title: Sex and hand differences in circadian wrist activity are independent from sex and hand differences in 2D:4D.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We investigated the relationship between patterns of sex and hand differences in circadian wrist activity and digit ratio, a marker for prenatal androgen exposure. If the contribution of prenatal androgen exposure to sex differences in digit ratio underlies sex differences in circadian wrist activity, we predict that patterns of wrist activity will be correlated with digit ratio.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bilateral wrist activity of male and female college students was measured for three consecutive days. Digit ratio was obtained from photocopy measurements of the second and fourth fingers of each subject.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Males had lower digit ratios with more pronounced differences on the right hand. Female acrophase occurred earlier than male acrophase. There was more activity in the right hand and right hand activity peaked before the left. Digit ratio was not correlated with any measure of wrist activity. An analysis of activity by age revealed that younger female students exhibited more male-like activity patterns.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sex and hand differences for digit ratio and acrophase replicated previous findings. The lack of correlation between digit ratio and patterns of wrist activity suggests that sexually dimorphic circadian activity develops independently from the mechanisms of hormone exposure that cause sex differences in digit ratio.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866 USA. dmcquade@skidmore.edu.
authors.forename: Camille
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Reuter
authors.forename: Denise B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: McQuade