title: Hormonal and metabolic factors associated with variations in insulin sensitivity in human pregnancy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to determine maternal hormonal and metabolic factors associated with insulin sensitivity in human pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a prospective observational cross-sectional study of 180 normal pregnant women, using samples collected at the time of a blinded oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) between 24 and 32 weeks' gestation as an ancillary to the Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) study. The study was conducted at two public university teaching hospitals, Cleveland, Ohio, and Brisbane, Australia. Fasting maternal serum cholesterol, triglycerides, free fatty acids, insulin, leptin, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, placental growth hormone (PGH), insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) 1 and 2, and insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs) 1 and 3 were assayed. Correlation and multiple regression analyses were used to determine factors associated with maternal insulin sensitivity (IS) estimated using both OGTT-derived (IS(OGTT)) and fasting (using the homeostasis model assessment [HOMA]; IS(HOMA)) insulin and glucose concentrations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Insulin sensitivity correlated (r = x and y for IS(OGTT) and IS(HOMA,) respectively) with fasting maternal serum leptin (-0.44 and -0.52), IGFBP1 (0.42 and 0.39), and triglycerides (-0.31 and -0.27). These factors were significantly associated with insulin sensitivity in multiple regression analyses (adjusted R(2) 0.44 for IS(OGTT) and IS(HOMA)). These variables explained more than 40% of the variance in estimates of insulin sensitivity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Maternal hormonal and metabolic factors related to the placenta, adipose tissue, and the growth hormone axis are associated with the variation in insulin sensitivity seen during normal human pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: The University of Queensland and Mater Health Services, South Brisbane, Australia. david.mcintyre@mater.org.au
authors.forename: H David
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: McIntyre
authors.forename: Allan M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Leonie K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Callaway
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Cowley
authors.forename: Alan R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Dyer
authors.forename: Tatjana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Radaelli
authors.forename: Kristen A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Farrell
authors.forename: Larraine
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Huston-Presley
authors.forename: Saeid B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Amini
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Kirwan
authors.forename: Patrick M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Catalano
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D018972:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3 / Q000097:blood; D018969:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Proteins / Q000097:blood; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000378:metabolism; D007335:Insulin-Like Growth Factor II / Q000378:metabolism; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000097:blood*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D007328:Insulin; D018972:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3; D018969:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Proteins; D020738:Leptin; D014280:Triglycerides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; D007335:Insulin-Like Growth Factor II; D002784:Cholesterol