title: Evidence-based interventional pain medicine according to clinical diagnoses. 3. Persistent idiopathic facial pain.
abstract: Persistent idiopathic facial pain, previously known as atypical facial pain, is described as a persistent facial pain that does not have the classical characteristics of cranial neuralgias and for which there is no obvious cause (International Classification of Headache Disorders in 2004). According to these criteria, the diagnosis is possible if the facial pain is localized, present daily, and throughout all or most of the day. By definition, neurological and physical examination findings in persistent idiopathic facial pain should be normal. Forming a diagnosis is not simple and follows a process of elimination of other causes of facial pain. The precise incidence is unknown. The affliction is seen primarily in older adults and rarely in children. The pathophysiology is unknown. In persistent idiopathic facial pain, there is no abnormal processing of somatosensory stimuli in the pain area or facial area of the primary somatosensory cortex of the brain. The treatment is difficult and often requires a multidisciplinary approach. The most important part of the treatment is psychological counseling and pharmacological therapy. Pharmacological treatment with tricyclic antidepressants and anti-epileptic drugs can be tried. The conservative, pharmacological treatment with amitryptiline is the primary choice. Venlafaxine and fluoxetine treatment can also be considered. When the pharmacological treatment fails, pulsed radiofrequency treatment of the ganglion pterygopalatinum (sphenopalatinum) can be considered (2 C+).
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, Jeroen Bosch Ziekenhuis,'s Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cornelissen
authors.forename: Maarten
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van Kleef
authors.forename: Nagy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mekhail
authors.forename: Miles
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Day
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van Zundert
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005157:Facial Pain / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods; D011846:Radio Waves; D014110:Touch / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics