title: Mechanistic investigations of horseradish peroxidase-catalyzed degradation of single-walled carbon nanotubes.
abstract: Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) have been investigated for a variety of applications including composite materials, electronics, and drug delivery. However, these applications may be compromised depending on the negative effects of SWNTs to living systems. While reports of toxicity induced by SWNTs vary, means to alleviate or quell these effects are in small abundance. We have reported recently the degradation of carboxylated SWNTs through enzymatic catalysis with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). In this full Article, we investigated the degradation of both carboxylated and pristine SWNTs with HRP and compared these results with chemical degradation by hemin and FeCl(3). The interaction between pristine and carboxylated SWNTs with HRP was further studied by computer modeling, and the products of the enzymatic degradation were identified. By examining these factors with both pristine and carboxylated SWNTs through a variety of techniques including atomic force microscopy (AFM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Raman spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible-near-infrared (UV-vis-NIR) spectroscopy, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), degradation pathways were elucidated. It was observed that pristine SWNTs demonstrate no degradation with HRP incubation but display significant degradation when incubated with either hemin or FeCl(3). Such data signify a heterolytic cleavage of H(2)O(2) with HRP as pristine nanotubes do not degrade, whereas Fenton catalysis results in the homolytic cleavage of H(2)O(2) producing free radicals that oxidize pristine SWNTs. Product analysis shows complete degradation produces CO(2) gas. Conversely, incomplete degradation results in the formation of different oxidized aromatic hydrocarbons.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA.
authors.forename: Brett L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: Gregg P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Kotchey
authors.forename: Yanan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Naveena V K
authors.initials: NV
authors.lastname: Yanamala
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Klein-Seetharaman
authors.forename: Valerian E
authors.initials: VE
authors.lastname: Kagan
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Star
mesh_terms: D055162:Biocatalysis; D006735:Horseradish Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism*; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon; D013057:Spectrum Analysis / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon; D006735:Horseradish Peroxidase