title: Integration of infarct size, tissue perfusion, and metabolism by hybrid cardiac positron emission tomography/computed tomography: evaluation in a porcine model of myocardial infarction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hybrid positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET-CT) allows for combination of PET perfusion/metabolism imaging with infarct detection by CT delayed contrast enhancement. We used this technique to obtain biomorphological insights into the interrelation between tissue damage, inflammation, and microvascular obstruction early after myocardial infarction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A porcine model of left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion/reperfusion was studied. Seven animals underwent PET-CT within 3 days of infarction, and a control group of 3 animals was scanned at >4 weeks. Perfusion and glucose uptake were assessed by [(13)N]-ammonia/[(18)F]-deoxyglucose (FDG), and 64-slice CT delayed contrast enhancement was measured. In the acute infarct model, CT revealed a no-reflow phenomenon suggesting microvascular obstruction in 80% of all infarct segments. PET showed increased FDG uptake in 68% of the CT-defined infarct segments. Ex vivo staining and histology showed active inflammation in the acute infarct area as an explanation for increased glucose uptake. In chronic infarction, CT showed no microvascular obstruction and agreed well with matched perfusion/metabolism defects on PET.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Perfusion/metabolism PET and delayed enhancement CT can be combined within a single hybrid PET-CT session. Increased regional FDG uptake in the acute infarct area is frequently observed. In contrast to the chronic infarct setting, this indicates tissue inflammation that is commonly associated with microvascular obstruction as identified by no reflow on CT. The consequences of these pathophysiological findings for subsequent ventricular remodeling should be explored in further studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21210, USA.
authors.forename: Riikka
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lautamäki
authors.forename: Karl H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Schuleri
authors.forename: Tetsuo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sasano
authors.forename: Mehrbod S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Javadi
authors.forename: Amr
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Youssef
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Merrill
authors.forename: Stephan G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Nekolla
authors.forename: M Roselle
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Abraham
authors.forename: Albert C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Lardo
authors.forename: Frank M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Bengel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003326:Coronary Circulation; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D007249:Inflammation / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D008833:Microcirculation; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D009590:Nitrogen Radioisotopes; D054318:No-Reflow Phenomenon / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D013552:Swine; D013556:Swine, Miniature; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D009590:Nitrogen Radioisotopes; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18