title: Use of continuous glucose monitoring to estimate insulin requirements in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus during a short course of prednisone.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Insulin requirements to maintain normoglycemia during glucocorticoid therapy and stress are often difficult to estimate. To simulate insulin resistance during stress, adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) were given a three-day course of prednisone.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten patients (7 women, 3 men) using continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion pumps wore the Medtronic Minimed CGMS (Northridge, CA) device. Mean (standard deviation) age was 43.1 (14.9) years, body mass index 23.9 (4.7) kg/m(2), hemoglobin A1c 6.8% (1.2%), and duration of diabetes 18.7 (10.8) years. Each patient wore the CGMS for one baseline day (day 1), followed by three days of self-administered prednisone (60 mg/dl; days 2-4), and one post-prednisone day (day 5).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analysis using Wilcoxon signed rank test (values are median [25th percentile, 75th percentile]) indicated a significant difference between day 1 and the mean of days on prednisone (days 2-4) for average glucose level (110.0 [81.0, 158.0] mg/dl vs 149.2 [137.7, 168.0] mg/dl; p = .022), area under the glucose curve and above the upper limit of 180 mg/dl per day (0.5 [0, 8.0] mg/dl.d vs 14.0 [7.7, 24.7] mg/dl.d; p = .002), and total daily insulin dose (TDI) , (0.5 [0.4, 0.6] U/kg.d vs 0.9 [0.8, 1.0] U/kg.d; p = .002). In addition, the TDI was significantly different for day 1 vs day 5 (0.5 [0.4, 0.6] U/kg.d vs 0.6 [0.5, 0.8] U/kg.d; p = .002). Basal rates and insulin boluses were increased by an average of 69% (range: 30-100%) six hours after the first prednisone dose and returned to baseline amounts on the evening of day 4.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For adults with T1DM, insulin requirements during prednisone induced insulin resistance may need to be increased by 70% or more to normalize blood glucose levels.
authors.affiliation: Sansum Diabetes Research Institute, Santa Barbara, California, USA.
authors.forename: Wendy C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Bevier
authors.forename: Howard C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Zisser
authors.forename: Lois
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jovanovic
authors.forename: Daniel A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Finan
authors.forename: Cesar C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Palerm
authors.forename: Dale E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Seborg
authors.forename: Francis J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Doyle