title: Similar expression to FGF (Sef) inhibits fibroblast growth factor-induced tumourigenic behaviour in prostate cancer cells and is downregulated in aggressive clinical disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) axis is an important mitogenic stimulus in prostate carcinogenesis. We have previously reported that transcript level of human similar expression to FGF (hSef), a key regulator of this pathway, is downregulated in clinical prostate cancer. In this study we further analysed the role of hSef in prostate cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  hSef function was studied in in vitro and in vivo prostate cancer models using stable over-expression clones. Protein expression of hSef was studied in a comprehensive tissue microarray.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Stable over-expression of hSef resulted in reduced in vitro cancer cell proliferation, migration and invasive potential. In an in vivo xenograft model, the expression of hSef significantly retarded prostate tumour growth as compared with empty vector (P=0.03) and non-transfected (P=0.0001) controls. Histological examination further showed a less invasive tumour phenotype and reduced numbers of proliferating cells (P=0.0002). In signalling studies, hSef inhibited FGF-induced ERK phosphorylation, migration to the nucleus and activation of a reporter gene. Constitutively active Ras, however, was able to reverse these effects, suggesting that hSef exerts an effect either above or at the level of Ras in prostate cancer cells. In a large tissue microarray, we observed a significant loss of hSef protein in high-grade (P<0.0001) and metastatic (P<0.0001) prostate cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Considered together, the role of hSef in attenuating FGF signalling and evidence of downregulation in advanced tumours argue strongly for a tumour suppressor function in human prostate cancer.
authors.affiliation: Northern Institute for Cancer Research, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Darby
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: C N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Robson
authors.forename: H Y
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Mathers
authors.forename: V J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Gnanapragasam
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D048708:Cell Growth Processes / Q000502:physiology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D015536:Down-Regulation; D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D018123:Receptors, Interleukin / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: C477526:IL17RD protein, human; D018123:Receptors, Interleukin; D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases