title: Interpreting three-dimensional structures from two-dimensional images: a web-based interactive 3D teaching model of surgical liver anatomy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Given the increasing number of indications for liver surgery and the growing complexity of operations, many trainees in surgical, imaging and related subspecialties require a good working knowledge of the complex intrahepatic anatomy. Computed tomography (CT), the most commonly used liver imaging modality, enhances our understanding of liver anatomy, but comprises a two-dimensional (2D) representation of a complex 3D organ. It is challenging for trainees to acquire the necessary skills for converting these 2D images into 3D mental reconstructions because learning opportunities are limited and internal hepatic anatomy is complicated, asymmetrical and variable. We have created a website that uses interactive 3D models of the liver to assist trainees in understanding the complex spatial anatomy of the liver and to help them create a 3D mental interpretation of this anatomy when viewing CT scans.
  
  
  METHODS
  Computed tomography scans were imported into DICOM imaging software (OsiriX) to obtain 3D surface renderings of the liver and its internal structures. Using these 3D renderings as a reference, 3D models of the liver surface and the intrahepatic structures, portal veins, hepatic veins, hepatic arteries and the biliary system were created using 3D modelling software (Cinema 4D).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using current best practices for creating multimedia tools, a unique, freely available, online learning resource has been developed, entitled Visual Interactive Resource for Teaching, Understanding And Learning Liver Anatomy (VIRTUAL Liver) (http://pie.med.utoronto.ca/VLiver). This website uses interactive 3D models to provide trainees with a constructive resource for learning common liver anatomy and liver segmentation, and facilitates the development of the skills required to mentally reconstruct a 3D version of this anatomy from 2D CT scans.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the intended audience for VIRTUAL Liver consists of residents in various medical and surgical specialties, the website will also be useful for other health care professionals (i.e. radiologists, nurses, hepatologists, radiation oncologists, family doctors) and educators because it provides a comprehensive resource for teaching liver anatomy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia, Perioperative Interactive Education, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada. jodi.crossingham@utoronto.ca
authors.forename: Jodi L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Crossingham
authors.forename: Jodie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jenkinson
authors.forename: Nick
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Woolridge
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gallinger
authors.forename: Gordon A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Tait
authors.forename: Carol-Anne E
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Moulton