Neuroendocrine and immune influences on the CNS: it's a matter of sex.
Most neuropsychiatric diseases have a sex bias in their presentation, age of onset, or treatment response. Yet surprisingly, we have considered very little the contribution of the sexually dimorphic brain when thinking about disease etiology and the important influences of the neuroendocrine and immune systems in programming the CNS.
Department of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. tbale@vet.upenn.edu
Tracy L
TL
Bale
D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000276:immunology* / Q000502:physiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007107:Immune System / Q000502:physiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology; D015213:Neuroimmunomodulation / Q000502:physiology; D009490:Neurosecretory Systems / Q000502:physiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000276:immunology* / Q000502:physiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology