title: Epidermal growth factor-containing fibulin-like extracellular matrix protein 1, EFEMP1, a novel tumor-suppressor gene detected in hepatocellular carcinoma using double combination array analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the commonest cancers worldwide, the underlying molecular mechanisms contributing to hepatocarcinogenesis are still not clear.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, we performed double array analysis, consisting of both expression profiling and karyotyping analysis using single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array, of the same HCC sample from a 68-year-old woman with chronic hepatitis type C, and attempted to find a novel tumor-suppressor gene as a prognostic marker for HCC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  According to the results of expression array, EFEMP1 gene, which has a role as an angiostatic molecule, showed decreased expression in tumor tissue. The copy number of chromosome 2, where EFEMP1 exists, 2p16, did not show chromosomal deletion. We found many CpG islands in the promoter region of EFEMP1 gene. Reactivation of EFEMP1 expression was seen on 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-aza-dC) treatment using HCC cell lines, and 24 of 48 (50%) HCC samples showed promoter hypermethylation. In the 24 methylated cases, most of the values of EFEMP1 gene expression examined by real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in tumor tissues were significantly decreased (P = 0.0004). Intriguingly, EFEMP1 hypermethylation was significantly correlated with worse prognosis (P = 0.0271).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Double array analysis revealed a novel tumor-suppressor gene, EFEMP1, for hepatocellular carcinoma. The mechanism for downregulation of EFEMP1 expression was closely associated with promoter hypermethylation. Promoter methylation of EFEMP1 gene was a marker of a worse prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery II, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan. snomoto@med.nagoya-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Shuji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nomoto
authors.forename: Mitsuro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kanda
authors.forename: Yukiyasu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Okamura
authors.forename: Yoko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nishikawa
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Qiyong
authors.forename: Tsutomu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fujii
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sugimoto
authors.forename: Shin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takeda
authors.forename: Akimasa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nakao
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D018899:CpG Islands; D019175:DNA Methylation; D015536:Down-Regulation; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D020868:Gene Silencing; D016147:Genes, Tumor Suppressor; D016174:Hepacivirus / Q000235:genetics; D019698:Hepatitis C, Chronic / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics*; D011379:Prognosis; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; C119630:EFEMP1 protein, human; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger