title: Central neuraxial anaesthesia presenting with spinal myoclonus in the perioperative period: a case series.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Perioperative spinal myoclonus is extremely rare. Many anaesthetists and perioperative practitioners may not diagnose or manage this complication appropriately when it occurs. This case report of unusual acute spinal myoclonus following regional anaesthesia highlights certain aspects of this rare complication that have not previously been published.
  
  
  METHODS
  A series of four consecutive patients who developed acute lower-limb myoclonus following spinal or epidural anaesthesia are described. The case series occurred at three different hospitals and involved four anaesthetists over a 3-year period. Two Caucasian men, aged 90-years-old and 67-years-old, manifested unilateral myoclonus. Two Caucasian women, aged 64-years-old and 53-years-old, developed bilateral myoclonus. Myoclonus was self-limiting in one patient, treated with further regional anaesthesia in one patient and treated with intravenous midazolam in two patients. The overall outcome was good in all patients, with no recurrence or sequelae in any of the patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This case series emphasizes that spinal myoclonus following regional anaesthesia is rare, has diverse pathophysiology and can have diverse presentations. The treatment of perioperative spinal myoclonus should be directed at the aetiology. Anaesthetists and perioperative practitioners who are unfamiliar with this rare complication should be reassured that it may be treated successfully with midazolam.
authors.forename: Olumuyiwa A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Bamgbade
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Alfa
authors.forename: Wael M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Khalaf
authors.forename: Andrew P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Zuokumor