title: Outcome of the Norwood operation in patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome: a 12-year single-center survey.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recent advances in perioperative care have led to a decrease in mortality of children with hypoplastic left heart syndrome undergoing the Norwood operation. This study aimed to evaluate the outcome of the Norwood operation in a single center over 12 years and to identify clinical and anatomic risk factors for adverse early and longer term outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Full data on all 157 patients treated between 1996 and 2007 were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-day mortality of the Norwood operation decreased from 21% in the first 3 years to 2.5% in the last 3 years. The estimated exponentially weighted moving average of early mortality after 157 Norwood operations was 2.3%. Risk factors were an aberrant right subclavian artery, the use and duration of circulatory arrest, and the duration of total support time. The anatomic subgroup mitral stenosis/aortic atresia and female gender tended to show an increased early mortality. In the group of patients who required postoperative cardiopulmonary resuscitation, the ascending aorta was significantly smaller than in the remainder (3.03 +/- 1.05 vs 3.63 +/- 1.41 mm). Interstage mortality was 15% until the initiation of a home surveillance program in 2005, which has zeroed it so far. It was significantly higher in the mitral stenosis/aortic atresia subgroup and tended to be higher in patients who required cardiopulmonary resuscitation after the Norwood operation. The best actuarial survival was observed in the mitral atresia/aortic atresia subgroup.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Norwood operation can now be performed with low mortality. Patients with mitral stenosis/aortic atresia still constitute the most challenging subgroup.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Cardiology, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany. akfurck@aol.com
authors.forename: Anke Katharina
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Furck
authors.forename: Anselm
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Uebing
authors.forename: Jan Hinnerk
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Scheewe
authors.forename: Olaf
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: Gunther
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.forename: Carsten
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rickers
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Holland-Letz
authors.forename: Hans-Heiner
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Kramer
mesh_terms: D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D018729:Fontan Procedure; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D018636:Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome