Performance of body mass index in predicting diabetes and hypertension in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia.
OBJECTIVE
Body mass index (BMI) is the most widely used measure to define obesity and predict its complications, such as diabetes and hypertension, but its accuracy and usefulness in Saudi subjects is unknown. This study aimed to assess the validity of standard BMI cut-point values in the Saudi population.


METHODS
197 681 adults participated in a cross-sectional study to detect diabetes and hypertension in the Saudi Eastern province in 2004/2005, with blood pressure, fasting blood sugar, height and weight measurements taken. Sensitivities, specificities, areas under the curves, predictive values, likelihood ratios, false positive, false negatives and total misclassification ratios were calculated for various BMI values determined from receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. The significance of the association between risk factors and BMI was assessed using regression analysis.


RESULTS
For the definition of overweight, ROC curve analysis suggested optimal BMI cut-offs of 28.50 to 29.50 in men and 30.50 to 31.50 in women, but the levels of sensitivity and specificity were too low to be of clinical value and the overall misclassification was unacceptably high across all the selected BMI values (>0.80). The relationship between BMI and the presence of diabetes and/or hypertension was not improved when a BMI of 25 was used. Using regression analyses, the odds ratios for hypertension and/or diabetes increased significantly from BMI values as low as 21-23 with no improvement in the diagnostic performance of BMI at these cutoffs.


CONCLUSIONS
In Saudi population, there is an increased risk of diabetes and hypertension relative to BMI, starting at a BMI as low as 21 but overall there is no cutoff BMI level with high predictive value for the development of these chronic diseases, including the WHO definition of obesity at BMI of 30.
School of Health Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia. aalmejwal@hotmail.com
Ali M
AM
Almajwal
Nadira A
NA
Al-Baghli
Marijka J
MJ
Batterham
Peter G
PG
Williams
Khalid A
KA
Al-Turki
Aqeel J
AJ
Al-Ghamdi
D000328:Adult; D019540:Area Under Curve; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012372:ROC Curve; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012529:Saudi Arabia / Q000453:epidemiology; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014944:World Health Organization