title: Effects of headspace and oxygen level on off-gas emissions from wood pellets in storage.
abstract: Few papers have been published in the open literature on the emissions from biomass fuels, including wood pellets, during the storage and transportation and their potential health impacts. The purpose of this study is to provide data on the concentrations, emission factors, and emission rate factors of CO(2), CO, and CH(4) from wood pellets stored with different headspace to container volume ratios with different initial oxygen levels, in order to develop methods to reduce the toxic off-gas emissions and accumulation in storage spaces. Metal containers (45 l, 305 mm diameter by 610 mm long) were used to study the effect of headspace and oxygen levels on the off-gas emissions from wood pellets. Concentrations of CO(2), CO, and CH(4) in the headspace were measured using a gas chromatograph as a function of storage time. The results showed that the ratio of the headspace ratios and initial oxygen levels in the storage space significantly affected the off-gas emissions from wood pellets stored in a sealed container. Higher peak emission factors and higher emission rates are associated with higher headspace ratios. Lower emissions of CO(2) and CO were generated at room temperature under lower oxygen levels, whereas CH(4) emission is insensitive to the oxygen level. Replacing oxygen with inert gases in the storage space is thus a potentially effective method to reduce the biomass degradation and toxic off-gas emissions. The proper ventilation of the storage space can also be used to maintain a high oxygen level and low concentrations of toxic off-gassing compounds in the storage space, which is especially useful during the loading and unloading operations to control the hazards associated with the storage and transportation of wood pellets.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada.
authors.forename: Xingya
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Kuang
authors.forename: Tumuluru Jaya
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Shankar
authors.forename: Shahab
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sokhansanj
authors.forename: C Jim
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Xiaotao T
authors.initials: XT
authors.lastname: Bi
authors.forename: Staffan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Melin
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D056804:Biofuels / Q000032:analysis; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000032:analysis; D002248:Carbon Monoxide / Q000032:analysis; D020378:Confined Spaces; D005740:Gases / Q000032:analysis*; D008697:Methane / Q000032:analysis; D010100:Oxygen / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology; D014934:Wood / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D056804:Biofuels; D005740:Gases; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D002248:Carbon Monoxide; D008697:Methane; D010100:Oxygen