title: Effects of insulinic therapy on cognitive impairment in patients with Alzheimer disease and diabetes mellitus type-2.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM-2) is an important risk factor for Alzheimer disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VD). The role of insulinic therapy on cognitive decline is controversial.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate cognitive impairment in patients with AD and DM-2 treated with either oral antidiabetic drugs or combination of insulin with other diabetes medications.
  
  
  METHODS
  104 patients with mild-to-moderate AD and DM-2 were divided into two groups, according to antidiabetic pharmacotherapy: group A, patients treated with oral antidiabetic drugs and group B, patients treated with insulin combined with other oral antidiabetic medications. Cognitive functions were assessed by the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Clinician's Global Impression (CGI), with a follow-up of 12 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At the end of the study, the MMSE scores showed a significant worsening in 56.5% patients of group A and in 23.2% patients of group B, compared to baseline MMSE scores (P=.001). Also CGI-C scores showed a significant worsening for all domains after 12 months in group A vs group B (P=.001). The two groups were matched for body mass index, serum lipids, triglycerides, Apo epsilon4 allele and smoke habit. Conversely, ischemic heart disease and hypertension were significantly higher in group B (P=.002). After adjustment for this risk variables, our results remained significant (P=.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study suggests that insulinic therapy could be effective in slowing cognitive decline in patients with AD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, S. Giovanni di Dio Hospital, 88900, Crotone, Italy.
authors.forename: Massimiliano
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Plastino
authors.forename: Antonietta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fava
authors.forename: Domenico
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pirritano
authors.forename: Piero
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cotronei
authors.forename: Natalina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sacco
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sperlì
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Spanò
authors.forename: Dionisio
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gallo
authors.forename: Pasquale
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mungari
authors.forename: Domenico
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Consoli
authors.forename: Domenico
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bosco
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000235:genetics; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D001057:Apolipoproteins E; D001786:Blood Glucose; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin