title: Identification of asthma phenotypes using cluster analysis in the Severe Asthma Research Program.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Severe Asthma Research Program cohort includes subjects with persistent asthma who have undergone detailed phenotypic characterization. Previous univariate methods compared features of mild, moderate, and severe asthma.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To identify novel asthma phenotypes using an unsupervised hierarchical cluster analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Reduction of the initial 628 variables to 34 core variables was achieved by elimination of redundant data and transformation of categorical variables into ranked ordinal composite variables. Cluster analysis was performed on 726 subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five groups were identified. Subjects in Cluster 1 (n = 110) have early onset atopic asthma with normal lung function treated with two or fewer controller medications (82%) and minimal health care utilization. Cluster 2 (n = 321) consists of subjects with early-onset atopic asthma and preserved lung function but increased medication requirements (29% on three or more medications) and health care utilization. Cluster 3 (n = 59) is a unique group of mostly older obese women with late-onset nonatopic asthma, moderate reductions in FEV(1), and frequent oral corticosteroid use to manage exacerbations. Subjects in Clusters 4 (n = 120) and 5 (n = 116) have severe airflow obstruction with bronchodilator responsiveness but differ in to their ability to attain normal lung function, age of asthma onset, atopic status, and use of oral corticosteroids.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Five distinct clinical phenotypes of asthma have been identified using unsupervised hierarchical cluster analysis. All clusters contain subjects who meet the American Thoracic Society definition of severe asthma, which supports clinical heterogeneity in asthma and the need for new approaches for the classification of disease severity in asthma.
authors.affiliation: Center for Human Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA. wmoore@wfubmc.edu
authors.forename: Wendy C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Deborah A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Meyers
authors.forename: Sally E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Wenzel
authors.forename: W Gerald
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Teague
authors.forename: Huashi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Xingnan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Ralph
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: D'Agostino
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Castro
authors.forename: Douglas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Curran-Everett
authors.forename: Anne M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Fitzpatrick
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gaston
authors.forename: Nizar N
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Jarjour
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sorkness
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Calhoun
authors.forename: Kian Fan
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Suzy A A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Comhair
authors.forename: Raed A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Dweik
authors.forename: Elliot
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Israel
authors.forename: Stephen P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: William W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Busse
authors.forename: Serpil C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Erzurum
authors.forename: Eugene R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Bleecker
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D017668:Age of Onset; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D018927:Anti-Asthmatic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001249:Asthma / Q000145:classification* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D015415:Biomarkers; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016002:Discriminant Analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010641:Phenotype; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D012737:Sex Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D018927:Anti-Asthmatic Agents; D015415:Biomarkers; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents