title: Hemoglobin Raleigh results in factitiously low hemoglobin A1c when evaluated via immunoassay analyzer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is commonly used to assess long-term blood glucose control in patients with diabetes mellitus. Numerous conditions including hemoglobinopathies can alter HbA1c measurements and cause misleading results.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To report a 13-year-old male with Type 1 diabetes mellitus who had low HbA1c measurements, despite persistent hyperglycemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  HbA1c was initially measured by immunoassay. Hb electrophoresis was then employed to assess potential Hb variants. Electrospray ionization (ESI) tandem mass spectrometry of isolated Hb and gene sequencing of the Hbβ gene were used to specifically identify the Hb variant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HbA1c measurement by immunoassay revealed an unusually low HbA1c of 3.9%. Hb electrophoresis revealed an aberrant Hb. The ESI mass spectrum of the intact Hb sample revealed a variant β-chain of 15,881 Da, 14 Da heavier than the mass of the normal Hb β-chain (15,867 Da). Sequence analysis of the 965.45 Da peptide suggested a substitution of valine (Val) to acetylated alanine (Ala). The DNA sequence of the patient's Hbβ gene revealed a single-base heterozygous mutation (GTG to GCG) at Base 2 of the codon of the first amino acid, producing a Val→Ala substitution, previously termed Hb-Raleigh. Because the acetylated N-terminal amino acid of the Hb-Raleigh β chain cannot be glycated, the HbA1c immunoassay will result in falsely low HbA1c levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In managing diabetic patients, knowledge of hemoglobinopathies influencing HbA1c determination methods is essential because hemoglobin variants may cause mismanagement of diabetes. Unusual results should prompt further analysis for a hemoglobinopathy as the potential cause of aberrant results.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. njain@med.unc.edu
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jain
authors.forename: Mehmet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kesimer
authors.forename: James D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Hoyer
authors.forename: Ali S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Calikoglu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood*; D004586:Electrophoresis; D005188:False Negative Reactions; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis*; D006455:Hemoglobins, Abnormal / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007118:Immunoassay / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D055544:beta-Globins / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D006455:Hemoglobins, Abnormal; D055544:beta-Globins; C083887:hemoglobin Raleigh