title: Common problems related to the use of number needed to treat.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To illustrate basic issues that have to be taken into account when study results are presented by means of the number needed to treat (NNT).
  
  
  METHODS
  This article presents an overview of common problems related to the NNT with corresponding explanations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Without stating the direction of the effect, the alternative treatment, the treatment period, and the follow-up period, information in terms of NNTs is uninterpretable. The naive use of person-time data for the calculation of NNTs is frequently inappropriate. Rounding NNTs to the next upward integer may obscure differences among therapies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The basic information about which treatments are compared, the treatment period, the follow-up period, and the direction of the effect should be given when study results are presented in terms of NNTs. Adequate methods should be used for point and interval estimation of NNTs. Unnecessary rounding of NNTs should be avoided. In more complicated situations of confounding or varying follow-up times, the use of more sophisticated methods is required with increasing potential for misinterpretation.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Epidemiology, Medical Faculty, Martin-Luther-University of Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Strasse 8, 06097 Halle, Germany. andreas.stang@medizin.uni-halle.de
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stang
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Poole
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bender
mesh_terms: D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D018401:Sample Size