title: Banisteriopsis caapi, a unique combination of MAO inhibitory and antioxidative constituents for the activities relevant to neurodegenerative disorders and Parkinson's disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Parkinson's disease is a neurological disorder mostly effecting the elder population of the world. Currently there is no definitive treatment or cure for this disease. Therefore, in this study the composition and constituents of the aqueous extract of Banisteriopsis caapi for monoamine oxidases (MAO) inhibitory and antioxidant activities were assessed, which are relevant to the prevention of neurological disorders, including Parkinsonism.
  
  
  METHODS
  The aqueous extract of Banisteriopsis caapi stems was standardized and then fractionated using reversed-phase (RP) chromatography. Pure compounds were isolated either by reversed-phase (RP) chromatography or centrifugal preparative TLC, using a Chromatotron. Structure elucidation was carried out by 1D and 2D NMR, Mass, IR and Circular Dichroism spectroscopy and chemical derivatization. Chemical profiling of the extract was carried out with RP-HPLC. The inhibitory activity of MAO-A, MAO-B, acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase and catechol-O-methyl transferase enzymes, as well as antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of both Banisteriopsis caapi extract and isolated compounds was evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An examination of the aqueous extracts of Banisteriopsis caapi cultivar Da Vine yielded two new alkaloidal glycosides, named banistenoside A (1) and banistenoside B (2), containing "azepino[1,2-a]tetrahydro-beta-carboline" unique carbon framework. One additional new natural tetrahydronorharmine (4), four known beta-carbolines harmol (3), tetrahydroharmine (5), harmaline (6) and harmine (7), two known proanthocyanidines (-)-epicatechin (8) and (-)-procyanidin B2 (9), and a new disaccharide beta-d-fructofuranosyl-(2-->5)-fructopyranose (14) together with known sacharose (15) and beta-d-glucose (16) were also isolated. In addition, the acetates of 1, 2, 8, 9, 14 and 15 (compounds 10-13, 17, 18) were also prepared. Harmaline (6) and harmine (7) showed potent in vitro inhibitory activity against recombinant human brain monoamine oxidase (MAO)-A and -B enzymes (IC(50) 2.5 and 2.0 nM, and 25 and 20 microM, respectively), and (-)-epicatechin (8) and (-)-procyanidin B2 (9) showed potent antioxidant and moderate MAO-B inhibitory activities (IC(50)<0.13 and 0.57 microg/mL, and 65 and 35 microM). HPLC analysis revealed that most of the dominant chemical and bioactive markers (1, 2, 5, 7-9) were present in high concentrations in dried bark of large branch. Analysis of regular/commercial Banisteriopsis caapi dried stems showed a similar qualitative HPLC pattern, but relatively low content of dominant markers 1, 2, 7, and 9, which led to decreased MAO inhibitory and antioxidant potency.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Collectively, these results give additional basis to the existing claim of Banisteriopsis caapi stem extract for the treatment of Parkinsonism, including other neurodegenerative disorders.
authors.affiliation: National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
authors.forename: Volodymyr
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Samoylenko
authors.forename: Md Mostafizur
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Rahman
authors.forename: Babu L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Tekwani
authors.forename: Lalit M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Tripathi
authors.forename: Yan-Hong
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Shabana I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Ikhlas A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Loren S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Vaishali C
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Joshi
authors.forename: Ilias
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Muhammad
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D031581:Banisteriopsis; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D006801:Humans; D018374:LLC-PK1 Cells; D008996:Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019636:Neurodegenerative Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D035261:Plant Components, Aerial; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018515:Plant Leaves; D018547:Plant Stems; D013552:Swine; D014709:Vero Cells
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D008996:Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors; D010936:Plant Extracts