title: Wang Qingren and the 19th century Chinese doctrine of the bloodless heart.
abstract: Wang Qingren, a Chinese physician, made interesting observations regarding the cardiovascular system approximately 200 years ago. His textbook of anatomy was based on cadaveric dissections only and this resulted in many of his observations being erroneous. Nevertheless, Wang made steps forward in reversing past misconceptions based on Chinese mysticism.
authors.affiliation: Clarian Neurological Institute, Indianapolis Neurosurgical Group (ING), Indianapolis, IN, United States; Indiana University Department of Neurosurgery, Indianapolis, IN, United States.
authors.forename: Mohammadali M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Shoja
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital, Birmingham, AL, United States. Electronic address: rstubbs@uab.edu.
authors.forename: R Shane
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Tubbs
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
authors.forename: Ghaffar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Shokouhi
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomical Sciences, St. George's University, Grenada.
authors.forename: Marios
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Loukas
mesh_terms: D002309:Cardiology / Q000266:history*; D002681:China; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006321:Heart; D049671:History, 18th Century; D049672:History, 19th Century; D006801:Humans; D008516:Medicine, Chinese Traditional / Q000266:history*; D012014:Reference Books, Medical