title: Three-dimensional ultrasound for image-guided mapping and intervention: methods, quantitative validation, and clinical feasibility of a novel multimodality image mapping system.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Multiple factors create discrepancies between electroanatomic maps and merged, preacquired computed tomographic images used in guiding atrial fibrillation ablation. Therefore, a Carto-based 3D ultrasound image system (Biosense Webster Inc) was validated in an animal model and tested in 15 atrial fibrillation patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twelve dogs underwent evaluation using a newly developed Carto-based 3D ultrasound system. After fiducial clip markers were percutaneously implanted at critical locations in each cardiac chamber, 3D ultrasound geometries, derived from a family of 2D intracardiac echocardiographic images, were constructed. Point-source error of 3D ultrasound-derived geometries, assessed by actual real-time 2D intracardiac echocardiographic clip sites, was 2.1+/-1.1 mm for atrial and 2.4+/-1.2 mm for ventricular sites. These errors were significantly less than the variance on CartoMerge computed tomographic images (atria: 3.3+/-1.6 mm; ventricles: 4.8+/-2.0 mm; P<0.001 for both). Target ablation at each clip, guided only by 3D ultrasound-derived geometry, resulted in lesions within 1.1+/-1.1 mm of the actual clips. Pulmonary vein ablation guided by 3D ultrasound-derived geometry resulted in circumferential ablative lesions. Mapping in 15 patients produced modestly smaller 3D ultrasound versus electroanatomic map left atrial volumes (98+/-24 cm(3) versus 109+/-25 cm(3), P<0.05). Three-dimensional ultrasound-guided pulmonary vein isolation and linear ablation in these patients were successfully performed with confirmation of pulmonary vein entrance/exit block.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data demonstrate that 3D ultrasound images seamlessly yield anatomically accurate chamber geometries. Image volumes from the ultrasound system are more accurate than possible with CartoMerge computed tomographic imaging. This clinical study also demonstrates the initial feasibility of this guidance system for ablation in patients with atrial fibrillation.
authors.affiliation: Translational Cardiac Electrophysiology Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn., USA.
authors.forename: Yasuo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Okumura
authors.forename: Benhur D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Henz
authors.forename: Susan B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: T Jared
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Bunch
authors.forename: Christine J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: O'Brien
authors.forename: David O
authors.initials: DO
authors.lastname: Hodge
authors.forename: Andres
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Altman
authors.forename: Assaf
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Govari
authors.forename: Douglas L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Packer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D017115:Catheter Ablation; D004285:Dogs; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000592:standards; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006321:Heart; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011667:Pulmonary Veins / Q000601:surgery; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000592:standards; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000592:standards