title: Indication-based ordering: a new paradigm for glycemic control in hospitalized inpatients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Inpatient glycemic control is a constant challenge. Institutional insulin management protocols and structured order sets are commonly advocated but poorly studied. Effective and validated methods to integrate algorithmic protocol guidance into the insulin ordering process are needed.
  
  
  METHODS
  We introduced a basic structured set of computerized insulin orders (Version 1), and later introduced a paper insulin management protocol, to assist users with the order set. Metrics were devised to assess the impact of the protocol on insulin use, glycemic control, and hypoglycemia using pharmacy data and point of care glucose tests. When incremental improvement was seen (as described in the results), Version 2 of the insulin orders was created to further streamline the process.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The percentage of regimens containing basal insulin improved with Version 1. The percentage of patient days with hypoglycemia improved from 3.68% at baseline to 2.59% with Version 1 plus the paper insulin management protocol, representing a relative risk for hypoglycemic day of 0.70 [confidence interval (CI) 0.62, 0.80]. The relative risk of an uncontrolled (mean glucose over 180 mg/dl) patient stay was reduced to 0.84 (CI 0.77, 0.91) with Version 1 and was reduced further to 0.73 (CI 0.66, 0.81) with the paper protocol. Version 2 used clinician-entered patient parameters to guide protocol-based insulin ordering and simultaneously improved the flexibility and ease of ordering over Version 1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patient parameter and protocol-based clinical decision support, added to computerized provider order entry, has a track record of improving glycemic control indices. This justifies the incorporation of these algorithms into online order management.
authors.affiliation: Information Services, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California 92103-8485, USA. joshlee@ucsd.edu
authors.forename: Joshua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Clay
authors.forename: Ziband
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zelazny
authors.forename: Gregory
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Maynard