title: [The effect of group exercise on postmenopausal osteoporosis and osteopenia].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the effects of group exercise on bone mineral density (BMD), pain, and quality of life in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis and osteopenia.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 16 osteoporotic (mean age 55.2 years) and 17 osteopenic (mean age 55.4 years) postmenopausal women whose diagnoses were made by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) showing T-scores of less than -2.5 and in a range of -1 to -2.5, respectively. Subjects having orthopedic, neurological, respiratory, vascular, metabolic, or mental problems were excluded. Each group received the same group exercise program for one hour three times a week for 21 weeks, supervised by a physiotherapist, and including breathing, warm-up, stretching, strengthening, balance, stabilization, and cooling exercises. All participants were evaluated before and after the exercise program by a visual analog scale for pain severity, by DEXA for BMD, and by QUALEFFO-41 (Quality of Life Questionnaire of the European Foundation for Osteoporosis) for quality of life.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The two groups were similar with respect to age, height, and body mass index (p>0.05), but osteopenic women had a higher body weight (p<0.05). After the exercise program, both groups exhibited significant improvements in T-score, pain score, BMD, and all parameters of the QUALEFFO-41 (p<0.05). The mean T-scores before and after exercise were -2.7 + or - 0.2 and -2.4 + or - 0.5 in osteoporotic women, and -1.8 + or - 0.5 and -1.4 + or - 0.5 in osteopenic women, respectively. Following exercise, 43.8% of osteoporotic women had a T-score showing osteopenia, and 23.5% of osteopenic women had a T-score falling within the normal range. The two groups did not differ significantly with respect to the differences between the mean improvements obtained after the exercise program (p>0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This pilot study demonstrates the effectiveness of physiotherapist-supervised group exercise programs in decreasing pain and increasing BMD and quality of life of both osteoporotic and osteopenic women.
authors.affiliation: KKTC Mehmet Reis Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Center, Nicosia, Cyprus.
authors.forename: Erden
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Angin
authors.forename: Zafer
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Erden
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000368:Aged; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001851:Bone Diseases, Metabolic / Q000628:therapy*; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D053580:Muscle Strength / Q000502:physiology; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*; D036801:Parturition; D017698:Postmenopause; D011187:Posture