Sex differences in mortality after acute myocardial infarction: changes from 1994 to 2006.
BACKGROUND
Previous studies have shown that women younger than 55 years have higher hospital mortality rates after acute myocardial infarction (MI) than age-matched men. We examined whether such mortality differences have decreased in recent years.


METHODS
We investigated temporal trends in the hospital case-fatality rates of MI by sex and age from June 1, 1994, through December 31, 2006. The study population included 916,380 patients from the National Registry of Myocardial Infarction with a confirmed diagnosis of MI.


RESULTS
In-hospital mortality decreased markedly between 1994 and 2006 in all patients but more so in women than men. The mortality reduction in 2006 relative to 1994 was largest in women younger than 55 years (52.9%) and lowest in men younger than 55 years (33.3%). In patients younger than 55 years, the absolute decrease in mortality was 3 times larger in women than men (2.7% vs 0.9%). As a result, the excess mortality in younger women (<55 years) compared with men was less pronounced in 2004-2006 (unadjusted odds ratio, 1.32; 95% confidence interval, 1.07-1.67) than it was in 1994-1995 (unadjusted odds ratio, 1.93; 95% confidence interval, 1.67-2.24). The sex difference in mortality decrease was lower in older patients (P = .004 for the interaction among sex, age, and year). Changes in comorbidity and clinical severity features at admission accounted for more than 90% of these mortality trends.


CONCLUSIONS
In recent years, women, particularly younger ones, experienced larger improvements in hospital mortality after MI than men. The narrowing of the mortality gap between younger women and men is largely attributable to temporal changes in risk profiles.
Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30306, USA. viola.vaccarino@emory.edu
Viola
V
Vaccarino
Lori
L
Parsons
Eric D
ED
Peterson
William J
WJ
Rogers
Catarina I
CI
Kiefe
John
J
Canto
D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D017052:Hospital Mortality / Q000639:trends*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000401:mortality*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012737:Sex Factors; D015996:Survival Rate; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology