title: Depression among white and nonwhite caregivers of the chronically critically ill.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study aimed to describe characteristics of caregivers of chronically critically ill (CCI) patients, describe key outcomes (depression, employment, physical health), and examine race as one of several predictors of post-hospital depressive symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a prospective study of caregivers of hospital survivors of prolonged (>72 hours) mechanical ventilation. Caregivers were interviewed at admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) and 2 months post-discharge.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients discharged to an institution had a high risk of post-hospital mortality (odds ratio, 8.61; P = .01). Caregivers of patients residing in an institution 2 months post-discharge had greater odds of being depressed than caregivers of patients residing at home (odds ratio, 2.75; P = .001). Nonwhite caregivers of patients residing in an institution had the least improvement in depression over time. Predictors of depression 2 months post-discharge were depression during hospitalization (P = .001), sex (P = .019), health status (P = .009), and residence of the patient (P = .001), with no change based on race. Almost 50% of employed caregivers had a reduction in paid work. There was a significant reduction in physical health status over time (P = .001) with no difference based on race.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Caregivers of CCI patients are at risk for depression post-hospital discharge. Nonwhite caregivers of patients residing in an institution 2 months post-discharge are at highest risk for depression.
authors.affiliation: Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44104, USA. sld4@case.edu
authors.forename: Sara L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Douglas
authors.forename: Barabara J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Daly
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: O'Toole
authors.forename: Ronald L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Hickman
mesh_terms: D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D016638:Critical Illness; D003863:Depression / Q000208:ethnology*; D004651:Employment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D012307:Risk Factors; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*