title: Physiological identification of the human pedunculopontine nucleus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) is a brainstem structure with widespread connections to the basal ganglia. Despite the recent introduction of PPN deep brain stimulation (DBS) for the treatment of gait disorders, little is known about its physiology in humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  Single unit discharge characteristics of neurons in the PPN region were analysed in four patients and PPN local field potentials (LFP) in one patient, recorded during the course of DBS implantation. Two patients had Parkinson disease, and two had non-sinemet responsive parkinsonism. Cell locations were plotted in the coordinate system of a human brainstem atlas.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-six units in the PPN region were studied, of which 32 mapped to within PPN boundaries. The mean (SD) discharge rate of neurons in the PPN was 23.2 (15.6) Hz. Spontaneous neuronal firing rate and burst discharge rate were significantly different between neurons in the region dorsal to PPN and those in the PPN. Responses to passive movement of contralateral and ipsilateral limbs were found. Theta and beta band oscillations were present in the PPN LFP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PPN discharge characteristics may prove useful in the electrophysiological identification of PPN during DBS implantation surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Shimamoto
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Larson
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Ostrem
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Glass
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Starr
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D000368:Aged; D005121:Extremities / Q000293:injuries; D020233:Gait Disorders, Neurologic / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008839:Microelectrodes; D008875:Middle Aged; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology; D020734:Parkinsonian Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology; D045042:Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*