title: Histone H1 binding is inhibited by histone variant H3.3.
abstract: Linker histones are involved in the formation of higher-order chromatin structure and the regulation of specific genes, yet it remains unclear what their principal binding determinants are. We generated a genome-wide high-resolution binding map for linker histone H1 in Drosophila cells, using DamID. H1 binds at similar levels across much of the genome, both in classic euchromatin and heterochromatin. Strikingly, there are pronounced dips of low H1 occupancy around transcription start sites for active genes and at many distant cis-regulatory sites. H1 dips are not due to lack of nucleosomes; rather, all regions with low binding of H1 show enrichment of the histone variant H3.3. Knockdown of H3.3 causes H1 levels to increase at these sites, with a concomitant increase in nucleosome repeat length. These changes are independent of transcriptional changes. Our results show that the H3.3 protein counteracts association of H1, providing a mechanism to keep diverse genomic sites in an open chromatin conformation.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gene Regulation, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Braunschweig
authors.forename: Greg J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Hogan
authors.forename: Ludo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pagie
authors.forename: Bas
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: van Steensel
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001667:Binding, Competitive / Q000235:genetics; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004331:Drosophila melanogaster / Q000166:cytology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006657:Histones / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011485:Protein Binding / Q000235:genetics; D034622:RNA Interference; D015265:Site-Specific DNA-Methyltransferase (Adenine-Specific) / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D006657:Histones; D015265:Site-Specific DNA-Methyltransferase (Adenine-Specific)