title: Indices of body and brain size at birth and at the age of 2 years: relations to cognitive outcome at the age of 16 years in low birth weight infants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine in low birth weight infants the relations of being small for gestational age at birth, microcephalic at birth, low weight for age at 2 years, and microcephalic at 2 years to full scale intelligence quotient (FSIQ) at the age of 16 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective observational study of 422 of 837 eligible nondisabled low birth weight (<2000 g) adolescents from the newborn brain hemorrhage cohort with weight and head circumference at birth and at the age of 2 years in whom FSIQ was assessed with the Wechsler Abbreviated Scales of Intelligence at the age of 16 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In a multiple regression analysis, being small for gestational age (beta = -0.14, p = .02) and microcephalic at 2 years (beta = -0.18, p < .001), but not low weight for age at 2 years or microcephaly at birth, had significant independent effects on 16-year FSIQ. After adjusting for pre-, peri-, and postnatal risk factors for poor cognitive performance, the independent effects of being small for gestational age (beta = -0.13, p = .004) and microcephalic at 2 years (beta = -0.13, p = .01) persisted. In this analysis, birth social risk had the largest significant independent effect on 16-year FSIQ (beta = -0.28, p < .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Being small for gestational age at birth, but not low weight for age at 2 years, and microcephaly at 2 years, but not at birth, were independently related to FSIQ of nondisabled low birth weight adolescents, both with and without control for pre-, peri-, and postnatal risk factors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University and Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital of New York-Presbyterian, New York, NY 10032, USA. jl1084@columbia.edu
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Lorenz
authors.forename: Agnes H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Whitaker
authors.forename: Judith F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Feldman
authors.forename: Patricia L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Yudkin
authors.forename: Sa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Blond
authors.forename: Jennifer A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Pinto-Martin
authors.forename: Nigel
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Paneth
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D049628:Body Size; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000473:pathology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000473:pathology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007236:Infant, Small for Gestational Age; D007360:Intelligence; D007361:Intelligence Tests; D008831:Microcephaly / Q000473:pathology; D009929:Organ Size; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult