Anaphylactoid reactions to radiocontrast agents: prevention and treatment in the cardiac catheterization laboratory.
The use of iodinated contrast agents for angiography dates back to the 1920s. The initial prototype has undergone modifications to reduce the toxicity and discomfort associated with the early contrast molecules. More importantly, these changes have dramatically decreased the rate and risk for severe adverse reactions such as hypersensitivity and anaphylaxis. With over 15 million contrast-requiring procedures performed annually in the United States, it is important to understand the risk factors, pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention and treatment of contrast-induced anaphylactoid reactions. Reviews of adverse reactions are sparse in the cardiology literature, except for a landmark review in 1995 by Goss et al, which has served as the only practice guideline to date for cardiologists. In this report, we review the most recent literature to provide a guide for the general and interventional cardiologist in regards to the pretreatment and management of contrast-related reactions specifically in the cardiac catheterization laboratory.
Nayak
Keshav R
KR
Interventional Cardiology, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Scripps Clinic Torrey Pines, 10666 N. Torrey Pines Road, S1056, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Nayak.keshav@scrippshealth.org
White
Andrew A
AA
Cavendish
Jeffrey J
JJ
Barker
Colin M
CM
Kandzari
David E
DE
D000707:Anaphylaxis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006633:Histamine Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D013256:Steroids / Q000627:therapeutic use
D003287:Contrast Media; D006633:Histamine Antagonists; D013256:Steroids; D004837:Epinephrine