title: Polar firn air reveals large-scale impact of anthropogenic mercury emissions during the 1970s.
abstract: Mercury (Hg) is an extremely toxic pollutant, and its biogeochemical cycle has been perturbed by anthropogenic emissions during recent centuries. In the atmosphere, gaseous elemental mercury (GEM; Hg degrees ) is the predominant form of mercury (up to 95%). Here we report the evolution of atmospheric levels of GEM in mid- to high-northern latitudes inferred from the interstitial air of firn (perennial snowpack) at Summit, Greenland. GEM concentrations increased rapidly after World War II from approximately 1.5 ng m(-3) reaching a maximum of approximately 3 ng m(-3) around 1970 and decreased until stabilizing at approximately 1.7 ng m(-3) around 1995. This reconstruction reproduces real-time measurements available from the Arctic since 1995 and exhibits the same general trend observed in Europe since 1990. Anthropogenic emissions caused a two-fold rise in boreal atmospheric GEM concentrations before the 1970s, which likely contributed to higher deposition of mercury in both industrialized and remotes areas. Once deposited, this toxin becomes available for methylation and, subsequently, the contamination of ecosystems. Implementation of air pollution regulations, however, enabled a large-scale decline in atmospheric mercury levels during the 1980s. The results shown here suggest that potential increases in emissions in the coming decades could have a similar large-scale impact on atmospheric Hg levels.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Géophysique de l'Environnement (Unité Mixte de Recherche 5183 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Université Joseph Fourier), 54 Rue Molière, B.P. 96, 38402 St. Martin d'Hères Cedex, France. xavier.fain@dri.edu
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Faïn
authors.forename: Christophe P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Ferrari
authors.forename: Aurélien
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dommergue
authors.forename: Mary R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Albert
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Battle
authors.forename: Jeff
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Severinghaus
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Arnaud
authors.forename: Jean-Marc
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Barnola
authors.forename: Warren
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Cairns
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Barbante
authors.forename: Claude
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Boutron
mesh_terms: D000388:Air / Q000032:analysis*; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000032:analysis*; D000465:Algorithms; D001110:Arctic Regions; D001272:Atmosphere / Q000032:analysis; D017753:Ecosystem; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D005740:Gases / Q000032:analysis; D006116:Greenland; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D008628:Mercury / Q000032:analysis*; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D012914:Snow / Q000737:chemistry; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D005740:Gases; D008628:Mercury