The restless brain: attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, resting-state functional connectivity, and intrasubject variability.
OBJECTIVE
To highlight recent advances in the conceptualization of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) emerging from neuroimaging and endophenotypic approaches.


METHODS
We selectively reviewed recent published literature on the phenomena of resting-state functional connectivity, intrasubject variability, and diffusion tensor imaging pertaining to ADHD.


RESULTS
Recent advances based on the novel approach of resting-state functional connectivity appear to be highly promising and likely to link to studies of intrasubject variability.


CONCLUSIONS
Endophenotypic fractionation may offer a means of addressing the complex heterogeneity of ADHD on the path to testable models of pathophysiology. Such models focusing on intrasubject variability, intrinsic brain activity, and reward-related processing are progressing rapidly.
Castellanos
F Xavier
FX
Neidich Professor of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Phyllis Green and Randolph Côwen Institute for Pediatric Neuroscience, NYU Child Study Center, New York, New York, USA. francisco.castellanos@nyumc.org
Kelly
Clare
C
Milham
Michael P
MP
D000328:Adult; D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology*; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D038524:Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D004292:Dominance, Cerebral; D006179:Gyrus Cinguli / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D007206:Individuality; D009042:Motivation; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000503:physiopathology*