title: Efficacy and safety of transnasal butorphanol for pain relief after anal surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the analgesic properties and efficacy of transnasal butorphanol with intramuscular meperidine after anal surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty patients who underwent fistulectomy were enrolled in the study from January 2006 to December 2007. They were randomly divided into transnasal butorphanol (n = 30) or intramuscular meperidine (n = 30) treatment groups. Assessment of postoperative pain was made using a visual analogue scale (VAS). The VAS score was recorded 6 h after the completion of surgery, before receiving the first dose of analgesic, 60 min after analgesia and the next morning. Any adverse clinical effects such as somnolence, dizziness, nausea or vomiting were recorded. Satisfaction with narcotic efficacy, desire to use the particular analgesic in the future and any complaints were recorded by patients using questionnaires before being discharged.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-two men and eighteen women were included in the study. There were no significant differences in VAS scores between the groups within 24 h. Length of hospital stay and the incidence of adverse effects between the groups were similar. In addition, most patients were satisfied with butorphanol nasal spray and wished to receive this analgesic in the future, if needed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Butorphanol nasal spray is effective for the relief of pain after fistulectomy. However, it offered patients more convenient usage and would be suitable for outpatients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Huailien Armed Forces General Hospital, Huailien, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Chen-Ming
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Mai
authors.forename: Liang-Tsai
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Wan
authors.forename: Yu-Ching
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Chou
authors.forename: Hsiang-Yu
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Chang-Chieh
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Shu-Wen
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Jao
authors.forename: Cheng-Wen
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Hsiao
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001003:Anal Canal / Q000601:surgery*; D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002077:Butorphanol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008614:Meperidine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012003:Rectal Fistula / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*; D012449:Safety; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D008614:Meperidine; D002077:Butorphanol