title: Genetic analysis and putative role in resistance to antivirals of the human cytomegalovirus DNA polymerase UL44 processivity factor.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) DNA polymerase is composed of the UL54 catalytic subunit and the UL44 accessory protein. UL44 increases the processivity of polymerase along the DNA template during replication and, incidentally, is a substrate for the UL97 phosphotransferase. The molecular mechanisms of HCMV resistance to antiviral drugs interfering with viral DNA synthesis reported so far only rely on the presence of amino acid changes within the UL97 and UL54 viral enzymes. We aimed to describe the natural polymorphism of UL44 and to analyse the changes of its amino acids potentially associated with HCMV resistance to antivirals.
  
  
  METHODS
  The full-length UL44 gene sequence was compared to that of four reference strains (including the AD169 strain) and 43 clinical strains from patients who had not received any previous anti-HCMV treatment, and 25 blood samples from 15 HCMV-infected patients experiencing therapeutic failure and exhibiting genotypic traits of HCMV resistance to antivirals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, seven different amino acid changes associated with natural polymorphisms were identified among the 433 residues of the UL44 protein, occurring at a frequency of 2.1% for five of them and 10.6% for the double change G296S+L319I. The analysis of the HCMV strains exhibiting genotypic resistance to antivirals did not show any changes in UL44 that had significant association with resistance mutations of UL97 and/or UL54.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  UL44 processivity factor exhibits a very low polymorphism that does not concern the assumed functional domains of the protein. From this preliminary study, UL44 does not seem to be involved in HCMV resistance to antivirals.
authors.affiliation: UPMC Univ Paris 06, ER1 DETIV, Paris, France. david.boutolleau@psl.aphp.fr
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Boutolleau
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Deback
authors.forename: Céline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bressollette-Bodin
authors.forename: Françoise
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Conan
authors.forename: Zaïna
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Aït-Arkoub
authors.forename: Berthe-Marie
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Imbert-Marcille
authors.forename: Henri
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Agut
mesh_terms: D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003587:Cytomegalovirus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004259:DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D015967:Gene Expression Regulation, Viral; D006801:Humans; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C072217:ICP36 protein, Cytomegalovirus; D014764:Viral Proteins; D004259:DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase