Optimal pacing strategy: from theoretical modelling to reality in 1500-m speed skating.
OBJECTIVE
Athletes are trained to choose the pace which is perceived to be correct during a specific effort, such as the 1500-m speed skating competition. The purpose of the present study was to "override" self-paced (SP) performance by instructing athletes to execute a theoretically optimal pacing profile.


METHODS
Seven national-level speed-skaters performed a SP 1500-m which was analysed by obtaining velocity (every 100 m) and body position (every 200 m) with video to calculate total mechanical power output. Together with gross efficiency and aerobic kinetics, obtained in separate trials, data were used to calculate aerobic and anaerobic power output profiles. An energy flow model was applied to SP, simulating a range of pacing strategies, and a theoretically optimal pacing profile was imposed in a second race (IM).


RESULTS
Final time for IM was ∼2 s slower than SP. Total power distribution per lap differed, with a higher power over the first 300 m for IM (637.0 (49.4) vs 612.5 (50.0) W). Anaerobic parameters did not differ. The faster first lap resulted in a higher aerodynamic drag coefficient and perhaps a less effective push-off.


CONCLUSIONS
Experienced athletes have a well-developed performance template, and changing pacing strategy towards a theoretically optimal fast start protocol had negative consequences on speed-skating technique and did not result in better performance.
Hettinga
F J
FJ
Research Institute MOVE, Department of Human Movement Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands. f.j.hettinga@med.umcg.nl
De Koning
J J
JJ
Schmidt
L J I
LJ
Wind
N A C
NA
Macintosh
B R
BR
Foster
C
C
D054874:Athletic Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D017276:Friction; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology; D012861:Skating / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult