title: Platinum-group elements in sewage sludge and incinerator ash in the United Kingdom: assessment of PGE sources and mobility in cities.
abstract: Platinum-group element (PGE) concentrations in sewage sludge and incinerator ash compared with average PGE concentrations in road dust show a common pattern, characterized by a negative Rh anomaly. This similarity, found at 9 UK incinerators, suggests that there is a universal characteristic PGE pattern produced by common processes of dispersal of Pt, Pd and Rh derived from automobile catalytic converters. Ninety-one sewage sludge and incinerator ash samples from the sewage treatment facilities in Sheffield, Birmingham and 7 other UK cities were analyzed for PGE. The highest concentrations are 602ppb Pt and 710ppb Pd with lower maximum concentrations of 65ppb Rh, 100ppb Ru, 33ppb Ir and 12ppb Os. Ash from incinerated sewage was found to have higher PGE concentrations compared to the original sludge and the PGE ratios are preserved during incineration. Rh is more mobilized and dispersed than the other PGE as it is transported from roads into the drainage system and into sewage. Pt/Pd ratios of 1.0 in road dust and 0.9 in sewage and incinerator ash suggest that Pd is more mobile than Pt during dispersal. PGE abundances in stored incinerator ash of varying ages appear to have been affected by the variation in use of Pt, Pd and Rh in catalytic converters due to variation in their market prices. Concentrations of Os, Ir and Ru in ashes are greater in Sheffield and London than all the other city sites and may be derived from point industrial sources.
authors.affiliation: School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Cardiff University, Main Building, Cardiff, United Kingdom. JacksonMTJ@gmail.com
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Prichard
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sampson
mesh_terms: D004323:Drainage, Sanitary; D004391:Dust / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D017745:Incineration; D007495:Iridium / Q000032:analysis; D007700:Kinetics; D009992:Osmium / Q000032:analysis; D010165:Palladium / Q000032:analysis; D017671:Platinum Compounds / Q000032:analysis*; D012238:Rhodium / Q000032:analysis; D012428:Ruthenium / Q000032:analysis; D012722:Sewage / Q000737:chemistry*; D006113:United Kingdom
chemical_list: D004391:Dust; D017671:Platinum Compounds; D012722:Sewage; D009992:Osmium; D007495:Iridium; D010165:Palladium; D012428:Ruthenium; D012238:Rhodium