title: Medullary thyroid carcinoma cell lines contain a self-renewing CD133+ population that is dependent on ret proto-oncogene activity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a cancer of the parafollicular C cells commonly caused by an inherited or acquired RET proto-oncogene mutation. Therapeutic resistance and recurrence of the disease imply the presence of cancer stem cells in MTC.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In this study, we sought to identify and characterize cancer stem cell-like cells in MTC.
  
  
  METHODS
  The characterization of stem cell properties was performed using immunostaining, flow cytometry, sphere formation assay, rederivation assay, Western blotting, and quantitative RT-PCR of defined markers of neural stem and progenitor cells. The role of ret proto-oncogene activation was assessed through RNA interference knockdown.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CD133 positivity was identified by immunostaining patient MTC. Flow cytometry confirmed a subpopulation of CD133(+) cells in two MTC cell lines. The CD133(+) cells could be expanded by sphere formation assay, passaged multiple times, and expressed neural progenitor markers beta-tubulin 3 and glial fibrillary acidic protein. The MZ-CRC-1 cell line, which harbors a M918T RET mutation, had greater CD133(+) cell numbers and sphere-forming ability than the TT cell line, which harbors the less active C634W mutation. Sphere formation was more dependent on ret proto-oncogene activity than epidermal growth factor or fibroblast growth factor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data support the existence of cancer stem-like cells in MTC, which exhibit the features of self-renewal and of multiple lineage differentiation that is dependent on ret proto-oncogene receptor activity. These findings may provide new insights to develop more promising therapy for MTC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Wen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hai
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.forename: Gilbert J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Cote
mesh_terms: D000071916:AC133 Antigen; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000378:metabolism*; D018276:Carcinoma, Medullary / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D002452:Cell Count; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D009154:Mutation / Q000502:physiology; D010455:Peptides / Q000378:metabolism*; D000090063:Proto-Oncogene Mas; D051096:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ret / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D018874:Spheroids, Cellular / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D000071916:AC133 Antigen; D015703:Antigens, CD; D006023:Glycoproteins; C000715470:MAS1 protein, human; C000606023:PROM1 protein, human; D010455:Peptides; D000090063:Proto-Oncogene Mas; D051096:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ret; C099282:RET protein, human