title: Disparities in access to medical care for individuals with vision impairment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the relationship between blindness and vision impairment and access to medical care.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pooled data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) years 2002-2004 were used to identify non-institutionalized individuals over the age of 40 with either self-reported blindness, vision impairment, or no vision impairment (n = 40,643). Differences in access to care measures by vision status were assessed, after adjusting for the complex sampling design of the MEPS, using either two-sided z-tests or two-sided t-tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Individuals with blindness and vision impairment report having more access problems related to cost of care, availability of insurance coverage, transportation issues, and refusal of services by providers, although they do not report lower rates of having a usual source of care compared to those without vision impairment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that access to care for individuals with blindness and vision impairment is problematic, for reasons that are amenable to policy interventions.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Affairs, University of Baltimore, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA. cspencer@ubalt.edu
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Spencer
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Frick
authors.forename: Emily W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Gower
authors.forename: John H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kempen
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Wolff
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001766:Blindness / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006302:Health Services Research; D054625:Healthcare Disparities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D019458:Insurance Coverage; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014186:Transportation; D016312:Treatment Refusal; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D016270:United States Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D019987:Persons with Visual Disabilities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*