title: Urea clearance: a new method to register local changes in blood flow in rat skeletal muscle based on microdialysis.
abstract: Increasing evidence suggests that local blood flow should be monitored during microdialysis (MD) as the recovery of analytes is affected by local blood flow. At present ethanol clearance is the standard technique for this purpose, but it is not functional at very low perfusion velocities. Here, we introduce a technique for MD whereby local tissue blood flow is recorded by the use of urea clearance (changes inflow/outflow concentration), in conjunction with measurements of tissue metabolism (glucose, lactate and puruvate). MD probes were inserted into the gracilis muscle of 15 rats and perfused with a medium containing urea (20 mmol l(-1)). Changes in muscle blood flow were made by addition of noradrenaline (5 microg ml(-1)) to the perfusion medium at two perfusion velocities (0.6 and 0.4 microl min(-1)). The clearance of urea from the perfusion medium was then calculated and examined in relation to the dose of noradrenaline and to the coexisting changes in extracellular metabolites. The results showed reproducible and dose-dependent changes in blood flow that were induced by noradrenaline. These were characterized by dose-dependent changes in the urea clearance as well as blood-flow-specific changes in the MD metabolic markers (reduction in glucose and increase in lactate). The sensitivity for blood flow changes as assessed by urea clearance (MD) was increased at 0.4 compared with the 0.6 microl min(-1) perfusion speed. The results indicate that inclusion of urea to the perfusion medium may be used to monitor changes in skeletal muscle blood flow at low perfusion velocities and in parallel assess metabolic variables with a high recovery (>90%).
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic Surgery, Hand Surgery and Burns, Linköping University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden. simon.farnebo@lio.se
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Farnebo
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Samuelsson
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Henriksson
authors.forename: L-E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Karlander
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sjöberg
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D017551:Microdialysis / Q000379:methods*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000378:metabolism*; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000494:pharmacology; D019289:Pyruvic Acid / Q000097:blood; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D014508:Urea / Q000097:blood*; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D019344:Lactic Acid; D019289:Pyruvic Acid; D014508:Urea; D009638:Norepinephrine