title: Review article: anti-fibrotic agents for the treatment of Crohn's disease - lessons learnt from other diseases.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The current therapies for Crohn's disease (CD) are mainly focused on blockade of inflammation. Fibrosis remains one of the major complications of CD often leading to surgery, affecting patients' quality-of-life.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To summarize the published data regarding the potential anti-fibrotic role of drugs commonly used in CD and the most effective anti-fibrotic drugs used in other diseases evaluating their potential use to treat intestinal fibrosis in CD.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature search was performed in the PubMed, Medline, Cochrane and EMBASE databases, considering in vitro, animal and human studies on fibrosis in inflammatory bowel disease and other similar chronic pathologies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Treatment of fibrosis in CD is limited to surgery or endoscopic dilatation, although some of the drugs currently used may have anti-fibrotic activity. In other diseases, anti-fibrotic agents are already used or are in preclinical or clinical trials. ACE inhibitors, Angiotensin Receptor Blockers, and HMG-CoA inhibitors merit further investigation in CD because of their role in preventing fibrosis in cardiovascular and renal diseases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Anti-fibrotic drugs are under evaluation or already used in clinical practice in other chronic inflammatory diseases. In CD, there is a great need for investigation into agents that may prevent, reduce or reverse intestinal fibrosis.
authors.affiliation: Istituto Clinico Humanitas IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Szabò
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fiorino
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Spinelli
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rovida
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Repici
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Malesci
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Danese
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003424:Crohn Disease / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005355:Fibrosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000517:prevention & control; D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents