title: Oxidation of the alarmin high-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) during apoptosis.
abstract: The architectural chromosomal protein high-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) acts as an alarmin when released from cells. It is involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. HMGB1 can undergo post-translational modifications including oxidation. However, the mechanisms and functional relevance of HMGB1 oxidation are not yet understood. Increased concentrations of reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been reported during apoptosis and necrosis. Hence, we investigated the oxidative status of HMGB1 in dead cells. Immunoblot analyses under reducing and non-reducing conditions revealed that HMGB1 is oxidized in dead cells. Moreover, tagging of oxidized cysteine residues by a maleimide moiety linked to polyethylene glycol showed that HMGB1 passively released from primary and secondary necrotic cells was predominantly oxidized. Also HMGB1 in plasma of patients with systemic lupus was reversibly oxidized. In conclusion, HMGB1 undergoes reversible oxidative modifications at cysteine residues during cell death, which may modulate its biological properties.
authors.affiliation: IZKF, Research Group N2, Nikolaus Fiebiger Center of Molecular Medicine, University Hospital Erlangen, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Vilma
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Urbonaviciute
authors.forename: Silke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Meister
authors.forename: Barbara G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Fürnrohr
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Frey
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gückel
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schett
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Herrmann
authors.forename: Reinhard E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Voll
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000276:immunology*; D003545:Cysteine / Q000378:metabolism; D024243:HMGB1 Protein / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D019169:Jurkat Cells; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D009336:Necrosis; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational
chemical_list: D024243:HMGB1 Protein; D003545:Cysteine