title: The role of the persistent fruit wall in seed water regulation in Raphanus raphanistrum (Brassicaceae).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Dry fruits remain around the seeds at dispersal in a number of species, especially the Brassicaceae. Explanations for this vary, but usually involve mechanisms of innate dormancy. We speculate that, instead, a persistent fruit may give additional protection through control of dehydration, to species growing in arid or Mediterranean environments where water is sporadic.
  
  
  METHODS
  X-rays and weight measurements were used to determine the extent to which Raphanus raphanistrum seeds within mature fruits imbibe water, and germination tests determined the roles of the fruit and seed coat in seed dormancy. Rates of water uptake and desiccation, and seedling emergence were compared with and without the fruit. Finally, germinability of seeds extracted from fruits was determined after various periods of moist conditions followed by a range of dry conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most seeds rapidly take up water within the fruit, but they do not fully imbibe when compared with naked seeds. The seed coat is more important than the dry fruit wall in maintaining seed dormancy. The presence of a dry fruit slows emergence from the soil by up to 6-8 weeks. The fruit slows the rate of desiccation of the seed to a limited extent. The presence of the fruit for a few days during imbibition somehow primes more seeds to germinate than if the fruit is absent; longer moist periods within the pod appear to induce dormancy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The fruit certainly modifies the seed environment as external conditions change between wet and dry, but not to a great extent. The major role seems to be: (a) the physical restriction of imbibition and germination; and (b) the release and then re-imposition of dormancy within the seed. The ecological significance of the results requires more research under field conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Resource Management and Geography, The University of Melbourne, Burnley Campus, 500 Yarra Boulevard, Richmond, Victoria 3121, Australia. rcousens@unimelb.edu.au
authors.forename: Roger D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Cousens
authors.forename: Kenneth R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tadayyon
mesh_terms: D001692:Biological Transport; D005638:Fruit / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D018525:Germination; D031224:Raphanus / Q000196:embryology* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D012639:Seeds / Q000378:metabolism*; D013312:Stress, Physiological; D014867:Water / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D014867:Water