title: Is cystatin C a useful marker in the detection of diabetic kidney disease?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate cystatin C as a marker of diabetic kidney disease in normoalbuminuric diabetic patients without chronic kidney disease (CKD).
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross- sectional study was carried out comprising 243 hypertensive patients, 61 of them with type 2 diabetes, presenting normoalbuminuria and an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) >or=60 ml/min/1.73 m(2). Renal function assessment included determinations of serum creatinine and cystatin C levels, microalbuminuria, as well as eGFR through Cockcroft-Gault and Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Diabetic patients presented higher cystatin C levels than nondiabetic patients (0.95 +/- 0.19 vs. 0.89 +/- 0.17 mg/l; p < 0.05). In the binary logistic regression, the presence of diabetes and metabolic syndrome was significantly associated with elevated cystatin C levels. Diabetic patients also presented a slightly greater albuminuria (6.72 +/- 4.43 vs. 5.07 +/- 3.59 microg/min; p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that elevated cystatin C levels in diabetic patients may identify a certain degree of renal dysfunction even when albuminuria and eGFR do not mirror CKD. Longitudinal studies with direct GFR measures need to be done in order to confirm the value of cystatin C as an indicative of worse renal outcomes in the diabetic population.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. endorodolfo @ uol.com.br
authors.forename: Rodolfo L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Borges
authors.forename: Andréa H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Hirota
authors.forename: Beata M R
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Quinto
authors.forename: Arthur B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Ribeiro
authors.forename: Maria T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Zanella
authors.forename: Marcelo C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Batista
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D055316:Cystatin C / Q000097:blood*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003936:Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D055316:Cystatin C