title: Endogenous glucagon-like peptide-1 slows gastric emptying in healthy subjects, attenuating postprandial glycemia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The role of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in the regulation of gastric emptying is uncertain. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of endogenous GLP-1 on gastric emptying, glucose absorption, and glycemia in health.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten healthy fasted subjects (eight males, two females; 48 +/- 7 yr) received the specific GLP-1 antagonist, exendin(9-39) amide [ex(9-39)NH(2)] (300 pmol/kg x min iv), or placebo, between -30 and 180 min in a randomized, double-blind, crossover fashion. At 0 min, a mashed potato meal ( approximately 2600 kJ) containing 3 g 3-ortho-methyl-D-glucose (3-OMG) and labeled with 20 MBq (99m)Technetium-sulphur colloid was eaten. Gastric emptying, including the time taken for 50% of the meal to empty from the stomach (T50), blood glucose, plasma 3-OMG, and plasma insulin were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ex(9-39)NH(2) accelerated gastric emptying [T50 ex(9-39)NH(2), 68 +/- 8 min, vs. placebo, 83 +/- 7 min; P < 0.001] and increased the overall glycemic response to the meal [area under the curve (0-180 min) ex(9-39)NH(2), 1540 +/- 106 mmol/liter x min, vs. placebo, 1388 +/- 90 mmol/liter x min; P < 0.02]. At 60 min, ex(9-39)NH(2) increased the rise in glycemia [ex(9-39)NH(2), 9.9 +/- 0.5 mmol/liter, vs. placebo, 8.4 +/- 0.5 mmol/liter; P < 0.01], plasma 3-OMG [ex(9-39)NH(2), 0.25 +/- 0.01 mmol/liter, vs. placebo, 0.21 +/- 0.01 mmol/liter; P < 0.05], and plasma insulin [ex(9-39)NH(2), 82 +/- 13 mU/liter, vs. placebo, 59 +/- 9 mU/liter; P < 0.05] concentrations. There was a close within-subject correlation between glycemia and gastric emptying [e.g. at 60 min, the increment in blood glucose and gastric emptying (T50); r = -0.89; P < 0.001].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GLP-1 plays a physiological role to slow gastric emptying in health, which impacts on glucose absorption and, hence, postprandial glycemia.
authors.affiliation: Disciplines of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005 Australia. adam.deane@adelaide.edu.au
authors.forename: Adam M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Deane
authors.forename: Nam Q
authors.initials: NQ
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: Julie E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.forename: Robert J L
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Fraser
authors.forename: Richard H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Holloway
authors.forename: Laura K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Besanko
authors.forename: Carly
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Burgstad
authors.forename: Karen L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Marianne J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Chapman
authors.forename: Chris K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Rayner
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Horowitz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis / Q000187:drug effects; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005746:Gastric Emptying / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000502:physiology*; D006151:Guanosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood; D006262:Health; D006727:Hormone Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010919:Placebos
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006727:Hormone Antagonists; D007328:Insulin; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D010919:Placebos; C037626:3'-O-methylguanosine; D006151:Guanosine; C083773:exendin (9-39); D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1