title: Pilot study to assess the safety of local lidocaine injections during endoscopic submucosal dissection for early gastric cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In Japan, endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) for early gastric cancer (EGC) is performed by endoscopists on patients under sedation. There is an increased risk of anesthesia-related complications due to the higher sedative doses required during lengthier ESDs, so we sought to determine whether a local pain control method could safely reduce such doses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty EGC patients enrolled in this study received local lidocaine injections during ESDs at our hospital (lidocaine group; LG). Electrocardiography, heart rate, oxygen saturation, and blood pressure were monitored during and after the ESDs, along with the doses of midazolam and pentazocine. Pain assessments were recorded for LG patients on the day of their ESDs and the following day.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean volume of lidocaine injection solution was 55.4 ml and the mean dose of lidocaine was 236 mg (range, 100-300 mg). The mean size of the resected specimens was 39.3 mm and mean procedure time was 66.0 min. There were no lidocaine-related complications, and electrocardiography, heart rate, oxygen saturation and blood pressure measurements were normal. In comparison to 157 consecutive patients (control group; CG), who had similar characteristics and had undergone ESDs previously with submucosal injections of conventional normal saline solution, the mean +/- SD pentazocine dose of 15.8 +/- 10.3 mg in the LG was significantly lower (P < 0.01) than the dose of 23.1 +/- 9.5 mg in the CG, and none of the LG patients complained of abdominal pain on the day of their ESDs, whereas such pain was reported by 17% (27/157) of the CG.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Local lidocaine injections into the submucosal layer were safe when administered during ESDs performed on EGC patients under sedation.
authors.affiliation: Endoscopy Division, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan.
authors.forename: Shinsuke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kiriyama
authors.forename: Ichiro
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Oda
authors.forename: Fumiya
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nishimoto
authors.forename: Yumi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mashimo
authors.forename: Hisatomo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ikehara
authors.forename: Takuji
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gotoda
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D005773:Gastroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control; D010865:Pilot Projects; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D008012:Lidocaine