title: A comparison of ultrasound and electromyography measures of force and activation to examine the mechanics of abdominal wall contraction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ultrasound imaging is a valuable tool which, when applied appropriately, has the potential to provide information regarding the mechanics of abdominal muscle contraction. Typically, changes in muscle thickness are obtained and interpreted. However, the link between ultrasound measures of muscle thickening and EMG measures of activation is not clear.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five healthy males performed a series of abdominal muscle contractions while surface EMG and trunk posture were monitored and ultrasound images of the internal oblique and external oblique were captured both at relaxation and upon contraction. Ramped isometric flexor and extensor moment contractions were also assessed and compared between EMG and ultrasound.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No definitive relationship between increases in muscle activation and corresponding measures of thickening was observed. Correlations between the two measures, across all contraction types, were 0.14 for internal oblique and -0.22 for external oblique.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The lack of clear association between abdominal muscle activation and thickening may be due to the composite laminate-like structure of the abdominal wall, with force being transmitted between obliquely oriented muscle layers. Thus, ultrasound alone may not be a valid measure of muscle activation or force in the unique architecture of the abdominal wall.
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Stephen H M
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Stuart M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: McGill
mesh_terms: D000009:Abdominal Muscles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology*; D034861:Abdominal Wall / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D004576:Electromyography / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D053580:Muscle Strength / Q000502:physiology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods*