title: The efficacy and safety of oral pentobarbital sedation in pediatric echocardiography.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Because patient movement during echocardiography interferes with diagnostic quality, many institutions sedate children who are unable to cooperate. The purpose of this review was to determine the efficacy and safety of oral pentobarbital for sedation during pediatric transthoracic echocardiography.
  
  
  METHODS
  Echocardiography laboratory quality assurance data were recorded for 12 years. Sedation data included adverse events, dosing, and failed sedation. The study population was grouped by age: neonates (<1 month), infants (1-12 months), and young children (1-4 years).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 9796 patients underwent sedation by oral pentobarbital. The overall sedation success rate was 98.7%, and 99% of these patients remained sedated long enough for study. The overall adverse event rate was 0.5%. Second doses, failed sedation, and adverse events were more common in the young children.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Oral pentobarbital is an effective and safe sedative for pediatric transthoracic echocardiography. Because of decreased efficacy and an increased incidence of adverse events, alternative sedation strategies may be beneficial in children aged 1 to 4 years.
authors.affiliation: The Heart Institute, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA.
authors.forename: Charles N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Warden
authors.forename: Pamela K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Bernard
authors.forename: Thomas R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Kimball
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015897:Comorbidity; D016292:Procedural Sedation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009820:Ohio / Q000453:epidemiology; D010424:Pentobarbital / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D010424:Pentobarbital