title: Effects of a mixed meal on hemodynamics and autonomic control of the heart in patients with type 1 diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Food intake induces relevant cardiovascular changes together with parallel increases in cardiac sympathetic activity and insulin plasma levels in man.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated hemodynamics, neurohormones, and cardiac autonomic control after eating in patients with type 1 diabetes, a disease characterized by the absence of basal and stimulated insulin production.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen type 1 diabetic patients and 15 healthy controls underwent blood sampling, electrocardiogram, blood pressure and respiration recordings, and heart rate variability analysis while recumbent, during the 70 degrees head-up tilt, and 20 min after a mixed meal; on another occasion, diabetic patients were also studied 20 min after a mixed meal preceded by their scheduled bolus of exogenous insulin. Spectrum analysis of RR interval provided the indices of sympathetic (LF(RR)) and vagal (HF(RR)) modulation of the sinoatrial node.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline, no significant differences were found between groups, except for metabolic parameters. Compared with baseline, heart rate, plasma catecholamines, and LF(RR) significantly (P < 0.005) increased, whereas HF(RR) significantly (P < 0.0001) decreased during the tilt in all subjects. Compared with baseline, plasma norepinephrine, heart rate, and LF(RR) significantly (P < 0.05) increased, whereas HF(RR) significantly (P < 0.02) decreased after eating in controls but not in diabetic patients (with and without insulin administered before eating). In both controls and diabetic patients, no relationship between postprandial changes of insulin and LF(RR) and HF(RR) was found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hemodynamic, neurohormonal, and cardiac neural responses to eating are abnormal in type 1 diabetic patients, independently of insulin.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Second University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy. cozzolino_domenico@libero.it
authors.forename: Domenico
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cozzolino
authors.forename: Raffaello
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Furlan
authors.forename: Domenico
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gruosso
authors.forename: Cristiana
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Di Maggio
authors.forename: Emanuele
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Miraglia Del Giudice
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Torella
authors.forename: Dario
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Giugliano
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000502:physiology*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004435:Eating / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006321:Heart / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology; D018667:Tilt-Table Test; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin