title: Witnessed community and parental violence in relation to substance use and delinquency in a national sample of adolescents.
abstract: This study examined whether witnessed community and parental violence represented risk factors for substance use and delinquency among adolescents, beyond the contribution of direct violence and other risk factors. We also examined the role of violence characteristics. Participants were a national sample of 3,614 adolescents. Structured telephone interviews assessed demographics, trauma history, witnessed violence, delinquency, and substance use. While accounting for trauma history and other risk factors, witnessed community and parental violence were associated with delinquency. Community violence was associated with substance use. Chronic violence, knowing the perpetrator, and violence outside of school were correlated with substance use and delinquency among adolescents who witnessed community violence. These findings highlight the importance of targeting witnessed violence in prevention and intervention efforts.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA. hzinzow@clemson.edu
authors.forename: Heidi M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Zinzow
authors.forename: Kenneth J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Ruggiero
authors.forename: Rochelle F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Hanson
authors.forename: Daniel W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Benjamin E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Saunders
authors.forename: Dean G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Kilpatrick
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007604:Juvenile Delinquency / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012307:Risk Factors; D013179:Spouse Abuse / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014481:United States; D014754:Violence / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*