Migraine and cardiovascular disease: systematic review and meta-analysis.
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the association between migraine and cardiovascular disease, including stroke, myocardial infarction, and death due to cardiovascular disease.


METHODS
Systematic review and meta-analysis.


METHODS
Electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library) and reference lists of included studies and reviews published until January 2009. Selection criteria Case-control and cohort studies investigating the association between any migraine or specific migraine subtypes and cardiovascular disease. Review methods Two investigators independently assessed eligibility of identified studies in a two step approach. Disagreements were resolved by consensus. Studies were grouped according to a priori categories on migraine and cardiovascular disease.


METHODS
Two investigators extracted data. Pooled relative risks and 95% confidence intervals were calculated.


RESULTS
Studies were heterogeneous for participant characteristics and definition of cardiovascular disease. Nine studies investigated the association between any migraine and ischaemic stroke (pooled relative risk 1.73, 95% confidence interval 1.31 to 2.29). Additional analyses indicated a significantly higher risk among people who had migraine with aura (2.16, 1.53 to 3.03) compared with people who had migraine without aura (1.23, 0.90 to 1.69; meta-regression for aura status P=0.02). Furthermore, results suggested a greater risk among women (2.08, 1.13 to 3.84) compared with men (1.37, 0.89 to 2.11). Age less than 45 years, smoking, and oral contraceptive use further increased the risk. Eight studies investigated the association between migraine and myocardial infarction (1.12, 0.95 to 1.32) and five between migraine and death due to cardiovascular disease (1.03, 0.79 to 1.34). Only one study investigated the association between women who had migraine with aura and myocardial infarction and death due to cardiovascular disease, showing a twofold increased risk.


CONCLUSIONS
Migraine is associated with a twofold increased risk of ischaemic stroke, which is only apparent among people who have migraine with aura. Our results also suggest a higher risk among women and risk was further magnified for people with migraine who were aged less than 45, smokers, and women who used oral contraceptives. We did not find an overall association between any migraine and myocardial infarction or death due to cardiovascular disease. Too few studies are available to reliably evaluate the impact of modifying factors, such as migraine aura, on these associations.
Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 900 Commonwealth Avenue East, Boston, MA 02215-1204, USA. mschuerks@rics.bwh.harvard.edu
Markus
M
Schürks
Pamela M
PM
Rist
Marcelo E
ME
Bigal
Julie E
JE
Buring
Richard B
RB
Lipton
Tobias
T
Kurth
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003276:Contraceptives, Oral / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D020521:Stroke / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D055815:Young Adult
D003276:Contraceptives, Oral