title: Gene expression during successful implantation in a natural cycle.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the human endometrial transcriptome during embryonic implantation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case report.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tertiary fertility center.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 24-year-old woman who inadvertently became pregnant during an endometrial biopsy procedure.
  
  
  METHODS
  An endometrial biopsy was performed with a Pipelle device during the midluteal phase (days 19-21) of the cycle; blood samples for hormonal assessments were collected and a transvaginal ultrasound was performed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Gene expression analysis of the endometrium during the window of implantation (during the implantation of an embryo) in a natural cycle. Localization of selected genes in endometrial tissue with immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 394 probe sets were differentially expressed in the pregnant sample when compared with the midsecretory phase nonpregnant endometrial samples. Different gene networks were involved, and selected genes from these signaling pathways were confirmed at the protein level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endometrial gene expression of a pregnant patient in a natural cycle is significantly different from nonpregnant patients during the midsecretory phase.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, UZ Brussel and Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Jette, Belgium. ivvaeren@vub.ac.be
authors.forename: Inge
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Van Vaerenbergh
authors.forename: Ramsey
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: McIntire
authors.forename: Leentje
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Van Lommel
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Devroey
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Giudice
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bourgain
mesh_terms: D001706:Biopsy; D010064:Embryo Implantation / Q000235:genetics*; D004717:Endometrium / Q000166:cytology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000379:methods; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D053263:Gene Regulatory Networks; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008597:Menstrual Cycle / Q000235:genetics*; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D011247:Pregnancy; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics; D014463:Ultrasonography; D055815:Young Adult