title: Molecular characterization of gregarines from sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) and description of Psychodiella n. g. (Apicomplexa: Gregarinida).
abstract: Sand fly and mosquito gregarines have been lumped for a long time in the single genus Ascogregarina and on the basis of their morphological characters and the lack of merogony been placed into the eugregarine family Lecudinidae. Phylogenetic analyses performed in this study clearly demonstrated paraphyly of the current genus Ascogregarina and revealed disparate phylogenetic positions of gregarines parasitizing mosquitoes and gregarines retrieved from sand flies. Therefore, we reclassified the genus Ascogregarina and created a new genus Psychodiella to accommodate gregarines from sand flies. The genus Psychodiella is distinguished from all other related gregarine genera by the characteristic localization of oocysts in accessory glands of female hosts, distinctive nucleotide sequences of the small subunit rDNA, and host specificity to flies belonging to the subfamily Phlebotominae. The genus comprises three described species: the type species for the new genus--Psychodiella chagasi (Adler and Mayrink 1961) n. comb., Psychodiella mackiei (Shortt and Swaminath 1927) n. comb., and Psychodiella saraviae (Ostrovska, Warburg, and Montoya-Lerma 1990) n. comb. Its creation is additionally supported by sequencing data from other gregarine species originating from the sand fly Phlebotomus sergenti. In the evolutionary context, both genera of gregarines from mosquitoes (Ascogregarina) and sand flies (Psychodiella) have a close relationship to neogregarines; the genera represent clades distinct from the other previously sequenced gregarines.
authors.affiliation: Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague CZ 128 44, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Votýpka
authors.forename: Lucie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lantová
authors.forename: Kashinath
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ghosh
authors.forename: Henk
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Braig
authors.forename: Petr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Volf
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016782:Apicomplexa / Q000145:classification* / Q000166:cytology / Q000235:genetics*; D016054:DNA, Protozoan / Q000032:analysis / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal / Q000032:analysis / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005260:Female; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D033661:Oocysts / Q000166:cytology; D010802:Phylogeny; D011576:Psychodidae / Q000469:parasitology*; D054679:Ribosome Subunits, Small / Q000235:genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D016054:DNA, Protozoan; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal