title: Lack of TXNIP protects against mitochondria-mediated apoptosis but not against fatty acid-induced ER stress-mediated beta-cell death.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We have previously shown that lack of thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) protects against diabetes and glucotoxicity-induced beta-cell apoptosis. Because the role of TXNIP in lipotoxicity is unknown, the goal of the present study was to determine whether TXNIP expression is regulated by fatty acids and whether TXNIP deficiency also protects beta-cells against lipoapoptosis. RESARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: To determine the effects of fatty acids on beta-cell TXNIP expression, INS-1 cells and isolated islets were incubated with/without palmitate and rats underwent cyclic infusions of glucose and/or Intralipid prior to islet isolation and analysis by quantitative real-time RT-PCR and immunoblotting. Using primary wild-type and TXNIP-deficient islets, we then assessed the effects of palmitate on apoptosis (transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling [TUNEL]), mitochondrial death pathway (cytochrome c release), and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress (binding protein [BiP], C/EBP homologous protein [CHOP]). Effects of TXNIP deficiency were also tested in the context of staurosporine (mitochondrial damage) or thapsigargin (ER stress).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Glucose elicited a dramatic increase in islet TXNIP expression both in vitro and in vivo, whereas fatty acids had no such effect and, when combined with glucose, even abolished the glucose effect. We also found that TXNIP deficiency does not effectively protect against palmitate or thapsigargin-induced beta-cell apoptosis, but specifically prevents staurosporine- or glucose-induced toxicity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results demonstrate that unlike glucose, fatty acids do not induce beta-cell expression of proapoptotic TXNIP. They further reveal that TXNIP deficiency specifically inhibits the mitochondrial death pathway underlying beta-cell glucotoxicity, whereas it has very few protective effects against ER stress-mediated lipoapoptosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
authors.forename: Junqin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Ghislaine
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fontes
authors.forename: Geetu
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Saxena
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Poitout
authors.forename: Anath
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shalev
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology*; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D016923:Cell Death; D002469:Cell Separation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018389:Codon, Nonsense; D017931:DNA Primers; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D005947:Glucose / Q000494:pharmacology; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D050417:Insulin-Secreting Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000166:cytology; D051379:Mice; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013879:Thioredoxins / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D018389:Codon, Nonsense; D017931:DNA Primers; D005227:Fatty Acids; C493796:TXNIP protein, rat; C445672:Txnip protein, mouse; D013879:Thioredoxins; D005947:Glucose