title: Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for symptomatic refractory hepatic hydrothorax in patients with cirrhosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to study effectiveness, survival, and complications after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) in patients with cirrhosis and symptomatic refractory hepatic hydrothorax.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutive patients who underwent TIPS between January 1992 and December 2008 for refractory hydrothorax were reviewed retrospectively. Clinical, laboratory, and procedural data were collected for all patients by retrospective chart review. Chi-square test was used to compare categorical variables and t-test to compare continuous variables. The Kaplan-Meier method was used for survival analysis. Survival curves were compared using the log-rank test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy-three patients were included in the study, and their mean age at TIPS creation was 55.62 years (s.d. 11.65). The mean pre- and post-TIPS portosystemic gradients were 18.9 (s.d. 4.7) mm Hg and 5.7 (s.d. 2.4) mm Hg (P<0.001), respectively. The rates of favorable clinical response within 1 month and at 6 months after TIPS were 79% (58/73) and 75% (30/40), respectively. Median survival of the study group was 517 days (95% CI 11-626). The short-term survival rates at 30, 60, and 90 days were 81, 78, and 72%, respectively. The long-term survival rates at 1, 3, and 5 years were 48, 26, and 15%, respectively. Multivariate analysis by Cox proportional hazards method showed that pre-TIPS model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score (P=0.039, HR 1.9 (95% CI 1.0-3.7)) and clinical response (P=0.003, HR 2.5 (95% CI 1.4-4.5)) were significantly and independently associated with overall survival. The 30-day mortality rate was 19%. Pre-TIPS creatinine levels (P=0.024, HR 3.42 (95% CI 1.2-9.9)) were significantly associated with 30-day mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TIPS can be successfully used to achieve symptomatic relief in patients with refractory hepatic hydrothorax. Better clinical response after TIPS and pre-TIPS MELD score less than 15 were associated with longer survival after TIPS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: Renumathy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dhanasekaran
authors.forename: Jonathan K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: West
authors.forename: Patrick C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Gonzales
authors.forename: Ram
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Subramanian
authors.forename: Samir
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Parekh
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Spivey
authors.forename: Louis G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Hyun S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006876:Hydrothorax / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019168:Portasystemic Shunt, Transjugular Intrahepatic / Q000401:mortality; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome