title: Acute tissue injury caused by subcutaneous fat biopsies produces endoplasmic reticulum stress.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is not known whether acute tissue injury is associated with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our objective was to determine whether open, sc fat biopsies cause ER stress.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five healthy subjects underwent three open sc fat biopsies. The first biopsy, taken from the lateral aspect of a thigh, was followed 4 h later by a second biopsy from the same incision site and a third biopsy from the contralateral leg. Expression markers of ER stress, inflammation, hypoxia, and adipokines were measured in these fat biopsies. In addition, we tested for signs of systemic ER stress and inflammation in plasma and in circulating monocytes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  mRNA/18s ratios of IL-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, CD-14, hypoxia-induced factor 1-alpha, the spliced form of Xbox protein-1, glucose-regulated protein 78, CCAAT enhance binding protein homologous protein, and activating factor-4 were all severalfold higher, whereas mRNA/18s ratios of adiponectin and leptin were lower in fat biopsies taken from the same site 4 h after the first biopsy but were unchanged in the second biopsy that was taken from the contralateral site. The biopsies were not associated with changes in plasma and monocyte IL-6 concentrations or in monocyte ER stress markers. Also, whole-body insulin-stimulated glucose uptake was the same in 15 subjects who had biopsies compared with 15 different subjects who did not.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Open, sc fat biopsies produced inflammation, hypoxia, ER stress, and decreased expression of adiponectin and leptin. These changes remained confined to the biopsy site for at least 4 h.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology/Diabetes/Metabolism and the Clinical Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA. bodengh@tuhs.temple.edu
authors.forename: Guenther
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Boden
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Silviera
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cheung
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Homko
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001706:Biopsy / Q000009:adverse effects; D015687:Cell Hypoxia / Q000502:physiology; D004721:Endoplasmic Reticulum / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000473:pathology; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D012867:Skin / Q000276:immunology / Q000293:injuries* / Q000473:pathology; D013312:Stress, Physiological; D050151:Subcutaneous Fat / Q000473:pathology*