title: Molecular profiling of glatiramer acetate early treatment effects in multiple sclerosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Glatiramer acetate (GA, Copaxone) has beneficial effects on the clinical course of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). However, the exact molecular mechanisms of GA effects are only partially understood.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To characterized GA molecular effects in RRMS patients within 3 months of treatment by microarray profiling of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Gene-expression profiles were determined in RRMS patients before and at 3 months after initiation of GA treatment using Affimetrix (U133A-2) microarrays containing 14,500 well-characterized human genes. Most informative genes (MIGs) of GA-induced biological convergent pathways operating in RRMS were constructed using gene functional annotation, enrichment analysis and pathway reconstruction bioinformatic softwares. Verification at the mRNA and protein level was performed by qRT-PCR and FACS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  GA induced a specific gene expression molecular signature that included altered expression of 480 genes within 3 months of treatment; 262 genes were up-regulated, and 218 genes were down-regulated. The main convergent mechanisms of GA effects were related to antigen-activated apoptosis, inflammation, adhesion, and MHC class-I antigen presentation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings demonstrate that GA treatment induces alternations of immunomodulatory gene expression patterns that are important for suppression of disease activity already at three months of treatment and can be used as molecular markers of GA activity.
authors.affiliation: Multiple Sclerosis Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel. achiron@post.tau
authors.forename: Anat
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Achiron
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Feldman
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gurevich
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism*; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D000068717:Glatiramer Acetate; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy; D008297:Male; D020529:Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D010455:Peptides / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D010455:Peptides; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D000068717:Glatiramer Acetate