Comorbidity study of ADHD: applying association rule mining (ARM) to National Health Insurance Database of Taiwan.
OBJECTIVE
This paper intends to apply association rule mining (ARM) to explore the labyrinthian network of ADHD comorbidity, and to examine the practicality of ARM in comorbidity studies using clinic databases.


METHODS
From clinic records of enrollees of Taiwan National Health Insurance (NHI), 18,321 youngsters aged 18 or less with diagnosis of ADHD in 2001 were recruited as case group in this study. And all their clinic diagnoses made from 2000 to 2002, as comorbidity, were categorized according to "The International Classification of Disease, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification" (ICD-9-CM) diagnosis system. For comparison, fourfold non-ADHD controls were recruited from 2001s NHI enrollees on a random base but matched gender and age of cases. ARM was done with Apriori algorithm to examine the strengths of associations among those diagnoses. The support and confidence values of ARM results were examined. Comorbidity rates and relative risk (RR) ratios of both groups of each diagnosis were compared one another.


RESULTS
ADHD case group has apparently higher risk of comorbidity with psychiatric comorbidity than with other physical illnesses. From results of ARM, developmental delay (DD) appears as an important node between ADHD and anxiety disorder (support: 5.12%, confidence: 97.42%), mild mental retardation (support: 4.42%, confidence: 92.09%) and autism (support: 6.49%, confidence: 94.93%).


CONCLUSIONS
The finding of this study, an important role of DD between ADHD and other psychiatric comorbidity, supports neurological findings in developmental delay of ADHD children's front cortex, as well as some epidemiology findings. This study also demonstrated the practicality of ARM in comorbidity studies using enormous clinic databases like NHIRD.
Tai
Yueh-Ming
YM
Department of Children and Adolescent Psychiatry, Beitou Armed Forces Hospital, Taiwan.
Chiu
Hung-Wen
HW
D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002648:Child; D015897:Comorbidity; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007345:Insurance Claim Review / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D038801:International Classification of Diseases; D008297:Male; D009313:National Health Programs; D013624:Taiwan