title: A comparison of ad hoc methods to account for non-cancer AIDS and deaths as competing risks when estimating the effect of HAART on incident cancer AIDS among HIV-infected men.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare three ad hoc methods to estimate the marginal hazard of incident cancer acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) in a highly active antiretroviral therapy (1996-2006) relative to a monotherapy/combination therapy (1990-1996) calendar period, accounting for other AIDS events and deaths as competing risks.
  
  
  METHODS
  Among 1,911 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive men from the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study, 228 developed cancer AIDS and 745 developed competing risks in 14,202 person-years from 1990 to 2006. Method 1 censored competing risks at the time they occurred, method 2 excluded competing risks, and method 3 censored competing risks at the date of analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The age, race, and infection duration adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for cancer AIDS were similar for all methods (HR approximately 0.15). We estimated bias and confidence interval coverage of each method with Monte Carlo simulation. On average, across 24 scenarios, method 1 produced less-biased estimates than methods 2 or 3.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When competing risks are independent of the event of interest, only method 1 produced unbiased estimates of the marginal HR, although independence cannot be verified from the data. When competing risks are dependent, method 1 generally produced the least-biased estimates of the marginal HR for the scenarios explored; however, alternative methods may be preferred.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA. shielsms@mail.nih.gov
authors.forename: Meredith S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Shiels
authors.forename: Stephen R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Cole
authors.forename: Joan S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Chmiel
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Margolick
authors.forename: Jeremy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Martinson
authors.forename: Zuo-Feng
authors.initials: ZF
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Lisa P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Jacobson
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000453:epidemiology; D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D015982:Bias; D016543:Central Nervous System Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D016483:Lymphoma, AIDS-Related / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012514:Sarcoma, Kaposi / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents