title: BcMF9, a novel polygalacturonase gene, is required for both Brassica campestris intine and exine formation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The polygalacturonase (PG) gene family has been found to be enriched in pollen of several species; however, little is currently known about the function of the PG gene in pollen development. To investigate the exact role that the PG gene has played in pollen development and about this family in general, one putative PG gene, Brassica campestris Male Fertility 9 (BcMF9), was isolated from Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis, syn. B. rapa ssp. chinensis) and characterized.
  
  
  METHODS
  RT-PCR, northern blotting and in situ hybridization were used to analyse the expression pattern of BcMF9, and antisense RNA technology was applied to study the function of this gene.
  
  
  RESULTS
  BcMF9 is expressed in particular in the tapetum and microspore during the late stages of pollen development. Antisense RNA transgenic plants that displayed decreased expression of BcMF9 showed pollen morphological defects that resulted in reduced pollen germination efficiency. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the homogeneous pectic exintine layer of pollen facing the exterior was over-developed and predominantly occupied the intine, reversing the normal proportional distribution of the internal endintine layer and the external exintine in transgenic pollen. Inhibition of BcMF9 also resulted in break-up of the previously formed tectum and baculae from the beginning of the binucleate stage, as a result of premature degradation of tapetum.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Several lines of evidence, including patterns of BcMF9 expression and phenotypic defects, suggest a sporophytic role in exine patterning, and a gametophytic mode of action of BcMF9 in intine formation. BcMF9 might act as a co-ordinator in the late stages of tapetum degeneration, and subsequently in the regulation of wall material secretion and, in turn, exine formation. BcMF9 might also play a role in intine formation, possibly via regulation of the dynamic metabolism of pectin.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cell & Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Yiqun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.forename: Yuchao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Aihong
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Tingting
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Jiashu
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cao
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001937:Brassica / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D005638:Fruit / Q000254:growth & development; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D011058:Pollen / Q000201:enzymology / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D054817:Pollination; D011096:Polygalacturonase / Q000235:genetics*; D016372:RNA, Antisense
chemical_list: D016372:RNA, Antisense; D011096:Polygalacturonase