title: The influence of immunosuppressants on the fertility of males who undergo renal transplantation and on the immune function of their offspring.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the influence of immunosuppressants on the fertility of males who undergo renal transplantation as well as on the immune function of their offspring.
  
  
  METHODS
  A survey was performed on the fertility of 164 male renal transplant recipients who underwent a long-term treatment with cyclosporine A (CsA), azathioprine (Aza) and prednisone (Pred). The immune function of the recipients' children was also surveyed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 164 renal transplant recipients produced successful impregnation 15-204 (54.48+/-27.48)months after transplantation, resulting in the births of 167 children (three recipients fathered two children each), including 85 boys and 82 girls. Seven infants (4.2%) were premature. The weight of newborn infants was 2000-4600 (3274+/-395)g. Among the 167 children, 18 children were prone to respiratory tract infection. Examination of serum immunoglobulin from the children aged 1-3 years revealed that the IgA level was slightly lower than the normal reference range, but the difference was not significant (P>0.05). The IgM level of the children aged 7-12 years was higher than the normal reference range (P<0.01). Other immune indexes did not exhibit significant changes (P>0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A long-term treatment with small-dose immunosuppressants has no obvious effect on the fertility of males who undergo renal transplantation. However, whether immunosuppressants influence the immune function of the offspring of such transplant recipients remains to be clarified by long-term follow up and prospective studies.
authors.affiliation: The Kidney Transplantation Centre of HangZhou JiuLiSong Hospital, Hangzhou 310013, China. xulonggen88@sina.com
authors.forename: Longgen
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Shu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Hongwei
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Yirong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.forename: Wanling
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.forename: Ligong
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: Xiao-Feng
authors.initials: XF
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Xianfan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: Youhua
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000906:Antibodies / Q000097:blood; D001724:Birth Weight; D001942:Breast Feeding / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005220:Fathers; D005260:Female; D005298:Fertility / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007109:Immunity / Q000187:drug effects*; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007223:Infant; D041943:Infant Formula / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000453:epidemiology; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000187:drug effects; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents