title: Chemical target and pathway toxicity mechanisms defined in primary human cell systems.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The ability to predict the health effects resulting from drug or chemical exposure has been challenging due to the complexity of human biology. Approaches that detect and discriminate a broad range of mechanisms in testing formats that are predictive and yet cost-effective are needed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Here, we evaluated the performance of BioMAP systems, primary human cell-based disease models, as a platform for characterization of chemical toxicity mechanisms. For this we tested a set of compounds with known or well-studied mechanisms in a panel of 8 BioMAP assays relevant to human respiratory, skin, immune and vascular exposure sites.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We evaluated the ability to detect and distinguish compounds based on mechanisms of action, comparing the BioMAP activity profiles generated in a reduced sample number format to reference database profiles derived from multiple experiments. We also studied the role of BioMAP assay panel size and concentration effects, both of which were found to contribute to the ability to discriminate chemicals and mechanisms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compounds with diverse mechanisms, including modulators of the NFkappaB pathway, microtubule function and mitochondrial activity, could be discriminated and classified into target and pathway mechanisms in both assay formats. Certain inhibitors of mitochondrial function, such as rotenone and sodium azide, but not others, were classified with inducers of endoplasmic reticulum stress, providing insight into the toxicity mechanisms of these agents. This method may have utility in classifying novel agents with unknown modes of action according to their effects on toxicity pathways.
authors.affiliation: BioSeek, Inc., 310 Utah #100, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA. eberg@bioseekinc.com
authors.forename: Ellen L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Berg
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Melrose
authors.forename: Dat
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: Sylvie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Privat
authors.forename: Elen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rosler
authors.forename: Eric J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Kunkel
authors.forename: Sean
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ekins
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques / Q000191:economics; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical / Q000379:methods; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; D004721:Endoplasmic Reticulum / Q000187:drug effects; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D008870:Microtubules / Q000187:drug effects; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000819:agonists / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D009676:Noxae / Q000145:classification*; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000145:classification*; D018675:Toxicity Tests
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D016328:NF-kappa B; D009676:Noxae; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations