title: Subclinical intestinal inflammation in patients with Crohn's disease following bowel resection: a smoldering fire.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Fecal lactoferrin is the direct expression of intestinal inflammation in Crohn's disease (CD). The aim of this study was to analyze the in vivo intimate correlation between intestinal and systemic inflammation in CD patients in clinical remission following bowel resection. The secondary end point was to evaluate the prognostic value of lactoferrin levels and serum cytokines in terms of need of surgery for recurrence in these patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fecal lactoferrin and serum cytokine (interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, IL-12, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1) levels were assessed; hematological and biochemical investigations were carried out, and Crohn's Disease Activity Index was evaluated in the 36 patients who had undergone bowel resection. The prognostic value of lactoferrin and cytokine levels in terms of surgical recurrence was assessed by re-calling patients after 24 months from the enrolment in the study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All patients, evaluated after a follow-up of 36 +/- 5 months, were in clinical remission. Fecal lactoferrin levels were found to be significantly correlated with IL-6 (R = 0.431, p = 0.025) and C-reactive protein (CRP; R = 0.507, p = 0.007), while no correlation was observed between lactoferrin and IL-1beta, IL-12, TNF-alpha, or TGF-beta1. Reoperation for anastomotic recurrence tended to occur significantly more frequently in patients with higher IL-6 (p = 0.10).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Subclinical intestinal inflammation, expressed by fecal lactoferrin, seems to keep the systemic inflammation alive in CD patients through the IL-6-CRP cascade. IL-6 seems to be predictive of the outcome of CD patients undergoing surgery.
authors.affiliation: IV Unit of Surgery, Regional Hospital Cà Foncello, Piazza Ospedale 1, 31100 Treviso, Italy. cruffolo@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Cesare
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ruffolo
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Scarpa
authors.forename: Diego
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Faggian
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Basso
authors.forename: Renata
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: D'Incà
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Plebani
authors.forename: Giacomo C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Sturniolo
authors.forename: Nicolò
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bassi
authors.forename: Imerio
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Angriman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D003106:Colon / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D003424:Crohn Disease / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007082:Ileum / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D007249:Inflammation; D018664:Interleukin-12 / Q000097:blood; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D007781:Lactoferrin / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D012008:Recurrence; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1 / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D015850:Interleukin-6; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D018664:Interleukin-12; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D007781:Lactoferrin