title: Diagnosis and treatment of viral myocarditis.
abstract: Myocarditis, an inflammatory disease of heart muscle, is an important cause of dilated cardiomyopathy worldwide. Viral infection is also an important cause of myocarditis, and the spectrum of viruses known to cause myocarditis has changed in the past 2 decades. Several new diagnostic methods, such as cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, are useful for diagnosing myocarditis. Endomyocardial biopsy may be used for patients with acute dilated cardiomyopathy associated with hemodynamic compromise, those with life-threatening arrhythmia, and those whose condition does not respond to conventional supportive therapy. Important prognostic variables include the degree of left and right ventricular dysfunction, heart block, and specific histopathological forms of myocarditis. We review diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for the treatment of viral myocarditis. English-language publications in PubMed and references from relevant articles published between January 1, 1985, and August 5, 2008, were analyzed. Main keywords searched were myocarditis, dilated cardiomyopathy, endomyocardial biopsy, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, and immunotherapy.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
authors.forename: Jason C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Schultz
authors.forename: Anthony A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Hilliard
authors.forename: Leslie T
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: Charanjit S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Rihal
mesh_terms: D000046:Academic Medical Centers; D000208:Acute Disease; D002311:Cardiomyopathy, Dilated / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008910:Minnesota; D009205:Myocarditis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy* / Q000821:virology*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality; D055815:Young Adult