title: Gamma knife radiosurgery for multiple sclerosis-related trigeminal neuralgia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Surgical options for multiple sclerosis (MS) related to trigeminal neuralgia (TN), a severe and disabling pain disorder, include percutaneous rhizotomy, stereotactic radiosurgery, or microsurgical nerve section. Our goal was to evaluate clinical outcomes after gamma knife radiosurgery (GKRS) in patients with MS with TN.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated clinical outcomes in 37 patients with TN managed over a 12-year period. The maximum TN target dose varied between 70 and 90 Gy. Seventy-eight percent of patients had failed prior surgery. In 9, GKRS was the first procedure. Median follow-up was 56.7 months (range, 6-174). Pain relief was assessed in each patient by physicians who did not participate in the surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eventual complete pain relief (BNI grade I) after GKRS and reasonable pain control (BNI grade I-IIIb) after GKRS were noted in 23 patients (62.1%) and 36 patients (97.3%) at some point in their course. Reasonable pain control (BNI grade I-IIIb) after GKRS was maintained in 82.6%, 73.9%, and 54.0% of patients after 1, 3, and 5 years. Fourteen patients (37.8%) underwent a second or a subsequent procedure for residual or recurrent pain. Eight patients underwent a second GKRS, 5 underwent percutaneous glycerol rhizotomy, and 1 underwent balloon microcompression. The complication rate after GKRS was 5.4% (new onset of nondisabling paresthesias). No patient developed dysesthesias.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gamma knife radiosurgery is the most minimally invasive surgical technique for multiple sclerosis-related trigeminal neuralgia and has low morbidity. For this reason, gamma knife radiosurgery proved to be a satisfactory management strategy for multiple sclerosis-related trigeminal neuralgia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA, USA.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Zorro
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lobato-Polo
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kano
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Flickinger
authors.forename: L D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Lunsford
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kondziolka
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005157:Facial Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000150:complications*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011788:Quality of Life; D016634:Radiosurgery / Q000379:methods; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014277:Trigeminal Neuralgia / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery*