title: In-flight thoracic ultrasound detection of pneumothorax in combat.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ultrasonography is the only portable imaging modality available in the helicopter medical evacuation environment where physical examination is limited, auscultation is impossible, long transport times may occur, and altitude variations are frequent. Although the use of ultrasonography by aviation medical personnel has been documented, minimal literature exists on the contribution of in-flight ultrasonography to patient management.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This case demonstrates an indication for the use of in-flight ultrasonography. It shows how it can affect in-flight management and direct lifesaving intervention.
  
  
  METHODS
  A patient with blast injury developed hemodynamic instability of unclear etiology during transport in the combat aviation environment. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case where in-flight thoracic ultrasonography augmented physical examination and diagnosed an untreated pneumothorax when auscultation was impossible. It directed the decision to perform in-flight procedural intervention with tube thoracostomy. This rapidly improved the patient's hemodynamic stability in a remote and hostile setting.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In-flight thoracic ultrasonography is a portable imaging tool that can be used by aviation medical personnel to detect pneumothorax in environments where physical examination is limited and auscultation is impossible.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine and Aviation Medicine, 2-17 Cavalry, 101st Airborne Combat Aviation Brigade, Fort Campbell, Kentucky, USA.
authors.forename: Justin J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Madill
mesh_terms: D000337:Aerospace Medicine; D055826:Afghan Campaign 2001-; D000368:Aged; D017732:Air Ambulances; D001753:Blast Injuries / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011030:Pneumothorax / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D019095:Point-of-Care Systems; D013907:Thoracostomy; D014463:Ultrasonography