title: Risk factors for tuberculosis in dialysis patients: a prospective multi-center clinical trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Profound alterations in immune responses associated with uraemia and exacerbated by dialysis increase the risk of developing active tuberculosis (TB) in chronic haemodialysis patients (HDPs). In the current study, was determined the impact of various risk factors on TB development. Our aim was to identify which HDPs need anti-TB preventive therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective study of 272 HDPs admitted, through a 36-month period, to our institutions. Specific Relative Risk (RR) for TB was estimated, considering age matched subjects from the general population as reference group. Entering the study all patients were tested with tuberculin (TST). Using Cox's proportional hazard model the independent effect of various risk factors associated with TB development was estimated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  History of TB, dialysis efficiency, use of Vitamin D supplements, serum albumin and zinc levels were not proved to influence significantly the risk for TB, in contrast to: advanced age (>65 years), BMI, diabetes mellitus, tuberculin reactivity, healed TB lesions on chest X-ray and time on dialysis. Elderly (>70 years old) HDPs (Adjusted RR 25.3, 95%CI 20.4-28.4, P < 0.02), diabetics (Adj.RR 25.3, 95%CI 17.2-21.1, P < 0.03), underweighted (Adj.RR 72.3, 95%CI 65.2-79.8 P < 0.001), tuberculin responders (Adj.RR 41.4, 95%CI 37.9-44.8, P < 0.03), HDPs with fibrotic lesions on chest x-ray (Adj.RR 82.3, 95%CI 51.3-95.5, P < 0.03) and those treated with haemodialysis for < 12 months (Adj.RR 110.0, 95%CI 97.4-135.3, P < 0.001), presented significantly higher specific RR for TB even after adjusting for the effect of the remaining studied risk factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The above mentioned factors have to be considered by the clinicians, evaluating for TB in HDPs. Positive TST, the existence of predisposing risk factors and/or old TB lesions on chest X-ray, will guide the diagnosis of latent TB infection and the selection of those HDPs who need preventive chemoprophylaxis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, Higher Technological-Educational Institute, Patra, Greece. antonchrist2004@yahoo.gr
authors.forename: Antonios I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Christopoulos
authors.forename: Athanasios A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Diamantopoulos
authors.forename: Panagiotis A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Dimopoulos
authors.forename: Demetrios S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Goumenos
authors.forename: George A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Barbalias
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011859:Radiography; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012307:Risk Factors; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D055815:Young Adult