title: Levels of antibodies against protein C and protein S in pregnancy and in preeclampsia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The clinical relevance of antibodies anti-protein C and anti-protein S in pregnancy remains controversial. We evaluate whether, in the absence of thrombophilic diseases, maternal plasma levels of antibodies (IgM and IgG) change during pregnancy and in preeclampsia (PE), with and without superimposed fetal growth restriction (FGR).
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective cohort of 50 women with PE (n = 30) and PE + FGR (n = 20) and 70 controls [first trimester (n = 20); second trimester (n = 20); third trimester (n = 30)] were enrolled in the study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In healthy pregnant women, plasma levels of anti-protein C antibodies decreased from first to third trimester and were below the range of positivity. IgM anti-protein-C and anti-protein-S were significantly higher (P < 0.001) in both PE (23.88 +/- 10.65 MoM and 43.90 +/- 20.45 MoM, respectively) and PE + FGR group (15.95 +/- 12.62 MoM and 36.02 +/- 27.43 MoM, respectively) than in control group (2.23 +/- 3.23 MoM and 1.68 +/- 4.075 MoM, respectively), in the presence of unchanged levels of IgG isotype.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study, we first found that the production of anti-protein C and anti-protein S antibodies decreases throughout healthy pregnancies, while they circulate in high levels in women with PE and PE/FGR.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Reproductive Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
authors.forename: Michela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Torricelli
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sabatini
authors.forename: Pasquale
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Florio
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Scaccia
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Voltolini
authors.forename: Giulia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Biliotti
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De Bonis
authors.forename: Felice
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Petraglia
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005317:Fetal Growth Retardation / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000276:immunology; D007075:Immunoglobulin M / Q000276:immunology; D011225:Pre-Eclampsia / Q000097:blood*; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000097:blood*; D011264:Pregnancy Trimesters; D011486:Protein C / Q000276:immunology*; D017293:Protein S / Q000276:immunology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007075:Immunoglobulin M; D011486:Protein C; D017293:Protein S