title: Delayed homicides and the proximate cause.
abstract: Delayed homicides result from complications of remote injuries inflicted by "the hands of another." The investigation of delayed homicides may be a challenge due to a number of factors including: failure to report the death to the proper authorities, lack of ready and adequate documentation of the original injury and circumstances, and jurisdictional differences between the places of injury and death. The certification of these deaths also requires the demonstration of a pathophysiologic link between the remote injury and death. In sorting through these issues, it is helpful to rely upon the definition of the proximate cause of death. Over a 2-year period in New York City, there were 1211 deaths certified as homicide of which 42 were due to injuries sustained greater than 1 year before death. The survival interval ranged from 1.3 to 43.2 years. The most common immediate causes of death were: infections (22), seizures (7), and intestinal obstructions/hernias (6). Common patterns of complications included infection following a gunshot wound of the spinal cord, seizure disorder due to blunt head trauma, and intestinal obstruction/hernia due to adhesions from an abdominal stab wound. Spinal cord injuries resulted in paraplegia in 14 instances and quadriplegia in 8. The mean survival interval for paraplegics was 20.3 years and 14.8 years for quadriplegics; infections were a frequent immediate cause of death in both groups, particularly infections due to chronic bladder catheterization. The definition of proximate cause originated with civil law cases and was later applied to death certification as the proximate cause of death. The gradual extinction of the "year and a day rule" for the limitation of bringing homicide charges in delayed deaths may result in more of these deaths going to trial. Medical examiners/coroners must be able to explain the reasoning behind these death certifications and maintain consistent standards for the certification of all delayed deaths due to any injury (homicides, suicides, and accidents).
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Gill
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D055499:Catheter-Related Infections / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D002423:Cause of Death; D002648:Child; D003644:Death Certificates; D005260:Female; D005554:Forensic Medicine; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000401:mortality; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D006547:Hernia / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D006708:Homicide / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007239:Infections / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D007415:Intestinal Obstruction / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D016031:Liver Transplantation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009519:New York City / Q000453:epidemiology; D010264:Paraplegia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D011655:Pulmonary Embolism / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D011782:Quadriplegia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D012640:Seizures / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D013997:Time Factors; D014139:Tracheostomy; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000517:prevention & control; D014950:Wounds, Penetrating / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants