Kidney injury molecule-1 in renal disease.
Kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) is a marker for renal proximal tubular damage, the hallmark of virtually all proteinuric, toxic and ischaemic kidney diseases. KIM-1 has gained increasing interest because of its possible pathophysiological role in modulating tubular damage and repair. In this respect, it is interesting that the best biomarkers often turn out to be important in modulation of damage and some even become therapeutic targets. The emphasis of this review is on structural and biochemical aspects of KIM-1, its expression pattern and its pathophysiological role in renal disease. We also discuss the prognostic impact of KIM-1 in relation to urinary protein excretion. Glomerular (proteinuria) and interstitial markers (KIM-1) might have independent prognostic impact and so may provide independent treatment targets. Finally, the potential of KIM-1 as biomarker of renal damage, as a predictor of renal function decline and its perspectives for monitoring therapy response, are discussed.
Waanders
Femke
F
Kidney Centre, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands. f.waanders@int.umcg.nl
van Timmeren
Mirjan M
MM
Stegeman
Coen A
CA
Bakker
Stephan J L
SJ
van Goor
Harry
H
D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D016903:Drug Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D000072596:Hepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 1; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D007684:Kidney Tubules / Q000378:metabolism; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000502:physiology; D011379:Prognosis; D011991:Receptors, Virus / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology
D015415:Biomarkers; C491143:HAVCR1 protein, human; D000072596:Hepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 1; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D011991:Receptors, Virus