title: Computer technology applications in surgical implant dentistry: a systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the literature on accuracy and clinical performance of computer technology applications in surgical implant dentistry.
  
  
  METHODS
  Electronic and manual literature searches were conducted to collect information about (1) the accuracy and (2) clinical performance of computer-assisted implant systems. Meta-regression analysis was performed for summarizing the accuracy studies. Failure/complication rates were analyzed using random-effects Poisson regression models to obtain summary estimates of 12-month proportions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-nine different image guidance systems were included. From 2,827 articles, 13 clinical and 19 accuracy studies were included in this systematic review. The meta-analysis of the accuracy (19 clinical and preclinical studies) revealed a total mean error of 0.74 mm (maximum of 4.5 mm) at the entry point in the bone and 0.85 mm at the apex (maximum of 7.1 mm). For the 5 included clinical studies (total of 506 implants) using computer-assisted implant dentistry, the mean failure rate was 3.36% (0% to 8.45%) after an observation period of at least 12 months. In 4.6% of the treated cases, intraoperative complications were reported; these included limited interocclusal distances to perform guided implant placement, limited primary implant stability, or need for additional grafting procedures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Differing levels and quantity of evidence were available for computer-assisted implant placement, revealing high implant survival rates after only 12 months of observation in different indications and a reasonable level of accuracy. However, future long-term clinical data are necessary to identify clinical indications and to justify additional radiation doses, effort, and costs associated with computer-assisted implant surgery.
authors.affiliation: Clinic od Fixed and Removable Prosthodontics, Center for Dental and Oral Medicine and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Zurich, Plattenstrasse 11, CH-8032 Zurich, Switzerland. ronald.jung@zzmk.uzh.ch
authors.forename: Ronald E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ganeles
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wismeijer
authors.forename: Marcel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zwahlen
authors.forename: Christoph H F
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Hämmerle
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tahmaseb
mesh_terms: D003758:Dental Implantation, Endosseous / Q000379:methods*; D019232:Dental Restoration Failure; D006801:Humans; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted