title: The M. D. Anderson proton therapy system.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study is to describe the University of Texas M. D. Anderson proton therapy system (PTC-H) including the accelerator, beam transport, and treatment delivery systems, the functionality and clinical parameters for passive scattering and pencil beam scanning treatment modes, and the results of acceptance tests.
  
  
  METHODS
  The PTC-H has a synchrotron (70-250 MeV) and four treatment rooms. An overall control system manages the treatment, physics, and service modes of operation. An independent safety system ensures the safety of patients, staff, and equipment. Three treatment rooms have isocentric gantries and one room has two fixed horizontal beamlines, which include a large-field treatment nozzle, used primarily for prostate treatments, and a small-field treatment nozzle for ocular treatments. Two gantry treatment rooms and the fixed-beam treatment room have passive scattering nozzles. The third gantry has a pencil beam scanning nozzle for the delivery of intensity modulated proton treatments (IMPT) and single field uniform dose (SFUD) treatments. The PTC-H also has an experimental room with a fixed horizontal beamline and a passive scattering nozzle. The equipment described above was provided by Hitachi, Ltd. Treatment planning is performed using the Eclipse system from Varian Medical Systems and data management is handled by the MOSAIQ system from IMPAC Medical Systems, Inc. The large-field passive scattering nozzles use double scattering systems in which the first scatterers are physically integrated with the range modulation wheels. The proton beam is gated on the rotating range modulation wheels at gating angles designed to produce spread-out-Bragg peaks ranging in size from 2 to 16 g/cm2. Field sizes of up to 25 x 25 cm2 can be achieved with the double scattering system. The IMPT delivery technique is discrete spot scanning, which has a maximum field size of 30 x 30 cm2. Depth scanning is achieved by changing the energy extracted from the synchrotron (energy can be changed pulse to pulse). The PTC-H is fully integrated with DICOM-RT ION interfaces for imaging, treatment planning, data management, and treatment control functions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The proton therapy system passed all acceptance tests for both passive scattering and pencil beam scanning. Treatments with passive scattering began in May 2006 and treatments with the scanning system began in May 2008. The PTC-H was the first commercial system to demonstrate capabilities for IMPT treatments and the first in the United States to treat using SFUD techniques. The facility has been in clinical operation since May 2006 with up-time of approximately 98%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As with most projects for which a considerable amount of new technology is developed and which have duration spanning several years, at project completion it was determined that several upgrades would improve the overall system performance. Some possible upgrades are discussed. Overall, the system has been very robust, accurate, reproducible, and reliable. The authors found the pencil beam scanning system to be particularly satisfactory; prostate treatments can be delivered on the scanning nozzle in less time than is required on the passive scattering nozzle.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston Texas 77030, USA. alsmith@mdanderson.org
authors.forename: Alfred
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gillin
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bues
authors.forename: X Ronald
authors.initials: XR
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Kazumichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Radhe
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mohan
authors.forename: Shiao
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Woo
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Ritsko
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Komaki
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.forename: Kazuo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hiramoto
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Akiyama
authors.forename: Takayuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ishida
authors.forename: Toshie
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matsuda
mesh_terms: D004867:Equipment Design; D004869:Equipment Safety; D005160:Facility Design and Construction; D006801:Humans; D061766:Proton Therapy; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation; D050397:Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated / Q000295:instrumentation; D012542:Scattering, Radiation; D017356:Synchrotrons / Q000295:instrumentation; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D014867:Water