Taking advantage of the systemic immune system to cure brain diseases.
The systemic immune system has the ability to modulate multiple brain functions, including autonomic responses, glial reactivity following neural injuries, and neuronal excitability. Immune stimuli also influence microglia subpopulations originating from blood progenitors, and neuroprotective and reparative capacities of blood-derived microglia were recently described in mouse models of spinal cord injury and brain disorders. Furthermore, reparative roles for various immune subsets have been recognized, such as in inducing myelin repair. Nonetheless, uncontrolled and excessive activation of immune responses can be detrimental. The development of strategies to stimulate the systemic immune system safely to protect or repair brain disorders remains a major challenge ahead, but important inroads have been made. We discuss here some of the mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective and reparative effects of the systemic immune system and the most promising immunotherapies tested in mouse models of injuries and diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis.
Yong
V Wee
VW
Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada. vyong@ucalgary.ca
Rivest
Serge
S
D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D000818:Animals; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000276:immunology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007249:Inflammation / Q000503:physiopathology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000502:physiology; D008959:Models, Neurological; D009000:Monocytes / Q000502:physiology; D015213:Neuroimmunomodulation / Q000502:physiology*
D007155:Immunologic Factors