title: Mycophenolate mofetil therapy for childhood-onset steroid dependent nephrotic syndrome after long-term cyclosporine: extended experience in a single center.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) is being used increasingly in children with steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome (SDNS). However, there is limited information on the optimal therapeutic range for mycophenolic acid (MPA), the active metabolite of MMF, in these patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  26 patients with SDNS (mean age 13.1 years, 19 with minimal change disease and 7 with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis) who had received MMF for at least 6 months after longterm cyclosporine (CsA, mean 56 months) at Saitama Children's Medical Center between September 2002 and August 2008 were analyzed. MMF was introduced at an initial dose of 250 mg/12 h, adjusted to maintain target predose MPA at greater than 2 microg/ml (maximum 1 g twice daily) gradually over 4 weeks. After the introduction of MMF, the dosages of both CsA and prednisolone (PSL) were tapered off if possible.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean MMF dose required was 34 +/- 6 mg/kg, which maintained the mean predose MPA levels of 3.1 mg/ml. In 26 patients, treatment with MMF for a mean follow-up period of 19 months (range 7 - 42), resulted in a reduction of the mean PSL dose from 0.33 +/- 0.23 to 0.17 +/- 0.11 mg/kg per day (p < 0.01) and mean CsA dose from 3.2 +/- 1.7 to 1.3 +/- 1.8 mg/kg per day (p < 0.01). The mean 12-monthly relapse rates decreased from 2.5 +/- 1.4 to 0.8 +/- 1.2 episodes (p < 0.01). In 20 patients treated with MMF (77%), the dose of PSL and/or CsA was successfully tapered with a reduction in the relapse rates. In 6 patients, however, CsA therapy was reintroduced or its dose was increased because of treatment failure. The patients whose average predose MPA levels were less than 3 microg/ml were significantly likely to have treatment failure (p < 0.05). 2 patients reduced the MMF dosage because of anemia or herpes labialis. However, no severe gastrointestinal discomfort was seen in any patients. Despite long-term CsA therapy, marked tubulointerstitial fibrosis developed during MMF therapy in surveillance biopsies of only one of these five patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Therapy with MMF based on the predose MPA levels can be a less toxic alternative to CsA or in some cases a useful additional medication to allow for a reduction in the CsA and/or PSL dosage.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology Saitama Children's Medical Center, Saitama City, Japan. f_shuich@d2.dion.ne.jp
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fujinaga
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ohtomo
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hirano
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nishizaki
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Someya
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ohtsuka
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kaneko
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shimizu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017668:Age of Onset; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009173:Mycophenolic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009404:Nephrotic Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011239:Prednisolone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D017211:Treatment Failure; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D005938:Glucocorticoids; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D016572:Cyclosporine; D011239:Prednisolone; D009173:Mycophenolic Acid