title: Concentration of bacteria passing through puncture holes in surgical gloves.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The reasons for gloving-up for surgery are to protect the surgical field from microorganisms on the surgeon's hands and protect the surgeon from the patient's microorganisms. This study measured the concentration of bacteria passing through glove punctures under surgical conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Double-layered surgical gloves were worn during visceral surgeries over a 4-month period. The study included 128 outer gloves and 122 inner gloves from 20 septic laparotomies. To measure bacterial passage though punctures, intraoperative swabs were made, yielding microorganisms that were compared with microorganisms retrieved from the inner glove layer using a modified Gaschen bag method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Depending on the duration of glove wear, the microperforation rate of the outer layer averaged 15%. Approximately 82% of the perforations went unnoticed by the surgical team. Some 86% of perforations occurred in the nondominant hand, with the index finger being the most frequently punctured location (36%). Bacterial passage from the surgical site through punctures was detected in 4.7% of the investigated gloves.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Depending on the duration of wear, surgical gloves develop microperforations not immediately recognized by staff. During surgery, such perforations allow passage of bacteria from the surgical site through the punctures. Possible strategies for preventing passage of bacteria include strengthening of glove areas prone to punctures and strict glove changing every 90 minutes.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Ernst Moritz Arndt University, Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: Julian-Camill
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Harnoss
authors.forename: Lars-Ivo
authors.initials: LI
authors.lastname: Partecke
authors.forename: Claus-Dieter
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Heidecke
authors.forename: Nils-Olaf
authors.initials: NO
authors.lastname: Hübner
authors.forename: Axel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kramer
authors.forename: Ojan
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Assadian
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000517:prevention & control; D005932:Gloves, Surgical / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D017053:Infection Control / Q000379:methods; D008422:Materials Testing / Q000379:methods