title: Linda is not a bearded lady: configural weighting and adding as the cause of extension errors.
abstract: This article explores the configural weighted average (CWA) hypothesis suggesting that extension biases, like conjunction and disjunction errors, occur because people estimate compound probabilities by taking a CWA of the constituent probabilities. The hypothesis suggests a process consistent with well-known cognitive constraints, which nonetheless achieves high robustness and bounded rationality in noisy real-life environments. Predictions by the CWA hypothesis are that in error-free data, conjunction and disjunction errors should be the rule rather than the exception when pairs of statements are randomly sampled from an environment, the rate of extension errors should increase when noise in data is decreased, and that adding a likely component should increase the probability of a conjunction. Four experiments generally verify the predictions by the hypothesis, demonstrating that extension errors are frequent also when tasks are selected according to representative design.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. hakan.nilsson@psyk.uu.se
authors.forename: Håkan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nilsson
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Winman
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Juslin
authors.forename: Göran
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hansson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003071:Cognition; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007600:Judgment; D008297:Male; D011336:Probability; D011582:Psychological Theory; D012919:Social Behavior; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D055815:Young Adult