title: Population structure of humpback whales from their breeding grounds in the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans.
abstract: Although humpback whales are among the best-studied of the large whales, population boundaries in the Southern Hemisphere (SH) have remained largely untested. We assess population structure of SH humpback whales using 1,527 samples collected from whales at fourteen sampling sites within the Southwestern and Southeastern Atlantic, the Southwestern Indian Ocean, and Northern Indian Ocean (Breeding Stocks A, B, C and X, respectively). Evaluation of mtDNA population structure and migration rates was carried out under different statistical frameworks. Using all genetic evidence, the results suggest significant degrees of population structure between all ocean basins, with the Southwestern and Northern Indian Ocean most differentiated from each other. Effective migration rates were highest between the Southeastern Atlantic and the Southwestern Indian Ocean, followed by rates within the Southeastern Atlantic, and the lowest between the Southwestern and Northern Indian Ocean. At finer scales, very low gene flow was detected between the two neighbouring sub-regions in the Southeastern Atlantic, compared to high gene flow for whales within the Southwestern Indian Ocean. Our genetic results support the current management designations proposed by the International Whaling Commission of Breeding Stocks A, B, C, and X as four strongly structured populations. The population structure patterns found in this study are likely to have been influenced by a combination of long-term maternally directed fidelity of migratory destinations, along with other ecological and oceanographic features in the region.
authors.affiliation: Cetacean Conservation and Research Program, Global Conservation-Marine, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, United States of America. hrosenbaum@wcs.org
authors.forename: Howard C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Rosenbaum
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pomilla
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mendez
authors.forename: Matthew S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Leslie
authors.forename: Peter B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Best
authors.forename: Ken P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Findlay
authors.forename: Gianna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Minton
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Ersts
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.forename: Marcia H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Engel
authors.forename: Sandro L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Bonatto
authors.forename: Deon P G H
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Kotze
authors.forename: Mike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Meÿer
authors.forename: Jaco
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Barendse
authors.forename: Meredith
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Thornton
authors.forename: Yvette
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Razafindrakoto
authors.forename: Solange
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ngouessono
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vely
authors.forename: Jeremy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kiszka
mesh_terms: D025041:Animal Migration; D000818:Animals; D001267:Atlantic Ocean; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial; D004463:Ecology; D005260:Female; D005828:Genetics, Population; D006239:Haplotypes; D050640:Humpback Whale / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology*; D019156:Indian Ocean; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D008957:Models, Genetic; D012726:Sexual Behavior, Animal
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial