Density of tobacco retailers near schools: effects on tobacco use among students.
OBJECTIVE
We examined the relationship between students' tobacco use and the density and proximity of tobacco retailers near their schools.


METHODS
We used data from the 2003-2004 California Student Tobacco Survey and California retail licensing data. Measures included students' self-reported tobacco use and geocoded state-reported locations of tobacco retailers. We used random-intercept generalized linear mixed modeling to jointly evaluate individual-level and school-level predictors.


RESULTS
Density of retailers was associated with experimental smoking (odds ratio [OR] = 1.11; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.02, 1.21) but not established smoking (OR = 1.06; 95% CI = 0.94, 1.20). The effects on experimental smoking were confined to high school students (OR = 1.17; 95% CI = 1.06, 1.29) in urban areas (OR = 1.11; 95% CI = 1.01, 1.21); no effects were observed among middle school students or in rural schools. High school students were more likely to obtain cigarettes from a retailer; middle school students relied more heavily on social sources.


CONCLUSIONS
Our results support the plausibility of reducing rates of students' experimental smoking, but not established smoking, by restricting their access to commercial sources of tobacco in urban areas.
McCarthy
William J
WJ
School of Public Health and the Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA. wmccarth@ucla.edu
Mistry
Ritesh
R
Lu
Yao
Y
Patel
Minal
M
Zheng
Hong
H
Dietsch
Barbara
B
D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003132:Commerce; D005260:Female; D040362:Geographic Information Systems; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015995:Prevalence; D012574:Schools; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014026:Nicotiana