title: International collaboration between US and Thailand on a clinical trial of treatment for HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  International clinical trials can provide scientific and logistic benefits in spite of the many challenges. Determining whether a country, especially a developing country, is an appropriate location for the research should include in-country consultation and partnering to assess its social value for the population; that treatments are relevant for the population under study; and that the research infrastructure and ethical oversight are adequate. Collaboration increases the likelihood of study success and helps ensure that benefits accrue to recruited populations and their community.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This paper describes our experiences on a bi-national study and may provide guidance for those planning to engage in future collaborations.
  
  
  METHODS
  A Thai and United States team collaborated to develop and implement a phase II clinical trial for HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis to assess safety and tolerability of combination therapy vs. standard treatment. Clinical and cultural differences, regulatory hurdles and operational issues were addressed before and during the study to ensure a successful collaboration between the 2 groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The international multicenter study allowed for more rapid enrollment, reduced costs to complete the study, sharing of the benefits of research, greater generalizability of results and capacity building in Thailand; quality metrics in Thailand were equivalent to or better than those in the U.S.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Conducting successful clinical trials internationally requires early and ongoing collaboration to ensure the study meets sites' requirements and expectations, conforms to varying national regulations, adheres to data quality standards and is responsive to the health needs of studied populations.
authors.affiliation: Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA. Louise.Zimmer@Duke.edu
authors.forename: L O
authors.initials: LO
authors.lastname: Zimmer
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Nolen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pramanpol
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wallace
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pappas
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chetchotisakd
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000328:Adult; D000666:Amphotericin B / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000633:toxicity; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000633:toxicity; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D015725:Fluconazole / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000633:toxicity; D006801:Humans; D007391:International Cooperation; D016919:Meningitis, Cryptococcal / Q000188:drug therapy*; D018579:Patient Selection; D012107:Research Design; D013785:Thailand; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D000666:Amphotericin B; D015725:Fluconazole