title: Influence of verbal recall of a recent stress experience on anxiety and desire for cocaine in non-treatment seeking, cocaine-addicted volunteers.
abstract: It has long been postulated that stress increases the risk of drug abuse and relapse. The principal goal of this project was to evaluate the effects of verbal recall of a recent stress experience (specifically meaningful to each individual) on physiological and subjective measures in cocaine-addicted participants. Subjects described a recent stressful non-drug-related experience and a neutral non-stressful experience, and then completed mood and drug effect questionnaires, while heart rate and blood pressure were recorded. Participants (N = 25) were predominantly African American and male. As a group, participants used cocaine for more than 15 years and approximately 18 of the last 30 days, and a majority reported use of nicotine and/or alcohol. All participants were evaluated during a time in which they tested positive for cocaine metabolite. On a scale of 1-10, participants reported their verbal recall of a recent stress event as highly stressful and their verbal recall of a recent neutral event as non-stressful (p < 0.0001). The self-reported vividness of this recall was high (>8 out of 10) for both the stress and neutral events. Heart rate and systolic and diastolic blood pressure did not differ after verbal recall of either stress or neutral events. Similarly, self-reported subjective effects (including ratings of anxiety and craving for cocaine) did not differ after verbal recall of either stress or neutral events. In summary, despite the fact that participants recounted highly stressful and vivid memories, this experience did not elicit significant changes in cardiovascular or subjective effects. These data suggest that simply recalling a stressful event may not be a sufficient enough stimulus to contribute to craving or relapse in cocaine-addicted individuals.
authors.affiliation: Menninger Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA. rg12@bcm.edu
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: De La Garza
authors.forename: Liza H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Ashbrook
authors.forename: Sarah E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: Caitlin A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Jacobsen
authors.forename: Ari D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Kalechstein
authors.forename: Thomas F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Newton
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D001143:Arousal; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000523:psychology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007092:Imagination; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation; D012008:Recurrence; D014705:Verbal Behavior