title: Unilateral vocal fold paralysis in premature infants after ligation of patent ductus arteriosus: vascular clip versus suture ligature.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated risk factors associated with unilateral iatrogenic vocal fold paralysis (IVFP) in the context of ligation of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) and compared the rates of paralysis between vascular clip and suture ligation procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a prospective examination of infants with isolated PDA treated surgically during 1995 to 2005. Statistical significance was determined with a 2-tailed t-test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 68 PDA ligations, 13 cases of left-sided IVFP were diagnosed, for an overall incidence of 19%. All cases of IVFP occurred in 55 infants who weighed less than 1 kg at birth. Suture ligature was used in 60% of all PDA ligation patients, and vascular clips in 40%. The incidence of IVFP in patients with vascular clips (19%) was similar to the incidence in those with suture ligature (20%). Hoarseness or stridor was present in 69% of patients with IVFP, compared to 17% of normal controls (p <0.001). The rate of aspiration was not increased in the IVFP group; however, 15% of the patients with IVFP had episodes of decreased oxygen saturation, versus 7% of infants with normal vocal fold mobility.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A hoarse infant with a birth weight of less than 1 kg who has undergone PDA ligation should be examined for unilateral IVFP. Vascular clips and suture ligature are associated with similar rates of IVFP.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
authors.forename: William C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Spanos
authors.forename: James T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Brookes
authors.forename: Mark C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Harold M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Burkhart
authors.forename: Edward F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.forename: Richard J H
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D004374:Ductus Arteriosus, Patent / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007049:Iatrogenic Disease; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D007235:Infant, Premature, Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D007828:Laryngoscopy; D008026:Ligation / Q000295:instrumentation; D008297:Male; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013537:Sutures; D014826:Vocal Cord Paralysis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen