title: Direct detection of HSulf-1 and HSulf-2 activities on extracellular heparan sulfate and their inhibition by PI-88.
abstract: Heparan sulfates (HS) bind a diversity of protein ligands on the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix and thus can modulate cell signaling. The state of sulfation in glucosamines and uronic acids within the chains strongly influences their binding. We have previously cloned and characterized two human extracellular endoglucosamine 6-sulfatases, HSulf-1 and HSulf-2, which selectively liberate the 6-O sulfate groups on glucosamines present in N, 6-O, and 2-O trisulfated disaccharides of intact HS and heparins. These enzymes serve important roles in development and are upregulated in a number of cancers. To determine whether the Sulfs act on the trisulfated disaccharides that exist on the cell surface, we expressed HSulfs in cultured cells and performed a flow cytometric analysis with the RB4CD12, an anti-HS antibody that recognizes N- and O-sulfated HS saccharides. The endogenously expressed level of the cell surface RB4CD12 epitope was greatly diminished in CHO, HEK293, and HeLa cells transfected with HSulf-1 or HSulf-2 cDNA. In correspondence with the RB4CD12 finding, the N, 6-O, and 2-O trisulfated disaccharides of the HS isolated from the cell surface/extracellular matrix were dramatically reduced in the Sulf-expressed HEK293 cells. We then developed an ELISA and confirmed that the RB4CD12 epitope in immobilized heparin was degraded by purified recombinant HSulf-1 and HSulf-2, and conditioned medium (CM) of MCF-7 breast carcinoma cells, which contain a native form of HSulf-2. Furthermore, HSulf-1 and HSulf-2 exerted activity against the epitope expressed on microvessels of mouse brains. Both HSulf activities were potently inhibited by PI-88, a sulfated heparin mimetic with anti-cancer activities. These findings provide new strategies for monitoring the extracellular remodeling of HS by Sulfs during normal and pathophysiological processes.
authors.affiliation: Section of Pathophysiology and Neurobiology, National Institute for Longevity Sciences, 36-3 Gengo, Morioka, Obu, Aichi 474-8522, Japan.
authors.forename: Md Motarab
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Hossain
authors.forename: Tomomi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hosono-Fukao
authors.forename: Renhong
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Noriko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sugaya
authors.forename: Toin H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: van Kuppevelt
authors.forename: Guido J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Jenniskens
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kimata
authors.forename: Steven D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Rosen
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Uchimura
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D006224:Cricetinae; D003412:Cricetulus; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000939:Epitopes / Q000096:biosynthesis; D006497:Heparan Sulfate / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D055806:Microvessels / Q000378:metabolism; D009844:Oligosaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D013429:Sulfatases; D015238:Sulfotransferases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D000939:Epitopes; D006497:Heparan Sulfate; D009844:Oligosaccharides; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D013429:Sulfatases; D015238:Sulfotransferases; C120158:phosphomannopentaose sulfate; C470791:SULF1 protein, human; C470792:SULF2 protein, human