Flavin-containing heme enzymes.
There are many examples of oxidative enzymes containing both flavin and heme prosthetic groups that carry out the oxidation of their substrate. For the purpose of this article we have chosen five systems. Two of these, the L-lactate dehydrogenase flavocytochrome b(2) and cellobiose dehydrogenase, carry out the catalytic chemistry at the flavin group. In contrast, the remaining three require activation of dioxygen at the heme group in order to accomplish substrate oxidation, these being flavohemoglobin, a nitric oxide dioxygenase, and the mono-oxygenases nitric oxide synthase and flavocytochrome P450 BM3, which functions as a fatty acid hydroxylase. In the light of recent advances we will describe the structures of these enzymes, some of which share significant homology. We will also discuss their diverse and sometimes controversial catalytic mechanisms, and consider electron transfer processes between the redox cofactors in order to provide an overview of this fascinating set of enzymes.
Mowat
Christopher G
CG
EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, UK. C.G.Mowat@ed.ac.uk
Gazur
Ben
B
Campbell
Laura P
LP
Chapman
Stephen K
SK
D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D002237:Carbohydrate Dehydrogenases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D005415:Flavins / Q000378:metabolism*; D042844:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase (Cytochrome) / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D008958:Models, Molecular; D009251:NADPH-Ferrihemoprotein Reductase / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D011487:Protein Conformation
D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D005415:Flavins; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D002237:Carbohydrate Dehydrogenases; D042844:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase (Cytochrome); C019859:cellobiose-quinone oxidoreductase; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D009251:NADPH-Ferrihemoprotein Reductase; C052423:flavocytochrome P450 BM3 monoxygenases