title: Antibiotic prophylaxis to reduce respiratory tract infections and mortality in adults receiving intensive care.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pneumonia is an important cause of mortality in intensive care units (ICUs). The incidence of pneumonia in ICU patients ranges between 7% and 40%, and the crude mortality from ventilator-associated pneumonia may exceed 50%. Although not all deaths in patients with this form of pneumonia are directly attributable to pneumonia, it has been shown to contribute to mortality in ICUs independently of other factors that are also strongly associated with such deaths.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effects of prophylactic antibiotic regimens, such as selective decontamination of the digestive tract (SDD) for the prevention of respiratory tract infections (RTIs) and overall mortality in adults receiving intensive care.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library 2009, issue 1), which contains the Cochrane Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI) Group's Specialised Register; MEDLINE (January 1966 to March 2009); and EMBASE (January 1990 to March 2009).
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of antibiotic prophylaxis for RTIs and deaths among adult ICU patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  At least two review authors independently extracted data and assessed trial quality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We included 36 trials involving 6914 people. There was variation in the antibiotics used, patient characteristics and risk of RTIs and mortality in the control groups. In trials comparing a combination of topical and systemic antibiotics, there was a significant reduction in both RTIs (number of studies = 16, odds ratio (OR) 0.28, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.20 to 0.38) and total mortality (number of studies = 17, OR 0.75, 95% CI 0.65 to 0.87) in the treated group. In trials comparing topical antimicrobials alone (or comparing topical plus systemic versus systemic alone) there was a significant reduction in RTIs (number of studies = 17, OR 0.44, 95% CI 0.31 to 0.63) but not in total mortality (number of studies = 19, OR 0.97, 95% CI 0.82 to 1.16) in the treated group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A combination of topical and systemic prophylactic antibiotics reduces RTIs and overall mortality in adult patients receiving intensive care. Treatment based on the use of topical prophylaxis alone reduces respiratory infections but not mortality. The risk of resistance occurring as a negative consequence of antibiotic use was appropriately explored only in one trial which did not show any such effect.
authors.affiliation: Italian Cochrane Centre, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Via La Masa, 19, Milan, Italy, 20156.
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Liberati
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: D'Amico
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pifferi
authors.forename: Valter
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Torri
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Brazzi
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Parmelli
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019072:Antibiotic Prophylaxis; D003422:Critical Care; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents