BH3-only protein bid participates in the Bcl-2 network in healthy liver cells.
Bcl-2 homology domain 3 (BH3)-only protein Bid is posttranslationally cleaved by caspase-8 into its truncated form (tBid) and couples with stress signals to the mitochondrial cell death pathway. However, the physiological relevance of Bid is not clearly understood. Hepatocyte-specific knockout (KO) of Bcl-xL leads to naturally-occurring apoptosis despite co-expression of Mcl-1, which shares a similar anti-apoptotic function. We generated Bcl-xL KO, Bcl-xL/Bid double KO, Bcl-xL/Bak double KO, Bcl-xL/Bax double KO, and Bcl-xL/Bak/Bax triple KO mice and found that hepatocyte apoptosis caused by Bcl-xL deficiency was completely dependent on Bak and Bax, and surprisingly on Bid. This indicated that, in the absence of Bid, Bcl-xL is not required for the integrity of differentiated hepatocytes, suggesting a complicated interaction between core Bcl-2 family proteins and BH3-only proteins even in a physiological setting. Indeed, a small but significant level of tBid was present in wild-type liver under physiological conditions. tBid was capable of binding to Bcl-xL and displacing Bak and Bax from Bcl-xL, leading to release of cytochrome c from wild-type mitochondria. Bcl-xL-deficient mitochondria were more susceptible to tBid-induced cytochrome c release. Finally, administration of ABT-737, a pharmacological inhibitor of Bcl-2/Bcl-xL, caused Bak/Bax-dependent liver injury, but this was clearly ameliorated with a Bid KO background.


CONCLUSIONS
Bid, originally considered to be a sensor for apoptotic stimuli, is constitutively active in healthy liver cells and is involved in the Bak/Bax-dependent mitochondrial cell death pathway. Healthy liver cells are addicted to a single Bcl-2-like molecule because of BH3 stresses, and therefore special caution may be required for the use of the Bcl-2 inhibitor for cancer therapy.
Hikita
Hayato
H
Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
Takehara
Tetsuo
T
Kodama
Takahiro
T
Shimizu
Satoshi
S
Hosui
Atsushi
A
Miyagi
Takuya
T
Tatsumi
Tomohide
T
Ishida
Hisashi
H
Ohkawa
Kazuyoshi
K
Li
Wei
W
Kanto
Tatsuya
T
Hiramatsu
Naoki
N
Hennighausen
Lothar
L
Yin
Xiao-Ming
XM
Hayashi
Norio
N
D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D051023:BH3 Interacting Domain Death Agonist Protein / Q000502:physiology*; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D009596:Nitrophenols / Q000494:pharmacology; D010879:Piperazines / Q000494:pharmacology; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000502:physiology*; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000494:pharmacology; D050998:bcl-2 Homologous Antagonist-Killer Protein / Q000502:physiology; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein / Q000502:physiology; D051020:bcl-X Protein / Q000502:physiology
C501332:ABT-737; D051023:BH3 Interacting Domain Death Agonist Protein; C494773:Bak1 protein, mouse; C494827:Bax protein, mouse; C494812:Bcl2l1 protein, mouse; C494815:Bid protein, mouse; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D009596:Nitrophenols; D010879:Piperazines; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D013449:Sulfonamides; D050998:bcl-2 Homologous Antagonist-Killer Protein; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D051020:bcl-X Protein; D000410:Alanine Transaminase