title: Assessment of domestic violence against children and adolescents with enuresis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the frequency of domestic violence against Brazilian children and adolescents due to episodes of enuresis, as well as associated risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study was carried out with 149 patients aged between 6 and 18 years who received the diagnosis of primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis. A semi-structured interview was done with the patients and their guardians to collect information about the characteristics of domestic violence and abusers. In addition, a playful activity was performed by the patients. Abuse was characterized as verbal aggression, physical aggression without physical contact, and physical aggression with physical contact.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighty-nine percent (n = 132) of the patients suffered abuse due to episodes of urine leakage. All cases were characterized by verbal punishment associated or not with other types of aggression. Physical punishment without physical contact occurred in 50.8% of the cases, while physical punishment with physical contact accounted for 48.5% of the cases. The main abuser was the mother (87.9%). One patient suffered an intentional severe genital injury, and reconstructive surgery was necessary. There was a significant correlation (p = 0.043, r = -0.768) between the abuser's educational level and punishment severity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Punishment rates due to episodes of urine leakage are alarming. Children and adolescents with enuresis who live with low-educated people can be considered a population at risk of suffering domestic violence.
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto (HUPE), Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: Melina C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Sapi
authors.forename: Juliana S P
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Vasconcelos
authors.forename: Fernando G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: Ronaldo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Damião
authors.forename: Eloísio A da
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Silva
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001938:Brazil; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009034:Mother-Child Relations; D009035:Mothers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D053206:Nocturnal Enuresis / Q000523:psychology*; D011678:Punishment / Q000523:psychology; D012307:Risk Factors; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric