title: Immune response during therapy with cisplatin or radiation for human papillomavirus-related head and neck cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most identifiable cause of head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC). Compared with HPV-negative HNSCC, HPV-positive HNSCC presents at an advanced stage but with significantly better survival. We created a syngeneic mouse model of HPV-positive and HPV-negative HNSCC by transforming mouse primary tonsil epithelial cells with either HPV oncogenes or a nonantigenic RNA interference strategy that affects similar oncogenic pathways.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effect of radiation therapy on HPV-positive and HPV-negative tumors in immune-competent and immune-incompetent mice and to examine responses in human cancer cell lines.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective in vivo murine model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Survival and tumor growth.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For human and murine transformed cell lines, HPV-positive cells were more resistant to radiation and cisplatin therapy compared with HPV-negative cells. In vivo, HPV-positive tumors were more sensitive to radiation, with complete clearance at 20 Gy, compared with their HPV-negative counterparts, which showed persistent growth. Cisplatin in vivo cleared HPV-positive tumors but not HPV-negative tumors. However, neither radiation or cisplatin therapy cured immune-incompetent mice. Adoptive transfer of wild-type immune cells into immune-incompetent mice restored HPV-positive tumor clearance with cisplatin therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The HPV-positive tumors are not more curable based on increased epithelial sensitivity to cisplatin or radiation therapy. Instead, radiation and cisplatin induce an immune response to this antigenic cancer. The implications of these results may lead to novel therapies that enhance tumor eradication for HPV-positive cancers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA.
authors.forename: William C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Spanos
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nowicki
authors.forename: Dong Wook
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hoover
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hostager
authors.forename: Anjali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Mary E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: John H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology* / Q000628:therapy / Q000821:virology; D052162:Human papillomavirus 16 / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D007111:Immunity, Cellular / Q000276:immunology*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000276:immunology* / Q000628:therapy / Q000821:virology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018714:Radiotherapy, Adjuvant; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D002945:Cisplatin