Anger and ventricular arrhythmias.
OBJECTIVE
Although anecdotal evidence has long suggested links between emotion and ventricular arrhythmia, more recent studies have prospectively demonstrated the arrhythmogenic effects of anger, as well as mechanisms underlying these effects.


RESULTS
Epidemiological studies reveal that psychological stress increases sudden death, as well as arrhythmias, in patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators, in populations during emotionally devastating disasters such as earthquake or war. Diary-based studies confirm that anger and other negative emotions can trigger potentially lethal ventricular arrhythmias. Anger alters electrophysiological properties of the myocardium, including T-wave alternans, a measure of heterogeneity of repolarization, suggesting one mechanistic link between emotion and arrhythmia. Pilot studies of behavioral interventions have shown promise in decreasing arrhythmias in patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators.


CONCLUSIONS
Anger and other strong emotions can trigger polymorphic, potentially life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias in vulnerable patients. Through autonomic changes including increased sympathetic activity and vagal withdrawal, anger leads to increases in heterogeneity of repolarization as measured by T-wave alternans, known to be associated with arrhythmogenesis, as well as increasing inducibility of arrhythmia. Further delineation of mechanisms linking anger and arrhythmia, and of approaches to decrease the detrimental effects of anger and other negative emotions on arrhythmogenesis, are important areas of future investigation.
Section of Cardiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA. rachel.lampert@yale.edu
Rachel
R
Lampert
D000368:Aged; D000786:Anger / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013315:Stress, Psychological; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology; D018754:Ventricular Dysfunction / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*