title: Rationale and design of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled outcome trial of ivabradine in chronic heart failure: the Systolic Heart Failure Treatment with the I(f) Inhibitor Ivabradine Trial (SHIFT).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Elevated heart rate is a significant marker for mortality and morbidity in cardiovascular disease including heart failure. Despite background treatment with a beta-blocker, many patients with heart failure and low ejection fraction maintain a heart rate above 70 b.p.m. Ivabradine reduces heart rate directly through inhibition of the I(f) ionic current. Methods SHIFT is a randomized, double-blind study designed to compare ivabradine with placebo on outcomes in patients with symptomatic chronic heart failure (NYHA class II-IV), left-ventricular ejection fraction < or =35%, and a prior hospitalization for worsening heart failure within the previous 12 months. Randomized treatment is given on top of guidelines-based therapy for chronic heart failure, including a beta-blocker at optimized dose. Resting heart rate at baseline must be > or =70 b.p.m. The primary endpoint is the composite of the time to first event of cardiovascular death or hospitalization for worsening heart failure. Secondary endpoints include all-cause, cardiovascular and heart failure mortality, and hospitalization. The randomized treatment period lasts approximately 12-48 months. The study will include approximately 6500 patients and will continue until > or =1600 primary endpoints have occurred. The first patient was randomized in October 2006, and the study is expected to end in 2010.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The SHIFT study will assess if a heart rate reduction by direct sinus node inhibition can reduce cardiovascular outcomes in patients with chronic heart failure and left-ventricular systolic dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency and Cardiovascular Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-416 85 Göteborg, Sweden. karl.swedberg@gu.se
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Swedberg
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Komajda
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Böhm
authors.forename: Jeffrey S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Borer
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ford
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tavazzi
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001552:Benzazepines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D003625:Data Collection; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D000077550:Ivabradine; D008297:Male
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; D001552:Benzazepines; D000077550:Ivabradine