title: Urinary incontinence in nulliparous women before and during pregnancy: prevalence, incidence, and associated risk factors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Few studies have examined associations of prepregnancy urinary incontinence (UI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Multicentre prospective pregnancy cohort study (n = 1,507) using standardised measures to assess frequency and severity of UI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prevalence of UI increased from 10.8% in the 12 months before the index pregnancy to 55.9% in the third trimester. Stress incontinence (36.9%) and mixed incontinence (13.1%) were more common during pregnancy than urge incontinence alone (5.9%). UI before pregnancy was associated with childhood enuresis (adjusted odds ratio (AdjOR) = 2.4, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.6-3.4), higher maternal body mass index (AdjOR = 2.3, 95% CI 1.4-3.8), and previous miscarriages or terminations (AdjOR = 1.6, 95% CI 1.1-2.3). The strongest predictor of incident UI in pregnancy was occasional leakage (less than once a month) before pregnancy (AdjOR = 3.6, 95% CI 2.8-4.7).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Further research is needed to elucidate the complex interplay of prepregnancy and pregnancy-related factors in the aetiology of UI in nulliparous women.
authors.affiliation: Healthy Mothers Healthy Families Research Group, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, P.O. Box 911, Melbourne, Victoria, 3052, Australia. stephanie.brown@mcri.edu.au
authors.forename: Stephanie J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Donath
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: MacArthur
authors.forename: Ellie A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: McDonald
authors.forename: Ann H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Krastev
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D010298:Parity; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014739:Victoria / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult