title: Patency of nasopharynx and a cephalometric image in the children with orthodontic problems.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study a possible impact of adenoidectomy on malocclusion on the base of cephalometry.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective analysis of 148 patients qualified into the orthodontic treatment (77 girls and 71 boys) at the age of 9-11 years (an average age: 10 years and 3 months). Material was divided into three groups, equalized regarding sex and age. The first one consisted of the patients after adenoidectomy, at the moment of orthodontic assessment without any organic pathology within a nasal cavity or nasopharynx. To the second group were included children who for different reasons were not a subject of adenoidectomy despite clinical diagnosis of adenoid hypertrophy. In the third group were patients whose only problem was malocclusion. X-ray pictures taken on a cephalostate were scanned and given to cephalometric assessment. In statistics Bartlett's test, Tukey's test and Pearson's correlation coefficients were used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The significant differences with respect to many skull parameters appeared among the groups. The inappropriate respiratory habits find their reflection mainly within anterior and lower anterior facial height, angle of mandibular plane, nasopharyngeal flow and dental parameters. An evident beneficial influence of adenoidectomy is observed within a period of 36-41 months after an operation. Nasopharyngeal flow is the most sensitive parameter indicating the respiratory conditions, and is strongly connected with the key cephalometric parameters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In cases of malocclusion of skeletal character, coexisting with adenoid hypertrophy, adenoidectomy should be carried out as early as possible.
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Otolaryngology and Rehabilitation II Medical Faculty, Warsaw Medical University, Poland. j.wysocki@ifps.org.pl
authors.forename: Jarosław
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wysocki
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Krasny
authors.forename: Piotr H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Skarzyński
mesh_terms: D000233:Adenoidectomy / Q000379:methods*; D000234:Adenoids / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D000367:Age Factors; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006984:Hypertrophy / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008310:Malocclusion / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D009302:Nasopharyngeal Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D009305:Nasopharynx / Q000473:pathology; D011336:Probability; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012737:Sex Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome