title: Symbiotic bacteria living in the hoopoe's uropygial gland prevent feather degradation.
abstract: Among potential agents that might damage bird feathers are certain microorganisms which secrete enzymes that digest keratin, as is the case of the ubiquitous bacterium Bacillus licheniformis, present in both the feathers and skin of wild birds. It is therefore a good candidate for testing the effects of bird defences against feather-degrading microorganisms. One of these defences is the oil secreted by the uropygial gland, which birds use to protect their feathers against parasites. In previous studies we have shown how Enterococcus faecalis strains isolated from nestling hoopoes exert antagonistic effects against B. licheniformis, mediated by the production of bacteriocins. Consequently we hypothesized that this enterococcus and the bacteriocins it engenders might act as a defence against feather-degrading microorganisms in hoopoes. We investigated this hypothesis in a series of laboratory experiments and evaluated the extent to which the keratinolytic effects caused by B. licheniformis were reduced by the E. faecalis MRR10-3 strain, isolated from hoopoes, and its bacteriocins. In different treatments, feathers or pure keratin was incubated with B. licheniformis, B. licheniformis together with E. faecalis MRR10-3, and B. licheniformis together with the bacteriocins produced by E. faecalis MRR10-3. Our results were in accordance with the predicted effects on hoopoe feathers. There was a significant decrease both in pure keratin loss and in feather degradation in the presence of the symbiotic bacterium or its bacteriocin. These results suggest that by preening their feathers hoopoes benefit from their symbiotic relationship with bacteriocin-producing enterococci, which constitute a chemical defence against feather degradation.
authors.affiliation: Departamento Biología Animal, Universidad de Granada, Spain. magdaruiz@ugr.es
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ruiz-Rodríguez
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Valdivia
authors.forename: Juan J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Soler
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Martín-Vivaldi
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Martín-Platero
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Martínez-Bueno
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001407:Bacillus / Q000378:metabolism*; D001430:Bacteriocins / Q000378:metabolism; D001717:Birds; D013293:Enterococcus faecalis / Q000378:metabolism*; D005088:Exocrine Glands / Q000382:microbiology*; D005241:Feathers / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D007633:Keratins / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D013559:Symbiosis
chemical_list: D001430:Bacteriocins; D007633:Keratins