title: Parental characteristics, somatic fetal growth, and season of birth influence innate and adaptive cord blood cytokine responses.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Immunologic responses at birth likely relate to subsequent risks for allergic diseases and wheezing in infancy; however, the influences of parental characteristics and prenatal factors on neonatal immune responses are incompletely understood.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study investigates potential correlations between urban parental, prenatal, and perinatal factors on innate and adaptive stimuli-induced cytokine responses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five hundred sixty and 49 children of parents with and without allergic disease or asthma, respectively, were enrolled into a prospective birth cohort study (Urban Environment and Childhood Asthma). Cord blood mononuclear cells were incubated with innate and adaptive immune stimuli, and cytokine responses (ELISA) were compared with season of birth, parental characteristics, in utero stressors, and fetal growth.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Many cytokine responses varied by season of birth, including 2-fold to 3-fold fluctuations with specific IFN-alpha and IFN-gamma responses. Birth weight was inversely associated with IFN-gamma responses to respiratory syncytial virus (R = -0.16), but positively associated with IL-8 responses to a variety of innate stimuli (R = 0.08-0.12). Respiratory syncytial virus-induced cytokine responses were 21% to 54% lower in children of mothers with asthma. Cytokine responses were generally lower in babies born to parents with allergy/asthma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Innate cytokine responses are associated with parental allergic or airway disease, somatic fetal growth, ethnicity, and season of birth. Collectively, these findings suggest that urban prenatal exposures and familial factors affect the development of the fetal immune system.
authors.affiliation: Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass, USA.
authors.forename: Diane R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Gold
authors.forename: Gordon R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Bloomberg
authors.forename: William W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Cruikshank
authors.forename: Cynthia M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Visness
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schwarz
authors.forename: Meyer
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kattan
authors.forename: George T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: O'Connor
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: Melissa S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Burger
authors.forename: Rosalind J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Witter
authors.forename: Aviva
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lee-Parritz
authors.forename: Rhoda
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sperling
authors.forename: Yoel
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sadovsky
authors.forename: Alkis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Togias
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Gern
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000485:Allergens / Q000276:immunology; D001724:Birth Weight / Q000276:immunology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000276:immunology*; D047109:Fetal Development / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D007110:Immunity, Active; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D007223:Infant; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012136:Respiratory Syncytial Viruses / Q000276:immunology; D012621:Seasons
chemical_list: D000485:Allergens; D016207:Cytokines