title: American Ginseng inhibits induced COX-2 and NFKB activation in breast cancer cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Epidemiologic evidence suggests reduced breast cancer mortality in users of American Ginseng (AG) (Panax quinquefolium). We hypothesized that AG extract decreases proliferation of human breast cancer cells via an anti-inflammatory effect applicable to the prevention of breast and other cancers.
  
  
  METHODS
  A defined lyophilized aqueous extract of AG (LEAG) was dissolved in DMSO 1mg/mL, and serially diluted in saline. The cell lines MDA MB 231 and MCF7 were stimulated with the phorbol ester PDBu and treated with 100-500 mcg/mL LEAG. Proliferation was measured by MDA assay. Induced COX-2 expression was assayed by ELISA. Activation of NFkappaB by phosphorylation of the p65 subunit was quantified by CASE (cellular activation of signaling ELISA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both cell lines had reduced proliferation when treated with LEAG. PDBu stimulation of MDA MB 231 increased expression of the COX-2 protein 20-fold at 48 hours (P<0.005). COX-2 protein expression remained at baseline concentrations in PDBu- treated MDA MB 231 cells exposed to 100 mcg/mL LEAG. The CASE assay showed a 4-fold increase in p65 activation 24 hours after PDBu treatment in normal medium, while phosphorylated p65 dropped below baseline in the cells treated with PDBu plus LEAG.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In MDA MB 231, COX-2 was inducible with PDBu. This induced COX-2 expression was blocked by 100 microgram/mL LEAG in a time course consistent with the decline in the activated p65 subunit of NFkappaB. These results provide an anti-inflammatory mechanism for a possible anti-cancer effect of American Ginseng.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois 62794-9638, USA. eperalta@siumed.edu
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Peralta
authors.forename: Laura L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Minnis
authors.forename: Somaja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Louis
authors.forename: Gary L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Dunnington
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D019938:Cyclin D1 / Q000378:metabolism; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism*; D005894:Panax; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D016328:NF-kappa B; D010936:Plant Extracts; D019938:Cyclin D1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2