title: A survey of self-mutilation from forensic medicine viewpoint.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Currently little research exists examining self-mutilation (SM) in samples of forensic referrals. The present study provides a comprehensive review on the frequency, etiology, and morphologic characteristics of self-inflicted injuries in a sample of outpatients' forensic referrals.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a prospective cross-sectional study, during 3 years, we examined 9874 outpatients' forensic referrals and found 1248 SM cases in Ghouchan (an urban and suburban area of Iran).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Based on forensic medical examinations, it was found that 12.6% of all outpatients' forensic referrals had engaged in SM behavior at sometime. Males had significantly higher rates of SM than females (76.9 vs. 23.1%, respectively). The mean age was found to be significantly lower in patients with SM (23.6 +/- 8.5) than patients without SM (40.0 +/- 10.5) (P < 0.001). Rate of being single and unemployed was higher in the SM group (58.2, 56.1%, respectively) than in the group without SM (19.1, 22.8%, respectively). Superficial cuts and scratches were found to be the most common type of SM (79.5%), followed by bruises (10.8%), burns (3.4%), deep cuts (3.2%), fractures (0.6%), and other miscellaneous injuries (2.5%). Upper extremities including forearms, wrists, and arms opposite the dominant hand were the most common areas of injury.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nonsuicidal self-injury, the deliberate-direct destruction of body tissue without suicidal intent is a relatively common event in forensic referrals. It is very important to distinguish between this and other types from forensic point of view. Forensic practitioners must be expert and trained for this purpose.
authors.affiliation: Department of Legal Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Fakhredin
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Taghaddosinejad
authors.forename: Ardeshir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sheikhazadi
authors.forename: Asadolah
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yaghmaei
authors.forename: Vida
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vakili
authors.forename: Seyed Mehdi
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Saberi
authors.forename: Behnam
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Behnoush
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005554:Forensic Medicine; D006801:Humans; D007492:Iran / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D017533:Marital Status / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D012652:Self Mutilation / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D017678:Sex Distribution; D014478:Unemployment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology