title: Curative activity of insecticides against plum curculio (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in tart cherries.
abstract: Tart cherry, Prunus cerasus L. variety Montmorency, fruit were infested with plum curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), and treated with insecticides to target late instars, neonates, and eggs. The organophosphates azinphos-methyl and phosmet and the neonicotinoid thiamethoxam reduced larval emergence rates by >90% for all life stage targets; after >30 d, few surviving larvae were found inside fruit. Acetamiprid and thiacloprid also had curative activity and yielded >75% reductions in emergence and few surviving larvae in the fruit after >30 d. The juvenile hormone analog pyriproxyfen reduced larval emergence, but 66% of fruit that was treated to target late-instars still had live larvae inside of them after >30 d. Novaluron, chlorantraniliprole, and esfenvalerate had no curative activity. Indoxacarb had limited curative activity, and all targeted life stages had larval emergence. Internal and external residues were analyzed and are discussed in relation to their penetration and curative potential. The curative activity of azinphos-methyl has played an important role in meeting federal standards for infestation-free tart cherries at processing. Regulatory changes are eliminating the use of this compound, and new integrated pest management programs for plum curculio will need to address the loss of azinphos-methyl's curative activity.
authors.affiliation: USDA Arid Lands Agricultural Research Center, 21881 N. Cardon Lane, Maricopa, AZ 85238, USA. eric.hoffmann@ars.usda.gov
authors.forename: Eric J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vandervoort
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Wise
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D007306:Insecticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects*; D008752:Methylene Chloride / Q000633:toxicity; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds / Q000633:toxicity; D010058:Oviposition / Q000187:drug effects; D010078:Oxazines / Q000633:toxicity; D027861:Prunus / Q000469:parasitology*; D000077922:Thiamethoxam; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000633:toxicity; D048889:Weevils / Q000187:drug effects / Q000472:pathogenicity*
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds; D010078:Oxazines; D013844:Thiazoles; D008752:Methylene Chloride; D000077922:Thiamethoxam