title: GAC adsorption filters as barriers for viruses, bacteria and protozoan (oo)cysts in water treatment.
abstract: Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) adsorption filtration is commonly used in drinking water treatment to remove NOM and micro-pollutants and on base of the process conditions a certain capacity to eliminate pathogenic micro-organisms was expected. The experiences with the mandatory quantitative microbial risk assessment of Dutch drinking water revealed a lack of knowledge on the elimination capacity of this process for pathogens. The objective of the current study was to determine the capacity of GAC filtration to remove MS2, Escherichia coli and spores of Clostridium bifermentans as process indicators for pathogens and more directly of (oo)cysts of Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia. Challenge tests with fresh and loaded GAC were performed in pilot plant GAC filters supplied with pre-treated surface water at a contact time which was half of the contact time of the full-scale GAC filters. MS2 phages were not removed and the removal of E. coli and the anaerobic spores was limited ranging from < or =0.1-1.1 log. The (oo)cysts of C. parvum and G. lamblia, however, were removed significantly (1.3-2.7 log). On base of the results of the experiments and the filtration conditions the removal of the indicator bacteria and (oo)cysts was largely attributed to attachment. The model of the Colloid Filtration Theory was used to describe the removal of the dosed biocolloids in the GAC filters, but the results demonstrated that there is a lack of quantitative knowledge about the influence of collector characteristics on the two major CFT parameters, the single collector and the sticking efficiency.
authors.affiliation: KWR Watercycle Research Institute, PO Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands. wim.hijnen@kwrwater.nl
authors.forename: W A M
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Hijnen
authors.forename: G M H
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Suylen
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Bahlman
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brouwer-Hanzens
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Medema
mesh_terms: D002606:Charcoal / Q000737:chemistry*; D046971:Paraclostridium bifermentans / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016785:Cryptosporidium parvum / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005374:Filtration / Q000379:methods*; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000469:parasitology* / Q000821:virology; D016829:Giardia lamblia / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification; D017909:Levivirus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D033661:Oocysts; D013171:Spores, Bacterial / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014873:Water Pollutants / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D014873:Water Pollutants; D002606:Charcoal