title: Does socio-economic status predict grip strength in older Europeans? Results from the SHARE study in non-institutionalised men and women aged 50+.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Reduced hand-grip strength predicts disability, morbidity and mortality, but whether it is shaped by socio-economic experiences is yet unknown. The authors examined the association of education, occupation, income and wealth with grip strength in older Europeans.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data came from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe comprising 27 351 participants ages 50+ in 11 countries. Grip strength was objectively measured using a handheld dynamometer. Estimates were obtained based on multivariate linear regression controlling for a wide set of confounders, demographics, health and disability measures, and behavioural risk factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the total sample, education, occupational class, income and wealth predicted grip strength among men, whereas only education and wealth predicted grip strength among women. While education and income effects were inconsistent in most countries, wealth consistently predicted grip strength in each country. A one-point increase in the log of wealth was associated with 0.38 kg (95% CI 0.31 to 0.45) higher grip strength in men and 0.18 kg (95% CI 0.15 to 0.21) higher grip strength in women. While education, income and occupation effects disappeared after adjustment for health measures, log of wealth effects remained significant in both men (0.22, 95% CI 0.15 to 0.29) and women (0.08, 95% CI 0.05 to 0.11). Wealth effects were particularly evident in the two lowest quintiles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Old-age socio-economic and financial circumstances as measured by wealth are associated with grip strength, particularly among the least wealthy, while circumstances defined earlier in life as measured by education, income and occupation do not consistently predict grip strength.
authors.affiliation: Center for Population and Development studies, 9 Bow street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
authors.forename: Farizah
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mohd Hairi
authors.forename: Johan P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Mackenbach
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Andersen-Ranberg
authors.forename: Mauricio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Avendano
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000368:Aged; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D004522:Educational Status; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D018737:Hand Strength / Q000502:physiology*; D015438:Health Behavior; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012923:Social Class