title: An unequal social distribution of peripheral arterial disease and the possible explanations: results from a population-based study.
abstract: A low socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with higher cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. It has remained unclear whether such a social gradient is evident in peripheral artery disease (PAD) because both diseases show different clinical courses. We looked at the association between education and income with PAD within the population of the Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study (HNRS) including 4738 individuals. In both men and women, the ankle-brachial index (ABI) decreased and the prevalence of PAD (ABI < 0.9) increased with decreasing education and income. Looking only at participants without cardiovascular disease, doctor-diagnosed PAD and media calcinosis participants with low (odds ratio 2.58, 95% confidence interval 1.53-4.34) and median education (1.90, 1.27-2.85) had higher odds for suffering from PAD compared to participants with high education. Additional adjustment for classical arteriosclerosis risk factors reduced the strength of the association while the odds ratios remained elevated. Current smoking, diabetes and BMI seem to be the most relevant mediators. Income does not significantly correlate with events when adjustments for all other risk factors are made. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that PAD is more pronounced in men and women with lower socioeconomic status. Diabetes prevention and smoking prevention and cessation programs need to specifically target individuals of lower income and education. According to our findings, prevention of PAD would benefit extraordinarily.
authors.affiliation: Department of Angiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany. knut.kroeger@uk-essen.de
authors.forename: Knut
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kröger
authors.forename: Nico
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dragano
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stang
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Moebus
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Möhlenkamp
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mann
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Siegrist
authors.forename: Karl-Heinz
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Jöckel
authors.forename: Raimund
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Erbel
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000842:Ankle / Q000098:blood supply; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001916:Brachial Artery / Q000503:physiopathology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D016491:Peripheral Vascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011159:Population Surveillance; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D012923:Social Class