The infectious etiology of vasculitis.
Infectious agents have been implicated in the etiopathogenesis of various vasculitides via numerous and overlapping mechanisms including direct microbial invasion of endothelial cells, immune complex mediated vessel wall damage and stimulation of autoreactive B and/or T cells through molecular mimicry and superantigens. While the causative role of hepatitis B virus in polyarteritis nodosa and hepatitis C virus in mixed cryoglobulinemia is clearly established, evidence for the association of other infectious agents with vasculitis, including human immunodeficiency virus, parvovirus B19, cytomegalovirus, varicella zoster virus, Staphylococcus aureus, rickettsiaceae, Treponema pallidum and Borrelia burgdorferi, among numerous others, is accumulating. The spectrum of association of infectious agents; bacteria, viruses and parasites, with systemic vasculitides, will be reviewed herewith.
Lidar
Merav
M
Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Rheumatology Unit, Sheba Medical Center (SMC), Tel Hashomer and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
Lipschitz
Noga
N
Langevitz
Pnina
P
Shoenfeld
Yehuda
Y
D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D014657:Vasculitis / Q000145:classification / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000821:virology; D014780:Viruses / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification