title: Noise and tremor in the perception of vocal aging in males.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To specify a set of acoustic cues for vocal aging and to establish their perceptual relevance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Perceptual testing.
  
  
  METHODS
  To identify the acoustic and perceptual correlates of the aging voice, voice quality [in conjunction with speaking rate and fundamental frequency (F(0))] was systematically manipulated using resynthesis to determine its effect on perceived age. Ten young male voices were resynthesized using two levels of noise (random modulation of F(0) contour) and two levels of tremor (constant modulation of F(0) contour with a low-amplitude wave) under a speaking-rate manipulation (an increase in speaking rate that is common to older male voices). These materials were submitted to 40 naive listeners in an age-estimation task. Two sets of comparison materials were also included for evaluation: unmanipulated samples from a 150 voice database of young, middle-aged, and older voices and disordered voice samples representing natural manifestations of the voice qualities of interest.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Speaking rate, highest degree of tremor, and highest degree of noise all shifted, in an additive manner, the mean perceived age of the young male voices by a maximum of 12 years on average; individual voices were observed being shifted by a generation. Fundamental frequency manipulations had no significant effect on perceived age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Voice quality (both tremor and noise) and speaking rate are all perceptually relevant cues of age in male voices.
authors.affiliation: Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Florida, 68 Dauer Hall, PO Box 117420, Gainesville, FL 32611-7420, USA. jharns@ufl.edu
authors.forename: James D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Harnsberger
authors.forename: William S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Rahul
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shrivastav
authors.forename: Howard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rothman
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging; D003463:Cues; D005260:Female; D005431:Florida; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010700:Phonetics; D013061:Speech Acoustics; D013067:Speech Perception; D013997:Time Factors; D014827:Vocal Cords / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014832:Voice Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D014833:Voice Quality; D055815:Young Adult