title: Bottom-up and top-down processes in emotion generation: common and distinct neural mechanisms.
abstract: Emotions are generally thought to arise through the interaction of bottom-up and top-down processes. However, prior work has not delineated their relative contributions. In a sample of 20 females, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to compare the neural correlates of negative emotions generated by the bottom-up perception of aversive images and by the top-down interpretation of neutral images as aversive. We found that (a) both types of responses activated the amygdala, although bottom-up responses did so more strongly; (b) bottom-up responses activated systems for attending to and encoding perceptual and affective stimulus properties, whereas top-down responses activated prefrontal regions that represent high-level cognitive interpretations; and (c) self-reported affect correlated with activity in the amygdala during bottom-up responding and with activity in the medial prefrontal cortex during top-down responding. These findings provide a neural foundation for emotion theories that posit multiple kinds of appraisal processes and help to clarify mechanisms underlying clinically relevant forms of emotion dysregulation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA. ochsner@psych.columbia.edu
authors.forename: Kevin N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Ochsner
authors.forename: Rebecca R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Ray
authors.forename: Brent
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: Kateri
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: McRae
authors.forename: Jeffrey C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: Jochen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.forename: John D E
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Gabrieli
authors.forename: James J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Gross
mesh_terms: D000679:Amygdala / Q000502:physiology*; D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology*; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D004292:Dominance, Cerebral / Q000502:physiology; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000502:physiology; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology*; D010364:Pattern Recognition, Visual / Q000502:physiology*; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000502:physiology*