title: A validated methodology for genetic identification of tuna species (genus Thunnus).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tuna species of the genus Thunnus, such as the bluefin tunas, are some of the most important and yet most endangered trade fish in the world. Identification of these species in traded forms, however, may be difficult depending on the presentation of the products, which may hamper conservation efforts on trade control. In this paper, we validated a genetic methodology that can fully distinguish between the eight Thunnus species from any kind of processed tissue.
  
  
  METHODS
  After testing several genetic markers, a complete discrimination of the eight tuna species was achieved using Forensically Informative Nucleotide Sequencing based primarily on the sequence variability of the hypervariable genetic marker mitochondrial DNA control region (mtDNA CR), followed, in some specific cases, by a second validation by a nuclear marker rDNA first internal transcribed spacer (ITS1). This methodology was able to distinguish all tuna species, including those belonging to the subgenus Neothunnus that are very closely related, and in consequence can not be differentiated with other genetic markers of lower variability. This methodology also took into consideration the presence of introgression that has been reported in past studies between T. thynnus, T. orientalis and T. alalunga. Finally, we applied the methodology to cross-check the species identity of 26 processed tuna samples.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using the combination of two genetic markers, one mitochondrial and another nuclear, allows a full discrimination between all eight tuna species. Unexpectedly, the genetic marker traditionally used for DNA barcoding, cytochrome oxidase 1, could not differentiate all species, thus its use as a genetic marker for tuna species identification is questioned.
authors.affiliation: Laboratori d'Ictiologia Genètica, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain. jordi.vinas@udg.edu
authors.forename: Jordi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Viñas
authors.forename: Sergi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tudela
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal / Q000235:genetics; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV / Q000235:genetics; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D005819:Genetic Markers / Q000235:genetics; D005821:Genetic Techniques; D008957:Models, Genetic; D010802:Phylogeny; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013045:Species Specificity; D014413:Tuna / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal; D005819:Genetic Markers; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV