title: Health effects of residential wood smoke particles: the importance of combustion conditions and physicochemical particle properties.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Residential wood combustion is now recognized as a major particle source in many developed countries, and the number of studies investigating the negative health effects associated with wood smoke exposure is currently increasing. The combustion appliances in use today provide highly variable combustion conditions resulting in large variations in the physicochemical characteristics of the emitted particles. These differences in physicochemical properties are likely to influence the biological effects induced by the wood smoke particles.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The focus of this review is to discuss the present knowledge on physicochemical properties of wood smoke particles from different combustion conditions in relation to wood smoke-induced health effects. In addition, the human wood smoke exposure in developed countries is explored in order to identify the particle characteristics that are relevant for experimental studies of wood smoke-induced health effects. Finally, recent experimental studies regarding wood smoke exposure are discussed with respect to the applied combustion conditions and particle properties.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, the reviewed literature regarding the physicochemical properties of wood smoke particles provides a relatively clear picture of how these properties vary with the combustion conditions, whereas particle emissions from specific classes of combustion appliances are less well characterised. The major gaps in knowledge concern; (i) characterisation of the atmospheric transformations of wood smoke particles, (ii) characterisation of the physicochemical properties of wood smoke particles in ambient and indoor environments, and (iii) identification of the physicochemical properties that influence the biological effects of wood smoke particles.
authors.affiliation: Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway. anette.kocbach@fhi.no.
authors.forename: Anette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kocbach Bølling
authors.forename: Joakim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pagels
authors.forename: Karl Espen
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Yttri
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Barregard
authors.forename: Gerd
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sallsten
authors.forename: Per E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Schwarze
authors.forename: Christoffer
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Boman