title: Parents' mental health and children's cognitive and social development: families in England in the Millennium Cohort Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The development of children of parents who are experiencing mental health difficulties is a continuing cause of concern for professionals working in health, social care and education as well as policy makers. In light of this interest our study investigates the interplay between the mental health of mothers and fathers and family socioeconomic resources, and the impact for children's cognitive and social development.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study uses survey data from the Millennium Cohort Study linked with the Foundation Stage Profile assessment for children in the primary year of school in England between 2005 and 2006. The study includes 4,781 families from England where both parents' mental health had been assessed using the Kessler 6 scale. Associations between parents' mental health and children's cognitive and social development were estimated using regression models. Multivariate models were used to explore the mediating role of the families' socioeconomic resources. Gender interaction models were used to explore whether effects of parents' mental health differ for girls and boys.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study finds lower attainment in communication, language and literacy, mathematical development and personal, social and emotional development among children whose parents were experiencing high levels of psychological distress. Parents' age and qualifications and families' socioeconomic resources strongly mediated the effects of parents' psychological distress on children's attainment, and although independent effects of mother's mental health were maintained, effects of father's mental health were not. Stronger effects of mothers' mental health were found for boys than for girls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings highlight the interplay between the mental health of parents, families' socioeconomic resources and children's development which speaks for the need for close integration of mental health and social interventions to improve the well being of families.
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Policy and Social Work, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
authors.forename: Fiona K
authors.initials: FK
authors.lastname: Mensah
authors.forename: Kathleen E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Kiernan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology; D016241:Child of Impaired Parents / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004522:Educational Status; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D054541:Family Conflict / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D008875:Middle Aged; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D012951:Socialization