title: Red blood cell aging markers during storage in citrate-phosphate-dextrose-saline-adenine-glucose-mannitol.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It has been suggested that red blood cell (RBC) senescence is accelerated under blood bank conditions, although neither protein profile of RBC aging nor the impact of additive solutions on it have been studied in detail.
  
  
  METHODS
  RBCs and vesicles derived from RBCs in both citrate-phosphate-dextrose (CPD)-saline-adenine-glucose-mannitol (SAGM) and citrate-phosphate-dextrose-adenine (CPDA) were evaluated for the expression of cell senescence markers (vesiculation, protein aggregation, degradation, activation, oxidation, and topology) through immunoblotting technique and immunofluorescence or immunoelectron microscopy study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A group of cellular stress proteins exhibited storage time- and storage medium-related changes in their membrane association and exocytosis. The extent, the rate, and the expression of protein oxidation, Fas oligomerization, caspase activation, and protein modifications in Band 3, hemoglobin, and immunoglobulin G were less conspicuous and/or exhibited significant time retardation under storage in CPD-SAGM, compared to the CPDA storage. There was evidence for the localization of activated caspases near to the membrane of both cells and vesicles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We provide circumstantial evidence for a lower protein oxidative damage in CPD-SAGM-stored RBCs compared to the CPDA-stored cells. The different expression patterns of the senescence markers in the RBCs seem to be accordingly related to the oxidative stress management of the cells. We suggest that the storage of RBCs in CPD-SAGM might be more alike the in vivo RBC aging process, compared to storage in CPDA, since it is characterized by a slower stimulation of the recognition signaling pathways that are already known to trigger the erythrophagocytosis of senescent RBCs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Marianna H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Antonelou
authors.forename: Anastasios G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Kriebardis
authors.forename: Konstantinos E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Stamoulis
authors.forename: Effrosini
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Economou-Petersen
authors.forename: Lukas H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Margaritis
authors.forename: Issidora S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Papassideri
mesh_terms: D000225:Adenine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000328:Adult; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015415:Biomarkers; D001793:Blood Preservation; D001798:Blood Proteins / Q000032:analysis*; D002951:Citrates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003451:Cryoprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D004905:Erythrocyte Aging; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005089:Exocytosis / Q000187:drug effects; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000494:pharmacology; D005947:Glucose / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D008353:Mannitol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D021962:Membrane Microdomains / Q000187:drug effects; D016253:Microscopy, Immunoelectron; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010710:Phosphates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D050050:Protein Carbonylation; D055550:Protein Stability; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: C037839:ADSOL; D000925:Anticoagulants; D015415:Biomarkers; D001798:Blood Proteins; C034876:CPDA solutions; D002951:Citrates; D003451:Cryoprotective Agents; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D010710:Phosphates; D008353:Mannitol; D012965:Sodium Chloride; C007077:citrate phosphate dextrose; D005947:Glucose; D000225:Adenine