title: The Bethesda thyroid fine-needle aspiration classification system: year 1 at an academic institution.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) may be the procedure of choice in the preoperative evaluation of thyroid nodules, yet it suffers as a modality both because of its inherent limitations as well as variability in its diagnostic terminology. The National Cancer Institute recently proposed a classification system. The objective of this study was to report our experience in using this new reporting system to review the distribution of diagnosis categories and to evaluate the specificity of the system based on the cytologic-histologic correlation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 3207 thyroid nodules underwent FNA, that is, 3207 FNAs from 2468 patients were examined at our institution between January 1, 2008 and December 31, 2008. All FNAs were classified prospectively into unsatisfactory, benign, indeterminate (cells of undetermined significance), follicular neoplasm (FN), suspicious for malignancy, and positive for malignancy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The distribution of these categories from 3207 evaluated nodules was as follows: 11.1% unsatisfactory, 73.8% benign, 3.0% indeterminate, 5.5% FN, 1.3% suspicious, and 5.2% malignant. Of the 2468 sampled patients, 378 (15%) underwent thyroidectomy. The distribution of diagnoses of patients who underwent surgery was as follows: 10% unsatisfactory, 4.6% benign, 30.3% indeterminate, 61.4% FN, 76.9% suspicious, and 77.2% malignant. There was an excellent association between the categories and in predicting benign versus malignant thyroid nodules (p < 0.0001). However, the false-negative rate cannot be calculated because only a small number of patients with benign diagnosis underwent surgery. The false-positive rate was 2.2%; all were diagnosed as suspicious cytologically. Given that only 15% of the patients underwent surgery, at this time the sensitivity of thyroid FNA for diagnosing malignant thyroid nodules cannot be calculated, nor can the sensitivity of thyroid FNA as a screening test for all neoplasms be accurately estimated. The specificity for diagnosing malignant thyroid nodules was 93%, whereas the specificity as a screening test for all neoplasms was 68%. The positive predictive values for an FN, suspicious, and positive cytologic diagnosis were 34%, 87%, and 100%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data demonstrate that the recently proposed classification system is excellent for reporting thyroid FNAs. Each diagnostic category conveys specific risks of malignancy, which offers guidance for patient management.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA. constantine.theoharis@yale.edu
authors.forename: Constantine G A
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Theoharis
authors.forename: Kevin M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Schofield
authors.forename: Lynwood
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hammers
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Udelsman
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Chhieng
mesh_terms: D044963:Biopsy, Fine-Needle / Q000592:standards*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D006801:Humans; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D013965:Thyroidectomy; D016896:Treatment Outcome