title: Graves hyperthyroidism and pregnancy: a clinical update.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To provide a clinical update on Graves' hyperthyroidism and pregnancy with a focus on treatment with antithyroid drugs.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the English-language literature for studies published between 1929 and 2009 related to management of hyperthyroidism in pregnancy. In this review, we discuss differential diagnosis of hyperthyroidism, management, importance of early diagnosis, and importance of achieving proper control to avoid maternal and fetal complications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Diagnosing hyperthyroidism during pregnancy can be challenging because many of the signs and symptoms are similar to normal physiologic changes that occur in pregnancy. Patients with Graves disease require prompt treatment with antithyroid drugs and should undergo frequent monitoring for signs of fetal and maternal hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Rates of maternal and perinatal complications are directly related to control of hyperthyroidism in the mother. Thyroid receptor antibodies should be assessed in all women with hyperthyroidism to help predict and reduce the risk of fetal or neonatal hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism. The maternal thyroxine level should be kept in the upper third of the reference range or just above normal, using the lowest possible antithyroid drug dosage. Hyperthyroidism may recur in the postpartum period as Graves disease or postpartum thyroiditis; thus, it is prudent to evaluate thyroid function 6 weeks after delivery. Preconception counseling, a multidisciplinary approach to care, and patient education regarding potential maternal and fetal complications that can occur with different types of treatment are important.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Preconception counseling and a multifaceted approach to care by the endocrinologist and the obstetric team are imperative for a successful pregnancy in women with Graves hyperthyroidism.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA.
authors.forename: Komal
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Patil-Sisodia
authors.forename: Jorge H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Mestman
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006111:Graves Disease / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D013971:Thyrotoxicosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology