title: Reducing use of indwelling urinary catheters and associated urinary tract infections.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Use of indwelling urinary catheters can lead to complications, most commonly catheter-associated urinary tract infections. Duration of catheterization is the major risk factor. These infections can result in sepsis, prolonged hospitalization, additional hospital costs, and mortality.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To implement and evaluate the efficacy of an intervention to reduce catheter-associated urinary tract infections in a medical intensive care unit by decreasing use of urinary catheters.
  
  
  METHODS
  Indications for continuing urinary catheterization with indwelling devices were developed by unit clinicians. For a 6-month intervention period, patients in a medical intensive care unit who had indwelling urinary catheters were evaluated daily by using criteria for appropriate catheter continuance. Recommendations were made to discontinue indwelling urinary catheters in patients who did not meet the criteria. Days of use of a urinary catheter and rates of catheter-associated urinary tract infections during the intervention were compared with those of the preceding 11 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the study period, 337 patients had a total of 1432 days of urinary catheterization. With use of guidelines, duration of use was significantly reduced to a mean of 238.6 d/mo from the previous rate of 311.7 d/mo. The number of catheter-associated urinary tract infections per 1000 days of use was a mean of 4.7/mo before the intervention and zero during the 6-month intervention period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Implementation of an intervention to judge appropriateness of indwelling urinary catheters may result in significant reductions in duration of catheterization and occurrences of catheter-associated urinary tract infections.
authors.affiliation: Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: Ellen H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Elpern
authors.forename: Kathryn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Killeen
authors.forename: Alice
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ketchem
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wiley
authors.forename: Gourang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Omar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Lateef
mesh_terms: D000046:Academic Medical Centers; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D055499:Catheter-Related Infections / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002408:Catheters, Indwelling; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D014546:Urinary Catheterization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000517:prevention & control*; D055815:Young Adult