title: Significant insulin dose errors may occur if blood glucose results are obtained from miscoded meters.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to determine inaccuracies of miscoded blood glucose (BG) meters and potential errors in insulin dose based on values from these meters.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fasting diabetic subjects at three clinical centers participated in a 2-hour meal tolerance test. At various times subjects' blood was tested on five BG meters and on a Yellow Springs Instruments laboratory glucose analyzer. Some meters were purposely miscoded. Using the BG values from these meters, along with three insulin dose algorithms, Monte Carlo simulations were conducted to generate ideal and simulated-meter glucose values and subsequent probability of insulin dose errors based on normal and empirical distribution assumptions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Maximal median percentage biases of miscoded meters were +29% and -37%, while maximal median percentage biases of correctly coded meters were only +0.64% and -10.45% (p = 0.000, chi(2) test, df = 1). Using the low-dose algorithm and the normal distribution assumption, the combined data showed that the probability of insulin error of +/-1U, +/-2, +/-3, +/-4, and +/-5U for miscoded meters could be as high as 49.6, 50.0, 22.3, 1.4, and 0.04%, respectively. This is compared to manually, correctly coded meters where the probability of error of +/-1, +/-2, and +/-3U could be as high as 44.6, 7.1, and 0.49%, respectively. There was no instance of a +/-4 or +/-5U insulin dose error with a manually, correctly coded meter. For autocoded meters, the probability of +/-1 and +/-2U could be as high as 35.4 and 1.4%, respectively. For autocoded meters there were no calculated insulin dose errors above +/-2U. The probability of insulin misdosing with either manually, correctly coded or autocoded meters was significantly lower than that with miscoded meters. Results using empirical distributions showed similar trends of insulin dose errors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Blood glucose meter coding errors may result in significant insulin dosing errors. To avoid error, patients should be instructed to code their meters correctly or be advised to use an autocoded meter that showed superior performance over manually, correctly coded meters in this study.
authors.affiliation: Diabetes Control Center, Orangeburg, South Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: Charles H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Raine
authors.forename: Linda E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Schrock
authors.forename: Steven V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Edelman
authors.forename: Sunder Raj D
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Mudaliar
authors.forename: Weiping
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhong
authors.forename: Lois J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Proud
authors.forename: Joan Lee
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Parkes