title: Persistence of enterohaemorrhagic and nonpathogenic E. coli on spinach leaves and in rhizosphere soil.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and nonpathogenic E. coli on spinach leaves and in organic soil while growing spinach in a growth chamber was investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Spinach plants were maintained in the growth chamber at 20 degrees C (14 h) and 18 degrees C (10 h) settings at 60% relative humidity. Five separate inocula, each containing one strain of E. coli O157:H7 and one nonpathogenic E. coli isolate were applied to individual 4-week-old spinach plants (cultivar 'Whale') grown in sandy soil. Leaf and soil inocula consisted of 100 microl, in 5 microl droplets, on the upper side of leaves resulting in 6.5 log CFU plant(-1) and 1 ml in soil, resulting in 6.5 log CFU 200 g(-1) soil per plant. Four replicates of each plant shoot and soil sample per inoculum were analysed on day 1 and every 7 days for 28 days for E. coli O157:H7 and nonpathogenic E. coli (by MPN) and for heterotrophic plate counts (HPC). Escherichia coli O157:H7 was not detected on plant shoots after 7 days but did survive in soil for up to 28 days. Nonpathogenic E. coli survived up to 14 days on shoots and was detected at low concentrations for up to 28 days. In contrast, there were no significant differences in HPC from days 0 to 28 on plants, except one treatment on day 7.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Escherichia coli O157:H7 persisted in soil for at least 28 days. Escherichia coli O157:H7 on spinach leaves survived for less than 14 days when co-inoculated with nonpathogenic E. coli. There was no correlation between HPC and E. coli O157:H7 or nonpathogenic E. coli.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The persistence of nonpathogenic E. coli isolates makes them possible candidates as surrogates for E. coli O157:H7 on spinach leaves in field trials.
authors.affiliation: USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA. jitu.patel@ars.usda.gov
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Millner
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Nou
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sharma
mesh_terms: D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology*; D019453:Escherichia coli O157 / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology*; D005516:Food Microbiology; D050296:Microbial Viability; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000382:microbiology; D058441:Rhizosphere; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D018724:Spinacia oleracea / Q000382:microbiology*; D013997:Time Factors