title: Outcomes of minimally invasive endoscopic resection of anterior skull base neoplasms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to review clinical outcomes of minimally invasive endoscopic resection (MIER) for anterior skull base (ASB) neoplasms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective data review.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data analysis was performed on all patients undergoing MIER from October 2000 to December 2008.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-one patients with mean age of 58 years underwent MIER. Malignant and benign tumors were managed in 25 (80.6%) and six (19.4%) cases, respectively. Most common histopathologies were squamous cell carcinoma (six), esthesioneuroblastoma (five), mucosal melanoma (five), and sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma (four). American Joint Committee on Cancer tumor staging was T3N0M0 and T4N0M0 in 14 (56%) and 11 (44%) of the malignant cases, respectively. Surgical resection with curative intent was performed in 28 cases (90.3%). Multilayered skull base reconstruction was performed in most patients; lumbar drains were used in eight cases (25.8%). Twenty-one patients (67.7%) were disease free, five patients (16.1%) were dead from disease, three patients (9.7%) were alive with disease, and two patients (6.5%) died from unrelated causes at mean follow-up of 31.7 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study validated technical feasibility of MIER for diversity of benign and malignant ASB histopathology. Majority of patients were able to avoid adjunct craniotomy, whereas lumbar drainage was utilized in selective cases. This surgical strategy resulted in low complication rate and acceptable disease-free survival in patients with advanced T3 and T4 malignant lesions. Future studies should focus on multicenter trials to facilitate more robust survival analysis and comparison to open surgical approaches.
authors.affiliation: Comprehensive Skull Base Program and Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA. pete.batra@utsouthwestern.edu
authors.forename: Pete S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Batra
authors.forename: Amber
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Luong
authors.forename: Seth J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Kanowitz
authors.forename: Burak
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sade
authors.forename: Joung
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Donald C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Lanza
authors.forename: Martin J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Citardi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000601:surgery; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000601:surgery; D004724:Endoscopy; D018304:Esthesioneuroblastoma, Olfactory / Q000601:surgery; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008545:Melanoma / Q000601:surgery; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D019292:Skull Base Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome