Indoor mold concentration in Eastern France.
Our prospective case-control study of 118 dwellings in Eastern France examined fungal contamination in unhealthy dwellings (n = 32) (homes with visible mold contamination and adverse health outcomes reported by the occupants), dwellings occupied by allergic patients (with medical diagnostic and positive prick-tests for molds) (n = 27) and matched control dwellings (n = 59). Unhealthy dwellings present higher airborne concentrations of Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Cladosporium than control dwellings, irrespective of the room sampled. Bedroom walls were more highly contaminated by molds than others. Dwellings occupied by allergic patients differed significantly for airborne concentrations of Penicillium only, but not for wall surface contamination, whereas bathroom walls were more highly contaminated than other rooms. Molecular identification of 12 Penicillium species showed Penicillium chrysogenum and Penicillium olsonii to be the two main species. From the total average of molds, by impaction method, useful thresholds can be given: below 170 CFU/m(3), between 170 and 560 CFU/m(3), 560 and 1000 CFU/m(3) and above 1000 CFU/m(3), respectively for dwellings with low, moderate, high, and very high concentrations. The latter would be considered a potential health hazard.


CONCLUSIONS
A single measure of airborne concentrations of molds by impaction allows to establish useful thresholds by social services to estimate in a objective way the housing moldiness. Excluding the summer period, reproducibility of this kind of measure on 3 months, in the fixed limits, is 94.3%. The differences in terms of biodiversity of the unhealthy housing and those accommodating allergic patients imply a specific approach to decrease fungi airborne concentrations. The biodiversity of Penicillium raises the problem of the use of the single extract of Penicillium chrysogenum for skin-tests. The extent of the contaminated surfaces must be measured to assess the potential risk linked to spore contamination. Indeed, surface sampling mostly allows qualitative assessment of the environment.
Reboux
G
G
Department of Mycology, University Hospital, Besançon, France. gabriel.reboux@univ-fcomte.fr
Bellanger
A P
AP
Roussel
S
S
Grenouillet
F
F
Sornin
S
S
Piarroux
R
R
Dalphin
J C
JC
Millon
L
L
D000391:Air Microbiology; D044822:Biodiversity; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005602:France; D006798:Housing / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D006967:Hypersensitivity; D010407:Penicillium / Q000145:classification / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015203:Reproducibility of Results