title: A worldwide survey of human male demographic history based on Y-SNP and Y-STR data from the HGDP-CEPH populations.
abstract: We have investigated human male demographic history using 590 males from 51 populations in the Human Genome Diversity Project - Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain worldwide panel, typed with 37 Y-chromosomal Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms and 65 Y-chromosomal Short Tandem Repeats and analyzed with the program Bayesian Analysis of Trees With Internal Node Generation. The general patterns we observe show a gradient from the oldest population time to the most recent common ancestors (TMRCAs) and expansion times together with the largest effective population sizes in Africa, to the youngest times and smallest effective population sizes in the Americas. These parameters are significantly negatively correlated with distance from East Africa, and the patterns are consistent with most other studies of human variation and history. In contrast, growth rate showed a weaker correlation in the opposite direction. Y-lineage diversity and TMRCA also decrease with distance from East Africa, supporting a model of expansion with serial founder events starting from this source. A number of individual populations diverge from these general patterns, including previously documented examples such as recent expansions of the Yoruba in Africa, Basques in Europe, and Yakut in Northern Asia. However, some unexpected demographic histories were also found, including low growth rates in the Hazara and Kalash from Pakistan and recent expansion of the Mozabites in North Africa.
authors.affiliation: The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambs., United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Wentao
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Qasim
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Ayub
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vermeulen
authors.forename: Rong-guang
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Shao
authors.forename: Sofia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zuniga
authors.forename: Kristiaan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: van der Gaag
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: de Knijff
authors.forename: Manfred
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kayser
authors.forename: Yali
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tyler-Smith
mesh_terms: D000352:Africa, Northern; D041322:Chromosomes, Human, Y / Q000235:genetics*; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D014644:Genetic Variation / Q000235:genetics*; D005828:Genetics, Population / Q000379:methods*; D005843:Geography; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats / Q000235:genetics*; D010802:Phylogeny; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics*