title: Chemical characterization of Titan's tholins: solubility, morphology and molecular structure revisited.
abstract: In this work Titan's atmospheric chemistry is simulated using a capacitively coupled plasma radio frequency discharge in a N(2)-CH(4) stationnary flux. Samples of Titan's tholins are produced in gaseous mixtures containing either 2 or 10% methane before the plasma discharge, covering the methane concentration range measured in Titan's atmosphere. We study their solubility and associated morphology, their infrared spectroscopy signature and the mass distribution of the soluble fraction by mass spectrometry. An important result is to highlight that the previous Titan's tholin solubility studies are inappropriate to fully characterize such a heterogeneous organic matter and we develop a new protocol to evaluate quantitatively tholins solubility. We find that tholins contain up to 35% in mass of molecules soluble in methanol, attached to a hardly insoluble fraction. Methanol is then chosen as a discriminating solvent to characterize the differences between soluble and insoluble species constituting the bulk tholins. No significant morphological change of shape or surface feature is derived from scanning electron microscopy after the extraction of the soluble fraction. This observation suggests a solid structure despite an important porosity of the grains. Infrared spectroscopy is recorded for both fractions. The IR spectra of the bulk, soluble, and insoluble tholins fractions are found to be very similar and reveal identical chemical signatures of nitrogen bearing functions and aliphatic groups. This result confirms that the chemical information collected when analyzing only the soluble fraction provides a valuable insight representative of the bulk material. The soluble fraction is ionized with an atmospheric pressure photoionization source and analyzed by a hybrid mass spectrometer. The congested mass spectra with one peak at every mass unit between 50 and 800 u confirm that the soluble fraction contains a complex mixture of organic molecules. The broad distribution, however, exhibits a regular pattern of mass clusters. Tandem collision induced dissociation analysis is performed in the negative ion mode to retrieve structural information. It reveals that (i) the molecules are ended by methyl, amine and cyanide groups, (ii) a 27 u neutral moiety (most probably HCN) is often released in the fragmentation of tholin anions, and (iii) an ubiquitous ionic fragment at m/z 66 is found in all tandem spectra. A tentative structure is proposed for this negative ion.
authors.affiliation: Université de Versailles St-Quentin, UPMC Univ Paris 06 CNRS/INSU, LATMOS-IPSL, 91371 Verrieres le Buisson Cedex, France. France.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Carrasco
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Schmitz-Afonso
authors.forename: J-Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Bonnet
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Quirico
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Thissen
authors.forename: Odile
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Dutuit
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bagag
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Laprévote
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Buch
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Giulani
authors.forename: Gilles
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Adandé
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ouni
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hadamcik
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Szopa
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cernogora
mesh_terms: D001272:Atmosphere / Q000737:chemistry*; D001274:Atmospheric Pressure; D005118:Extraterrestrial Environment / Q000737:chemistry*; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D008697:Methane / Q000737:chemistry; D000432:Methanol / Q000737:chemistry; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D015394:Molecular Structure; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000737:chemistry; D010316:Particle Size; D016062:Porosity; D018539:Saturn; D012995:Solubility; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry; D013055:Spectrophotometry, Infrared
chemical_list: D012997:Solvents; D009584:Nitrogen; D008697:Methane; D000432:Methanol