Prothoracic gland semiochemicals of green lacewings.
Adult chrysopids have paired prothoracic glands (PG) that are thought to produce defensive secretions (allomones). We analyzed PG extracts of the following green lacewings from North and South America, Australia, and China: Ceraeochrysa cubana (Brazil); Chrysopa (= Co.) oculata, Co. nigricornis, Co. incompleta, Co. quadripunctata (USA), and Co. septempunctata (China); Chrysoperla (= Cl.) rufilabris (USA) and Cl. sp. (Brazil); Plesiochrysa ramburi and Mallada spp. (Australia). PG secretions are characteristic for species within a genus, except for Chrysopa spp. (Z)-4-Tridecene is ubiquitous, but (Z,Z)-4,7-tridecadiene is a major PG constituent in some Chrysopa spp. and in P. ramburi. Earlier reports that Co. oculata and Co. nigricornis produce 1-tridecene were shown to be in error. Chrysopa PG secretions are distinguished by the presence or absence of N-3-methylbutylacetamide, plus skatole (3-methylindole). Skatole is also identified for the first time from the Plesiochrysa and Ceraeochrysa. The PG secretion in Plesiochrysa ramburi is characterized by the presence of (Z)-4-undecene instead of (Z)-4-tridecene, and N-3-methylbutylpropanamide instead of the acetamide, resembling the PG secretions of Chrysopa nigricornis, Co. septempunctata and Co. incompleta. The chemotaxonomic value of PG semiochemicals is discussed, including evidence for subgroups within the genus Chrysopa as it now stands.
USDA-ARS Invasive Insect Biocontrol & Behavior Laboratory, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Bldg. 007, rm301, BARC-West, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA. Jeffrey.aldrich@ars.usda.gov
Jeffrey Richard
JR
Aldrich
Thanh C
TC
Le
Qing-He
QH
Zhang
Jorge
J
Torres
Shaun L
SL
Winterton
Baoyu
B
Han
Gary L
GL
Miller
Kamlesh R
KR
Chauhan
D000818:Animals; D001181:Arthropods / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000145:classification / Q000378:metabolism; D004702:Endocrine Glands / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D008297:Male; D010675:Pheromones / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism*; D010802:Phylogeny
D010675:Pheromones