title: Association of muscle strength with the risk of Alzheimer disease and the rate of cognitive decline in community-dwelling older persons.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Loss of muscle strength is common and is associated with various adverse health outcomes in old age, but few studies have examined the association of muscle strength with the risk of Alzheimer disease (AD) or mild cognitive impairment (MCI).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To test the hypothesis that muscle strength is associated with incident AD and MCI.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective observational cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retirement communities across the Chicago, Illinois, metropolitan area.
  
  
  METHODS
  More than 900 community-based older persons without dementia at the baseline evaluation and in whom strength was measured in 9 muscle groups in arms and legs, and in the axial muscles and summarized into a composite measure of muscle strength.
  
  
  METHODS
  Incident AD and MCI and the rate of change in global cognitive function.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During a mean follow-up of 3.6 years, 138 persons developed AD. In a proportional hazards model adjusted for age, sex, and education status, each 1-U increase in muscle strength at baseline was associated with about a 43% decrease in the risk of AD (hazard ratio, 0.57; 95% confidence interval, 0.41-0.79). The association of muscle strength with AD persisted after adjustment for several covariates, including body mass index, physical activity, pulmonary function, vascular risk factors, vascular diseases, and apolipoprotein E4 status. In a mixed-effects model adjusted for age, sex, education status, and baseline level of global cognition, increased muscle strength was associated with a slower rate of decline in global cognitive function (P < .001). Muscle strength was associated with a decreased risk of MCI, the precursor to AD (hazard ratio, 0.67; 95% confidence interval, 0.54-0.84).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest a link between muscle strength, AD, and cognitive decline in older persons.
authors.affiliation: Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA. Patricia_Boyle@rush.edu
authors.forename: Patricia A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Boyle
authors.forename: Aron S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Buchman
authors.forename: Robert S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Sue E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Leurgans
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Bennett
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D053580:Muscle Strength / Q000502:physiology*; D053581:Muscle Strength Dynamometer; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012179:Retirement; D012307:Risk Factors