title: Prevention of hyponatremia during maintenance intravenous fluid administration: a prospective randomized study of fluid type versus fluid rate.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the importance of sodium content versus administration rate of intravenous fluids in the development of hyponatremia in postoperative children.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this prospective, randomized, nonblinded study, 124 children admitted for surgery received 0.9% (NS) or 0.45% (N/2) saline solution at 100% or 50% maintenance rates. Plasma electrolytes, osmolality, and ADH at induction of anesthesia were compared with values 8 hours (T(8)), and 24 hours (T(24); n = 67) after surgery. Blood glucose and ketones were measured every 4 hours. Electrolytes and osmolality were measured in urine samples.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plasma sodium concentrations fell in both N/2 groups at T(8) (100%: -1.5 +/- 2.3 mmol/L 50%: -1.9 +/- 2.0 mmol/L; P < .01) with hyponatremia more common than in the NS groups at T(8) (30% vs 10%; P = .02) but not T(24). Median plasma antidiuretic hormone concentrations increased 2- to 4-fold during surgery (P < or = .001) and only reattained levels at induction of anesthesia by T(24) in the N/2 100% group. On multiple linear regression analysis, fluid type, not rate determined risk of hyponatremia (P < .04). Two children on 100% developed SIADH (1NS). Fourteen (23%; 7NS) on 50% maintenance were assessed as dehydrated. Dextrose content was increased in 18 for hypoglycemia or ketosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The risk of hyponatremia was decreased by isotonic saline solution but not fluid restriction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, Australia; School of Women's & Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Kristen A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Neville
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Sandeman
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rubinstein
authors.forename: Guy M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Henry
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McGlynn
authors.forename: Jan L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Walker
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005440:Fluid Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007010:Hyponatremia / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007223:Infant; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007552:Isotonic Solutions; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D011182:Postoperative Care; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood; D014667:Vasopressins / Q000097:blood; D014882:Water-Electrolyte Balance
chemical_list: D007552:Isotonic Solutions; D014667:Vasopressins; D012965:Sodium Chloride