title: Gender moderates the associations between attachment and discrete emotions in late middle age and later life.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although patterns of attachment have been linked to patterns of emotional experience, studies in developmentally diverse samples are few and have not yet examined possible gender differences in attachment or their implications for emotional wellbeing. This article describes patterns of attachment in a diverse sample of 616 men and women from middle age and later life, examines the relations between attachment and nine discrete emotions, and tests the thesis that gender moderates these associations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Convenience sampling was used to derive a sample of 616 ethnically diverse men and women from seven ethnic groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multiple regressions controlling for demographics found no gender differences in attachment categorizations although men reported greater dimensional fearful avoidance. Security predicted greater joy and interest whereas dismissingness was associated with lower shame and fear and with greater interest. Both preoccupation and fearful avoidance predicted most negative emotions but were not associated with positive emotions. Finally, gender moderated these associations such that (a) attachment security was more closely related to interest and, marginally, joy, among men; (b) fearful avoidance was more closely related to fear and contempt among men; and (c) preoccupation was associated with greater interest among men, whereas fear and contempt were associated with preoccupation among women only.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Interpreted in the context of theories of emotions, the social origins of emotional experience, and the different roles that social relationships have for aging men and women, our data imply that attachment styles may differentially predict male emotions because of their less diverse networks.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Long Island University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA. nconsedi@liu.edu
authors.forename: Nathan S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Consedine
authors.forename: Katherine L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Fiori
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological / Q000502:physiology; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000523:psychology*; D001362:Avoidance Learning / Q000502:physiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology*; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005239:Fear / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006240:Happiness; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009769:Object Attachment; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology; D012737:Sex Factors; D012919:Social Behavior; D012944:Social Support