title: Gender differences in the longitudinal structure of cognitive diatheses for depression in children and adolescents.
abstract: In a school-based, four-wave, longitudinal study, children (grades 4-7) and young adolescents (grades 6-9) completed questionnaires measuring depressive symptoms and depressive cognitions, including positive and negative cognitions on the Cognitive Triad Inventory for Children (CTI-C; Kaslow, Stark, Printz, Livingston, & Tsai, 1992) and self-perceived competence on the Self-Perception Profile for Children (SPPC; Harter, 1985). Application of the Trait-State-Occasion model (Cole, Martin, & Steiger, 2005) revealed the existence of a time-invariant trait factor and a set of time-varying occasion factors. Gender differences emerged, indicating that some cognitive diatheses were more trait-like for girls than for boys (i.e., positive and negative cognitions on the CTI-C; self-perceived physical appearance and global self-worth on the SPPC). Implications focus on the emergent gender difference in depression, the design of longitudinal studies, and clinical decisions about the implementation of prevention versus intervention programs.
authors.affiliation: Psychology & Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37203, USA. david.cole@vanderbilt.edu
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Cole
authors.forename: Farrah M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Jacquez
authors.forename: Alanna E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Truss
authors.forename: Ashley Q
authors.initials: AQ
authors.lastname: Pineda
authors.forename: Amy S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Weitlauf
authors.forename: Carlos E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Tilghman-Osborne
authors.forename: Julia W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Felton
authors.forename: Melissa A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Maxwell
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003469:Culture; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D004198:Disease Susceptibility / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005783:Gender Identity; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008960:Models, Psychological; D010555:Personality Inventory / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011594:Psychometrics; D012307:Risk Factors; D012649:Self Concept; D020377:Self Efficacy; D012925:Social Conformity; D012928:Social Desirability; D013694:Temperament