title: Air temperature and inflammatory and coagulation responses in men with coronary or pulmonary disease during the winter season.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Air temperature changes are associated with increased cardiovascular and respiratory risk, but the roles of inflammatory and coagulation markers are not well understood. We investigated the associations between temperature and several blood markers in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) and pulmonary disease (PD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Two studies were conducted in Erfurt, Germany, over two successive winters. 578 and 381 repeated blood measurements were collected from 57 CHD and 38 PD patients, respectively. Data on patient characteristics and disease history were gathered at baseline. Meteorological data were collected from existing networks. Associations were analysed using additive mixed models with random patient effects. Effect modification by diabetes status was investigated only in CHD patients, as only two PD patients had diabetes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean daily air temperature varied between -13 degrees C and 16 degrees C in both study periods. A 10 degrees C decrease in the 5-day temperature average before blood withdrawal led to an increase in platelet counts (% change from the mean: 3.0%, 95% CI 0.6% to 5.5%) and fibrinogen (5.5%, 1.3% to 9.7%), no change in C-reactive protein in PD patients, and a decrease in C-reactive protein in CHD patients. A 2-day delayed increase in factor VII associated with temperature decrease was seen in CHD patients (4.9%; 0.7% to 9.2%), while PD patients showed no effect. 'Effects in CHD patients without diabetes' into 'Effects on factor VII in CHD patients without diabetes'.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that temperature decrease is associated with change in several blood parameters. The complex interplay of blood markers at low temperature may contribute to the observed association between cold and cardiovascular mortality and morbidity.
authors.affiliation: Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Neuherberg, Germany. regina.hampel@helmholtz-muenchen.de
authors.forename: Regina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hampel
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Breitner
authors.forename: Regina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rückerl
authors.forename: Mark W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Frampton
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Koenig
authors.forename: Richard P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Phipps
authors.forename: H Erich
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Wichmann
authors.forename: Annette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schneider
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001777:Blood Coagulation / Q000502:physiology*; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005340:Fibrinogen / Q000378:metabolism*; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006801:Humans; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012621:Seasons; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D005340:Fibrinogen; D002097:C-Reactive Protein