title: The infrapatellar fat pad in knee osteoarthritis: an important source of interleukin-6 and its soluble receptor.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Obesity is a potent risk factor in knee osteoarthritis (OA). It has been suggested that adipokines, secreted by adipose tissue (AT) and largely found in the synovial fluid of OA patients, derive in part from the infrapatellar fat pad (IFP), also known as Hoffa's fat pad. The goal of this study was to characterize IFP tissue in obese OA patients and to compare its features with thigh subcutaneous AT to determine whether the IFP contributes to local inflammation in knee OA via production of specific cytokines.
  
  
  METHODS
  IFP and subcutaneous AT samples were obtained from 11 obese women (body mass index > or =30 kg/m2) with knee femorotibial OA. Gene expression was measured by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Cytokine concentrations in plasma and in conditioned media of cultured AT explants were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or by Luminex xMAP technology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In IFP tissue versus subcutaneous AT, there was a decrease in the expression of genes for key enzymes implicated in adipocyte lipid metabolism, whereas the expression levels of genes for AT markers remained similar. A 2-fold increase in the expression of the gene for interleukin-6 (IL-6), a 2-fold increase in the release of IL-6, and a 3.6-fold increase in the release of soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R) were observed in IFP samples, compared with subcutaneous AT, but the rates of secretion of other cytokines in IFP samples were similar to the rates in subcutaneous AT. In addition, leptin secretion was decreased by 40%, whereas adiponectin secretion was increased by 70%, in IFP samples versus subcutaneous AT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that the IFP cytokine profile typically found in OA patients could play a role in paracrine inflammation via the local production of IL-6/sIL-6R and that such a profile might contribute to damage in adjacent cartilage.
authors.affiliation: INSERM UMR-S 747, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Emilie
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Distel
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Cadoudal
authors.forename: Sylvie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Durant
authors.forename: Alexandre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Poignard
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chevalier
authors.forename: Chantal
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Benelli
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000378:metabolism*; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism*; D007719:Knee Joint; D050356:Lipid Metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism; D020370:Osteoarthritis, Knee / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism*; D019947:Receptors, Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism*; D012307:Risk Factors; D050151:Subcutaneous Fat / Q000378:metabolism; D013848:Thigh
chemical_list: D015850:Interleukin-6; D019947:Receptors, Interleukin-6