title: Use of gold markers for setup in image-guided fractionated high-dose-rate brachytherapy as a monotherapy for prostate cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In order to use a single implant with one treatment plan in fractionated high-dose-rate brachytherapy (HDR-B), applicator position shifts must be corrected prior to each fraction. The authors investigated the use of gold markers for X-ray-based setup and position control between the single fractions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Caudad-cephalad movement of the applicators prior to each HDR-B fraction was determined on radiographs using two to three gold markers, which had been inserted into the prostate as intraprostatic reference, and one to two radiopaque-labeled reference applicators. 35 prostate cancer patients, treated by HDR-B as a monotherapy between 10/2003 and 06/2006 with four fractions of 9.5 Gy each, were analyzed. Toxicity was scored according to the CTCAE Score, version 3.0. Median follow-up was 3 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean change of applicators positions compared to baseline varied substantially between HDR-B fractions, being 1.4 mm before fraction 1 (range, -4 to 2 mm), -13.1 mm before fraction 2 (range, -36 to 0 mm), -4.1 mm before fraction 3 (range, -21 to 9 mm), and -2.6 mm at fraction 4 (range, -16 to 9 mm). The original position of the applicators could be readjusted easily prior to each fraction in every patient. In 18 patients (51%), the applicators were at least once readjusted > 10 mm, however, acute or late grade > or = 2 genitourinary toxicity was not increased (p = 1.0) in these patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Caudad position shifts up to 36 mm were observed. Gold markers represent a valuable tool to ensure setup accuracy and precise dose delivery in fractionated HDR-B monotherapy of prostate cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology with Division of Medical Radiation Physics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Pirus
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ghadjar
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gwerder
authors.forename: Axel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Madlung
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Behrensmeier
authors.forename: George N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Thalmann
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mini
authors.forename: Daniel M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Aebersold
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000379:methods*; D019583:Dose Fractionation, Radiation; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006046:Gold; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000209:etiology; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D014566:Urogenital System / Q000528:radiation effects
chemical_list: D006046:Gold