title: How much do forgotten insulin injections matter to hemoglobin a1c in people with diabetes? A simulation study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Forgotten or omitted insulin injections are an important contributing factor to poor glycemic control in people with type 1 diabetes. This study uses mathematical modeling and examines the impact on hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels if insulin injections are forgotten. The simulation concerns people with type 1 diabetes on intensive insulin therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five sets of blood glucose profiles with and without a forgotten injection were obtained. The difference to HbA1c was calculated using an HbA1c estimator on the profiles and was multiplied by the frequency of forgotten events. A frequency of 2.1 forgotten injections per week was found in the literature.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Calculations showed that forgetting 2.1 meal-related injections per week would lead to an increase in HbA1c of at least 0.3-0.4% points, and similarly 0.2-0.3% points related to forgotten injections of the long-acting insulin. In case of even more pronounced nonadherence (e.g., if 39% of all injections are forgotten) there is a possible increase of HbA1c of 1.8% points.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The magnitude of the possible improvement in HbA1c agrees well with other studies in the relation between adherence and HbA1c levels. The estimated numbers suggest that missing injections are an important reason for suboptimal treatment.
authors.affiliation: Concept Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Hillerød, Denmark. jttr@novonordisk.com
authors.forename: Jette
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Randløv
authors.forename: Jens Ulrik
authors.initials: JU
authors.lastname: Poulsen