title: Cell-specific interaction of retinoic acid receptors with target genes in mouse embryonic fibroblasts and embryonic stem cells.
abstract: All-trans retinoic acid (RA) induces transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta)-dependent autocrine growth of mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). We have used chromatin immunoprecipitation to map 354 RA receptor (RAR) binding loci in MEFs, most of which were similarly occupied by the RAR alpha and RAR gamma receptors. Only a subset of the genes associated with these loci are regulated by RA, among which are several critical components of the TGF-beta pathway. We also show RAR binding to a novel series of target genes involved in cell cycle regulation, transformation, and metastasis, suggesting new pathways by which RA may regulate proliferation and cancer. Few of the RAR binding loci contained consensus direct-repeat (DR)-type elements. The majority comprised either degenerate DRs or no identifiable DRs but anomalously spaced half sites. Furthermore, we identify 462 RAR target loci in embryonic stem (ES) cells and show that their occupancy is cell type specific. Our results also show that differences in the chromatin landscape regulate the accessibility of a subset of more than 700 identified loci to RARs, thus modulating the repertoire of target genes that can be regulated and the biological effects of RA.
authors.affiliation: Immunologie et Maladies Infectieuses, GIGA +2, Bat B34, 1 ave. de l'Hôpital, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
authors.forename: Laurence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Delacroix
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Moutier
authors.forename: Gioia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Altobelli
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Legras
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Poch
authors.forename: Mohamed-Amin
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Choukrallah
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bertin
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jost
authors.forename: Irwin
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Davidson
mesh_terms: D020816:Amino Acid Motifs; D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D047369:Chromatin Immunoprecipitation; D053595:Embryonic Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000378:metabolism*; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D051379:Mice; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D000072482:Retinoic Acid Receptor alpha; D035362:Transcription Factor TFIID / Q000235:genetics; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D000097768:Retinoic Acid Receptor gamma
chemical_list: D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid; D000072482:Retinoic Acid Receptor alpha; D035362:Transcription Factor TFIID; D014157:Transcription Factors; D000097768:Retinoic Acid Receptor gamma; C000607072:Rara protein, mouse; C523528:TAF4 protein, mouse