title: Morbidity is related to a green living environment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  As a result of increasing urbanisation, people face the prospect of living in environments with few green spaces. There is increasing evidence for a positive relation between green space in people's living environment and self-reported indicators of physical and mental health. This study investigates whether physician-assessed morbidity is also related to green space in people's living environment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Morbidity data were derived from electronic medical records of 195 general practitioners in 96 Dutch practices, serving a population of 345,143 people. Morbidity was classified by the general practitioners according to the International Classification of Primary Care. The percentage of green space within a 1 km and 3 km radius around the postal code coordinates was derived from an existing database and was calculated for each household. Multilevel logistic regression analyses were performed, controlling for demographic and socioeconomic characteristics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The annual prevalence rate of 15 of the 24 disease clusters was lower in living environments with more green space in a 1 km radius. The relation was strongest for anxiety disorder and depression. The relation was stronger for children and people with a lower socioeconomic status. Furthermore, the relation was strongest in slightly urban areas and not apparent in very strongly urban areas.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study indicates that the previously established relation between green space and a number of self-reported general indicators of physical and mental health can also be found for clusters of specific physician-assessed morbidity. The study stresses the importance of green space close to home for children and lower socioeconomic groups.
authors.affiliation: EMGO Institute, VU University Medical Centre, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands. jolanda.maas@rivm.nl
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Maas
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Verheij
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: de Vries
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Spreeuwenberg
authors.forename: F G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Schellevis
authors.forename: P P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Groenewegen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002958:City Planning; D003441:Crowding / Q000523:psychology; D004777:Environment; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008603:Mental Health; D008875:Middle Aged; D009017:Morbidity; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D010944:Plants; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014504:Urban Health; D014507:Urbanization