title: Acute-phase inflammatory markers during myocardial infarction: association with mortality and modes of death after 7 years of follow-up.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The relationship between acute-phase inflammatory markers in the setting of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and long-term outcomes is largely unexplored.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to investigate the predictive power of acute-phase inflammatory markers following AMI for short-term and long-term mortality separately and modes of death.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 220 unselected patients with AMI [median age 67 (interquartile range 60-74) years, women 26%], blood neutrophil granulocytes, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, and alpha1-acid glycoprotein were measured 1, 3 and 7 days after admission. All patients completed 7 years of follow-up. Endpoints were 1-year (short-term) and 2- to 7-year (long-term) mortality and modes of death, classified as nonsudden cardiovascular, sudden, and noncardiovascular death.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The short-term mortality rate was 18%. The long-term mortality rate was 26%. The short-term mortality risk was higher in patients in whom the markers were in the upper tertile. Fully adjusted hazard ratios (and 95% confidence interval) were 3.2 (1.4-7.9), 3.5 (1.7-7.9), 3.5 (1.6-8.6), and 6.1 (2.3-19.1) for neutrophil granulocyte, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, and alpha1-acid glycoprotein, respectively. The excess mortality was chiefly due to nonsudden cardiovascular mortality [fully adjusted hazard ratios were 4.6 (1.7-14.7), 4.7 (1.9-13.7), 5.9 (2.0-21.3) and 5.5 (2.0-17.6), respectively], whereas no association was found with sudden death or noncardiovascular modes of death. In the long term, the association with mortality and modes of death was no longer significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The acute-phase inflammatory markers tested following AMI are independently and concordantly associated with short-term mortality and their prediction is associated only with nonsudden cardiovascular modes of death. These markers are not associated with long-term mortality.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Conegliano General Hospital, Conegliano, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Berton
authors.forename: Rosa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Palmieri
authors.forename: Rocco
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cordiano
authors.forename: Fiorella
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cavuto
authors.forename: Sigismondo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pianca
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Palatini
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001799:Blood Sedimentation; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000097:blood* / Q000401:mortality; D009961:Orosomucoid / Q000378:metabolism*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D009961:Orosomucoid; D002097:C-Reactive Protein