title: Chlamydia antibodies and self-reported symptoms of oligo-amenorrhea and hirsutism: a new etiologic factor in polycystic ovary syndrome?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether the systemic inflammation induced by chlamydial infections might be associated with symptoms of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Nested case-control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A questionnaire including questions about hirsutism and oligo-amenorrhea was distributed to a representative sample of women (at age 31) from the general population-based Northern Finland Birth Cohort. Those who reported both symptoms were defined as symptomatic (n=81).
  
  
  METHODS
  A representative sample of women (at age 31) from the general population-based Northern Finland Birth Cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  None.
  
  
  METHODS
  To test the presence of serum antibodies to Chlamydia pneumoniae (IgG titers ≥32) and Chlamydia trachomatis (IgG titers ≥8) by microimmunofluorescence in symptomatic and control women.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Antibodies were investigated in 79 symptomatic and 1427 control women (C. pneumoniae) and in 79 symptomatic and 425 control women (C trachomatis). C. trachomatis antibodies (odds ratio [OR], 2.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3-4.6) and C. pneumoniae antibodies (OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.0-2.4) were more commonly present in symptomatic women, and the simultaneous presence of elevated highly sensitive C-reactive protein levels strengthened this association.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chronic inflammation, which is associated with chlamydial infections, could contribute to the pathogenetic processes that lead to the metabolic and hormonal disorders of PCOS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of Oulu, Oulu, Finland. lmp@cc.oulu.fi
authors.forename: Laure C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Morin-Papunen
authors.forename: Antoni J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Duleba
authors.forename: Aini
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bloigu
authors.forename: Marjo-Riitta
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Järvelin
authors.forename: Pekka
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Saikku
authors.forename: Anneli
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pouta
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000568:Amenorrhea / Q000150:complications*; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000097:blood*; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002690:Chlamydia Infections / Q000150:complications; D002692:Chlamydia trachomatis / Q000276:immunology*; D016993:Chlamydophila pneumoniae / Q000276:immunology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland; D006628:Hirsutism / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D011085:Polycystic Ovary Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology; D012650:Self Disclosure
chemical_list: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; D002097:C-Reactive Protein