title: Chemometric approach to validating faecal sterols as source tracer for faecal contamination in water.
abstract: Faecal sterols detection is a promising method for identifying sources of faecal pollution. In this study, faecal contamination in water samples from point source (sewage treatment plants, chicken farms, quail farms and horse stables) was extracted using the solid phase extraction (SPE) technique. Faecal sterols (coprostanol, cholesterol, stigmasterol, beta-sitosterol and stigmastanol) were selected as parameters to differentiate the source of faecal pollution. The results indicated that coprostanol, cholesterol and beta-sitosterol were the most significant parameters that can be used as source tracers for faecal contamination. Chemometric techniques, such as cluster analysis, principal component analysis and discriminant analysis were applied to the data set on faecal contamination in water from various pollution sources in order to validate the faecal sterols' profiles. Cluster analysis generated three clusters: coprostanol was in cluster 1, cholesterol and beta-sitosterol formed cluster 2, while cluster 3 contained stigmasterol and stigmastanol. Discriminant analysis suggested that coprostanol, cholesterol and beta-sitosterol were the most significant parameters to discriminate between the faecal pollution source. The use of chemometric techniques provides useful and promising indicators in tracing the source of faecal contamination.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Norashikin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Saim
authors.forename: Rozita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Osman
authors.forename: Dayang Ratena
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Sari Abg Spian
authors.forename: Mohd Zuli
authors.initials: MZ
authors.lastname: Jaafar
authors.forename: Hafizan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Juahir
authors.forename: Md Pauzi
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Abdullah
authors.forename: Fuzziawati Ab
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Ghani
mesh_terms: D004083:Cholestanol / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry*; D012855:Sitosterols / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction / Q000379:methods*; D013261:Sterols / Q000032:analysis* / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013265:Stigmasterol / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D014873:Water Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D012855:Sitosterols; D013261:Sterols; D014873:Water Pollutants; C025473:gamma-sitosterol; D004083:Cholestanol; D002784:Cholesterol; D013265:Stigmasterol; C021255:stigmastanol