title: The role of signalling molecules on actin glutathionylation and protein carbonylation induced by cadmium in haemocytes of mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis (Lmk).
abstract: This study investigated the role of Na(+)/H(+) exchanger (NHE) and signalling molecules, such as cAMP, PKC, PI 3-kinase, and immune defence enzymes, NADPH oxidase and nitric oxide synthase, in the induction of protein glutathionylation and carbonylation in cadmium-treated haemocytes of mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. Glutathionylation was detected by western blot analysis and showed actin as its main target. A significant increase of both actin glutathionylation and protein carbonylation, were observed in haemocytes exposed to micromolar concentration of cadmium chloride (5 micromol l(-1)). Cadmium seems to cause actin polymerization that may lead to its increased glutathionylation, probably to protect it from cadmium-induced oxidative stress. It is therefore possible that polymerization of actin plays a signalling role in the induction of both glutathionylation and carbonylation processes. NHE seems to play a regulatory role in the induction of oxidative damage and actin glutathionylation, since its inhibition by 2 micromol l(-1) cariporide, significantly diminished cadmium effects in each case. Similarly, attenuation of cadmium effects were observed in cells pre-treated with either 11 micromol l(-1) GF-109203X, a potent inhibitor of PKC, 50 nmol l(-1) wortmannin, an inhibitor of PI 3-kinase, 0.01 mmol l(-1) forskolin, an adenylyl cyclase activator, 10 micromol l(-1) DPI, a NADPH oxidase inhibitor, or 10 micromol l(-1) L-NAME, a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, suggesting a possible role of PKC, PI 3-kinase and cAMP, as well as NADPH oxidase and nitric oxide synthase in the enhancement of cadmium effects on both actin glutathionylation and protein carbonylation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Patras, Greece. sdailianis@upatras.gr
authors.forename: Stefanos
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dailianis
authors.forename: Efterpi
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Patetsini
authors.forename: Martha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kaloyianni
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D019256:Cadmium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism*; D006434:Hemocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D049878:Mytilus / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D050050:Protein Carbonylation / Q000187:drug effects*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D017923:Sodium-Hydrogen Exchangers / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D017923:Sodium-Hydrogen Exchangers; D005978:Glutathione; D019256:Cadmium Chloride