A photographic system for the three-dimensional study of facial morphology.
OBJECTIVE
To test whether digital photographs supported by three-dimensional (3D) software are suitable for measuring the facial soft tissues of healthy subjects as compared with data obtained by a certified 3D computerized electromagnetic digitizer.


METHODS
Three-dimensional soft tissue facial landmarks were obtained from the faces of 15 healthy young adults, using a 3D computerized electromagnetic digitizer and a new low-cost photogrammetry system. Twelve linear and 18 angular measurements were computed. Errors between methods and repeatability of the new method were calculated.


RESULTS
Systematic errors between methods were found for only two distances and three angles (paired t-test, P < .05). The mean absolute differences between methods were always lower than 3 mm and 3 degrees. Repeated digitization of photographs showed that the method was repeatable (no systematic differences; random errors lower than 1.6 mm and 3 degrees). Repeated sets of photographs showed random errors of up to 5.3 mm and 5.6 degrees, without systematic biases.


CONCLUSIONS
The 3D photogrammetry system can provide reliable facial measurements. The method is relatively fast and requires only inexpensive equipment. It is simple to use for private practice, research, or other practice.
de Menezes
Marcio
M
Department of Human Morphology, University of Milan, Milano, Italy.
Rosati
Riccardo
R
Allievi
Cristina
C
Sforza
Chiarella
C
D000328:Adult; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods*; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D010780:Photogrammetry / Q000379:methods; D010781:Photography / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012984:Software; D055815:Young Adult