title: ACR70-disease activity score remission achievement from switches between all the available biological agents in rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review of the literature.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of our analysis was to compare the gaining of a major response (disease activity score [DAS] remission or American College of Rheumatology 70% improvement criteria [ACR70]) by switching between all the available biological therapies in rheumatoid arthritis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review was performed including studies, published before December 2008, in which a second biological agent was used and clinical outcomes were evaluated after a first biological failure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nine articles were included. Switching from etanercept and/or infliximab to adalimumab is effective with an ACR70 response ranging from 5% to 33%. Rituximab may be slightly more effective than switching to a second anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha (anti-TNFalpha), reaching an ACR70 or DAS remission response in 12% and 9%, respectively. Clinical trials confirmed the efficacy in switching to abatacept (gain of effect 10.2%). Tocilizumab allows DAS28 (DAS using 28 joint counts) remission in 30.1% but ACR70 only in 12.4% of patients refractory to anti-TNFalpha.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The efficacy of a second biological agent, irrespective of the mode of action, in reaching an ACR70 or DAS remission after a first biologic is observed from 5% to 15% and from 9% to 15.4%, respectively (except in two studies).
authors.affiliation: Division of Rheumatology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo F Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy. stefano.alivernini@edu.rm.unicatt.it
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Alivernini
authors.forename: Antonella
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Laria
authors.forename: Elisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gremese
authors.forename: Angelo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zoli
authors.forename: Gianfranco
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ferraccioli
mesh_terms: D000069594:Abatacept; D000068879:Adalimumab; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D058846:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D000068800:Etanercept; D006801:Humans; D018796:Immunoconjugates / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000069285:Infliximab; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012074:Remission Induction; D000069283:Rituximab
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D058846:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents; D018796:Immunoconjugates; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor; D000069283:Rituximab; D000069594:Abatacept; D000069285:Infliximab; D000068879:Adalimumab; C502936:tocilizumab; D000068800:Etanercept