title: Effects of milk replacer formulation on measures of mammary growth and composition in Holstein heifers.
abstract: Overfeeding prepubertal heifers may impair mammary parenchymal growth and reduce milk production, but evidence suggests that increased intake of a high-protein milk replacer before weaning may be beneficial. This study was designed to evaluate effects of milk replacer (MR) composition on mass and composition of mammary parenchyma and fat pad, growth hormone (GH)/insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) axis gene expression, and putative mammary epithelial stem cells. Specifically, we hypothesized that positive effects of faster rates of gain during the preweaning period alter the development, persistence, or activity of populations of putative mammary epithelial stem cells, possibly through involvement of GH/IGF-I axis molecules. Twenty-four newborn heifers were fed 1 of 4 MR diets (n = 6/diet): control [20% crude protein (CP), 21% fat MR fed at 441 g of dry matter (DM)/d], high protein, low fat (28% CP, 20% fat MR fed at 951 g of DM/d), high protein, high fat (27% CP, 28% fat MR fed at 951 g of DM/d), and high protein, high fat+ (27% CP, 28% fat MR fed at 1,431 g of DM/d). Water and starter (20% CP, 1.43% fat) were offered ad libitum. Animals were killed on d 65 and mammary tissue was subjected to biochemical, molecular, and histological examination. No differences in mammary parenchymal mass or composition, with or without adjusting for empty body weight, were detected. Mass was increased and composition of the mammary fat pad was altered by nutrient intake. No diet differences in putative mammary epithelial stem cell abundance or abundance of transcripts for genes of the GH/IGF-I axis were detected. In this study, growth of the mammary epithelium, size of the mammary epithelial stem cell population, and components of the GH/IGF-I axis did not depend on diet. However, an underlying positive correlation between telomerase, a marker of mammary stem cells, and growth of the mammary parenchyma was detected. Implications of diet-induced effects on mammary fat pad and possible effects on subsequent development and function remain to be determined.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061, USA.
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Daniels
authors.forename: A V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Capuco
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: McGilliard
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: James
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Akers
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001823:Body Composition / Q000502:physiology*; D001973:Bromodeoxyuridine / Q000378:metabolism; D002417:Cattle / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary*; D004435:Eating / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000502:physiology; D013006:Growth Hormone / Q000378:metabolism; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000378:metabolism; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D008321:Mammary Glands, Animal / Q000201:enzymology / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D041941:Milk Substitutes / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000592:standards; D019098:Telomerase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D019394:Ki-67 Antigen; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; D013006:Growth Hormone; D019098:Telomerase; D001973:Bromodeoxyuridine