title: In vitro effect of physiological concentrations of human albumin on the antibacterial activity of tigecycline.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine C(max) tigecycline activity in the presence/absence of physiological concentrations of human albumin with free fraction concentrations as controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Killing curves (final inoculum: 1.0-5.0 x 10(7) cfu/mL) were performed with 0.88 mg/L final concentrations (serum C(max) after a 100 mg 1 h infusion) in Mueller-Hinton broth supplemented with Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) (MH) and in MH with 4 g/dL human albumin. Controls were curves in MH with concentrations similar to the free fraction (fC(max) = 0.17 mg/L) calculated using protein binding. Activity was measured as log(10) initial inoculum reduction (log(10) initial inoculum-log(10) at 12 h/24 h). Target strains (tigecycline MIC/MBC; mg/L) were: methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus heteroresistant to vancomycin (0.12/0.25); Enterococcus faecium (0.12/0.25); Escherichia coli producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (0.12/0.25); and Acinetobacter baumannii (0.25/1).
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 24 h the fC(max) produced mean decreases of < or =0.1 cfu/mL for all strains, in contrast to the bactericidal activity (mean >3 log(10) reduction) provided by C(max) concentrations in the presence or absence of albumin for E. coli and E. faecium, and an activity nearly bactericidal for S. aureus (mean approximately 2.8 log(10) reduction). In the case of the A. baumannii isolate the C(max) in the presence or absence of albumin produced a mean reduction of 2.56 log(10) cfu/mL at 12 h (time of one dosing interval), with a bacteriostatic profile when considering 24 h colony counts (similar counts at 0 and 24 h).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Correcting the total concentration for the reported literature binding values is unreliable since tigecycline antibacterial activity was greater than that suggested by the free fraction of the drug.
authors.affiliation: Microbiology Department, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Alou
authors.forename: María-José
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Giménez
authors.forename: Fabio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cafini
authors.forename: Lorenzo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Aguilar
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sevillano
authors.forename: Natalia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: González
authors.forename: Martha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Torrico
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Prieto
authors.forename: César
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: García-Rey
authors.forename: Nuria
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: García-Escribano
mesh_terms: D040981:Acinetobacter baumannii / Q000187:drug effects*; D000418:Albumins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D003470:Culture Media / Q000737:chemistry; D016984:Enterococcus faecium / Q000187:drug effects*; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D055624:Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D050296:Microbial Viability / Q000187:drug effects; D008911:Minocycline / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D011485:Protein Binding; D012709:Serum Albumin / Q000378:metabolism*; D000075462:Serum Albumin, Human; D000078304:Tigecycline
chemical_list: C422455:ALB protein, human; D000418:Albumins; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D003470:Culture Media; D006023:Glycoproteins; D012709:Serum Albumin; D000078304:Tigecycline; D008911:Minocycline; D000075462:Serum Albumin, Human