A laparoscopic knot-tying device for minimally invasive cardiac surgery.
OBJECTIVE
Intracorporeal suturing and knot tying can complicate, prolong or preclude minimally invasive surgical procedures, reducing their advantages over conventional approaches. An automated knot-tying device has been developed to speed suture fixation during minimally invasive cardiac surgery while retaining the desirable characteristics of conventional hand-tied surgeon's knots: holding strength and visual and haptic feedback. A rotating slotted disc (at the instrument's distal end) automates overhand throws, thereby eliminating the need to manually pass one suture end through a loop in the opposing end. The electronic actuation of this disc produces left or right overhand knots as desired by the operator.


METHODS
To evaluate the effectiveness of this technology, seven surgeons with varying laparoscopic experience tied knots within a simulated minimally invasive setting, using both the automated knot-tying tool and conventional laparoscopic tools. Suture types were 2/0 braided and 4/0 monofilament.


RESULTS
Mean knot-tying times were 246+/-116 s and 102+/-46 s for conventional and automated methods, respectively, showing an average 56% reduction in time per surgeon (p=0.003, paired t-test). The peak holding strength of each knot (the force required to break the suture or loosen the knot) was measured using tensile-testing equipment. These peak holding strengths were normalised by the ultimate tensile strength of each suture type (57.5 N and 22.1N for 2/0 braided and 4/0 monofilament, respectively). Mean normalised holding strengths for all knots were 68.2% and 71.8% of ultimate tensile strength for conventional and automated methods, respectively (p=0.914, paired t-test).


CONCLUSIONS
Experimental data reveal that the automated suturing device has great potential for advancing minimally invasive surgery: it significantly reduced knot-tying times while providing equivalent or greater holding strength than conventionally tied knots.
Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, NC, USA.
Shaphan R
SR
Jernigan
Guillaume
G
Chanoit
Arun
A
Veeramani
Stephen B
SB
Owen
Matthew
M
Hilliard
Denis
D
Cormier
Bryan
B
Laffitte
Gregory
G
Buckner
D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008422:Materials Testing / Q000379:methods; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D013536:Suture Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013537:Sutures; D013718:Tensile Strength; D013997:Time Factors