title: Multiple micronutrient supplementation for improving cognitive performance in children: systematic review of randomized controlled trials.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although multiple micronutrient interventions have been shown to benefit children's intellectual development, a thorough evaluation of the totality of evidence is currently lacking to direct public health policy.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to systematically review the present literature and to quantify the effect of multiple micronutrients on cognitive performance in schoolchildren.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Institute for Scientific Information Web of Knowledge and local medical databases were searched for trials published from 1970 to 2008. Randomized controlled trials that investigated the effect of > or =3 micronutrients compared with placebo on cognition in healthy children aged 0-18 y were included following protocol. Data were extracted by 2 independent researchers. The cognitive tests used in the trials were grouped into several cognitive domains (eg, fluid and crystallized intelligence), and pooled effect size estimates were calculated per domain. Heterogeneity was explored through sensitivity and meta-regression techniques.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three trials were retrieved in children aged <5 y, and 17 trials were retrieved in children aged 5-16 y. For the older children, pooled random-effect estimates for intervention were 0.14 SD (95% CI: -0.02, 0.29; P = 0.083) for fluid intelligence and -0.03 SD (95% CI: -0.21, 0.15; P = 0.74) for crystallized intelligence, both of which were based on 12 trials. Four trials yielded an overall effect of 0.30 SD (95% CI: 0.01, 0.58; P = 0.044) for academic performance. For other cognitive domains, no significant effects were found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Multiple micronutrient supplementation may be associated with a marginal increase in fluid intelligence and academic performance in healthy schoolchildren but not with crystallized intelligence. More research is required, however, before public health recommendations can be given.
authors.affiliation: Unilever Research & Development Vlaardingen, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands. ans.eilander@unilever.com
authors.forename: Ans
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Eilander
authors.forename: Tarun
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gera
authors.forename: Harshpal S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Sachdev
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Transler
authors.forename: Henk Cm
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: van der Knaap
authors.forename: Frans J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Kok
authors.forename: Saskia Jm
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Osendarp
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D006801:Humans; D007360:Intelligence; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000494:pharmacology; D015337:Multicenter Studies as Topic; D018579:Patient Selection; D010919:Placebos; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D014815:Vitamins / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D018977:Micronutrients; D010919:Placebos; D014815:Vitamins