FLIP-mediated autophagy regulation in cell death control.
Autophagy is an active homeostatic degradation process for the removal or turnover of cytoplasmic components wherein the LC3 ubiquitin-like protein undergoes an Atg7 E1-like enzyme/Atg3 E2-like enzyme-mediated conjugation process to induce autophagosome biogenesis. Besides its cytoprotective role, autophagy acts on cell death when it is abnormally upregulated. Thus, the autophagy pathway requires tight regulation to ensure that this degradative process is well balanced. Two death effector domains (DED1/2) containing cellular FLICE-like inhibitor protein (cFLIP) and viral FLIP (vFLIP) of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), Herpesvirus saimiri (HVS), and Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV) protect cells from apoptosis mediated by death receptors. Here, we report that cellular and viral FLIPs suppress autophagy by preventing Atg3 from binding and processing LC3. Consequently, FLIP expression effectively represses cell death with autophagy, as induced by rapamycin, an mTor inhibitor and an effective anti-tumour drug against KSHV-induced Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) and primary effusion lymphoma (PEL). Remarkably, either a DED1 alpha2-helix ten amino-acid (alpha2) peptide or a DED2 alpha4-helix twelve amino-acid (alpha4) peptide of FLIP is individually sufficient for binding FLIP itself and Atg3, with the peptide interactions effectively suppressing Atg3-FLIP interaction without affecting Atg3-LC3 interaction, resulting in robust cell death with autophagy. Our study thus identifies a checkpoint of the autophagy pathway where cellular and viral FLIPs limit the Atg3-mediated step of LC3 conjugation to regulate autophagosome biogenesis. Furthermore, the FLIP-derived short peptides induce growth suppression and cell death with autophagy, representing biologically active molecules for potential anti-cancer therapies.
Lee
Jong-Soo
JS
Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Harlyne J. Norris Cancer Research Tower, 1450 Biggy Street, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA.
Li
Qinglin
Q
Lee
June-Yong
JY
Lee
Sun-Hwa
SH
Jeong
Joseph H
JH
Lee
Hye-Ra
HR
Chang
Heesoon
H
Zhou
Fu-Chun
FC
Gao
Shou-Jiang
SJ
Liang
Chengyu
C
Jung
Jae U
JU
D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology*; D001343:Autophagy / Q000502:physiology*; D053446:CASP8 and FADD-Like Apoptosis Regulating Protein / Q000502:physiology*; D019288:Herpesvirus 8, Human / Q000472:pathogenicity; D051379:Mice; D041681:NIH 3T3 Cells; D020798:Two-Hybrid System Techniques
D053446:CASP8 and FADD-Like Apoptosis Regulating Protein