title: Decreased STAT-1 phosphorylation by a thio analogue of beta-D-glucosylceramide is associated with altered NKT lymphocyte polarization.
abstract: Glycolipid presentation to natural killer T (NKT) lymphocytes by CD1 proteins is important for antigen recognition. It was recently suggested that beta-glycolipids exert an immune-modulatory effect on NKT lymphocytes, alleviating immune-mediated disorders. The current study aimed to determine the effect of ligand structure on intrahepatic NKT lymphocyte function in concanavalin A (ConA) hepatitis, an NKT-mediated disorder. C57BL/6 mice were injected with a non-degradable beta-D-glucosylceramide containing a thioglycosidic bond (GCT), beta-D-glucosylceramide (GC), or vehicle. The phosphorylation of STAT-1, intrahepatic NKT lymphocyte number, and serum IFN-gamma levels were determined. Liver damage was assessed by serum transaminases and the degree of apoptosis. The administration of GCT led to a significant inhibitory effect on intrahepatic NKT lymphocytes. Both GCT and GC led to a decrease in STAT-1 phosphorylation and a decrease in IFN-gamma serum levels. These effects were associated with the alleviation of ConA immune-mediated hepatitis, as determined by a similar substantial decrease in serum transaminases and a profound decrease in apoptosis as noted by TUNEL assay, and were NKT-type I dependent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Alteration of the chemical structure of the GC by replacing the O-glycosidic bond with an S-glycosidic bond results in a non-degradable molecule GCT and significantly suppresses intrahepatic NKT lymphocytes. These results suggest that cellular events that alter the enzymatic pathways of glycosylceramides serve as an initial stimulus for NKT cell polarization in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: Ami
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ben Ya'acov
authors.forename: Gadi
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lalazar
authors.forename: Dan M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Livovsky
authors.forename: Dimitri
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kanovich
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Axelrod
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Preston
authors.forename: Guenter
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schwarzmann
authors.forename: Yaron
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ilan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018949:Antigens, CD1 / Q000276:immunology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D016764:Cell Polarity / Q000187:drug effects*; D003208:Concanavalin A; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005963:Glucosylceramides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D055611:Natural Killer T-Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D050794:STAT1 Transcription Factor / Q000378:metabolism*; D013154:Spleen / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D018949:Antigens, CD1; D005963:Glucosylceramides; D050794:STAT1 Transcription Factor; C494080:Stat1 protein, mouse; D003208:Concanavalin A; D007371:Interferon-gamma