title: Lung cancer screening and its efficacy.
abstract: The efficacy of lung cancer screening should not be evaluated by the survival rate of lung cancer patients but by lung cancer mortality in a certain population because the survival rate can be greatly affected by several types of bias. Randomized controlled trials that were conducted during the 1970s and 1980s in Europe and the United States failed to prove the efficacy of lung cancer screening in decreasing the mortality rate; but recently the results of case-control studies in Japan have revealed that undergoing currently available screening decreases the risk of lung cancer deaths by 30%-60%. A system is now being created in Japan whereby the guidelines regarding cancer screening will continue to be updated. The preliminary reports concerning lung cancer screening using thoracic computed tomography revealed that not only the detection rate of lung cancer but also the survival rate of detected lung cancer patients were surprisingly high. However, the presence of some potential bias in these studies cannot be ignored; therefore, it is still unknown whether there is actual efficacy. Several randomized controlled trials are presently in progress overseas, but the interim results were not favorable. A randomized controlled trial should therefore immediately be started in Japan as well.
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic Surgery, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan. sagawam@kanazawa-med.ac.jp
authors.forename: Motoyasu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sagawa
authors.forename: Katsuo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Usuda
authors.forename: Hirokazu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Aikawa
authors.forename: Yuichiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Machida
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Masakatsu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ueno
authors.forename: Tsutomu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sakuma
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015982:Bias; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015588:Observer Variation; D018579:Patient Selection; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012107:Research Design; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013183:Sputum / Q000166:cytology*; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology