title: Zoledronic acid repolarizes tumour-associated macrophages and inhibits mammary carcinogenesis by targeting the mevalonate pathway.
abstract: It is unknown whether zoledronic acid (ZA) at clinically relevant doses is active against tumours not located in bone. Mice transgenic for the activated ErbB-2 oncogene were treated with a cumulative number of doses equivalent to that recommended in human beings. A significant increase in tumour-free and overall survival was observed in mice treated with ZA. At clinically compatible concentrations, ZA modulated the mevalonate pathway and affected protein prenylation in both tumour cells and macrophages. A marked reduction in the number of tumour-associated macrophages was paralleled by a significant decrease in tumour vascularization. The local production of vascular endothelial growth factor and interleukin-10 was drastically down-regulated in favour of interferon-γ production. Peritoneal macrophages and tumour-associated macrophages of ZA-treated mice recovered a full M1 antitumoral phenotype, as shown by nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kB, inducible nitric oxide synthase expression and nitric oxide production. These data indicate that clinically achievable doses of ZA inhibit spontaneous mammary cancerogenesis by targeting the local microenvironment, as shown by a decreased tumour vascularization, a reduced number of tumour-associated macrophages and their reverted polarization from M2 to M1 phenotype.
authors.affiliation: Divisione di Ematologia dell'Università di Torino, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria S. Giovanni Battista di Torino, Torino, Italy. marta.coscia@unito.it
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Coscia
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Quaglino
authors.forename: Manuela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Iezzi
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Curcio
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pantaleoni
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Riganti
authors.forename: Ingunn
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Holen
authors.forename: Hannu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mönkkönen
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boccadoro
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Forni
authors.forename: Piero
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Musiani
authors.forename: Amalia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bosia
authors.forename: Federica
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cavallo
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Massaia
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects*; D004164:Diphosphonates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D018734:Genes, erbB-2; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000378:metabolism; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000378:metabolism; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D008321:Mammary Glands, Animal / Q000473:pathology; D015674:Mammary Neoplasms, Animal / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D053858:Metabolic Networks and Pathways; D008798:Mevalonic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000235:genetics; D017368:Protein Prenylation; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000378:metabolism; D000077211:Zoledronic Acid
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D004164:Diphosphonates; D007093:Imidazoles; D016328:NF-kappa B; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D016753:Interleukin-10; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D000077211:Zoledronic Acid; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D008798:Mevalonic Acid