title: Reduced dose rabbit anti-thymocyte globulin induction for prevention of acute rejection in high-risk kidney transplant recipients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite the prevalent use of rabbit antithymocyte globulin (rATG) as an induction agent in kidney transplantation, the appropriate dose for preventing acute rejection in high-risk patients is not known. Few studies have examined total exposure of rATG less than 6 mg/kg, with fewer studies examining lower dose rATG in patients with increased risk factors for acute rejection.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively analyzed outcomes of 83 kidney transplant recipients at increased risk for acute rejection (repeat transplant, African American race, and panel reactive antibody > or =20%) from July 2004 to July 2007 who were treated with rATG 1.5 mg/kg per day for 3 (n=39) or 4 (n=44) doses for induction to determine the impact of reduced-exposure rATG in the prevention of acute rejection. rATG was initiated intraoperatively and continued on consecutive days. All patients received triple maintenance immunosuppression including prednisone and calcineurin inhibitor. Patients requiring dialysis within 48 hr after transplant were excluded from analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One-year acute rejection rates were 10% and 11% in the 3- and 4-dose cohorts, respectively, with 100% patient and graft survival at 1 year in both groups. Patients in the 3-dose cohort were discharged from the hospital sooner than the 4-dose cohort (median length of hospital stay, 3 vs. 4 days; P=0.004).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that a 3- or 4-dose course of rATG (1.5 mg/kg/dose) provides excellent protection against acute rejection even in patients at increased risk, with the potential for cost savings from a reduction in hospital stay and medication administration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Denver, CO, USA.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Klem
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: Andrew S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gralla
authors.forename: Phillip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Owen
authors.forename: Laurence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Alexander C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Wiseman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000961:Antilymphocyte Serum / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006085:Graft Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D006681:HLA-D Antigens / Q000276:immunology; D015395:Histocompatibility Antigens Class I / Q000276:immunology; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007518:Isoantibodies / Q000097:blood; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000276:immunology* / Q000401:mortality; D010351:Patient Discharge; D018579:Patient Selection; D011817:Rabbits; D012086:Reoperation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012306:Risk; D015996:Survival Rate; D017741:Survivors; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000961:Antilymphocyte Serum; D006681:HLA-D Antigens; D015395:Histocompatibility Antigens Class I; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D007518:Isoantibodies