title: Lithium response across generations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe and integrate observations from bipolar patients responsive to lithium stabilization and their children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Selected findings are described from the clinical and biological investigations of adults meeting research criteria for bipolar disorder and for responsiveness to lithium stabilization; and from prospective studies of the children of lithium responders and non-responders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Response to prophylactic lithium identifies a valid subtype of bipolar disorder, however the search for biological markers of lithium response, while promising, has so far remained inconclusive. Adult responders to lithium stabilization exhibit definable clinical features which are also observable in their affected children. In prospective studies the children of bipolar parents develop symptoms earlier than reported previously, with marked differences between the offspring of lithium responders and non-responders. The illness evolves in predictable clinical stages, first from non-specific sleep and anxiety disorders to mood symptoms and then, often starting in adolescence, major depressive and later activated episodes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Investigating and comparing unequivocal responders and non-responders to long-term lithium treatment and their offspring is a fertile research strategy for addressing a multitude of clinical and research questions.
authors.affiliation: Mood Disorders Center of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada. paul_grof@mdco.ca
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Grof
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Duffy
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alda
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hajek
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D018020:Lithium Compounds / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017211:Treatment Failure
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D018020:Lithium Compounds