title: Racial differences in osteoarthritis pain and function: potential explanatory factors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examined factors underlying racial differences in pain and function among patients with hip and/or knee osteoarthritis (OA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were n=491 African Americans and Caucasians enrolled in a clinical trial of telephone-based OA self-management. Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales-2 (AIMS2) pain and function subscales were obtained at baseline. Potential explanatory variables included arthritis self-efficacy, AIMS2 affect subscale, problem- and emotion-focused pain coping, demographic characteristics, body mass index, self-reported health, joint(s) with OA, symptom duration, pain medication use, current exercise, and AIMS2 pain subscale (in models of function). Variables associated with both race and pain or function, and which reduced the association of race with pain or function by >or=10%, were included in final multivariable models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In simple linear regression models, African Americans had worse scores than Caucasians on AIMS2 pain (B=0.65, P=0.001) and function (B=0.59, P<0.001) subscales. In multivariable models race was no longer associated with pain (B=0.03, P=0.874) or function (B=0.07, P=0.509), indicating these associations were accounted for by other covariates. Variables associated with worse AIMS2 pain and function were: worse AIMS2 affect scores, greater emotion-focused coping, lower arthritis self-efficacy, and fair or poor self-reported health. AIMS2 pain scores were also significantly associated with AIMS2 function.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Factors explaining racial differences in pain and function were largely psychological, including arthritis self-efficacy, affect, and use of emotion-focused coping. Self-management and psychological interventions can influence these factors, and greater dissemination among African Americans may be a key step toward reducing racial disparities in pain and function.
authors.affiliation: Health Services Research and Development Service, Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA. kelli.allen@duke.edu
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: E Z
authors.initials: EZ
authors.lastname: Oddone
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Coffman
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Keefe
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lindquist
authors.forename: H B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Bosworth
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D001741:Black or African American / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015207:Osteoarthritis, Hip / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D020370:Osteoarthritis, Knee / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D010146:Pain / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology; D010147:Pain Measurement; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D044465:White People / Q000523:psychology