title: Cultural beliefs that may discourage breastfeeding among Lebanese women: a qualitative analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although the health benefits of breastfeeding are well established, early introduction of formula remains a common practice. Cultural beliefs and practices can have an important impact on breastfeeding. This paper describes some common beliefs that may discourage breastfeeding in Lebanon.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were healthy first-time mothers recruited from hospitals throughout Lebanon to participate in a study on usage patterns of a telephone hotline for postpartum support. The hotline was available to mothers for the first four months postpartum and patterns of usage, as well as questions asked were recorded. Thematic analysis of the content of questions which referred to cultural beliefs and practices related to breastfeeding was conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty four percent of the 353 women enrolled in the study called the hotline, and 50% of the calls included questions about breastfeeding. Mothers expressed concern about having adequate amounts of breast milk or the quality of their breast milk. Concerns that the mother could potentially harm her infant though breastfeeding were rooted in a number of cultural beliefs. Having an inherited inability to produce milk, having "bad milk", and transmission of abdominal cramps to infants through breast milk were among the beliefs that were expressed. Although the researchers live and work in Lebanon, they were not aware of many of the beliefs that are reported in this study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There are a number of cultural beliefs that could potentially discourage breastfeeding among Lebanese women. Understanding and addressing local beliefs and customs can help clinicians to provide more culturally appropriate counselling about breastfeeding.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Behavior and Education, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon. ho02@aub.edu.lb.
authors.forename: Hibah
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Osman
authors.forename: Lama
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: El Zein
authors.forename: Livia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wick