title: Phylogenetic relatedness and host plant growth form influence gene expression of the polyphagous comma butterfly (Polygonia c-album).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The mechanisms that shape the host plant range of herbivorous insect are to date not well understood but knowledge of these mechanisms and the selective forces that influence them can expand our understanding of the larger ecological interaction. Nevertheless, it is well established that chemical defenses of plants influence the host range of herbivorous insects. While host plant chemistry is influenced by phylogeny, also the growth forms of plants appear to influence the plant defense strategies as first postulated by Feeny (the "plant apparency" hypothesis). In the present study we aim to investigate the molecular basis of the diverse host plant range of the comma butterfly (Polygonia c-album) by testing differential gene expression in the caterpillars on three host plants that are either closely related or share the same growth form.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total 120 genes were identified to be differentially expressed in P. c-album after feeding on different host plants, 55 of them in the midgut and 65 in the restbody of the caterpillars. Expression patterns could be confirmed with an independent method for 14 of 27 tested genes. Pairwise similarities in upregulation in the midgut of the caterpillars were higher between plants that shared either growth form or were phylogenetically related. No known detoxifying enzymes were found to be differently regulated in the midgut after feeding on different host plants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest a complex picture of gene expression in response to host plant feeding. While each plant requires a unique gene regulation in the caterpillar, both phylogenetic relatedness and host plant growth form appear to influence the expression profile of the polyphagous comma butterfly, in agreement with phylogenetic studies of host plant utilization in butterflies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany. hfischer@ice.mpg.de
authors.forename: Hanna M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Heidel-Fischer
authors.forename: Dalial
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Freitak
authors.forename: Niklas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Janz
authors.forename: Lina
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Söderlind
authors.forename: Heiko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Vogel
authors.forename: Sören
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nylin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002080:Butterflies / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D017344:Genes, Insect; D008297:Male; D010802:Phylogeny; D063245:Plant Development; D010944:Plants / Q000145:classification*