title: Spatial and temporal investigations of reported movements, births and deaths of cattle and pigs in Sweden.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Livestock movements can affect the spread and control of contagious diseases and new data recording systems enable analysis of these movements. The results can be used for contingency planning, modelling of disease spread and design of disease control programs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data on the Swedish cattle and pig populations during the period July 2005 until June 2006 were obtained from databases held by the Swedish Board of Agriculture. Movements of cattle and pigs were investigated from geographical and temporal perspectives, births and deaths of cattle were investigated from a temporal perspective and the geographical distribution of holdings was also investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most movements of cattle and pigs were to holdings within 100 km, but movements up to 1200 km occurred. Consequently, the majority of movements occurred within the same county or to adjacent counties. Approximately 54% of the cattle holdings and 45% of the pig holdings did not purchase any live animals. Seasonal variations in births and deaths of cattle were identified, with peaks in spring. Cattle movements peaked in spring and autumn. The maximum number of holdings within a 3 km radius of one holding was 45 for cattle and 23 for pigs, with large variations among counties. Missing data and reporting bias (digit preference) were detected in the data.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The databases are valuable tools in contact tracing. However since movements can be reported up to a week after the event and some data are missing they cannot replace other methods in the acute phase of an outbreak. We identified long distance transports of cattle and pigs, and these findings support an implementation of a total standstill in the country in the case of an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease. The databases contain valuable information and improvements in data quality would make them even more useful.
authors.affiliation: SVA, National Veterinary Institute, Department of Disease Control and Epidemiology, 75189 Uppsala, Sweden. maria.noremark@sva.se
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nöremark
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Håkansson
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lindström
authors.forename: Uno
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Wennergren
authors.forename: Susanna Sternberg
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Lewerin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001723:Birth Rate; D002417:Cattle; D018562:Disease Transmission, Infectious / Q000662:veterinary; D009026:Mortality; D013548:Sweden; D013552:Swine; D013997:Time Factors; D014186:Transportation