title: Decreased adherence and spontaneous separation of fetal membrane layers--amnion and choriodecidua--a possible part of the normal weakening process.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The fetal membrane (FM) layers, amnion and choriodecidua, are frequently noted to have varying degrees of separation following delivery. FM layers normally separate prior to rupture during in vitro biomechanical testing. We hypothesized that the adherence between amnion and choriodecidua decreases prior to delivery resulting in separation of the FM layers and facilitating FM rupture.
  
  
  METHODS
  FM from 232 consecutively delivered patients were examined to determine the extent of spontaneous separation of the FM layers at delivery. Percent separation was determined by the weight of separated FM tissue divided by the total FM weight. Separately, the adherence between intact FM layers was determined. FM adherence was tested following term vaginal delivery (13), term unlabored cesarean section (10), and preterm delivery (6).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subjects enrolled in the two studies had similar demographic and clinical characteristics. FM separation was present in 92.1% of membranes. Only 4.3% of FM delivered following spontaneous rupture of the fetal membranes (SROM) had no detectable separation. 64.7% of FM had greater than 10% separation. FM from term vaginal deliveries had significantly more separation and were less adherent than FM of term unlabored, elective cesarean section (39.0+/-34.4% vs 22.5+/-30.9%, p=.046 and 0.041+/-0.018N/cm vs 0.048+/-0.019N/cm, p<.005). Preterm FM had less separation and were more adherent than term FM (9.95+/-17.7% vs 37.5+/-34.4% and 0.070+/-0.040N/cm vs 0.044+/-0.020N/cm; both p<.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Separation of the amnion from choriodecidua at delivery is almost universal. Increased separation is associated with decreased adherence as measured in vitro. Increased separation and decreased adherence are seen both with increasing gestation and with labor suggesting both biochemical and mechanical etiologies. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that FM layer separation is part of the FM weakening process during normal parturition.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University (CWRU), MetroHealth Medical Center, 2500 MetroHealth Drive, Cleveland, OH, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Strohl
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Novince
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Shaniuk
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bryant
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Novak
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stetzer
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Mercer
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Mansour
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Moore
mesh_terms: D000268:Adhesiveness; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000650:Amnion / Q000502:physiology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000502:physiology; D003656:Decidua / Q000502:physiology*; D005321:Extraembryonic Membranes / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005322:Premature Rupture of Fetal Membranes / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007743:Labor, Obstetric / Q000502:physiology*; D036801:Parturition / Q000502:physiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D055815:Young Adult