title: Cripto-1 is required for hypoxia to induce cardiac differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells.
abstract: Cripto-1 is a membrane-bound protein that is highly expressed in embryonic stem cells and in human tumors. In the present study, we investigated the effect of low levels of oxygen, which occurs naturally in rapidly growing tissues, on Cripto-1 expression in mouse embryonic stem (mES) cells and in human embryonal carcinoma cells. During hypoxia, Cripto-1 expression levels were significantly elevated in mES cells and in Ntera-2 or NCCIT human embryonal carcinoma cells, as compared with cells growing with normal oxygen levels. The transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha directly regulated Cripto-1 expression by binding to hypoxia-responsive elements within the promoter of mouse and human Cripto-1 genes in mES and NCCIT cells, respectively. Furthermore, hypoxia modulated differentiation of mES cells by enhancing formation of beating cardiomyocytes as compared with mES cells that were differentiated under normoxia. However, hypoxia failed to induce differentiation of mES cells into cardiomyocytes in the absence of Cripto-1 expression, demonstrating that Cripto-1 is required for hypoxia to fully differentiate mES cells into cardiomyocytes. Finally, cardiac tissue samples derived from patients who had suffered ischemic heart disease showed a dramatic increase in Cripto-1 expression as compared with nonischemic heart tissue samples, suggesting that hypoxia may also regulate Cripto-1 in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
authors.forename: Caterina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bianco
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cotten
authors.forename: Enza
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lonardo
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Strizzi
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Baraty
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mancino
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gonzales
authors.forename: Kazuhide
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: Tadahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nagaoka
authors.forename: Colin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Berry
authors.forename: Andrew E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Arai
authors.forename: Gabriella
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Minchiotti
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Salomon
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000502:physiology*; D002460:Cell Line; D053595:Embryonic Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006321:Heart / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000196:embryology; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000378:metabolism*; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009206:Myocardium / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020218:Response Elements; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; C489450:Tdgf1 protein, mouse; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor