Microcirculatory alterations in cardiac surgery: effects of cardiopulmonary bypass and anesthesia.
BACKGROUND
Heterogeneity in microvascular perfusion is associated with impaired tissue oxygenation. We hypothesized that cardiac surgery with or without cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) could induce microvascular alterations.


METHODS
We used an orthogonal polarization spectral imaging technique to evaluate the sublingual microcirculation in patients undergoing cardiac surgery with (n = 9) or without (n = 6) CPB. We also included, as a control group, 7 patients undergoing thyroidectomy with the same anesthetic procedure. Hemodynamic and microcirculatory variables were obtained the day before surgery, after induction of anesthesia, during CPB, on admission to the intensive care unit or the recovery room, and 6 and 24 hours after the end of the surgical procedure. Data are presented as median (25th to 75th percentile).


RESULTS
No differences in hemodynamic variables were observed between the two cardiac surgery groups. The proportion of perfused vessels was similar in all three groups at baseline (89% [87% to 90%]), and decreased similarly after induction of anesthesia to 71% (69% to 74%). It decreased further during CPB to 53% (50% to 56%). On admission to the intensive care unit or recovery room, alterations were more severe in CPB than in off-pump patients (60% [59% to 62%] versus 64% [61% to 65%]; p = 0.03), whereas they had already normalized in thyroidectomy patients (89% [86% to 90%]; p = 0.0005 versus cardiac surgery). In both cardiac surgery groups these microcirculatory alterations decreased with time, but persisted at 24 hours. The severity of microvascular alterations correlated with peak lactate levels after cardiac surgery (y = 11.5 - 0.15x; r(2) = 0.65; p < 0.05).


CONCLUSIONS
Microcirculatory alterations are observed in cardiac surgery patients whether or not CPB is used. Anesthesia contributes to these alterations, but its effects are transient.
De Backer
Daniel
D
Department of Intensive Care, Erasme Hospital, Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium. ddebacke@ulb.ac.be
Dubois
Marc-Jacques
MJ
Schmartz
Denis
D
Koch
Marc
M
Ducart
Anne
A
Barvais
Luc
L
Vincent
Jean-Louis
JL
D000368:Aged; D000758:Anesthesia; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008833:Microcirculation; D055806:Microvessels / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009060:Mouth Floor / Q000098:blood supply*