Ultrasonographic assessment of umbilical disorders.
Umbilical disorders are of great clinical relevance in calves during the early postnatal period. They may be classified as (1) noninfectious disorders such as hernias and urachal cysts, (2) infectious disorders involving extra- and intra-abdominal umbilical structures, or (3) combinations thereof. Supplementing clinical examination, umbilical ultrasonography allows the identification of the structures involved and differentiation of the various disorders with a high diagnostic sensitivity. A specific diagnosis of the umbilical disorder is important, because the treatment regimen, prognosis, and treatment costs completely depend upon the extent of the disease and the structures involved.
Steiner
Adrian
A
Vetsuisse-Faculty of Bern, Clinic for Ruminants, 3012 Bern, Switzerland. adrian.steiner@knp.unibe.ch
Lejeune
Beatrice
B
D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001167:Arteritis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000662:veterinary; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D006554:Hernia, Umbilical / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000662:veterinary*; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014469:Umbilical Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014471:Umbilical Veins / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014472:Umbilicus / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014497:Urachus / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging