title: Influence of race/ethnicity on response to lupus nephritis treatment: the ALMS study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the efficacy and safety of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and intravenous cyclophosphamide (IVC) as induction treatment for lupus nephritis (LN), by race, ethnicity and geographical region.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 370 patients with active Class III-V LN received MMF (target dose 3.0 g/day) or IVC (0.5-1.0 g/m(2)/month), plus tapered prednisone, for 24 weeks. Renal function, global disease activity, immunological complement (C3 and C4) and anti-dsDNA levels are the outcomes that were assessed in this study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MMF was not superior to IVC as induction treatment (primary objective). There were important pre-specified interactions between treatment and race (P = 0.047) and treatment and region (P = 0.069) (primary endpoint). MMF and IVC response rates were similar for Asians (53.2 vs 63.9%; P = 0.24) and Whites (56.0 vs 54.2%; P = 0.83), but differed in the combined Other and Black group (60.4 vs 38.5%; P = 0.03). Fewer patients in the Black (40 vs 53.9%; P = 0.39) and Hispanic (38.8 vs 60.9%; P = 0.011) groups responded to IVC. Latin American patients had lower response to IVC (32 vs 60.7%; P = 0.003). Baseline disease characteristics were not predictive of response. The incidence of adverse events (AEs) was similar across groups. Serious AEs were slightly more prevalent among Asians.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MMF and IVC have similar efficacy overall to short-term induction therapy for LN. However, race, ethnicity and geographical region may affect treatment response; more Black and Hispanic patients responded to MMF than IVC. As these factors are inter-related, it is difficult to draw firm conclusions about their importance.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Rheumatology, University College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Isenberg
authors.forename: Gerald B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Appel
authors.forename: Gabriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Contreras
authors.forename: Mary A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Dooley
authors.forename: Ellen M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Ginzler
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jayne
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Guerrero
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wofsy
authors.forename: Xueqing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Solomons
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008181:Lupus Nephritis / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000208:ethnology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009173:Mycophenolic Acid / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009894:Opportunistic Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000208:ethnology; D011241:Prednisone / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D009173:Mycophenolic Acid; D011241:Prednisone