title: Postnatal onset of severe growth retardation after in utero exposure to carbamazepine and phenobarbital: a case report.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Anticonvulsant drugs taken by pregnant women to prevent seizures are among the most common causes of potential harm to the fetus. While the immediate harmful effects manifesting as congenital abnormalities are well known, the long-term effects on growth of children exposed in utero to antiepileptic drugs are still uncertain.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 7-year-old boy presented to our clinic with severe short stature. His height was 110.4 cm (-2.4 standard deviation score), with a target height of 177 cm (+0.35 standard deviation score). Height corrected for target height was -2.75 standard deviation score. He presented with mild dysmorphic facial features, hypospadias and postnatal onset of severe growth retardation. Biochemical and endocrine tests were in the normal range. The child was exposed in utero to both carbamazepine and phenobarbital.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This case report shows for the first time that prenatal exposure to antiepileptic drugs may induce postnatal onset of severe growth retardation, suggesting the need for growth and endocrine monitoring of offspring exposed in utero to anticonvulsant drugs.
authors.affiliation: 'Rina Balducci' Center of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Public Health and Cell Biology, Tor Vergata University 00133-Rome Italy.
authors.forename: Alice
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Liguori
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cianfarani