title: Inhaled corticosteroids and risk of pneumonia in newly diagnosed COPD.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The use of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) in COPD may be associated with an increased risk of pneumonia. Little is known of this risk in newly diagnosed COPD patients. The objective of this study was to determine if the use of ICS among newly diagnosed COPD patients is associated with an increased risk of pneumonia hospitalizations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using data from the Department of Veterans Affairs and Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, a nested case-control study was performed. We identified patients 65 years of age or older with a new diagnosis of COPD from 1998 to 2002. A total of 145,586 patients were identified. Cases were defined based on hospitalization for pneumonia and exposure was prior use of ICS. Up to 10 controls were matched for each case based on age, sex, month and year of the case. The association between ICS use and pneumonia was evaluated with conditional logistic regression controlling for age, comorbidities, medication classes associated with the risk of pneumonia, and markers of COPD severity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 13,995 cases of pneumonia. The cohort was predominantly male with an average age of 75.1 (SD=5.4) years. The rate of pneumonia was 6.4 per 100 person-years. After adjustment for covariates, patients with current use of ICS were 1.38 (95% CI, 1.31-1.45) times more likely to have a hospitalization for pneumonia than those without current use of ICS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of ICS among patients with newly diagnosed COPD is associated with an increased risk of hospitalization for pneumonia.
authors.affiliation: Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA. joo@uic.edu
authors.forename: Min J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Joo
authors.forename: David H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Au
authors.forename: Marian L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Fitzgibbon
authors.forename: Todd A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones