title: Potent antifouling compounds produced by marine Streptomyces.
abstract: Biofouling causes huge economic loss and a recent global ban on organotin compounds as antifouling agents has increased the need for safe and effective antifouling compounds. Five structurally similar compounds were isolated from the crude extract of a marine Streptomyces strain obtained from deep-sea sediments. Antifouling activities of these five compounds and four other structurally-related compounds isolated from a North Sea Streptomyces strain against major fouling organisms were compared to probe structure-activity relationships of compounds. The functional moiety responsible for antifouling activity lies in the 2-furanone ring and that the lipophilicity of compounds substantially affects their antifouling activities. Based on these findings, a compound with a straight alkyl side-chain was synthesized and proved itself as a very effective non-toxic, anti-larval settlement agent against three major fouling organisms. The strong antifouling activity, relatively low toxicity, and simple structures of these compounds make them promising candidates for new antifouling additives.
authors.affiliation: KAUST Global Academic Partnership Program, Department of Biology, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong SAR, China.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Hongping
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schulz
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Nobushino
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fusetani
authors.forename: Hairong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xiong
authors.forename: Xiang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.forename: Pei-Yuan
authors.initials: PY
authors.lastname: Qian
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000977:Antiparasitic Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D057219:Biofouling / Q000517:prevention & control*; D045424:Complex Mixtures / Q000737:chemistry; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects; D021261:Parasitic Sensitivity Tests; D012623:Seawater / Q000382:microbiology*; D013302:Streptomyces / Q000737:chemistry*; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship
chemical_list: D000977:Antiparasitic Agents; D045424:Complex Mixtures