title: A structured implicit abstraction method to evaluate whether content of counseling before prostate cancer screening is consistent with recommendations by experts.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the content of counseling about prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening. Guidelines recommend informed consent before screening because of concerns about benefits versus risks. As part of the professional practice standard for informed consent, clinicians should include content customarily provided by experts.
  
  
  METHODS
  40 transcripts of conversations between medicine residents and standardized patients were abstracted using an instrument derived from an expert Delphi panel that ranked 10 "facts that experts believe men ought to know."
  
  
  RESULTS
  Transcripts contained definite criteria for an average of 1.7 facts, and either definite or partial criteria for 5.1 facts. Second- and third-year residents presented more facts than interns (p=0.01). The most common facts were "false positive PSA tests can occur" and "use of the PSA test as a screening test is controversial." There was an r=0.88 correlation between inclusion by residents and the experts' ranking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Counseling varied but most transcripts included some expert-recommended facts. The absence of other facts could be a quality deficit or an effort to prioritize messages and lessen cognitive demands on the patient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinicians should adapt counseling for each patient, but our abstraction approach may help to assess the quality of informed consent over larger populations.
authors.affiliation: Internal Medicine, Pediatrics, & Population Health-Bioethics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Center for Patient Care and Outcomes Research, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226-0509, USA. mfarrell@mcw.edu
authors.forename: Michael H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Farrell
authors.forename: Evelyn C Y
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Lynnea K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Ladouceur
authors.forename: Jeffrey M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Stein
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003142:Communication; D003697:Delphi Technique; D037001:Directive Counseling; D006266:Health Education; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis
chemical_list: D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen