title: Decontamination efficacy of antiseptic agents on in vivo grown biofilms on rough titanium surfaces.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Four common antimicrobial agents were evaluated for their efficacy in reduction of aerobic bacteria intraorally grown in biofilms on rough titanium samples. The solutions investigated contained chlorhexidine, essential oil, octenidine, or citric acid.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty volunteers wore splints with titanium sleeves intraorally for 10 days. Following irrigation with the antiseptics, the sleeves were removed and biofilm samples were taken by swabbing. The bacteria were first examined microscopically by Gram staining. These samples from the surfaces were then cultured under aerobic conditions to identify and quantify the colonizing bacteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to untreated controls, significant (P < .05) differences in antimicrobial efficacy were observed for the different regimens depending on bacterial species or even the subtype. The reduction rates achieved varied from 30.0% after 2 minutes of rinsing with chlorhexidine to 99.8% after 8 minutes of rinsing with octenidine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The irrigation regimens studied in this investigation reduced bacterial colonization in a mature biofilm grown intraorally on rough titanium surfaces. The highest absolute reduction was achieved after 8 minutes, but only the 2-minute reduction rates are significant for clinical practice. Taking this into consideration, the distinct decontamination efficacy of octenidine and citric acid is evident.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany. se.ki@med.uni-goettingen.de
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sennhenn-Kirchner
authors.forename: Nadine
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wolff
authors.forename: Sören
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Klaue
authors.forename: Hamparsum
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mergeryan
authors.forename: Margarete
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Borg-von Zepelin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001420:Bacteria, Aerobic / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects; D058491:Bacterial Load; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects*; D002710:Chlorhexidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D019343:Citric Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D003666:Decontamination / Q000379:methods; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D004338:Drug Combinations; D006801:Humans; D007097:Imines; D005779:Immunodiffusion; D008422:Materials Testing; D009055:Mouth / Q000382:microbiology*; D009067:Mouthwashes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000494:pharmacology; D011725:Pyridines / Q000494:pharmacology; D012459:Salicylates / Q000494:pharmacology; D013210:Staphylococcus / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects; D041162:Staphylococcus haemolyticus / Q000187:drug effects; D013291:Streptococcus / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000187:drug effects; D013298:Streptococcus sanguis / Q000187:drug effects; D013499:Surface Properties; D013729:Terpenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D013997:Time Factors; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D003764:Dental Materials; D004338:Drug Combinations; D007097:Imines; D009067:Mouthwashes; D009822:Oils, Volatile; D011725:Pyridines; D012459:Salicylates; D013729:Terpenes; D019343:Citric Acid; C057473:Listerine; D014025:Titanium; C010882:chlorhexidine gluconate; C034213:octenidine; D002710:Chlorhexidine