title: Gas6 and the receptor tyrosine kinase Axl in clear cell renal cell carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The molecular biology of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is complex and not fully understood. We have recently found that the expression of the receptor tyrosine kinase Axl in the RCC tumors independently correlates with survival of the patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Here, we have investigated the role of Axl and its ligand Gas6, the vitamin-K dependent protein product of the growth arrest-specific gene 6, in clear cell RCC (ccRCC) derived cells. The Axl protein was highly expressed in ccRCC cells deficient in functional von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) protein, a tumor suppressor gene often inactivated in ccRCC. VHL reconstituted cells expressed decreased levels of Axl protein, but not Axl mRNA, suggesting VHL to regulate Axl expression. Gas6-mediated activation of Axl in ccRCC cells resulted in Axl phosphorylation, receptor down-regulation, decreased cell-viability and migratory capacity. No effects of the Gas6/Axl system could be detected on invasion. Moreover, in ccRCC tumor tissues, Axl was phosphorylated and Gas6 gamma-carboxylated, suggesting these molecules to be active in vivo.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results provide novel information regarding the complex function of the Gas6/Axl system in ccRCC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, Section for Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gustafsson
authors.forename: Anna-Karin
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Boström
authors.forename: Börje
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ljungberg
authors.forename: Håkan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Axelson
authors.forename: Björn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dahlbäck
mesh_terms: D001706:Biopsy; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000378:metabolism*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement; D002470:Cell Survival; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D016147:Genes, Tumor Suppressor; D006801:Humans; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D015513:Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000737:chemistry; D015398:Signal Transduction; D000094963:Axl Receptor Tyrosine Kinase; D000099255:Growth Arrest-Specific Protein 6
chemical_list: D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D015513:Oncogene Proteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D000094963:Axl Receptor Tyrosine Kinase; D000099255:Growth Arrest-Specific Protein 6; C000722289:AXL protein, human