title: Utility of the trauma symptom inventory for the assessment of post-traumatic stress symptoms in veterans with a history of psychological trauma and/or brain injury.
abstract: Correspondence of three core Trauma Symptom Inventory (TSI) posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) scales (Intrusive Experiences, Defensive Avoidance, and Anxious Arousal) and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID-IV) PTSD module were examined among 72 veterans with traumatic brain injury (TBI), PTSD, or both conditions. Subjects were classified into PTSD only, TBI only, or co-occurring PTSD and TBI groups based on TBI assessment and SCID-IV PTSD diagnosis. Linear regression was used to model TSI T-Scores as a function of group. Scores on all three scales significantly differed between the TBI and PTSD groups (PTSD only and co-occurring PTSD and TBI) in the expected direction. Study findings indicate that despite the potential overlap of symptoms between PTSD and TBI, the TSI appears to be a useful measure of trauma-related symptoms in veterans who may also have a TBI, particularly mild TBI. Limitations and areas for future research are discussed.
authors.affiliation: VA VISN 19 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, 1055 Clermont Street, Denver, CO 80220, USA.
authors.forename: Nazanin H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Bahraini
authors.forename: Lisa A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Brenner
authors.forename: Jeri E F
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Harwood
authors.forename: Beeta Y
authors.initials: BY
authors.lastname: Homaifar
authors.forename: Susan E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Ladley-O'Brien
authors.forename: Christopher M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Filley
authors.forename: James P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: Lawrence E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Adler
mesh_terms: D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000523:psychology*; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology*; D015599:Trauma Severity Indices; D014481:United States; D014728:Veterans / Q000523:psychology*