Violence against women and increases in the risk of diarrheal disease and respiratory tract infections in infancy: a prospective cohort study in Bangladesh.
OBJECTIVE
To explore whether different forms of violence against women were associated with increased incidence rates of diarrhea and respiratory tract infections among infants.


METHODS
A 12-month follow-up study embedded in a food and micronutrient supplementation trial.


METHODS
Rural Bangladesh.


METHODS
Pregnant women and their 3132 live-born children.


METHODS
Maternal exposure to physical, sexual, and emotional violence and level of controlling behavior in the family.


METHODS
Infants' risk of falling ill with diarrheal diseases and respiratory tract infections in relation to mothers' exposure to different forms of violence. Adjusted for household economic conditions, mother's education level, parity, and religion.


RESULTS
Fifty percent of the women reported lifetime experience of family violence. Infants of mothers exposed to different forms of family violence had 26% to 37% higher incidence of diarrhea. Any lifetime family violence was positively associated with increased incidence of diarrheal diseases (adjusted rate ratio, 1.20; 95% confidence interval, 1.10-1.30) and lower respiratory tract infections (adjusted rate ratio, 1.31; 95% confidence interval, 1.17-1.46). Further, all forms of family violence were also independently positively associated with infant illness, and the highest incidence rates were found among the daughters of severely physically abused mothers.


CONCLUSIONS
Family violence against women was positively associated with an increased risk of falling ill with diarrheal and respiratory tract infections during infancy. The present findings add to increasing evidence of the magnitude of public health consequences of violence against women.
Asling-Monemi
Kajsa
K
International Maternal and Child Health, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden. kajsa.asling@kbh.uu.se
Naved
Ruchira Tabassum
RT
Persson
Lars Ake
LA
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001459:Bangladesh / Q000453:epidemiology; D003968:Diarrhea, Infantile / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D018811:Maternal Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000453:epidemiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D012307:Risk Factors; D012424:Rural Population; D017678:Sex Distribution; D013179:Spouse Abuse / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*