title: The association between high plasma homocysteine levels and lower bone mineral density in Slovak women: the impact of vegetarian diet.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A long-term vegetarian diet is generally poor in vitamin B group. The lack of vitamin B(12) together with vitamin B(6) and folate deficiency is closely related to homocysteine metabolism. Hyperhomocysteinemia was found to be associated with increased bone turnover markers and increased fracture risk. Thus, hyperhomocysteinemia, vitamin B(12) and folate deficiency may be regarded as novel risk factors for micronutrient deficiency-related osteoporosis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the possible impact of a vegetarian diet on bone mineral density in cohort of Slovak vegetarian women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fasting serum glucose, albumin, calcium, phosphorous and creatinine as well as bone markers, serum vitamin B(12), folate and plasma levels of total homocysteine were assessed in two nutritional groups (vegetarians vs. nonvegetarians) of apparently healthy women (age range 20-70 years). Bone mineral density of the femoral neck, trochanter, total femur and lumbar spine was measured in all subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Vegetarians had a significantly lower weight (p < 0.05), higher PTH (p < 0.01) and homocysteine (p < 0.001). Vitamin B(12) was significantly higher in nonvegetarians (p < 0.001). No differences were observed in folate levels. Univariate analysis showed significant association between homocysteine and B(12) (p < 0.01), folate (p < 0.001), creatinine (p < 0.001), total proteins (p < 0.049), age (p < 0.001) and vegetarian food intake (p < 0.001). Vegetarians had a significantly lower TrFBMD (p < 0.05) and ToFBMD (p < 0.05). Age and CTx were significant predictors in all sites of measured BMD and PTH. A strong correlation between homocysteine and FNBMD (r = -0.2009, p < 0.002), TrFBMD (r = -0.1810, p < 0.004) and ToFBMD (r = -0.2225, p < 0.001) was found in all subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Homocysteine is one of the predictors of bone mineral density, and hyperhomocysteinemia is associated with lower bone mineral density. In healthy adults, homocysteine levels are dependent on age as well as on nutritional habits. Thus, elderly women on a vegetarian diet seem to be at higher risk of osteoporosis development than nonvegetarian women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacotherapy, Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, Slovakia. zorka.krivosikova@szu.sk
authors.forename: Zora
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Krivosíková
authors.forename: Marica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Krajcovicová-Kudlácková
authors.forename: Viera
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Spustová
authors.forename: Kornélia
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Stefíková
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Valachovicová
authors.forename: Pavel
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Blazícek
authors.forename: Tatiana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nĕmcová
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000418:Albumins; D001786:Blood Glucose; D015519:Bone Density; D002118:Calcium / Q000097:blood; D015984:Causality; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D014676:Diet, Vegetarian / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000097:blood; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D020138:Hyperhomocysteinemia / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000097:blood; D012307:Risk Factors; D018154:Slovakia / Q000453:epidemiology; D014805:Vitamin B 12 / Q000097:blood; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000418:Albumins; D001786:Blood Glucose; D006710:Homocysteine; D010758:Phosphorus; D005492:Folic Acid; D003404:Creatinine; D014805:Vitamin B 12; D002118:Calcium