title: Aversive imagery in posttraumatic stress disorder: trauma recurrence, comorbidity, and physiological reactivity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is characterized as a disorder of exaggerated defensive physiological arousal. The novel aim of the present research was to investigate within PTSD a potential dose-response relationship between past trauma recurrence and current comorbidity and intensity of physiological reactions to imagery of trauma and other aversive scenarios.
  
  
  METHODS
  A community sample of principal PTSD (n = 49; 22 single-trauma exposed, 27 multiple-trauma exposed) and control (n = 76; 46 never-trauma exposed, 30 trauma exposed) participants imagined threatening and neutral events while acoustic startle probes were presented and the eye-blink response (orbicularis occuli) was recorded. Changes in heart rate, skin conductance level, and facial expressivity were also indexed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, PTSD patients exceeded control participants in startle reflex, autonomic responding, and facial expressivity during idiographic trauma imagery and, though less pronounced, showed heightened reactivity to standard anger, panic, and physical danger imagery. Concerning subgroups, control participants with and without trauma exposure showed isomorphic patterns. Within PTSD, only the single-trauma patients evinced robust startle and autonomic responses, exceeding both control participants and multiple-trauma PTSD. Despite greater reported arousal, the multiple-trauma relative to single-trauma PTSD group showed blunted defensive reactivity associated with more chronic and severe PTSD, greater mood and anxiety disorder comorbidity, and more pervasive dimensional dysphoria (e.g., depression, trait anxiety).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Whereas PTSD patients generally show marked physiological arousal during aversive imagery, concordant with self-reported distress, the most symptomatic patients with histories of severe, cumulative traumatization show discordant physiological hyporeactivity, perhaps attributable to sustained high stress and an egregious, persistent negative affectivity that ultimately compromises defensive responding.
authors.affiliation: Center for the Study of Emotion & Attention, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32611, USA.
authors.forename: Lisa M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: McTeague
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Lang
authors.forename: Marie-Claude
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Laplante
authors.forename: Bruce N
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Cuthbert
authors.forename: Joshua R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Shumen
authors.forename: Margaret M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Bradley
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000502:physiology; D001767:Blinking / Q000502:physiology; D002648:Child; D015897:Comorbidity; D004576:Electromyography / Q000379:methods; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology*; D005149:Facial Expression; D005260:Female; D005712:Galvanic Skin Response / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007092:Imagination / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000145:classification / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D015599:Trauma Severity Indices; D055815:Young Adult