title: The effect of dilation of immature pedicles on pullout strength of the screws: Part 2: In vivo study.
abstract: METHODS
  Experimental study.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the biomechanical stability of screws placed in expanded pedicles, and to compare those with the screws placed in the nonexpanded pedicles in an in vivo model.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Pullout strength of a pedicle screw increases as the diameter of the screw gets larger. Small pedicles of pediatric patients prevent the use of large size pedicle screws in this age group. As shown in an in vitro study one option to overcome this problem is to dilate and use larger screw in immature spine. But dilation reduces the pullout strength of pedicle screws in in vitro model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six-week-old 3 pigs were used. One of them was lost in the postoperative period. After posterior subperiosteal exposure of lumbar segments (L1-L5), 4.0 mm diameter and 20 mm long pedicle screws were placed on the left. The right pedicles were dilated with stainless steel dilators and instrumented with screws of same dimension. At the end of 3 months the pigs were killed and the pull out strength of each screw were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average pull out strength of the expanded and nonexpanded screws was 378.7 +/- 73 (542-308) Newton and 397 +/- 80 (535-289) Newton, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between the 2 groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The biomechanical stability of the same size screws inserted at the expanded and nonexpanded pedicles are the same after 3 months. Even dilation of the pedicle decreases the pullout strength of the screw at the beginning, and the pull out strength of both sides became equal after 3 months. The remodeling capacity of pedicles and overgrowth of bone on screws may have an effect on this result.
authors.affiliation: International Center for Limb Lengthening, Sinai Hospital of Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Guney
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yilmaz
authors.forename: Gokhan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Demirkiran
authors.forename: Cenk
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ozkan
authors.forename: Kenan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Daglioglu
authors.forename: Murat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pekmezci
authors.forename: Ahmet
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alanay
authors.forename: Muharrem
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yazici
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology; D001846:Bone Development / Q000502:physiology; D001863:Bone Screws / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000592:standards*; D002648:Child; D004868:Equipment Failure; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D023421:Models, Animal; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D013131:Spine / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000601:surgery*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D034421:Sus scrofa; D013718:Tensile Strength / Q000502:physiology; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000502:physiology