title: Contamination: concept analysis and nursing implications.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the concept of contamination and discuss the implications for nursing practice, research, and education.
  
  
  METHODS
  Published research articles, official governmental publications, policy reports, and textbooks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Various attributes of contamination are described using the Walker and Avant method of concept analysis and include: (a) exposure to a contaminant, and (b) contaminant exists in a dose sufficient to cause adverse health effects. The major antecedents of contamination include the presence of a contaminant, dose, duration of exposure, route of exposure, and individual human differences. Major consequences of contamination include organ and systemic responses, and psychological, social, and economic effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Contamination is an important concept and is essential to the discipline of nursing. The concept of contamination is separate from exposure. Precision in the use of diagnostic language describing contamination incidents will lead to greater accuracy in outcomes and interventions for individuals and groups experiencing overt or covert contamination resulting from accidental or intentional acts. Broad agreement on the definition, antecedents, and consequences of contamination will improve the likelihood of successful management of contamination events.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The nursing profession makes an important contribution to the improvement of individual, community, and societal environmental health. Clarifying the concept of contamination is an important first step in building the nursing science that will lead to identifying sound nursing interventions.
authors.affiliation: Howard University Division of Nursing, Washington, DC, USA. pgreen@howard.edu
authors.forename: Pauline M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: Laura V
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Polk
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003210:Concept Formation; D004189:Disaster Planning; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004782:Environmental Health / Q000458:organization & administration*; D004787:Environmental Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000517:prevention & control; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016294:Models, Nursing; D024802:Nurse's Role; D009733:Nursing Diagnosis / Q000458:organization & administration*; D015403:Nursing Evaluation Research; D011634:Public Health; D018875:Vocabulary, Controlled