title: Deception in stress reactivity and recovery research.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Testing stress reactivity in the laboratory often requires deception or at least concealment of the hypothesis in order to mimic real-life provocations. Researchers routinely conduct a post-experimental validity check about the success of deception in order to rule out competing hypotheses. The research literature on the impact of failed deception offers contradictory results about the 'cost' of failed deception. To date, no evaluation of this threat to internal validity has used objective physiological indices to assess the extent of damage to the results when deception or concealment fails. In this study we evaluated whether or not post-experimental assessment of participants' ability to see through a protocol affected physiological and subjective responses to an anger-provoking laboratory task.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and thirty-seven participants were subjected to an anger provocation task disguised as a 'cognitively challenging arithmetic task'.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-six participants declared during debriefing that they had seen through or suspected that the underlying hypotheses were related to anger provocation but neither blood pressure, heart rate, or self-reported affect responses to the tasks differentiated the 'aware' from the 'unaware' group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We posit that concealment of the hypothesis in anger provocation experiments is usually effective and may not be a threat to the study's internal validity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, The University of British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Linden
authors.forename: Alena
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Talbot Ellis
authors.forename: Roanne
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Millman
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological / Q000502:physiology; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000786:Anger / Q000502:physiology*; D001364:Awareness / Q000502:physiology; D032763:Behavior Control; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D008192:Deception; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D018579:Patient Selection; D011581:Psychological Tests; D035842:Research Subjects / Q000523:psychology*; D012737:Sex Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires