title: Assessment of the golden ratio in pleasing smiles.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The golden ratio is a guideline to help harmoniously restore or replace missing teeth. However, this concept is controversial. This study assesses the validity of the golden ratio between the widths of the maxillary anterior teeth in individuals presenting with an attractive/nonattractive smile.
  
  
  METHODS
  A double-stage random cluster sample cross-sectional study included 903 students whose ages ranged from 18 to 30 years and met the inclusion criteria. Image-measurement software was used to assess the perceived mesiodistal widths of the maxillary anterior teeth on scanned photographs. A jury of two dental professionals, a portrait photographer, and a painter, along with the respective subject as the fifth judge, determined the attractiveness of each smile on a visual analog scale. The mean value determined whether an individual was allocated to the attractive or nonattractive smile group. Finally, the prevalence of the golden ratio was investigated in these two groups. Intraobserver correlation coefficient was 0.966. Cochran's chi-square test was used for data analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  According to the jury, 143 individuals had an attractive smile and 289 had a nonattractive smile. Maxillary central to lateral incisor ratio showed the golden proportion in 50.3% of the students with an attractive smile as compared to 38.1% in the nonattractive smile group (P =.014). However, the golden ratio between the maxillary lateral incisors and the canines existed in only 16.8% of the individuals with an attractive smile as compared to 12.1% in the nonattractive smile group (P =.223).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The golden ratio can be useful to achieve esthetic restorations of the maxillary central and lateral incisors. However, the golden ratio between the perceived widths of the maxillary lateral incisors to the canines does not seem to be decisive for an attractive smile and other factors should be considered.
authors.affiliation: arash_nikgoo@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Arash
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nikgoo
authors.forename: Kamiar
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Alavi
authors.forename: Kavah
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Alavi
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mirfazaelian
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003481:Cuspid / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D004955:Esthetics, Dental; D005260:Female; D005881:Gingiva / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D007180:Incisor / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008297:Male; D008437:Maxilla / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D009811:Odontometry / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D023861:Photography, Dental / Q000379:methods; D012904:Smiling; D055815:Young Adult