title: Neovascular age-related macular degeneration: intraocular cytokines and growth factors and the influence of therapy with ranibizumab.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate concentrations of growth factors and inflammatory cytokines in eyes with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) before and during therapy with intravitreal ranibizumab and to identify associations with disease activity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective clinical trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-eight eyes of patients with neovascular AMD were compared with 28 eyes of age-matched patients with cataract as control.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ranibizumab was administered intravitreously once at baseline, and retreatments were given at monthly visits if optical coherence tomography (OCT) revealed macular edema or vision loss had occurred. Aqueous humor samples were taken each time intravitreal interventions were performed. Follow-up was 12 months. Luminex (Luminex Inc., Austin, TX) multiplex assays were used for measurement of 29 different growth factors and cytokines, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF).
  
  
  METHODS
  Differences in the concentrations of growth factors and inflammatory cytokines in eyes with neovascular AMD compared with control eyes and the influence of therapy with intravitreal ranibizumab.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significantly increased expression of VEGF (P = 0.033) and a significantly decreased expression of PDGF (P = 0.038) were measured in the aqueous humor of eyes with neovascular AMD. Furthermore, a significant decrease of VEGF (P<0.001) was observed after intravitreal injection of ranibizumab along with significant changes in visual acuity and central retinal thickness (P = 0.039 and P<0.001). During follow-up with a flexible regimen, a correlation was identified between increased VEGF levels and persistent or recurrent macular edema. Changes in PDGF levels were strongly associated with alterations in VEGF concentration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vascular endothelial growth factor and PDGF-AA seemed to be associated with disease activity of neovascular AMD. Intravitreal anti-angiogenic treatment with ranibizumab resulted in significantly decreased intraocular VEGF expression below physiologic levels compared with controls. This effect was measurable as long as 4 weeks after each injection and was prolonged by consecutive retreatment. With recurrence after discontinuation of treatment, VEGF levels increased again.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Marion
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Funk
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Karl
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Georgopoulos
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Benesch
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sacu
authors.forename: Kaija
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Polak
authors.forename: Gerhard J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Zlabinger
authors.forename: Ursula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Schmidt-Erfurth
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D001082:Aqueous Humor / Q000378:metabolism*; D020256:Choroidal Neovascularization / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D011446:Prospective Studies; D000069579:Ranibizumab; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology; D014822:Vitreous Body
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D016207:Cytokines; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D000069579:Ranibizumab