title: Development of Raman microspectroscopy for automated detection and imaging of basal cell carcinoma.
abstract: We investigate the potential of Raman microspectroscopy (RMS) for automated evaluation of excised skin tissue during Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS). The main aim is to develop an automated method for imaging and diagnosis of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) regions. Selected Raman bands responsible for the largest spectral differences between BCC and normal skin regions and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) are used to build a multivariate supervised classification model. The model is based on 329 Raman spectra measured on skin tissue obtained from 20 patients. BCC is discriminated from healthy tissue with 90+/-9% sensitivity and 85+/-9% specificity in a 70% to 30% split cross-validation algorithm. This multivariate model is then applied on tissue sections from new patients to image tumor regions. The RMS images show excellent correlation with the gold standard of histopathology sections, BCC being detected in all positive sections. We demonstrate the potential of RMS as an automated objective method for tumor evaluation during MMS. The replacement of current histopathology during MMS by a "generalization" of the proposed technique may improve the feasibility and efficacy of MMS, leading to a wider use according to clinical need.
authors.affiliation: University of Nottingham, School of Physics and Astronomy, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Larraona-Puy
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ghita
authors.forename: Alina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zoladek
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Perkins
authors.forename: Sandeep
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Varma
authors.forename: Iain H
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Leach
authors.forename: Alexey A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Koloydenko
authors.forename: Hywel
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Ioan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Notingher
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001185:Artificial Intelligence; D002280:Basal Cell Carcinoma / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003936:Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman / Q000379:methods*