title: Vitalized guided bone regeneration membrane from marrow stromal cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Various materials have been used to make guided bone regeneration membranes. The purpose of this study was to create a novel osteogenic membrane without synthetic material. The osteogenic potential of the membrane was evaluated by both in vitro and in vivo testing.
  
  
  METHODS
  The membrane was obtained by continuous culture of marrow stromal cells. The structure of the membrane was characterized by staining with hematoxylin-eosin, von Kossa, and carboxyfluorescein diacetate; immunohistochemical staining against collagen type I; electron microscopy; and energy-dispersive spectrometry. The osteogenic potential and bone augmentation effect of the membrane were investigated by implantation of the membrane and a membrane/natural coral composite into nude mice, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The membrane was composed of living cells and a dense matrix of collagen type I. Mineral deposition was apparent through electronic microscopic observation and von Kossa staining. Energy-dispersive spectrometry indicated that the calcium:phosphorus ratio of mineral was 1.71 in the membrane. The membrane had formed a thin layer of bone 2 months after implantation subcutaneously. In the bone augmentation specimens, new bone was observed histologically on the surface and in the pores of natural coral in all specimens of membrane-coral composite.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study developed a novel strategy to produce a vital guided bone regeneration membrane without synthetic material. Membrane derived from marrow stromal cells was osteogenic and had an optimizing bone augmentation effect.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Qindu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Xue
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.forename: Zhan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Tianqiu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mao
authors.forename: Fulin
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D037421:Anthozoa; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D001861:Bone Regeneration / Q000502:physiology*; D002113:Calcification, Physiologic / Q000502:physiology; D002118:Calcium / Q000032:analysis; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D024042:Collagen Type I / Q000032:analysis; D004396:Coloring Agents; D062109:Dermatologic Surgical Procedures; D004867:Equipment Design; D048091:Guided Tissue Regeneration / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008422:Materials Testing; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000502:physiology; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000032:analysis; D011817:Rabbits; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission; D017154:Stromal Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000648:ultrastructure
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D024042:Collagen Type I; D004396:Coloring Agents; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D010758:Phosphorus; D002118:Calcium