title: Moderately differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma of the larynx.
abstract: CONCLUSIONS
  Laryngeal moderately differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma (LMDNEC) is an aggressive and uncommon malignancy. Thorough histological evaluation is the key to correct diagnosis and differentiation. Complete surgical resection of laryngeal primary lesions and suitable neck dissection of cervical nodes provide reasonable therapy, and postoperative radiotherapy should also be considered.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To explore the diagnosis and treatment of LMDNEC.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical information regarding patient, presentation, immunohistochemical results, treatment, and outcome was obtained through review of patients' charts. Follow-up until the time of death or last contact with us was obtained for all patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight patients (six males, two females) were pathologically confirmed to have LMDNEC between 2000 and 2008 in our hospital. Patients presented with throat pain, hoarseness, dysphagia, and neck mass, and all tumors originated in the supraglottis. Six of the eight patients (all males) had a history of cigarette smoking. Pathologically, the tumors frequently had positive immunoreactivity for Chg A (6/8), Syn (7/8), NSE (7/8), and CK (8/8). Two patients died of distant metastasis and tumor recurrence in the neck, respectively, the other six cases were still in follow-up.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, No. 83 Fen Yang Road, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Cai
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Wei-Ting
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Xiao-Ming
authors.initials: XM
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D018278:Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine / Q000473:pathology* / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007822:Laryngeal Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery; D007825:Laryngectomy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging