title: PRL-3 promotes the motility, invasion, and metastasis of LoVo colon cancer cells through PRL-3-integrin beta1-ERK1/2 and-MMP2 signaling.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Phosphatase of regenerating liver-3 (PRL-3) plays a causative role in tumor metastasis, but the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. In our previous study, we observed that PRL-3 could decrease tyrosine phosphorylation of integrin beta1 and enhance activation of ERK1/2 in HEK293 cells. Herein we aim to explore the association of PRL-3 with integrin beta1 signaling and its functional implications in motility, invasion, and metastasis of colon cancer cell LoVo.
  
  
  METHODS
  Transwell chamber assay and nude mouse model were used to study motility and invasion, and metastsis of LoVo colon cancer cells, respectively. Knockdown of integrin beta1 by siRNA or lentivirus were detected with Western blot and RT-PCR. The effect of PRL-3 on integrin beta1, ERK1/2, and MMPs that mediate motility, invasion, and metastasis were measured by Western blot, immunofluorencence, co-immunoprecipitation and zymographic assays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We demonstrated that PRL-3 associated with integrin beta1 and its expression was positively correlated with ERK1/2 phosphorylation in colon cancer tissues. Depletion of integrin beta1 with siRNA, not only abrogated the activation of ERK1/2 stimulated by PRL-3, but also abolished PRL-3-induced motility and invasion of LoVo cells in vitro. Similarly, inhibition of ERK1/2 phosphorylation with U0126 or MMP activity with GM6001 also impaired PRL-3-induced invasion. In addition, PRL-3 promoted gelatinolytic activity of MMP2, and this stimulation correlated with decreased TIMP2 expression. Moreover, PRL-3-stimulated lung metastasis of LoVo cells in a nude mouse model was inhibited when integrin beta1 expression was interfered with shRNA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that PRL-3's roles in motility, invasion, and metastasis in colon cancer are critically controlled by the integrin beta1-ERK1/2-MMP2 signaling.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University School of Oncology, Beijing Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, PR China. lrpeng@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Lirong
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.forename: Xiaofang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xing
authors.forename: Weijun
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Like
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Qu
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.forename: Shenyi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lian
authors.forename: Beihai
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Chengchao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Shou
mesh_terms: D015153:Blotting, Western; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D019012:Integrin beta1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D017027:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases / Q000502:physiology*; D034622:RNA Interference; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D019012:Integrin beta1; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases; C484730:PTP4A3 protein, human; D017027:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2