title: Excision of an active CACTA-like transposable element from DFR2 causes variegated flowers in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.].
abstract: Active endogenous transposable elements, useful tools for gene isolation, have not been reported from any legume species. An active transposable element was suggested to reside in the W4 locus that governs flower color in soybean. Through biochemical and molecular analyses of several revertants of the w4-m allele, we have shown that the W4 locus encodes dihydroflavonol-4-reductase 2 (DFR2). w4-m has arisen through insertion of Tgm9, a 20,548-bp CACTA-like transposable element, into the second intron of DFR2. Tgm9 showed high nucleic acid sequence identity to Tgmt*. Its 5' and 3' terminal inverted repeats start with conserved CACTA sequence. The 3' subterminal region is highly repetitive. Tgm9 carries TNP1- and TNP2-like transposase genes that are expressed in the mutable line, T322 (w4-m). The element excises at a high frequency from both somatic and germinal tissues. Following excision, reinsertions of Tgm9 into the DFR2 promoter generated novel stable alleles, w4-dp (dilute purple flowers) and w4-p (pale flowers). We hypothesize that the element is fractured during transposition, and truncated versions of the element in new insertion sites cause stable mutations. The highly active endogenous transposon, Tgm9, should facilitate genomics studies specifically that relate to legume biology.
authors.affiliation: United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research, Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Hargeet K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Brar
authors.forename: Sehiza
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Grosic
authors.forename: Reid G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.forename: Madan K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Bhattacharyya
mesh_terms: D000429:Alcohol Oxidoreductases / Q000235:genetics*; D000483:Alleles; D017398:Alternative Splicing; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000378:metabolism; D001483:Base Sequence; D017124:Conserved Sequence; D004251:DNA Transposable Elements / Q000235:genetics*; D044948:Flavonols / Q000378:metabolism; D035264:Flowers / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D056426:Genetic Loci / Q000235:genetics; D005960:Glucosides / Q000378:metabolism; D007438:Introns / Q000235:genetics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation; D010641:Phenotype; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013025:Glycine max / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D019895:Transposases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D004251:DNA Transposable Elements; D044948:Flavonols; D005960:Glucosides; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C494120:delphinidin 3-O-glucopyranoside; D000429:Alcohol Oxidoreductases; C056570:dihydroflavanol 4-reductase; D019895:Transposases; C472036:dihydromyricetin