title: Tracheomegaly: a complication of fetal endoscopic tracheal occlusion in the treatment of congenital diaphragmatic hernia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fetal endoscopic tracheal occlusion (FETO) is a promising treatment for severe congenital diaphragmatic hernia, a condition that carries significant morbidity and mortality. It is hypothesised that balloon occlusion of the fetal trachea leads to an improvement in lung growth and development. The major documented complications of FETO to date are related to preterm delivery.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To report a series of five infants who developed tracheomegaly following FETO.
  
  
  METHODS
  Review of all children referred with tracheomegaly to the paediatric intensive care and tracheal service at two referral centres.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five neonates presented with features of respiratory distress shortly after birth and were subsequently found to have marked tracheomegaly. Two neonates had tracheomalacia in addition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There are no previous reports in the literature describing tracheomalacia, or more specifically, tracheomegaly, as a consequence of FETO. We propose that the particularly compliant fetal airway is at risk of mechanical damage from in utero balloon occlusion. This observation of a new problem in this cohort suggests a thorough evaluation of the trachea should be performed in children who have had FETO in utero. It may be that balloon occlusion of the trachea earlier in utero (before 26 weeks' gestation) predisposes to this condition.
authors.affiliation: Radiology Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, WC1N 3JH, UK. mchugk@gosh.nhs.uk
authors.forename: Kieran
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: McHugh
authors.forename: Asim
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Afaq
authors.forename: Nigel
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Broderick
authors.forename: Hany O
authors.initials: HO
authors.lastname: Gabra
authors.forename: Derek J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Roebuck
authors.forename: Martin J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Elliott
mesh_terms: D004724:Endoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D006548:Hernia, Diaphragmatic / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011859:Radiography; D014137:Tracheobronchomegaly / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology*; D014140:Tracheotomy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016896:Treatment Outcome