title: Ability of VKORC1 and CYP2C9 to predict therapeutic warfarin dose during the initial weeks of therapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genotypes predict therapeutic warfarin dose at initiation of therapy; however, the predictive ability of genetic information after a week or longer is unknown. Experts have hypothesized that genotype becomes irrelevant once international normalized ratio (INR) values are available because INR response reflects warfarin sensitivity.
  
  
  METHODS
  We genotyped the participants in the Prevention of Recurrent Venous Thromboembolism (PREVENT) trial, who had idiopathic venous thromboemboli and began low-intensity warfarin (therapeutic INR 1.5-2.0) using a standard dosing protocol. To develop pharmacogenetic models, we quantified the effect of genotypes, clinical factors, previous doses and INR on therapeutic warfarin dose in the 223 PREVENT participants who were randomized to warfarin and achieved stable therapeutic INRs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A pharmacogenetic model using data from day 0 (before therapy initiation) explained 54% of the variability in therapeutic dose (R(2)). The R(2) increased to 68% at day 7, 75% at day 14, and 77% at day 21, because of increasing contributions from prior doses and INR response. Although CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genotypes were significant independent predictors of therapeutic dose at each weekly interval, the magnitude of their predictive ability diminished over time: partial R(2) of genotype was 43% at day 0, 12% at day 7, 4% at day 14, and 1% at day 21.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Over the first weeks of warfarin therapy, INR and prior dose become increasingly predictive of therapeutic dose, and genotype becomes less relevant. However, at day 7, genotype remains clinically relevant, accounting for 12% of therapeutic dose variability.
authors.affiliation: Saint Louis College of Pharmacy, St Louis, MO, USA.
authors.forename: N S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Ferder
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Eby
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Deych
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Ridker
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Milligan
authors.forename: S Z
authors.initials: SZ
authors.lastname: Goldhaber
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Giri
authors.forename: H L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: McLeod
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Glynn
authors.forename: B F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Gage
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D001777:Blood Coagulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D065729:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D054796:Drug Dosage Calculations; D016903:Drug Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D019934:International Normalized Ratio; D016014:Linear Models; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D008954:Models, Biological; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010641:Phenotype; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D055502:Secondary Prevention; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D054556:Venous Thromboembolism / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics; D064417:Vitamin K Epoxide Reductases; D014859:Warfarin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D014859:Warfarin; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases; C450260:CYP2C9 protein, human; D065729:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases; C578523:VKORC1 protein, human; D064417:Vitamin K Epoxide Reductases