Helicobacter pylori infection in children: population-based age-specific prevalence and risk factors in a developing country.
OBJECTIVE
We estimated the prevalence, age of acquisition and risk factors for Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) seroprevalence in children aged 1-15 years.


METHODS
Exposure was assessed using ELISA. Parents responded to a questionnaire regarding number of individuals sharing house, rooms, water source, latrines, housing and assessment of socioeconomic status (SES) by Hollingshead Index.


RESULTS
Serum of 1976 children was tested. Helicobacter pylori seropositivity in children aged 11-15 years was 53.5% (OR: 2.0, 95% CI: 1.58-2.5). It increased with moderate crowding index (CRI) of 2-4 to 45.9% (OR: 1.23, 95% CI: 0.92-1.63) and to 51.2% with CRI >4 (OR: 1.52, 95% CI: 1.12-2.06). In middle SES, seropositivity was 50.5% (331/655) (OR: 1.7, 95% CI: 1.29-2.35), whereas in lower SES, it was 47.1% (500/1062) (OR: 1.5, 95% CI: 1.1-2.0). Multivariate analysis showed that Helicobacter pylori seroprevalence was high in children aged 6-10 and 11-15 years (OR: 1.5, 95% CI: 1.2-1.9 and OR: 1.9, 95% CI: 1.56-2.47 respectively), in lower-middle SES (OR: 1.6, 95% CI: 1.2-2.1 and OR: 1.5, 95% CI: 1.10-2.0 respectively) and in uneducated fathers (OR: 1.58, 95% CI: 1.27-1.95).


CONCLUSIONS
Helicobacter pylori seropositivity increases with age, in low-middle SES and is related to father's educational status. Reducing H. pylori seroprevalence will require improvement in sanitary conditions and educational status of the population.
Jafri
W
W
Department of Medicine and Pediatrics, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.
Yakoob
J
J
Abid
S
S
Siddiqui
S
S
Awan
S
S
Nizami
S Q
SQ
D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D017668:Age of Onset; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000097:blood; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003906:Developing Countries; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016480:Helicobacter pylori / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010154:Pakistan / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial