title: Increased arterial augmentation and augmentation index as surrogate parameters for arteriosclerosis in subjects with diabetes mellitus and nondiabetic subjects with cardiovascular disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Arterial augmentation (AP) and the augmentation index (Aix) are surrogate parameters of arterial stiffness and are commonly used as predictors for cardiovascular risk. The aim of this study is to compare these parameters in diabetic subjects and nondiabetic cardiovascular risk subjects with healthy control subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred sixty-six nonsmoking subjects aged between 35 and 70 years were included in the study, which included 100 subjects with cardiovascular disease but not diabetes (mean age 62.73+/-8.75 years), 33 subjects with type 2 diabetes (66.58+/-2.69 years), and 33 healthy controls (51.89+/-8.91 years). In these subjects, arterial stiffness was measured by the difference between the second and the first systolic peak of the central pressure waveform, and the Aix was calculated as the percentage of Aix from pulse pressure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Arterial augmentation was increased in subjects with diabetes (DM) with 10.21+/-6.97 mm Hg and in subjects with cardiovascular disease but not diabetes (CV) with 10.74+/-5.29 mm Hg in comparison to healthy controls (C) with 6.59+/-3.97 mm Hg (p < 0.0005 DM vs C; p < 0.00005 CV vs C). Moreover, Aix was increased with 26.00+/-9.91% in CV subjects compared to healthy controls with 19.84+/-9.37% (p < 0.02 CV vs C). The augmentation index was increased with 21.12+/-11.21% in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus compared to controls, but failed to be statistically significant. There was no statistical significance in arterial augmentation or the augmentation index between CV and diabetic subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of our study revealed a comparable increased augmentation index as a surrogate measure of arterial stiffness and arteriosclerosis in subjects with diabetes mellitus and in nondiabetic subjects with cardiovascular disease.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Clinical Research and Development, Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Birgit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wilhelm
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: Christiane
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Friedrich
authors.forename: Senait
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Forst
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pfützner
authors.forename: Peter H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Kann
authors.forename: Matthias M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Forst