title: Changes in amniotic fluid concentration of thrombin-antithrombin III complexes in patients with preterm labor: evidence of an increased thrombin generation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Preterm labor is associated with excessive maternal thrombin generation, as evidenced by increased circulating thrombin-antithrombin (TAT) III complexes concentration. In addition to its hemostatic functions, thrombin has uterotonic properties that may participate in the mechanism leading to preterm birth in cases of intrauterine bleeding. Thrombin also has a proinflammatory role, and inflammation is associated with increased thrombin generation. The aim of this study was to determine whether intra-amniotic infection/inflammation (IAI) is associated with increased amniotic fluid (AF) thrombin generation in women with preterm and term deliveries.
  
  
  METHODS
  This cross-sectional study included the following groups: (1) mid-trimester (n = 74); (2) term not in labor (n = 39); (3) term in labor (n = 25); (4) term in labor with IAI (n = 22); (5) spontaneous preterm labor (PTL) who delivered at term (n = 62); (6) PTL without IAI who delivered preterm (n = 59); (7) PTL with IAI (n = 71). The AF TAT III complexes concentration was measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Non-parametric statistics were used for analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  (1) TAT III complexes were identified in all AF samples; (2) patients with PTL who delivered preterm, with and without IAI, had a higher median AF TAT III complexes concentration than those with an episode of PTL who delivered at term (p < 0.001, p = 0.03, respectively); (3) among patients with PTL without IAI, elevated AF TAT III complexes concentration were independently associated with a shorter amniocentesis-to-delivery interval (hazard ratio, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.07-2.1); (4) among patients at term, those with IAI had a higher median AF TAT III complexes concentration than those without IAI, whether in labor or not in labor (p = 0.02); (5) there was no significant difference between the median AF TAT III complexes concentration of patients at term with and without labor; (6) patients who had a mid-trimester amniocentesis had a lower median AF TAT III complexes concentration than that of patients at term not in labor (p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We present herein a distinct difference in the pattern of intra-amniotic thrombin generation between term and preterm parturition. PTL leading to preterm delivery is associated with an increased intra-amniotic thrombin generation regardless of the presence of IAI. In contrast, term delivery is associated with an increased intra-amniotic thrombin generation only in patients with IAI.
authors.affiliation: Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. prbchiefstaff@med.wayne.edu
authors.forename: Offer
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Erez
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Romer
authors.forename: Edi
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vaisbuch
authors.forename: Tinnakorn
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chaiworapongsa
authors.forename: Juan Pedro
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Kusanovic
authors.forename: Shali
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mazaki-Tovi
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gotsch
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gomez
authors.forename: Eli
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Maymon
authors.forename: Percy
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pacora
authors.forename: Samuel S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Edwin
authors.forename: Chong Jai
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Nandor Gabor
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Than
authors.forename: Pooja
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mittal
authors.forename: Lami
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yeo
authors.forename: Zhong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.forename: Bo Hyun
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.forename: Sonia S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Hassan
authors.forename: Moshe
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mazor
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000649:Amniocentesis; D000653:Amniotic Fluid / Q000378:metabolism*; D000990:Antithrombin III / Q000378:metabolism*; D002821:Chorioamnionitis / Q000378:metabolism; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007752:Obstetric Labor, Premature / Q000378:metabolism*; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases / Q000378:metabolism*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011262:Pregnancy Trimester, Second; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D047929:Term Birth / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C046193:antithrombin III-protease complex; D000990:Antithrombin III; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases