Real-time glutamate measurements in the putamen of awake rhesus monkeys using an enzyme-based human microelectrode array prototype.
Commonly used for research studies in the central nervous system, microdialysis has revealed a link between dysregulation of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate and ischemia and seizure, however limitations like slow temporal resolution have stalled the advancement of microdialysis as a diagnostic tool. We have developed and extensively characterized an enzyme-based microelectrode array technology for second-by-second in vivo amperometric measurements of glutamate in the mammalian CNS. The current studies demonstrated the ability of a human microelectrode array prototype (Spencer-Gerhardt-2 (SG-2)) to measure tonic and phasic glutamate neurotransmission in the putamen of unanesthetized non-human primates. We also showed that the SG-2 remains functional following sterilization. Ability to monitor dynamic changes in glutamate in real-time may assist the development of clinical algorithms to potentially alert care-providers prior to onset of overt ischemia or seizure, or provide neurosurgeons with second-by-second measurements of rapid changes in extracellular glutamate which could help guide surgical procedures or aid in interventional strategies.
Stephens
Michelle L
ML
Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536-0098, USA.
Pomerleau
Francois
F
Huettl
Peter
P
Gerhardt
Greg A
GA
Zhang
Zhiming
Z
D000818:Animals; D004563:Electrochemistry / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D004798:Enzymes; D005260:Female; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D017551:Microdialysis / Q000379:methods; D008839:Microelectrodes; D011699:Putamen / Q000378:metabolism*; D014851:Wakefulness
D004798:Enzymes; D018698:Glutamic Acid