title: Using support vector machines to detect therapeutically incorrect measurements by the MiniMed CGMS.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Current continuous glucose monitors have limited accuracy mainly in the low range of glucose measurements. This lack of accuracy is a limiting factor in their clinical use and in the development of the so-called artificial pancreas. The ability to detect incorrect readings provided by continuous glucose monitors from raw data and other information supplied by the monitor itself is of utmost clinical importance. In this study, support vector machines (SVMs), a powerful statistical learning technique, were used to detect therapeutically incorrect measurements made by the Medtronic MiniMed CGMS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty patients were monitored for three days (first day at the hospital and two days at home) using the MiniMed CGMS. After the third day, the monitor data were downloaded to the physician's computer. During the first 12 hours, the patients stayed in the hospital, and blood samples were taken every 15 minutes for two hours after meals and every 30 minutes otherwise. Plasma glucose measurements were interpolated using a cubic method for time synchronization with simultaneous MiniMed CGMS measurements every five minutes, obtaining a total of 2281 samples. A Gaussian SVM classifier trained on the monitor's electrical signal and glucose estimation was tuned and validated using multiple runs of k-fold cross-validation. The classes considered were Clarke error grid zones A+B and C+D+E.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After ten runs of ten-fold cross-validation, an average specificity and sensitivity of 92.74% and 75.49%, respectively, were obtained (see Figure 4). The average correct rate was 91.67%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, the SVM performed well, in spite of the somewhat low sensitivity. The classifier was able to detect the time intervals when the monitor's glucose profile could not be trusted due to incorrect measurements. As a result, hypoglycemic episodes missed by the monitor were detected.
authors.affiliation: Instituto Universitario de Automática e Informática Industrial, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain. jbondia@isa.upv.es
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bondia
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tarín
authors.forename: Winston
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: García-Gabin
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Esteve
authors.forename: José Manuel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Fernández-Real
authors.forename: Wifredo
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ricart
authors.forename: Josep
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vehí