Recommendations and treatment outcomes for patellofemoral articular cartilage defects with autologous chondrocyte implantation: prospective evaluation at average 4-year follow-up.
BACKGROUND
Reported results of autologous chondrocyte implantation for chondral lesions in the patellofemoral joint have been encouraging when combined with realignment procedures.


OBJECTIVE
The objective of this study was to examine the clinical results of a patient cohort undergoing autologous chondrocyte implantation of the patellofemoral joint and elucidate characteristics associated with successful implantation.


METHODS
Case series; Level of evidence, 4.


METHODS
The cohort included 62 patients who underwent autologous chondrocyte implantation of the PF joint. The mean defect size was 4.2 cm(2) (+/-1.6). The average age was 31.8 years (range, 15.8-49.4), and the average follow-up was 4 years (range, 2-7). Outcomes were assessed via clinical assessment and established outcome scales, including the Lysholm, International Knee Documentation Committee, Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Scale (KOOS; includes the 5 categories of Pain, Symptoms, Activities of Daily Living, Sport, and Quality of Life), Tegner, Cincinnati, and Short Form-12.


RESULTS
Mean improvement in the preoperative to postoperative scores was significant for the Lysholm (37-63, P <.001), International Knee Documentation Committee (31-57, P <.001), KOOS Pain (48-71, P <.001), KOOS Symptoms (51-70, P <.001), KOOS Activities of Daily Living (60-80, P <.001), KOOS Sport (25-42, P <.001), KOOS Quality of Life (24-49, P <.001), Short Form-12 Physical (38-41, P <.05), Cincinnati (43-63, P <.005), and Tegner (4-6, P <.05), but not for the Short Form-12 Mental. There was no statistical difference between outcomes in patients with a history of a previous failed cartilage procedure compared with those patients without a prior cartilage procedure (P > .05). Patients undergoing anteromedialization tended toward better outcomes than those without realignment. Forty-four percent of patients needed a subsequent procedure. There were 4 clinical failures (7.7%), which were defined as progression to arthroplasty or conversion to osteochondral allograft transplantation.


CONCLUSIONS
Autologous chondrocyte implantation is a viable treatment option for chondral defects of the patellofemoral joint. Combined autologous chondrocyte implantation with anteromedialization improves outcomes more than autologous chondrocyte implantation alone. Patients with failed prior cartilage procedures can also expect sustained and clinically meaningful improvement.
Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Anatomy & Cell Biology, Section Head, Rush Cartilage Restoration Center, Rush University Medical Center, 1725 West Harrison Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
Cecilia
C
Pascual-Garrido
Mark A
MA
Slabaugh
Daniel R
DR
L'Heureux
Nicole A
NA
Friel
Brian J
BJ
Cole
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000293:injuries*; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000637:transplantation*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D057071:Patellofemoral Joint / Q000601:surgery*; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D011182:Postoperative Care; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative; D014182:Transplantation, Autologous; D055815:Young Adult