title: Association of polymorphism in the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) gene with circulating RAGE levels.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE)-ligand interaction has been linked to vascular complications. The family of soluble forms of RAGE (sRAGE) consists of splice variants and proteolytically cleaved and shed forms of RAGE. sRAGE may be a reflection of cell-bound RAGE. Because genetic variation in the RAGE gene may be associated with individual differences in sRAGE concentration and outcome, we investigated whether RAGE single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were associated with circulating levels of sRAGE.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine SNPs, covering the common RAGE gene variation, were genotyped in a Dutch cohort of subjects with normal glucose metabolism (n = 301), impaired glucose metabolism (n = 127), and type 2 diabetes mellitus (n = 146). We used linear regression analyses adjusted for age, sex, and glucose metabolism status to compare sRAGE levels across genotypes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SNP rs2060700 (Gly82Ser) showed an association with sRAGE levels. Specifically, after adjustments for age, sex, and glucose metabolism, subjects with CT genotype had -527 pg/ml (95% confidence interval -724 to -330, P < 0.001) lower sRAGE levels compared with the CC genotype (age, sex, and glucose metabolism adjusted mean +/- SE values of 836 +/- 99 and 1369 +/- 26 pg/ml, respectively, P < 0.001). These results were confirmed in a subsample of a second cohort study of subjects with CT (n = 37) and CC genotype (n = 37). Immunoblotting using antibodies against amino acids 39-55 and 100-116 of RAGE also showed a similar decrease of sRAGE levels in the CT genotypes. No other SNPs showed an association with sRAGE levels. In addition, no associations between SNPs and the advanced glycation end products N(epsilon)-(carboxymethyl)lysine and N(epsilon)-(carboxyethyl)lysine were found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The CC genotype of SNP rs2070600 (Gly82Ser) was strongly associated with higher sRAGE levels in a Dutch population. The mechanism by which Gly82Ser polymorphism alters the sRAGE levels remains to be elucidated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Debeyelaan 25, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Katrien H J
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Gaens
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.forename: Carla J H
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: van der Kallen
authors.forename: Marleen M J
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: van Greevenbroek
authors.forename: Ellen E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Blaak
authors.forename: Edith J M
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Feskens
authors.forename: Jacqueline M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Dekker
authors.forename: Giel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nijpels
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Heine
authors.forename: Leen M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: 't Hart
authors.forename: Philip G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: de Groot
authors.forename: Coen D A
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Stehouwer
authors.forename: Casper G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Schalkwijk
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015153:Blotting, Western; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003401:Creatine / Q000097:blood; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007677:Kidney Function Tests; D008239:Lysine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D010641:Phenotype; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D000067759:Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced; D000067759:Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic; C054688:N(6)-(1-carboxyethyl)lysine; C048496:N(6)-carboxymethyllysine; D008239:Lysine; D003401:Creatine