5 to 80 for females with p-value of 0.001. Majority were married. Their educational status revealed that 20.4% of males and 45.1% females were illiterate. The most frequently reported gastrointestinal symptom was decreased appetite (67.7%) followed by constipation (57.7%) and diarrhoea (42.3%). Other reported symptoms included abdominal pain, vomiting, gas, indigestion and nausea in order of frequency. In males 13.7% and 12.7% females had suffered for > 10 years before seeking psychiatric consultation. Surprisingly, about 26.3% of the patients had previously pursued alternative modes of treatment (homeopathic, faith healers and hakeems).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Somatic symptoms manifesting as gastrointestinal symptoms are common in patients with depressive disorder. Awareness about such an association is essential and will be useful for primary care physicians and gastroenterologists for establishing early diagnosis and management, thus avoiding unnecessary investigations in patients with poor resources.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Jinnah Post Graduate Medical Center, Karachi, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad Iqbal
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Afridi
authors.forename: Muhammad Ahmed
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Siddiqui
authors.forename: Asma
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ansari
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D013001:Somatoform Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires