title: The intravestibular source of the vestibular aqueduct. II: its structure and function clarified by a developmental study of the intra-skeletal channels of the otic capsule.
abstract: CONCLUSIONS
  A developmental histologic study of the otic capsule indicates that it grows a system of lamellar bone with abundant interconnecting intraosseous channels. These include the 'cartilage canals' in the cartilage model, the chondro-osseous and Haversian-like (Volkmann's) canals in the ossified otic capsule, the fissula ante fenestram, which seems to function as a lifelong manufacturer of the latter two channels, and the inner layer (vestibular arch) of the vestibular aqueduct, which is a complex series of Volkmann's canals and microcanals. Chemical changes, possibly produced by breakdown of cells within the channels, may provide a homeostatic environment for the functions of hearing and balance that take place in the endolymphatic fluid.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We studied the development of the otic capsule to clarify the cellular appearances that we had previously described in the normal vestibular arch and the changes in that structure in Ménière's disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Step sections from 84 temporal bones, including those from fetuses, children and adults from a variety of ages were examined histologically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cartilage canals, bringing blood vessels and mesenchymal cells from perichondrium to the depths of the cartilage model to mediate ossification, are found early in fetal life and disappear when ossification is complete at about 24 weeks. The otic capsule is formed of chondro-osseous canals, which are composed of trabeculae of mineralized cartilage lacunae containing mesenchymal cells that undergo ossification (globuli ossei); also Volkmann's canals (like Haversian canals in long bones but multidirectional), which are produced from osteoblasts. The lumina of the latter frequently link up with chondro-osseous canals. Lamellar bone forms the background of the otic capsule. The fissula ante fenestram is present from early in the cartilage model and then throughout life. It appears to mediate bone production and the new formation of chondro-osseous channels and Volkmann's canals. The internal layer of the vestibular aqueduct (vestibular arch) is seen in the cartilage model of the otic capsule (present in early fetal life) as a vascular layer of perichondrally derived connective tissue (not cartilage) surrounding the endolymphatic duct. When endochondral ossification starts, the bone from the adjoining cochlear and vestibular sides embrace this connective tissue layer to form the outer bony layer of the vestibular aqueduct. Osteoblasts then fill the inner layer with lamellar bone and macro- and mini-Volkmann's canals. At 1 year osteoblasts in the walls of macro-Volkmann's canals, proliferating thereafter throughout life, produce large numbers of microcanals. It is possible that slow breakdown of these osteoblasts and of similar cells in the canals of the otic capsule proper may contribute to the homeostasis of the endolymphatic duct and that of the rest of the membranous labyrinth, respectively.
authors.affiliation: University College London Ear Institute and Department of Cellular Pathology, UCL Medical School, University Street, London. UK. l.michaels@ucl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Leslie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Michaels
authors.forename: Sava
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Soucek
authors.forename: Fred
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Linthicum
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D003094:Collagen / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D004711:Endolymphatic Duct / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000473:pathology*; D018159:Endolymphatic Hydrops / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D006984:Hypertrophy / Q000473:pathology; D008575:Meniere Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009999:Ossification, Heterotopic / Q000473:pathology; D013701:Temporal Bone / Q000473:pathology; D014723:Vestibular Aqueduct / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000098:blood supply / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D003094:Collagen