title: Infectious burden and risk of stroke: the northern Manhattan study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the association between a composite measure of serological test results for common infections (Chlamydia pneumoniae, Helicobacter pylori, cytomegalovirus, and herpes simplex virus 1 and 2) and stroke risk in a prospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort followed up longitudinally for median 8 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Northern Manhattan Study. Patients Randomly selected stroke-free participants from a multiethnic urban community. Main Outcome Measure Incident stroke and other vascular events.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All 5 infectious serological results were available from baseline samples in 1625 participants (mean [SD] age, 68.4 [10.1] years; 64.9% women). Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate associations of each positive serological test result with stroke. Individual parameter estimates were then combined into a weighted index of infectious burden and used to calculate hazard ratios and confidence intervals for association with risk of stroke and other outcomes, adjusted for risk factors. Each individual infection was positively, though not significantly, associated with stroke risk after adjusting for other risk factors. The infectious burden index was associated with an increased risk of all strokes (adjusted hazard ratio per standard deviation, 1.39; 95% confidence interval, 1.02-1.90) after adjusting for demographics and risk factors. Results were similar after excluding those with coronary disease (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.50; 95% confidence interval, 1.05-2.13) and adjusting for inflammatory biomarkers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A quantitative weighted index of infectious burden was associated with risk of first stroke in this cohort. Future studies are needed to confirm these findings and to further define optimal measures of infectious burden as a stroke risk factor.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA. mse13@columbia.edu
authors.forename: Mitchell S V
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Elkind
authors.forename: Pankajavalli
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ramakrishnan
authors.forename: Yeseon P
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Moon
authors.forename: Bernadette
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Boden-Albala
authors.forename: Khin M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Steve L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Spitalnik
authors.forename: Tanja
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rundek
authors.forename: Ralph L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Sacco
authors.forename: Myunghee C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Paik
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D017281:Cost of Illness; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007239:Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002537:Intracranial Arteriosclerosis / Q000150:complications / Q000382:microbiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009519:New York City; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D014657:Vasculitis / Q000150:complications / Q000382:microbiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology