title: Neighborhood disparities in incident hospitalized myocardial infarction in four U.S. communities: the ARIC surveillance study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hospital-based surveillance of myocardial infarction (MI) in the United States (U.S.) typically includes age, gender, and race, but not socioeconomic status (SES). We examined the association between neighborhood median household income (nINC) and incident hospitalized MI in four U.S. communities (1993-2002).
  
  
  METHODS
  Average annual indirect age-standardized MI rates were calculated using community-specific and community-wide nINC tertiles. Poisson generalized linear mixed models were used to calculate MI incidence rate ratios by tertile of census tract nINC (high nINC group referent).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Within community, and among all race-gender groups, those living in low nINC neighborhoods had an increased risk of MI compared to those living in high nINC neighborhoods. This association was present when both community-specific and community-wide nINC cut points were used. Blacks and, to a lesser extent, women, were disproportionately represented in low nINC neighborhoods, resulting in a higher absolute burden of MI in blacks and women living in low compared with high nINC neighborhoods.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest a need for the joint consideration of racial, gender, and social disparities in interventions aimed at preventing coronary heart disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. kathryn_rose@unc.edu
authors.forename: Kathryn M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Rose
authors.forename: Chirayath M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Suchindran
authors.forename: Randi E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Foraker
authors.forename: Eric A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Whitsel
authors.forename: Wayne D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Rosamond
authors.forename: Gerardo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Heiss
authors.forename: Joy L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Wood
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D000368:Aged; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D005260:Female; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008396:Maryland / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D008910:Minnesota / Q000453:epidemiology; D008922:Mississippi / Q000453:epidemiology; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology; D009657:North Carolina / Q000453:epidemiology; D011159:Population Surveillance; D011204:Poverty Areas; D012307:Risk Factors; D014505:Urban Population; D044465:White People