Poor dietary quality of complementary foods is associated with multiple micronutrient deficiencies during early childhood in Mongolia.
OBJECTIVE
To assess whether persistent micronutrient deficiencies in Mongolian children identified in our earlier biochemical study are associated with inadequacies in quantity and/or quality in their complementary diets.


METHODS
A cross-sectional study of breast-fed children aged 6-23 months, randomly selected from four districts in Ulaanbaatar and four provincial capitals.


METHODS
Weight and length were measured, and sociodemographic status, feeding practices and nutrient adequacy of complementary foods for children aged 6-8 months (n 26), 9-11 months (n 29) and 12-23 months (n 73) were assessed via questionnaire and in-home interactive 24 h recalls.


RESULTS
No geographic differences existed so data were combined. Adherence to WHO infant and young child feeding practices was poor: few children were exclusively breast-fed up to 6 months of age or received the recommended number of feedings containing the recommended number of food groups. Nevertheless, energy intakes from complementary diets, primarily from cereals and non-nutritious snacks, were above WHO-estimated needs; <1 % of energy was from meat and eggs or fruits and vegetables. Median intakes and densities of most nutrients (except protein, thiamin and riboflavin) failed to meet WHO recommendations for at least two age groups, assuming average breast milk intake; greatest density deficits were for Fe > vitamin C > vitamin A > Zn > Ca.


CONCLUSIONS
Complementary feeding in Mongolia is compromised by deficits in several micronutrients but not energy, in part because of frequent consumption of non-nutritious snacks. The latter may interfere with breast-feeding and should be avoided. Instead, wheat-based complementary foods should be enriched with affordable cellular animal foods and fruits rich in vitamin C to combat existing micronutrient deficits.
Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
R
R
Lander
T S
TS
Enkhjargal
J
J
Batjargal
N
N
Bolormaa
D
D
Enkhmyagmar
U
U
Tserendolgor
S
S
Tungalag
K
K
Bailey
R S
RS
Gibson
D001942:Breast Feeding; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007225:Infant Food / Q000032:analysis* / Q000592:standards*; D007228:Infant Nutrition Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D007227:Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000172:deficiency*; D008986:Mongolia / Q000453:epidemiology; D009753:Nutritive Value; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014886:Weaning; D014944:World Health Organization
D018977:Micronutrients