title: The economic cost of environmental factors among North Carolina children living in substandard housing.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We quantified the economic cost of selected environmental factors among North Carolina children living in substandard housing.
  
  
  METHODS
  We gathered data on direct medical care costs for specific childhood medical conditions associated with environmental factors commonly found in substandard housing. Medical claims data for 2006 and 2007 were obtained from BlueCross BlueShield of North Carolina and the North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services. Indirect costs were based in part on nonmedical data obtained from several previous studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Total (direct and indirect) costs for the conditions assessed exceeded $92 million in 2006 and $108 million in 2007. Neurobehavioral conditions contributed to more than 52% of all costs, followed by lead poisoning (20%) and respiratory conditions (12%). Neurobehavioral conditions were the largest contributor to direct medical costs (44%), followed by respiratory conditions (38%) and accidental burns and falls (10%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Direct and indirect costs associated with environmental factors appear to be increasing at about twice the rate of medical inflation. More aggressive policies and funding are needed to reduce the substantial financial impact of childhood illnesses associated with substandard housing in North Carolina.
authors.affiliation: Chenoweth & Associates Inc, New Bern, NC, USA. hmacheno@coastalnet.com
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chenoweth
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Estes
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics*; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000639:trends*; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006798:Housing / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007345:Insurance Claim Review; D008297:Male; D009657:North Carolina; D011203:Poverty; D018570:Risk Assessment