title: Multiple sclerosis. Part 2: ophthalmic issues in MS therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This update includes topics relating to the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) for the ophthalmologist.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Despite investigation into numerous genetic and environmental factors, the cause of MS remains elusive. MS is a disease of the central nervous system that mainly affects young people and usually progresses over time, leading to disability in multiple areas, including mobility, cognition, affect and vision. It is likely that, as novel MS treatments are introduced, there will be a greater interest in tracking visual function and monitoring for visual complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Current therapies in MS include interferon, glatiramer, natalizumab and mitoxantrone. Other MS treatments are imminent, and include oral medications, monoclonal antibodies and chemotherapy. Treatment of the visual symptoms in MS and the side effects of MS therapies are reviewed in this article.
authors.affiliation: University of Chicago, Department of Neurology, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA. John.Pula@uchospitals.edu
authors.forename: John H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Pula
authors.forename: Adil
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Javed
mesh_terms: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D000068717:Glatiramer Acetate; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016899:Interferon-beta / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008942:Mitoxantrone / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000069442:Natalizumab; D009902:Optic Neuritis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D010455:Peptides / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D000069442:Natalizumab; D010455:Peptides; D000068717:Glatiramer Acetate; D016899:Interferon-beta; D008942:Mitoxantrone