title: The effects of religiosity, spirituality, and social support on quality of life: a comparison between Korean American and Korean breast and gynecologic cancer survivors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the differences in religiosity, spirituality, and quality of life (QOL) between Korean American and Korean breast and gynecologic cancer survivors and investigate the effect of religiosity, spirituality, and social support on QOL.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional design.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were recruited from hospitals and community-based support groups in the areas of Southern California and Seoul, Korea.
  
  
  METHODS
  161 women diagnosed with breast and gynecologic cancer (110 Koreans and 51 Korean Americans).
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants completed a mailed questionnaire. To identify the QOL outcomes, religiosity, spirituality, and social support, four standardized measures were used.
  
  
  METHODS
  QOL outcomes, religiosity, spirituality, religious involvement, and social support.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Religiosity and spirituality were related to some QOL outcomes in different patterns in Korean American and Korean breast and gynecologic cancer survivors. The effect on QOL, however, was not strong after controlling for covariates. Social support partially mediated the effect of spirituality on QOL but only among the Korean American cancer survivors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings provide evidence that the effect of religiosity and spirituality on QOL varied between Korean American and Korean survivors. The mediating effect of social support between spirituality and QOL for Korean Americans also was demonstrated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results present nursing practice and research implications that religiosity, spirituality, and social support need to be considered in developing services for enhancing QOL of immigrant cancer survivors.
authors.affiliation: Center of Community Alliance for Research and Education and Population Sciences, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA. jlim@coh.org
authors.forename: Jung-won
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Jaehee
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001213:Asian / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000451:nursing* / Q000523:psychology; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005833:Genital Neoplasms, Female / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000451:nursing* / Q000523:psychology; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009859:Oncology Nursing; D011788:Quality of Life; D012068:Religion and Medicine; D056910:Republic of Korea / Q000208:ethnology; D012944:Social Support; D029181:Spirituality; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D017741:Survivors / Q000523:psychology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology