title: Comparison of fluid types for resuscitation after acute blood loss in mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine the LD(50) for acute blood loss in mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos), compare the mortality rate among 3 fluid resuscitation groups, and determine the time required for a regenerative RBC response.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medical College of Wisconsin Research facility.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen mallard ducks were included for the LD(50) study and 28 for the fluid resuscitation study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Phlebotomy was performed during both the LD(50) and fluid resuscitation studies. Ducks in the fluid resuscitation study received a 5 mL/kg intravenous bolus of crystalloids, hetastarch (HES), or a hemoglobin-based oxygen-carrying solution (HBOCS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The LD(50) for acute blood loss was 60% of total blood volume. This blood volume was removed in the fluid resuscitation study to create a model of acute blood loss. Following fluid administration, 6 birds in the crystalloid group (66%), 4 birds in the HES group (40%), and 2 birds in the HBOCS group (20%) died. No statistical difference in mortality rate was seen among the 3 fluid resuscitation groups. Relative polychromasia evaluated post-phlebotomy demonstrated regeneration starting at 24 hours and continuing through 48 hours.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The LD(50) for acute blood loss in mallard ducks was 60% of their total blood volume. Although no statistical difference in mortality rate was appreciated among the 3 fluid resuscitation groups, a trend of decreased mortality rate was observed in the HBOCS group. An early regenerative response was apparent following acute blood loss.
authors.affiliation: Milwaukee Emergency Clinic for Animals and Referral Services, Greenfield, WI 53228, USA. marlavet@aol.com
authors.forename: Marla
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lichtenberger
authors.forename: Connie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Orcutt
authors.forename: Carolyn
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cray
authors.forename: Douglas H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Thamm
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: DeBehnke
authors.forename: Cheryl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Page
authors.forename: Lori
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mull
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kirby
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000077324:Crystalloid Solutions; D004372:Ducks; D005260:Female; D005440:Fluid Therapy / Q000662:veterinary*; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000628:therapy / Q000662:veterinary*; D006895:Hydroxyethyl Starch Derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007552:Isotonic Solutions / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D012771:Shock, Hemorrhagic
chemical_list: D000077324:Crystalloid Solutions; D006454:Hemoglobins; D006895:Hydroxyethyl Starch Derivatives; D007552:Isotonic Solutions; C402601:hemoglobin glutamer-200