title: Complications of deep brain stimulation: a collective review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Since the first deep brain stimulation (DBS) performed for movement disorder more than a decade ago, DBS has become a standard operation for advanced Parkinson's disease. Its indications are expanding to areas of dystonia, psychiatric conditions and refractory epilepsy. Additionally, a new set of DBS-related complications have arisen. Many teams found a slow learning curve from this complication-prone operation. We would like to investigate complications arising from 100 DBS electrode insertions and its prevention.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed an audit in all DBS patients for operation-related complications in our centre from 1997 to 2008. Complications were classified into operation-related, hardware-related and stimulation-related. Operation-related complications included intracranial haemorrhages and electrode malposition. Hardware-related complications included fracture of electrodes, electrode migration, infection and erosion. Stimulation-related complications included sensorimotor conditions, psychiatric conditions and life-threatening conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From 1997 to the end of 2008, 100 DBS electrodes were inserted in 55 patients for movement disorders, mostly for Parkinsons disease (50 patients). There was one symptomatic cerebral haemorrhage (1%) and two electrode malpositions (2%). Meticulous surgical planning, use of microdriver and a reliable electrode anchorage device would minimise this group of complications. There were two electrode fractures, one electrode migration and one pulse-generator infection which contributed to the hardware-related complication rate of 5%. There were no sensorimotor or life-threatening complications in our group. However, three patients suffered from reversible psychiatric symptoms after DBS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DBS is, on the one hand, an effective surgical treatment for movement disorders. On the other hand, it is a complication-prone operation. A dedicated "Movement Disorder Team" consisting of neurologists, neurophysiologists, functional neurosurgeons, neuropsychologists and nursing specialists is essential. Liaison among team members in peri-operative periods and postoperative care is the key to avoiding complications and having a successful patient outcome.
authors.affiliation: The Movement Disorder Group, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR.
authors.forename: Danny T M
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Xian Lun
authors.initials: XL
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Jonas H M
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Yeung
authors.forename: Vincent C T
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Mok
authors.forename: Edith
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Clara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.forename: Rosanna
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.forename: Wai S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Poon
mesh_terms: D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation; D006801:Humans; D009069:Movement Disorders / Q000628:therapy