title: Association between a prognostic gene signature and functional gene sets.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The development of expression-based gene signatures for predicting prognosis or class membership is a popular and challenging task. Besides their stringent validation, signatures need a functional interpretation and must be placed in a biological context. Popular tools such as Gene Set Enrichment have drawbacks because they are restricted to annotated genes and are unable to capture the information hidden in the signature's non-annotated genes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We propose concepts to relate a signature with functional gene sets like pathways or Gene Ontology categories. The connection between single signature genes and a specific pathway is explored by hierarchical variable selection and gene association networks. The risk score derived from an individual patient's signature is related to expression patterns of pathways and Gene Ontology categories. Global tests are useful for these tasks, and they adjust for other factors. GlobalAncova is used to explore the effect on gene expression in specific functional groups from the interaction of the score and selected mutations in the patient's genome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We apply the proposed methods to an expression data set and a corresponding gene signature for predicting survival in Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML). The example demonstrates strong relations between the signature and cancer-related pathways. The signature-based risk score was found to be associated with development-related biological processes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Many authors interpret the functional aspects of a gene signature by linking signature genes to pathways or relevant functional gene groups. The method of gene set enrichment is preferred to annotating signature genes to specific Gene Ontology categories. The strategies proposed in this paper go beyond the restriction of annotation and deepen the insights into the biological mechanisms reflected in the information given by a signature.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Manuela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hummel
authors.forename: Klaus H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Metzeler
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Buske
authors.forename: Stefan K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Bohlander
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Mansmann