title: X-band EPR imaging as a tool for gradient dose reconstruction in irradiated bones.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Various tools are currently available for dose reconstruction in individuals after accidental exposure to ionizing radiation. Among the available biological analyses, Monte Carlo simulations, and biophysical methods, such as electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), the latter has proved its usefulness for retrospective dosimetry. Although EPR spectroscopy is probably the most sensitive technique, it does not provide spatial dosimetric data. This information is, however, highly desirable when steep dose gradient irradiations are involved. The purpose of this work was to explore the possibilities of EPR imaging (EPRI) for spatial dose reconstruction in irradiated biological material.
  
  
  METHODS
  X-band EPRI was used to reconstruct ex vivo the relative dose distribution in human bone samples and hydroxyapatite phantoms after irradiation with brachytherapy seeds or x rays. Three situations were investigated: Homogeneous, stepwise gradient, and continuous gradient irradiation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  EPRI gave a faithful relative spin density distribution in bone samples and in hydroxyapatite phantoms. Measured dose ratios were in close agreement with the actual delivered dose ratios. EPRI was able to distinguish the dose gradients induced by two different sources (125I and 192Ir). However, the measured spatial resolution of the system was 1.9 mm and this appeared to be a limiting factor. The method could be improved by using new signal postprocessing strategies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates that EPRI can be used to assess the regional relative dose distribution in irradiated bone samples. The method is currently applicable to ex vivo measurements of small size samples with low variation in tissue density but is likely to be adapted for in vivo application using L-band EPRI.
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Magnetic Resonance Unit, Université catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Levêque
authors.forename: Quentin
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Godechal
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bol
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Trompier
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gallez
mesh_terms: D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000528:radiation effects*; D001918:Brachytherapy; D017886:Durapatite / Q000528:radiation effects; D005269:Femur / Q000528:radiation effects; D006801:Humans; D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes; D007496:Iridium Radioisotopes; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011874:Radiometry / Q000379:methods*; D014965:X-Rays
chemical_list: D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes; D007496:Iridium Radioisotopes; D017886:Durapatite