title: Real-time polymerase chain-reaction detection of pathogens is feasible to supplement the diagnostic sequence for urinary tract infections.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate, in a prospective pilot study, the feasibility of identifying pathogens in urine using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and to compare the results with the conventional urine culture-based procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Severe urinary tract infections (UTIs) are frequent in critically ill patients in the intensive-care unit (ICU) and in outpatients, and thus the reliable and fast identification of the bacteria is mandatory, but routine urine culture is time-consuming and the therapeutic regimen is often calculated and not culture-based. The study included 301 prospectively collected urine samples from 189 patients with suspected UTI, based in a university hospital in 2005, and included outpatients and those in the ICU. Urine culture with Cled-, MacConkey- and malt extract agar of all samples was followed by microbiological identification of the pathogens in 98 samples with visible growth. In parallel, all samples were assessed using qualitative real-time PCR-based DNA detection and identification by labelled hybridization probes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all, 15 dipstick culture-negative samples showed positive pathogen DNA identification by PCR. By contrast, 17 PCR-negative samples showed detectable pathogens by culture, of which 10 were not detectable on PCR because the identified pathogens were not represented in the probe panel. The sensitivity and specificity for detecting contaminated samples was 0.90 and 0.87, respectively. Overall, 95% of the mono-infection pathogens and 57% of the multiple-infection pathogens were detected concordantly with both methods.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this prospective pilot study PCR-based identification of pathogens was feasible for supplementing conventional culture methods for the diagnosis of UTI. The main advantage is the time saved in identifying the pathogens. The limited pathogen detection in multiple-infection-samples by PCR might be explained by competitive PCR amplification conditions.
authors.affiliation: Clinic and Policlinic for Anaesthesia and Operative Intensive Care, Bonn University, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Lutz E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Lehmann
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hauser
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Malinka
authors.forename: Sven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Klaschik
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Stüber
authors.forename: Malte
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Book
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015342:DNA Probes; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000652:urine; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011933:Reagent Kits, Diagnostic; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000175:diagnosis*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015342:DNA Probes; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D011933:Reagent Kits, Diagnostic