title: Uptake of meningococcal conjugate vaccine among adolescents in large managed care organizations, United States, 2005: demand, supply and seasonality.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In February 2005, the US Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommended the new meningococcal conjugate vaccine (MCV4) for routine use among 11- to 12-year-olds (at the preadolescent health-care visit), 14- to 15-year-olds (before high-school entry), and groups at increased risk. Vaccine distribution started in March; however, in July, the manufacturer reported inability to meet demand and widespread MCV4 shortages were reported. Our objectives were to determine early uptake patterns among target (11-12 and 14-15 year olds) and non-target (13- plus 16-year-olds) age groups. A post hoc analysis was conducted to compare seasonal uptake patterns of MCV4 with polysaccharide meningococcal (MPSV4) and tetanus diphtheria (Td) vaccines.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed data for adolescents 11-16 years from five managed care organizations participating in the Vaccine Safety Datalink (VSD). For MCV4, we estimated monthly and cumulative coverage during 2005 and calculated risk ratios. For MPSV4 and Td, we combined 2003 and 2004 data and compared their seasonal uptake patterns with MCV4.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Coverage for MCV4 during 2005 among the 623,889 11-16 years olds was 10%. Coverage for 11-12 and 14-15 year olds was 12% and 11%, respectively, compared with 8% for 13- plus 16-year-olds (p < 0.001). Of the 64,272 MCV4 doses administered from March-December 2005, 73% were administered June-August. Fifty-nine percent of all MPSV4 doses and 38% of all Td doses were administered during June-August.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A surge in vaccine uptake between June and August was observed among adolescents for MCV4, MPSV4 and Td vaccines. The increase in summer-time vaccinations and vaccination of non-targeted adolescents coupled with supply limitations likely contributed to the reported shortages of MCV4 in 2005.
authors.affiliation: Immunization Services Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA . slorick@cdc.gov
authors.forename: Suchita A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Lorick
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fishbein
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Weintraub
authors.forename: Pascale M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Wortley
authors.forename: Grace M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Fangjun
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Davis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D022422:Diphtheria-Tetanus Vaccine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D017589:Immunization Programs; D007117:Immunization, Secondary; D008329:Managed Care Programs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D022401:Meningococcal Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000600:supply & distribution*; D012621:Seasons; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014611:Vaccination / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D018074:Vaccines, Conjugate / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D022422:Diphtheria-Tetanus Vaccine; D022401:Meningococcal Vaccines; D018074:Vaccines, Conjugate