Impact of colour blindness on recognition of haematuria in bladder cancer patients.
OBJECTIVE
Colour blindness might lead to failure in recognizing frank haematuria. Our aim is to investigate as to whether colour-blind males who develop bladder cancer present later with less favourable histology.


METHODS
Two hundred male patients with bladder cancer were assessed using Ishihara plate test for colour deficiency. Degree of haematuria, method of presentation and initial histologic findings were also determined.


RESULTS
Colour-blind patients who develop bladder cancer present with less favourable histology compared with non-colour-blind (p = 0.01).


CONCLUSIONS
Colour blindness was associated with presentation with more advanced bladder tumours.
Katmawi-Sabbagh
Samer
S
Department of Urology, Royal Preston Hospital, Preston, UK. SamerKSabbagh@aol.com
Haq
Ahsanul
A
Jain
Sunila
S
Subhas
Gokul
G
Turnham
Helen
H
D003117:Color Vision Defects / Q000150:complications*; D006417:Hematuria / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000150:complications*