title: Developmental origins of cognitive vulnerabilities to depression: review of processes contributing to stability and change across time.
abstract: Cognitive theories of depression have been shown to be potent predictors of future increases in depressive symptoms and disorder in children, adolescents, and adults. This article focuses on potential developmental origins of the main cognitive vulnerabilities, including dysfunctional attitudes, negative cognitive style, and rumination. We selectively review processes and factors that have been hypothesized to contribute to the emergence and stabilization of these cognitive risk factors. This review focuses on genetic factors, temperament, parents and peers as salient interpersonal influences, and stressful life events. We end with suggestions for future theory development and research. In particular, we emphasize the need for additional conceptual and empirical work integrating these disparate processes together into a coherent, developmental psychopathological model, and we highlight the coexistence of both stability and change in the development of cognitive vulnerabilities to depression across the lifespan.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80208, USA. ben.hankin@psy.du.edu
authors.forename: Benjamin L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Hankin
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Oppenheimer
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jenness
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barrocas
authors.forename: Benjamin G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Shapero
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Goldband
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D003469:Culture; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008016:Life Change Events; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D010379:Peer Group; D010553:Personality Development; D011582:Psychological Theory; D012307:Risk Factors; D012649:Self Concept; D020377:Self Efficacy; D012933:Social Identification; D013694:Temperament; D055815:Young Adult