title: Esophageal stenting in children: indications, application, effectiveness, and complications.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Use of esophageal stents is uncommon in children, and there are few reports. We report the first experience in predominantly small children and infants with retrievable, flexible stents designed for tracheobronchial use.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Evaluation of initial experience with placement of esophageal stents for benign esophageal disorders in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A pediatric, academic, tertiary-referral center.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study involved 7 pediatric patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Covered tracheobronchial stents were endoscopically placed in pediatric patients with benign esophageal conditions. Removal involved using forceps to pull the purse-string suture into the endoscope channel and collapsing the top of the stent for easy removal.
  
  
  METHODS
  To evaluate the safety and feasibility of performing endoscopic stent placement in children and to establish criteria for early stent removal.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six of 7 patients benefitted from stenting. There were no complications of placement. Novel techniques were developed for difficult retrievals. One patient did not benefit from esophageal stent placement, because the stent migrated downward from the uppermost part of the esophagus. One patient had some gagging, which led to early removal of the stent. A stent was removed emergently in 1 patient for respiratory distress.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Small number of patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Retrievable, covered stents are easily placed and removed from the esophagus in small children. They should be considered for severe unrelenting strictures, especially when associated with esophageal leaks. A need exists for development of esophageal stents designed for pediatric use.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
authors.forename: Chad
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Best
authors.forename: Boris
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sudel
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Foker
authors.forename: Tara C K
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Krosch
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dietz
authors.forename: Khalid M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Khan
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004940:Esophageal Stenosis / Q000628:therapy*; D004947:Esophagus / Q000002:abnormalities; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015607:Stents