title: Risk of cataract extraction among adult retinoblastoma survivors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the risk of cataract extraction among adult retinoblastoma survivors.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective cohort study was performed on retinoblastoma survivors who received the diagnosis from 1914 to 1984 and were interviewed in 2000. Lens doses were estimated from radiotherapy records. The cumulative time interval to cataract extraction between dose groups was compared using the log-rank test and Cox regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven hundred fifty-three subjects (828 eyes) were available for analysis for an average of 32 years of follow-up. During this period, 51 cataract extractions were reported. One extraction was reported in an eye with no radiotherapy compared with 36 extractions in 306 eyes with 1 course of radiotherapy and 14 among 38 eyes with 2 or 3 treatments. The average time interval to cataract extraction in irradiated eyes was 51 years (95% confidence interval [CI], 48-54) following 1 treatment and 32 years (95% CI, 27-37) after 2 or 3 treatments. Eyes exposed to a therapeutic radiation dose of 5 Gy or more had a 6-fold increased risk (95% CI, 1.3-27.2) of cataract extraction compared with eyes exposed to 2.5 Gy or less.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results emphasize the importance of ophthalmologic examination of retinoblastoma survivors who have undergone radiotherapy. The risk of cataract extraction in untreated eyes with retinoblastoma is comparable with the risk of the general population.
authors.affiliation: Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-7238, USA. hodik_g@mac.org.il
authors.forename: Gabriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chodick
authors.forename: Ruth A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Kleinerman
authors.forename: Marilyn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stovall
authors.forename: David H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Abramson
authors.forename: Johanna M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Seddon
authors.forename: Susan A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Margaret A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Tucker
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002386:Cataract / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D002387:Cataract Extraction / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003037:Cobalt Radioisotopes / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007908:Lens, Crystalline / Q000528:radiation effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011832:Radiation Injuries; D011839:Radiation, Ionizing; D011886:Radon / Q000009:adverse effects; D019572:Retinal Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D012175:Retinoblastoma / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D017741:Survivors; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D003037:Cobalt Radioisotopes; D011886:Radon