title: The rewarding aspects of music listening are related to degree of emotional arousal.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Listening to music is amongst the most rewarding experiences for humans. Music has no functional resemblance to other rewarding stimuli, and has no demonstrated biological value, yet individuals continue listening to music for pleasure. It has been suggested that the pleasurable aspects of music listening are related to a change in emotional arousal, although this link has not been directly investigated. In this study, using methods of high temporal sensitivity we investigated whether there is a systematic relationship between dynamic increases in pleasure states and physiological indicators of emotional arousal, including changes in heart rate, respiration, electrodermal activity, body temperature, and blood volume pulse.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-six participants listened to self-selected intensely pleasurable music and "neutral" music that was individually selected for them based on low pleasure ratings they provided on other participants' music. The "chills" phenomenon was used to index intensely pleasurable responses to music. During music listening, continuous real-time recordings of subjective pleasure states and simultaneous recordings of sympathetic nervous system activity, an objective measure of emotional arousal, were obtained.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results revealed a strong positive correlation between ratings of pleasure and emotional arousal. Importantly, a dissociation was revealed as individuals who did not experience pleasure also showed no significant increases in emotional arousal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results have broader implications by demonstrating that strongly felt emotions could be rewarding in themselves in the absence of a physically tangible reward or a specific functional goal.
authors.affiliation: Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. valorie.salimpoor@mail.mcgill.ca
authors.forename: Valorie N
authors.initials: VN
authors.lastname: Salimpoor
authors.forename: Mitchel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Benovoy
authors.forename: Gregory
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Longo
authors.forename: Jeremy R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Cooperstock
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Zatorre
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology*; D001307:Auditory Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D001831:Body Temperature; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005712:Galvanic Skin Response; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009146:Music / Q000523:psychology*; D057181:Pleasure; D056152:Respiratory Rate; D012881:Skin Temperature