Tramadol improved the efficacy of ketamine-xylazine anaesthesia in young pigs.
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the influence of premedication with tramadol on xylazine-ketamine anaesthesia in young pigs.


METHODS
Prospective, randomized, blinded cross-over study.


METHODS
Ten young Niger hybrid pigs: mean weight 6.1 +/- 0.6 kg.


METHODS
Pigs were anaesthetized twice. Xylazine (2.5 mg kg(-1)), ketamine (25 mg kg(-1)) and atropine (0.04 mg kg(-1)) were administered by intramuscular (IM) injection, 5 minutes after either tramadol (5 mg kg(-1))) (treatment XKT) or saline (treatment XKS). Time to loss of righting reflex (TLRR), duration of antinociception, duration of recumbency (DR) and recovery times (RCT) were recorded. Quality of induction of anaesthesia including ease of endotracheal intubation was assessed using a subjective ordinal rating score of 1 (worst) to 4 (best). Heart, pulse and respiratory rates, arterial oxygen saturations and rectal temperatures were determined over 60 minutes. Antinociception was assessed by the pigs' response to artery forceps applied at the interdigital space. Data were compared with Student's t-test, Mann-Whitney's test or analysis of variance (anova) for repeated measures as appropriate and are presented as mean +/- standard deviation.


RESULTS
The quality of anaesthetic induction was significantly better and duration of antinociception significantly longer (p < 0.05) in treatment XKT (3.1 +/- 0.7 score; 43.7 +/- 15.5 minutes) than in treatment XKS (2.8 +/- 0.6 score; 32.0 +/- 13.3 minutes). TLRR, DR and RCT did not differ significantly (p > 0.05) between treatment XKT (2.1 +/- 0.8, 65.8 +/- 17.0 and 13.2 +/- 6.7 minutes) and treatment XKS (2.1 +/- 1.3, 58.0 +/- 14.8 and 10.3 +/- 5.6 minutes). Physiological measurements did not differ between the treatments.


CONCLUSIONS
Tramadol improved the quality of anaesthetic induction and increased the duration of antinociception in xylazine-ketamine anaesthetized young pigs without increasing duration of anaesthesia, nor causing additional depression of the physiological parameters measured.
Ajadi
Adetola R
AR
Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria. ade_vsr@hotmail.com
Olusa
Timothy A
TA
Smith
Olusiji F
OF
Ajibola
Eyitayo S
ES
Adeleye
Olusola E
OE
Adenubi
Olubukola T
OT
Makinde
Folashade A
FA
D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D000768:Anesthesia, General / Q000662:veterinary*; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001831:Body Temperature; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D006339:Heart Rate; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D012119:Respiration; D013552:Swine; D014147:Tramadol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014991:Xylazine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*
D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D014991:Xylazine; D014147:Tramadol; D007649:Ketamine