title: Myosin IXa regulates epithelial differentiation and its deficiency results in hydrocephalus.
abstract: The ependymal multiciliated epithelium in the brain restricts the cerebrospinal fluid to the cerebral ventricles and regulates its flow. We report here that mice deficient for myosin IXa (Myo9a), an actin-dependent motor molecule with a Rho GTPase-activating (GAP) domain, develop severe hydrocephalus with stenosis and closure of the ventral caudal 3rd ventricle and the aqueduct. Myo9a is expressed in maturing ependymal epithelial cells, and its absence leads to impaired maturation of ependymal cells. The Myo9a deficiency further resulted in a distorted ependyma due to irregular epithelial cell morphology and altered organization of intercellular junctions. Ependymal cells occasionally delaminated, forming multilayered structures that bridged the CSF-filled ventricular space. Hydrocephalus formation could be significantly attenuated by the inhibition of the Rho-effector Rho-kinase (ROCK). Administration of ROCK-inhibitor restored maturation of ependymal cells, but not the morphological distortions of the ependyma. Similarly, down-regulation of Myo9a by siRNA in Caco-2 adenocarcinoma cells increased Rho-signaling and induced alterations in differentiation, cell morphology, junction assembly, junctional signaling, and gene expression. Our results demonstrate that Myo9a is a critical regulator of Rho-dependent and -independent signaling mechanisms that guide epithelial differentiation. Moreover, Rho-kinases may represent a new target for therapeutic intervention in some forms of hydrocephalus.
authors.affiliation: Institute of General Zoology and Genetics, Westfalian Wilhelms University, 48149 Münster, Germany.
authors.forename: Marouan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Abouhamed
authors.forename: Kay
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Grobe
authors.forename: Isabelle V Leefa Chong
authors.initials: IV
authors.lastname: San
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Thelen
authors.forename: Ulrike
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Honnert
authors.forename: Maria S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Balda
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matter
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bähler
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000577:Amides / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D002450:Cell Communication / Q000187:drug effects; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D048430:Cell Shape / Q000187:drug effects; D002535:Cerebral Aqueduct / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D003251:Constriction, Pathologic / Q000473:pathology; D004805:Ependyma / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D004848:Epithelium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D007365:Intercellular Junctions / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009218:Myosins / Q000172:deficiency / Q000378:metabolism*; D011725:Pyridines / Q000494:pharmacology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D054460:rho-Associated Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors
chemical_list: D000577:Amides; D011725:Pyridines; C547523:myosin IXa protein, mouse; C108830:Y 27632; D054460:rho-Associated Kinases; D009218:Myosins