title: Evolution of exogenous lipoid pneumonia in children: clinical aspects, radiological aspects and the role of bronchoalveolar lavage.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To present aspects of the evolution of lipoid pneumonia in children, based on clinical, radiological and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid findings, emphasizing the importance of bronchoalveolar lavage for the diagnosis and treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  We included 28 children, with a mean age of 20 months (range, 1-108 months), diagnosed with chronic pneumonia refractory to antimicrobial therapy, with TB or with a combination of the two. Most of the children had at least one risk factor for aspiration, and all of them had a history of mineral oil ingestion for intestinal constipation (23/28) or complicated ascaridiasis (5/28). Clinical evaluations, tomographic evaluations and analyses of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were carried out at the beginning of treatment and throughout a follow-up period of 24 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tachypnea and cough were the most common symptoms. The most common radiological alterations were areas of consolidation (23/28), perihilar infiltrates (13/28) and hyperinflation (11/28). Chest CT scans showed areas of consolidation with air bronchogram (24/28), decreased attenuation in the areas of consolidation (16/28), ground-glass opacities (3/28) and crazy-paving pattern (1/28). In the analysis of the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, Sudan staining revealed foamy macrophages, confirming the diagnosis of lipoid pneumonia. After treatment with multiple bronchoalveolar lavages (mean = 9.6), 20 children became asymptomatic, 18 of those presenting normal tomographic images.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A diagnosis of lipoid pneumonia should be considered in patients with chronic refractory pneumonia or TB, especially if there is a history of mineral oil ingestion. Bronchoscopy with multiple bronchoalveolar lavages was an efficient treatment for the clearance of mineral oil from the lung parenchyma and the prevention of fibrosis. This strategy contributed to reducing the morbidity of lipoid pneumonia, which remains a rare diagnosis.
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brasil. selma_sias@vm.uff.br
authors.forename: Selma Maria de Azevedo
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Sias
authors.forename: Angela Santos
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.forename: Pedro Augusto
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Daltro
authors.forename: Regina Lúcia
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Caetano
authors.forename: José da Silva
authors.initials: Jda S
authors.lastname: Moreira
authors.forename: Thereza
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Quirico-Santos
mesh_terms: D018893:Bronchoalveolar Lavage / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003248:Constipation / Q000188:drug therapy; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008899:Mineral Oil / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011017:Pneumonia, Lipid / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000175:diagnosis
chemical_list: D008899:Mineral Oil