title: Role of double-stranded RNA pattern recognition receptors in rhinovirus-induced airway epithelial cell responses.
abstract: Rhinovirus (RV), a ssRNA virus of the picornavirus family, is a major cause of the common cold as well as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations. Viral dsRNA produced during replication may be recognized by the host pattern recognition receptors TLR-3, retinoic acid-inducible gene (RIG)-I, and melanoma differentiation-associated gene (MDA)-5. No study has yet identified the receptor required for sensing RV dsRNA. To examine this, BEAS-2B human bronchial epithelial cells were infected with intact RV-1B or replication-deficient UV-irradiated virus, and IFN and IFN-stimulated gene expression was determined by quantitative PCR. The separate requirements of RIG-I, MDA5, and IFN response factor (IRF)-3 were determined using their respective small interfering RNAs (siRNA). The requirement of TLR3 was determined using siRNA against the TLR3 adaptor molecule Toll/IL-1R homologous region-domain-containing adapter-inducing IFN-beta (TRIF). Intact RV-1B, but not UV-irradiated RV, induced IRF3 phosphorylation and dimerization, as well as mRNA expression of IFN-beta, IFN-lambda1, IFN-lambda2/3, IRF7, RIG-I, MDA5, 10-kDa IFN-gamma-inducible protein/CXCL10, IL-8/CXCL8, and GM-CSF. siRNA against IRF3, MDA5, and TRIF, but not RIG-I, decreased RV-1B-induced expression of IFN-beta, IFN-lambda1, IFN-lambda2/3, IRF7, RIG-I, MDA5, and inflammatory protein-10/CXCL10 but had no effect on IL-8/CXCL8 and GM-CSF. siRNAs against MDA5 and TRIF also reduced IRF3 dimerization. Finally, in primary cells, transfection with MDA5 siRNA significantly reduced IFN expression, as it did in BEAS-2B cells. These results suggest that TLR3 and MDA5, but not RIG-I, are required for maximal sensing of RV dsRNA and that TLR3 and MDA5 signal through a common downstream signaling intermediate, IRF3.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology., University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
authors.forename: Qiong
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Deepti R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Nagarkar
authors.forename: Emily R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Bowman
authors.forename: Dina
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: Babina
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gosangi
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lei
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Christina L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: McHenry
authors.forename: Richai V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Burgens
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Umadevi
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Sajjan
authors.forename: Marc B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Hershenson
mesh_terms: D015153:Blotting, Western; D002460:Cell Line; D000071457:DEAD Box Protein 58; D053487:DEAD-box RNA Helicases / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D000072640:Interferon-Induced Helicase, IFIH1; D010850:Picornaviridae Infections / Q000276:immunology*; D012330:RNA, Double-Stranded / Q000276:immunology; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic; D051192:Receptors, Pattern Recognition / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D020545:Respiratory Mucosa / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012229:Rhinovirus / Q000276:immunology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000276:immunology; D051196:Toll-Like Receptor 3 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D012330:RNA, Double-Stranded; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic; D051192:Receptors, Pattern Recognition; C495344:TLR3 protein, human; D051196:Toll-Like Receptor 3; C452820:RIGI protein, human; C452815:IFIH1 protein, human; D000071457:DEAD Box Protein 58; D053487:DEAD-box RNA Helicases; D000072640:Interferon-Induced Helicase, IFIH1