title: Clinical implication of urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and kidney injury molecule-1 in patients with acute paraquat intoxication.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Paraquat (PQ)-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) might show the role for reactive oxygen species (ROS) in AKI. The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics of early urinary biomarkers in patients with acute PQ poisoning. We prospectively investigated changes in urinary kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) in acute PQ intoxication.
  
  
  METHODS
  From May 2008 to September 2008, 20 patients were included. Urine KIM-1, NGAL, and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG) were measured at 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 120 h after ingestion. The serum creatinine was measured also at the same intervals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  AKI was diagnosed in 11 out of 20 patients. There was a significant difference in the creatinine at 12 h between patients with AKI and those without AKI (0.50 +/- 0.15 vs. 1.04 +/- 0.53 mg/dL, p = 0.01). Urinary NGAL was higher in patients with AKI compared to patients without AKI at 24 h (2.84 vs. 0.96 ng/mL). Urinary KIM-1 was not different in comparisons between patients with AKI and those without AKI. Regardless of the AKI, the NGAL and KIM-1 were increased at between 24 and 48 h.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PQ is a very potent stimulant of NGAL-1 and KIM-1. Therefore, the NGAL might reflect reactive oxygen species-induced kidney injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, Cheonan City, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hyo-Wook
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Gil
authors.forename: Jong-Oh
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Eun-Young
authors.initials: EY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Sae-Yong
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Hong
mesh_terms: D000080242:8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine; D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins / Q000652:urine*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D003849:Deoxyguanosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D000072596:Hepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 1; D006540:Herbicides / Q000506:poisoning; D006801:Humans; D000071068:Lipocalin-2; D054834:Lipocalins / Q000652:urine*; D008297:Male; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000652:urine*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010269:Paraquat / Q000506:poisoning*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000652:urine*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D011991:Receptors, Virus; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins; D015415:Biomarkers; C491143:HAVCR1 protein, human; D000072596:Hepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 1; D006540:Herbicides; C489506:LCN2 protein, human; D000071068:Lipocalin-2; D054834:Lipocalins; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D011991:Receptors, Virus; D000080242:8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine; D003404:Creatinine; D003849:Deoxyguanosine; D010269:Paraquat