Propofol inhibits aquaporin 4 expression through a protein kinase C-dependent pathway in an astrocyte model of cerebral ischemia/reoxygenation.
BACKGROUND
Aquaporin 4 (AQP4) plays a key role in maintaining water balance in the central nervous system, and its dysfunction may lead to brain edema. Previous studies have suggested that propofol may be involved in neuroprotection by preventing brain edema. In this study, we examined the effects of propofol on edema and assessed its neuroprotective actions in an oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) model of cultured rat astrocytes. We assessed the effects of propofol on AQP4 expression and the possible role of the protein kinase C (PKC) pathway on this effect.


METHODS
Neocortical astrocytes were exposed to OGD in an anaerobic chamber. After 6 h of OGD exposure, astrocytes were subsequently subjected to 24 h of reoxygenation. Propofol was added during the OGD phase of the model. Cell morphology was assessed by light microscopy. Astrocyte viability was assessed by measuring 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide absorbency (optical density value) and the percentage of lactate dehydrogenase released by injured astrocytes. AQP4 expression was evaluated with Western blot analysis. To investigate the possible mechanism of propofol's effects on AQP4 expression, cultured astrocytes were pretreated for 24 h with the PKC activator, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate, before the propofol treatment/OGD 6 h/reoxygenation 24 h.


RESULTS
We found by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide testing that astrocyte viability began to decrease after about 4 h of OGD exposure and decreased to 60% after 6 h of OGD. When 6 h of OGD was followed by 24 h of reoxygenation, cell viability was further decreased. AQP4 expression was attenuated after 6 h of OGD exposure but was reversed and exceeded baseline levels after 24 h of reoxygenation. Propofol dose-dependently reduced cell death assessed by lactate dehydrogenase test (P < 0.05), and 10 muM propofol significantly down-regulated AQP4 expression in astrocytes after 6 h of OGD followed by 24 h of reoxygenation (P < 0.01). Prolonged (24 h) pretreatment with the phorbol ester, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate before OGD significantly reversed the effect of propofol on AQP4 expression (P < 0.01).


CONCLUSIONS
Propofol, administered during OGD, provided neuroprotective effects and down-regulated AQP4 expression in the OGD/reoxygenation model of cultured rat astrocytes. Activation of the PKC pathway may block the effects of propofol.
Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hang Zhou 310003, People's Republic of China. smzhu20088@yahoo.com.c
Sheng-Mei
SM
Zhu
Xiao-Xing
XX
Xiong
Yue-Ying
YY
Zheng
Cai-Fei
CF
Pan
D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D051401:Aquaporin 4 / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D001929:Brain Edema / Q000201:enzymology / Q000517:prevention & control; D015687:Cell Hypoxia; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019610:Cytoprotection; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D015536:Down-Regulation; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D020536:Enzyme Activators / Q000494:pharmacology; D005947:Glucose / Q000172:deficiency; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D019579:Neocortex / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D015742:Propofol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate / Q000494:pharmacology; D013997:Time Factors
C496032:Aqp4 protein, rat; D051401:Aquaporin 4; D020536:Enzyme Activators; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D005947:Glucose; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate; D010100:Oxygen; D015742:Propofol