title: Designing toxicogenomics studies that use DNA array technology.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bioassays are routinely used to evaluate the toxicity of test agents. Experimental designs for bioassays are largely encompassed by fixed effects linear models. In toxicogenomics studies where DNA arrays measure mRNA levels, the tissue samples are typically generated in a bioassay. These measurements introduce additional sources of variation, which must be properly managed to obtain valid tests of treatment effects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An analysis of covariance model is developed which combines a fixed-effects linear model for the bioassay with important variance components associated with DNA array measurements. These models can accommodate the dominant characteristics of measurements from DNA arrays, and they account for technical variation associated with normalization, spots, dyes, and batches as well as the biological variation associated with the bioassay. An example illustrates how the model is used to identify valid designs and to compare competing designs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Many toxicogenomics studies are bioassays which measure gene expression using DNA arrays. These studies can be designed and analyzed using standard methods with a few modifications to account for characteristics of array measurements, such as multiple endpoints and normalization. As much as possible, technical variation associated with probes, dyes, and batches are managed by blocking treatments within these sources of variation. An example shows how some practical constraints can be accommodated by this modelling and how it allows one to objectively compare competing designs.
authors.affiliation: Biometry Branch, Division of Personalized Nutrition and Medicine, National Center for Toxicological Research, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA. rdelongchamp@uams.edu
authors.forename: Robert R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Delongchamp
authors.forename: Cruz
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Velasco
authors.forename: Varsha G
authors.initials: VG
authors.lastname: Desai
authors.forename: Taewon
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: James C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Fuscoe