title: Cryptococcal disease in patients with or without human immunodeficiency virus: clinical presentation and monitoring of serum cryptococcal antigen titers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cryptococcus neoformans is an encapsulated pathogenic yeast that causes a wide range of clinical manifestations. The serum cryptococcal latex agglutination test is a simple, rapid, and reliable diagnostic test for cryptococcosis. This study was performed to assess the clinical relevance of serum cryptococcal antigen (CRAG) titer in patients with cryptococcosis with or without human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
  
  
  METHODS
  From January 1999 to December 2007, 45 patients with a diagnosis of cryptococcosis made by culture and/or histopathology were enrolled in this retrospective study. Ten patients had HIV and 35 were not infected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with HIV were more likely to have central nervous system (CNS) involvement than patients without HIV (100% vs 37.1%; p = 0.0005), higher serum CRAG titers (median, 1:1024 vs 1:64; p < 0.05), higher positive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) CRAG (100% vs 37.1%; p = 0.0005), and higher CRAG titers in the CSF (median, 1:1024 vs 1:32; p < 0.001). Patients without HIV were more likely to have pulmonary involvement (62.9% vs 0%; p = 0.0005) and no underlying disease at diagnosis (42.9% vs 0%; p = 0.011). Serum CRAG titers among patients without HIV with CNS or pulmonary cryptococcosis declined during treatment and no relapse was noted when serum CRAG titers were <or=1:8 at the end of treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Serum CRAG titer can be used to monitor disease activity during treatment for CNS and pulmonary cryptococcosis in patients without HIV.
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Te-Yu
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Kuo-Ming
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Yeh
authors.forename: Jung-Chung
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Ning-Chi
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Ming-Yieh
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.forename: Feng-Yee
authors.initials: FY
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000946:Antigens, Fungal / Q000097:blood*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003453:Cryptococcosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000821:virology*; D003455:Cryptococcus neoformans / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007841:Latex Fixation Tests; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D000946:Antigens, Fungal