title: Early prediction of success or failure of treatment with second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors induce cytogenetic responses in approximately 50% of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase in whom imatinib treatment has failed. However, it has not yet been established which of the patients in whom imatinib treatment fails are likely to benefit from therapy with second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed a cohort of 80 patients with chronic myeloid leukemia who were resistant to imatinib and who were treated with dasatinib or nilotinib while still in first chronic phase. We devised a scoring system to predict the probability of these patients achieving complete cytogenetic response when treated with second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The system was based on three factors: cytogenetic response to imatinib, Sokal score and recurrent neutropenia during imatinib treatment. We validated the score in an independent group of 28 Scottish patients. We also studied the relationship between cytogenetic responses at 3, 6 and 12 months and subsequent outcome. We classified the 80 patients into three categories, those with good risk (n=24), intermediate risk (n=27) and poor risk (n=29) with 2.5-year cumulative incidences of complete cytogenetic response of 100%, 52.2% and 13.8%, respectively (P<0.0001). Moreover, patients who had less than 95% Philadelphia chromosome-positive metaphases at 3 months, those with 35% or less Philadelphia chromosome-positive metaphases at 6 months and patients in complete cytogenetic response at 12 months all had significantly better outcomes than patients with lesser degrees of cytogenetic response.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Factors measurable before starting treatment can accurately predict response to second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Cytogenetic responses at 3, 6 and 12 months may influence the decision to continue treatment with second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Haematology, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom. d.marin@imperial.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Dragana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Milojkovic
authors.forename: Emma
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nicholson
authors.forename: Jane F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Apperley
authors.forename: Tessa L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Holyoake
authors.forename: Pat
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Shepherd
authors.forename: Mark W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Drummond
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Szydlo
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bua
authors.forename: Letizia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Foroni
authors.forename: Alistair
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Reid
authors.forename: Jamshid S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Khorashad
authors.forename: Hugues
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: de Lavallade
authors.forename: Katy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rezvani
authors.forename: Christos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Paliompeis
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Goldman
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Marin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001549:Benzamides; D015331:Cohort Studies; D020732:Cytogenetic Analysis; D000069439:Dasatinib; D004351:Drug Resistance; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D000068877:Imatinib Mesylate; D015464:Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010879:Piperazines / Q000494:pharmacology; D011379:Prognosis; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D001549:Benzamides; D010879:Piperazines; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D011743:Pyrimidines; D013844:Thiazoles; D000068877:Imatinib Mesylate; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; C498826:nilotinib; D000069439:Dasatinib