title: Interleukin-2 gene transfer potentiates the alpha-galactosylceramide-stimulated antitumor effect by the induction of TRAIL in NKT and NK cells in mouse models of subcutaneous and metastatic carcinoma.
abstract: Alpha-Galactosylceramide (alpha-GalCer) is a potent CD1d ligand that activates natural killer like T-cells (NKT), leading to the production of helper T (Th) 1 and Th2 cytokines that mediate various immunemodulatory and antitumor effects. Here, we determined whether the administration of adenovirus-vector-encoding mouse interleukin-2 (AdmIL-2) can augment the antitumor effect of alpha-GalCer on subcutaneous and metastatic tumors in mice. Mice were intraperitoneally injected with alpha-GalCer on days 7, 10 and 13 after tumor inoculation, with or without intratumoral injection of AdmIL-2 on day 7. alpha-GalCer treatment increased the serum levels of interferon-gamma, while intratumoral injection of AdmIL-2 elevated serum IL-2 levels. A combination of alpha-GalCer and AdmIL-2 (alpha-GalCer/AdmIL-2) inhibited the in vivo tumor growth and improved the survival of tumor-bearing mice, as compared to the use of a single agent. Experiments on spontaneous metastasis models revealed that alpha-GalCer/AdmIL-2 reduced lung metastasis and prolonged survival, as compared to control groups. In addition, the splenic and liver mononuclear cells from mice treated with alpha-GalCer/AdmIL-2 showed enhanced cytolytic activity against NK-sensitive YAC-1 and NK-resistant 3LL tumors. Moreover, alpha-GalCer/AdmIL-2 treatment expanded the absolute numbers of lung and liver NK, NKT and T-cells as well as the TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) expression of these cells. This study shows the efficacy of alpha-GalCer/AdmIL-2 immunomodulatory therapy, and provides a cellular mechanism on how it exerts the antitumor effects.
authors.affiliation: Fourth Department of Internal Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshiki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nishihori
authors.forename: Kazunori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.forename: Maki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Tetsuro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Okamoto
authors.forename: Seiya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hagiwara
authors.forename: Naoko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Araki
authors.forename: Katsuhisa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kogawa
authors.forename: Kageaki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kuribayashi
authors.forename: Kiminori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Yoshiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Niitsu
mesh_terms: D000256:Adenoviridae / Q000235:genetics; D000818:Animals; D018827:Carcinoma, Lewis Lung / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D003601:Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic; D003602:Cytotoxicity, Immunologic / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005699:Galactosylceramides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018014:Gene Transfer Techniques; D007274:Injections, Intraperitoneal; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000097:blood; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D055611:Natural Killer T-Cells / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D053221:TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand / Q000378:metabolism*; D047368:Tumor Burden
chemical_list: D005699:Galactosylceramides; D007376:Interleukin-2; D053221:TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand; C493154:alpha-galactosylceramide; D007371:Interferon-gamma