title: Incidence of and risk factors for cognitive impairment in an early Parkinson disease clinical trial cohort.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the incidence of and risk factors for cognitive impairment in a large, well-defined clinical trial cohort of patients with early Parkinson disease (PD).
  
  
  METHODS
  The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) was administered periodically over a median follow-up period of 6.5 years to participants in the Deprenyl and Tocopherol Antioxidative Therapy of Parkinsonism trial and its extension studies. Cognitive impairment was defined as scoring 2 standard deviations below age- and education-adjusted MMSE norms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cumulative incidence of cognitive impairment in the 740 participants with clinically confirmed PD (baseline age 61.0 +/- 9.6 years, Hoehn-Yahr stage 1-2.5) was 2.4% (95% confidence interval: 1.2%-3.5%) at 2 years and 5.8% (3.7%-7.7%) at 5 years. Subjects who developed cognitive impairment (n = 46) showed significant progressive decline on neuropsychological tests measuring verbal learning and memory, visuospatial working memory, visuomotor speed, and attention, while the performance of the nonimpaired subjects (n = 694) stayed stable. Cognitive impairment was associated with older age, hallucinations, male gender, increased symmetry of parkinsonism, increased severity of motor impairment (except for tremor), speech and swallowing impairments, dexterity loss, and presence of gastroenterologic/urologic disorders at baseline.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The relatively low incidence of cognitive impairment in the Deprenyl and Tocopherol Antioxidative Therapy of Parkinsonism study may reflect recruitment bias inherent to clinical trial volunteers (e.g., younger age) or limitations of the Mini-Mental State Examination-based criterion. Besides confirming known risk factors for cognitive impairment, we identified potentially novel predictors such as bulbar dysfunction and gastroenterologic/urologic disorders (suggestive of autonomic dysfunction) early in the course of the disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, 200 Hawkins Drive-2RCP, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA. ergun-uc@uiowa.edu
authors.forename: E Y
authors.initials: EY
authors.lastname: Uc
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: McDermott
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Marder
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Litvan
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Como
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Auinger
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Chou
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Growdon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000978:Antiparkinson Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D015983:Selection Bias; D012642:Selegiline / Q000627:therapeutic use; D024505:Tocopherols / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014566:Urogenital System / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D000978:Antiparkinson Agents; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D012642:Selegiline; D024505:Tocopherols