title: Assessing symptoms of hypogonadism by self-administered questionnaire: qualitative findings in patients and controls.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Current screening instruments for hypogonadism lack adequate specificity and diagnostic accuracy. A new self-administered questionnaire of hypogonadism symptoms is being developed to address this need. The process for questionnaire development and results from the first (qualitative) phase are presented.
  
  
  METHODS
  Qualitative interviews were conducted based on a new conceptual model of hypogonadism and according to standards for questionnaire development. An item pool was generated from focus groups and in-depth interviews with two groups of hypogonadal patients, treated (N = 26) and untreated (N = 26), and age-equivalent controls (N = 28). Standardized scoring of the qualitative interviews was used to confirm conceptual domains in the model and to generate questionnaire items for further validation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Key domains identified in both patients and controls included: (a) physical function; (b) bodily signs and symptoms; (c) sexual function and libido; (d) sleep function; (e) mood and affective function; (f) memory and cognitive function. The final domain is distress or bother associated with hypogonadism symptoms. This domain was only relevant to the patient groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The first stage in the design of a new hypogonadism screener has been completed. Seven domains were identified and draft items were developed in each domain according to current standards of patient-reported outcomes.
authors.affiliation: New England Research Institutes, Inc., Watertown, Massachusetts 02472, USA. rrosen@neriscience.com
authors.forename: Raymond C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Rosen
authors.forename: Andre B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Araujo
authors.forename: Megan K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Connor
authors.forename: Emily A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Elstad
authors.forename: Sarah A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: McGraw
authors.forename: Andre T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Guay
authors.forename: Abraham
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Morgentaler
authors.forename: Martin M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Miner
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D017144:Focus Groups; D006801:Humans; D007006:Hypogonadism / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult