title: Antioxidative and anti-inflammatory neuroprotective effects of astaxanthin and canthaxanthin in nerve growth factor differentiated PC12 cells.
abstract: Nerve growth factor differentiated PC12 cells were used to examine the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of astaxanthin (AX) and canthaxanthin (CX). PC12 cells were pretreated with AX or CX at 10 or 20 muM, and followed by exposure of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) or 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP(+)) to induce cell injury. H(2)O(2) or MPP(+) treatment significantly decreased cell viability, increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, enhanced DNA fragmentation, and lowered mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) (P < 0.05). The pretreatments from AX or CX concentration-dependently alleviated H(2)O(2) or MPP(+)-induced cell death, LDH release, DNA fragmentation, and MMP reduction (P < 0.05). Either H(2)O(2) or MPP(+) treatment significantly increased malonyldialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) formations, decreased glutathione content, and lowered glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and catalase activities (P < 0.05). The pretreatments from AX or CX significantly retained GPX and catalase activities, and decreased MDA and ROS formations (P < 0.05). H(2)O(2) or MPP(+) treatment significantly decreased Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase activity, elevated caspase-3 activity and levels of interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha (P < 0.05); and the pretreatments from these agents significantly restored Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase activity, suppressed caspase-3 activity and release of IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-alpha (P < 0.05). Based on the observed antioxidative and anti-inflammatory protection from AX and CX, these 2 compounds were potent agents against neurodegenerative disorder.
authors.affiliation: Dept of Food and Nutrition, Providence Univ, Taichung County, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Kung-chi
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Mei-chin
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Mong
authors.forename: Mei-chin
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Yin
mesh_terms: D015655:1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium / Q000633:toxicity; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016644:Canthaxanthin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D053938:DNA Fragmentation / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000633:toxicity; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial / Q000187:drug effects; D020932:Nerve Growth Factor / Q000494:pharmacology; D019636:Neurodegenerative Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D016716:PC12 Cells; D051381:Rats; D000254:Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase / Q000378:metabolism; D024341:Xanthophylls / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D016207:Cytokines; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D024341:Xanthophylls; D016644:Canthaxanthin; C005948:astaxanthine; D020932:Nerve Growth Factor; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D053148:Caspase 3; D000254:Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase; D015655:1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium