title: Endocrine tumors: the evolving role of positron emission tomography in diagnosis and management.
abstract: Endocrine tumors comprise a range of benign and malignant conditions that produce a spectrum of clinical symptoms and signs depending on the specific hormones they produce. The symptoms and presentations of these tumors are often independent of their size and location. Because of their expression of cell membrane receptors or production of specific types of hormones or peptides, endocrine tumors can be identified with functional radionuclide imaging much more readily compared to standard cross-sectional imaging. In recent years, 18F-fluoro-deoxy- D-glucose positron emission tomography (18F-FDG-PET) has emerged as a useful tool for diagnosing and assessing many tumors. In this review we describe how PET, using 18F-FDG and other radiopharmaceuticals can be useful in the diagnosis and management of a wide range of endocrine tumors.
authors.affiliation: Department for Nuclear Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Naji
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hodolic
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: El-Refai
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Marzola
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rubello
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Al-Nahhas
mesh_terms: D000310:Adrenal Gland Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D000313:Adrenal Medulla / Q000378:metabolism; D018278:Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002395:Catecholamines; D003480:Cushing Syndrome / Q000209:etiology; D004701:Endocrine Gland Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; D006801:Humans; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; D010282:Parathyroid Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D010911:Pituitary Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D017481:Receptors, Somatostatin / Q000032:analysis; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D002395:Catecholamines; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D017481:Receptors, Somatostatin; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; C513399:gallium Ga 68 dotatate