title: Patient radiation doses in the most common interventional cardiology procedures in Croatia: first results.
abstract: Apart from its benefits, the interventional cardiology (IC) is known to generate high radiation doses to patients and medical staff involved. The European Union Medical Exposures Directive 97/43/Euroatom strongly recommend patient dosimetry in interventional radiology, including IC. IC patient radiation doses in four representative IC rooms in Croatia were investigated. Setting reference levels for these procedures have difficulties due to the large difference in procedure complexity. Nevertheless, it is important that some guideline values are available as a benchmark to guide the operators during these potentially high-dose procedures. Local and national diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) were proposed as a guidance. A total of 138 diagnostic (coronary angiography, CA) and 151 therapeutic (PTCA, stenting) procedures were included. Patient irradiation was measured in terms of kerma-area product (KAP), fluoroscopy time (FT) and number of cine-frames (F). KAP was recorded using calibrated KAP-meters. DRLs of KAP, FT and F were calculated as third quartile values rounded up to the integer. Skin doses were assessed on a selected sample of high skin dose procedures, using radiochromic films, and peak skin doses (PSD) were presented. A relative large range of doses in IC was detected. National DRLs were proposed as follows: 32 Gy cm(2), 6.6 min and 610 frames for CA and 72 Gy cm(2), 19 min and 1270 frames for PTCA. PSD <1 Gy were measured in 72 % and PSD >2 Gy in 8 % of selected patients. Measuring the patient doses in radiological procedures is required by law, but rarely implemented in Croatia. The doses recorded in the study are acceptable when compared with the literature, but optimisation is possible. The preliminary DRL values proposed may be used as a guideline for local departments, and should be a basis for radiation reduction measures and quality assurance programmes in IC in Croatia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University Hospital Merkur, Zagreb, Croatia. zoran.brnic@zg.t-com.hr
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Brnić
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Krpan
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Faj
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kubelka
authors.forename: J Popić
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Ramac
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Posedel
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Steiner
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vidjak
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Brnić
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Visković
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Baraban
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015906:Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary; D002309:Cardiology; D017523:Croatia; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011834:Radiation Monitoring; D015641:Radiography, Interventional / Q000592:standards*; D012015:Reference Standards; D012867:Skin / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000528:radiation effects