title: Micronutrients in parenteral nutrition: boron, silicon, and fluoride.
abstract: Boron may be beneficial for bone growth and maintenance, central nervous system function, and the inflammatory response, and silicon may be beneficial for bone maintenance and wound healing. Fluoride is not an essential element but amounts provided by contamination may be beneficial for bone strength. Fluoride toxicity may be a concern in parenteral nutrition. Further studies are warranted to determine whether there are optimal amounts of boron and silicon that should be delivered to typical and special population patients receiving parenteral nutrition. In addition, further studies are needed to determine whether providing the dietary guideline of adequate intake amounts of fluoride parenterally would prevent or treat parenteral nutrition osteopenia.
authors.affiliation: United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202-9034, USA. forrest.nielsen@ars.usda.gov
authors.forename: Forrest H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Nielsen
mesh_terms: D001895:Boron / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000172:deficiency / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity; D003677:Deficiency Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005459:Fluorides / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity; D006801:Humans; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000172:deficiency / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity; D010288:Parenteral Nutrition; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D012825:Silicon / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000172:deficiency / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000172:deficiency / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D018977:Micronutrients; D014131:Trace Elements; D001895:Boron; D005459:Fluorides; D012825:Silicon