title: Therapeutic effect of photodynamic therapy using hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether (HMME) on human cholangiocarcinoma cell line QBC939.
abstract: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an effective local cancer treatment when aphotosensitizer is administered and the tumor is irradiated with light. We examined the effect of PDT using HMME as the photosensitizer, and the 630nm diode laser on human cholangiocarcinoma cell line QBC939. Cell viability was determined by MTT assay. The percentage of apoptotic cell was determined by flow cytometry following annexin V/PI staining. Two methods were used for the determination of apoptosis: terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling assay and laser scanning confocal microscope detection. The procaspase-3 and cytochrome cwere measured by western blot. In vitro PDT showed excellent cytotoxicity that was afunction of laser energy and drug concentration to the QBC939 cell lines. PDT-mediated cell death occurred predominantly by apoptosis in vitro. Furthermore, this treatment initiates early cytochrome crelease, followed by late procaspase-3 activation. Our study demonstrates that PDT using HMME and the diode laser induces apoptosis that is mediated by cytochrome crelease and caspase activation in human cholangiocarcinoma cell lines. It is expected that this therapy would be clinically useful for the treatment of patients with cholangiocarcinoma.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether, photodynamic therapy, apoptosis, cholangiocarcinoma.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, The First Clinical College of Harbin Medical University, No. 23 Youzheng Street, Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China. wjb19820316@hotmail.com
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: L X
authors.initials: LX
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: C Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Q F
authors.initials: QF
authors.lastname: Fu
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001650:Bile Duct Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D001653:Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D018281:Cholangiocarcinoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D045304:Cytochromes c / Q000378:metabolism; D006415:Hematoporphyrins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D010778:Photochemotherapy
chemical_list: D006415:Hematoporphyrins; C494379:hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether; D045304:Cytochromes c; D053148:Caspase 3