title: Nodal staging score: a tool to assess adequate staging of node-negative colon cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Adequate nodal staging of colon cancer has been defined as pathologic examination of at least 12 lymph nodes. We sought to refine this definition by quantifying the likelihood that a pathologically node-negative patient has, indeed, no positive nodes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with stage I-III adenocarcinoma of the colon between 1994 and 2005 and had at least one lymph node pathologically examined were identified from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database (n = 131,953). We estimated the sensitivity of the pathologic staging of locoregional spread using a beta-binomial model and developed the nodal staging score (NSS), which is the probability that a patient is correctly staged as node negative. NSS is a function of T stage and the number of examined nodes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The probability of missing a positive node that is in fact truly present is 29.7% if five nodes are examined, 20.0% if eight are examined, and drops to 13.6% for 12 nodes are examined. An NSS of 90% can be achieved by examining a single node for T1 and four nodes for T2 tumors. To maintain similar levels of NSS for T3, 13 nodes need to be examined and for T4 lesions, 21 nodes need to be examined. Graphical and tabular tools are provided to facilitate calculation of NSS and treatment decision making in practice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The minimum number of examined nodes for adequate staging depends on the T stage. The score we developed indicates the adequacy of nodal staging for patients with no positive nodes and can assist clinical decision making in the patient without nodal metastasis.
authors.affiliation: Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, 1275 York Ave, Box 44, New York, NY 10065, USA. gonenm@mskcc.org
authors.forename: Mithat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gönen
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schrag
authors.forename: Martin R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Weiser
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D000465:Algorithms; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000473:pathology*; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D018426:SEER Program; D015996:Survival Rate