title: Irritant and adjuvant effects of gaseous formaldehyde on the ovalbumin-induced hyperresponsiveness and inflammation in a rat model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Formaldehyde (FA) is a common indoor air pollutant that can cause asthma in people experiencing long-term exposure. While FA and other man-made chemicals contribute to the stimulation of asthma in the general population, the underlying molecular pathogenesis of this relationship is not yet well understood.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To explore FA as an irritant for the onset of asthma and as an adjuvant for the induction of allergy.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the present study, 40 Wistar rats in five experimental groups were exposed to: (i) saline; (ii) ovalbumin (OVA); (iii) OVA + FA at 417 ppb; (iv) OVA + FA at 2500 ppb; and (v) FA at 2500 ppb. Current and prior occupational exposure limits in China were established at 417 ppb and 2500 ppb, respectively. Gaseous FA was administrated to the animals for 6 h/day before and during OVA immunization or saline treatment. Measured outcomes included in situ lung function analysis, cytokine measurement, and histological changes in the rat lungs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The airway reactivity, lung histological changes, pulmonary interleukin-4 secretion, and eosinophil infiltration in the OVA and FA exposed rats were significantly higher after gaseous FA exposures of 417 and 2500 ppb. While FA exposure alone did not induce significant structural changes to the airway, and the rate of inflammatory cell infiltration was the same as for the control group, pulmonary levels of interferon-gamma were significantly elevated in the exposed rats.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  FA may be an irritant as well as serve as an adjuvant for the onset of asthma or asthma-like symptoms.
authors.affiliation: College of Life Science, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Qiao
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sigsgaard
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000818:Animals; D001249:Asthma / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D016535:Bronchial Hyperreactivity / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000166:cytology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005557:Formaldehyde / Q000633:toxicity*; D005740:Gases; D019570:Inhalation Exposure; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000378:metabolism; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000378:metabolism; D007509:Irritants / Q000633:toxicity*; D008297:Male; D010047:Ovalbumin; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D011657:Pulmonary Eosinophilia / Q000139:chemically induced; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D005740:Gases; D007509:Irritants; D005557:Formaldehyde; D015847:Interleukin-4; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D010047:Ovalbumin