title: Circulating palmitoleate strongly and independently predicts insulin sensitivity in humans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated whether palmitoleate, which prevents insulin resistance in mice, predicts insulin sensitivity in humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  The fasting fatty acid pattern in the plasma free fatty acid (FFA) fraction was determined in 100 subjects at increased risk for type 2 diabetes. Insulin sensitivity was estimated during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) at baseline and after 9 months of lifestyle intervention and measured during the euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp (n = 79).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Circulating palmitoleate (OGTT:F ratio = 8.2, P = 0.005; clamp:F ratio = 7.8, P = 0.007) but not total FFAs (OGTT:F ratio = 0.6, P = 0.42; clamp:F ratio = 0.7, P = 0.40) correlated positively with insulin sensitivity, independently of age, sex, and adiposity. High baseline palmitoleate predicted a larger increase in insulin sensitivity. For 1-SD increase in palmitoleate, the odds ratio for being in the highest versus the lowest tertile of adjusted change in insulin sensitivity was 2.35 (95% CI 1.16-5.35).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Circulating palmitoleate strongly and independently predicts insulin sensitivity, suggesting that it plays an important role in the pathophysiology of insulin resistance in humans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Vascular Medicine, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany. norbert.stefan@med.uni-tuebingen.de
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Stefan
authors.forename: Konstantinos
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kantartzis
authors.forename: Nora
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Celebi
authors.forename: Harald
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Staiger
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Machann
authors.forename: Fritz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schick
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cegan
authors.forename: Michaela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Elcnerova
authors.forename: Erwin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schleicher
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fritsche
authors.forename: Hans-Ulrich
authors.initials: HU
authors.lastname: Häring
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D000818:Animals; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002149:Energy Intake; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000097:blood*; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated / Q000097:blood*; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D015309:Glucose Clamp Technique; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006801:Humans; D006946:Hyperinsulinism; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D013177:Sports; D014781:Viscera / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D005227:Fatty Acids; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; C008757:palmitoleic acid