title: Increased generation of fibrocytes in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The pathogenic basis for Graves' disease (GD) continues to elude our understanding. Specifically why activating antibodies are generated against self-antigens remains uncertain as does the identity of the antigen(s) that provokes orbital involvement in GD, a process known as thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to determine whether CD34(+) fibrocytes are generated more frequently in GD, whether they infiltrate orbital connective tissues in TAO, and whether they express the thyrotropin receptor (TSHR).
  
  
  METHODS
  Generation of fibrocytes from peripheral blood mononuclear cells was examined in samples from 70 patients with GD and 25 healthy control subjects. Fibrocytes were characterized by flow cytometry. Orbital tissues and fibroblast culture strains were examined for their presence.
  
  
  METHODS
  The frequency of CD34(+) fibrocyte generation from peripheral blood cells, characterization of their phenotype, cytokine production, and their presence in affected orbital tissues were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CD34(+)CXCR4(+)Col I(+) fibrocytes expressing IGF-I receptor are far more frequently generated from cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells of donors with GD compared with healthy subjects. They express TSHR at high levels and TSH induces fibrocytes to produce IL-6 and TNF-alpha. Numerous CD34(+) fibrocytes were detected in orbital tissues in TAO but were absent in healthy orbits. Tissue-infiltrating fibrocytes express TSHR in situ and comprise a subpopulation of TAO-derived orbital fibroblasts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that fibrocytes may participate in the pathogenesis of TAO because they express relevant autoantigens such as IGF-I receptor and functional TSHR and differentially accumulate in orbital tissue in TAO.
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harbor-University of California, Los Angeles, Medical Center, Torrance, California 90502, USA.
authors.forename: Raymond S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Douglas
authors.forename: Nikoo F
authors.initials: NF
authors.lastname: Afifiyan
authors.forename: Catherine J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.forename: Kelvin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chong
authors.forename: Uzma
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Haider
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Richards
authors.forename: Andrew G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Gianoukakis
authors.forename: Terry J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002452:Cell Count; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology* / Q000502:physiology; D049970:Graves Ophthalmopathy / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D008875:Middle Aged; D009915:Orbit / Q000473:pathology; D010641:Phenotype; D011989:Receptors, Thyrotropin / Q000378:metabolism; D013972:Thyrotropin / Q000494:pharmacology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: C508600:IL6 protein, human; D015850:Interleukin-6; D011989:Receptors, Thyrotropin; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D013972:Thyrotropin