title: Using peripersonal warning signals to orient a driver's gaze.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We report a series of three experiments designed to assess the relative speed with which people can initiate speeded head-orienting responses following the presentation of spatial warning signals.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Recent cognitive neuroscience findings have shown that the human brain tends to treat stimuli occurring in peripersonal space as being somehow more behaviorally relevant and attention demanding than stimuli occurring in extrapersonal space. These brain mechanisms may be exploited in the design of warning signals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Experiment 1 assessed the effectiveness of various different unisensory warning signals in eliciting a head-turning response to look at the potential source of danger requiring participants' immediate attention; Experiment 2 assessed the latency of a driver's responses to events occurring in the cued direction; Experiment 3 assessed the relative effectiveness of various warning signals in reorienting a person's gaze back to a central driving task while he or she was distracted by a secondary task.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results show that participants initiated head-turning movements and made speeded discrimination or braking responses significantly more rapidly following the presentation of a close rear auditory warning signal than following the presentation of either a far frontal auditory warning signal, a vibrotactile warning signal presented to their waist, or a peripheral visual warning signal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results support the claim that the introduction of peripersonal warning signals results in a significant performance advantage relative to traditionally designed warnings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Warning systems that have been designed around the constraints of the human brain offer great potential in the future design ofmultisensory interfaces.
authors.affiliation: University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Cristy
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Spence
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001307:Auditory Perception; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000523:psychology*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003463:Cues; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D011930:Reaction Time; D013028:Space Perception; D055815:Young Adult