title: A reverse-translational study of dysfunctional exploration in psychiatric disorders: from mice to men.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bipolar mania and schizophrenia are recognized as separate disorders but share many commonalities, which raises the question of whether they are the same disorder on different ends of a continuum. The lack of distinct endophenotypes of bipolar mania and schizophrenia has complicated the development of animal models that are specific to these disorders. Exploration is fundamental to survival and is dysregulated in these 2 disorders. Although exploratory behavior in rodents has been widely studied, surprisingly little work has examined this critical function in humans.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To quantify the exploratory behavior of individuals with bipolar mania and schizophrenia and to identify distinctive phenotypes of these illnesses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Static group comparison by the use of a novel human open field paradigm, the human Behavioral Pattern Monitor (BPM).
  
  
  METHODS
  Psychiatric hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen patients with bipolar mania and 16 patients with schizophrenia were compared with 26 healthy volunteers in the human BPM. The effects of amphetamine sulfate, the selective dopamine transporter inhibitor GBR12909, and the genetic knockdown of the dopamine transporter were compared with controls in the mouse BPM.
  
  
  METHODS
  The amount of motor activity, spatial patterns of activity, and exploration of novel stimuli were quantified in both the human and mouse BPMs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with bipolar mania demonstrated a unique exploratory pattern, characterized by high motor activity and increased object exploration. Patients with schizophrenia did not show the expected habituation of motor activity. Selective genetic or pharmacologic inhibition of the dopamine transporter matched the mania phenotype better than the effects of amphetamine, which has been the criterion standard for animal models of mania.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings validate the human open field paradigm and identify defining characteristics of bipolar mania that are distinct from those of schizophrenia. This cross-species study of exploration calls into question an accepted animal model of mania and should help to develop more accurate human and animal models, which are essential to the identification of the neurobiological underpinnings of neuropsychiatric disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, MC 0804, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804, USA.
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Perry
authors.forename: Arpi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Minassian
authors.forename: Martin P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Paulus
authors.forename: Jared W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: Meegin J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Kincaid
authors.forename: Eliza J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Ferguson
authors.forename: Brook L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Henry
authors.forename: Xiaoxi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhuang
authors.forename: Virginia L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Masten
authors.forename: Richard F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Sharp
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Geyer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000661:Amphetamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D050483:Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D005106:Exploratory Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006185:Habituation, Psychophysiologic / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000235:genetics; D010641:Phenotype; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D050483:Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; D000661:Amphetamine