title: Simple and rapid capillary zone electrophoresis method for the detection of coronamic acid, a precursor to the Pseudomonas syringae phytotoxin coronatine.
abstract: The phytotoxin coronatine (COR) is produced by various pathovars of the plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, which infects a wide variety of crops. COR consists of two distinct moieties, coronafacic acid (CFA) and coronamic acid (CMA), which are derived from a modified polyketide pathway and isoleucine, respectively. Mutants defective in the CMA or CFA structural gene clusters have been used to study COR biosynthesis, and these mutants are commonly characterized using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Although the same extraction and HPLC method can be used for detection and quantification of COR and CFA, the detection of CMA by HPLC requires different fractionation and HPLC separation procedures, which are tedious and labor intensive. In this study, we used capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) as a fast and accurate detection method for the quantification of CMA present in the culture supernatant of P. syringae pv. glycinea (Psg) PG4180 and P. syringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000. Analysis was performed by CZE using 100 mM phosphate buffer (pH 2.5) as a separating buffer, an applied voltage of 12 kV, and UV detection at 214 nm. Selected mutants defective in COR biosynthesis were used to validate CZE as a detection method. CMA production by Psg strain 18a/90, which lacks the COR gene cluster, and derivatives of 18a/90 was also evaluated. Furthermore, a procedure for the extraction and detection of CMA present inside the cells of Psg 18a/90 was developed. In conclusion, CZE was shown to be a rapid and sensitive method for the detection and quantification of CMA in P. syringae.
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
authors.forename: Aswathy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sreedharan
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Penaloza-Vazquez
authors.forename: Ma Cristina
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Escober
authors.forename: Carol L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Bender
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rayas-Duarte
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000032:analysis* / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004274:DNA, Recombinant; D019075:Electrophoresis, Capillary / Q000379:methods*; D007192:Indenes; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology; D044224:Pseudomonas syringae / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014510:Urease
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D004274:DNA, Recombinant; D007192:Indenes; C058487:coronatine; C043950:1-amino-2-ethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid; D014510:Urease