title: Urinary tract infections in spinal cord injury: prevention and treatment guidelines.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The literature on prevention and therapy of urinary tract infection (UTI) in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) was reviewed using 3 levels of evidence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Antibiotic therapy is only indicated in symptomatic bacteriuria or in symptomatic exacerbations of chronic UTI. During the acute phase of a SCI, UTI's are more prevalent and bacteria are different and more resistant to antibiotics compared with the chronic phase of SCI. In SCI in general, routine screening urine cultures are not valuable as a high species turn over is seen. Intermittent catheterisation, tapping or Crédé manoeuvre coincide significantly with lower frequency of UTI compared to permanent catheter drainage. No measures are proven efficient in the long term in prevention of bacteriuria or UTI. Methenamine salts are perhaps useful in the prevention of UTI but not in patients with a permanent catheter (level III). Antibiotic prophylaxis was found useful in reducing asymptomatic bacteriuria but not in the prevention of symptomatic infections (level I). However, during prophylaxis a doubling of antibiotic resistance was found. In patients with augmented bladder antibiotic prophylaxis is useless (level II). In chronic SCI the first choice antibiotics are nitrofurantoin or trimethoprim, the second choice are fluoroquinolones (level III) whereas in acute SCI a higher resistance profile to antibiotics is frequent and therefore fluoroquinolones or cefuroxime are suggested (level III). There is no consensus in the literature but we suggest 5 days of antibiotic treatment in UTI during chronic SCI without fever, 7 days in acute SCI without fever and a minimum of 14 days in patients with UTI and fever (level III).
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Ghent University hospital, Ghent, Belgium. karel.everaert@ugent.be
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Everaert
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lumen
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kerckhaert
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Willaert
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van Driel
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019072:Antibiotic Prophylaxis / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000150:complications*; D014546:Urinary Catheterization / Q000379:methods*; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents