title: Nail changes in patients with liver disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Liver cirrhosis, hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis B (HBV) virus infections are known to be associated with different skin disorders. Nail changes are additional important criteria, which would help in identification of these systemic diseases.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To record the nail abnormalities in patients with liver disease which were not reported before, especially those with HCV and HBV infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study comprised 100 patients with HCV, HBV and liver cell failure, and 100 normal healthy controls. Both groups underwent full history taking and thorough general examination, complete blood picture, hepatitis B antigen, hepatitis C antibody, liver function tests, abdominal ultrasonography and PCR were performed in patients with liver disease. Full nail examination was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nail changes were more prevalent in patient group (68%) than in the control group (35%). The nail infection, onychomycosis, was the most common finding in 18% of patients and that in controls was 10% followed by in a descending order, longitudinal striations, brittle nails, onychorrhexis, clubbing of fingers, dystrophic nails, leukonychia and longitudinal melanonychia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nail changes are observed with not only liver cirrhosis but also with HCV and HBV infection, and this will add additional clinical criteria for general practitioners and dermatologists to help them with diagnosis of these common systemic infections.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt. aasalem@live.com
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Salem
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gamil
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hamed
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Galal
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009260:Nail Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D009264:Nails, Malformed / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D014009:Onychomycosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D015995:Prevalence; D055815:Young Adult