title: Progressive epithelial to mesenchymal transitions in ARCaP E prostate cancer cells during xenograft tumor formation and metastasis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The mechanism of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) could be adopted by tumor cells for migration and invasion. We have reported that ARCaP(E) human prostate cancer cells undergo EMT-like changes during xenograft growth in athymic mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this report, we assessed the extent of EMT by tracking changes in cloned ARCaP(E) cells expressing red fluorescence protein during successive orthotopic prostate tumor formation. Cancer cells with stromal-like morphology were isolated and examined for EMT-like changes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  EMT-like morphologic and expression changes were detected after one round of in vivo tumor formation. Importantly, when recovered tumor cells were used in second round xenograft tumor formation, a large fraction of ARCaP(E) cells showed drastic EMT-like changes, with markedly enlarged cell size and divergent cell shapes similar to those of mesenchymal stromal cells. The morphologic change was accompanied by increased growth and metastasis, as tumor incidence increased while red fluorescent tumor cells could be detected from circulating blood, bone marrow, peritoneal ascites, and lung of the tumor-bearing mice. Recovered clones from these samples had lost epithelial markers but many showed activated stromal marker vimentin expression. The EMT appeared permanent since the newly acquired morphology was sustained after continuous passages.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results from this study demonstrate that through interaction with the host tumor microenvironment, cancer cells acquire cellular plasticity. During xenograft tumor formation and metastasis, a single clone of cancer cells could yield a heterogeneous population, with a substantial number of tumor cells adopting mesenchymal stroma-like phenotypes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Xiaojian
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Alec J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Davidson
authors.forename: Daqing
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Fray F
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.forename: Leland W K
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Haiyen E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Zhau
authors.forename: Ruoxiang
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004848:Epithelium / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008648:Mesoderm / Q000473:pathology*; D051379:Mice; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D010641:Phenotype; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D017154:Stromal Cells / Q000473:pathology; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous