Citrus fruit and cancer risk in a network of case-control studies.
BACKGROUND
Citrus fruit has shown a favorable effect against various cancers. To better understand their role in cancer risk, we analyzed data from a series of case-control studies conducted in Italy and Switzerland.


METHODS
The studies included 955 patients with oral and pharyngeal cancer, 395 with esophageal, 999 with stomach, 3,634 with large bowel, 527 with laryngeal, 2,900 with breast, 454 with endometrial, 1,031 with ovarian, 1,294 with prostate, and 767 with renal cell cancer. All cancers were incident and histologically confirmed. Controls were admitted to the same network of hospitals for acute, nonneoplastic conditions. Odds ratios (OR) were estimated by multiple logistic regression models, including terms for major identified confounding factors for each cancer site, and energy intake.


RESULTS
The ORs for the highest versus lowest category of citrus fruit consumption were 0.47 (95% confidence interval, CI, 0.36-0.61) for oral and pharyngeal, 0.42 (95% CI, 0.25-0.70) for esophageal, 0.69 (95% CI, 0.52-0.92) for stomach, 0.82 (95% CI, 0.72-0.93) for colorectal, and 0.55 (95% CI, 0.37-0.83) for laryngeal cancer. No consistent association was found with breast, endometrial, ovarian, prostate, and renal cell cancer.


CONCLUSIONS
Our findings indicate that citrus fruit has a protective role against cancers of the digestive and upper respiratory tract.
Foschi
Roberto
R
Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy.
Pelucchi
Claudio
C
Dal Maso
Luigino
L
Rossi
Marta
M
Levi
Fabio
F
Talamini
Renato
R
Bosetti
Cristina
C
Negri
Eva
E
Serraino
Diego
D
Giacosa
Attilio
A
Franceschi
Silvia
S
La Vecchia
Carlo
C
D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002957:Citrus / Q000737:chemistry*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013557:Switzerland / Q000453:epidemiology
D010936:Plant Extracts