title: Determinants of survival in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We sought to characterize the role of immunologic, virologic, and radiologic determinants of survival in patients with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML).
  
  
  METHODS
  We recorded the clinical outcome of 60 patients with PML (73% HIV+) who were prospectively evaluated between 2000 and 2007 for the presence of JC virus (JCV)-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL) in blood.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Estimated probability of survival at 1 year was 52% for HIV+/PML and 58% for HIV- patients with PML. Patients with PML with detectable CTL within 3 months of diagnosis had a 1-year estimated survival of 73% compared to 46% for those without CTL (hazard ratio [HR] for death = 0.47, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.13-1.75, p = 0.26). Patients with CTL response had an increased likelihood of having contrast enhancement of PML lesions and immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (odds ratio 3.7 and 7.8). Estimated 1-year survival was 48% in HIV+ patients with PML with CD4 count <200/microL at PML diagnosis compared to 67% in those with CD4 >200/microL (HR for death 1.41, 95% CI 0.27-7.38, p = 0.68). JCV DNA was detected in the urine of 48% and in the blood of 56% of patients with PML, but viruria and viremia were not associated with survival.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of JC virus (JCV)-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL) was associated with a trend toward longer survival in patients with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), which was more pronounced than the impact of CD4 count in HIV+ patients with PML early after diagnosis. Despite the association of contrast enhancement and immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome with JCV-specific CTL, these cannot be considered as surrogate markers for the prognostic value of the CTL. Strategies aiming at improving the cellular immune response may improve the course of PML.
authors.affiliation: Division of Viral Pathogenesis, BIDMC, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marzocchetti
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tompkins
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Clifford
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Gandhi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kesari
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Simpson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Prosperi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: De Luca
authors.forename: I J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Koralnik
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007111:Immunity, Cellular; D007577:JC Virus / Q000276:immunology; D007968:Leukoencephalopathy, Progressive Multifocal / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000276:immunology / Q000401:mortality* / Q000821:virology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate / Q000639:trends; D013602:T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers