title: The effect of eye opening and closing on the result of facial wrinkle assessment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Since there is no standard protocol that specifies the opening or closing of eyelids in wrinkle assessment, the eyelid position of subjects at the time of assessment varies from study to study. This study aimed to reveal the effect of eye opening and closing on the result of wrinkle assessment. The study also attempted to analyze the age-, site-, and ethnicity-dependent variations in the effect.
  
  
  METHODS
  Open- and closed-eyed photographs were obtained from 87 Japanese women of ages ranging from 21 to 73 years, and also from 80 American women comprising of Asians, Caucasians, Africans and Hispanics in their 30s. Their wrinkle intensities were scored separately at nine facial sites using a five-point photo scale. The obtained scores were compared between open- and closed-eyed photographs. The differences were then compared across age- and ethnic-groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In Japanese subjects, a significant difference was found at the forehead wrinkle in all age groups, and also at the glabella, nasal root and eye corner in the middle and old age groups. In American subjects, significant differences were found at the forehead, nasal root, eye-corner, and upper and lower eyelids. The differences were more prominent in the Hispanic and Caucasian Americans than in the Asian and African Americans.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that the eyelid position should be considered as a variable in wrinkle assessment.
authors.affiliation: Biological Science Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Tochigi, Japan. tsukahara.kazue@kao.co.jp
authors.forename: Kazue
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tsukahara
authors.forename: Mitsuyuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hotta
authors.forename: Osamu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Osanai
authors.forename: Tutomu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fujimura
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kitahara
authors.forename: Yoshinori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takema
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D000368:Aged; D044466:Asian People; D002610:Cheek; D005006:Ethnicity; D005143:Eyelids; D005260:Female; D005546:Forehead; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009055:Mouth; D010781:Photography; D010808:Physical Examination / Q000379:methods; D015595:Skin Aging / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000473:pathology*; D044465:White People; D055815:Young Adult