title: Microbiological findings at tongue piercing sites: implications to oral health.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Body piercing enjoys a widespread popularity among juveniles and young people. The tongue is the most commonly pierced oral site. Tongue jewellery, however, can damage the teeth and periodontium and may provide an ideal environment for microorganisms. The aim of this report was to investigate if and in case in which amount periodontopathogenic organisms can be found at tongue piercing sites.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with tongue piercings visiting the authors' dental office for a dental check-up volunteered. A questionnaire was used to collect data on the type of material used in the piercing, the time the device was in place, oral and piercing hygiene practices and smoking habits. The dental examination included an oral hygiene index and the periodontal screening index. From the surface of the piercing jewellery adjacent to the tongue perforation, microbiological samples were collected and analysed for the presence of 11 periodontopathogenic bacteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 12 patients with tongue piercing were asked and examined. Their tongue piercings had been in place between 2 and 8 years. The microbiological analysis showed an increased or substantially increased concentration of periodontopathogenic bacteria in all cases. It became obvious that the longer a piercing had been in place, the more pronounced was the shift from bacteria with a moderate periodontopathogenic potential to bacteria with a high periodontopathogenic potential.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tongue piercing provides a potential reservoir for periodontopathogenic bacteria.
authors.affiliation: Department of Operative Dentistry, Preventive Dentistry and Periodontology, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany. dirk.ziebolz@med.uni-goettingen.de
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ziebolz
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hornecker
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Mausberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D046288:Body Piercing / Q000009:adverse effects; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000382:microbiology*; D050456:Fomites / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D055498:Jewelry / Q000382:microbiology*; D008297:Male; D009911:Oral Hygiene Index; D010512:Periodontal Index; D012016:Reference Values; D013997:Time Factors; D014059:Tongue / Q000382:microbiology*; D055815:Young Adult