title: Glucose estimation and prediction through meal responses using ambulatory subject data for advisory mode model predictive control.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A primary challenge for closed-loop glucose control in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is the development of a control strategy that will be applicable during all daily activities, including meals, stress, and exercise. A model-based control algorithm requires a mathematical model that has the simplicity for online glucose prediction, yet retains the complexity necessary to cope with variations in insulin sensitivities and carbohydrate ingestion.
  
  
  METHODS
  A modified Bergman minimal model was linearized for Kalman filter (KF) state estimation on data from T1DM subjects, and multiple methods of parameter augmentation were developed for online adaptation. In addition, model deterioration for glucose prediction was assessed to determine an appropriate prediction horizon for model predictive control (MPC). Furthermore, MPC strategies were validated using advisory mode simulations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty days of continuous glucose data, which included 97 meals, were evaluated for three subjects. A constant parameter minimal model was used to predict glucose levels for normal days with meal announcement and with a maximum prediction horizon of approximately 45 minutes. In order to attain this prediction horizon in the absence of meal announcement, parameter adaptation was necessary to capture the glucose disturbance. Evaluation of advisory mode MPC permitted effective tuning for a moderately aggressive controller that responded well to meal disturbances.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Estimation and prediction of glucose were accomplished using a KF based on a modified Bergman model. For a model with no meal announcement, parameter adaptation provided the means for closed-loop implementation. This state estimation and model validation scheme established the necessary framework for advisory mode MPC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9611, USA.
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gillis
authors.forename: Cesar C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Palerm
authors.forename: Howard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zisser
authors.forename: Lois
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jovanovic
authors.forename: Dale E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Seborg
authors.forename: Francis J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Doyle