title: Expression of retinoic acid receptors in intestinal mucosa and the effect of vitamin A on mucosal immunity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the mechanism of vitamin A (VA) modulation of mucosal immunity, the expression of retinoic acid receptors in intestinal mucosa was measured, and the effect of VA on intestinal dendritic cells (DCs) and mucosal cytokine production was examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  The expression of retinoic acid receptor (RAR-alpha, RAR-beta, RAR-gamma, RXR-alpha, RXR-beta, RXR-gamma) mRNA, the distribution and number of DCs, and the protein secretion of interleukin (IL)-12, T-helper type 1/2 cells (interferon [IFN]-gamma/IL-4), and regulatory (IL-10) cytokines in the mucosa of terminal ileum in normal rats and rats with VA deficiency (VAD) were detected by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. The effect of all-trans retinoic acid on the number and maturation of DCs and the gene expression of RAR-alpha and cytokines listed earlier in cultured Peyer's patches were examined by flow cytometry and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the intestinal mucosa of VAD rats, RAR-alpha mRNA was downregulated, DC number increased, the protein secretion of IL-12 was increased, but the secretion of IFN-gamma and IL-10 decreased. In in vitro cultured Peyer's patches, all-trans retinoic acid promoted DC maturation, upregulated RAR-alpha mRNA, reduced IL-12 and IFN-gamma, but increased IL-10 gene expression; these effects of all-trans retinoic acid were reversed when cultured with Ro 41-5253 (a specific antagonist of RAR-alpha).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vitamin A may be potent in reducing intestinal inflammation and restoring impaired antibody responses in a VAD situation. The effect of VA on DCs could be an important mechanism contributing to altered mucosal immunity. RAR-alpha may mostly play a role in the action of VA.
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital, Pediatrics Department, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.forename: Yuehong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tao
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Weiping
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects*; D007082:Ileum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D007109:Immunity / Q000187:drug effects*; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism*; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014802:Vitamin A Deficiency / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid; D014212:Tretinoin