Identification of anabolic selective androgen receptor modulators with reduced activities in reproductive tissues and sebaceous glands.
Androgen replacement therapy is a promising strategy for the treatment of frailty; however, androgens pose risks for unwanted effects including virilization and hypertrophy of reproductive organs. Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators (SARMs) retain the anabolic properties of androgens in bone and muscle while having reduced effects in other tissues. We describe two structurally similar 4-aza-steroidal androgen receptor (AR) ligands, Cl-4AS-1, a full agonist, and TFM-4AS-1, which is a SARM. TFM-4AS-1 is a potent AR ligand (IC(50), 38 nm) that partially activates an AR-dependent MMTV promoter (55% of maximal response) while antagonizing the N-terminal/C-terminal interaction within AR that is required for full receptor activation. Microarray analyses of MDA-MB-453 cells show that whereas Cl-4AS-1 behaves like 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), TFM-4AS-1 acts as a gene-selective agonist, inducing some genes as effectively as DHT and others to a lesser extent or not at all. This gene-selective agonism manifests as tissue-selectivity: in ovariectomized rats, Cl-4AS-1 mimics DHT while TFM-4AS-1 promotes the accrual of bone and muscle mass while having reduced effects on reproductive organs and sebaceous glands. Moreover, TFM-4AS-1 does not promote prostate growth and antagonizes DHT in seminal vesicles. To confirm that the biochemical properties of TFM-4AS-1 confer tissue selectivity, we identified a structurally unrelated compound, FTBU-1, with partial agonist activity coupled with antagonism of the N-terminal/C-terminal interaction and found that it also behaves as a SARM. TFM-4AS-1 and FTBU-1 represent two new classes of SARMs and will allow for comparative studies aimed at understanding the biophysical and physiological basis of tissue-selective effects of nuclear receptor ligands.
Schmidt
Azriel
A
Department of Molecular Endocrinology/Bone Biology, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486. Electronic address: azriel_schmidt@merck.com.
Harada
Shun-Ichi
SI
Department of Molecular Endocrinology/Bone Biology, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486.
Kimmel
Donald B
DB
Department of Molecular Endocrinology/Bone Biology, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486.
Bai
Chang
C
Department of Molecular Endocrinology/Bone Biology, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486.
Chen
Fang
F
Department of Molecular Endocrinology/Bone Biology, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486.
Rutledge
Su Jane
SJ
Department of Molecular Endocrinology/Bone Biology, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486.
Vogel
Robert L
RL
Department of Molecular Endocrinology/Bone Biology, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486.
Scafonas
Angela
A
Department of Molecular Endocrinology/Bone Biology, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486.
Gentile
Michael A
MA
Department of Molecular Endocrinology/Bone Biology, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486.
Nantermet
Pascale V
PV
Department of Molecular Endocrinology/Bone Biology, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486.
McElwee-Witmer
Sheila
S
Department of Molecular Endocrinology/Bone Biology, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486.
Pennypacker
Brenda
B
Department of Molecular Endocrinology/Bone Biology, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486.
Masarachia
Patricia
P
Department of Molecular Endocrinology/Bone Biology, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486.
Sahoo
Soumya P
SP
Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065.
Kim
Yuntae
Y
Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486.
Meissner
Robert S
RS
Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486.
Hartman
George D
GD
Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486.
Duggan
Mark E
ME
Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486.
Rodan
Gideon A
GA
Department of Molecular Endocrinology/Bone Biology, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486.
Towler
Dwight A
DA
Department of Molecular Endocrinology/Bone Biology, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486.
Ray
William J
WJ
Department of Molecular Endocrinology/Bone Biology, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486.
D045930:Anabolic Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000728:Androgens; D000818:Animals; D000957:Antigens, Viral, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011467:Prostate / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000378:metabolism; D045165:Testosterone Congeners / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014758:Viral Core Proteins / Q000378:metabolism
D045930:Anabolic Agents; D000728:Androgens; D000957:Antigens, Viral, Tumor; D011944:Receptors, Androgen; D045165:Testosterone Congeners; D014758:Viral Core Proteins; C055976:p27 antigen, Mouse mammary tumor virus