title: Fasting glucose, diagnosis of type 2 diabetes, and depression: the Vietnam experience study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent findings suggest that both low and very high fasting blood glucose concentrations may be linked with depression, though whether type 2 diabetes is associated with depression may depend on awareness of the diagnosis. We explored the association between fasting glucose and type 2 diabetes (undiagnosed and diagnosed) and depression in middle-aged men.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were 4293 US veterans who underwent an examination during which fasting blood glucose was measured, major depression diagnosed using DSM-III criteria, and depressive symptoms assessed with Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) clinical scale for depression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with those with normal fasting glucose, men with undiagnosed type 2 diabetes had nearly double the odds of major depression, odds ratio (95% confidence interval) 1.80 (1.01, 3.22), and men with diagnosed diabetes had triple the odds of major depression, 3.82 (1.68, 8.70), after adjustment for confounding variables. Men with undiagnosed or diagnosed diabetes had higher MMPI depression scores. There was no curvilinear association between fasting glucose and depression (p > .45).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings do not support a U-shaped association between fasting glucose and depression. They suggest that the positive association between type 2 diabetes and depression extends beyond those who are aware they have the disease.
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council Epidemiology Resource Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton SO166YD, United Kingdom. crg@mrc.soton.ac.uk
authors.forename: Catharine R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Gale
authors.forename: Mika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kivimaki
authors.forename: Debbie A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Lawlor
authors.forename: Douglas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Carroll
authors.forename: Anna C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: G David
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Batty
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005215:Fasting / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D008950:MMPI / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D014728:Veterans; D047829:Vietnam Conflict
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose