title: Molecular mechanisms of the LPS-induced non-apoptotic ER stress-CHOP pathway.
abstract: The expression of C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), which is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced transcription factor, induces apoptosis. Our previous study demonstrated that lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced CHOP expression does not induce apoptosis, but activates a pro-IL-1beta activation process. However, the mechanism by which CHOP activates different pathways, depending on the difference in the inducing stimuli, remains to be clarified. The present study shows that LPS rapidly activates the ER function-protective pathway, but not the PERK pathway in macrophages. PERK plays a major role in CHOP induction, and other ER stress sensors-mediated pathways play minor roles. The induction of CHOP by LPS was delayed and weak, in comparison with CHOP induction by ER stress-inducer thapsigargin. In addition, LPS-pre-treatment or overexpression of ER chaperone, IgH chain binding protein (BiP), prevented ER stress-mediated apoptosis. LPS plus IFN-gamma-treated macrophages produce a larger amount of nitric oxide (NO) in comparison with LPS-treated cells. Treatment with the NO donor, SNAP (S-nitro-N-acetyl-dl-penicillamine), induces CHOP at an earlier period than LPS treatment. The depletion of NO retards CHOP induction and prevents apoptosis in LPS plus IFN-gamma-treated cells. We concluded that apoptosis is prevented in LPS-treated macrophages, because the ER function-protective mechanisms are induced before CHOP expression, and induction level of CHOP is low.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Honjo 1-1-1, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoichiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakayama
authors.forename: Motoyoshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Endo
authors.forename: Hiroto
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tsukano
authors.forename: Masataka
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mori
authors.forename: Yuichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Oike
authors.forename: Tomomi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gotoh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D019556:COS Cells; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004721:Endoplasmic Reticulum / Q000378:metabolism*; D000091342:Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone BiP; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000633:toxicity; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000494:pharmacology; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000633:toxicity*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D013997:Time Factors; D051742:Transcription Factor CHOP / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D019892:eIF-2 Kinase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000091342:Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone BiP; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D051742:Transcription Factor CHOP; D019892:eIF-2 Kinase; C497250:Ddit3 protein, mouse