title: Early motherhood and harsh parenting: the role of human, social, and cultural capital.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examined the role of maternal human, social, and cultural capital in the relationship between early motherhood and harsh parenting behavior.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study used data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing (FFCW) Study. Harsh parenting behaviors by mothers who were 19 years or younger at birth of the focal child (n=598) were compared with that of adult mothers 26 years or older (n=1,363). Measures included: For harsh parenting behavior, three proxies were created from the Parent to Child version of the Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS-PC) and self-reports of maternal spanking. For maternal human capital, education, employment, and depression were used. For maternal social capital, expected-social support, paternal support, and lone caregiver status were included. For maternal cultural capital, religious attendance and attachment to race/ethnic heritage were used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multivariate analyses indicated that adolescent motherhood has a significant impact on all three harsh parenting behavior outcomes even after controlling for demographic and maternal capital characteristics. Working since the birth of the focal child, depression scores, paternal support, expected-social support, and attendance at religious services made independent contributions to the prediction of harsh parenting behavior.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings emphasize the importance of the prevention of adolescent motherhood and suggest intervention strategies for reducing the risk of maternal harsh parenting behavior. Further study is necessary to examine the complicated relationships among maternal capital and parenting. One method may be to focus on the development of measures of maternal capital, notably measures of expectations regarding and perceptions of received capital.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings from this study have implications for social work practice, particularly for the prevention of adolescent pregnancy and intervention with adolescent mothers and their children. First, the study calls for more recognition of school social work and intervention programs in school settings as important components of prevention services. Second, the importance of identifying fathers and helping them become involved and connected with their young families are highlighted. Finally, practitioners should become more aware of the role of culture in young families as the effect of cultural capital on parenting behavior becomes better understood.
authors.affiliation: Temple University, School of Social Administration, Ritter Annex, Room 502, 1301 Cecil B. Moore Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA.
authors.forename: Yookyong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000374:Aggression / Q000523:psychology; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003469:Culture; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D054541:Family Conflict / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D016487:Parenting / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011253:Pregnancy in Adolescence / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015406:Single Parent / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012931:Social Environment; D012933:Social Identification; D012944:Social Support; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D055815:Young Adult