Mechanistic insight from in silico pharmacokinetic experiments: roles of P-glycoprotein, Cyp3A4 enzymes, and microenvironments.
Saquinavir exhibits paradoxical transport across modified Caco-2 cell monolayers (doi: 10.1124/jpet.103.056390) expressing P-glycoprotein and Cyp3A4. The data implicate complicated intracellular transport mechanisms. Drawing on recent discrete event modeling and simulation advances, we built an in silico analog of the confluent, asymmetric cell monolayer used in the cited work. We call it in silico experimental Caco-2 (cell monolayer) culture (ISECC). Concrete, working, hypothesized spatial mechanisms were implemented. Validation was achieved when in silico experimental results met similarity measure (SM) expectations that targeted 16 wet-lab experimental conditions. Initial mechanistic hypotheses turned out to be necessary parts of a more complicated explanation. We progressed through four stages of an iterative refinement and validation protocol that enabled and facilitated discovery of plausible, new mechanistic details. The process exercised abductive reasoning, a primary means of scientific knowledge creation and creative cognition. The ISECC that survived the most stringent SM challenge produced transport data that was statistically indistinguishable from referent wet-lab observations. It required a 7:1 ratio of apical transporters to metabolizing enzymes, a 97% reduction of efflux activity by an inhibitor, a biased distribution of metabolizing enzymes, heterogeneous intracellular spaces, and restrictions on intracellular drug movement. Experimenting on synthetic analogs such as ISECC provides a former unavailable means of discovering new mechanistic details and testing their plausibility. The approach thus provides a powerful new expansion of the scientific method: an independent, scientific means to challenge, explore, better understand, and improve any inductive mechanism and, importantly, the assumptions on which it rests.
Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0446, USA.
Tai Ning
TN
Lam
C Anthony
CA
Hunt
D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D002463:Cell Membrane Permeability; D003198:Computer Simulation; D051544:Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D019258:Saquinavir / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D013678:Technology, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods*
D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1; D051544:Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A; D019258:Saquinavir