title: Ultrasonography of the bovine udder and teat.
abstract: Ultrasonography is a noninvasive technique for examining the bovine udder and teats. It is performed in the standing animal using a high frequency scanner (7.5-10.0 MHz) for examination of the teat structures (teat canal, rosette of Fuerstenberg, teat cistern, gland cistern) and a 5.0 MHz probe for examining the glandular parenchyma. Ultrasonography is a helpful tool to diagnose pathologic alterations of the udder such as inflammation, mucosal lesions, tissue proliferation, foreign bodies, milk stones, congenital changes, hematoma, and abscess. However, ultrasonography of the teat allows for the localization and demarcation of the extent of pathologic changes and therefore is an important additional diagnostic examination technique.
authors.affiliation: Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Clinic for Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria. sonja.franz@vetmeduni.ac.at
authors.forename: Sonja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Franz
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Floek
authors.forename: Margarete
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hofmann-Parisot
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D008321:Mammary Glands, Animal / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology; D008414:Mastitis, Bovine / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D016217:Ultrasonography, Mammary / Q000662:veterinary*