title: D-dimer as a possible prognostic marker of operable hormone receptor-negative breast cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Breast cancer is the most common cause of death in women by neoplasia. The mechanisms related to recurrence are unclear, specially the hemostatic alterations that occur during the development of the disease. Plasma D-dimer is a hypercoagulability and fibrinolytic system marker and is increased in patients with various solid tumors. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the hemostatic status assessed by plasma D-dimer in operable breast cancer patients and to investigate its value as a prognostic marker.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study comprised 32 patients with operable hormone receptor-negative breast cancer and a control group with 43 healthy women. Variables included presence and absence of breast cancer, clinical and histopathology findings, and overall survival.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plasma D-dimer level was normal in the control group and significantly higher in breast cancer patients (P = 0.001), as well as in nonsurvivors compared with survivors (P = 0.025). The results showed that plasma D-dimer levels were not correlated with clinical and histopathology findings (P > 0.213).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results taken together indicate the presence of a hypercoagulability state in women with operable hormone receptor-negative breast cancer given the increased levels of D-dimer in this group. Therefore, considering higher levels of D-dimer in patients with a poor outcome, its evaluation may be a promising tool for prognosis in women with operable hormone receptor-negative breast cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Vale do Itajaí.
authors.forename: A P B
authors.initials: APB
authors.lastname: Batschauer
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Vale do Itajaí.
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Figueiredo
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Vale do Itajaí.
authors.forename: E C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Bueno
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, Hospital and Maternity Marieta Konder Bornhausen, Itajaí.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Ribeiro
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy.
authors.forename: L M S
authors.initials: LMS
authors.lastname: Dusse
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy.
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy; Department of Clinical Pathology, Technical College, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
authors.forename: K B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Gomes
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy. Electronic address: mgcarvalho@farmacia.ufmg.br.
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Carvalho
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery; D018270:Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D005338:Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products / Q000032:analysis / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000378:metabolism; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone / Q000378:metabolism; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D005338:Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone; C036309:fibrin fragment D; C508053:ERBB2 protein, human