title: Infranuchal infrafloccular approach to the more vulnerable segments of the facial nerve in microvascular decompressions for the hemifacial spasm.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the locations of compressing vessels in hemifacial spasm. To approach compression sites, we described and evaluated the efficacy of the infranuchal infrafloccular (INIF) approach.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review of 31 consecutive patients who underwent microvascular decompression (MVD) through INIF with a minimum follow-up of 1 year was performed. Along the intracranial facial nerve, we classified the compression sites into the transitional zone (TRZ), the central nervous system (CNS) segment and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) segment. The INIF approach was used to inspect the CNS segment and the TRZ. Subdural patch graft technique was used in order to achieve watertight dural closure. The cranioplasty was performed using polymethylmethacrylate. The outcome and procedure-related morbidities were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-nine patients (93%) showed complete disappearance of spasm. In two patients, the spasm was resolved gradually in 2 and 4 weeks, respectively. Late recurrence was noted in one patient (3%). The TRZ has been identified as the only compression site in 19 cases (61.3%), both the TRZ and CNS segment in 11 (35.5%) and the CNS segment only in 1 (3.2%). There was no patient having a compressing vessel in the PNS segment. Infection as a result of cerebrospinal fluid leak occurred in one patient (3%). Delayed transient facial weakness occurred in one patient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The TRZ and the CNS segment were more vulnerable area to the compression of vessels. We suggest that surgical avenue with the INIF approach provides early identification of this area.c.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Neuroscience center, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Incheon, Korea.
authors.forename: Heung-Sik
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Dong Kyu
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Young-Min
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Han