title: Convergent life-history shifts: toxic environments result in big babies in two clades of poeciliids.
abstract: The majority of studies on ecological speciation in animals have investigated the divergence caused by biotic factors like divergent food sources or predatory regimes. Here, we examined a system where ecological speciation can clearly be ascribed to abiotic environmental gradients of naturally occurring toxic hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S). In southern Mexico, two genera of livebearing fishes (Poeciliidae: Poecilia and Gambusia) thrive in various watercourses with different concentrations of H(2)S. Previous studies have revealed pronounced genetic differentiation between different locally adapted populations in one species (Poecilia mexicana), pointing towards incipient speciation. In the present study, we examined female reproductive life-history traits in two species pairs: Gambusia sexradiata (from a nonsulfidic and a sulfidic habitat) and Gambusia eurystoma (sulfide-endemic), as well as P. mexicana (nonsulfidic and sulfidic) and Poecilia sulphuraria (sulfide endemic). We found convergent divergence of life-history traits in response to sulfide; most prominently, extremophile poeciliids exhibit drastically increased offspring size coupled with reduced fecundity. Furthermore, within each genus, this trend increased with increasing sulfide concentrations and was most pronounced in the two endemic sulfur-adapted species. We discuss the adaptive significance of large offspring size in toxic environments and propose that divergent life-history evolution may promote further ecological divergence through isolation by adaptation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, Graduate Program in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Oklahoma, 730 Van Vleet Oval, Norman, OK 73019, USA. ruedigerriesch@ou.edu
authors.forename: Rüdiger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Riesch
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Plath
authors.forename: Francisco J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: García de León
authors.forename: Ingo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Schlupp
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight; D017753:Ecosystem; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005298:Fertility; D005399:Fishes / Q000502:physiology; D056145:Freshwater Biology; D049810:Genetic Speciation; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006862:Hydrogen Sulfide / Q000633:toxicity; D008800:Mexico; D011036:Poecilia / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000145:classification / Q000502:physiology*; D012098:Reproduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D012641:Selection, Genetic
chemical_list: D006862:Hydrogen Sulfide