title: The association between smoking and hypertension in a population-based sample of Vietnamese men.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The association between tobacco smoking and blood pressure in epidemiological studies remains unclear despite experimental evidence that smoking elevates blood pressure. This study examined the association between smoking and hypertension in a population-based sample of Vietnamese men.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study utilized a population-based sample of men (n = 910) from a survey of risk factors of noncommunicable diseases in Vietnam. Measurements including behavioural risk factors, body composition, and blood pressure were performed according to internationally standardized protocols. Poisson regression was used to obtain prevalence ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). All analyses were performed using complex survey methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were significant trends of increasing prevalence of hypertension with increasing years (P = 0.05) and pack-years (P = 0.03) of smoking after adjusting for age, BMI, and alcohol intake. Relative to never-smokers, the risk of hypertension for those who had smoked for 30 years or more and those who had smoked 20 pack-years or more were 1.52 (95% CI 0.95-2.44) and 1.34 (95% CI 0.94-1.91), respectively. Overall, however, current smokers were not at higher risk of hypertension than never-smokers (prevalence ratio = 1.08, 95% CI 0.70-1.68), and ex-smokers were more likely to be hypertensive than either never-smokers (prevalence ratio = 1.81, 95% CI 1.07-3.06) or current smokers (prevalence ratio = 1.67, 95% CI 1.25-2.23), similarly adjusted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this population-based sample, hypertension was associated with smoking in a dose-response manner when characterized as number of years of smoking and lifetime cigarette consumption, but was not associated with current smoking status.
authors.affiliation: Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Can Tho, Vietnam. Leigh.Blizzard@utas.edu.au
authors.forename: Au Bich
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Thuy
authors.forename: Leigh
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Blizzard
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: Pham Hung
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Luc
authors.forename: Robert H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Granger
authors.forename: Terence
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dwyer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001794:Blood Pressure; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D014744:Vietnam / Q000453:epidemiology