title: [Local botulinum neurotoxin A therapy in tardive lingual dyskinesia].
abstract: Tardive dyskinesia syndromes in the head and neck region may appear as adverse effects of psychopharmacotherapy. They are caused by blockage of central dopamine receptors. Oftentimes, these disorders persist even after discontinuation of the antipsychotic medication, and they are disabling the patients functionally and psychosocially. Medical therapeutic efforts with different psychopharmaceuticals, benzodiazepines or vitamin-E-preparations are frequently unsuccessful. Local application of botulinum neurotoxin A offers a new treatment modality, which can target the overshooting dysfunction directly at the peripheral muscle.
authors.forename: Eike
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Krause
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gürkov
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004409:Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D004576:Electromyography / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D008297:Male; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D012008:Recurrence; D019233:Retreatment; D013065:Speech Intelligibility / Q000187:drug effects; D014060:Tongue Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A