title: Modular artificial beta-cell system: a prototype for clinical research.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The quest toward an artificial beta-cell has been accelerating, propelled by recent technological advances in subcutaneous glucose sensors and insulin pumps. The development and clinical testing of algorithms involves several challenges: communication and data transfer between a sensor and a pump via computer, a human interface presenting real-time information to the physician, safety issues when an automated system is used to administer insulin, and an architecture that supports different sensors, pumps, and control algorithms. These challenges were addressed in the development of a modular artificial beta-cell system for clinical research.
  
  
  METHODS
  The developmental environment of MATLAB (The MathWorks, Inc., Natick, MA) allowed the flexible implementation of communication protocols for different sensors and pumps. The system has a plug-and-play option for the control algorithm and a human interface that presents and logs the data, enforces protocol safety rules, and facilitates physician oversight.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A novel platform for use in clinical research trials was realized as a bridge toward a portable unit. This prototype encapsulates communication between the control algorithm, the pump, and the sensors. Its intuitive human interface presents all the relevant patient information to the physician and allows events to be electronically logged. It facilitates subject safety by way of integrated interlocks, checklists, and alarms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The modular design of the system allows for the robust testing of various sensors and pumps as well as feedback control, meal detection, predictive hypoglycemia alarms, and device-related algorithms to detect sensor or pump failure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA.
authors.forename: Eyal
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dassau
authors.forename: Howard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zisser
authors.forename: Cesar
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: C Palerm
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: A Buckingham
authors.forename: Lois
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jovanovic
authors.forename: Francis
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: J Doyle