title: Diagnostic performance in a primary referral hospital assessed by autopsy: evolution over a ten-year period.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite remarkable progress in modern laboratory testing and imaging technology in recent years, diagnostic errors still occur. To assess whether diagnostic performance in a primary referral hospital improves with new diagnostic tools and algorithms, autopsy reports were analyzed over a ten-year period to monitor diagnostic errors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medical reports from 1997 to 2006 were compared retrospectively with autopsy reports. A diagnostic error was assumed when the main clinical diagnosis was missed, independently of whether this influenced the patient's survival or whether this error led to incorrect treatment without effect on survival. Two cardiovascular markers with high sensitivity, namely cardiac troponin T and D-dimer testing and two algorithms for thoracic pain and thromboembolic disease were introduced during the study period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  970 cases were included; the autopsy rate was 50.1%. Cardiovascular diseases were misdiagnosed in 18.7%, followed by infectious diseases in 12.9%, oncological 3.6% and neurological diseases in 1.8%. The most commonly missed diagnoses were myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism and aortic dissection; however, the rate of errors for cardiovascular diseases decreased over the 10 years (p<0.002). Overall diagnostic sensitivity and specificity rose from 67% to 87% and from 94% to 99%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Autopsy remains a valuable tool to measure diagnostic performance. Errors occur most frequently in cardiovascular events, whereas in malignant and neurological diseases they are rare. The significant improvement of diagnostic accuracy for cardiovascular diseases is associated with the introduction of new sensitive laboratory tests and algorithms for thoracic pain and thromboembolic diseases.
authors.affiliation: Medizinische Klinik, Kantonsspital Münsterlingen, Münsterlingen, Switzerland. robert.thurnheer@stgag.ch
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Thurnheer
authors.forename: Claus
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hoess
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Doenecke
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Moll
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Muntwyler
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Krause
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000784:Aortic Dissection / Q000175:diagnosis; D001014:Aortic Aneurysm / Q000175:diagnosis; D001344:Autopsy; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis; D003951:Diagnostic Errors / Q000706:statistics & numerical data* / Q000639:trends; D005260:Female; D006761:Hospitals / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007239:Infections / Q000175:diagnosis; D008297:Male; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000175:diagnosis; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis; D011655:Pulmonary Embolism / Q000175:diagnosis; D012017:Referral and Consultation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013557:Switzerland