Beyond diathesis stress: differential susceptibility to environmental influences.
Evolutionary-biological reasoning suggests that individuals should be differentially susceptible to environmental influences, with some people being not just more vulnerable than others to the negative effects of adversity, as the prevailing diathesis-stress view of psychopathology (and of many environmental influences) maintains, but also disproportionately susceptible to the beneficial effects of supportive and enriching experiences (or just the absence of adversity). Evidence consistent with the proposition that individuals differ in plasticity is reviewed. The authors document multiple instances in which (a) phenotypic temperamental characteristics, (b) endophenotypic attributes, and (c) specific genes function less like "vulnerability factors" and more like "plasticity factors," thereby rendering some individuals more malleable or susceptible than others to both negative and positive environmental influences. Discussion focuses upon limits of the evidence, statistical criteria for distinguishing differential susceptibility from diathesis stress, potential mechanisms of influence, and unknowns in the differential-susceptibility equation.
Belsky
Jay
J
Institute for the Study of Children, Families and Social Issues, Birkbeck University of London, 7 Bedford Square, London WC1B 3RA, United Kingdom. j.belsky@psychology.bbk.ac.uk
Pluess
Michael
M
D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D001143:Arousal / Q000235:genetics*; D002648:Child; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics*; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007206:Individuality; D007223:Infant; D007389:Internal-External Control; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012931:Social Environment; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications*; D013694:Temperament