title: Overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor C increases growth and alters the metastatic pattern of orthotopic PC-3 prostate tumors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prostate cancer metastasizes to regional lymph nodes and distant sites but the roles of lymphatic and hematogenous pathways in metastasis are not fully understood.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied the roles of VEGF-C and VEGFR3 in prostate cancer metastasis by blocking VEGFR3 using intravenous adenovirus-delivered VEGFR3-Ig fusion protein (VEGFR3-Ig) and by ectopic expression of VEGF-C in PC-3 prostate tumors in nude mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  VEGFR3-Ig decreased the density of lymphatic capillaries in orthotopic PC-3 tumors (p < 0.05) and inhibited metastasis to iliac and sacral lymph nodes. In addition, tumor volumes were smaller in the VEGFR3-Ig-treated group compared with the control group (p < 0.05). Transfection of PC-3 cells with the VEGF-C gene led to a high level of 29/31 kD VEGF-C expression in PC-3 cells. The size of orthotopic and subcutaneous PC-3/VEGF-C tumors was significantly greater than that of PC-3/mock tumors (both p < 0.001). Interestingly, while most orthotopic PC-3 and PC-3/mock tumors grown for 4 weeks metastasized to prostate-draining lymph nodes, orthotopic PC-3/VEGF-C tumors primarily metastasized to the lungs. PC-3/VEGF-C tumors showed highly angiogenic morphology with an increased density of blood capillaries compared with PC-3/mock tumors (p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data suggest that even though VEGF-C/VEGFR3 pathway is primarily required for lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastasis, an increased level of VEGF-C can also stimulate angiogenesis, which is associated with growth of orthotopic prostate tumors and a switch from a primary pattern of lymph node metastasis to an increased proportion of metastases at distant sites.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Turku, Finland. jomitu@utu.fi
authors.forename: Johanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tuomela
authors.forename: Maija
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Valta
authors.forename: Jani
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Seppänen
authors.forename: Kati
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tarkkonen
authors.forename: H Kalervo
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Väänänen
authors.forename: Pirkko
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Härkönen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D042583:Lymphangiogenesis; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D042582:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D042582:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C