title: Stress patterns around distal angled implants in the all-on-four concept configuration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The All-on-Four concept advocates immediate loading and the placement of distal implants at an angle. The purpose of this study was to do a qualitative descriptive analysis of stress patterns around the distal angled implant of the All-on-Four concept.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four photoelastic acrylic resin models, each with four implants simulating the All-on-Four configuration, were prepared. The two central implants were placed vertically and parallel in each model, and the distal implant on each side was placed at an increasing angle (0, 15, 30, and 45 degrees) in each model. The four implants were splinted by means of a cast metal bar. The photoelastic models were placed between two parallel anvils. Pairs of abutments were systematically subjected to a load by suspending 5-, 10-, and 15-kg weights from one of the anvils. Photoelastic analysis was accomplished using a circular polariscope. The fringe patterns produced in the photoelastic resin for each implant and load were photographed with a digital camera. Fringe concentrations and the highest fringe order were recorded and described for the apical, central, and coronal regions of the distal angled implant for each load scenario.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the implants placed at 15- and 30-degree angles, little difference in stress patterns was observed between the central straight implant and the distal angled implant. For every load scenario and for all angulations, the lowest fringe order was recorded at the central region of the implant. The highest fringe order for the apical region was always higher than the highest fringe order for the coronal region of the implant. Markedly increased isochromatic fringe concentrations were observed in model 4, which had the distal implants placed at a 45-degree angle.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Peri-implant bone surrounding the 45-degree-angled distal abutment may be more prone to occlusal overload than bone surrounding implants with lesser tilts.
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of the Western Cape, Tygerberg, South Africa.
authors.forename: Tasneem
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Begg
authors.forename: Greta A V M
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Geerts
authors.forename: Jasson
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gryzagoridis
mesh_terms: D000180:Acrylic Resins / Q000737:chemistry; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D003116:Color; D000044:Dental Abutments; D003758:Dental Implantation, Endosseous / Q000379:methods*; D015921:Dental Implants; D017267:Dental Prosthesis Design; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D004548:Elasticity; D006801:Humans; D007568:Jaw / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D008027:Light; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties; D016474:Weight-Bearing
chemical_list: D000180:Acrylic Resins; D015921:Dental Implants