title: [Two horses with neurological symptoms: could this be equine botulism?].
abstract: Symptoms, diagnosis and therapy of equine botulism are discussed by the presentation of two detailed reports of horses with neurological symptoms and the results of laboratory investigations over the period 2003-2008 in the Netherlands. In addition a brief summary of the available literature is presented. Prevailing symptoms of botulism in horses include paralysis of the tongue, salvation, dysphagia and paresis and paralysis of the skeletal muscles, as well as signs of colic. Symptoms and prognosis vary with the amount of botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) involved. For early clinical diagnosis of botulism thorough investigation of the facial nerves is important, for instance by the use of the 'Tongue Stress Test'. Laboratory results often remain negative, probably due to the sampling time, the high sensitivity of horses for botulinum neurotoxin or treatment with antitoxins. Most clinical cases in horses are caused by botulinum neurotoxin B (BoNT/B). For therapy to be successful antiserum needs to be administered in the earliest possible stage of the disease and this should be supported by symptomatic therapy. Botulism is a feed-related intoxication caused by either carcasses in the roughage or BoNT/B production after poor conservation of grass silage. This is the main source of botulism in horses due to the popularity of individually packed grass silage as feed for horses. As long as no vaccine is available in the Netherlands quality control of silage and haylage is strictly recommended in order to reduce the risk of botulism in horses.
authors.affiliation: Divisie Bacteriologie en TSE'S, Centraal Veterinair Instituut van Wageningen UR, Lelystad, Nederland. hendrikjan.roest@wur.nl
authors.forename: H I J
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Roest
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: de Bruijn
authors.forename: M T J E
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Picavet
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Prins
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Parmentier
authors.forename: G M A M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: de Zwart
authors.forename: Y E
authors.initials: YE
authors.lastname: Dijkstra
authors.forename: F G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: van Zijderveld
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000992:Antitoxins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001906:Botulism / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000662:veterinary*; D047014:Clostridium botulinum type B / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D017809:Fatal Outcome; D005260:Female; D005506:Food Contamination; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy; D006736:Horses; D008297:Male
chemical_list: D000992:Antitoxins