title: Major depression and coronary flow reserve detected by positron emission tomography.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Major depressive disorder (MDD) is associated with coronary heart disease (CHD), but the mechanisms are unclear. The presence of MDD may increase CHD risk by affecting microvascular circulation. It is also plausible that genetic factors influencing MDD may overlap with those for CHD. We sought to examine the relationship between MDD and coronary flow reserve (CFR), the ratio of maximum flow during stress to flow at rest measured in milliliters per minute per gram of tissue.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined 289 male middle-aged twins, including 106 twins (53 twin pairs) discordant for a lifetime history of MDD and 183 control twins (unrelated to any twins in the experimental group) without MDD. To calculate CFR, we used positron emission tomography with nitrogen 13 ((13)N) ammonia to evaluate myocardial blood flow at rest and after adenosine stress. A standard perfusion defect score was also used to assess myocardial ischemia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no difference in myocardial ischemia between twins with and without MDD. Among the dizygotic twin pairs discordant for MDD, the CFR was 14% lower in the twins with MDD than in their brothers without MDD (2.36 vs 2.74) (P = .03). This association was not present in the monozygotic discordant pairs who were genetically matched (2.86 vs 2.64) (P = .19). The zygosity-MDD interaction after adjustment was significant (P = .006). The CFR in the dizygotic twins with MDD was also lower than in the control twins.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results provide evidence for a shared genetic pathway between MDD and microvascular dysfunction. Common pathophysiologic processes may link MDD and early atherosclerosis.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30306, USA. viola.vaccarino@emory.edu
authors.forename: Viola
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vaccarino
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Votaw
authors.forename: Tracy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Faber
authors.forename: Emir
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Veledar
authors.forename: Nancy V
authors.initials: NV
authors.lastname: Murrah
authors.forename: Linda R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Jinying
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Shaoyong
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: Jack
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Goldberg
authors.forename: J Paolo
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Raggi
authors.forename: Arshed A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Quyyumi
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Sheps
authors.forename: J Douglas
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Bremner
mesh_terms: D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D003326:Coronary Circulation; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004200:Diseases in Twins / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology*; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006321:Heart / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D014429:Twins, Dizygotic; D014430:Twins, Monozygotic