title: Lidocaine vs. magnesium: effect on analgesia after a laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This double-blinded study aimed at evaluating and comparing the effects of magnesium and lidocaine on pain, analgesic requirements, bowel function, and quality of sleep in patients undergoing a laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were randomized into three groups (n=40 each). Group M received magnesium sulfate 50 mg/kg intravenously (i.v.), followed by 25 mg/kg/h i.v., group L received lidocaine 2 mg/kg i.v., followed by 2 mg/kg/h i.v., and group P received saline i.v. Bolus doses were given over 15 min before induction of anesthesia, followed by an i.v. infusion through the end of surgery. Intraoperative fentanyl consumption and averaged end-tidal sevoflurane concentration were recorded. Abdominal and shoulder pain were evaluated up to 24 h using a visual analog scale (VAS). Morphine consumption was recorded at 2 and 24 h, together with quality of sleep and time of first flatus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lidocaine or magnesium reduced anesthetic requirements (P<0.01), pain scores (P<0.05), and morphine consumption (P<0.001) relative to the control group. Lidocaine resulted in lower morphine consumption at 2 h [4.9 + or - 2.3 vs. 6.8 + or - 2.8 (P<0.05)] and lower abdominal VAS scores compared with magnesium (1.8 + or - 0.8 vs. 3.2 + or - 0.9, 2.2 + or - 1 vs. 3.6 + or - 1.6, and 2.1 + or - 1.4 vs. 3.3 + or - 1.9) at 2, 6, and 12 h, respectively (P<0.05). Lidocaine was associated with earlier return of bowel function and magnesium was associated with better sleep quality (P<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  I.v. lidocaine and magnesium improved post-operative analgesia and reduced intraoperative and post-operative opioid requirements in patients undergoing LC. The improvement of quality of recovery might facilitate rapid hospital discharge.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. ninaeg2001@yahoo.com
authors.forename: I M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Saadawy
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kaki
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Abd El Latif
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Abd-Elmaksoud
authors.forename: O M
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Tolba
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000777:Anesthetics / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic / Q000379:methods*; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008278:Magnesium Sulfate / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D008738:Methyl Ethers; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000777:Anesthetics; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D008738:Methyl Ethers; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D008278:Magnesium Sulfate; D008012:Lidocaine; D005283:Fentanyl