title: ADHD latent class clusters: DSM-IV subtypes and comorbidity.
abstract: ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) has a complex, heterogeneous phenotype only partially captured by Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) criteria. In this report, latent class analyses (LCA) are used to identify ADHD phenotypes using K-SADS-IVR (Schedule for Affective Disorders & Schizophrenia for School Age Children-IV-Revised) symptoms and symptom severity data from a clinical sample of 500 ADHD subjects, ages 6-18, participating in an ADHD genetic study. Results show that LCA identified six separate ADHD clusters, some corresponding to specific DSM-IV subtypes while others included several subtypes. DSM-IV comorbid anxiety and mood disorders were generally similar across all clusters, and subjects without comorbidity did not aggregate within any one cluster. Age and gender composition also varied. These results support findings from population-based LCA studies. The six clusters provide additional homogenous groups that can be used to define ADHD phenotypes in genetic association studies. The limited age ranges aggregating in the different clusters may prove to be a particular advantage in genetic studies where candidate gene expression may vary during developmental phases. DSM-IV comorbid mood and anxiety disorders also do not appear to increase cluster heterogeneity; however, longitudinal studies that cover period of risk are needed to support this finding.
authors.affiliation: The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA. elia@email.chop.edu
authors.forename: Josephine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Elia
authors.forename: Mauricio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Arcos-Burgos
authors.forename: Kelly L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Bolton
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Ambrosini
authors.forename: Wade
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Berrettini
authors.forename: Maximilian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Muenke
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001007:Anxiety / Q000453:epidemiology; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000145:classification / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D002648:Child; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D004200:Diseases in Twins / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D056726:Genetic Association Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019964:Mood Disorders