title: Identification of compounds in adlay (Coix lachryma-jobi L. var. ma-yuen Stapf) seed hull extracts that inhibit lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in RAW 264.7 macrophages.
abstract: We investigated the effects of adlay seed hull (AH) extracts on the lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response in RAW 264.7 macrophages. An AH ethanol extract (AHE) was partitioned into ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and water fractions. Silica gel chromatography of the ethyl acetate fraction yielded 15 subfractions: AHE-Ea-A to AHE-Ea-O. Subfractions AHE-Ea-J, AHE-Ea-K, and AHE-Ea-M had anti-inflammatory activities, as they counteracted the increased cellular production of nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2 induced by lipopolysaccharide by down-regulating inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase 2 expression. Eriodictyol (1), the ceramide (2S,3S,4R)-2-[(2'R)-2'-hydroxytetracosanoyl-amino]-1,3,4-octadecanetriol (2), and p-coumaric acid (3) were found in the subfractions, and the first two compounds appeared to be primarily responsible for the anti-inflammatory activity. This is the first time that eriodictyol (1) and this ceramide (2) have been found in AH, and the anti-inflammatory properties of the AHE-Ea fraction can be attributed, at least in part, to the presence of these two compounds.
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Food Science and Technology, Center for Food and Biomolecules, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Din-Wen
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Cheng-Pei
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Yueh-Hsiung
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Kuo
authors.forename: Yun-Lian
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Wenchang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chiang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002460:Cell Line; D002518:Ceramides / Q000032:analysis; D031742:Coix / Q000737:chemistry*; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis; D044950:Flavanones / Q000032:analysis; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D002518:Ceramides; D044950:Flavanones; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D010936:Plant Extracts; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D015232:Dinoprostone; C007619:eriodictyol