title: Adolescent experiences of discrimination, harassment, connectedness to community and comfort with sexual orientation reported by adult men who have sex with men as a predictor of adult HIV status.
abstract: Using data from a probability based sample of adult men who have sex with men (MSM) we examined the association of negative life factors during adolescence and adult HIV status. 521 MSM reported on experiences of connectedness to community, comfort with sexuality, harassment and discrimination due to their sexual orientation at ages 12-18 years. HIV status was determined by serological testing. Overall, men reported moderate levels of being harassed, being discriminated against and high levels of feeling disconnected from gay communities while reporting high levels of being uncomfortable with their sexuality at those ages. However, in analyses of scores on these factors, higher experiences of harassment, higher levels of discrimination and more discomfort with sexuality at these ages are associated with HIV-negative status as adults. This study suggests that the relationship between negative adolescent experiences among MSM and adult HIV infection may not be straightforward, but may also dependent upon aspects of the intensity of the negative experiences, the relationship of the victim and the perpertrator(s), the sexual identity of the victim at the time and/or the number of these experiences or the length of time over which they occurred. Studies investigating specific multiple stressors in adolescent gay development and their effect on adult health outcomes are needed.
authors.affiliation: San Francisco Department of Public Health, CA, 94102-6033, USA. Hfisher.raymond@sfdph.org
authors.forename: H Fisher
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Raymond
authors.forename: Yea-Hung
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Ron D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Stall
authors.forename: Willi
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: McFarland
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004192:Discrimination, Psychological; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D018451:Homosexuality, Male / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011159:Population Surveillance; D011287:Prejudice; D012307:Risk Factors; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012495:San Francisco; D012649:Self Concept; D012747:Sexual Partners; D012919:Social Behavior; D012944:Social Support; D055815:Young Adult