Adhesion formation after peritoneoscopy with liver biopsy in a survival porcine model: comparison of laparotomy, laparoscopy, and transgastric natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES).
OBJECTIVE
Minimizing the invasiveness of operations by using natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) may reduce adhesion formation. The aim of the study was to compare rates of adhesion formation after peritoneoscopy with liver biopsy by laparotomy, laparoscopy, and transgastric NOTES.


METHODS
Experimental comparative survival study, at a university hospital. using 18 female pigs weighing 35 - 40 kg. Peritoneoscopy with liver biopsy was randomized to one of three groups: laparotomy, laparoscopy, and transgastric NOTES. Preoperative, operative, and postoperative care was standardized. Main outcome measures were: (i) survival and complication rates; (ii) assessment of adhesion formation using the Hopkins Adhesion Formation Score at necropsy (day 14).


RESULTS
100 % of pigs with laparotomy and 33.3 % with laparoscopy had adhesions compared with 16.7 % who underwent transgastric NOTES. Documented adhesion bands totals for each group were: transgastric NOTES 1; laparoscopy 4; laparotomy 17. Median adhesion formation scores were: laparotomy 2.5 (range 2 - 4), compared with laparoscopy 0.0 (0 - 2), and transgastric NOTES 0.0 (0 - 1) ( P < 0.001). Spearman coefficient analysis revealed that correlation between adhesion scores assigned by two investigators was excellent (r = 0.99, P < 0.001, 95 % confidence interval [CI] 0.9978 - 0.9996).


CONCLUSIONS
Although this was a short-term study, with a low number of animals, it showed that transgastric NOTES and laparoscopy are associated with statistically significantly lower rates of adhesion formation than open surgery when peritoneoscopy with liver biopsy is performed. Incidence and severity of adhesions were lowest with transgastric NOTES.
Division of Gastroenterology, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA.
E
E
Dubcenco
L
L
Assumpcao
X
X
Dray
K L
KL
Gabrielson
D S
DS
Ruben
L J
LJ
Pipitone
G
G
Donatelli
D M
DM
Krishnamurty
J P
JP
Baker
M R
MR
Marohn
A N
AN
Kalloo
D000818:Animals; D001706:Biopsy; D005260:Female; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007813:Laparotomy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008099:Liver / Q000601:surgery*; D010529:Peritoneal Cavity / Q000601:surgery*; D013552:Swine; D000267:Tissue Adhesions / Q000209:etiology*