title: Spirulina protects against rosiglitazone induced osteoporosis in insulin resistance rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study was undertaken to assess the protective effect of Spirulina fusiformis extract against Rosiglitazone induced osteoporosis and pharmacodynamic effects of Rosiglitazone with Spirulina in treating hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia of insulin resistance rat.
  
  
  METHODS
  For this aim, 30 Wistar albino rats were equally divided into five groups as control (C), diabetes mellitus (DM), diabetes mellitus+Rosiglitazone (DM+R), diabetes mellitus+Spirulina (DM+S), and diabetes mellitus+Rosiglitazone+Spirulina (DM+R+S). Serum glucose, triglyceride, HDL, LDL and insulin concentrations were estimated by routine standard methods in blood samples collected on 21th day. Integrity of the bone surface was examined by scanning electronic microscopy, and bone strength was measured by micro-hardness test on 45th day.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant decrease in total bone mineral density was observed in group DM+R rats (p<0.05). The number and depth of resorptive pits on surface of the bone in Rosiglitazone treated rats improved clearly with Spirulina administration. The intactness and integrity of the bone surface as well as the bone strength improved due to the high content of calcium and phosphorous in Spirulina. Besides, chromium and gamma-linoleic acid in Spirulina helped to decrease the fasting serum glucose, HDL, LDL and triglycerides levels in insulin resistance rats.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that combination therapy of Rosiglitazone with Spirulina reduced the risk of osteoporosis in insulin resistance rats. Additionally, Spirulina complemented the antihyperglycemic and antilipidemic activity of Rosiglitazone.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, M. M. College of Pharmacy, M. M. University, Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Sumeet
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Hrishikeshvan
authors.forename: Prabodh K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Sehajpal
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D015519:Bone Density / Q000187:drug effects*; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000494:pharmacology; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy*; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008297:Male; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D000077154:Rosiglitazone; D053545:Spirulina; D045162:Thiazolidinediones / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D001786:Blood Glucose; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D000077154:Rosiglitazone; D003907:Dexamethasone