title: Changes in connexin expression and the atrial fibrillation substrate in congestive heart failure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although connexin changes are important for the ventricular arrhythmic substrate in congestive heart failure (CHF), connexin alterations during CHF-related atrial arrhythmogenic remodeling have received limited attention.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To analyze connexin changes and their potential contribution to the atrial fibrillation (AF) substrate during the development and reversal of CHF.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three groups of dogs were studied: CHF induced by 2-week ventricular tachypacing (240 bpm, n=15); CHF dogs allowed a 4-week nonpaced recovery interval after 2-week tachypacing (n=16); and nonpaced sham controls (n=19). Left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic pressure and atrial refractory periods increased with CHF and normalized on CHF recovery. CHF caused abnormalities in atrial conduction indexes and increased the duration of burst pacing-induced AF (DAF, from 22+/-7 seconds in control to 1100+/-171 seconds, P<0.001). CHF did not significantly alter overall atrial connexin (Cx)40 and Cx43 mRNA and protein expression levels, but produced Cx43 dephosphorylation, increased Cx40/Cx43 protein expression ratio and caused Cx43 redistribution toward transverse cell-boundaries. All of the connexin-alterations reversed on CHF recovery, but CHF-induced conduction abnormalities and increased DAF (884+/-220 seconds, P<0.001 versus control) remained. The atrial fibrous tissue content increased from 3.6+/-0.7% in control to 14.7+/-1.5% and 13.3+/-2.3% in CHF and CHF recovery, respectively (both P<0.01 versus control), with transversely running zones of fibrosis physically separating longitudinally directed muscle bundles. In an ionically based action potential/tissue model, fibrosis was able to account for conduction abnormalities associated with CHF and recovery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CHF causes atrial connexin changes, but these are not essential for CHF-related conduction disturbances and AF promotion, which are rather related primarily to fibrotic interruption of muscle bundle continuity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Physiology/Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Research Center Montreal Heart Institute and Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Brett
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Burstein
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Comtois
authors.forename: Georghia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Michael
authors.forename: Kunihiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nishida
authors.forename: Louis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Villeneuve
authors.forename: Yung-Hsin
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Yeh
authors.forename: Stanley
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nattel
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials; D000818:Animals; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D016275:Atrial Function; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial; D018031:Connexin 43 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D017630:Connexins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004285:Dogs; D022062:Electrophysiologic Techniques, Cardiac; D005355:Fibrosis; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D010766:Phosphorylation; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D020127:Recovery of Function; D012032:Refractory Period, Electrophysiological; D013997:Time Factors; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left; D017725:Ventricular Pressure; D000097003:Gap Junction alpha-5 Protein
chemical_list: D018031:Connexin 43; D017630:Connexins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D000097003:Gap Junction alpha-5 Protein