title: Pneumatoceles in preterm infants-incidence and outcome in the post-surfactant era.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pneumatoceles are gas-filled cysts within the lung parenchyma resulting mostly from ventilator-induced lung injury and air-leak in premature infants with respiratory distress syndrome. The use of surfactant in the treatment of respiratory distress syndrome has resulted in a decrease in the incidence of air-leak disease. Our aim was to study the incidence and clinical course of pneumatoceles in the surfactant era.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective study of infants born at < or =30 weeks gestational age was admitted to the University of Connecticut Health Center NICU from 1998 to 2007. Pneumatoceles and other intrathoracic air-leaks were identified and comparisons were made with infants without these conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pneumatoceles were identified in 19 preterm infants, born at gestational age < or =30 weeks, needing positive pressure ventilation for respiratory distress syndrome between the years 1998 to 2007. Pneumatoceles appeared early (median, 7th day of life; range, 1st to 28th day of life) and usually resolved with decrease in mean airway pressure (median, 4 days; range, 3 to 125 days). The majority of pneumatoceles were located in the right parahilar region (18/19). Associated intrathoracic air-leaks were pulmonary interstitial emphysema (5/19), pneumothorax (10/19), and pneumomediastinum (1/19). None of the infants required any invasive procedures to alleviate the pneumatoceles. In infants who survived, most pneumatoceles resolved with a decrease in mean airway pressure or extubation (14/15). One infant had a persistent pneumatocele for 125 days without any cardiopulmonary compromise and five infants died as a result air-leaks along with other complications of prematurity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pneumatoceles are a manifestation of intrathoracic air-leaks of prematurity. They are markers for ventilator-induced lung injury and are associated with significant mortality similar to other intrathoracic air-leaks. However, conservative management with reduction in mean airway pressure is effective in the resolution of this condition and interventional decompression of the pneumatocele is generally not necessary.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030-2948, USA. hussain@nso1.uchc.edu
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hussain
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Noce
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jagjivan
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hegde
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pappagallo
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bhandari
mesh_terms: D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D008297:Male; D011175:Positive-Pressure Respiration / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011663:Pulmonary Surfactants; D012127:Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055397:Ventilator-Induced Lung Injury / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D011663:Pulmonary Surfactants