Managing insecticide resistance in malaria vectors by combining carbamate-treated plastic wall sheeting and pyrethroid-treated bed nets.
BACKGROUND
Pyrethroid resistance is now widespread in Anopheles gambiae, the major vector for malaria in sub-Saharan Africa. This resistance may compromise malaria vector control strategies that are currently in use in endemic areas. In this context, a new tool for management of resistant mosquitoes based on the combination of a pyrethroid-treated bed net and carbamate-treated plastic sheeting was developed.


METHODS
In the laboratory, the insecticidal activity and wash resistance of four carbamate-treated materials: a cotton/polyester blend, a polyvinyl chloride tarpaulin, a cotton/polyester blend covered on one side with polyurethane, and a mesh of polypropylene fibres was tested. These materials were treated with bendiocarb at 100 mg/m(2) and 200 mg/m(2) with and without a binding resin to find the best combination for field studies. Secondly, experimental hut trials were performed in southern Benin to test the efficacy of the combined use of a pyrethroid-treated bed net and the carbamate-treated material that was the most wash-resistant against wild populations of pyrethroid-resistant An. gambiae and Culex quinquefasciatus.


RESULTS
Material made of polypropylene mesh (PPW) provided the best wash resistance (up to 10 washes), regardless of the insecticide dose, the type of washing, or the presence or absence of the binding resin. The experimental hut trial showed that the combination of carbamate-treated PPW and a pyrethroid-treated bed net was extremely effective in terms of mortality and inhibition of blood feeding of pyrethroid-resistant An. gambiae. This efficacy was found to be proportional to the total surface of the walls. This combination showed a moderate effect against wild populations of Cx. quinquefasciatus, which were strongly resistant to pyrethroid.


CONCLUSIONS
These preliminary results should be confirmed, including evaluation of entomological, parasitological, and clinical parameters. Selective pressure on resistance mechanisms within the vector population, effects on other pest insects, and the acceptability of this management strategy in the community also need to be evaluated.
Djènontin
Armel
A
CREC/IRD UR016, Cotonou, Bénin. armeldj@yahoo.fr
Chabi
Joseph
J
Baldet
Thierry
T
Irish
Seth
S
Pennetier
Cédric
C
Hougard
Jean-Marc
JM
Corbel
Vincent
V
Akogbéto
Martin
M
Chandre
Fabrice
F
D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000187:drug effects*; D001541:Benin; D002219:Carbamates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003465:Culex / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007299:Insect Bites and Stings / Q000517:prevention & control; D007305:Insecticide Resistance; D057148:Insecticide-Treated Bednets; D007306:Insecticides; D007846:Laundering; D009032:Mosquito Control / Q000379:methods; D009570:Nitriles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D048448:Phenylcarbamates; D010969:Plastics; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000494:pharmacology*
D002219:Carbamates; D007306:Insecticides; D009570:Nitriles; D048448:Phenylcarbamates; D010969:Plastics; D011722:Pyrethrins; C017180:decamethrin; C007725:bendiocarb