title: Knee extension and flexion weakness in people with knee osteoarthritis: is antagonist cocontraction a factor?
abstract: METHODS
  Controlled laboratory study, cross-sectional data.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate isometric knee flexion and extension strength, failure of voluntary muscle activation, and antagonist cocontraction of subjects with knee osteoarthritis (OA) compared with age-matched asymptomatic control subjects.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Quadriceps weakness is a common impairment in individuals with knee OA. Disuse atrophy, failure of voluntary muscle activation, and antagonist muscle cocontraction are thought to be possible mechanisms underlying this weakness; but antagonist cocontraction has not been examined during testing requiring maximum voluntary isometric contraction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-four subjects with knee OA (mean +/- SD age, 65.6 +/- 7.6 years) and 27 similarly aged control subjects (age, 64.2 +/- 5.1 years) were recruited for this study. Isometric knee flexion and extension strength were measured, and electromyographic data were recorded, from 7 muscles crossing the knee and used to calculate cocontraction ratios during maximal effort knee flexion and extension trials. The burst superimposition technique was used to measure failure of voluntary activation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Knee extension strength of subjects with knee OA (mean +/- SD, 115.9 +/- 6.7 Nm) was significantly lower than for those in the control group (152.3 +/- 9.6 Nm). No significant between-group difference was found for failure of voluntary muscle activation, or the cocontraction ratios during maximum effort knee flexion or extension.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate that the reduction in isometric extension strength, measured with a 90 degrees knee flexion angle, in subjects with knee OA is not associated with increased antagonist cocontraction.
authors.affiliation: School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Tamika L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Heiden
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Lloyd
authors.forename: Timothy R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Ackland
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007537:Isometric Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000503:physiopathology*; D020370:Osteoarthritis, Knee / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology*