title: Detectability of motions in AAA with ECG-gated CTA: a quantitative study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  ECG-gated CT enables the visualization of motions caused by the beating of the heart. Although ECG gating is frequently used in cardiac CT imaging, this technique is also very promising for evaluating vessel wall motion of the aortic artery and the motions of (stent grafts inside) abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA). Late stent graft failure is a serious complication in endovascular repair of aortic aneurysms. Better understanding of the motion characteristics of stent grafts will be beneficial for designing future devices. In addition, these data can be valuable in predicting stent graft failure in patients. To be able to reliably quantify the motion, however, it is of importance to know the performance and limitations of ECG gating, especially when the motions are small, as is the case in AAA. Since the details of the reconstruction algorithms are proprietary information on the CT manufacturers and not in the public domain, empirical experiments are required. The goal of this study is to investigate as to what extent the motions in AAA can be measured using ECG-gated CT. The authors quantitatively investigate four aspects of motion in ECG-gated CT: The detectability of the motion of objects at different amplitudes and different periodic motions, the temporal resolution, and the volume gaps that occur as a function of heart rate.
  
  
  METHODS
  They designed an experiment on a standard static phantom to empirically determine temporal resolution. To investigate motion amplitude and frequency, as well as patient heart rate, they designed dynamic experiments in which a home-made phantom driven by a motion unit moves in a predetermined pattern.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The duration of each ECG-gated phase was found to be 185 ms, which corresponds to half of the rotation time and is thus in accordance with half scan reconstruction applied by the scanner. By using subpixel localization, motions become detectable from amplitudes of as small as 0.4 mm in the x direction and 0.7 mm in the z direction. With the rotation time used in this study, motions up to 2.7 Hz can be reliably detected. The reconstruction algorithm fills volume gaps with noisy data using interpolation, but objects within these gaps remain hidden.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study gives insight into the possibilities and limitations for measuring small motions using ECG-gated CT. Application of the experimental method is not restricted to the CT scanner of a single manufacturer. From the results, they conclude that ECG-gated CTA is a suitable technique for studying the expected motions of the stent graft and vessel wall in AAA.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Technical Medicine, University of Twente, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands. a.klein@ewi.utwente.nl
authors.forename: Almar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: Luuk J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Oostveen
authors.forename: Marcel J W
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Greuter
authors.forename: Yvonne
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hoogeveen
authors.forename: Leo J Schultze
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Kool
authors.forename: Cornelis H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Slump
authors.forename: W Klaas Jan
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Renema
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000792:Angiography / Q000379:methods*; D017544:Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D016477:Artifacts; D055424:Cardiac-Gated Imaging Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D009038:Motion; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated / Q000379:methods*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D011857:Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*