title: Osteogenesis imperfecta: questions and answers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Considerable attention has recently been focused on the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of osteogenesis imperfecta. Two new genes have been defined in patients with recessive severe or lethal osteogenesis imperfecta types. Diagnostic concerns involve testing procedures, either skin biopsies or DNA analysis. Bisphosphonates have been accepted as 'standard of care' for children with osteogenesis imperfecta. However, questions remain as to the selection of patients for treatment, effectiveness in fracture prevention, which bisphosphonates should be used and the duration of treatment. Orthopedic intervention occurs on several levels: including the immediate treatment of fractures, the treatment of scoliosis and the use of intramedullary rods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The discovery of mutations involving CRTAP and LEPRE1 genes in severe/lethal and recessively inherited osteogenesis imperfecta has provided partial answers to questions about 'other' osteogenesis imperfecta genes in patients with an osteogenesis imperfecta phenotype but no COL1A1 and COL1A2 mutations. Current experience suggests that DNA analysis is a better test for diagnosis as compared with dermal biopsy. There are no standardized guidelines for initiating bisphosphonate treatment in children. Recent data suggest either intravenous or oral bisphosphonates are effective, but differences exist between different bisphosphonates. Two recent reports document the paucity of evidence-based data regarding the effectiveness of bisphosphonate treatment in fracture prevention.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This report will update the medical and orthopedic approaches to care for children with osteogenesis imperfecta.
authors.affiliation: Department Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins University, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA. shapiroj@KennedyKrieger.org
authors.forename: Jay R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Shapiro
authors.forename: Paul D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Sponsellor
mesh_terms: D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001915:Braces; D002648:Child; D004164:Diphosphonates / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D016268:Internal Fixators; D010013:Osteogenesis Imperfecta / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000628:therapy; D012600:Scoliosis / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery
chemical_list: D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents; D004164:Diphosphonates