title: Adding psychotherapy to pharmacotherapy in the treatment of depressive disorders in adults: a meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A considerable number of studies has examined whether adding psychotherapy to pharmacotherapy results in stronger effects than pharmacotherapy alone. However, earlier meta-analyses in this field have included only a limited number of available studies and did not conduct extended subgroup analyses to examine possible sources of heterogeneity.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used a database derived from a comprehensive literature search in PubMed, PsycINFO, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials for studies published from 1966 to January 2008 that examined the psychological treatment of depression. The abstracts of these studies were identified by combining terms indicative of psychological treatment and depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  We included randomized trials in which the effects of a pharmacologic treatment were compared to the effects of a combined pharmacologic and psychological treatment in adults with a depressive disorder.
  
  
  METHODS
  For each of the studies, we calculated a standardized mean effect size indicating the difference between pharmacotherapy and the combined treatment at posttest. We also coded major characteristics of the population, the interventions, and the quality and design of the study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-five randomized trials, with a total of 2,036 patients, were included. A mean effect size of d = 0.31 (95% CI, 0.20 approximately 0.43) was found for the 25 included studies, indicating a small effect in favor of the combined treatment over pharmacotherapy alone. Studies aimed at patients with dysthymia resulted in significantly lower effect sizes compared to studies aimed at patients with major depression, a finding that suggests that the added value of psychotherapy is less in patients with dysthymia. The dropout rate was significantly lower in the combined treatment group compared to the pharmacotherapy only group (OR = 0.65; 95% CI, 0.50 approximately 0.83).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Psychotherapy seems to have an additional value compared to pharmacotherapy alone for depression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands. P.Cuijpers@psy.vu.nl
authors.forename: Pim
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cuijpers
authors.forename: Jack
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dekker
authors.forename: Steven D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Hollon
authors.forename: Gerhard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Andersson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000628:therapy*; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000628:therapy; D019263:Dysthymic Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D010352:Patient Dropouts / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011613:Psychotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors