title: Characteristics, and disease control and complications of hypertensive patients in primary-care - a community-based study in Singapore.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hypertension is a common chronic condition usually managed by primary-care practitioners in Singapore. This study assessed the characteristics, control and complications of non-diabetic hypertensive patients managed at government primary healthcare clinics.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study involving 9 clinics was conducted over 1-week in 2006. Five hundred and six non-diabetic hypertensive patients were systematically sampled from all clinic attendees. Data relating to socio-demographic, lifestyle factors, treatment and complications were collected by interviewer-administered questionnaires and review of clinic medical records. Blood pressure (BP) measurements were taken with validated automated sets following a standard protocol.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of good BP control (<140/90 mmHg) was 37.7% (95% CI: 33.6% to 41.8%). Ninety seven percent were on medication with about half on monotherapy. Seventy percent of patients had a body mass index (BMI) of 23.0 kg/m(2) or higher, 64% did not exercise regularly and 8% were current smokers. After adjusting for age and lifestyle factors, male hypertensive patients had poorer BP control compared to females. Nineteen percent of patients reported at least 1 complication of hypertension, especially cardiac disease. After multivariate analysis and duration of disease, age and the male gender were associated with the presence of hypertensive complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  More than half of the patients were not controlled to target levels. Male patients were more likely to have poorer control of hypertension and significantly higher risks of complications. Control of BP could be further improved by lifestyle modifications - weight reduction, promotion of physical activity, healthier eating habits and smoking cessation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Ek Khoon
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Wan Ling
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Yii Jen
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Lew
authors.forename: Mei Yen
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Teck Yee
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Woon-Puay
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Koh
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015992:Body Mass Index; D055812:Community-Based Participatory Research; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004038:Diet, Reducing; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D015995:Prevalence; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012306:Risk; D012737:Sex Factors; D012846:Singapore / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D015431:Weight Loss