title: Identifying environmental risk factors for human neural tube defects before and after folic acid supplementation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Birth defects are a major cause of infant mortality and disability in many parts of the world. Neural tube defects (NTDs) are one of the most common types of birth defects. In 2001, the Chinese population and family planning commission initiated a national intervention program for the prevention of birth defects. A key step in the program was the introduction of folic acid supplementation. Of interest in the present study was to determine whether folic acid supplementation has the same protective effect on NTDs under various geographical and socioeconomic conditions within the Chinese population and the nature in which the influence of environmental factors varied after folic acid supplementation.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, Heshun was selected as the region of interest as a surrogate for helping to answer some of the questions raised in this study on the impact of the intervention program. Spatial filtering in combination with GIS software was used to detect annual potential clusters from 1998 to 2005 in Heshun, and Kruskal-wallis test and multivariate regression were applied to identify the environmental risk factors for NTDs among various regions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 1998, a significant (p < 0.100) NTDs cluster was detected in the west of Heshun. After folic acid supplementation, the significant clusters gradually moved from west to east. However, during the study period, most of the clusters appeared in the middle region of Heshun where more than 95 percent of the coal mines of Heshun are located. For the analysis, buffer regions of the coal mine zone were built in a GIS environment. It was found that the correlations between environmental risk factors and NTDs vary among the buffer regions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This suggests that the government needs to adapt the intervention measures according to local conditions. More attention needs to be paid to the poor and to people living in areas near coal mines.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Geographical Sciences and Nature Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, PR China. liaoyl@lreis.ac.cn
authors.forename: Yilan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.forename: Jinfeng
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Xinhu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Yaoqin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Xiaoying
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zheng
mesh_terms: D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D003032:Coal Mining; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D040362:Geographic Information Systems; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D009436:Neural Tube Defects / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012307:Risk Factors; D014803:Vitamin B Complex / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D014803:Vitamin B Complex; D005492:Folic Acid