title: Pain among Veterans of Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom: do women and men differ?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate sex differences in the prevalence of overall pain, moderate-severe pain, and persistent pain among Veterans of Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom seen at VA outpatient clinics, and to evaluate sex differences in pain assessment.
  
  
  METHODS
  The observational cohort consisted of Veterans discharged from the U.S. military from October 1, 2001 to November 30, 2007 that enrolled for Veterans Administration (VA) services or received VA care before January 1, 2008. We limited the sample to the 153,212 Veterans (18,481 female, 134,731 male) who had 1 year of observation after their last deployment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pain was assessed in 59.7% (n = 91,414) of Veterans in this sample. Among those assessed, 43.3% (n = 39,591) reported any pain, 63.2% (n = 25,028) of whom reported moderate-severe pain. Over 20% (n = 3,427) of Veterans with repeated pain measures reported persistent pain. We found no significant difference in the probability of pain assessment by sex (RR = 0.98, 95% CI 0.96, 1.00). Female Veterans were less likely to report any pain (RR 0.89, 95% CI 0.86, 0.92). Among those with any pain, female Veterans were more likely to report moderate-severe pain (RR 1.05, 95% CI 1.01, 1.09) and less likely to report persistent pain (RR 0.90, 95% CI 0.81, 0.99).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As the VA plans care for the increasing numbers of female Veterans returning from Iraq and Afghanistan, a better understanding of the prevalence of pain, as well as sex-specific variations in the experience and treatment of pain, is important for policy makers and providers who seek to improve identification and management of diverse pain disorders.
authors.affiliation: VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT 06516, USA.
authors.forename: Sally G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Haskell
authors.forename: Cynthia A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Brandt
authors.forename: Erin E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Krebs
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Skanderson
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Kerns
authors.forename: Joseph L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Goulet
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003130:Combat Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D047830:Gulf War; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D054542:Iraq War, 2003-2011; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000453:epidemiology*; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014728:Veterans / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*