The extracellular regulation of bone morphogenetic protein signaling.
In many cases, the level, positioning and timing of signaling through the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathway are regulated by molecules that bind BMP ligands in the extracellular space. Whereas many BMP-binding proteins inhibit signaling by sequestering BMPs from their receptors, other BMP-binding proteins cause remarkably context-specific gains or losses in signaling. Here, we review recent findings and hypotheses on the complex mechanisms that lead to these effects, with data from developing systems, biochemical analyses and mathematical modeling.
Umulis
David
D
Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, IN 47907, USA.
O'Connor
Michael B
MB
Blair
Seth S
SS
D000818:Animals; D052004:Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors / Q000378:metabolism; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D005110:Extracellular Space / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D015398:Signal Transduction
D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; D052004:Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors