title: Transport of purines and purine salvage pathway inhibitors by the Plasmodium falciparum equilibrative nucleoside transporter PfENT1.
abstract: Plasmodium falciparum is a purine auxotroph. The transport of purine nucleosides and nucleobases from the host erythrocyte to the parasite cytoplasm is essential to support parasite growth. P. falciparum equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (PfENT1) is a major route for purine transport across the parasite plasma membrane. Malarial parasites are sensitive to inhibitors of purine salvage pathway enzymes. The immucillin class of purine nucleoside phosphorylase inhibitors and the adenosine analog, tubercidin, block growth of P. falciparum under in vitro culture conditions. We sought to determine whether these inhibitors utilize PfENT1 to gain access to the parasite cytosol. There is considerable controversy in the literature regarding the K(m) and/or K(i) for purine transport by PfENT1 in the Xenopus oocyte expression system. We show that oocytes metabolize adenosine but not hypoxanthine. For adenosine, metabolism is the rate limiting step in oocyte uptake assays, making hypoxanthine the preferred substrate for PfENT1 transport studies in oocytes. We demonstrate that the K(i) for PfENT1 transport of hypoxanthine and adenosine is in the 300-700microM range. Effects of substrate metabolism on uptake studies may explain conflicting results in the literature regarding the PfENT1 adenosine transport K(m). PfENT1 transports the tubercidin class of compounds. None of the immucillin compounds tested inhibited PfENT1 transport of [(3)H]hypoxanthine or [(3)H]adenosine. Although nucleobases are transported, modifications of the ribose ring in corresponding nucleoside analogs affect substrate recognition by PfENT1. These results provide new insights into PfENT1 and the mechanism by which purine salvage pathway inhibitors are transported into the parasite cytoplasm.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
authors.forename: Paul M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Riegelhaupt
authors.forename: María B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Cassera
authors.forename: Richard F G
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Fröhlich
authors.forename: Keith Z
authors.initials: KZ
authors.lastname: Hazleton
authors.forename: Jonathan J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Hefter
authors.forename: Vern L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Schramm
authors.forename: Myles H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Akabas
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001692:Biological Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007700:Kinetics; D053858:Metabolic Networks and Pathways / Q000187:drug effects*; D033701:Nucleobase, Nucleoside, Nucleotide, and Nucleic Acid Transport Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D009865:Oocytes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D015800:Protozoan Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011684:Purine Nucleosides / Q000494:pharmacology; D011687:Purines / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D011744:Pyrimidinones / Q000494:pharmacology; D014372:Tubercidin / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: C430711:ENT1 protein, Plasmodium falciparum; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D033701:Nucleobase, Nucleoside, Nucleotide, and Nucleic Acid Transport Proteins; D015800:Protozoan Proteins; D011684:Purine Nucleosides; D011687:Purines; D011744:Pyrimidinones; C113101:forodesine; D014372:Tubercidin