Carotenoids found in Bacillus.
OBJECTIVE
To identify the diversity of pigmented aerobic spore formers found in the environment and to characterize the chemical nature of this pigmentation.


RESULTS
Sampling of heat-resistant bacterial counts from soil, sea water and the human gastrointestinal tract. Phylogenetic profiling using analysis of 16S rRNA sequences to define species. Pigment profiling using high-performance liquid chromatography-photo diode array analysis.


CONCLUSIONS
The most commonly found pigments were yellow, orange and pink. Isolates were nearly always members of the Bacillus genus and in most cases were related with known species such as Bacillus marisflavi, Bacillus indicus, Bacillus firmus, Bacillus altitudinis and Bacillus safensis. Three types of carotenoids were found with absorption maxima at 455, 467 and 492 nm, corresponding to the visible colours yellow, orange and pink, respectively. Although the presence of other carotenoids cannot be ruled out, these three predominant carotenoids appear to account for the pigments obtained in most pigmented bacilli, and our analysis reveals the existence of a C30 biosynthetic pathway. Interestingly, we report the presence of a water-soluble pigment that may also be a carotenoid. The function of carotenoids is photoprotection, and carotenoid-containing spores exhibited significantly higher levels of resistance to UV radiation than non-carotenoid-containing Bacillus species.


CONCLUSIONS
This study demonstrates that pigmented bacilli are ubiquitous and contain new carotenoid biosynthetic pathways that may have industrial importance.
Khaneja
R
R
School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, UK.
Perez-Fons
L
L
Fakhry
S
S
Baccigalupi
L
L
Steiger
S
S
To
E
E
Sandmann
G
G
Dong
T C
TC
Ricca
E
E
Fraser
P D
PD
Cutting
S M
SM
D001407:Bacillus / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000737:chemistry*; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D010802:Phylogeny; D010858:Pigmentation; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D012623:Seawater / Q000382:microbiology; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D013171:Spores, Bacterial / Q000737:chemistry / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014871:Water Microbiology
D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D002338:Carotenoids