Association of the metabolic syndrome with depression and anxiety in Japanese men: a 1-year cohort study.
BACKGROUND
Recent studies on the association between the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and depression have reported conflicting findings. This 1-year cohort study aims to evaluate the association of MetS with the development of both depression and anxiety.


METHODS
The cohort comprised 956 Japanese male employees of an enterprise (mean age, 42.7 years; SD, 10.2 years). MetS was diagnosed according to the International Diabetes Federation criteria. The psychological conditions of depression and anxiety were assessed in 2 successive years by using the profile of mood states (POMS) questionnaire and by conducting clinical interviews as per the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). We evaluated the temporal and dose-response relationships between MetS and the development of depression and anxiety, controlling for potential confounding factors like age and lifestyle-related factors.


RESULTS
We identified a positive relationship between MetS at baseline and new-onset depression in the subsequent year (OR 2.14, 95% CI 1.10-4.17). Of the five MetS components examined, only waist circumference was significantly related to new-onset depression (OR 2.08, 1.23-3.50). Trend analysis revealed a significant positive trend of association between the number of MetS components identified and new-onset depression (P(trend) < 0.01), but not between Mets and new-onset anxiety.


CONCLUSIONS
Our results suggest that MetS is a predictive factor for the development of depression, and that waist circumference largely contributes to the association between MetS and depression.
Takeuchi
Takeaki
T
Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. takeakij@post.harvard.edu
Nakao
Mutsuhiro
M
Nomura
Kyoko
K
Inoue
Mariko
M
Tsurugano
Shinobu
S
Shinozaki
Yasuko
Y
Yano
Eiji
E
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001007:Anxiety / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012307:Risk Factors; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055105:Waist Circumference; D055815:Young Adult