title: Magnetic resonance imaging and brain histopathology in neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) often demonstrates brain lesions in neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE). The present study compared postmortem histopathology with premortem MRI in NPSLE.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred subjects with NPSLE were studied prospectively with MRI over a 10-year period during which 22 subjects died. In 14 subjects, a brain autopsy with histopathology, that permitted direct comparison with premortem MRI, was successfully obtained. Surface anatomy was used to determine the approximate location of individual lesions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Premortem MRI findings in fatal NPSLE were small focal white matter lesions (100%), cortical atrophy (64%), ventricular dilation (57%), cerebral edema (50%), diffuse white matter abnormalities (43%), focal atrophy (36%), cerebral infarction (29%), acute leukoencephalopathy (25%), intracranial hemorrhage (21%), and calcifications (7%). Microscopic findings in fatal NPSLE included global ischemic changes (57%), parenchymal edema (50%), microhemorrhages (43%), glial hyperplasia (43%), diffuse neuronal/axonal loss (36%), resolved cerebral infarction (33%), microthomboemboli (29%), blood vessel remodeling (29%), acute cerebral infarction (14%), acute macrohemorrhages (14%), and resolved intracranial hemorrhages (7%). Cortical atrophy and ventricular dilation seen by MRI accurately predicted brain mass at autopsy (r = -0.72, P = 0.01, and r = -0.77, P = 0.01, respectively). Cerebral autopsy findings, including infarction, cerebral edema, intracranial hemorrhage, calcifications, cysts, and focal atrophy, were also predicted accurately by premortem MRI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Brain lesions in NPSLE detected by MRI accurately represent serious underlying cerebrovascular and parenchymal brain injury on pathology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatic Diseases, University of New Mexico Heath Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA. wsibbitt@salud.unm.edu
authors.forename: Wilmer L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Sibbitt
authors.forename: William M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Brooks
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kornfeld
authors.forename: Blaine L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Hart
authors.forename: Arthur D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Bankhurst
authors.forename: Carlos A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Roldan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D002648:Child; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D020945:Lupus Vasculitis, Central Nervous System / Q000175:diagnosis*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult