title: Whole genome single nucleotide polymorphism based phylogeny of Francisella tularensis and its application to the development of a strain typing assay.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A low genetic diversity in Francisella tularensis has been documented. Current DNA based genotyping methods for typing F. tularensis offer a limited and varying degree of subspecies, clade and strain level discrimination power. Whole genome sequencing is the most accurate and reliable method to identify, type and determine phylogenetic relationships among strains of a species. However, lower cost typing schemes are necessary in order to enable typing of hundreds or even thousands of isolates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We have generated a high-resolution phylogenetic tree from 40 Francisella isolates, including 13 F. tularensis subspecies holarctica (type B) strains, 26 F. tularensis subsp. tularensis (type A) strains and a single F. novicida strain. The tree was generated from global multi-strain single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data collected using a set of six Affymetrix GeneChip resequencing arrays with the non-repetitive portion of LVS (type B) as the reference sequence complemented with unique sequences of SCHU S4 (type A). Global SNP based phylogenetic clustering was able to resolve all non-related strains. The phylogenetic tree was used to guide the selection of informative SNPs specific to major nodes in the tree for development of a genotyping assay for identification of F. tularensis subspecies and clades. We designed and validated an assay that uses these SNPs to accurately genotype 39 additional F. tularensis strains as type A (A1, A2, A1a or A1b) or type B (B1 or B2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Whole-genome SNP based clustering was shown to accurately identify SNPs for differentiation of F. tularensis subspecies and clades, emphasizing the potential power and utility of this methodology for selecting SNPs for typing of F. tularensis to the strain level. Additionally, whole genome sequence based SNP information gained from a representative population of strains may be used to perform evolutionary or phylogenetic comparisons of strains, or selection of unique strains for whole-genome sequencing projects.
authors.affiliation: Pathogen Functional Genomics Resource Center, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD 20850, USA. gpandya@jcvi.org
authors.forename: Gagan A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Pandya
authors.forename: Michael H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Holmes
authors.forename: Jeannine M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Petersen
authors.forename: Sonal
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pradhan
authors.forename: Svetlana A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Karamycheva
authors.forename: Mark J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Wolcott
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Molins
authors.forename: Marcus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Martin E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Schriefer
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Fleischmann
authors.forename: Scott N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Peterson
mesh_terms: D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D055028:Comparative Genomic Hybridization / Q000379:methods*; D019295:Computational Biology; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D005604:Francisella tularensis / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D016680:Genome, Bacterial; D010802:Phylogeny; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial