title: The intersection of sex, marital status, and cardiovascular risk factors in shaping stroke incidence: results from the health and retirement study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the role of sex and marital status in the distribution and consequences of cardiovascular risk factors for stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  Longitudinal cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  U.S. national sample, community based.
  
  
  METHODS
  U.S. adults aged 50 and older and their spouses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Health and Retirement Study (HRS) participants born between 1900 and 1947 (N=22,818), aged 50 and older, and stroke-free at baseline were followed an average of 9.4 years for self- or proxy-reported stroke (2,372 events). Financial resources, behavioral risk factors, and cardiovascular conditions were used to predict incident stroke in Cox proportional hazard models stratified according to sex and marital status (married, widowed, divorced or separated, or never married).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women were less likely to be married than men. The distribution of risk factors differed according to sex and marital status. Men had higher incident stroke rates than women, even after full risk factor adjustment (hazard ratio (HR)=1.22, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.11-1.34). For both sexes, being never married or widowed predicted greater risk, associations that were attenuated after adjustment for financial resources. Widowed men had the highest risk (HR=1.40, 95% CI=1.12-1.74 vs married women). Lower income and wealth were associated with similarly high risk across subgroups, although this risk factor especially affected unmarried women, with this group reporting the lowest income and wealth levels. Most other risk factors had similar HRs across subgroups, although moderate alcohol use did not predict lower stroke risk in unmarried women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Stroke incidence and risk factors vary substantially according to sex and marital status. It is likely that gendered social experiences, such as marriage and socioeconomic disadvantage, mediate pathways linking sex and stroke.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA. joanna.maselko@duke.edu
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Maselko
authors.forename: Lisa M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Bates
authors.forename: Mauricio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Avendaño
authors.forename: M Maria
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Glymour
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D017533:Marital Status; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D019529:Sexuality; D020521:Stroke / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*