title: Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Autoantibodies that are reactive to islet antigens are present at the time of diagnosis in most patients with type 1 diabetes. Additionally, approximately 10% of phenotypic type 2 diabetic patients are positive for at least one of the islet autoantibodies, and this group is often referred to as "latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA)." These patients share many genetic and immunological similarities with type 1 diabetes, suggesting that LADA, like type 1 diabetes, is an autoimmune disease. However, there are differences in autoantibody clustering, T cell reactivity, and genetic susceptibility and protection between type 1 diabetes and LADA, implying important differences in the underlying disease processes.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this clinical review, we will summarize the current understanding of LADA based on the MEDLINE search of all peer-reviewed publications (original articles and reviews) on this topic between 1974 and 2009.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In LADA, diabetes occurs earlier in the beta-cell-destructive process because of the greater insulin resistance. Complexities arise also because of variable definitions of LADA and type 1 diabetes in adults. As immunomodulatory therapies that slow or halt the type 1 diabetes disease process are discovered, testing these therapies in LADA will be essential.
authors.affiliation: Charles River Clinical Services Northwest, Tacoma, Washington 98418, USA.
authors.forename: Ramachandra G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Naik
authors.forename: Barbara M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Brooks-Worrell
authors.forename: Jerry P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Palmer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D056724:Immunity, Humoral; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology; D050417:Insulin-Secreting Cells / Q000502:physiology; D010195:Pancreatitis / Q000473:pathology; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology