title: A genomic screen identifies TYRO3 as a MITF regulator in melanoma.
abstract: Malignant melanoma is the most aggressive form of cutaneous carcinoma, accounting for 75% of all deaths caused by skin cancers. Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) is a master gene regulating melanocyte development and functions as a "lineage addiction" oncogene in malignant melanoma. We have identified the receptor protein tyrosine kinase TYRO3 as an upstream regulator of MITF expression by a genome-wide gain-of-function cDNA screen and show that TYRO3 induces MITF-M expression in a SOX10-dependent manner in melanoma cells. Expression of TYRO3 is significantly elevated in human primary melanoma tissue samples and melanoma cell lines and correlates with MITF-M mRNA levels. TYRO3 overexpression bypasses BRAF(V600E)-induced senescence in primary melanocytes, inducing transformation of non-tumorigenic cell lines. Furthermore, TYRO3 knockdown represses cellular proliferation and colony formation in melanoma cells, and sensitizes them to chemotherapeutic agent-induced apoptosis; TYRO3 knockdown in melanoma cells also inhibits tumorigenesis in vivo. Taken together, these data indicate that TYRO3 may serve as a target for the development of therapeutic agents for melanoma.
authors.affiliation: The Skaggs Institute of Chemical Biology and the Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
authors.forename: Shoutian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Heiko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wurdak
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Galkin
authors.forename: Haiyan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tao
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Costas A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Lyssiotis
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: Buu P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Tu
authors.forename: Loren
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Miraglia
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: Fanxiang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Orth
authors.forename: Peter G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Schultz
authors.forename: Xu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002460:Cell Line; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008545:Melanoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D008546:Melanoma, Experimental / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D051739:Microphthalmia-Associated Transcription Factor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D034622:RNA Interference; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D051739:Microphthalmia-Associated Transcription Factor; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; C084944:TYRO3 protein, human; C513478:Tyro3 protein, mouse