title: Recurrent abdominal pain in childhood urolithiasis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our goal was to establish the clinical presentation and features of pain attacks in children with recurrent abdominal pain (RAP) and urolithiasis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared the rate of previous appendectomy among 100 consecutive patients with that of 270 control subjects. We also compared the frequency of pain attacks with that reported by children with functional or organic gastrointestinal RAP.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-three patients had no history of dysuria or gross hematuria, and only 35 had hematuria at the first visit; 41 patients were evaluated for urolithiasis only because of a family history of kidney stones associated with RAP. Twenty-nine patients had been previously hospitalized for abdominal symptoms. Sixteen patients and 4 control subjects (1.5%) had undergone a previous appendectomy (P < .0001). Two to 28 months before the diagnosis of urolithiasis, 37 patients underwent abdominal ultrasonography, which did not show urinary stones. Sixty-nine percent of subjects younger than 8 years of age had central/diffuse abdominal pain. The mean frequency of pain attacks was 4 to 9 times lower than in patients with functional or organic gastrointestinal RAP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because of the inconstant occurrence of dysuria and hematuria, the location of pain in areas other than the flank, and the lack of calculi shown on imaging studies performed after pain attacks, the urologic origin of pain may be overlooked and ineffective procedures performed. The possibility of urolithiasis should be considered in children with RAP who have a family history of urolithiasis and/or infrequent pain attacks, even when dysuria and hematuria are lacking, and in younger children even when pain is not lateral.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy. cesare.polito@golfonet.it
authors.forename: Cesare
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Polito
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: La Manna
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Signoriello
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marte
mesh_terms: D015746:Abdominal Pain / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D000293:Adolescent; D001062:Appendectomy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003951:Diagnostic Errors / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics; D006417:Hematuria / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012008:Recurrence; D012307:Risk Factors; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000706:statistics & numerical data