title: Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/Akt signaling pathway and kidney cancer, and the therapeutic potential of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/Akt inhibitors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The PI3K/Akt signaling pathway is activated by many cellular stimuli. It regulates fundamental cellular functions, including transcription, translation, proliferation, growth and survival. It also closely interacts with many other key pathways such as mTOR and, thus, is linked to angiogenesis. Disturbed activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway is associated with many human malignancies. We reviewed the available literature on PI3K/Akt and PI3K/Akt targeting drugs for renal cell carcinoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE and the proceedings of the main oncological meetings were extensively searched to identify the available literature on the role of this pathway in renal cell carcinoma pathogenesis, and on preclinical and clinical activity of compounds specifically targeting this pathway. Clinical data and perspectives on several compounds at different stages of development were also reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cumulative evidence links PI3K/Akt alterations with renal cell carcinoma. Thus, renal cell carcinoma is an ideal setting in which to test compounds specifically targeting this pathway. Several PI3K/Akt inhibitors are currently under preclinical and early clinical development as anticancer agents but only perifosine (Keryx Biopharmaceuticals, New York, New York) appears to be at a more advanced stage, having been tested with promising results alone or combined with other molecularly targeted agents.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The PI3K/Akt pathway has a pivotal role in renal cell carcinoma pathogenesis and, thus, represents an ideal target for therapeutic intervention. Of the several compounds in early phases of development only perifosine has already proved to be clinically active. Thus, it should be considered an extremely interesting drug to be used alone or in combination.
authors.affiliation: Medical Oncology and Laboratory of Pre-Clinical Oncology and Developmental Therapeutics, Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico San Matteo University Hospital Foundation, Pavia, Italy. c.porta@smatteo.pv.it
authors.forename: Camillo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Porta
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Figlin
mesh_terms: D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000209:etiology*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000209:etiology*; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000502:physiology*; D000081082:Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000502:physiology*; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D000081082:Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt