title: Smoking cessation and carotid atherosclerosis: the Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study--CVD.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Smoking has been shown to be associated with carotid atherosclerosis in cross-sectional and prospective studies in Western populations. However, few studies have examined the reversal of risk resulting from quitting smoking, and the results are conflicting.
  
  
  METHODS
  959 men aged 50-85 years were randomly selected from phase III (2006-2007) of the Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study into this cross-sectional study. Common carotid artery intima-media thickness (CCA-IMT) was measured by B-mode ultrasonography, and carotid artery plaques were identified. Major cardiovascular risk factors, including fasting triglyceride, low-density and high-density lipoprotein (LDL and HDL) cholesterol and glucose, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure, were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CCA-IMT and the number of carotid plaque increased from never to former to current smokers (both p≤0.001). Among former smokers compared to current smokers, after adjustment for cigarette pack-years and other potential confounders, the adjusted ORs (95% CI) for quitting for 1-9, 10-19 and 20+ years were 0.77 (0.47 to 1.26), 0.45 (0.26 to 0.79) and 0.37 (0.17 to 0.77) for the presence of CCA atherosclerosis, and 0.69 (0.43 to 1.12), 0.47 (0.27 to 0.82) and 0.45 (0.23 to 0.96) for the presence of carotid plaques, respectively. Longer duration of quitting smoking was also significantly associated with decreasing risk of the severity of CCA atherosclerosis and carotid plaques (all p≤0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smoking cessation was beneficial in attenuating the risk of carotid atherosclerosis associated with cigarette smoking. The short duration of cessation in earlier studies is a likely explanation for the inconsistent results.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Epidemiology Research Centre, Guangzhou Number 12 Hospital, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: C Q
authors.initials: CQ
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: T H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: G N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Thomas
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D017536:Carotid Artery, Common / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D002681:China; D015331:Cohort Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D017540:Tunica Media / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D014463:Ultrasonography