Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in breast milk correlated to maternal age, education level, and occupational exposure.
The aim of the present study is to determine whether levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in breast milk in the general population are associated with demographic parameters, socioeconomic status, lifestyle factors, and occupational exposure. Forty-six participants are randomly selected from healthy women recruited between April 2007 and April 2008 from local hospitals in southern Taiwan. Thirty PBDE isomers in breast milk are analyzed using a gas chromatograph with a high resolution mass spectrometer. The mean+/-standard deviation of Sigma PBDEs in breast milk is 3.59+/-1.07 ng/g lipid. Our current value of Sigma PBDEs in breast milk is 0.7-fold lower compared to the past value in our previous study between 2000 and 2001. Higher levels of Sigma PBDEs might be significantly associated with older maternal age and maternal age of the present study is between 22 and 42 years old. Levels of Sigma PBDEs and certain PBDEs in breast milk are not correlated with maternal pre-pregnant BMI (Body mass index), parity, and lipid contents of breast milk. The Sigma PBDEs level in breast milk is lower in more educated women after controlling for age and pre-pregnancy BMI in our subjects. The main factors associated with Sigma PBDEs in breast milk are age and education level among the binary variables of demographic, socioeconomic, and lifestyle characteristics in this report. The exploratory relationships are found between PBDEs in breast milk and age, education level, or occupational exposure due to small sampling size.
Chao
H Albert
HA
Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Cheng Kung University, College of Medicine and Hospital, Dou-Liou Branch, Douliou, Yunlin 64043, Taiwan.
Chen
Solomon Chih-Cheng
SC
Chang
Ching-Mine
CM
Koh
Teck-Wai
TW
Chang-Chien
Gou-Ping
GP
Ouyang
Eileen
E
Lin
Show-Lian
SL
Shy
Cherng-Gueih
CG
Chen
Fu-An
FA
Chao
How-Ran
HR
D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D004522:Educational Status; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000737:chemistry; D008423:Maternal Age; D018811:Maternal Exposure; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry*; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D011247:Pregnancy; D012923:Social Class; D013624:Taiwan
D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers; D008055:Lipids