title: Expression of nodal signalling components in cycling human endometrium and in endometrial cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The human endometrium is unique in its capacity to remodel constantly throughout adult reproductive life. Although the processes of tissue damage and breakdown in the endometrium have been well studied, little is known of how endometrial regeneration is achieved after menstruation. Nodal, a member of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily, regulates the processes of pattern formation and differentiation that occur during early embryo development.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, the expression of Nodal, Cripto (co-receptor) and Lefty A (antagonist) was examined by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry across the menstrual cycle and in endometrial carcinomas.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nodal and Cripto were found to be expressed at high levels in both stromal and epithelial cells during the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle. Although immunoreactivity for both proteins in surface and glandular epithelium was maintained at relatively steady-state levels across the cycle, their expression was significantly decreased within the stromal compartment by the mid-secretory phase. Lefty expression, as has previously been reported, was primarily restricted to glandular epithelium and surrounding stroma during the late secretory and menstrual phases. In line with recent studies that have shown that Nodal pathway activity is upregulated in many human cancers, we found that Nodal and Cripto immunoreactivity increased dramatically in the transition from histologic Grade 1 to histologic Grades 2 and 3 endometrial carcinomas. Strikingly, Lefty expression was low or absent in all cancer tissues.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The expression of Nodal in normal and malignant endometrial cells that lack Lefty strongly supports an important role for this embryonic morphogen in the tissue remodelling events that occur across the menstrual cycle and in tumourogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research, 246 Clayton Road, Clayton, Vic 3168, Australia. irene.papageorgiou@princehenrys.org
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Papageorgiou
authors.forename: Peter K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Nicholls
authors.forename: Fang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lackmann
authors.forename: Yogeshwar
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Makanji
authors.forename: Lois A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Salamonsen
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.forename: Craig A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Harrison
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001826:Body Fluids / Q000378:metabolism; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D016889:Endometrial Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D004717:Endometrium / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D058851:GPI-Linked Proteins; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D055458:Left-Right Determination Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008597:Menstrual Cycle / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D055457:Nodal Protein / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics; D014599:Uterus / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D058851:GPI-Linked Proteins; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D055458:Left-Right Determination Factors; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; C526007:NODAL protein, human; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D055457:Nodal Protein; C070636:TDGF1 protein, human; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor