title: Helicobacter pylori antigenemia in an asymptomatic population of Eastern Cape Province, South Africa: public health implications.
abstract: Helicobacter pylori is a major cause of such upper gastrointestinal diseases as gastritis, peptic ulcer, and gastric cancer. The risk of infection is increased in those living in the developing world, which has been ascribed to precarious hygiene standards, crowded households, and deficient sanitation common in this part of the world. Fecal samples were collected from 356 apparently healthy subjects, consisting of 168 males and 188 females aged from 3 months to > or = 60 years (Mean = 31 years). A standardized questionnaire describing demographic characteristic including age, sex, household hygiene, socioeconomic status, and so on was applied. A sandwich-type enzyme immunoassay amplification technology (Amplified IDEIA Hp StAR, Oxoid, UK) was used to analyze the fecal samples for the detection of H. pylori antigens using monoclonal antibodies specific for H. pylori antigens. Fisher's exact test was used to assess the univariate association between H. pylori infection and the possible risk factors. Odds ratio (OR) and the corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated to measure the strength of association using EPI INFO 3.41 package. P values of < .05 were required for significance. H. pylori antigen was detected in 309 of the 356 subjects giving an overall prevalence of 86.8%. Prevalence increased with age from 75.9% in children < 12 years age to 100% in young adults aged 25-47 years and subjects aged > or = 60 years (P < .05). H. pylori prevalence was higher in females than in males. Of 188 females who participated in the study, H. pylori antigen was detected in 172 (91.5%) versus 144 (85.7%) 168 males (P > .05). Interestingly, H. pylori antigen was detected more often (100%) in the high socioeconomic group than in those of low socioeconomic group (85.9%) (P > .05). The results of this study have revealed a high prevalence of H. pylori antigens in fecal samples of asymptomatic individuals in the Nkonkobe municipality, an indication of active infection. Socioeconomic status, contaminated water, and poor sanitation may play a role in H. pylori transmission in this population. This finding is of public health and epidemiologic significance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dube
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Nkosi
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Clarke
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mkwetshana
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: R N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Ndip
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000942:Antigens, Bacterial / Q000097:blood*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D016480:Helicobacter pylori / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015980:Public Health Practice; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D013019:South Africa / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000942:Antigens, Bacterial