title: Stroke and cerebrovascular disorders.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Stroke and cerebrovascular disorders in childhood are a cause for significant morbidity in childhood. There is growing emphasis on understanding the mechanisms of stroke so as to inform developments in investigation and management.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Advances have been made in the classification of pediatric stroke, aided by clinical and radiological recognition of patterns of injury and differential outcomes dependent on timing of stroke occurrence. Risk factors are multifactorial, with evidence of geographical and national variation. Causality, however, remains difficult to prove. Recent studies highlight a significant association between stroke recurrence and outcome and the presence of steno-occlusive arterial disease, Moyamoya disease and progressive arteriopathy. Focal arteriopathy of childhood is a new term proposed to refine the nomenclature of childhood arteriopathy. The association between infection and childhood stroke is increasingly recognized, with associations with sinovenous thrombosis and childhood arteriopathy. The recommendation to screen for arteriopathy in genetic conditions such as sickle cell disease is now extended to include children with neurofibromatosis type 1. Perfusion and magnetic resonance wall imaging have helped in the determination of the cause of stroke with impact on management in adults. Two new treatment guidelines have been published (American Heart Association and Chest), but barriers remain to the use of thrombolysis in childhood stroke.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Continued developments in understanding and practice in childhood stroke are encouraging. However, the absence of clinical trials and evidence-based guidelines is limiting. The conduct of such trials is a goal towards which the International Pediatric Stroke Study is moving.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Nomazulu
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dlamini
authors.forename: Fenella J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Kirkham
mesh_terms: D002533:Cerebral Angiography; D002539:Cerebral Arterial Diseases / Q000150:complications; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D015912:Thrombolytic Therapy / Q000379:methods