title: The interaction between psychological health and traumatic brain injury: a neuroscience perspective.
abstract: The occurrence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and psychological health issues in the current theater of military operations has become a major factor in planning for the long-term healthcare of our wounded warriors. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can co-exist with brain injury in military members who have been exposed to blasts. Specific areas of the brain may be more susceptible to damage from blasts. In particular, damage to the prefrontal cortex can lead to disinhibition of cerebral structures that control fear and anxiety. Reactive systemic inflammatory processes related to TBI may also impair psychological health. Impaired psychological health may lead to increased psychological distress that impedes brain repair due to the release of stress-related hormones. Since the external environment has been shown to exert a significant influence on the internal environment of the organism, enriching the external environment may well reduce anxiety and facilitate the neuroplasticity of brain cells, thus promoting recovery of function after TBI.
authors.affiliation: Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center-Johnstown, PA 15905, USA. shoffman@dvbic-lh.org
authors.forename: Stuart W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Harrison
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D001753:Blast Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D003130:Combat Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D004777:Environment; D006801:Humans; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology; D020127:Recovery of Function; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D014728:Veterans; D014857:Warfare