title: The co-occurrence of Toxocara ocular and visceral larva migrans syndrome: a case series.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ocular toxocarosis associated with high peripheral eosinophilia and together with systemic signs of visceral damage has been reported sporadically. Eye infections caused by numerous migrating larvae of Toxocara parasites, probably due to re-invasion or delayed reactivation, and leading to a progressive loss of vision is relatively rare. We report three atypical cases of toxocarosis with the co-existence of ocular larva migrans syndrome and generalized signs of Toxocara infection in schoolboys.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two children aged 8 and 14 years respectively, with symptomatic ocular and visceral larva migrans syndromes, and one 16-year-old adolescent with chronic multifocal eye invasion, characterized by severe granulomatous retinochoroiditis with unilateral blindness, chronic abdominal pain and generalized synthesis of total immunoglobulin E antibody are described. The three patients, heavily infected with Toxocara species were boys of Polish origin. Ocular location of the parasite was confirmed by the detection of intraocular synthesis of specific anti-Toxocara immunoglobulin G antibody in aqueous humour samples from the affected eyes. Immunological parameters of tissue eosinophilia, allergy or hypersensitivity reactions to the presence of the migrating Toxocara parasites were analysed. Irreversible eye complications were observed in the patients with high level of exposure to Toxocara species in a contaminated environment, with a suggestion of possible re-activation or re-infection by different species or strains of the parasite.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Wide promotion of sanitary education is strongly justified in children and adolescents in Toxocara endemic areas in order to reduce the potential risk of primary invasion or re-infection with the parasites, which can lead to a severe course or progression of the disease. A long-term clinical follow-up and more intensive anti-parasitic treatment is recommended in patients with subclinical and overt forms of toxocarosis to prevent later reactivation of the migrating larvae in tissues.
authors.affiliation: Department and Clinic of Tropical and Parasitic Diseases, University of Medical Sciences, Przybyszewskiego 49, 60-355 Poznań, Poland. mpaul@am.poznan.p
authors.forename: Małgorzata
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Paul
authors.forename: Jerzy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stefaniak
authors.forename: Hanna
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Twardosz-Pawlik
authors.forename: Krystyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pecold