title: Obese children with low birth weight demonstrate impaired beta-cell function during oral glucose tolerance test.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Epidemiological studies have shown an association between birth weight and future risk of type 2 diabetes, with individuals born either small or large for gestational age at increased risk. We sought to investigate the influence of birth weight on the relation between insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function in obese children.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 257 obese/overweight children (mean body mass index-sd score, 2.2 +/- 0.3), aged 11.6 +/- 2.3 yr were divided into three groups according to birth weight percentile: 44 were small for gestational age (SGA), 161 were appropriate for gestational age (AGA), and 52 were large for gestational age (LGA). Participants underwent a 3-h oral glucose tolerance test with glucose, insulin, and C-peptide measurements. Homeostasis model of assessment for insulin resistance, insulinogenic index, and disposition index were calculated to evaluate insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function. Glucose and insulin area under the curve (AUC) were also considered. One-way ANOVA was used to compare the three groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SGA and LGA subjects had higher homeostasis model of assessment for insulin resistance than AGA subjects, but they diverged when oral glucose tolerance test response was considered. Indeed, SGA subjects showed higher glucose AUC and lower insulinogenic and disposition indexes. Insulin AUC was not different between groups, but when singular time points were considered, SGA subjects had lower insulin levels at 30 min and higher insulin levels at 180 min.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SGA obese children fail to adequately compensate for their reduced insulin sensitivity, manifesting deficit in early insulin response and reduced disposition index that results in higher glucose AUC. Thus, SGA obese children show adverse metabolic outcomes compared to AGAs and LGAs.
authors.affiliation: Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, 00165 Rome, Italy. cbrufani@libero.it
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Brufani
authors.forename: Armando
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grossi
authors.forename: Danilo
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fintini
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tozzi
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Nocerino
authors.forename: Patrizia Ippolita
authors.initials: PI
authors.lastname: Patera
authors.forename: Graziamaria
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ubertini
authors.forename: Ottavia
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Porzio
authors.forename: Fabrizio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Barbetti
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cappa
mesh_terms: D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006801:Humans; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007236:Infant, Small for Gestational Age; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D050417:Insulin-Secreting Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D007700:Kinetics; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D050177:Overweight / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin