title: Transforming growth factor beta is dispensable for the molecular orchestration of Th17 cell differentiation.
abstract: Interleukin (IL)-17-producing T helper (Th17) cells play a critical role in the pathophysiology of several autoimmune disorders. The differentiation of Th17 cells requires the simultaneous presence of an unusual combination of cytokines: IL-6, a proinflammatory cytokine, and transforming growth factor (TGF) beta, an antiinflammatory cytokine. However, the molecular mechanisms by which TGF-beta exerts its effects on Th17 cell differentiation remain elusive. We report that TGF-beta does not directly promote Th17 cell differentiation but instead acts indirectly by blocking expression of the transcription factors signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 4 and GATA-3, thus preventing Th1 and Th2 cell differentiation. In contrast, TGF-beta had no effect on the expression of retinoic acid receptor-related orphan nuclear receptor gammat, a Th17-specific transcription factor. Interestingly, in Stat-6(-/-)T-bet(-/-) mice, which are unable to generate Th1 and Th2 cells, IL-6 alone was sufficient to induce robust differentiation of Th17 cells, whereas TGF-beta had no effect, suggesting that TGF-beta is dispensable for Th17 cell development. Consequently, BALB/c Stat-6(-/-)T-bet(-/-) mice, but not wild-type BALB/c mice, were highly susceptible to the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, which could be blocked by anti-IL-17 antibodies but not by anti-TGF-beta antibodies. Collectively, these data provide evidence that TGF-beta is not directly required for the molecular orchestration of Th17 cell differentiation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Genetics, Microbiology, and Immunology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School-University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
authors.forename: Jyoti
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Das
authors.forename: Guangwen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.forename: Liying
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Arthur I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Alfred L M
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Bothwell
authors.forename: Luc
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Van Kaer
authors.forename: Yufang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Gobardhan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Das
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004681:Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental / Q000473:pathology; D050990:GATA3 Transcription Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000494:pharmacology; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D050797:STAT4 Transcription Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D050800:STAT6 Transcription Factor / Q000172:deficiency / Q000378:metabolism; D020825:T-Box Domain Proteins / Q000172:deficiency / Q000378:metabolism; D006377:T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000098815:T-bet Transcription Factor
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D050990:GATA3 Transcription Factor; D015850:Interleukin-6; D050797:STAT4 Transcription Factor; D050800:STAT6 Transcription Factor; D020825:T-Box Domain Proteins; D000098815:T-bet Transcription Factor; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta