title: Examination of native and carbamide peroxide-bleached human tooth enamel by atomic force microscopy.
abstract: Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to study the effects of bleaching on the morphology of the enamel surface with nanoscale resolution. Samples of human tooth enamel with native (pumiced) or fine-polished surfaces were examined before and after bleaching with 30% carbamide peroxide. The obtained profilometric AFM data revealed significant morphological surface alterations. After 1 h of bleaching, the surface roughness increased significantly from 19 +/- 4nm to 33 +/- 5 nm. Six-hour bleaching did not produce any significant further increase in enamel surface roughness. The interrod junction depth raised more than twice after 1 h of bleaching. After 6 h of bleaching, a further and significant increase in interrod junction depth was recorded. This alteration might be a consequence of oxidation and a subsequent partial lysis of the tooth enamel matrix proteins.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University of Linz, Austria.
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mahringer
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fureder
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kastner
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ebner
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hinterdorfer
authors.forename: Ljubomir
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vitkov
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hannig
authors.forename: Ferry
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kienberger
authors.forename: Kurt
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schilcher
mesh_terms: D000077463:Carbamide Peroxide; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D004338:Drug Combinations; D006801:Humans; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force / Q000379:methods*; D010545:Peroxides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013499:Surface Properties; D014073:Tooth Bleaching; D014508:Urea / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D004338:Drug Combinations; D010545:Peroxides; D000077463:Carbamide Peroxide; D014508:Urea