title: Validation of the Chinese version of the Problem Areas in Diabetes (PAID-C) scale.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the psychometric properties of a Chinese version of the Problem Areas In Diabetes (PAID-C) scale.
  
  
  METHODS
  The reliability and validity of the PAID-C were evaluated in a convenience sample of 205 outpatients with type 2 diabetes. Confirmatory factor analysis, Bland-Altman analysis, and Spearman's correlations facilitated the psychometric evaluation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed a one-factor structure of the PAID-C (chi(2)/df ratio = 1.894, goodness-of-fit index = 0.901, comparative fit index = 0.905, root mean square error of approximation = 0.066). The PAID-C was associated with A1C (r(s) = 0.15; P < 0.05) and diabetes self-care behaviors in general diet (r(s) = -0.17; P < 0.05) and exercise (r(s) = -0.17; P < 0.05). The 4-week test-retest reliability demonstrated satisfactory stability (r(s) = 0.83; P < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The PAID-C is a reliable and valid measure to determine diabetes-related emotional distress in Chinese people with type 2 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, Yuanpei University, Hsinchu, Taiwan. minfeng@mail.ypu.edu.tw
authors.forename: Min-Feng
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Courtney
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McDowell
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D044466:Asian People; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*