Measuring practice capacity for change: a tool for guiding quality improvement in primary care settings.
OBJECTIVE
Capacity for change, or the ability and willingness to undertake change, is an organizational characteristic with potential to foster quality management in health care. We report on the development and psychometric properties of a quantitative measure of capacity for change for use in primary care settings.


METHODS
Following review of previous conceptual and empirical studies, we generated 117 items that assessed organizational structure, climate, and culture. Using information from direct observation and key informant interviews, a research team member rated these items for 15 primary care practices engaged in a quality improvement intervention. Distributional statistics, pairwise correlation analysis, Rasch modeling, and item content review guided item reduction and instrument finalization. Reliability and convergent validity were assessed.


RESULTS
Ninety-two items were removed because of limited response distributions and redundancy or because of poor Rasch model fit. The final instrument comprising 25 items had excellent reliability (alpha = .94). A Rasch model-derived capacity for change score correlated well with an independently determined, qualitatively derived summary assessment of each practice's capacity for change (rhoS = 0.82), suggesting good convergent validity.


CONCLUSIONS
We describe a new instrument for quantifying organizational capacity for change in primary care settings. The ability to quantify capacity for change may enable better recognition of practices likely to be successful in their change efforts and those first requiring capacity building prior to change interventions.
Bobiak
Sarah N
SN
Departments of Family Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA. Sarah.Sylvia@case.edu
Zyzanski
Stephen J
SJ
Ruhe
Mary C
MC
Carter
Caroline A
CA
Ragan
Brian
B
Flocke
Susan A
SA
Litaker
David
D
Stange
Kurt C
KC
D019985:Benchmarking; D055317:Evidence-Based Practice; D018166:Health Care Reform; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009936:Organizational Innovation; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000592:standards*; D019984:Quality Indicators, Health Care; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires