title: Crural fascia and muscle origins related to medial tibial stress syndrome symptom location.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Traction-induced injury, related to muscles of the superficial and deep posterior compartments, has been implicated as the cause of medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS) with symptoms commonly occurring in the distal third of the posteromedial tibia. Standard anatomic texts do not identify this region as an attachment site for these structures. Research into the anatomical arrangement of these structures has been inconclusive. The deep crural fascia (DCF) has been implicated as a cause of traction-induced injury in MTSS but not fully researched. The purpose of this study was to define the tibial origins of the DCF and the muscles of the superficial and deep posterior compartments relative to MTSS-related pain commonly reported along the distal one half to one third of the diaphysis of the medial tibial border and to identify the prevalence of a soleal aponeurosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  The tibial attachments of the DCF, the soleus, the flexor digitorum longus, and the tibialis posterior were quantified relative to the medial malleolus in sixteen cadaver specimens.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean distal attachments to the medial tibial border were superior to the distal third of the tibia for the muscles of the posterior compartments, suggesting that the role of the soleus, the tibialis posterior, and the flexor digitorum longus in producing pain typically associated with MTSS may be limited. The DCF of all but three specimens attached along the entire length of the medial tibia investing the medial malleolus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Traction-induced injury theories involving the muscles of the superficial and deep posterior compartments are not supported by anatomical evidence in the present study. The tibial attachments of the DCF in this study support theories implicating DCF involvement in creating traction-induced injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Science, College of Education, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA. cstickle@hawaii.edu
authors.forename: Christopher D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Stickley
authors.forename: Ronald K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Hetzler
authors.forename: Iris F
authors.initials: IF
authors.lastname: Kimura
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lozanoff
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002102:Cadaver; D005205:Fascia / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000293:injuries*; D005208:Fasciitis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008592:Menisci, Tibial / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D013180:Sprains and Strains / Q000503:physiopathology; D013312:Stress, Physiological; D013577:Syndrome; D013977:Tibia / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000293:injuries*; D000070600:Tibial Meniscus Injuries