title: Compromised bone strength index in the hemiparetic distal tibia epiphysis among chronic stroke patients: the association with cardiovascular function, muscle atrophy, mobility, and spasticity.
abstract: CONCLUSIONS
  The purpose of this study was to identify the determinants of the bone strength index of the distal tibia epiphysis in chronic stroke patients. The results showed that lower cardiovascular fitness, more muscle atrophy, poorer mobility, and more severe spasticity were independently associated with lower tibial bone strength index.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  To identify the determinants of the bone strength index (BSI) at the distal tibia in chronic stroke patients
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-three chronic stroke survivors underwent scanning of the distal tibia at the 4% site on both sides using peripheral quantitative computed tomography. The primary outcomes were trabecular bone mineral density (BMD; milligram per cubic centimeter), total BMD (milligram per cubic centimeter), total bone area (square millimeter), and BSI (square gram per centimeter to the power of four). Cardiovascular fitness, leg lean mass, gait velocity, and spasticity were also measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Scans from 45 subjects were deemed to have acceptable quality and were included for subsequent analysis. The paretic side had significantly lower trabecular BMD, total BMD, and BSI than the nonparetic side (p < 0.05). However, the total bone area demonstrated no significant side-to-side difference (p > 0.05). After adjusting for relevant biological factors, peak oxygen consumption, leg muscle mass, and gait velocity remained positively associated with tibial BSI on both sides (R (2) change = 6.9-14.2%), whereas spasticity of the paretic leg was negatively associated with tibial BSI on the same side (R (2) change = 4.8%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cardiovascular function, muscle atrophy, mobility, and spasticity are independently associated with BSI of the distal tibia epiphysis among chronic stroke patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China. rsmpang@inet.polyu.edu.hk
authors.forename: M Y C
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Pang
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Ashe
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Eng
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002319:Cardiovascular System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D019245:Compressive Strength / Q000502:physiology; D004838:Epiphyses / Q000503:physiopathology; D005080:Exercise Test / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D051346:Mobility Limitation; D009128:Muscle Spasticity / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D009133:Muscular Atrophy / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010291:Paresis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013977:Tibia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed