title: Raman spectroscopy for the identification of pigments and color measurement in Dugès watercolors.
abstract: Spectroscopic and colorimetric analysis of a representative set of Dugès watercolor paintings was performed. These paintings were the result of scientific studies carried out by the zoologist Alfredo Dugès, who recorded the fauna of the Mexican Republic between 1853 and 1910. Micro-Raman spectroscopy, with an excitation wavelength of 830 nm, and colorimetric techniques were employed in order to understand if different colors with the same hue were reproduced using the same pigments. The color coordinates of the measured areas were obtained in the CIEL*a*b* color space. Raman analysis showed that, in some cases, to reproduce colors with the same hue the pigment employed was not the same. Pigments identified in the watercolors were vermilion, carbon-based black, lead white, gamboge and chrome yellow, Prussian and ultramarine blue. Some of these pigments have been used since ancient times, others as Prussian blue, chrome yellow and synthetic ultramarine blue arrived to the market at the beginning of the 18th and 19th centuries, respectively. Furthermore, regarding the white color, instead of left the paper unpainted, lead white was detected in the eye of a bird. The green color was obtained by mixing Prussian blue with chrome yellow. The results of this work show the suitability of using Raman spectroscopy for watercolor pigment analysis and colorimetric techniques to measure the color of small areas (246 microm x 246 microm) that was the case for the lead white pigment.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigaciones en Optica AC, Unidad Aguascalientes, Prolong., Constitución, 607, Fracc. Reserva Loma Bonita, CP 20200, Aguascalientes, Ags., Mexico. cfraus@cio.mx
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Frausto-Reyes
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ortiz-Morales
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Bujdud-Pérez
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Magaña-Cota
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mejía-Falcón
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001717:Birds; D003116:Color; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000032:analysis*; D010151:Paintings; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents