title: [Randomized controlled trials on the influence and mechanism of manipulation on delayed onset muscle soreness after eccentric exercise].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To observe and compare the influence of pre- and post-exercise manipulation and natural recovery without any intervention on delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) after eccentric exercise and to explore the manipulation therapeutic mechanism on the metabolism of oxygen free radical (OFR).
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was carried on during Apr. to Jul. in 2008 at Nanjing University of TCM. The 30 healthy male students were divided into 3 groups randomly according to condition-equivalence principle including control group (C), pre-exercise manipulation group (A), post-exercise manipulation group (B). Before exercise, group A were intervened by manipulation for 30 minutes, which was followed by exercise 5 minutes later. While 30 minutes after exercise, group B accepted manipulation for 30 minutes and continued manipulation once a day for consecutive 3 days. Group C were not intervened by any approaches before or after exercise. The clinical manifestations, which include soreness intensity and lasting time, maximal isometric strength, arm girth, elbow range of motion, were evaluated at the 1st hour before exercise, immediately, 24th, 48th and 72th hours after exercise. Meanwhile, serum creatine kinase (CK), serum superoxide dismutase (SOD), serum malonaldehyde (MDA) were determined at the 1st hour before exercise, immediately, 24th and 48th hours after exercise.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to group C, group A and B were manifested by significantly lower peak soreness (P < 0.01, P < 0.05), significantly better recovery of elbow flexing degree at the 72th hour after exercise (P < 0.05) and significantly lower rising range of serum CK at the 48th hour after exercise (P < 0.01). Comparing to group C, group A was manifested by significantly shorter lasting time of muscle soreness (P < 0.01) and significantly better recovery of maximal isometric strength of the 72th hour after exercise (P < 0.01). Compared to group C, group B was manifested by significantly better recovery of elbow extending degree at the 72 th hour after exercise (P < 0.01). There was no significant difference in the change of arm girth among the three groups. The level of Serum SOD, MDA and SOD/MDA at the 48th hour after exercise in group A and B were significantly different from those in group C (P < 0.01, P < 0.01, P < 0.05, P < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Through improving the metabolism of OFR, pre-exercise and post-exercise manipulation can partially prevent and treat DOMS respectively. In addition, preventive effect by pre-exercise manipulation is better than curing effect by post-exercise manipulation, which proves the TCM thought, that is, prevention superior to treatment.
authors.affiliation: The Second Clinical College,Nanjing University of TCM, Nanjing 210046, Jiangsu,China. christmas44th@yahoo.com.cn
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xiong
authors.forename: Yun-Chuan
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Hong-Zhu
authors.initials: HZ
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Yi-Huang
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Gu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D003402:Creatine Kinase / Q000097:blood; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000097:blood; D018763:Muscle Fatigue / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000097:blood; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D008315:Malondialdehyde; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D003402:Creatine Kinase