title: At-risk and heavy episodic drinking, motivation to change, and the development of alcohol dependence among men.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to analyze whether general hospital inpatients with at-risk and heavy episodic drinking (ARHE) have a higher motivation to change drinking habits and a higher risk of developing alcohol dependence than individuals with at-risk drinking only (AR) or heavy episodic drinking only (HE).
  
  
  METHODS
  A proactively recruited sample of 425 male general hospital inpatients with AR, HE, or ARHE was used. Men with current alcohol dependence or abuse were excluded. Participants were followed up 12 months later.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline, multinomial regressions revealed that individuals with ARHE had higher odds of taking action to change drinking habits than individuals with he (odds ratio [OR] = 2.29, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.21-4.34) or AR (OR = 2.11, CI: 1.15-3.86). At follow-up, individuals with ARHE had higher odds of having alcohol dependence, as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistic Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (OR = 4.73, CI: 1.01-22.20), compared with individuals with AR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inpatients with ARHE indicated greater readiness to change drinking habits than those with AR or HE, and they had higher odds for short-term development of alcohol dependence than those with AR. Brief alcohol intervention should include risk-specific information based on the risky drinking pattern.
authors.affiliation: Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University of Greifswald, Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, Greifswald, Germany. coder@uni-greifswald.de
authors.forename: Beate
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Coder
authors.forename: Jennis
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Freyer-Adam
authors.forename: Hans-Jürgen
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Rumpf
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: John
authors.forename: Ulfert
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Hapke
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006769:Hospitals, General; D006801:Humans; D007297:Inpatients; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors