title: Effects of epidural anesthesia on intrathoracic blood volume and extravascular lung water during on-pump cardiac surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The most important side effect of epidural anesthesia is hypotension with functional hypovolemia. Aggressive infusion therapy can reduce the hypotension effect. However, in conjunction with cardiopulmonary bypass, it can increase acute lung injury. We hypothesized that epidural anesthesia, by reducing cardiac sympathetic tonus, with subsequent better pulmonary flow, does not increase lung interstitial fluids.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) were randomized to combined general anesthesia with epidural anesthesia / analgesia, (EA) group, and to general anesthesia with i/v opiate analgesia, (GA) group. Patients in the EA group received a high thoracic epidural, preoperatively. Intraoperatively, 0.25% bupivacaine 8 mL/h was infused and general anesthesia with sevoflurane was followed by bupivacaine infusion for 48 hours postoperatively. General anesthesia in the GA group was with sevoflurane and fentanyl 10 - 12 microg/kg and analgesia with pethidinum 0.1 - 0.4 mg/kg i.v. postoperatively. Global end-diastolic volume index (GEDI), intrathoracic blood volume index (ITBI) and extravascular lung water index (ELWI) were measured before anesthesia, before CPB and 15, 60, 180, 600 min. and 24 hr after CPB. Duration of mechanical lung ventilation was registered in both groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ITBI and GEDI were significantly higher in the EA group at all time points of measurement (ITBI 945.6+/-146.4 ml/m(2) and 870.6+/-146.5 ml/m( 2) vs. 1118+/-153.2 ml/m(2) and 1020+/-174.9 ml/m( 2); GEDI 720+/-96.19 ml/m(2) and 775.0+/-159.5 ml/m( 2) vs. 805.4+/-97.59 ml/m(2) and 888+/-117.3 ml/m( 2)). GEDI was significantly lower in the GA group compared with baseline (801.9+/-132.4 ml/m(2) vs. 695+/-169.2 mL/m(2)). ELWI was significantly higher in the GA group (7.233+/-1.35 ml/kg and 7.333+/-1.32 ml/kg vs. 8.533+/-1.45 ml/kg and 8.633+/-1.71 ml/kg), but without significant changes in the EA group. Duration of mechanical lung ventilation was shorter in the EA group (663.7+/-98.39 min. vs. 362.2+/-33.72 min.).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Epidural anesthesia / analgesia does not increase interstitial lung fluids by increasing intrathoracic blood volume or the amount of infusion fluids in patients undergoing cardiac surgery under cardiopulmonary bypass. There is, also, a decreased duration of mechanical lung ventilation.
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Kaunas University Hospital, Kaunas, LT-50009, Lithuania.
authors.forename: Tadas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lenkutis
authors.forename: Rimantas
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Benetis
authors.forename: Edmundas
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sirvinskas
authors.forename: Laima
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Raliene
authors.forename: Loreta
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Judickaite
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000767:Anesthesia, Epidural / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D001810:Blood Volume / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015633:Extravascular Lung Water / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007022:Hypotension / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D020896:Hypovolemia / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008738:Methyl Ethers / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D008875:Middle Aged; D012123:Pulmonary Ventilation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D000077149:Sevoflurane
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D008738:Methyl Ethers; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D005283:Fentanyl; D002045:Bupivacaine