title: Childhood maltreatment and telomere shortening: preliminary support for an effect of early stress on cellular aging.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Psychological stress and trauma are risk factors for several medical and psychiatric illnesses. Recent studies have implicated advanced cellular aging as a potential mechanism of this association. Telomeres, DNA repeats that cap the ends of chromosomes and promote stability, shorten progressively with each cell division; their length is a marker of biological aging. Based on previous evidence linking psychosocial stress to shorter telomere length, this study was designed to evaluate the effect of childhood adversity on telomere length.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-one adults with no current or past major Axis I psychiatric disorder participated. Subjects reported on their history of childhood maltreatment and telomere length was measured from DNA extracted from frozen whole blood using quantitative polymerase chain reaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants reporting a history of childhood maltreatment had significantly shorter telomeres than those who did not report a history of maltreatment. This finding was not due to effects of age, sex, smoking, body mass index, or other demographic factors. Analysis of subscales showed that both physical neglect and emotional neglect were significantly linked to telomere length.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results extend previous reports linking shortened leukocyte telomere length and caregiver stress to more remote stressful experiences in childhood and suggest that childhood maltreatment could influence cellular aging.
authors.affiliation: Mood Disorders Research Program, Butler Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA. Audrey_Tyrka@Brown.edu
authors.forename: Audrey R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Tyrka
authors.forename: Lawrence H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Price
authors.forename: Hung-Teh
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Kao
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Porton
authors.forename: Sarah A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Marsella
authors.forename: Linda L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Carpenter
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016922:Cellular Senescence / Q000235:genetics*; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000235:genetics*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016615:Telomere; D055815:Young Adult