title: Gastro-oesophageal reflux symptoms and the risks of oesophageal cancer: are the effects modified by smoking, NSAIDs or acid suppressants?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To measure the extent to which risks of oesophageal cancers associated with gastro-oesophageal reflux (GOR) are modified by common factors including smoking, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and acid suppressant medications.
  
  
  METHODS
  Population-based case-control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cases were patients with oesophageal (OAC; n = 365) or gastro-oesophageal junction (GOJAC; n = 426) adenocarcinomas, or squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC; n = 303). Controls were sampled from a population register (n = 1580).
  
  
  METHODS
  Odds ratio and 95% confidence interval.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Frequent (at least weekly) symptoms of GOR were associated with significant 6.4-fold, 4.6-fold and 2.2-fold increased risks of OAC, GOJAC and OSCC, respectively. Under models examining effects of combined exposure, patients with frequent GOR symptoms who were also heavy smokers had markedly higher OAC risks (OR = 12.3, 95% CI 6.3 to 24.0) than those with frequent GOR who did not smoke (OR = 6.8, 95% CI 3.6 to 12.9). Similar patterns were observed for GOJAC and OSCC. Among people with frequent GOR symptoms, regular use of aspirin/NSAIDs was associated with almost two-thirds lower OAC risks (OR = 4.8, 95% CI 2.5 to 9.2) than non-users (13.9, 95% CI 6.5 to 30.0). In contrast, among those with frequent GOR symptoms, users of acid suppressants had similar OAC risks (OR 7.8, 95% CI 5.2 to 11.8) to non-users (OR 5.3, 95% CI 3.2 to 9.0).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  People experiencing frequent GOR symptoms have markedly increased risks of OAC and GOJAC, and this effect may be greater amongst smokers. Use of aspirin and NSAIDs, but not acid suppressants, significantly reduced the risks of oesophageal cancers associated with GOR.
authors.affiliation: Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pandeya
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Webb
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sadeghi
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Whiteman
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000863:Antacids / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001241:Aspirin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003043:Cocarcinogenesis; D004363:Drug Utilization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D004943:Esophagogastric Junction; D005260:Female; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000863:Antacids; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D001241:Aspirin