title: In vitro and in vivo interactions between fluconazole and allicin against clinical isolates of fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans determined by alternative methods.
abstract: A checkerboard microdilution method, performed according to the recommendations of the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, was used to study the in vitro interaction of fluconazole and allicin in 24 fluconazole-resistant clinical isolates of Candida albicans, one experimentally induced strain S-1, and one ATCC type strain 10231. The interaction intensity was determined by spectrophotometric methods and visual reading of the checkerboard assay, and the nature of the interactions was assessed using two nonparametric approaches [fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) and DeltaE models]. Synergism was observed in 23 strains using FICI, and in 22 strains using DeltaE. The DeltaE model gave results consistent with FICI, but no antagonistic action was observed. The positive interactions were also confirmed by the time-killing test and agar diffusion in the selected strains. Moreover, the in vivo experiment showed that a combination of fluconazole and allicin exhibited a good synergism against C. albicans.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
authors.forename: Na
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Xiuping
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Lu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Jingbo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Rizeng
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Huijun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Xuelin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Shuhan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: Xuming
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Deng
mesh_terms: D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002177:Candidiasis / Q000382:microbiology; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D004220:Disulfides; D025141:Drug Resistance, Fungal; D004357:Drug Synergism; D015725:Fluconazole / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D050296:Microbial Viability / Q000187:drug effects; D015233:Models, Statistical; D013441:Sulfinic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D004220:Disulfides; D013441:Sulfinic Acids; C006452:allicin; D015725:Fluconazole