title: A prospective study of cognitive fluency and originality in children exposed in utero to carbamazepine, lamotrigine, or valproate monotherapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the differential effects of fetal exposure to antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) on cognitive fluency and flexibility in a prospective sample of children.
  
  
  METHODS
  This substudy of the Neurodevelopmental Effects of Antiepileptic Drugs investigation enrolled pregnant women with epilepsy on AED monotherapy (carbamazepine, lamotrigine, and valproate). Blinded to drug exposure, 54 children were tested for ability to generate ideas in terms of quantity (fluency/flexibility) and quality (originality). Forty-two children met inclusion criteria (mean age=4.2 years, SD=0.5) for statistical analyses of drug exposure group differences.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fluency was lower in the valproate group (mean=76.3, SD=7.53) versus the lamotrigine (mean=93.76, SD=13.5, ANOVA P<0.0015) and carbamazepine (mean=95.5, SD=18.1, ANOVA P<0.003) groups. Originality was lower in the valproate group (mean=84.2, SD=3.23) versus the lamotrigine (mean=103.1, SD=14.8, ANOVA P<0.002) and carbamazepine (mean=99.4, SD=17.1, ANOVA P<0.01) groups. These results were not explained by factors other than AED exposure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children prenatally exposed to valproate demonstrate impaired fluency and originality compared with children exposed to lamotrigine and carbamazepine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA. fendstudy@georgetown.edu
authors.forename: Kelly M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: McVearry
authors.forename: William D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Gaillard
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: VanMeter
authors.forename: Kimford J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Meador
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002220:Carbamazepine / Q000009:adverse effects; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects*; D003405:Creativity; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000188:drug therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007361:Intelligence Tests; D000077213:Lamotrigine; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D018579:Patient Selection; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000523:psychology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis; D014227:Triazines / Q000009:adverse effects; D014635:Valproic Acid / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D014227:Triazines; D002220:Carbamazepine; D014635:Valproic Acid; D000077213:Lamotrigine