title: Bone augmentation procedures in implant dentistry.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This review evaluated (1) the success of different surgical techniques for the reconstruction of edentulous deficient alveolar ridges and (2) the survival/success rates of implants placed in the augmented areas.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical investigations published in English involving more than 10 consecutively treated patients and mean follow-up of at least 12 months after commencement of prosthetic loading were included. The following procedures were considered: onlay bone grafts, sinus floor elevation via a lateral approach, Le Fort I osteotomy with interpositional grafts, split ridge/ridge expansion techniques, and alveolar distraction osteogenesis. Full-text articles were identified using computerized and hand searches by key words. Success and related morbidity of augmentation procedures and survival/success rates of implants placed in the augmented sites were analyzed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A wide range of surgical procedures were identified. However, it was difficult to demonstrate that one surgical procedure offered better outcomes than another. Moreover, it is not yet known if some surgical procedures, eg, reconstruction of atrophic edentulous mandibles with onlay autogenous bone grafts or maxillary sinus grafting procedures in case of limited/moderate sinus pneumatization, improve long-term implant survival. Every surgical procedure presents advantages and disadvantages. Priority should be given to those procedures which are simpler and less invasive, involve less risk of complications, and reach their goals within the shortest time frame. The main limit encountered in this literature review was the overall poor methodological quality of the published articles. Larger well-designed long-term trials are needed.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Oral Surgery, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, San Paolo Hospital, University of Milan, Via Beldiletto 1/3, 20142 Milan, Italy. matteo.chiapasco@unimi.it
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chiapasco
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Casentini
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zaniboni
mesh_terms: D016301:Alveolar Bone Loss / Q000601:surgery*; D000540:Alveolar Ridge Augmentation / Q000379:methods*; D018786:Bone Substitutes; D016025:Bone Transplantation / Q000379:methods*; D003758:Dental Implantation, Endosseous; D015921:Dental Implants; D019232:Dental Restoration Failure; D006801:Humans; D008443:Maxillary Sinus / Q000601:surgery; D013516:Oral Surgical Procedures, Preprosthetic; D016348:Osseointegration; D019857:Osteogenesis, Distraction; D019340:Osteotomy, Le Fort; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018786:Bone Substitutes; D015921:Dental Implants