title: Characterisation of ALS genes in the polyploid species Schoenoplectus mucronatus and implications for resistance management.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The polyploid weed Schoenoplectus mucronatus (L.) Palla has evolved target-site resistance to ALS-inhibiting herbicides in Italian rice crops. Molecular and genetic characterisation of the resistance mechanism is relevant to the evolution and management of herbicide resistance. The authors aimed (a) to study the organisation of the target-site loci in two field-selected S. mucronatus populations with different cross-resistance patterns, (b) to identify the mutations endowing resistance to ALS inhibitors and determine the role of these mutations by using transgenesis and (c) to analyse the implications for the management of the S. mucronatus populations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two complete ALS genes (ALS1 and ALS2) having an intron and a third partial intronless ALS gene (ALS3) were identified. The presence of multiple ALS genes was confirmed by Southern blot analyses, and ALS loci were characterised by examining cytosine methylation. In S. mucronatus leaves, the transcripts of ALS1, ALS2 and ALS3 were detected. Two mutations endowing resistance (Pro(197) to His and Trp(574) to Leu) were found in both resistant populations, but at different frequencies. Tobacco plants transformed with the two resistant alleles indicated that the Pro(197)-to-His substitution conferred resistance to SU and TP herbicides, while the allele with the Trp(574)-to-Leu substitution conferred cross-resistance to SU, TP, IMI and PTB herbicides.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Schoenoplectus mucronatus has multiple ALS genes characterised by methylated sites that can influence the expression profile. The two mutated alleles proved to be responsible for ALS resistance. At population level, the resistance pattern depends on the frequency of various resistant genotypes, and this influences the efficacy of various ALS-inhibiting herbicides.
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Biologia Agroambientale e Forestale-CNR, Agripolis, Legnaro (PD), Italy. laura.scarabel@ibaf.cnr.it
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Scarabel
authors.forename: Antonella
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Locascio
authors.forename: Antonella
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Furini
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sattin
authors.forename: Serena
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Varotto
mesh_terms: D000095:Acetolactate Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics*; D000483:Alleles; D015139:Blotting, Southern; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D029785:Cyperaceae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology*; D019175:DNA Methylation / Q000187:drug effects; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000235:genetics; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D018745:Genome, Plant / Q000235:genetics; D053209:Herbicide Resistance / Q000235:genetics; D006540:Herbicides / Q000494:pharmacology; D009154:Mutation; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified; D011123:Polyploidy; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000494:pharmacology; D013453:Sulfonylurea Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D014026:Nicotiana / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D014170:Transformation, Genetic
chemical_list: D018076:DNA, Complementary; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D006540:Herbicides; D011743:Pyrimidines; D013453:Sulfonylurea Compounds; D000095:Acetolactate Synthase