title: A review of therapeutic strategies for the management of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although initially described in the 19th century, cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) remains a diagnostic and therapeutic dilemma. It has an unpredictable course, and the propensity for hemorrhagic infarction produces significant consternation among clinicians when considering anticoagulation. It is the purpose of this review to analyze the evidence available on the management of CVST and to provide appropriate recommendations.
  
  
  METHODS
  A thorough literature search was conducted through MEDLINE and PubMed, with additional sources identified through cross-referencing. A classification and level of evidence assignment is provided for recommendations based on the American Heart Association methodologies for guideline composition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the publications identified, the majority were isolated case reports or small case series. Few prospective trials have been conducted. Existing data support the use of systemic anticoagulation as an initial therapy in all patients even in the presence of intracranial hemorrhage. Chemical and/or mechanical thrombectomy, in conjunction with systemic anticoagulation, is an alternative strategy in patients with progressive deterioration on heparin therapy or in those who are moribund on presentation. Mechanical thrombectomy is probably preferred in patients with preexisting intracranial hemorrhage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Effective treatments exist for the management of CVST, and overall outcomes are more favorable than those for arterial stroke. Further research is necessary to determine the role of individual therapies; however, the rarity of the condition poses a significant limitation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA.
authors.forename: Ricky
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Medel
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Monteith
authors.forename: R Webster
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Crowley
authors.forename: Aaron S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Dumont
mesh_terms: D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D006801:Humans; D020300:Intracranial Hemorrhages / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy; D012851:Sinus Thrombosis, Intracranial / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D017131:Thrombectomy / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents