title: Epiblepharon in East asian patients: the singapore experience.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the demographics, presenting symptoms, indications for surgery, and surgical outcomes of epiblepharon correction in a tertiary care hospital in Singapore.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective review of patients who underwent surgery by 2 surgeons in a referral oculoplastic practice at the National University Health System, Singapore, from 2001 to 2007.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 108 patients who underwent surgery for clinically significant epiblepharon.
  
  
  METHODS
  Modified Hotz procedure or suture correction for patients in whom conservative treatment failed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Comparison of symptoms, keratopathy, and recurrence on follow-up between the 2 procedures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age of the patients was 9.0 years, with an age range of 0.5 to 68 years. Of the patients, 51.9% were male. The majority were Chinese (n = 102). Seventy-four (68.5%) patients were symptomatic. Eighty-nine patients (82.4%) had keratopathy. In 98 patients (90.7%) both eyes were affected, and the majority of patients (75.0%) had epiblepharon of the lower lids. Initial treatment for the majority was lubricants (n = 71, 65.7%). The main indications for surgery were symptoms and keratopathy, with 37.9% of patients having both, and 44.4% and 15.7% of patients having either keratopathy or symptoms alone, respectively. Surgical correction consisted mostly of a modified Hotz procedure (n = 88, 81.5%), lid-everting sutures (n = 9, 8.3%), and others, including upper lid blepharoplasty with lid crease formation (n = 11, 10.2%). Outcomes were good, with the majority (n = 88, 81.5%) of lids being well corrected. Complications included undercorrection, overcorrection, wound dehiscence, and wound infections.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Symptomatic epiblepharon, usually associated with keratopathy and commonly seen in children of East Asian descent, often requires surgical intervention with good surgical outcome. Increased awareness among ophthalmologists and pediatricians dealing with this ethnic group and age is emphasized. Contrary to the current practice of expectant observation, definitive surgical management should be considered when symptoms or keratopathy is present.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, National University Health System, Singapore. gsundar1@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Gangadhara
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sundar
authors.forename: Stephanie M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: Shruthi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tara
authors.forename: Anna Marie
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Shantha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Amrith
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D044466:Asian People / Q000208:ethnology*; D019882:Blepharoplasty; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003316:Corneal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology / Q000601:surgery; D005006:Ethnicity; D005124:Eye Abnormalities / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000601:surgery; D005143:Eyelids / Q000002:abnormalities*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012846:Singapore / Q000453:epidemiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome