title: Social and environmental stressors in the home and childhood asthma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Both physical environmental factors and chronic stress may independently increase susceptibility to asthma; however, little is known on how these different risks may interact. The authors examined the relationship between maternal intimate partner violence (IPV), housing quality and asthma among children in the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (N=2013).
  
  
  METHODS
  Maternal reports of IPV were obtained after the child's birth and at 12 and 36 months. At the 36-month assessment, interviewers rated indoor housing conditions, regarding housing deterioration (ie, peeling paint, holes in floor, broken windows) and housing disarray (ie, dark, cluttered, crowded or noisy house). At the same time, mothers reported on housing hardships (ie, moving repeatedly, and hardships in keeping house warm). Maternal-report of physician-diagnosed asthma by age 36 months which was active in the past year was the outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Asthma was diagnosed in 10% of the children. In an adjusted analysis, an increased odds of asthma was observed in children of mothers experiencing IPV chronically (OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.0 to 3.5) and in children experiencing housing disarray (OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.1 to 2.0) compared with those not exposed to these risks. In stratified analyses, a greater effect of IPV on asthma was noted among children living in disarrayed or deteriorated housing or among children whose mothers were experiencing housing hardship.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IPV and housing disarray are associated with increased early childhood asthma. Exposure to cumulative or multiple stressors (ie, IPV and poor housing quality) may increase children's risk of developing asthma more than a single stressor.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Boston University School of Medicine, 88 East Newton Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA. shakira.suglia@bmc.org
authors.forename: Shakira Franco
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Suglia
authors.forename: Shakira
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Franco Suglia
authors.forename: Cristiane S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Duarte
authors.forename: Megan T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Sandel
authors.forename: Rosalind J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Wright
mesh_terms: D001249:Asthma / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D013179:Spouse Abuse / Q000523:psychology*; D013315:Stress, Psychological