title: Task shifting for scale-up of HIV care: evaluation of nurse-centered antiretroviral treatment at rural health centers in Rwanda.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The shortage of human resources for health, and in particular physicians, is one of the major barriers to achieve universal access to HIV care and treatment. In September 2005, a pilot program of nurse-centered antiretroviral treatment (ART) prescription was launched in three rural primary health centers in Rwanda. We retrospectively evaluated the feasibility and effectiveness of this task-shifting model using descriptive data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Medical records of 1,076 patients enrolled in HIV care and treatment services from September 2005 to March 2008 were reviewed to assess: (i) compliance with national guidelines for ART eligibility and prescription, and patient monitoring and (ii) key outcomes, such as retention, body weight, and CD4 cell count change at 6, 12, 18, and 24 mo after ART initiation. Of these, no ineligible patients were started on ART and only one patient received an inappropriate ART prescription. Of the 435 patients who initiated ART, the vast majority had adherence and side effects assessed at each clinic visit (89% and 84%, respectively). By March 2008, 390 (90%) patients were alive on ART, 29 (7%) had died, one (<1%) was lost to follow-up, and none had stopped treatment. Patient retention was about 92% by 12 mo and 91% by 24 mo. Depending on initial stage of disease, mean CD4 cell count increased between 97 and 128 cells/microl in the first 6 mo after treatment initiation and between 79 and 129 cells/microl from 6 to 24 mo of treatment. Mean weight increased significantly in the first 6 mo, between 1.8 and 4.3 kg, with no significant increases from 6 to 24 mo.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patient outcomes in our pilot program compared favorably with other ART cohorts in sub-Saharan Africa and with those from a recent evaluation of the national ART program in Rwanda. These findings suggest that nurses can effectively and safely prescribe ART when given adequate training, mentoring, and support. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary.
authors.affiliation: Family Health International, Kigali, Rwanda. Fabiennes@fhirw.org
authors.forename: Fabienne
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Shumbusho
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van Griensven
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lowrance
authors.forename: Innocent
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Turate
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Weaver
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Price
authors.forename: Agnes
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Binagwaho
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D011307:Drug Prescriptions; D004363:Drug Utilization; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008485:Medical Audit; D008875:Middle Aged; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D024802:Nurse's Role; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care; D010349:Patient Compliance; D010865:Pilot Projects; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D057184:Practice Patterns, Nurses' / Q000458:organization & administration*; D015397:Program Evaluation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D019035:Rural Health Services / Q000458:organization & administration*; D012432:Rwanda / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents