title: The metastasis-associated anterior gradient 2 protein is correlated with poor survival of breast cancer patients.
abstract: The secreted metastasis-inducing protein, human anterior gradient 2 (AGR2), has been independently reported to be associated with either a reduced or an increased survival of different groups of patients with breast cancer. We now aim to analyze the expression of AGR2 in a third completely independent group of patients using a specific AGR2 monoclonal antibody (mAb). Primary tumors from a group of 315 patients suffering from operable (stage I and II) breast cancer with 20-years follow-up were immunocytochemically stained with a specific mAb to AGR2 and associations with prognostic factors and patient survival were analyzed. The mAb specifically recognized AGR2 in Western blots, and positive staining for AGR2 was significantly associated with involved lymph nodes and staining for estrogen receptor alpha, progesterone receptor, and the metastasis-inducing proteins osteopontin, S100P, and S100A4. After 20 years of follow-up, only 26% of patients with AGR2-positive carcinomas survived compared with 96% of those with AGR2 negative carcinomas, with the highly significant difference in median survival times of 68 and >216 months, respectively (P < 0.0001). Cox's multivariate regression analysis showed that staining for AGR2 was one of the most significant independent prognostic indicators, with a corrected relative risk of 9.4. The presence of AGR2 in the primary tumor is therefore a possible prognostic indicator of poor patient outcome in breast cancer.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Tissue Bank Research Centre, University of Liverpool, UK. dongliu@liverpool.ac.uk
authors.forename: Dong L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Barraclough
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Platt-Higgins
authors.forename: Suzete
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: de Silva Rudland
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Barraclough
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Winstanley
authors.forename: Christopher R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: West
authors.forename: Philip S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Rudland
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000818:Animals; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009088:Mucoproteins; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis / Q000473:pathology*; D015513:Oncogene Proteins; D011379:Prognosis; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015996:Survival Rate
chemical_list: C502296:AGR2 protein, human; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D009088:Mucoproteins; D015513:Oncogene Proteins; D011506:Proteins