title: Local social norms and military sexual stressors: do senior officers' norms matter?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relative importance of harassment-tolerant norms emanating from troops senior officers, immediate supervisors, and units on troops' sexual stressor experiences and to see whether associations differed by sex.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional survey of all 681 willing and confirmed active duty troops enrolled in the VA National Enrollment Database between 1998 and 2002. Findings extended an earlier analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjusting for other significant correlates, senior officers' perceived tolerance of sexual harassment was not associated with the severity of sexual harassment troops reported (p = 0.64) or with the numbers of sexual identity challenges they reported (p = 0.11). Harassment-tolerant norms emanating from troops' units and immediate supervisors were associated with reporting more severe sexual harassment and more sexual identity challenges (all p < 0.003). Findings generalized across sex.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Senior officers' norms did not appear to affect troops' reports of military sexual stressors, but unit norms and immediate supervisors' norms did.
authors.affiliation: Center for Chronic Disease Outcomes Research Section General Internal Medicine, Minneapolis VA Medical Center and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, One Veterans Drive (111-0), Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA.
authors.forename: Maureen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Murdoch
authors.forename: John Barron
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Pryor
authors.forename: Melissa Anderson
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Polusny
authors.forename: Gary D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Gackstetter
authors.forename: Diane Cowper
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Ripley
mesh_terms: D000288:Administrative Personnel / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008889:Military Personnel / Q000523:psychology*; D012725:Sexual Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D017406:Sexual Harassment / Q000523:psychology*; D012931:Social Environment; D012945:Social Values; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology*; D014481:United States