title: Descriptive epidemiology of chronic childhood adversity in Mexican adolescents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the prevalence of adversity (neglect and abuse, parental loss, parental psychopathology, economic adversity, and serious physical illness), the interrelatedness of adversities, and their socio-demographic correlates.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a multistage probability survey of 3005 adolescents aged 12-17 years residing in Mexico City. Youth were administered the computer-assisted adolescent version of the World Mental Health Composite International Diagnostic Interview in their homes. The childhood and posttraumatic stress disorder sections provided information regarding adversity. Descriptive and logistic regression analyses were performed considering the multistage and weighted sample design.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 68% of adolescents have experienced at least one type of chronic childhood adversity, whereas almost 7% have experienced four of more. The most frequent adversity is economic adversity followed by witnessing domestic violence. Boys experience more neglect than girls, and girls experience more sexual abuse than boys. Family dysfunction adversities tend to clump together such that youth exposed to abuse of any form also report witnessing domestic violence and parental mental pathology. Youth whose parents have divorced are likely to experience economic adversity. Parental death is independent of experiencing other childhood adversities. Older adolescents, school drop-outs, those with young mothers, those with more siblings, and those whose parents have less education are more likely to experience adversity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although most adolescents have experienced some adversity, a small group is exposed to many adversities. Understanding the distribution of adversities may help us to identify at-risk youth and to better interpret the findings from studies on the role of adversity in diverse health outcomes.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Psychiatry Ramón de la Fuente, Division of Epidemiological and Psychosocial Research, Mexico City, Mexico. cbenjet@imp.edu.mx
authors.forename: Corina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Benjet
authors.forename: Guilherme
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Borges
authors.forename: María Elena
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Medina-Mora
authors.forename: Joaquín
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zambrano
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cruz
authors.forename: Enrique
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Méndez
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000523:psychology; D016241:Child of Impaired Parents / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D008800:Mexico / Q000453:epidemiology; D011203:Poverty / Q000523:psychology; D014505:Urban Population