title: A study on the optimal hydraulic loading rate and plant ratios in recirculation aquaponic system.
abstract: The growths of the African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) and water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) were evaluated in recirculation aquaponic system (RAS). Fish production performance, plant growth and nutrient removal were measured and their dependence on hydraulic loading rate (HLR) was assessed. Fish production did not differ significantly between hydraulic loading rates. In contrast to the fish production, the water spinach yield was significantly higher in the lower hydraulic loading rate. Fish production, plant growth and percentage nutrient removal were highest at hydraulic loading rate of 1.28 m/day. The ratio of fish to plant production has been calculated to balance nutrient generation from fish with nutrient removal by plants and the optimum ratio was 15-42 gram of fish feed/m(2) of plant growing area. Each unit in RAS was evaluated in terms of oxygen demand. Using specified feeding regime, mass balance equations were applied to quantify the waste discharges from rearing tanks and treatment units. The waste discharged was found to be strongly dependent on hydraulic loading rate.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Innovative Design and Technology, University Darul Iman Malaysia, KUSZA Campus, 21300 Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia. enazizah@udm.edu.my
authors.forename: Azizah
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Endut
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jusoh
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.forename: W B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Wan Nik
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hassan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017756:Aquaculture / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D005399:Fishes / Q000254:growth & development; D018527:Hydroponics / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D027741:Ipomoea / Q000502:physiology*; D007700:Kinetics; D010100:Oxygen / Q000032:analysis; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D014867:Water / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D014867:Water; D010100:Oxygen