title: ON THE GROWTH AND RESPIRATION OF SULFUR-OXIDIZING BACTERIA.
abstract: 1. It is shown that Sulfomonas thiooxidans oxidizes elementary sulfur completely to sulfuric acid. Sodium thiosulfate is oxidized by this organism completely to sulfate. Sulfomonas thiooxidans differs, in this respect, from various other sulfur-oxidizing bacilli which either produce elementary sulfur, from the thiosulfate, or convert it into sulfates and persulfates. 2. The organism derives its carbon from the CO(2) of the atmosphere, but is incapable of deriving the carbon from carbonates or organic matter. 3. The S:C, or ratio between the amount of sulfur oxidized to sulfate and amount of carbon assimilated chemosynthetically from the CO(2) of the atmosphere, is, with elementary sulfur as a source of energy, 31.8, and with thiosulfate 64.2. The higher ratio in the case of the thiosulfate is due to the smaller amount of energy liberated in the oxidation of sulfur compound than in the elementary form. 4. Of the total energy made available in the oxidation of the sulfur to sulfuric acid, only 6.65 per cent is used by the organism for the reduction of atmospheric CO(2) and assimilation of carbon. 5. Sulfates do not exert any injurious effect upon sulfur oxidation by Sulfomonas thiooxidans. Any effect obtained is due to the cation rather than the sulfate radical. Nitrates exert a distinctly injurious action both on the growth and respiration of the organism. 6. There is a definite correlation between the amount of sulfur present and velocity of oxidation, very similar to that found in the growth of yeasts and nitrifying bacteria. Oxidation reaches a maximum with about 25 gm. of sulfur added to 100 cc. of medium. However, larger amounts of sulfur have no injurious effect. 7. Dextrose does not exert any appreciable injurious effect in concentrations less than 5 per cent. The injurious effect of peptone sets in at 0.1 per cent concentration and brings sulfur oxidation almost to a standstill in 1 per cent concentration. Dextrose does not exert any appreciable influence upon sulfur oxidation and carbon assimilation from the carbon dioxide of the atmosphere. 8. Sulfomonas thiooxidans can withstand large concentrations of sulfuric acid. The oxidation of sulfur is affected only to a small extent even by 0.25 molar initial concentration of the acid. In 0.5 molar solutions, the injurious effect becomes marked. The organism may produce as much as 1.5 molar acid, without being destroyed. 9. Growth is at an optimum at a hydrogen ion concentration equivalent to pH 2.0 to 5.5, dropping down rapidly on the alkaline side, but not to such an extent on the acid, particularly when a pure culture is employed. 10. Respiration of the sulfur-oxidizing bacteria can be studied by using the filtrate of a vigorously growing culture, to which a definite amount of sulfur is added, and incubating for 12 to 24 hours.
authors.affiliation: Department of Soil Chemistry and Bacteriology, New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Stations, New Brunswick.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Waksman
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Starkey