title: A combination of indol-3-carbinol and genistein synergistically induces apoptosis in human colon cancer HT-29 cells by inhibiting Akt phosphorylation and progression of autophagy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The chemopreventive effects of dietary phytochemicals on malignant tumors have been studied extensively because of a relative lack of toxicity. To achieve desirable effects, however, treatment with a single agent mostly requires high doses. Therefore, studies on effective combinations of phytochemicals at relatively low concentrations might contribute to chemopreventive strategies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Here we found for the first time that co-treatment with I3C and genistein, derived from cruciferous vegetables and soy, respectively, synergistically suppressed the viability of human colon cancer HT-29 cells at concentrations at which each agent alone was ineffective. The suppression of cell viability was due to the induction of a caspase-dependent apoptosis. Moreover, the combination effectively inhibited phosphorylation of Akt followed by dephosphorylation of caspase-9 or down-regulation of XIAP and survivin, which contribute to the induction of apoptosis. In addition, the co-treatment also enhanced the induction of autophagy mediated by the dephosphorylation of mTOR, one of the downstream targets of Akt, whereas the maturation of autophagosomes was inhibited. These results give rise to the possibility that co-treatment with I3C and genistein induces apoptosis through the simultaneous inhibition of Akt activity and progression of the autophagic process. This possibility was examined using inhibitors of Akt combined with inhibitors of autophagy. The combination effectively induced apoptosis, whereas the Akt inhibitor alone did not.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although in vivo study is further required to evaluate physiological efficacies and toxicity of the combination treatment, our findings might provide a new insight into the development of novel combination therapies/chemoprevention against malignant tumors using dietary phytochemicals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular-Targeting Cancer Prevention, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan. nakamura@koto.kpu-m.ac.jp
authors.forename: Yoshitaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Shingo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yogosawa
authors.forename: Yasuyuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Izutani
authors.forename: Hirotsuna
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: Eigo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Otsuji
authors.forename: Tosiyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sakai
mesh_terms: D000225:Adenine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D001343:Autophagy / Q000187:drug effects*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology*; D004354:Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; D004357:Drug Synergism; D019833:Genistein / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019073:HT29 Cells; D006801:Humans; D007211:Indoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010588:Phagosomes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*
chemical_list: D007211:Indoles; C025946:3-methyladenine; C016517:indole-3-carbinol; D019833:Genistein; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D000225:Adenine