title: Identification of glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper as a key regulator of tumor cell proliferation in epithelial ovarian cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Little is known about the molecules that contribute to tumor progression of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), currently a leading cause of mortality from gynecological malignancies. Glucocorticoid-Induced Leucine Zipper (GILZ), an intracellular protein widely expressed in immune tissues, has been reported in epithelial tissues and controls some of key signaling pathways involved in tumorigenesis. However, there has been no report on GILZ in EOC up to now. The objectives of the current study were to examine the expression of GILZ in EOC and its effect on tumor cell proliferation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  GILZ expression was measured by immunohistochemical staining in tissue sections from 3 normal ovaries, 7 benign EOC and 50 invasive EOC. GILZ was not detected on the surface epithelium of normal ovaries and benign tumors. In contrast, it was expressed in the cytoplasm of tumor cells in 80% EOC specimens. GILZ immunostaining scores correlated positively to the proliferation marker Ki-67 (Spearman test in univariate analysis, P < 0.00001, r = 0.56). They were also higher in tumor cells containing large amounts of phosphorylated protein kinase B (p-AKT) (unpaired t test, P < 0.0001). To assess the effect of GILZ on proliferation and AKT activation, we used the BG-1 cell line derived from ovarian tumor cells as a cellular model. GILZ expression was either enhanced by stable transfection or decreased by the use of small interfering (si) RNA targeting GILZ. We found that GILZ increased cell proliferation, phospho-AKT cellular content and AKT kinase activity. Further, GILZ upregulated cyclin D1 and phosphorylated retinoblastoma (p-Rb), downregulated cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21, and promoted the entry into S phase of cell cycle.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study is the first to identify GILZ as a molecule produced by ovarian cancer cells that promotes cell cycle progression and proliferation. Our findings clearly indicate that GILZ activates AKT, a crucial signaling molecule in tumorigenesis. GILZ thus appears as a potential key molecule in EOC.
authors.affiliation: UMR-S 764, INSERM/Université Paris-Sud, Clamart, France. nessredjimi@yahoo.fr
authors.forename: Nassima
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Redjimi
authors.forename: Françoise
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gaudin
authors.forename: Cyril
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Touboul
authors.forename: Dominique
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Emilie
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pallardy
authors.forename: Armelle
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Biola-Vidamment
authors.forename: Hervé
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fernandez
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Prévot
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Balabanian
authors.forename: Véronique
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Machelon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D019938:Cyclin D1 / Q000378:metabolism; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21 / Q000378:metabolism; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D020868:Gene Silencing; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; C404226:TSC22D3 protein, human; D014157:Transcription Factors; D019938:Cyclin D1; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt