title: Proliferative vitreoretinopathy in a child with visceral leishmaniasis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We present a rare case of ocular leishmaniasis complicated by proliferative vitreoretinopathy in a child with active visceral leishmaniasis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 10-year-old boy with active visceral leishmaniasis presented with a 5- day history of redness, photophobia, and blurred vision in his left eye. Visual acuity was measured and the child had a complete ocular examination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Snellen best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 10/10 in the right eye and 7/10 in the left eye at presentation. Ophthalmic examination of the right eye was normal but the left eye showed clinical signs of panuveitis. Laboratory investigations were negative. Treatment with systemic and local steroids was initiated and clinical improvement achieved. Eight months later, the patient had a relapse of systemic and ocular disease with severe panuveitis in both eyes. A combined tractional-rhegmatogenous retinal detachment was present in the left eye. Pars plana vitrectomy was undertaken in the left eye and the patient was started on systemic and local steroid treatment. Retinal reattachment was achieved postoperatively but visual acuity in the left eye remained poor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early diagnosis, prompt systemic and ocular treatment, as well as close ophthalmic examination are essential in such cases.
authors.affiliation: Ophthalmic Department, Ullevål University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Panagiotis
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Salvanos
authors.forename: Stamatina A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Kabanarou
authors.forename: Tina
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Xirou
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kourentis
authors.forename: Elias
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Feretis
mesh_terms: D000666:Amphotericin B / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007898:Leishmaniasis, Visceral / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy; D008297:Male; D015864:Panuveitis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D011241:Prednisone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012163:Retinal Detachment / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014792:Visual Acuity; D014821:Vitrectomy; D018630:Vitreoretinopathy, Proliferative / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents; D005938:Glucocorticoids; C068538:liposomal amphotericin B; D000666:Amphotericin B; D011241:Prednisone