title: Spontaneous implementation intentions and impulsivity: can impulsivity moderate the effectiveness of planning strategies?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Self-initiated plans relating to when, where, and how behaviour will be performed have been shown to be effective in promoting goal progress. The current study (N=256) explored whether any impact of self-initiated implementation intentions on the avoidance of snacking was moderated by impulsivity.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study employed a prospective design. At Time 1, participants reported the extent to which they had formed self-initiated implementation intentions to avoid eating high-calorie snacks. At Time 2, participants reported their snack consumption over the preceding 2 weeks and completed a measure of impulsivity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Impulsivity (urgency) moderated the effect of self-initiated implementation intentions on snack consumption. Specifically, self-initiated implementation intentions benefited the avoidance of snacking most for those low in impulsivity and least for those high in impulsivity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings suggest that impulsivity might form an important boundary condition to the effectiveness of self-initiated implementation intention formation in relation to snacking.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK. s.churchill@sussex.ac.uk
authors.forename: Sue
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Churchill
authors.forename: Donna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jessop
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002149:Energy Intake; D005106:Exploratory Behavior; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006040:Goals; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D007175:Impulsive Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D007266:Inhibition, Psychological; D033182:Intention; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010555:Personality Inventory / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011594:Psychometrics; D055815:Young Adult