title: Psychoeducation for patients with bipolar disorder receiving lithium: short and long term impact on locus of control and knowledge about lithium.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Psychoeducation is now considered as part of the integrated treatment for bipolar disorder. But the psychological changes involved in it have been poorly studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared the locus of control (LOC, a key variable for health-related behaviours as well as for education practices), the knowledge about lithium [Lithium Knowledge Questionnaire (LKQ)] and attitude about lithium [Attitude towards Lithium Questionnaire (ALQ)] before and after a brief hospital based psychoeducational programme for euthymic patients with bipolar disorder (ICD-10 criteria) receiving lithium prophylaxis. The occurrence of hospitalisations was recorded during the two years before and after the patients underwent psychoeducation. All patients were reassessed after 24 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  50 consecutive participants at a psychoeducational programme were evaluated. The LKQ but not the ALQ scores increased significantly after the programme. The external "powerful others" component of the LOC significantly increased after psychoeducation. The observed changes were maintained after 24 months. The patients' level of satisfaction was excellent and sustained. There was only a trend for a decrease in the rate of hospitalisations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The knowledge about lithium was assessed with an experimental instrument. Patients followed in a university department may not be representative of bipolar patients at large.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Psychoeducation enduringly increases the knowledge about lithium and induces long term changes in the locus of control that may reflect a shift in illness representations. The LOC may be an important target of psychoeducation for euthymic patients with bipolar disorder.
authors.affiliation: Clinique des Maladies Mentales et de l'Encéphale, Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Université Paris-V René Descartes, Paris, France. c.even@ch-sainte-anne.fr
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Even
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Thuile
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kalck-Stern
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Criquillion-Doublet
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gorwood
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rouillon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D018692:Antimanic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D032882:Comprehension; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D016651:Lithium Carbonate / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D055118:Medication Adherence / Q000523:psychology; D008875:Middle Aged; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D012153:Retention, Psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D018692:Antimanic Agents; D016651:Lithium Carbonate