title: Is semantic memory impaired in schizophrenia? A systematic review and meta-analysis of 91 studies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Semantic memory impairments in schizophrenia have been reported across a wide range of neuropsychological tests. Set against a backdrop of fairly widespread cognitive impairments, it is difficult to know whether there is a primary, or secondary, impairment of semantic memory in schizophrenia. Also, whether there is a profile of differential impairment across the range of neuropsychological tests.
  
  
  METHODS
  Employing a systematic search strategy, 91 papers were identified which have assessed participants with schizophrenia on a measure of semantic memory. A series of meta-analyses were then conducted which provided combined weighted means for performance on tasks of naming, word-picture matching, verbal fluency, priming, and categorisation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An uneven profile of impairment is reported with large effect sizes for tests of naming and verbal fluency, medium effect sizes for word-picture matching and association and small effect sizes for categorisation and priming tests.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This uneven profile supports the claim that a degradation of semantic knowledge may not be adequate in explaining the semantic memory impairment in schizophrenia. This conclusion is supported by the data which report a relationship between an executive dysfunction and poor priming and fluency performance particularly. The data support a link between Formal Thought Disorder and semantic memory impairments on tests of naming and verbal fluency but on other tests evidence is equivocal.
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK. o.j.doughty@herts.ac.uk
authors.forename: O J
authors.initials: OJ
authors.lastname: Doughty
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Done
mesh_terms: D003210:Concept Formation / Q000502:physiology; D056344:Executive Function / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology*; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D014705:Verbal Behavior / Q000502:physiology