title: Genetic analyses of historic and modern marbled murrelets suggest decoupling of migration and gene flow after habitat fragmentation.
abstract: The dispersal of individuals among fragmented populations is generally thought to prevent genetic and demographic isolation, and ultimately reduce extinction risk. In this study, we show that a century of reduction in coastal old-growth forests, as well as a number of other environmental factors, has probably resulted in the genetic divergence of marbled murrelets (Brachyramphus marmoratus) in central California, despite the fact that 7 per cent of modern-sampled murrelets in this population were classified as migrants using genetic assignment tests. Genetic differentiation appears to persist because individuals dispersing from northern populations contributed relatively few young to the central California population, as indicated by the fact that migrants were much less likely to be members of parent-offspring pairs than residents (10.5% versus 45.4%). Moreover, a recent 1.4 per cent annual increase in the proportion of migrants in central California, without appreciable reproduction, may have masked an underlying decline in the resident population without resulting in demographic rescue. Our results emphasize the need to understand the behaviour of migrants and the extent to which they contribute offspring in order to determine whether dispersal results in gene flow and prevents declines in resident populations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, 1630 Linden Drive Madison, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA. mpeery@wisc.edu
authors.forename: M Zachariah
authors.initials: MZ
authors.lastname: Peery
authors.forename: Laurie A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sellas
authors.forename: Steven R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Beissinger
authors.forename: Craig
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Moritz
authors.forename: Martine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bérubé
authors.forename: Martin G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Raphael
authors.forename: S Kim
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: Richard T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Golightly
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: McFarlane-Tranquilla
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Newman
authors.forename: Per J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Palsbøll
mesh_terms: D025041:Animal Migration; D000818:Animals; D046091:Charadriiformes / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D017753:Ecosystem; D053476:Extinction, Biological; D051456:Gene Flow; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005828:Genetics, Population; D011156:Population Density; D014197:Trees