title: alpha-Blockers to assist stone clearance after extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy: a meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the evidence for the use of alpha-blockers after extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) in enhancing the effectiveness of renal and ureteric stone clearance.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched MEDLINE, Embase and the Cochrane Library up to January 2009. All randomized controlled trials in which alpha-blockers were evaluated after ESWL were eligible for the analysis. Outcome measures assessed were clearance rate (primary) and expulsion time (secondary). Two authors independently assessed study quality and extracted data. All data were analysed using RevMan 5.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 29 identified papers, seven trials with a total of 484 patients met the predefined criteria. These studies evaluated the effectiveness of the alpha-blocker tamsulosin, and studied clearance rate as the primary outcome. There was large heterogeneity between trials, but their methodological quality was adequate. The pooled absolute risk difference of clearance rate was 16% (95% confidence interval 5-27%) in favour of the tamsulosin group, i.e. an average of six patients have to be treated with tamsulosin after ESWL to achieve clearance in one. Subgroup analysis for the six studies that used a dose of 0.4 mg tamsulosin showed a pooled risk difference of 19 (10-29)%. The expulsion time was analysed in three studies and the pooled mean difference was 8 (-3-20) days in favour of the tamsulosin group. Pain and analgesic usage was reported to be lower with tamsulosin. Adverse effects of tamsulosin, mainly dizziness, were reported in eight patients (3%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Treatment with tamsulosin after ESWL appears to be effective in assisting stone clearance in patients with renal and ureteric calculi. To make a definite clinical recommendation to use tamsulosin after ESWL for renal and ureteric calculi, a high quality confirmatory trial is warranted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands. xiaoyezhu@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Yefang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Diederick
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Duijvesz
authors.forename: Maroeska M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Rovers
authors.forename: Tycho M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Lock
mesh_terms: D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000328:Adult; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D006801:Humans; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000628:therapy*; D008096:Lithotripsy; D008875:Middle Aged; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000077409:Tamsulosin; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014514:Ureteral Calculi / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists; D013449:Sulfonamides; D000077409:Tamsulosin