title: Alexia and agraphia with lesions of the angular and supramarginal gyri: evidence for the disruption of sequential processing.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the features of alexia or agraphia with a left angular or supramarginal gyrus lesion.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed the reading and writing abilities of three patients using kanji (Japanese morphograms) and kana (Japanese syllabograms).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patient 1 showed kana alexia and kanji agraphia following a hemorrhage in the left angular gyrus and the adjacent lateral occipital gyri. Patient 2 presented with minimal pure agraphia for both kanji and kana after an infarction in the left angular gyrus involving part of the supramarginal gyrus. Patient 3 also showed moderate pure agraphia for both kanji and kana after an infarction in the left supramarginal and postcentral gyri. All three patients made transposition errors (changing of sequential order of kana characters) in reading. Patient 1 showed letter-by-letter reading and a word-length effect and made substitution errors (changing hiragana [one form of kana] characters in a word to katakana [another form of kana] characters and vice versa) in writing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Alexia occurs as "angular" alexia only when the lesion involves the adjacent lateral occipital gyri. Transposition errors suggest disrupted sequential phonological processing from the angular and lateral occipital gyri to the supramarginal gyrus. Substitution errors suggest impaired allographic conversion between hiragana and katakana attributable to a dysfunction in the angular/lateral occipital gyri.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Mitsui Memorial Hospital, Tokyo, Japan. ysakurai-tky@umin.ac.jp
authors.forename: Yasuhisa
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sakurai
authors.forename: Masahiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Asami
authors.forename: Toru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mannen
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000381:Agraphia / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004410:Dyslexia / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006236:Handwriting; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010296:Parietal Lobe / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology; D011932:Reading