title: A nanomedicine transports a peptide caspase-3 inhibitor across the blood-brain barrier and provides neuroprotection.
abstract: Caspases play an important role as mediators of cell death in acute and chronic neurological disorders. Although peptide inhibitors of caspases provide neuroprotection, they have to be administered intracerebroventricularly because they cannot cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Herein, we present a nanocarrier system that can transfer chitosan nanospheres loaded with N-benzyloxycarbonyl-Asp(OMe)-Glu(OMe)-Val-Asp(OMe)-fluoromethyl ketone (Z-DEVD-FMK), a relatively specific caspase-3 inhibitor, across BBB. Caspase-3 was chosen as a pharmacological target because of its central role in cell death. Polyethylene glycol-coated nanospheres were conjugated to an anti-mouse transferrin receptor monoclonal antibody (TfRMAb) that selectively recognizes the TfR type 1 on the cerebral vasculature. We demonstrate with intravital microscopy that this nanomedicine is rapidly transported across the BBB without being measurably taken up by liver and spleen. Pre- or post-treatment (2 h) with intravenously injected Z-DEVD-FMK-loaded nanospheres dose dependently decreased the infarct volume, neurological deficit, and ischemia-induced caspase-3 activity in mice subjected to 2 h of MCA occlusion and 24 h of reperfusion, suggesting that they released an amount of peptide sufficient to inhibit caspase activity. Similarly, nanospheres inhibited physiological caspase-3 activity during development in the neonatal mouse cerebellum on postnatal day 17 after closure of the BBB. Neither nanospheres functionalized with TfRMAb but not loaded with Z-DEVD-FMK nor nanospheres lacking TfRMAb but loaded with Z-DEVD-FMK had any effect on either paradigm, suggesting that inhibition of caspase activity and subsequent neuroprotection were due to efficient penetration of the peptide into brain. Thus, chitosan nanospheres open new and exciting opportunities for brain delivery of biologically active peptides that are useful for the treatment of CNS disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Institute of Neurological Sciences and Psychiatry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Hulya
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Karatas
authors.forename: Yesim
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Aktas
authors.forename: Yasemin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gursoy-Ozdemir
authors.forename: Ebru
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bodur
authors.forename: Muge
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yemisci
authors.forename: Secil
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Caban
authors.forename: Atay
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vural
authors.forename: Onur
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Pinarbasli
authors.forename: Yilmaz
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Capan
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fernandez-Megia
authors.forename: Ramon
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Novoa-Carballal
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Riguera
authors.forename: Karine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Andrieux
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Couvreur
authors.forename: Turgay
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dalkara
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D061945:Caspase Inhibitors; D015853:Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D051379:Mice; D050997:Nanomedicine / Q000379:methods*; D054118:Nanospheres; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009842:Oligopeptides / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010455:Peptides / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D021381:Protein Transport / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D061945:Caspase Inhibitors; D015853:Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D009842:Oligopeptides; D010455:Peptides; C110772:benzoylcarbonyl-aspartyl-glutamyl-valyl-aspartyl-fluoromethyl ketone; D053148:Caspase 3