title: Impact of colour blindness on recognition of haematuria in bladder cancer patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Colour blindness might lead to failure in recognizing frank haematuria. Our aim is to investigate as to whether colour-blind males who develop bladder cancer present later with less favourable histology.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred male patients with bladder cancer were assessed using Ishihara plate test for colour deficiency. Degree of haematuria, method of presentation and initial histologic findings were also determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Colour-blind patients who develop bladder cancer present with less favourable histology compared with non-colour-blind (p = 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Colour blindness was associated with presentation with more advanced bladder tumours.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Royal Preston Hospital, Preston, UK. SamerKSabbagh@aol.com
authors.forename: Samer
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Katmawi-Sabbagh
authors.forename: Ahsanul
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Haq
authors.forename: Sunila
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jain
authors.forename: Gokul
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Subhas
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Turnham
mesh_terms: D003117:Color Vision Defects / Q000150:complications*; D006417:Hematuria / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000150:complications*