title: A large multicenter outcome study of female genital plastic surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Female Genital Plastic Surgery, a relatively new entry in the field of Cosmetic and Plastic Surgery, has promised sexual enhancement and functional and cosmetic improvement for women. Are the vulvovaginal aesthetic procedures of Labiaplasty, Vaginoplasty/Perineoplasty ("Vaginal Rejuvenation") and Clitoral Hood Reduction effective, and do they deliver on that promise? For what reason do women seek these procedures? What complications are evident, and what effects are noted regarding sexual function for women and their partners? Who should be performing these procedures, what training should they have, and what are the ethical considerations?
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to produce objective, utilizable outcome data regarding FGPS.
  
  
  METHODS
  1) Reasons for considering surgery from both patient's and physician's perspective; 2) Pre-operative sexual functioning per procedure; 3) Overall patient satisfaction per procedure; 4) Effect of procedure on patient's sexual enjoyment, per procedure; 5) Patient's perception of effect on her partner's sexual enjoyment, per procedure; 6) Complications.
  
  
  METHODS
  This cross-sectional study, including 258 women and encompassing 341 separate procedures, comes from a group of twelve gynecologists, gynecologic urologists and plastic surgeons from ten centers in eight states nationwide. 104 labiaplasties, 24 clitoral hood reductions, 49 combined labiaplasty/clitoral hood reductions, 47 vaginoplasties and/or perineoplasties, and 34 combined labiaplasty and/or reduction of the clitoral hood plus vaginoplasty/perineoplasty procedures were studied retrospectively, analyzing both patient's and physician's perception of surgical rationale, pre-operative sexual function and several outcome criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Combining the three groups, 91.6% of patients were satisfied with the results of their surgery after a 6-42 month follow-up. Significant subjective enhancement in sexual functioning for both women and their sexual partners was noted (p = 0.0078), especially in patients undergoing vaginal tightening/perineal support procedures. Complications were acceptable and not of major consequence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While emphasizing that these female genital plastic procedures are not performed to correct "abnormalities," as there is a wide range of normality in the external and internal female genitalia, both parous and nulliparous, many women chose to modify their vulvas and vaginas. From the results of this large study pooling data from a diverse group of experienced genital plastic surgeons, outcome in both general and sexual satisfaction appear excellent.
authors.affiliation: Caring For Women Wellness Center--Gynecology and Genital Plastic Surgery, Davis, CA, USA. michaelgoodman250@gmail.com
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Goodman
authors.forename: Otto J
authors.initials: OJ
authors.lastname: Placik
authors.forename: Royal H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Benson
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Miklos
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Jason
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Matlock
authors.forename: Alex F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Simopoulos
authors.forename: Bernard H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Stern
authors.forename: Ryan A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Stanton
authors.forename: Susan E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Kolb
authors.forename: Federico
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gonzalez
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002987:Clitoris / Q000601:surgery; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004992:Ethics, Medical; D005260:Female; D005836:Genitalia, Female / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D009042:Motivation; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D010502:Perineum / Q000601:surgery; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D012725:Sexual Behavior; D013038:Specialization; D013518:Surgery, Plastic / Q000941:ethics / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014621:Vagina / Q000601:surgery; D014844:Vulva / Q000601:surgery