title: Endothelial nitric oxide synthase affects both early and late collateral arterial adaptation and blood flow recovery after induction of hind limb ischemia in mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goals of this study were to determine if endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) affects both early and late collateral arterial adaptation and blood flow recovery after severe limb ischemia in a mouse model and to determine if eNOS-derived NO is necessary for recruitment of chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 4 (CXCR4)(+) vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 (VEGFR1)(+) hemangiocytes to the site of ischemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two studies were completed. In the first, hind limb ischemia was induced by unilateral femoral artery excision in three groups: C57Bl6 (wild-type), eNOS(-/-), and C57Bl/6 mice treated with N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) from 1 day before excision through day 3 after excision (early L-NAME group). These groups were studied on day 3 after induction of ischemia. In the second study, hind limb ischemia was induced in C57Bl/6 mice (wild-type) and C57Bl/6 mice treated with L-NAME from days 3 through 28 after induction of ischemia. These groups were studied day 28 after ischemia induction. Dependent variables included hind limb perfusion, collateral artery diameter, and the number and location of hemangiocytes within the ischemic hind limb.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the first study, toe gangrene developed in the eNOS(-/-) and early L-NAME treatment groups by day 2. These groups demonstrated less blood flow recovery and smaller collateral artery diameter than the wild-type group. Hemangiocytes were present within the adventitia of collateral arteries in the wild-type group but were only sparsely present, in a random pattern, in the eNOS(-/-) and early L-NAME treatment groups. In the second study, the late L-NAME group showed less blood flow recovery and smaller collateral artery diameter on day 28 of ischemia than the wild-type group. Hemangiocytes were present in a pericapillary distribution in the wild-type group, but were present only sparsely in the late L-NAME treatment group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early (day 3) and late (day 28) adaptive responses to hind limb ischemia both require eNOS-derived NO. NO is necessary for normal hemangiocyte recruitment to the ischemic tissue.
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular Surgery, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Mass 01655, USA.
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Ari
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.forename: Yagai
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Jinglian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: Guodong
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tie
authors.forename: Hossein
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bagshahi
authors.forename: Philip T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Nowicki
authors.forename: Louis M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Messina
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002633:Chemotaxis; D003097:Collateral Circulation / Q000187:drug effects; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005734:Gangrene; D006614:Hindlimb; D007511:Ischemia / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000098:blood supply*; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester / Q000494:pharmacology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D019718:Receptors, CXCR4 / Q000378:metabolism; D020127:Recovery of Function; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000187:drug effects; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D014034:Toes / Q000473:pathology; D040281:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1 / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C514936:CXCR4 protein, mouse; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D019718:Receptors, CXCR4; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; C496315:Nos3 protein, mouse; D040281:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester