title: Association of A1C and fasting plasma glucose levels with diabetic retinopathy prevalence in the U.S. population: Implications for diabetes diagnostic thresholds.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the association of A1C levels and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) with diabetic retinopathy in the U.S. population and to compare the ability of the two glycemic measures to discriminate between people with and without retinopathy.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study included 1,066 individuals aged >or=40 years from the 2005-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. A1C, FPG, and 45 degrees color digital retinal images were assessed. Retinopathy was defined as a level >or=14 on the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study severity scale. We used joinpoint regression to identify linear inflections of prevalence of retinopathy in the association between A1C and FPG.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall prevalence of retinopathy was 11%, which is appreciably lower than the prevalence in people with diagnosed diabetes (36%). There was a sharp increase in retinopathy prevalence in those with A1C >or=5.5% or FPG >or=5.8 mmol/l. After excluding 144 people using hypoglycemic medication, the change points for the greatest increase in retinopathy prevalence were A1C 5.5% and FPG 7.0 mmol/l. The coefficients of variation were 15.6 for A1C and 28.8 for FPG. Based on the areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves, A1C was a stronger discriminator of retinopathy (0.71 [95% CI 0.66-0.76]) than FPG (0.65 [0.60 - 0.70], P for difference = 0.009).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The steepest increase in retinopathy prevalence occurs among individuals with A1C >or=5.5% and FPG >or=5.8 mmol/l. A1C discriminates prevalence of retinopathy better than FPG.
authors.affiliation: Division of Diabetes Translation, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. ycheng@cdc.gov.
authors.forename: Yiling J
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Edward W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Gregg
authors.forename: Linda S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Geiss
authors.forename: Giuseppina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Imperatore
authors.forename: Desmond E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Xinzhi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Ann L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Albright
authors.forename: Catherine C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Cowie
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: Jinan B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Saaddine
mesh_terms: D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis*; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000453:epidemiology; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005006:Ethnicity; D005215:Fasting; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D018579:Patient Selection; D015995:Prevalence; D044469:Racial Groups; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin