title: Can osseous landmarks in the distal medial humerus be used to identify the attachment sites of ligaments and tendons: paleopathologic-anatomic imaging study in cadavers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe osseous landmarks that allow identification of the attachments of the ligaments and tendons in the distal medial aspect of the humerus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Reliable osseous landmarks in the distal medial aspect of the humerus were identified in 34 well-preserved specimens from a paleopathologic collection. These osseous landmarks were then sought in magnetic resonance (MR) images of ten cadaveric elbow specimens so that the ease of their visualization and optimal imaging plane could be assessed. To assign these osseous landmarks to specific attachments of the tendons and ligaments in the distal medial humerus, we cut the specimens in slices and photographed and examined them. Subsequently, the prevalence of these osseous landmarks as well as the attachment sites of the tendons and ligaments in this location was determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We determined ten reliable osseous landmarks in the distal medial aspect of the humerus, their prevalence and ease of identification, and their relationship to the attachments of the tendons and ligaments at the medial distal humerus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is possible to use osseous landmarks at the distal medial humerus to facilitate identification of the different attachments of tendons and ligaments when MR images of the elbow are assessed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Diego, CA, USA. florian.buck@balgrist.ch
authors.forename: Florian M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Buck
authors.forename: Cristiane S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Zoner
authors.forename: Fabiano
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cardoso
authors.forename: Ramon
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gheno
authors.forename: Marcelo A C
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Nico
authors.forename: Debra J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Trudell
authors.forename: Tori D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Randall
authors.forename: Donald
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Resnick
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002102:Cadaver; D004551:Elbow Joint / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006811:Humerus / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008022:Ligaments / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013710:Tendons / Q000033:anatomy & histology*