title: Prognostic factors in ALS: A critical review.
abstract: We have performed a systematic review to summarize current knowledge concerning factors related to survival in ALS and to evaluate the implications of these data for clinical trials design. The median survival time from onset to death ranges from 20 to 48 months, but 10-20% of ALS patients have a survival longer than 10 years. Older age and bulbar onset are consistently reported to have a worse outcome. There are conflicting data on gender, diagnostic delay and El Escorial criteria. The rate of symptom progression was revealed to be an independent prognostic factor. Psychosocial factors, FTD, nutritional status, and respiratory function are also related to ALS outcome. The effect of enteral nutrition on survival is still unclear, while NIPPV has been found to improve survival. There are no well established biological markers of progression, although some are likely to emerge in the near future. These findings have relevant implications for the design of future trials. Randomization, besides the type of onset, should take into account age, respiratory status at entry, and a measure of disease progression pre-entry. Alternative trial designs can include the use of natural history controls, the so-called minimization method for treatment allocation, and the futility approach.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino and San Giovanni Battista Hospital, Turin, Italy.
authors.forename: Adriano
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chiò
authors.forename: Giancarlo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Logroscino
authors.forename: Orla
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Hardiman
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Swingler
authors.forename: Douglas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: Ettore
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Beghi
authors.forename: Bryan G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Traynor
mesh_terms: D017668:Age of Onset; D000690:Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic / Q000145:classification; D018450:Disease Progression; D006801:Humans; D009752:Nutritional Status; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012119:Respiration; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D015996:Survival Rate
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers