title: Milk fat globule epidermal growth factor 8 attenuates acute lung injury in mice after intestinal ischemia and reperfusion.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Milk fat globule epidermal growth factor 8 (MFG-E8) is a potent opsonin for the clearance of apoptotic cells and is produced by mononuclear cells of immune competent organs including the spleen and lungs. It attenuates chronic and acute inflammation such as autoimmune glomerulonephritis and bacterial sepsis by enhancing apoptotic cell clearance. Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury of the gut results in severe inflammation, apoptosis, and remote organ damage, including acute lung injury (ALI).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether MFG-E8 attenuates intestinal and pulmonary inflammation after gut I/R.
  
  
  METHODS
  Wild-type (WT) and MFG-E8(-/-) mice underwent superior mesenteric artery occlusion for 90 minutes, followed by reperfusion for 4 hours. A group of WT mice was treated with 0.4 microg/20 g recombinant murine MFG-E8 (rmMFG-E8) at the beginning of reperfusion. Four hours after reperfusion, MFG-E8, cytokines, myeloperoxidase activity, apoptosis, and histopathology were assessed. A 24-hour survival study was conducted in rmMFG-E8- and vehicle-treated WT mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mesenteric I/R caused severe widespread injury and inflammation of the small intestines and remote organs, including the lungs. MFG-E8 levels decreased in the spleen and lungs by 50 to 60%, suggesting impaired apoptotic cell clearance. Treatment with rmMFG-E8 significantly suppressed inflammation (TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-1beta, and myeloperoxidase) and injury of the lungs, liver, and kidneys. MFG-E8-deficient mice suffered from greatly increased inflammation and potentiated ALI, whereas treatment with rmMFG-E8 significantly improved the survival in WT mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MFG-E8 attenuates inflammation and ALI after gut I/R and may represent a novel therapeutic agent.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, North Shore University Hospital and Long Island Jewish Medical Center, Manhasset, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Tianpen
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miksa
authors.forename: Rongqian
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Hidefumi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Komura
authors.forename: Mian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Weifeng
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.forename: Zhimin
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Shinya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Higuchi
authors.forename: Wayne
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chaung
authors.forename: Steven A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Blau
authors.forename: Corrado P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Marini
authors.forename: Thanjavur S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Ravikumar
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D055371:Acute Lung Injury / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D000954:Antigens, Surface / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015415:Biomarkers; D015153:Blotting, Western; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D018450:Disease Progression; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D007410:Intestinal Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008894:Milk Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012313:RNA / Q000235:genetics*; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D000954:Antigens, Surface; D015415:Biomarkers; C490919:Mfge8 protein, mouse; D008894:Milk Proteins; D012313:RNA