title: Ultrasonography of bovine urinary tract disorders.
abstract: Ultrasonography is a helpful diagnostic tool in cattle with urinary tract disorders. It can be used to diagnose pyelonephritis, urolithiasis, hydronephrosis, renal cysts, renal tumors, amyloidosis, cystitis, bladder paralysis, bladder rupture, bladder neoplasms, and, occasionally, nephrosis, glomerulonephritis, and embolic nephritis. This article describes the anatomy, scanning technique, indications, limitations, normal and pathologic sonographic appearance of the bovine urinary tract. References from horses and humans are included, especially when the sonographic findings in these species may complement the understanding of similar diseases reported in cattle.
authors.affiliation: Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Clinic for Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria. martina.floeck@vu-wien.ac.at
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Floeck
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014551:Urinary Tract / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014570:Urologic Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000662:veterinary*