title: Alpha-B-crystallin as a tissue marker of epileptic foci in paediatric resections.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We studied alpha-B-crystallin, a small heat shock chaperone protein upregulated by various "stresses", as an immunocytochemical tissue marker of epileptic foci.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined 45 resected brain tissues of epileptic patients, 16 months to 23 years. Postmortem brains of 2 epileptic children and 20 normal fetuses and neonates of 10-41 weeks gestation similarly were studied. Immunocytochemical demonstration of alpha-B-crystallin was supplemented by neuronal, glial and inflammatory cell markers and electron microscopy (EM) in surgical cases. Autopsy brain tissue of children without epilepsy or neurological disease served as controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all resections, alpha-B-crystallin was overexpressed in astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, including satellite cells adherent to neurons, and occasionally in neurons of neocortex, hippocampus and amygdala. In six cases, reactivity was most intense at or near the epileptic focus, with a diminishing gradient of intensity for 2-3 cm; similar focal expression was seen in autopsy cases. Presence or absence of histological structural lesions was independent of alpha-B-crystallin expression. Balloon cells and giant atypical cells in tuberous sclerosis were intensely reactive. Reactivity was present in DNETs. No correlation occurred with microglial activation, inflammation or gliosis; no ultrastructural alterations were seen. No expression was seen in fetal brains at any age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Immunoreactive alpha-B-crystallin is a reliable tissue marker of epileptic foci, regardless of presence or absence of structural lesions; at times it maps the extent of a focus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, Alberta Children's Hospital and University of Calgary Faculty of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. harvey.sarnat@albertahealthservices.ca
authors.forename: Harvey B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Sarnat
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Flores-Sarnat
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D009836:Oligodendroglia / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D011180:Postmortem Changes; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult; D038203:alpha-Crystallin B Chain / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D038203:alpha-Crystallin B Chain