title: Low-dose metronomic cyclophosphamide combined with vascular disrupting therapy induces potent antitumor activity in preclinical human tumor xenograft models.
abstract: Vascular disrupting agents preferentially target the established but abnormal tumor vasculature, resulting in extensive intratumoral hypoxia and cell death. However, a rim of viable tumor tissue remains from which angiogenesis-dependent regrowth can occur, in part through the mobilization and tumor colonization of circulating endothelial progenitor cells (CEP). Cotreatment with an agent that blocks CEPs, such as a vascular endothelial growth factor pathway-targeting biological antiangiogenic drug, results in enhanced antitumor efficacy. We asked whether an alternative therapeutic modality, low-dose metronomic chemotherapy, could achieve the same result given its CEP-targeting effects. We studied the combination of the vascular disrupting agent OXi4503 with daily administration of CEP-inhibiting, low-dose metronomic cyclophosphamide to treat primary orthotopic tumors with the use of the 231/LM2-4 breast cancer cell line and MeWo melanoma cell line. In addition, CEP mobilization and various tumor characteristics were assessed. We found that daily p.o. low-dose metronomic cyclophosphamide was capable of preventing the CEP spike and tumor colonization induced by OXi4503. This was associated with a decrease in the tumor rim and marked suppression of primary 231/LM2-4 growth in nude as well as severe combined immunodeficient mice. Similar results were found in MeWo-bearing nude mice. The delay in tumor growth was accompanied by significant decreases in microvessel density, perfusion, and proliferation, and a significant increase in tumor cell apoptosis. No overt toxicity was observed. The combination of OXi4503 and metronomic chemotherapy results in prolonged tumor control, thereby expanding the list of therapeutic agents that can be successfully integrated with metronomic low-dose chemotherapy.
authors.affiliation: Molecular and Cell Biology Research, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Laura G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Daenen
authors.forename: Yuval
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shaked
authors.forename: Shan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Man
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Emile E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Voest
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Chaplin
authors.forename: Robert S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Kerbel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D015687:Cell Hypoxia / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011756:Diphosphates / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D055806:Microvessels / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D009336:Necrosis; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000188:drug therapy*; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D013267:Stilbenes / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
chemical_list: D011756:Diphosphates; C465018:Oxi 4503; D013267:Stilbenes; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D003520:Cyclophosphamide