title: The potential to transmit Mycobacterium tuberculosis at a South African tertiary teaching hospital.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the risk of nosocomial transmission by confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) patients in a high TB/HIV incidence environment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between November 2006 and April 2007, we carried out a cross-sectional survey of PTB patients with positive smears or cultures at an academic tertiary hospital in the Western Cape, South Africa.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 394 confirmed PTB patients, only 199 (50.5%) had a known HIV status, of whom 107 (53.8%) were HIV-co-infected. Sensitivity testing for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) was done in 49.3% of patients with available cultures (140/284). Of these patients, 9.3% (13/140) had multidrug-resistant (MDR) TB strains. The turnaround times (TAT) for culture and susceptibility testing were delayed: mean TAT for cultures was 27 days (range 63 days) and for susceptibility testing was 42 days (range 63 days). One fifth of PTB patients (82/394) were diagnosed from wards that do not deal with TB on a daily basis. PTB inpatients were hospitalized for an average of 13 days and were on average transferred twice. Only 14.2% of all PTB patients were notified to the South Africa Provincial Department of Health. Throughout their hospitalization, PTB patients were potentially infectious.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The potential for nosocomial TB transmission in a setting of high TB and HIV co-infection with a high MDR prevalence, inconsistent infection prevention and control measures, and delayed diagnosis cannot be ignored. Barriers to TB infection control must urgently be addressed.
authors.affiliation: Academic Unit for Infection Prevention and Control, Department of Interdisciplinary Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch and Tygerberg Hospital, H9, 9(th) Floor, East, Private Bag x3, Stellenbosch, South Africa. dsissolak@sun.ac.za
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sissolak
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Bamford
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mehtar
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D018562:Disease Transmission, Infectious; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013019:South Africa / Q000453:epidemiology; D018088:Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000635:transmission*; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000635:transmission*; D055815:Young Adult