title: A small molecule inhibitor of XIAP induces apoptosis and synergises with vinorelbine and cisplatin in NSCLC.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Evasion of apoptosis contributes to the pathogenesis of solid tumours including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Malignant cells resist apoptosis through over-expression of inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs), such as X-linked IAP (XIAP).
  
  
  METHODS
  A phenylurea-based small molecule inhibitor of XIAP, XIAP antagonist compound (XAC) 1396-11, was investigated preclincally to determine its ability to sensitise to clinically relevant cytotoxics, potentially allowing dose reduction while maintaining therapeutic efficacy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  XIAP protein expression was detected in six NSCLC cell lines examined. The cytotoxicity of XAC 1396-11 against cultured NSCLC cell lines in vitro was concentration- and time-dependent in both short-term and clonogenic assays. XAC 1396-11-induced apoptosis was confirmed by PARP cleavage and characteristic nuclear morphology. XAC 1396-11 synergised with vinorelbine+/-cisplatin in H460 and A549 NSCLC cells. The mechanism of synergy was enhanced apoptosis, shown by increased cleavage of caspase-3 and PARP and by the reversal of synergy by a pan-caspase inhibitor. Synergy between XAC 1396-11 and vinorelbine was augmented by optimising drug scheduling with superior effects when XAC 1396-11 was administered before vinorelbine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These preclinical data suggest that XIAP inhibition in combination with vinorelbine holds potential as a therapeutic strategy in NSCLC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, England, UK.
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Dean
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pinilla
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Houghten
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Welsh
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Makin
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ranson
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dive
mesh_terms: D000814:Aniline Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000473:pathology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor / Q000187:drug effects; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003603:Cytotoxins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004354:Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; D004357:Drug Synergism; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D014410:Tumor Stem Cell Assay; D014747:Vinblastine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000077235:Vinorelbine; D051636:X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*
chemical_list: C520470:1396-11 compound; D000814:Aniline Compounds; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D003603:Cytotoxins; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D051636:X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein; C496866:XIAP protein, human; D014747:Vinblastine; D002945:Cisplatin; D000077235:Vinorelbine