Risk factors for chronic kidney disease in Japan: a community-based study.
BACKGROUND
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increasingly being recognized as a predictor for both end-stage renal disease and cardiovascular disease. The present study, conducted on individuals from a community in Arita, Japan, was designed to evaluate biomarkers that can be used to determine the associated factors for CKD.


METHODS
This study involved 1554 individuals. Kidney function was evaluated in terms of the creatinine-based estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), which was determined using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation. Low eGFR was defined as eGFR < 60 mL/min per 1.73 m2. The concentration of both urinary albumin and urinary type IV collagen were measured.


RESULTS
In the younger participants (age, <65 years), the odds ratio (95% confidence interval [CI]) of low eGFR was 1.17 (1.02 to 1.34) for each 1 year older age, 6.28 (1.41 to 28.03) for urinary albumin creatinine ratio (ACR) over 17.9 mg/g and 9.43 (2.55 to 34.91) for hyperlipidemia. On the other hand, among the elderly participants (age, > or = 65 years), the odds ratio (95% CI) of low eGFR was 2.97 (1.33 to 6.62) for gender, 1.62 (1.06 to 2.50) for hypertension and 1.97 (1.19 to 3.28) for hyperlipidemia. Urinary type IV collagen creatinine ratio was not identified as an associated factor for low eGFR.


CONCLUSIONS
In this present cross-sectional community-based study, ACR is associated with CKD, which was defined as an eGFR of less than 60 mL/min per 1.73 m2, in the younger participants but not in the older participants.
Department of Clinical Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Institute of Health-Bio-Science, University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan. takamatu@clin.med.tokushima-u.ac.jp
Norimichi
N
Takamatsu
Hideharu
H
Abe
Tatsuya
T
Tominaga
Kunihiko
K
Nakahara
Yumi
Y
Ito
Yoko
Y
Okumoto
Jiyoong
J
Kim
Masafumi
M
Kitakaze
Toshio
T
Doi
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000652:urine; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult