title: Reliability of patient responses in pay for performance schemes: analysis of national General Practitioner Patient Survey data in England.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the robustness of patient responses to a new national survey of patient experience as a basis for providing financial incentives to doctors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analysis of the representativeness of the respondents to the GP Patient Survey compared with those who were sampled (5.5 million patients registered with 8273 general practices in England in January 2009) and with the general population. Analysis of non-response bias looked at the relation between practice response rates and scores on the survey. Analysis of the reliability of the survey estimated the proportion of the variance of practice scores attributable to true differences between practices.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall response rate was 38.2% (2.2 million responses), which is comparable to that in surveys using similar methodology in the UK. Men, young adults, and people living in deprived areas were under-represented among respondents. However, for questions related to pay for performance, there was no systematic association between response rates and questionnaire scores. Two questions which triggered payments to general practitioners were reliable measures of practice performance, with average practice-level reliability coefficients of 93.2% and 95.0%. Less than 3% and 0.5% of practices had fewer than the number of responses required to achieve conventional reliability levels of 90% and 70%. A change to the payment formula in 2009 resulted in an increase in the average impact of random variation in patient scores on payments to general practitioners compared with payments made in 2007 and 2008.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is little evidence to support the concern of some general practitioners that low response rates and selective non-response bias have led to systematic unfairness in payments attached to questionnaire scores. The study raises issues relating to the validity and reliability of payments based on patient surveys and provides lessons for the UK and for other countries considering the use of patient experience as part of pay for performance schemes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Institute of Public Health, Cambridge CB2 0SR. mr108@cam.ac.uk
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Roland
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Elliott
authors.forename: Georgios
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lyratzopoulos
authors.forename: Josephine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Barbiere
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Parker
authors.forename: Patten
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bower
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Campbell
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004739:England; D005194:Family Practice / Q000191:economics*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017060:Patient Satisfaction / Q000191:economics*; D012052:Reimbursement, Incentive / Q000191:economics*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D055815:Young Adult