title: Effects of the essential oil constituent thymol and other neuroactive chemicals on flight motor activity and wing beat frequency in the blowfly Phaenicia sericata.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The effects were evaluated of the plant terpenoid thymol and eight other neuroactive compounds on flight muscle impulses (FMIs) and wing beat frequency (WBF) of tethered blowflies (Phaenicia sericata Meig.).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The electrical activity of the dorsolongitudinal flight muscles was closely linked to the WBF of control insects. Topically applied thymol inhibited WBF within 15-30 min and reduced FMI frequency. Octopamine and chlordimeform caused a similar, early-onset bursting pattern that decreased in amplitude with time. Desmethylchlordimeform blocked wing beating within 60 min and generated a profile of continuous but lower-frequency FMIs. Fipronil suppressed wing beating and induced a pattern of continuous, variable-frequency spiking that diminished gradually over 6 h. Cypermethrin- and rotenone-treated flies had initial strong FMIs that declined with time. In flies injected with GABA, the FMIs were generally unidirectional and frequency was reduced, as was seen with thymol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thymol readily penetrates the cuticle and interferes with flight muscle and central nervous function in the blowfly. The similarity of the action of thymol and GABA suggests that this terpenoid acts centrally in blowflies by mimicking or facilitating GABA action.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada. rwaliwit@sfu.ca
authors.forename: Ranil
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Waliwitiya
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Belton
authors.forename: Russell A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Nicholson
authors.forename: Carl A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Lowenberger
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004175:Diptera / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D004560:Electricity; D005260:Female; D005426:Flight, Animal / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D007306:Insecticides / Q000633:toxicity; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects*; D009132:Muscles / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009498:Neurotoxins / Q000633:toxicity; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000737:chemistry*; D013943:Thymol / Q000633:toxicity*; D014921:Wings, Animal / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D009498:Neurotoxins; D009822:Oils, Volatile; D013943:Thymol; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid