title: Physical activity prior to and during pregnancy and risk of postpartum depressive symptoms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relationship between physical activity before and during the last trimester of pregnancy and postpartum depressive symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Secondary analysis of data from the 2004 and 2005 Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mailed questionnaire or telephone interview of new mothers in North Carolina.
  
  
  METHODS
  Female residents of North Carolina, ages 18 to 45 (n=2,169), who had given birth to a live infant in the past 2 to 6 months.
  
  
  METHODS
  Information on physical activity and depressive symptoms was self-reported. Logistic regression was used to examine the physical activity-depressive symptom associations while controlling for confounding variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjustment for confounders, there were no statistically significant associations between being physically active before and/or during pregnancy and feeling depressed or "down." However, participants who were physically active both prepregnancy and during the last trimester had decreased odds of having little interest or pleasure compared with participants who were not physically active, after adjustment for age and marital status (odds ratio =0.66, 95% confidence interval: 0.49, 0.87).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although regular physical activity is recommended for healthy women during pregnancy, additional studies are needed to investigate the physical activity-depressive symptoms association. If confirmed in other studies, physical activity may be an additional option for women who want to ease postpartum depressive symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Blumenthal Cancer Center, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC 28204, USA. jennifer.ersek@carolinashealthcare.org
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Ersek
authors.forename: Larissa R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Brunner Huber
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D019052:Depression, Postpartum / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D016015:Logistic Models; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009657:North Carolina / Q000453:epidemiology; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D016742:Preconception Care / Q000379:methods; D011247:Pregnancy; D011263:Pregnancy Trimester, Third / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology; D011295:Prenatal Care / Q000379:methods / Q000523:psychology; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors