title: Iatrogenic intravenous medication errors reported to the GIZ-Nord Poisons Center Göttingen.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We analyzed the iatrogenic intravenous medication errors (IIME) reported to the GIZ-Nord Poisons Center Göttingen.
  
  
  METHODS
  IIME over a ten year period were analyzed retrospectively and categorized into error types, age groups, drugs involved, and severity of IIME at registration and after known outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  265 IIME were registered from 1997 to 2006. They rose from 12 in 1997 to 45 in 2006 corresponding to an increase from 0.058 to 0.148% of all calls of the respective year. Children were affected in (21.1%) and adults in 78.9% of all cases. The drug classes (ATC classification) involved most frequently were antipsychotics (7.9%) and antithrombotic agents (6.0%). The main types of IIME were dosing error (37.7%) and wrong route of administration (28.7%). The severity of IIME at registration was none (33.6%), minor (32.5%), moderate (13.6%), severe (13.6%), fatal (1.5%), and unratable (5.2%). In the 46 cases followed to a known outcome, 15 were asymptomatic and 27 were symptomatic with minor (11 cases), moderate (5 cases) and severe features (11 cases). Four cases of IIME were already fatal at registration and one severe case died in the further course. Dosing error of theophylline was often observed in severe outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IIME increased from 1997 to 2006. Intravenous use of antipsychotics and theophylline should be restricted to a minimum.
authors.affiliation: Poisons Information Center, Erfurt, Germany. michael_deters2002@yahoo.de
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Deters
authors.forename: Dagmar
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Prasa
authors.forename: Helmut
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hentschel
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schaper
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000506:poisoning; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000506:poisoning; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D062787:Drug Overdose; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007049:Iatrogenic Disease / Q000453:epidemiology*; D007223:Infant; D007275:Injections, Intravenous / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008508:Medication Errors / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011039:Poison Control Centers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013806:Theophylline / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000506:poisoning; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents; D013806:Theophylline