title: Levetiracetam inhibits glutamate transmission through presynaptic P/Q-type calcium channels on the granule cells of the dentate gyrus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Levetiracetam is an effective anti-epileptic drug in the treatment of partial and generalized seizure. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether levetiracetam regulates AMPA and NMDA receptor-mediated excitatory synaptic transmission and to determine its site of action in the dentate gyrus (DG), the area of the hippocampus that regulates seizure activities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Whole-cell patch-clamp method was used to record the AMPA and NMDA receptor-mediated excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSC(AMPA) and EPSC(NMDA)) in the presence of specific antagonists, from the granule cells in the DG in brain slice preparations from young Wistar rats (60-120 g).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Levetiracetam (100 microM) inhibited both evoked EPSC(AMPA) and EPSC(NMDA) to an equal extent (80%), altered the paired-pulse ratio (from 1.39 to 1.25), decreased the frequency of asynchronous EPSC and prolonged the inter-event interval of miniature EPSC(AMPA) (from 2.7 to 4.6 s) without changing the amplitude, suggesting a presynaptic action of levetiracetam. The inhibitory effect of levetiracetam on evoked EPSC(AMPA) was blocked by omega-agatoxin TK (100 nM), a selective P/Q-type voltage-dependent calcium channel blocker, but not by nimodipine (10 microM) or omega-conotoxin (400 nM).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that levetiracetam modulated the presynaptic P/Q-type voltage-dependent calcium channel to reduce glutamate release and inhibited the amplitude of EPSC in DG. This effect is most likely to contribute to the anti-epileptic action of levetiracetam in patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chun-Yao
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Chih-Chuan
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Horng-Huei
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Liou
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020865:Calcium Channels, P-Type / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D020907:Calcium Channels, Q-Type / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D018891:Dentate Gyrus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D019706:Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials / Q000187:drug effects*; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D000077287:Levetiracetam; D008297:Male; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques; D010889:Piracetam / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D018091:Receptors, AMPA / Q000378:metabolism; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D020865:Calcium Channels, P-Type; D020907:Calcium Channels, Q-Type; D018091:Receptors, AMPA; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D000077287:Levetiracetam; D010889:Piracetam