title: Sphingomyelinase-induced ceramide production stimulate calcium-independent JNK and PP2A activation following cerebral ischemia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Intracellular calcium overload is considered to be a key pathologic factor for ischemic stroke; however, there are other signal molecules produced in response to ischemic stimuli. The present study investigated the ceramide signal pathway, which is associated with cerebral ischemia in a calcium-independent manner.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to 10-minute four-vessel occlusion. Ketamine, a blocker of calcium-ion channels, or TPCK or fumonisin B1, inhibitors of ceramide production in the sphingomyelinase and de novo pathways, respectively, were administrated to the rats prior to inducing ischemia. Ceramide levels were determined by immunofluorescence, protein activity was assessed by immunoblotting and PP2A activity was measured using a protein phosphatase assay system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The morphologic data indicated that ischemia-induced ceramide production was largely restricted to glia cells in the rat hippocampus. TPCK, but not ketamine or fumonisin B1, blocked the ceramide pathway and its downstream molecules, JNK and PP2A.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cerebral ischemia up-regulates the sphingomyelin-ceramide pathway, which involves calcium-independent JNK and PP2A activation in hippocampal glia; this may play a significant role in cerebral lesions post-ischemia.
authors.affiliation: Nanjing Medical University, PR China.
authors.forename: He-ping
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.forename: Tian-zhu
authors.initials: TZ
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Li-xin
authors.initials: LX
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Guo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism*; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002518:Ceramides / Q000378:metabolism*; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D048688:MAP Kinase Kinase 7 / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D009457:Neuroglia / Q000378:metabolism; D010088:Oxidoreductases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D054648:Protein Phosphatase 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013108:Sphingomyelin Phosphodiesterase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D002518:Ceramides; D010088:Oxidoreductases; C108138:dihydroceramide desaturase; D048688:MAP Kinase Kinase 7; D054648:Protein Phosphatase 2; D013108:Sphingomyelin Phosphodiesterase; D002118:Calcium