title: A novel inhibitor of Smad-dependent transcriptional activation suppresses tissue fibrosis in mouse models of systemic sclerosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Tissue fibrosis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in systemic sclerosis (SSc), and an increasing number of promising molecular targets for antifibrotic therapies have been described recently. Transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) is well known to be the principal factor that leads to tissue fibrosis. The present study was undertaken to investigate the ability of HSc025, a novel small compound that antagonizes TGFbeta/Smad signaling through the activation of nuclear translocation of Y-box binding protein 1, to prevent tissue fibrosis in vitro or in mouse models of SSc.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human dermal fibroblasts were exposed to HSc025 at various concentrations in the presence of TGFbeta, and levels of collagen or fibronectin expression were determined. HSc025 (15 mg/kg/day for 14 days) was administered orally to tight skin mice and to mice with bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Improvement of tissue fibrosis was evaluated by histologic or biochemical examination in each model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pretreatment with HSc025 prevented Smad-dependent promoter activation, in a dose-dependent manner; however, HSc025 had no effect on TGFbeta-induced phosphorylation of Smad3. The inhibitory effects of HSc025 on TGFbeta-induced collagen or fibronectin expression were also confirmed in vitro. Orally administered HSc025 significantly reduced hypodermal thickness and hydroxyproline content in tight skin mice, and markedly decreased the histologic score and hydroxyproline content in the lungs of bleomycin-treated mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate that HSc025 is a novel inhibitor of TGFbeta/Smad signaling, resulting in the improvement of skin and pulmonary fibrosis. Orally available HSc025 might therefore be useful in the treatment of SSc.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan. minoruha@derma.m.kanazawa-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Minoru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hasegawa
authors.forename: Yukiyo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Matsushita
authors.forename: Mayuka
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Horikawa
authors.forename: Kiyoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Higashi
authors.forename: Yoshitaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tomigahara
authors.forename: Hideo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kaneko
authors.forename: Fumiaki
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Shirasaki
authors.forename: Manabu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fujimoto
authors.forename: Kazuhiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takehara
authors.forename: Shinichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sato
mesh_terms: D000466:Alkadienes / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D001761:Bleomycin / Q000009:adverse effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003094:Collagen / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D005353:Fibronectins / Q000378:metabolism; D005355:Fibrosis; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011658:Pulmonary Fibrosis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology; D012595:Scleroderma, Systemic / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D051785:Smad Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D015533:Transcriptional Activation / Q000187:drug effects*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D032106:Zanthoxylum
chemical_list: D000466:Alkadienes; D005353:Fibronectins; C546007:HSc025; D010936:Plant Extracts; D051785:Smad Proteins; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D001761:Bleomycin; D003094:Collagen