title: Comparative toxicity of pesticides to stingless bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponini).
abstract: Stingless bees are potential pollinators of commercial tropical crops and their use may increase in the short term. However, studies comparing the toxicity of pesticides to different individuals and species are lacking, making it difficult to evaluate their short- and long-term effects on colonies and populations of these insects. In this work, we tested the lethality of compounds from the main pesticide groups on stingless bees of the species Melipona beecheii Bennett, Trigona nigra Provancher, and Nannotrigona perilampoides Cresson. The LDo (in micrograms per bee) for each pesticide was calculated for callow workers and foragers of the three species as well as for gynes and drones of M. beecheii. The results showed that all species were highly susceptible to the evaluated compounds. Nicotinoid pesticides were the most toxic, followed in descending order by permethrin, diazinon, and methomyl. We found evidence of a relationship between the body weight of the species and their LD50 for permethrin and methomyl (r = 0.91 and 0.90, respectively) but not for diazinon (r = -0.089). An analysis of contingency tables showed that within each species, callow workers had higher mortalities than foragers (P < 0.01). In M. beecheii at similar pesticide dose more males died compared with females [chi2((0.0),1) = 10.16]. However, gynes were less resistant than workers [chi2((0.01),1)) = 8.11]. The potential negative consequences of pesticides to native stingless bees are discussed considering the reproductive biology of these insects. It is important to take actions to prevent damage to these key species for the ecology and agriculture of Mexico and Latin America
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación Científicas y Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ave. Legaria 694-Col. Irrigación, CP 11500, DF México.
authors.forename: Gustavo Rafael
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Valdovinos-Núñez
authors.forename: José Javier G
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Quezada-Euán
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ancona-Xiu
authors.forename: Humberto
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Moo-Valle
authors.forename: Angelica
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Carmona
authors.forename: Esaú
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ruiz Sanchez
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001516:Bees / Q000187:drug effects*; D003976:Diazinon / Q000633:toxicity; D005260:Female; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000633:toxicity; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D008297:Male; D008724:Methomyl / Q000633:toxicity; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds / Q000633:toxicity; D026023:Permethrin / Q000633:toxicity; D010575:Pesticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D011725:Pyridines / Q000633:toxicity; D012919:Social Behavior; D013843:Thiazines / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D007093:Imidazoles; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds; D010575:Pesticides; D011725:Pyridines; D013843:Thiazines; D008724:Methomyl; C082359:imidacloprid; D026023:Permethrin; C417209:thiacloprid; D003976:Diazinon