title: One system's journey in creating a disclosure and apology program.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients experience adverse events more frequently than the public appreciates. A number of health systems have led the movement toward open, prompt, and compassionate disclosure of adverse events.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 2006 Baystate Health (BH) formed a disclosure advisory committee to design and implement an enhanced program to support prompt and skillful disclosure of adverse events. The proposed model for a disclosure and apology program resembled a consultation service, similar to a hospital ethics consultation service. BH hired an outside trainer to teach coaches/facilitators. Emotional support services were formalized and expanded not only for patients and families but also clinicians. THE EXPERIENCE SO FAR: Implementation of a formal disclosure and apology program has placed internal pressure on the organization to more promptly determine causality of adverse events and to respond to patient/family requests for information and/or assistance. Root causes and degree of system culpability are often not clear early after an event and sometimes are debated among the clinical team and the trained coaches/facilitators and risk managers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After a medical error, patients and families expect the organization to make changes to the system to prevent other patients from being harmed by the same mistake. To minimize the chance that patients and families feel that their suffering has been "in vain," health care systems will need to put systems in place to deliver on the promise to reduce the risk of future harm. Some of the challenges in sustaining such a program include the ability to promptly investigate, to accurately determine liability, to communicate empathetically even if unable to meet all patient/family expectations, and to ensure establishment of a just culture.
authors.affiliation: Division of Healthcare Quality, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, Massachusetts, USA. Randolphmd.Peto@bhs.org
authors.forename: Randolph R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Peto
authors.forename: Lynn M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Tenerowicz
authors.forename: Evan M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Benjamin
authors.forename: Deborah S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Morsi
authors.forename: Pamela K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Burger
mesh_terms: D006739:Hospital Administration / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D019300:Medical Errors; D019982:Organizational Case Studies; D009936:Organizational Innovation; D011368:Professional-Family Relations; D011369:Professional-Patient Relations; D012308:Risk Management / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D014342:Truth Disclosure