Value of electrical stimulation and high frequency oscillations (80-500 Hz) in identifying epileptogenic areas during intracranial EEG recordings.
OBJECTIVE
Electrical stimulation (ES) is used during intracranial electroencephalography (EEG) investigations to delineate epileptogenic areas and seizure-onset zones (SOZs) by provoking afterdischarges (ADs) or patients' typical seizure. High frequency oscillations (HFOs--ripples, 80-250 Hz; fast ripples, 250-500 Hz) are linked to seizure onset. This study investigates whether interictal HFOs are more frequent in areas with a low threshold to provoke ADs or seizures.


METHODS
Intracranial EEG studies were filtered at 500 Hz and sampled at 2,000 Hz. HFOs were visually identified. Twenty patients underwent ES, with gradually increasing currents. Results were interpreted as agreeing or disagreeing with the intracranial study (clinical-EEG seizure onset defined the SOZ). Current thresholds provoking an AD or seizure were correlated with the rate of HFOs of each channel.


RESULTS
ES provoked a seizure in 12 and ADs in 19 patients. Sixteen patients showed an ES response inside the SOZ, and 10 had additional areas with ADs. The response was more specific for mesiotemporal than for neocortical channels. HFO rates were negatively correlated with thresholds for ES responses; especially in neocortical regions; areas with low threshold and high HFO rate were colocalized even outside the SOZ.


CONCLUSIONS
Areas showing epileptic HFOs colocalize with those reacting to ES. HFOs may represent a pathologic correlate of regions showing an ES response; both phenomena suggest a more widespread epileptogenicity.
Jacobs
Julia
J
Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. julia.jacobs@gmx.de
Zijlmans
Maeike
M
Zelmann
Rina
R
Olivier
André
A
Hall
Jeffery
J
Gotman
Jean
J
Dubeau
François
F
D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods*; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology; D004292:Dominance, Cerebral / Q000502:physiology; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods*; D004828:Epilepsies, Partial / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D005071:Evoked Potentials / Q000502:physiology*; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000503:physiopathology; D014741:Video Recording