title: Preparation of porous microcrystalline cellulose pellets by freeze-drying: effects of wetting liquid and initial freezing conditions.
abstract: The effects of wetting liquid and initial freezing conditions on the pore volume and pore size distribution of freeze-dried microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) pellets were studied with mercury porosimetry. Freeze-drying was applied after extrusion/spheronization using two wetting liquids (water and water-isopropanol) and three initial freezing conditions (-30, 80, and -197 degrees C). Also, the effects of initial freezing were compared to those on pellets prepared with extraction of NaCl from Avicel(R)/NaCl pellets. Pellet porosity was found to increase with decreasing initial freezing temperature and the increase is greater for pellets made with water as wetting liquid. The mean pore diameter is greater for the extracted pellets, followed by nonextracted MCC pellets made with water and water-isopropanol. Also, the pore diameter is greater for freezing at -80 degrees C comparatively to that at -30 degrees C, while it is smaller for freezing at -197 degrees C. Narrower and more symmetrical pore size distributions were obtained with water-isopropanol at -197 degrees C. The higher porosity obtained with water alone and the smallest mean pore diameter and narrower distribution obtained with water-isopropanol may be due to the effects of H-bonding between isopropanol and water molecules on the nucleation and growth of ice crystals during the initial freezing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54 124, Greece.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Balaxi
authors.forename: Ioannis
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Nikolakakis
authors.forename: Stavros
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Malamataris
mesh_terms: D019840:2-Propanol / Q000737:chemistry; D002482:Cellulose / Q000737:chemistry*; D005079:Excipients / Q000737:chemistry*; D005612:Freeze Drying / Q000379:methods*; D016062:Porosity; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D005079:Excipients; D014867:Water; D002482:Cellulose; D019840:2-Propanol; C109691:microcrystalline cellulose