title: Development and validation of hospital "end-of-life" treatment intensity measures.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Health care utilization among decedents is increasingly used as a measure of health care efficiency, but decedent-based measures may be biased estimates of care received by "dying" patients.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To develop and validate new measures of hospital "end-of-life" treatment intensity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective cohort study using Pennsylvania Health Care Cost Containment Council (PHC4) discharge data (April 2001-March 2005) and Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) data (January 1999-December 2003).
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients 65 and older admitted to 174 Pennsylvania acute care hospitals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hospital-specific standardized ratios of intensive care unit (ICU) and life-sustaining treatment (LST) use among terminal admissions (decedents) and admissions with a high probability of dying, and spending and use of hospitals, ICUs, and physicians among patients in their last 6 months of life.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was marked between-hospital variation in the use of the ICU and LSTs among decedents and admissions with high probability of dying. All hospital decedent and high probability of dying measures were highly correlated (P < 00001). In principal components factor analysis, all 4 of the last-6-months cohort-based measures, the decedent and high-risk admission-based ICU measures, and 8 of the 12 decedent and high probability of dying LST measures loaded onto a single factor, explaining 42% of the variation in the data.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hospitals' end-of-life intensity varies in the use of specific life-sustaining treatments that are somewhat emblematic of aggressive end-of-life care. End-of-life intensity is a relatively stable hospital attribute that is robust to multiple measurement approaches.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA. aeb2@pitt.edu
authors.forename: Amber E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Barnato
authors.forename: Max H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Farrell
authors.forename: Chung-Chou H
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Judith R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Lave
authors.forename: Mark S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Derek C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Angus
mesh_terms: D014487:Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, U.S.; D018588:Fee-for-Service Plans; D005102:Health Expenditures; D006302:Health Services Research; D006801:Humans; D007297:Inpatients; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010414:Pennsylvania; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013727:Terminal Care / Q000145:classification / Q000191:economics / Q000639:trends*; D014481:United States