Real-time glutamate measurements in the putamen of awake rhesus monkeys using an enzyme-based human microelectrode array prototype.
Commonly used for research studies in the central nervous system, microdialysis has revealed a link between dysregulation of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate and ischemia and seizure, however limitations like slow temporal resolution have stalled the advancement of microdialysis as a diagnostic tool. We have developed and extensively characterized an enzyme-based microelectrode array technology for second-by-second in vivo amperometric measurements of glutamate in the mammalian CNS. The current studies demonstrated the ability of a human microelectrode array prototype (Spencer-Gerhardt-2 (SG-2)) to measure tonic and phasic glutamate neurotransmission in the putamen of unanesthetized non-human primates. We also showed that the SG-2 remains functional following sterilization. Ability to monitor dynamic changes in glutamate in real-time may assist the development of clinical algorithms to potentially alert care-providers prior to onset of overt ischemia or seizure, or provide neurosurgeons with second-by-second measurements of rapid changes in extracellular glutamate which could help guide surgical procedures or aid in interventional strategies.
Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536-0098, USA.
Michelle L
ML
Stephens
Francois
F
Pomerleau
Peter
P
Huettl
Greg A
GA
Gerhardt
Zhiming
Z
Zhang
D000818:Animals; D004563:Electrochemistry / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D004798:Enzymes; D005260:Female; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D017551:Microdialysis / Q000379:methods; D008839:Microelectrodes; D011699:Putamen / Q000378:metabolism*; D014851:Wakefulness
D004798:Enzymes; D018698:Glutamic Acid