Mouth breathing children have cephalometric patterns similar to those of adult patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.
OBJECTIVE
To determine whether mouth breathing children present the same cephalometric patterns as patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS).


METHODS
Cephalometric variables were traced and measured on vertical lateral cephalometric radiographs. The cephalometric measurements of 52 mouth and 90 nose breathing children were compared with apneic patients. The children had not undergone adenoidectomy or tonsillectomy and had not had or were not receiving orthodontic or orthopedic treatment.


RESULTS
Mouth breathing children showed same cephalometric pattern observed in patients with OSAS: a tendency to have a retruded mandible (p=0.05), along with greater inclination of the mandibular and occlusal planes (p<0.01) and a tendency to have greater inclination of the upper incisors (p=0.08). The nasopharyngeal and posterior airway spaces were greatly reduced in mouth breathing children, as observed in patients with apnea (p<0.01).


CONCLUSIONS
Mouth breathing children present abnormal cephalometric parameters and their craniofacial morphology resembles that of patients with OSAS.
Juliano
Maria Ligia
ML
Department of Medicine, Hospital São Paulo, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. lijuliano@ig.com.br
Machado
Marco Antonio Cardoso
MA
Carvalho
Luciane Bizari Coin de
LB
Prado
Lucila Bizari Fernandes do
LB
do Prado
Gilmar Fernandes
GF
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009058:Mouth Breathing / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D011859:Radiography; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*