title: Prevalence and risk factors for acute kidney injury associated with parenteral polymyxin B use.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The main adverse effect of polymyxin B is nephrotoxicity. There are few data on polymyxin-associated renal injury.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the prevalence of and risk factors for acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients treated with polymyxin B.
  
  
  METHODS
  The studied population included 114 patients who received at least 3 consecutive days of intravenous polymyxin B and had baseline serum creatinine (SCr) and at least one further SCr measurement during treatment. AKI was defined as an SCr increase to 1.8 mg/dL or greater in patients with baseline SCr less than 1.5 mg/dL, or an increase greater than or equal to 50% in baseline SCr when it was already greater than or equal to 1.5 mg/dL, or need for dialysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  AKI developed in 22% of the patients. They were older, had a higher baseline SCr, had a higher frequency of baseline SCr greater than or equal to 1.5 mg/dL, used other nephrotoxic drugs and furosemide more often, and required vasoactive drugs and mechanical ventilation more frequently. Progression to renal failure was significantly more probable when the bacteria were isolated in the abdomen, catheter, or blood. AKI patients had a higher mortality rate (92% vs 53%; p < 0.001). Logistic regression identified abnormal baseline SCr (odds ratio [OR] 3.51); need for vasoactive drugs (OR 3.03); and abdomen, blood, or catheter as the infection site (OR 3.82) as independent risk factors for AKI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients who developed AKI had a strikingly elevated mortality rate. Polymyxin B should be used with extreme caution in patients who have an abnormal baseline SCr; use vasoactive drugs; or have abdomen, blood, or catheter as the infection site.
authors.affiliation: Internal Medicine Department, Division of Internal Medicine, Hospital de Base, São José do Rio Preto Medical School, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Carlos A C
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Mendes
authors.forename: José A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Cordeiro
authors.forename: Emmanuel A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Burdmann
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011112:Polymyxin B / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015995:Prevalence; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D003404:Creatinine; D011112:Polymyxin B