title: [Hepatitis B revaccination not indicated, even for those at increased risk].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the long-term protection following hepatitis B vaccination and assess whether revaccination is necessary after 15 years for those who have an increased occupational risk of hepatitis B infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic literature review
  
  
  METHODS
  Medline was searched for English language publications from the period 2002-2008 concerning vaccination against the hepatitis B virus. We included follow-up studies in which the interval between vaccination and titre measurement was at least 4 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 22 articles included describe 30 studies. Post-vaccination titre measurement was performed in 10 studies. Four of these described a change from negative to positive testing for anti-hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) (seroconversion) in 0.64% of the 1,880 subjects tested. In the 20 studies in which no post-vaccination titre measurement was carried out, seroconversion was observed for anti-HBc and for hepatitis B surface antigens (HBsAg) in 1.0% and 1.78% of the vaccinees, respectively. These studies were predominantly carried out in high-endemic regions, mostly in newborns of HBsAg positive mothers. Seroconversions were not accompanied by clinical signs or symptoms. In 6 studies there was a follow-up of more than 15 years; the maximum was 23 years. Seroconversions did not appear specifically after a long period of time but were observed independent of time after vaccination.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Seroconversions occur in < 1% of successfully vaccinated subjects and do not increase after a period of 15 years following vaccination. In all the 23 years of experience with hepatitis B vaccination, it seems to have provided protection. This also applies to those at increased risk. Revaccination after successful vaccination would therefore not seem to be necessary, even after a period of 15 years.
authors.affiliation: Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu, Centrum Infectieziektebestrijding, Landelijke Coördinatie Infectieziektebestrijding, Bilthoven, The Netherlands. leslie.isken@rivm.nl
authors.forename: Leslie D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Isken
authors.forename: Hans L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Zaaijer
authors.forename: Jim E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: van Steenbergen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006282:Health Personnel; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000276:immunology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D006510:Hepatitis B Antibodies / Q000276:immunology*; D006514:Hepatitis B Surface Antigens / Q000097:blood*; D017325:Hepatitis B Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007115:Immunization Schedule; D007117:Immunization, Secondary; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D006510:Hepatitis B Antibodies; D006514:Hepatitis B Surface Antigens; D017325:Hepatitis B Vaccines