Identifying organizational cultures that promote patient safety.
BACKGROUND
Safety climate refers to shared perceptions of what an organization is like with regard to safety, whereas safety culture refers to employees' fundamental ideology and orientation and explains why safety is pursued in the manner exhibited within a particular organization. Although research has sought to identify opportunities for improving safety outcomes by studying patterns of variation in safety climate, few empirical studies have examined the impact of organizational characteristics such as culture on hospital safety climate.


OBJECTIVE
This study explored how aspects of general organizational culture relate to hospital patient safety climate.


METHODS
In a stratified sample of 92 U.S. hospitals, we sampled 100% of senior managers and physicians and 10% of other hospital workers. The Patient Safety Climate in Healthcare Organizations and the Zammuto and Krakower organizational culture surveys measured safety climate and group, entrepreneurial, hierarchical, and production orientation of hospitals' culture, respectively. We administered safety climate surveys to 18,361 personnel and organizational culture surveys to a 5,894 random subsample between March 2004 and May 2005. Secondary data came from the 2004 American Hospital Association Annual Hospital Survey and Dun & Bradstreet. Hierarchical linear regressions assessed relationships between organizational culture and safety climate measures.


RESULTS
Aspects of general organizational culture were strongly related to safety climate. A higher level of group culture correlated with a higher level of safety climate, but more hierarchical culture was associated with lower safety climate. Aspects of organizational culture accounted for more than threefold improvement in measures of model fit compared with models with controls alone. A mix of culture types, emphasizing group culture, seemed optimal for safety climate.


CONCLUSIONS
Safety climate and organizational culture are positively related. Results support strategies that promote group orientation and reduced hierarchy, including use of multidisciplinary team training, continuous quality improvement tools, and human resource practices and policies.
Health Care Management and Policy, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA. ssinger@hsph.harvard.edu
Sara J
SJ
Singer
Alyson
A
Falwell
David M
DM
Gaba
Mark
M
Meterko
Amy
A
Rosen
Christine W
CW
Hartmann
Laurence
L
Baker
D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006739:Hospital Administration / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007318:Inservice Training / Q000458:organization & administration; D016014:Linear Models; D015279:Organizational Culture; D010348:Patient Care Team / Q000458:organization & administration; D019984:Quality Indicators, Health Care / Q000458:organization & administration; D017751:Safety Management / Q000458:organization & administration*; D014481:United States