title: Validity and reliability of the CAM-ICU Flowsheet to diagnose delirium in surgical ICU patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Delirium occurs frequently in critical care but often remains undiagnosed because delirium monitoring is often dismissed as being too time-consuming. This study determined the validity and reliability of the "CAM-ICU Flowsheet," a practical, time-sparing algorithm to assess the 4 delirium criteria in intubated patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  With permission from our institution's ethics committee, patients of a 31-bed surgical intensive care unit department were screened for delirium (1) by a psychiatrist as the reference rater using the 4 delirium criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Diseases, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV), and (2) by 2 physician investigators using a German translation of the CAM-ICU Flowsheet.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-four surgical ICU patients underwent the complete protocol assessment with paired observations; 46% were diagnosed with delirium by the reference rater (n = 25), 9% had hyperactive delirium (n = 5), and 37% were hypoactive (n = 20). The CAM-ICU Flowsheet investigators had sensitivities of 88% (95% confidence interval, 69%-98%) and 92% (74%-99%), specificities of 100% (85%-100%), very high interrater reliability (kappa, 0.96; 0.87-1.00), and needed 50 seconds (interquartile range, 40-120 seconds) in patients with delirium vs 45 seconds (interquartile range, 40-75 seconds) in those without delirium to complete assessments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The CAM-ICU Flowsheet has high sensitivity, high specificity, and very high interrater reliability. False-negative ratings can occur infrequently and mostly reflect the fluctuating course of delirium. The CAM-ICU Flowsheet is a valid, reliable, and quickly performed bedside delirium instrument.
authors.affiliation: Klinik und Poliklinik für Anästhesiologie und Operative Intensivmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Germany. u.guenther@uni-bonn.de
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Guenther
authors.forename: Julius
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Popp
authors.forename: Lena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Koecher
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Muders
authors.forename: Hermann
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wrigge
authors.forename: E Wesley
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Ely
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Putensen
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D003422:Critical Care / Q000379:methods*; D003693:Delirium / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity