title: The effects of farnesol on Staphylococcus aureus biofilms and osteoblasts. An in vitro study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bacterial biofilms play a major role in chronic orthopaedic infections. Recently, farnesol (an antifungal agent) has been shown to express antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans. However, the effects of farnesol on the formation of bacterial biofilms on orthopaedic biomaterials and its effects on osteoblasts have not been investigated, to our knowledge, and are therefore the focus of this study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Biofilms of Staphylococcus aureus (Seattle 1945(GFPuvr)) were grown on titanium alloy discs. The effects of soluble farnesol on biofilm formation with or without gentamicin were examined with fluorescence microscopy and in quantitative cultures. The effect of farnesol coated on titanium alloy discs was also investigated, as was the effect of the agent on MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblastic cells cultured on titanium alloy discs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Soluble farnesol at a 30-mM concentration reduced the number of viable bacteria 10(4)-fold and completely inhibited biofilm formation. Low concentrations of soluble farnesol (0.03 to 3 mM) did not inhibit biofilm formation and did not potentiate the effect of a submaximal concentration of gentamicin. Dried farnesol on titanium alloy discs reduced the number of viable bacteria fiftyfold. The effect of farnesol on bacterial biofilm formation lasted for at least three days. Soluble farnesol added after the biofilm had already formed also reduced the final number of viable bacteria, by fifty-six-fold. Soluble farnesol (3-mM and 30-mM concentrations) inhibited spreading of the MC3T3-E1 cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In vitro, a high concentration of farnesol (30 mM) shows antimicrobial properties against bacterial biofilms; however, it also has a negative effect on pre-osteoblasts. Farnesol can also express antimicrobial activity when predried on titanium discs and when added to preformed biofilms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA. uaasis@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Aasis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Unnanuntana
authors.forename: Lindsay
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bonsignore
authors.forename: Mark E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Shirtliff
authors.forename: Edward M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Greenfield
mesh_terms: D000497:Alloys; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects*; D005204:Farnesol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000187:drug effects*; D019736:Prostheses and Implants / Q000382:microbiology*; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D014025:Titanium
chemical_list: D000497:Alloys; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; C031462:titanium alloy (TiAl6V4); D005204:Farnesol; D014025:Titanium