title: Flecainide inhibits arrhythmogenic Ca2+ waves by open state block of ryanodine receptor Ca2+ release channels and reduction of Ca2+ spark mass.
abstract: Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT) is linked to mutations in the cardiac ryanodine receptor (RyR2) or calsequestrin. We recently found that the drug flecainide inhibits RyR2 channels and prevents CPVT in mice and humans. Here we compared the effects of flecainide and tetracaine, a known RyR2 inhibitor ineffective in CPVT myocytes, on arrhythmogenic Ca(2+) waves and elementary sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca(2+) release events, Ca(2+) sparks. In ventricular myocytes isolated from a CPVT mouse model, flecainide significantly reduced spark amplitude and spark width, resulting in a 40% reduction in spark mass. Surprisingly, flecainide significantly increased spark frequency. As a result, flecainide had no significant effect on spark-mediated SR Ca(2+) leak or SR Ca(2+) content. In contrast, tetracaine decreased spark frequency and spark-mediated SR Ca(2+) leak, resulting in a significantly increased SR Ca(2+) content. Measurements in permeabilized rat ventricular myocytes confirmed the different effects of flecainide and tetracaine on spark frequency and Ca(2+) waves. In lipid bilayers, flecainide inhibited RyR2 channels by open state block, whereas tetracaine primarily prolonged RyR2 closed times. The differential effects of flecainide and tetracaine on sparks and RyR2 gating can explain why flecainide, unlike tetracaine, does not change the balance of SR Ca(2+) fluxes. We suggest that the smaller spark mass contributes to flecainide's antiarrhythmic action by reducing the probability of saltatory wave propagation between adjacent Ca(2+) release units. Our results indicate that inhibition of the RyR2 open state provides a new therapeutic strategy to prevent diastolic Ca(2+) waves resulting in triggered arrhythmias, such as CPVT.
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Oates Institute for Experimental Therapeutics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-0575, USA.
authors.forename: Fredrick A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Hilliard
authors.forename: Derek S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Steele
authors.forename: Derek
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Laver
authors.forename: Zhaokang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Sylvain J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Le Marchand
authors.forename: Nagesh
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chopra
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Piston
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Huke
authors.forename: Björn C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Knollmann
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000378:metabolism*; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020013:Calcium Signaling / Q000187:drug effects*; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins / Q000172:deficiency / Q000378:metabolism; D002463:Cell Membrane Permeability / Q000187:drug effects; D005424:Flecainide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D019837:Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel / Q000378:metabolism*; D012519:Sarcoplasmic Reticulum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D013748:Tetracaine / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins; D019837:Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel; C503872:caisequestrin 2, rat; D013748:Tetracaine; D005424:Flecainide; D002118:Calcium