title: Emerging infections in burns.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients who suffer severe burns are at higher risk for local and systemic infections. In recent years, emerging resistant pathogens have forced burn care providers world wide to search for alternative forms of treatment. Multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter spp., and various fungal strains have been the major contributors to the increase in morbidity and mortality rates. Multi-drug-resistant S. aureus remains the major cause of gram-positive burn wound infections world wide. Treatment strategies include rigorous isolation protocols and new types of antibiotics where necessary.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed 398 severely burned patients (burns >40% total body surface area [TBSA]) admitted to our hospital between 2000 and 2006. Patients who did not contract multi-drug-resistant gram-negative organisms during their hospital course and received our standard antibiotic regimen-vancomycin and piperacillin/tazobactam-served as controls (piperacillin/tazobactam; n = 280). The treatment group consisted of patients who, during their acute hospital stay, developed infections with multi-drug-resistant gram-negative pathogens and were treated with vancomycin and colistin for at least three days (colistin; n = 118).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gram-negative organisms continue to cause the most severe infections in burn patients. Colistin has re-emerged as a highly effective antibiotic against multiresistant Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter infections of burns. Patients who required colistin therapy had a significantly larger average total and full-thickness burn than patients treated with piperacillin/tazobactam and vancomycin, and the mortality rate was significantly higher in the colistin group (p < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference between the colistin and piperacillin/tazobactam groups in the incidence of neurotoxicity, hepatic toxicity, or nephrotoxicity. The main fungal pathogens in burn patients are Candida spp., Aspergillus spp., and Fusarium spp. A definitive diagnosis is more difficult to obtain than in bacterial infections. Amphotericin B and voriconazole remain the two most important anti-fungal substances in our practice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Innovations in fluid management, ventilatory support, surgical care, and antimicrobial therapy have contributed to a significant reduction in morbidity and mortality rates in burn patients. Vancomycin and clindamycin are the two most important reserve antibiotics for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection. Oxazolidinones and streptogramins have showed high effectiveness against gram-positive infections. Colistin has re-emerged as a highly effective antibiotic against multiresistant Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter infections. Current challenges include Candida, Aspergillus, and molds. The development of new agents, prudent and appropriate use of antibiotics, and better infection control protocols are paramount in the ongoing battle against multi-resistant organisms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Medical Branch and Shriners Hospitals for Children, Galveston, Texas 77550, USA.
authors.forename: Ludwik K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Branski
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Al-Mousawi
authors.forename: Haidy
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rivero
authors.forename: Marc G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Jeschke
authors.forename: Arthur P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Sanford
authors.forename: David N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Herndon
mesh_terms: D000150:Acinetobacter / Q000187:drug effects; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002056:Burns / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000401:mortality*; D002648:Child; D021821:Communicable Diseases, Emerging / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000401:mortality*; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D005658:Fungi / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D055624:Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects; D011549:Pseudomonas / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents