title: [Claude Bernard: beyond the controversy].
abstract: Claude Bernard created controversy because of his originality of thought, his rejection of dogma and lack of respect for tradition. Some of his controversies resulted in unjustifiable personal and scientific attacks by others which probably affected both his morale and his health. In addition, he was undoubtedly envied for his success and the firmness with which he supported his results and conclusions. The counterattacks which he directed towards others were also not always justified, and sometimes displayed disdain for his adversaries' method and results - without having the strength to admit his own rare errors. None of this detracted from his status as the most eminent of scientists of his era.
authors.affiliation: Service d'Endocrinologie, Charing Cross Hospital et Imperial College of Science and Technology, Londres, UK. wisepeter@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wise
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001695:Biology / Q000266:history; D034462:Dissent and Disputes / Q000266:history*; D005602:France; D049672:History, 19th Century; D006801:Humans; D010827:Physiology / Q000266:history*; D012106:Research / Q000266:history; D012958:Societies, Scientific / Q000266:history; D014824:Vivisection / Q000266:history