title: Critically Ill patients with 2009 influenza A(H1N1) in Mexico.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In March 2009, novel 2009 influenza A(H1N1) was first reported in the southwestern United States and Mexico. The population and health care system in Mexico City experienced the first and greatest early burden of critical illness.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe baseline characteristics, treatment, and outcomes of consecutive critically ill patients in Mexico hospitals that treated the majority of such patients with confirmed, probable, or suspected 2009 influenza A(H1N1).
  
  
  METHODS
  Observational study of 58 critically ill patients with 2009 influenza A(H1N1) at 6 hospitals between March 24 and June 1, 2009. Demographic data, symptoms, comorbid conditions, illness progression, treatments, and clinical outcomes were collected using a piloted case report form.
  
  
  METHODS
  The primary outcome measure was mortality. Secondary outcomes included rate of 2009 influenza (A)H1N1-related critical illness and mechanical ventilation as well as intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital length of stay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Critical illness occurred in 58 of 899 patients (6.5%) admitted to the hospital with confirmed, probable, or suspected 2009 influenza (A)H1N1. Patients were young (median, 44.0 [range, 10-83] years); all presented with fever and all but 1 with respiratory symptoms. Few patients had comorbid respiratory disorders, but 21 (36%) were obese. Time from hospital to ICU admission was short (median, 1 day [interquartile range {IQR}, 0-3 days]), and all patients but 2 received mechanical ventilation for severe acute respiratory distress syndrome and refractory hypoxemia (median day 1 ratio of Pao(2) to fraction of inspired oxygen, 83 [IQR, 59-145] mm Hg). By 60 days, 24 patients had died (41.4%; 95% confidence interval, 28.9%-55.0%). Patients who died had greater initial severity of illness, worse hypoxemia, higher creatine kinase levels, higher creatinine levels, and ongoing organ dysfunction. After adjusting for a reduced opportunity of patients dying early to receive neuraminidase inhibitors, neuraminidase inhibitor treatment (vs no treatment) was associated with improved survival (odds ratio, 8.5; 95% confidence interval, 1.2-62.8).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Critical illness from 2009 influenza A(H1N1) in Mexico occurred in young individuals, was associated with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome and shock, and had a high case-fatality rate.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care (Dr Domínguez-Cherit), Hospital Epidemiology Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México City, México.
authors.forename: Guillermo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Domínguez-Cherit
authors.forename: Stephen E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Lapinsky
authors.forename: Alejandro E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Macias
authors.forename: Ruxandra
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pinto
authors.forename: Lourdes
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Espinosa-Perez
authors.forename: Alethse
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: de la Torre
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Poblano-Morales
authors.forename: Jose A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Baltazar-Torres
authors.forename: Edgar
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bautista
authors.forename: Abril
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Martinez
authors.forename: Marco A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Martinez
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rivero
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Valdez
authors.forename: Guillermo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ruiz-Palacios
authors.forename: Martín
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hernández
authors.forename: Thomas E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Fowler
mesh_terms: D018806:APACHE; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D016638:Critical Illness; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008800:Mexico / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009102:Multiple Organ Failure / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D009439:Neuraminidase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D012128:Respiratory Distress Syndrome / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D009439:Neuraminidase