title: The effect of ultrasound on angiogenesis: an in vivo study using the chick chorioallantoic membrane.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ultrasound therapy induces clinical healing of irradiated avascular mandibular bone and fractures. In vitro ultrasound in tissue culture has been shown to stimulate bone formation synthesis and bone remodeling factors and to stimulate osteoblast proliferation. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of short-wave (1-MHz) and long-wave (45-kHz) ultrasound on the vascularity of the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of a fertilized egg.
  
  
  METHODS
  The nature of the angiogenic effect was investigated using the CAM of a fertilized egg by: (1) application of sonicated fibroblast media incorporated into methylcellulose disks onto the CAM and (2) direct application of the ultrasound, using both long-wave (45-kHz) and short-wave (1-MHz) frequencies at a range of intensities, to the surface of the egg. Angiogenesis was assessed quantitatively by three independent observers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both ultrasound methods showed evidence of an angiogenic effect compared to controls. The most effective results were seen with direct application of a 45-kHz wave at an intensity of 15 mW/cm(2) and indirect application of the media of fibroblasts ultrasonicated at 1 MHz with an intensity of 0.4 W/cm(2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This model confirms that ultrasound can induce neoangiogenesis in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Deaprtment of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Rosalina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ramli
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Reher
authors.forename: Malcolm
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: Sajeda
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Meghji
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002642:Chick Embryo; D049033:Chorioallantoic Membrane / Q000098:blood supply*; D003470:Culture Media; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000166:cytology; D008747:Methylcellulose; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000502:physiology*; D010812:Physical Stimulation; D014464:Ultrasonic Therapy / Q000145:classification / Q000295:instrumentation; D014465:Ultrasonics / Q000145:classification
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media; D008747:Methylcellulose