Sleep duration and regularity are associated with behavioral problems in 8-year-old children.
BACKGROUND
Relatively little is known about the significance of normal variation in objectively assessed sleep duration and its regularity in children's psychological well-being.


OBJECTIVE
We explored the associations between sleep duration and regularity and behavioral and emotional problems in 8-year-old children.


METHODS
A correlational design was applied among an epidemiological sample of children born in 1998. Sleep was registered with an actigraph for seven nights (range 3 to 14) in 2006. Mothers (n = 280) and fathers (n = 190) rated their child's behavioral problems with the Child Behavior Checklist.


RESULTS
Children with short sleep duration had an increased risk for behavioral problems, thought problems, and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition-based attention-deficit hyperactivity problems according to maternal ratings. Based on paternal ratings, short sleep duration was associated with more rule-breaking and externalizing symptoms. Irregularity in sleep duration from weekdays to weekends was associated with an increased risk for specifically internalizing symptoms in paternal ratings.


CONCLUSIONS
The results highlight the importance of sufficient sleep duration and regular sleep patterns from weekdays to weekends. Short sleep duration was associated specifically with problems related to attentional control and externalizing behaviors, whereas irregularity in sleep duration was, in particular, associated with internalizing problems.
Pesonen
Anu-Katriina
AK
Department of Psychology and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 9, Helsinki 00014, Finland. anukatriina.pesonen@helsinki.fi
Räikkönen
Katri
K
Paavonen
E Juulia
EJ
Heinonen
Kati
K
Komsi
Niina
N
Lahti
Jari
J
Kajantie
Eero
E
Järvenpää
Anna-Liisa
AL
Strandberg
Timo
T
D000328:Adult; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D005220:Fathers; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers; D012042:Registries; D012307:Risk Factors; D012494:Sampling Studies; D012890:Sleep; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors