title: Transmission of drug-resistant HIV-1 is stabilizing in Europe.
abstract: The SPREAD Programme investigated prospectively the time trend from September 2002 through December 2005 of transmitted drug resistance (TDR) among 2793 patients in 20 European countries and in Israel with newly diagnosed human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. The overall prevalence of TDR was 8.4% (225 of 2687 patients; 95% confidence interval [CI], 7.4%-9.5%), the prevalence of nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) resistance was 4.7% (125 of 2687 patients; 95% CI, 3.9%-5.5%), the prevalence of nonucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) resistance was 2.3% (62 of 2687 patients; 95% CI, 1.8%-2.9%), and the prevalence of protease inhibitor (PI) resistance was 2.9% (79 of 2687 patients; 95% CI, 2.4%-3.6%). There was no time trend in the overall TDR or in NRTI resistance, but there was a statistically significant decrease in PI resistance (P = .04) and in NNRTI resistance after an initial increase (P = .02). We found that TDR appears to be stabilizing in Europe, consistent with recent reports of decreasing drug resistance and improved viral suppression in patients treated for HIV-1 infection.
authors.affiliation: Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Jurgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vercauteren
authors.forename: Annemarie M J
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Wensing
authors.forename: David A M C
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: van de Vijver
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Albert
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Balotta
authors.forename: Osamah
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Hamouda
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kücherer
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Struck
authors.forename: Jean-Claude
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Schmit
authors.forename: Birgitta
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Asjö
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bruckova
authors.forename: Ricardo J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Camacho
authors.forename: Bonaventura
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Clotet
authors.forename: Suzie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Coughlan
authors.forename: Zehava
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Grossman
authors.forename: Andrzej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Horban
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Korn
authors.forename: Leondios
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kostrikis
authors.forename: Claus
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.forename: Dimitrios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Paraskevis
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Poljak
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Puchhammer-Stöckl
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Riva
authors.forename: Lidia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ruiz
authors.forename: Mika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Salminen
authors.forename: Rob
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schuurman
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sonnerborg
authors.forename: Danica
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Stanekova
authors.forename: Maja
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stanojevic
authors.forename: Anne-Mieke
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Vandamme
authors.forename: Charles A B
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Boucher
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors