Automated cephalometry: system performance reliability using landmark-dependent criteria.
OBJECTIVE
The purpose of the present study was to evaluate reliability of a system that performs automatic recognition of anatomic landmarks and adjacent structures on lateral cephalograms using landmark-dependent criteria unique to each landmark.


METHODS
To evaluate the reliability of the system, the system was used to examine 65 lateral cephalograms. The area of each system-identified anatomic structure surrounding the landmark and the position of each system-identified landmark were compared with norms using confidence ellipses with alpha = .01, which were derived from the scattergrams of 100 estimates obtained according to the method reported by Baumrind and Frantz. When the system-identified area overlapped with the norm area, anatomic structure recognition was considered successful. In addition, when the system-identified point was located within the norm area, landmark identification was considered successful. Based on these judgment criteria, success rates were calculated for all landmarks.


RESULTS
The system successfully identified all specified anatomic structures in all the images and determined the positions of the landmarks with a mean success rate of 88% (range, 77%- 100%).


CONCLUSIONS
With the incorporation of the rational assessment criteria provided by confidence ellipses, the proposed system was confirmed to be reliable.
Tanikawa
Chihiro
C
Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan.
Yagi
Masakazu
M
Takada
Kenji
K
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005539:Foramen Magnum / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D005624:Frontal Bone / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D007180:Incisor / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D051188:Knowledge Bases; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D008437:Maxilla / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009295:Nasal Bone / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D016571:Neural Networks, Computer; D009915:Orbit / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D010159:Palate / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated / Q000379:methods*; D011857:Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012658:Sella Turcica / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D055815:Young Adult