title: Frequency and types of foods advertised on Saturday morning and weekday afternoon English- and Spanish-language American television programs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe food advertised on networks serving children and youth, and to compare ads on English-language networks with ads on Spanish networks.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analysis of television food advertisements appearing on Saturday morning and weekday afternoons in 2005-2006. A random sample of 1,130 advertisements appearing on 12 networks catering to Spanish-language, children, youth, Black youth, and general audiences were analyzed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Each advertisement was coded for the nature of the item promoted, the selling propositions used, and any nutritional claims made.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-tabulations using Fisher's exact test (P < .05 criterion).
  
  
  RESULTS
  One-fifth of commercials were for food. Food ads were especially prevalent on Saturday programs and children's networks. Seventy percent of food ads were for items high in sugar or fat. More than one fourth of food advertisements were for fast-food restaurants, which were especially common on MTV and Spanish-language networks. Ads for fruits and vegetables were rare (1.7%). One nutrition-related public service announcement was found for every 63 food ads.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Food advertisements continue to promote less-healthful items. Until marketing of high calorie, low-nutrient food to children is restricted, education and media literacy remain the best strategies for mitigating advertising effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Communication, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA. rabell@ucdavis.edu
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cassady
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Culp
authors.forename: Rina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Alcalay
mesh_terms: D000329:Advertising; D001741:Black or African American; D002648:Child; D053198:Child Nutrition Sciences / Q000193:education*; D002664:Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D019422:Dietary Sucrose / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D057140:Fast Foods; D005260:Female; D005502:Food / Q000145:classification*; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D009753:Nutritive Value; D013690:Television / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014481:United States; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats; D019422:Dietary Sucrose