title: Supramolecular solvent-based microextraction of ochratoxin A in raw wheat prior to liquid chromatography-fluorescence determination.
abstract: A supramolecular solvent made up of reverse micelles of decanoic acid, dispersed in a continuous phase of THF:water, was proposed for the simple, fast and efficient microextraction of OTA in wheat prior to liquid chromatography-fluorescence determination. The method involved the stirring of 300 mg-wheat subsamples (particle size 50microm) and 350microL of supramolecular solvent for 15min, subsequent centrifugation for 15min and the direct quantitation of OTA in the extract, previous 5.7-fold dilution with ethanol/water/acetic acid (49.5/49.5/1), against solvent-based calibration curves. No clean-up of the extracts or solvent evaporation was needed. Interactions between the supramolecular solvent and major matrix components in the wheat (i.e. carbohydrates, lipids and proteins) were investigated. The reverse micelles in the extractant induced gluten flocculation but only in the coacervation region of lower analytical interest (i.e. at percentages of THF above 11%). The quantitation of OTA was interference-free. Representativity of the 300 mg-wheat subsamples was proved by analysing a reference material. OTA recoveries in wheat ranged between 84% and 95% and the precision of the method, expressed as relative standard deviation, was 2%. The quantitation limit of the method was 1.5microgkg(-1) and was below the threshold limit established for OTA in raw cereals by EU directives (5.0microgkg(-1)). The method developed was validated by using a certified reference material and it was successfully applied to the determination of OTA in different wheat varieties from crops harvested in the South of Spain. OTA was not detected in any of the analysed samples. This method allows quick and simple microextraction of OTA with minimal solvent consumption, while delivering accurate and precise data.
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Facultad de Ciencias, Edificio Anexo Marie Curie, Campus de Rabanales, 14071-Córdoba, Spain.
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: García-Fonseca
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ballesteros-Gómez
authors.forename: Soledad
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rubio
authors.forename: Dolores
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pérez-Bendito
mesh_terms: D005591:Chemical Fractionation / Q000379:methods*; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D003652:Decanoic Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D005663:Furans / Q000737:chemistry; D046911:Macromolecular Substances; D008823:Micelles; D009793:Ochratoxins / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D010316:Particle Size; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods*; D014908:Triticum / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D003652:Decanoic Acids; D005663:Furans; D046911:Macromolecular Substances; D008823:Micelles; D009793:Ochratoxins; C025589:ochratoxin A; C018674:tetrahydrofuran; C031071:decanoic acid