Sleep-dependent improvement in visuomotor learning: a causal role for slow waves.
OBJECTIVE
Sleep after learning often benefits memory consolidation, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In previous studies, we found that learning a visuomotor task is followed by an increase in sleep slow wave activity (SWA, the electroencephalographic [EEG] power density between 0.5 and 4.5 Hz during non-rapid eye movement sleep) over the right parietal cortex. The SWA increase correlates with the postsleep improvement in visuomotor performance, suggesting that SWA may be causally responsible for the consolidation of visuomotor learning. Here, we tested this hypothesis by studying the effects of slow wave deprivation (SWD).


METHODS
After learning the task, subjects went to sleep, and acoustic stimuli were timed either to suppress slow waves (SWD) or to interfere as little as possible with spontaneous slow waves (control acoustic stimulation, CAS).


METHODS
Sound-attenuated research room.


METHODS
Healthy subjects (mean age 24.6 +/- 1.0 years; n = 9 for EEG analysis, n = 12 for behavior analysis; 3 women).


RESULTS
Sleep time and efficiency were not affected, whereas SWA and the number of slow waves decreased in SWD relative to CAS. Relative to the night before, visuomotor performance significantly improved in the CAS condition (+5.93% +/- 0.88%) but not in the SWD condition (-0.77% +/- 1.16%), and the direct CAS vs SWD comparison showed a significant difference (P = 0.0007, n = 12, paired t test). Changes in visuomotor performance after SWD were correlated with SWA changes over right parietal cortex but not with the number of arousals identified using clinically established criteria, nor with any sign of "EEG lightening" identified using a novel automatic method based on event-related spectral perturbation analysis.


CONCLUSIONS
These results support a causal role for sleep slow waves in sleep-dependent improvement of visuomotor performance.
Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53719, USA.
Eric C
EC
Landsness
Domenica
D
Crupi
Brad K
BK
Hulse
Michael J
MJ
Peterson
Reto
R
Huber
Hidayath
H
Ansari
Michael
M
Coen
Chiara
C
Cirelli
Ruth M
RM
Benca
M Felice
MF
Ghilardi
Giulio
G
Tononi
D000161:Acoustic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D000328:Adult; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*; D012894:Sleep Stages / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult