title: Intracranial EEG reveals a time- and frequency-specific role for the right inferior frontal gyrus and primary motor cortex in stopping initiated responses.
abstract: Inappropriate response tendencies may be stopped via a specific fronto/basal ganglia/primary motor cortical network. We sought to characterize the functional role of two regions in this putative stopping network, the right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and the primary motor cortex (M1), using electocorticography from subdural electrodes in four patients while they performed a stop-signal task. On each trial, a motor response was initiated, and on a minority of trials a stop signal instructed the patient to try to stop the response. For each patient, there was a greater right IFG response in the beta frequency band ( approximately 16 Hz) for successful versus unsuccessful stop trials. This finding adds to evidence for a functional network for stopping because changes in beta frequency activity have also been observed in the basal ganglia in association with behavioral stopping. In addition, the right IFG response occurred 100-250 ms after the stop signal, a time range consistent with a putative inhibitory control process rather than with stop-signal processing or feedback regarding success. A downstream target of inhibitory control is M1. In each patient, there was alpha/beta band desynchronization in M1 for stop trials. However, the degree of desynchronization in M1 was less for successfully than unsuccessfully stopped trials. This reduced desynchronization on successful stop trials could relate to increased GABA inhibition in M1. Together with other findings, the results suggest that behavioral stopping is implemented via synchronized activity in the beta frequency band in a right IFG/basal ganglia network, with downstream effects on M1.
authors.affiliation: University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0662, USA.
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Swann
authors.forename: Nitin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tandon
authors.forename: Ryan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Canolty
authors.forename: Timothy M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Ellmore
authors.forename: Linda K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: McEvoy
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dreyer
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: DiSano
authors.forename: Adam R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Aron
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001479:Basal Ganglia / Q000502:physiology; D001611:Beta Rhythm; D001931:Brain Mapping; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007266:Inhibition, Psychological; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult