Pharmacological activity and protein phosphorylation caused by nitric oxide-releasing microparticles.
Nitric oxide (NO)-releasing microparticles were developed as a potential treatment option against various blood flow irregulations including sexual dysfunction, atherosclerosis and metal stent-induced restenosis. Polymeric microparticles containing diethylenetriamine diazeniumdiolate (DETA NONOate), a NO donor, were prepared using modified double-emulsion solvent evaporation method to maximize the loading efficacy and stability of DETA NONOate. The pharmacological effects of the NO-releasing microparticles were evaluated by examining the changes in the vaginal blood flow in rats. The effects of NO on the phosphorylation of protein kinase C (PKC) and mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinases in excised vaginal mucosa, such as extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38, were examined using immunoblotting technique to determine whether NO activates PKC, which subsequently plays an integral role in the formation of PKC-MAP kinase modules. The viability of vagina cells (VK2E6E7) upon exposure to NO-releasing microparticles was examined for cytotoxicity assessment. In contrast to rapid and short-term effects of non-formulated DETA NONOate, microparticles containing DETA NONOate exerted beneficial effects on the blood flow (148+/-13%) for an extended period of time, inducing a significant change at 5 min after its application and the maximum blood flow of 172+/-23% at 120 min. The enhanced vaginal blood flow was maintained for up to 210 min and gradually returned to the baseline afterward. The results of Western immunoblotting study displayed differential expression of MAP kinases (ERK1/2 and JNK) upon NO treatment, clearly demonstrating that PKC is involved in the blood flow regulation process. There were no significant changes in cell viability in vaginal cells upon exposure to NO-releasing microparticles as compared with the control. The results of this work supported that NO-releasing microparticles could improve the vaginal blood flow without causing cytotoxic effects and PKC-MAP kinase modules are involved in the NO-induced blood flow regulation process.
Yoo
Jin-Wook
JW
Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA.
Choe
Eun-Sang
ES
Ahn
Sung-Min
SM
Lee
Chi H
CH
D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D004339:Drug Compounding; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D008422:Materials Testing; D015394:Molecular Structure; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D009603:Nitroso Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D014621:Vagina / Q000098:blood supply / Q000166:cytology / Q000201:enzymology
D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors; D009603:Nitroso Compounds; C094210:2,2'-(hydroxynitrosohydrazono)bis-ethanamine; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases