title: Pioglitazone modulates the balance of effector and regulatory T cells in apolipoprotein E deficient mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pioglitazone (PIO) affects T cell-mediated immunity through actions of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARγ). Effector and regulatory T cells control the development of atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease affecting the arterial blood vessels. The aim of this study was to examine whether PIO ameliorates atherosclerosis by altering the balance of effector and regulatory T cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To explore the effect of PIO on early and advanced atherosclerosis, apolipoprotein E deficient (ApoE-/-) mice were fed western diet and received PIO (20 mg/kg/day) by gastric gavage at 6 or 14 weeks of age, respectively for 8 weeks. Data showed PIO markedly inhibited early fatty streak formation. Further, although the advanced fibrofatty plaque sizes were not significantly reduced, the numbers of smooth muscle cells within lesions were increased and higher collagen concentrations were produced. In general, macrophage expression in lesions was decreased. Additionally, the expression of Foxp3(+) cells was increased in lesions and spleens in mice at all PIO treatment stages, whereas the CD4(+)IFN-γ(+)/CD4(+)IL-4(+) cell ratios were reduced.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PIO inhibited early atherosclerotic lesion formation and increased the stability of advanced atherosclerotic plaques in ApoE-/- mice, which was associated with altering the balance of effector and regulatory T cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kishimoto
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology*; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D018450:Disease Progression; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D050356:Lipid Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D000077205:Pioglitazone; D012313:RNA / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013154:Spleen / Q000473:pathology; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000187:drug effects*; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000187:drug effects*; D045162:Thiazolidinediones / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D001057:Apolipoproteins E; D016207:Cytokines; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; C498833:Foxp3 protein, mouse; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D008055:Lipids; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D015847:Interleukin-4; D012313:RNA; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D000077205:Pioglitazone