title: Group-randomized trial of a proactive, personalized telephone counseling intervention for adolescent smoking cessation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Hutchinson Study of High School Smoking randomized trial was designed to rigorously evaluate a proactive, personalized telephone counseling intervention for adolescent smoking cessation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty randomly selected Washington State high schools were randomized to the experimental or control condition. High school junior smokers were proactively identified (N = 2151). Trained counselors delivered the motivational interviewing plus cognitive behavioral skills training telephone intervention to smokers in experimental schools during their senior year of high school. Participants were followed up, with 88.8% participation, to outcome ascertainment more than 1 year after random assignment. The main outcome was 6-months prolonged abstinence from smoking. All statistical tests were two-sided.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The intervention increased the percentage who achieved 6-month prolonged smoking abstinence among all smokers (21.8% in the experimental condition vs 17.7% in the control condition, difference = 4.0%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = -0.2 to 8.1, P = .06) and in particular among daily smokers (10.1% vs 5.9%, difference = 4.1%, 95% CI = 0.8 to 7.1, P = .02). There was also generally strong evidence of intervention impact for 3-month, 1-month, and 7-day abstinence and duration since last cigarette (P = .09, .015, .01, and .03, respectively). The intervention effect was strongest among male daily smokers and among female less-than-daily smokers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Proactive identification and recruitment of adolescents via public high schools can produce a high level of intervention reach; a personalized motivational interviewing plus cognitive behavioral skills training counseling intervention delivered by counselor-initiated telephone calls is effective in increasing teen smoking cessation; and both daily and less-than-daily teen smokers participate in and benefit from telephone-based smoking cessation intervention.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Prevention Program, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA. avpeters@fhcrc.org
authors.forename: Arthur V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Peterson
authors.forename: Kathleen A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Kealey
authors.forename: Sue L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Mann
authors.forename: Patrick M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Marek
authors.forename: Evette J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Ludman
authors.forename: Jingmin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Jonathan B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Bricker
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D003376:Counseling / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016555:Matched-Pair Analysis; D012107:Research Design; D012574:Schools; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013689:Telephone; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014861:Washington / Q000453:epidemiology