title: Development of responsive lanthanide probes for cellular applications.
abstract: Useful probes of the intracellular environment are required for a wide range of bioactive species including metal ions, oxyanions and pH. These probes need to be targeted to specific organelles (mitochondria, nucleus and lysosomes) in order to allow direct observation of the changes in these regions. Critical probe design features for luminescent lanthanide complexes are defined, together with a review of published sub-cellular localisation profiles. Cell uptake by macropinocytosis has been demonstrated for a wide range of probes and the importance of minimising perturbation of cellular homeostasis emphasised, so that cell viability, proliferation and membrane permeability are not compromised.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
authors.forename: Elizabeth J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: New
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Parker
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: James W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Walton
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001692:Biological Transport; D003584:Cytological Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D028581:Lanthanoid Series Elements / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism*; D049449:Luminescence
chemical_list: D028581:Lanthanoid Series Elements