title: Investigation of the exposure to radon and progeny in the thermal spas of Loutraki (Attica-Greece): results from measurements and modelling.
abstract: Radon and progeny ((218)Po, (214)Pb, (214)Bi and (214)Po) in thermal spas are well known radioactive pollutants identified for additional radiation burden of patients due to the activity concentration peaks which appear during bath treatment or due to drinking of waters of high radon content. This burden affects additionally the working personnel of the spas. The present paper has focused on the thermal spas of Loutraki (Attica-Greece). The aim was the investigation of the health impact for patients and working personnel due to radon and progeny. Attention has been paid to radon and progeny transient concentration peaks (for bath treatment) and to radon of thermal waters (both for bath treatment and drinking therapy). Designed experiments have been carried out, which included radon and progeny activity concentration measurements in thermal waters and ambient air. Additionally, published models for description of radon and progeny transient concentration peaks were employed. The models were based on physicochemical processes involved and employed non linear first order derivative mass balance differential equations which were solved numerically with the aid of specially developed computer codes. The collected measurements were analysed incorporating these models. Results were checked via non linear statistical tests. Predictions and measurements were found in close agreement. Non linear parameters were estimated. The models were employed for dosimetric estimations of patients and working personnel. The effective doses of patients receiving bath treatment were found low but not negligible. The corresponding doses to patients receiving potable treatment were found high but below the proposed international limits. It was found that the working personnel are exposed to considerable effective doses, however well below the acceptable limits for workers. It was concluded that treatment and working in the Loutraki spas leads to intense variations of radon and progeny and consequently additional health impact both to patients and working personnel.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, Chemistry and Material Science, Technological Educational Institution of Piraeus, Petrou Ralli, and Thivon 250, 122 44, Aigaleo, Athens, Greece. dniko@teipir.gr
authors.forename: Dimitrios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nikolopoulos
authors.forename: Efstratios
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vogiannis
authors.forename: Ermioni
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Petraki
authors.forename: Athanasios
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zisos
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Louizi
mesh_terms: D000396:Air Pollutants, Radioactive / Q000032:analysis*; D001494:Baths; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D006115:Greece; D006294:Health Resorts; D006801:Humans; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000032:analysis; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011834:Radiation Monitoring; D011886:Radon / Q000032:analysis*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014875:Water Pollutants, Radioactive / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000396:Air Pollutants, Radioactive; D014875:Water Pollutants, Radioactive; D011886:Radon