title: Exposure of children to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Mexico: assessment of multiple sources.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Biological monitoring of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) has expanded rapidly since urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) was suggested as a biological index for pyrene. Taking into account that pyrene is often present in PAHs mixtures, 1-OHP has also been considered an indirect indicator of exposure to these mixtures. Sources of PAHs in developing countries are numerous; however, exposure of children to PAHs has not been studied in detail. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess exposure of children to PAHs in different scenarios: (a) children living next to highways with heavy traffic; (b) sanitary landfill; (c) brick kiln communities and (d) children exposed to biomass combustion.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 258 children (aged 3-13) participated in the study. The analyses were performed by HPLC with fluorescence detector. Urinary 1-OHP concentrations were then adjusted by urinary creatinine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The highest levels of 1-OHP in this study were found in children exposed to biomass combustion (mean value 3.25 micromol/mol creatinine), but exposure was also detected in children living in communities with brick kiln industry (mean 0.35 micromol/mol creatinine), or in a community next to a sanitary landfill (with waste combustion) (0.30 micromol/mol creatinine) and in children exposed to traffic (mean value 0.2 micromol/mol creatinine and 0.08 micromol/mol creatinine).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Considering our results and taking into account that millions of children in Mexico are living in scenarios similar to those studied in this work, the assessment of health effects in children exposed to PAHs is urgently needed; furthermore, PAHs have to be declared contaminants of concern at a national level.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Avenida Venustiano Carranza 2405, 78210 San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., Mexico.
authors.forename: Rebeca I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Martínez-Salinas
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Elena Leal
authors.forename: Lilia E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Batres-Esquivel
authors.forename: Gabriela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Domínguez-Cortinas
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Calderón
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Díaz-Barriga
authors.forename: Iván N
authors.initials: IN
authors.lastname: Pérez-Maldonado
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000293:Adolescent; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000032:analysis; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D008800:Mexico; D009153:Mutagens / Q000032:analysis; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000652:urine*; D011721:Pyrenes / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D009153:Mutagens; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D011721:Pyrenes; C033146:1-hydroxypyrene