title: PHOTOTROPISM IN YOUNG RATS.
abstract: Before the eyelids have opened young rats are negatively heliotropic. They behave very much as does the larva of the blow-fly. The angle of orientation by lights opposed at 180 degrees may be calculated by an equation based upon the elementary requirement of phototropism, namely that orientation is attained when the illumination of bilaterally disposed photoreceptors is equal. The precision of orientation decreases very nearly in proportion to the sum of the logarithms of the acting light intensities, due to photokinetic head movements. When the eyelids are opened, the rats move toward a darkened place in the field of vision, usually toward the shaded region immediately to one side of the lamp house. Therefore, when heliotropic, the rat is not "seeking the dark". The phototropism of these animals may be brought into conflict with their pronounced stereotropism, and the resolution of such conflicts may perhaps be utilized for the investigation of central nervous states.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of General Physiology, Harvard University, Cambridge.
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Crozier
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pincus