title: Statistical hypoglycemia prediction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hypoglycemia presents a significant risk for patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. We propose a predictive hypoglycemia detection algorithm that uses continuous glucose monitor (CGM) data with explicit certainty measures to enable early corrective action.
  
  
  METHODS
  The algorithm uses multiple statistical linear predictions with regression windows between 5 and 75 minutes and prediction horizons of 0 to 20 minutes. The regressions provide standard deviations, which are mapped to predictive error distributions using their averaged statistical correlation. These error distributions give confidence levels that the CGM reading will drop below a hypoglycemic threshold. An alarm is generated if the resultant probability of hypoglycemia from our predictions rises above an appropriate, user-settable value. This level trades off the positive predictive value against lead time and missed events.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The algorithm was evaluated using data from 26 inpatient admissions of Navigator(R) 1-minute readings obtained as part of a DirecNet study. CGM readings were postprocessed to remove dropouts and calibrate against finger stick measurements. With a confidence threshold set to provide alarms that correspond to hypoglycemic events 60% of the time, our results were (1) a 23-minute mean lead time, (2) false positives averaging a lowest blood glucose value of 97 mg/dl, and (3) no missed hypoglycemic events, as defined by CGM readings. Using linearly interpolated FreeStyle capillary glucose readings to define hypoglycemic events provided (1) the lead time was 17 minutes, (2) the lowest mean glucose with false alarms was 100 mg/dl, and (3) no hypoglycemic events were missed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Statistical linear prediction gives significant lead time before hypoglycemic events with an explicit, tunable trade-off between longer lead times and fewer missed events versus fewer false alarms.
authors.affiliation: Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA. fraser@stanford.edu
authors.forename: Fraser
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cameron
authors.forename: Günter
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Niemeyer
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gundy-Burlet
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Buckingham