title: The cytoprotective effects of tumor necrosis factor are conveyed through tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 2 in the heart.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Activation of both type 1 and type 2 tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptors (TNFR1 and TNFR2) confers cytoprotection in cardiac myocytes. Noting that the scaffolding protein TNF receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2) is common to both TNF receptors, we hypothesized that the cytoprotective responses of TNF were mediated through TRAF2.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mice with cardiac-restricted overexpression of low levels of TNF (MHCsTNF(3)) and TRAF2 (MHC-TRAF2(LC)) and mice lacking TNFR1, TNFR2, and TNFR1/TNFR2 were subjected to ischemia (30 minutes) reperfusion (30 minutes) injury ex vivo using a Langendorff apparatus. MHCsTNF(3) mice were protected against ischemia-reperfusion injury as shown by a significant approximately 30% greater left ventricular developed pressure, approximately 80% lower creatine kinase release, and Evans blue dye uptake compared with littermates. The extent of ischemia-reperfusion induced injury was similar in wild-type, TNFR1, and TNFR2 deficient mice; however, mice lacking TNFR1/TNFR2 had a significant approximately 40% lower left ventricular developed pressure, a approximately 65% greater creatine kinase release, and approximately 40% greater Evans blue dye uptake compared with littermates. Interestingly, MHC-TRAF2(LC) mice had a significant approximately 50% lower left ventricular developed pressure, a approximately 70% lower creatine kinase release, and approximately 80% lower Evans blue dye uptake compared with littermate controls after ischemia-reperfusion injury. Biochemical analysis of the MHC-TRAF2(LC) hearts showed that there was activation of nuclear factor-kappaB but not c-Jun N-terminal kinase activation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Taken together, these results suggest that TNF confers cytoprotection in the heart through TRAF2-mediated activation of nuclear factor-kappaB.
authors.affiliation: Center for Cardiovascular Research, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
authors.forename: Jana S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Burchfield
authors.forename: Jian-Wen
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.forename: Yasushi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sakata
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Huei-Ping
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Tzeng
authors.forename: Veli K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Topkara
authors.forename: Mark L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Entman
authors.forename: Natarajan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sivasubramanian
authors.forename: Douglas L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Mann
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006321:Heart; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D047889:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II / Q000378:metabolism*; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D047889:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha