title: Ammonium secretion by Colletotrichum coccodes activates host NADPH oxidase activity enhancing host cell death and fungal virulence in tomato fruits.
abstract: Colletotrichum pathogens of fruit and leaves are known ammonium secretors. Here, we show that Colletotrichum coccodes virulence, as measured by tomato (Solanum lycopersicum cv. Motelle) fruit tissue necrosis, correlates with the amount of ammonium secreted. Ammonium application to fruit tissue induced hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) accumulation. To examine whether the tomato NADPH oxidase, SlRBOH, is a source for the ammonium-induced H(2)O(2), wild-type and antisense lines abrogated for SlRBOH (SlRBOH-AS) were examined. Wild-type lines produced 7.5-fold more reactive oxygen species when exposed to exogenous ammonium than did SlRBOH-AS lines. C. coccodes colonization of wild-type tomato lines resulted in higher H(2)O(2) production and faster fungal growth rate compared with colonization in the SlRBOH-AS mutant, although the amount of ammonium secreted by the fungi was similar in both cases. Enhanced ion leakage and cell death of fruit tissue were correlated with H(2)O(2) accumulation, and treatment with the reactive oxygen scavenger N-acetyl-l-cysteine decreased H(2)O(2) production, ion leakage, and cell death. Importantly, the activation of reactive oxygen species production by ammonium was positively affected by an extracellular pH increase from 4 to 9, implying that ammonium exerts its control via membrane penetration. Our results show that C. coccodes activates host reactive oxygen species and H(2)O(2) production through ammonium secretion. The resultant enhancement in host tissue decay is an important step in the activation of the necrotrophic process needed for colonization.
authors.affiliation: Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization, the Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel.
authors.forename: Noam
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Alkan
authors.forename: Olga
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Davydov
authors.forename: Moshe
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sagi
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fluhr
authors.forename: Dov
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Prusky
mesh_terms: D016923:Cell Death / Q000502:physiology*; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000187:drug effects; D020231:Colletotrichum / Q000378:metabolism*; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D005638:Fruit / Q000382:microbiology; D005658:Fungi / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D018551:Solanum lycopersicum / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000382:microbiology; D019255:NADPH Oxidases / Q000378:metabolism*; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity; D014774:Virulence
chemical_list: D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; D019255:NADPH Oxidases