title: The l1-l2 regularization framework unmasks the hypoxia signature hidden in the transcriptome of a set of heterogeneous neuroblastoma cell lines.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gene expression signatures are clusters of genes discriminating different statuses of the cells and their definition is critical for understanding the molecular bases of diseases. The identification of a gene signature is complicated by the high dimensional nature of the data and by the genetic heterogeneity of the responding cells. The l1-l2 regularization is an embedded feature selection technique that fulfills all the desirable properties of a variable selection algorithm and has the potential to generate a specific signature even in biologically complex settings. We studied the application of this algorithm to detect the signature characterizing the transcriptional response of neuroblastoma tumor cell lines to hypoxia, a condition of low oxygen tension that occurs in the tumor microenvironment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We determined the gene expression profile of 9 neuroblastoma cell lines cultured under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. We studied a heterogeneous set of neuroblastoma cell lines to mimic the in vivo situation and to test the robustness and validity of the l1-l2 regularization with double optimization. Analysis by hierarchical, spectral, and k-means clustering or supervised approach based on t-test analysis divided the cell lines on the bases of genetic differences. However, the disturbance of this strong transcriptional response completely masked the detection of the more subtle response to hypoxia. Different results were obtained when we applied the l1-l2 regularization framework. The algorithm distinguished the normoxic and hypoxic statuses defining signatures comprising 3 to 38 probesets, with a leave-one-out error of 17%. A consensus hypoxia signature was established setting the frequency score at 50% and the correlation parameter epsilon equal to 100. This signature is composed by 11 probesets representing 8 well characterized genes known to be modulated by hypoxia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We demonstrate that l1-l2 regularization outperforms more conventional approaches allowing the identification and definition of a gene expression signature under complex experimental conditions. The l1-l2 regularization and the cross validation generates an unbiased and objective output with a low classification error. We feel that the application of this algorithm to tumor biology will be instrumental to analyze gene expression signatures hidden in the transcriptome that, like hypoxia, may be major determinant of the course of the disease.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio di Biologia Molecolare, Giannina Gaslini Institute, Largo G Gaslini 5, I-16147 Genova, Italy. paolofardin@ospedale-gaslini.ge.it
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fardin
authors.forename: Annalisa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barla
authors.forename: Sofia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mosci
authors.forename: Lorenzo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rosasco
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Verri
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Varesio
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D015687:Cell Hypoxia / Q000235:genetics; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000379:methods*; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009447:Neuroblastoma / Q000235:genetics*; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D012334:RNA, Neoplasm