title: Seasonal variation in the measurement of urinary pesticide metabolites among Latino farmworkers in eastern North Carolina.
abstract: This analysis describes the detection of urinary pesticide metabolites for Latino farmworkers across the agricultural season. Two hundred and eighty four farmworkers were recruited from 44 camps in eastern North Carolina in 2007. Data were collected at one month intervals for a total of 939 data points. The OP insecticide metabolites 3,5,6-trichloropyridinol (46.2%), malathion dicarboxylic acid (27.7%), and para-nitrophenol (97.4%); the pyrethroid metabolite 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (56.4%); and the herbicides 2,4-D (68.1%), acetochlor (29.2%), and metolachlor (16.9%) were found in sizable percentages of the samples. The percentage of farmworkers for whom metabolites were detected varied across the agricultural season. None of the farmworker characteristics were significantly associated with the detection of any pesticide metabolite. Seasonality overrides the effects of other farmworker characteristics in predicting detection of pesticide urinary metabolites. Future research needs to collect multiple exposure measures at frequent intervals over an extended period to characterize factors associated with exposure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family and Community Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1084, USA. tarcury@wfubmc.edu
authors.forename: Thomas A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Arcury
authors.forename: Joseph G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Grzywacz
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Isom
authors.forename: Lara E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Whalley
authors.forename: Quirina M
authors.initials: QM
authors.lastname: Vallejos
authors.forename: Haiying
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Leonardo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Galván
authors.forename: Dana B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Barr
authors.forename: Sara A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Quandt
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000383:Agriculture; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009657:North Carolina; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D010575:Pesticides / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine*; D012621:Seasons; D014171:Transients and Migrants; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D010575:Pesticides