The regulation of TGFbeta signal transduction.
Transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) pathways are implicated in metazoan development, adult homeostasis and disease. TGFbeta ligands signal via receptor serine/threonine kinases that phosphorylate, and activate, intracellular Smad effectors as well as other signaling proteins. Oligomeric Smad complexes associate with chromatin and regulate transcription, defining the biological response of a cell to TGFbeta family members. Signaling is modulated by negative-feedback regulation via inhibitory Smads. We review here the mechanisms of TGFbeta signal transduction in metazoans and emphasize events crucial for embryonic development.
Moustakas
Aristidis
A
Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. aris.moustakas@licr.uu.se
Heldin
Carl-Henrik
CH
D000818:Animals; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000378:metabolism; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000378:metabolism; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D006801:Humans; D015398:Signal Transduction; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism*
D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta