title: Enhancing memory for lists by grouped presentation and rehearsal: a pilot study in healthy subjects with unexpected results.
abstract: List learning is probably the most established paradigm for the psychometric evaluation of episodic memory deficits in different neuropsychiatric conditions including epilepsy. Strategies which are capable of increasing the test performance might be promising candidates for a therapeutic improvement of daily memory performance. Based on the classical 'temporal grouping effect' we wanted to evaluate the memory-enhancing potential of disentangling perceiving, rehearsing and encoding by temporally grouped presentation and group-wise reproduction during acquisition. According to the ethical principle of subsidiary the study was performed in healthy adolescents (N=126) before setting-up a patient study. Subjects had to learn a list of 12 semantically unrelated nouns and a list of 12 figures during two acquisition trials under one of four experimental conditions defined by the size of presented item groups (GS): GS=1 (single items, i.e., 12 x 1 item), GS=3 (4 x 3 items), GS=6 (2 x 6 items), and GS=12 (standard presentation mode, i.e., 1 x 12 items). Repeated measures MANOVA confirmed a positive effect of smaller GS on acquisition performance but the grouping condition obtained no effect on immediate and delayed free recall or on yes/no recognition. For verbal retention, GS=12 even showed a tendency toward an advantage as compared to GS=3. Although appearing reasonable and promising, facilitating acquisition during list learning by temporal grouping and grouped overt rehearsal turned out to be ineffective with regard to long-term memory encoding and retrieval. A strategy however which fails in healthy subjects is unlikely to obtain a therapeutic potential in patients with memory deficits.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epileptology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, FRG-53105 Bonn, Germany. christian.hoppe@ukb.uni-bonn.de
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hoppe
authors.forename: Jelena
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stojanovic
authors.forename: Christian E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Elger
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology*; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010364:Pattern Recognition, Visual / Q000502:physiology*; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011214:Practice, Psychological; D011930:Reaction Time; D014706:Verbal Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult