title: A modeling framework to describe the transmission of bluetongue virus within and between farms in Great Britain.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recently much attention has been given to developing national-scale micro-simulation models for livestock diseases that can be used to predict spread and assess the impact of control measures. The focus of these models has been on directly transmitted infections with little attention given to vector-borne diseases such as bluetongue, a viral disease of ruminants transmitted by Culicoides biting midges. Yet BT has emerged over the past decade as one of the most important diseases of livestock.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We developed a stochastic, spatially-explicit, farm-level model to describe the spread of bluetongue virus (BTV) within and between farms. Transmission between farms was modeled by a generic kernel, which includes both animal and vector movements. Once a farm acquired infection, the within-farm dynamics were simulated based on the number of cattle and sheep kept on the farm and on local temperatures. Parameter estimates were derived from the published literature and using data from the outbreak of bluetongue in northern Europe in 2006. The model was validated using data on the spread of BTV in Great Britain during 2007. The sensitivity of model predictions to the shape of the transmission kernel was assessed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The model is able to replicate the dynamics of BTV in Great Britain. Although uncertainty remains over the precise shape of the transmission kernel and certain aspects of the vector, the modeling approach we develop constitutes an ideal framework in which to incorporate these aspects as more and better data become available. Moreover, the model provides a tool with which to examine scenarios for the spread and control of BTV in Great Britain.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom. Camille.Szmaragd@bristol.ac.uk
authors.forename: Camille
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Szmaragd
authors.forename: Anthony J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Carpenter
authors.forename: James L N
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: Philip S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Mellor
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gubbins
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000379:methods; D000818:Animals; D001819:Bluetongue / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology*; D001820:Bluetongue virus / Q000235:genetics*; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology; D002519:Ceratopogonidae / Q000821:virology; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000662:veterinary; D005260:Female; D007300:Insect Control; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000821:virology; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D015233:Models, Statistical; D012756:Sheep; D006113:United Kingdom