title: Brain patterning defects caused by mutations of the twin of eyeless gene in Drosophila melanogaster.
abstract: The Drosophila Pax6 genes, eyeless (ey) and twin of eyeless (toy), are expressed in both eyes and the brain. Previous studies have demonstrated that ey plays important roles in axonal outgrowth and differentiation of mushroom bodies (MBs), which are centers for associative learning and memory in flies. However, the functional significance of toy in brain development is poorly understood. Here, we describe the expression patterns of TOY, and show that TOY expression partially overlaps with EY expression in the embryonic, larval and adult brains. Mutations of toy perturb brain neuromere formation in the embryonic stages, and result in severe deformation of the MB lobes in pharate adult brains. Moreover, we also analyzed toy functions by gain-of-function experiments, and show that overexpression of toy results in degeneration of MB lobes. Thus, our results demonstrate the importance of toy in embryonic brain patterning as well as in post-embryonic development of the major brain structures such as MBs.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan. furukubo-tokunaga.gm@u.tsukuba.ac.jp
authors.forename: Katsuo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Furukubo-Tokunaga
authors.forename: Yoshitsugu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Adachi
authors.forename: Mitsuhiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kurusu
authors.forename: Uwe
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Walldorf
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000196:embryology*; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D029721:Drosophila Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D004331:Drosophila melanogaster / Q000196:embryology / Q000235:genetics*; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D024521:Mushroom Bodies / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000378:metabolism; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics*; D034622:RNA Interference; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D015534:Trans-Activators; C113278:ey protein, Drosophila; C118464:toy protein, Drosophila