title: Linking exposure assessment science with policy objectives for environmental justice and breast cancer advocacy: the northern California household exposure study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We compared an urban fence-line community (neighboring an oil refinery) and a nonindustrial community in an exposure study focusing on pollutants of interest with respect to breast cancer and environmental justice.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed indoor and outdoor air from 40 homes in industrial Richmond, California, and 10 in rural Bolinas, California, for 153 compounds, including particulates and endocrine disruptors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighty compounds were detected outdoors in Richmond and 60 in Bolinas; Richmond concentrations were generally higher. Richmond's vanadium and nickel levels indicated effects of heavy oil combustion from oil refining and shipping; these levels were among the state's highest. In nearly half of Richmond homes, PM(2.5) exceeded California's annual ambient air quality standard. Paired outdoor-indoor measurements were significantly correlated for industry- and traffic-related PM(2.5), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, elemental carbon, metals, and sulfates (r = 0.54-0.92, P < .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Indoor air quality is an important indicator of the cumulative impact of outdoor emissions in fence-line communities. Policies based on outdoor monitoring alone add to environmental injustice concerns in communities that host polluters. Community-based participatory exposure research can contribute to science and stimulate and inform action on the part of community residents and policymakers.
authors.affiliation: Silent Spring Institute, 29 Crafts St, Newton, MA 02458, USA. brody@silentspring.org
authors.forename: Julia Green
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Brody
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Morello-Frosch
authors.forename: Ami
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zota
authors.forename: Phil
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pérez
authors.forename: Ruthann A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Rudel
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000032:analysis*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms; D002140:California; D055812:Community-Based Participatory Research; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005260:Female; D006798:Housing; D006801:Humans; D010344:Patient Advocacy; D011050:Policy Making
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants