title: A pilot study of observed parenting and adjustment in adolescents with type 1 diabetes and their mothers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this pilot study was to determine the association of observed parenting behaviors with adjustment in adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and their mothers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adolescents with T1D (n = 30) and their mothers provided data on psychosocial adjustment and engaged in a discussion task about diabetes stress, which was coded for parenting behavior. Clinical data (i.e., HbA1c) was obtained from adolescents' medical records.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mothers' symptoms of anxiety and depression were related to lower levels of child-centered parenting. Higher levels of observed child-centered parenting and positive reinforcement and lower levels of maternal hostility and parental influence were related to better psychosocial adjustment in adolescents (i.e., fewer depressive symptoms, better quality of life) and better metabolic control.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results support the use of observational data in this population and provide estimates of effect sizes between parenting variables, maternal and adolescent psychosocial adjustment, and metabolic control.
authors.affiliation: Yale University School of Nursing, 100 Church Street South, New Haven, CT 06536, USA. sarah.jaser@yale.edu
authors.forename: Sarah S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Jaser
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grey
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009034:Mother-Child Relations; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology*; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology; D012917:Social Adjustment; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires