title: Relation between individualized training impulses and performance in distance runners.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to develop a method to monitor responses to training loads on an individual basis in recreational long-distance runners (LDR) through training impulses (TRIMP) analysis. The hypothesis tested was that TRIMP on the basis of individually determined weighting factors could result in a better quantification of training responses and performance in LDR in comparison to methods on the basis of average-based group values.
  
  
  METHODS
  The training load responses of eight LDR (aged 39.9 +/- 6.5 yr) were monitored using a modified version of the average-based TRIMP called individualized TRIMP (TRIMPi) during a period of 8 wk. The TRIMPi was determined in each LDR using individual HR and lactate profiles determined during an incremental treadmill test. Training-induced effects on performance (5- and 10-km races) and changes in submaximal aerobic fitness (speeds at selected blood lactate concentrations of 2 and 4 mmol x L(-1)) were assessed before and at the end of the training intervention.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Speed at 2 mmol x L(-1) (+21.3 +/- 5.2%, P < 0.001) and 4 mmol x L(-1) (+10.6 +/- 2.4%, P < 0.01) concentrations significantly increased after training. Improvements in running speed (%) at 2 mmol x L(-1) (r = 0.87, P = 0.005) and 4 mmol x L(-1) (r = 0.74, P = 0.04) concentrations were significantly related to weekly TRIMPi sum. No significant relationship between any variable was detected when average-based group values were used. The TRIMPi was significantly related to 5000- (r = -0.77; P = 0.02) and 10,000-m track performances (r = -0.82; P = 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Individualized TRIMP is a valid tool in tracking fitness (speed at 2 and 4 mmol x L(-1)) and performance (i.e., 5000- and 10,000-m races) in LDR and is more valuable than the methods on the basis of average-based group values. TRIMPi could predict race performance in LDR.
authors.affiliation: School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Manzi
authors.forename: Ferdinando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Iellamo
authors.forename: Franco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Impellizzeri
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: D'Ottavio
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Castagna
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D006801:Humans; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010806:Physical Education and Training; D010807:Physical Endurance; D005082:Physical Exertion; D012420:Running / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D019344:Lactic Acid