title: Amelioration of pneumonia with Streptococcus pneumoniae infection by inoculation with a vaccine against highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in a non-human primate mixed infection model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) infection has a high mortality rate in humans. Secondary bacterial pneumonia with HPAIV infection has not been reported in human patients, whereas seasonal influenza viruses sometimes enhance bacterial pneumonia, resulting in substantial morbidity and mortality. Therefore, if HPAIV infection were accompanied by bacterial infection, an increase in mortality would be expected. We examined whether a vaccine against HPAIV prevents severe morbidity caused by mixed infection with HPAIV and bacteria.
  
  
  METHODS
  H7N7 subtype of HPAIV and Streptococcus pneumoniae were inoculated into cynomolgus macaques with or without vaccination of inactivated whole virus particles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Vaccination against H7N7 HPAIV decreased morbidity caused by HPAIV and pneumonia caused by S. pneumoniae. Bacterial replication in lungs was decreased by vaccination against HPAIV, although the reduction in bacterial colonies was not significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vaccination against HPAIV reduces pneumonia caused by bacterial superinfection and may improve prognosis of HPAIV-infected patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan.
authors.forename: Taichiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Miyake
authors.forename: Kosuke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Soda
authors.forename: Yasushi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Itoh
authors.forename: Yoshihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sakoda
authors.forename: Hirohito
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ishigaki
authors.forename: Tomoya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nagata
authors.forename: Hideaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ishida
authors.forename: Misako
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakayama
authors.forename: Hiroichi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ozaki
authors.forename: Hideaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tsuchiya
authors.forename: Ryuzo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Torii
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kida
authors.forename: Kazumasa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ogasawara
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000097:blood; D001831:Body Temperature; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006651:Histocytochemistry / Q000662:veterinary; D053126:Influenza A Virus, H7N7 Subtype / Q000276:immunology*; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000276:immunology; D008252:Macaca fascicularis; D008992:Monkey Diseases / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000821:virology; D009500:Neutralization Tests / Q000662:veterinary; D009976:Orthomyxoviridae Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D011018:Pneumonia, Pneumococcal / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000276:immunology*; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; D007252:Influenza Vaccines; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated