title: Etiology and outcome of acute renal failure in pregnancy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the etiology and outcome of Acute Renal Failure (ARF) in pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A case series.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nephrology Department of the Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, Karachi, from August 2007 to July 2008.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pregnant women who were healthy previously and had developed ARF, diagnosed on oliguria (urine output <400 ml/day) and mounting azotemia (serum creatinine > 2 mg%) were included in the study. Percutaneous renal biopsy was performed for delayed recovery, i.e. after three weeks. Patients were followed up for a period of 6 months. Percentages were calculated for qualitative variables i.e. causes of ARF, mortality, morbidity and outcome in form of complete recovery, partial recovery, demise and non-recovery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 43 patients with pregnancy-related ARF were included in the study. The puerperal group comprised 36 patients (83.7%). Haemorrhage was the etiology for ARF in 25 (58.1%), antepartum haemorrhage APH in 8 (18.6%) and postpartum haemorrhage PPH in 16 (37.2%) of patients. In 12 (27.9%), puerperal sepsis was the etiological factor, while 4 (9.3%) patients had DIC on presentation. Pre-eclampsia, eclampsia and HELLP syndrome accounted for 5 (11.6%). While 1 (2.3%) was diagnosed with hemolytic uremic syndrome and another one was diagnosed as ARF secondary to hypotension produced by hyperemesis gravidarum. Renal biopsy was performed in 31 patients showing that 10 had acute cortical necrosis and 21 had acute tubular necrosis. Maternal mortality was 16.2% (n=7). Of the 36 (83.7%) surviving patients, 18 (41.4%) had complete recovery of renal function; 12 (27.9%) had partial recovery; and 6 (13.9%) required chronic dialysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pregnancy-related ARF was associated with poor outcome. Antepartum and postpartum haemorrhage were the most common cause of ARF in pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, Karachi. dr_irfana_hassan@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Irfana
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hassan
authors.forename: Abdul Manan
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Junejo
authors.forename: Manohar Lal
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Dawani
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010154:Pakistan / Q000453:epidemiology; D006473:Postpartum Hemorrhage / Q000453:epidemiology; D011225:Pre-Eclampsia / Q000453:epidemiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult