Getting started with robotics in general surgery with cholecystectomy: the Canadian experience.
BACKGROUND
The value of robotics in general surgery may be for advanced minimally invasive procedures. Unlike other specialties, formal fellowship training opportunities for robotic general surgery are few. As a result, most surgeons currently develop robotic skills in practice. Our goal was to determine whether robotic cholecystectomy is a safe and effective bridge to advanced robotics in general surgery.


METHODS
Before performing advanced robotic procedures, 2 surgeons completed the Intuitive Surgical da Vinci training course and agreed to work together on all procedures. Clinical surgery began with da Vinci cholecystectomy with a plan to begin advanced procedures after at least 10 cholecystectomies. We performed a retrospective review of our pilot series of robotic cholecystectomies and compared them with contemporaneous laparoscopic controls. The primary outcome was safety, and the secondary outcome was learning curve.


RESULTS
There were 16 procedures in the robotics arm and 20 in the laparoscopic arm. Two complications (da Vinci port-site hernia, transient elevation of liver enzymes) occurred in the robotic arm, whereas only 1 laparoscopic patient (slow to awaken from anesthetic) experienced a complication. None was significant. The mean time required to perform robotic cholecystectomy was significantly longer than laparoscopic surgery (91 v. 41 min, p < 0.001). The mean time to clear the operating room was significantly longer for robotic procedures (14 v. 11 min, p = 0.015). We observed a trend showing longer mean anesthesia time for robotic procedures (23 v. 15 min). Regarding learning curve, the mean operative time needed for the first 3 robotic procedures was longer than for the last 3 (101 v. 80 min); however, this difference was not significant. Since this experience, the team has confidently gone on to perform robotic biliary, pancreatic, gastresophageal, intestinal and colorectal operations.


CONCLUSIONS
Robotic cholecystectomy can be performed reliably; however, owing to the significant increase in operating room resources, it cannot be justified for routine use. Our experience, however, demonstrates that robotic cholecystectomy is one means by which general surgeons may gain confidence in performing advanced robotic procedures.
Canadian Surgical Technologies and Advanced Robotics, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ont.
Shiva
S
Jayaraman
Ward
W
Davies
Christopher M
CM
Schlachta
D002763:Cholecystectomy / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D002983:Clinical Competence; D004867:Equipment Design; D004869:Equipment Safety; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006785:Hospitals, University; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D009864:Ontario; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000503:physiopathology; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011336:Probability; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012371:Robotics; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome