title: Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis response to the severity of illness in non-critically ill patients: does relative corticosteroid insufficiency exist?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Relative corticosteroid insufficiency may be common in critically ill patients and is associated with a poor outcome; however, the response of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in nursed patients is not known. Our aim was to evaluate the response of HPA axis to the severity of illness in non-critically ill nursed (NCIN) patients and the clinical outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-six nursed patients who were divided into four groups (stroke, mild disease, sepsis and severe sepsis) as well as a control group (n=15) were studied. At admission (day 1), cortisol and ACTH were measured and a low-dose (1 microg) corticotrophin test was performed, followed 2 h later by a standard-dose (250 microg) corticotrophin test. Diurnal variation of cortisol was obtained on day 2. A second identical set of low-dose and standard-dose corticotrophin tests were performed on day 5 or 6 (recovery phase). Results In patients with stroke and severe sepsis, cortisol had the highest values and its diurnal variation was abolished. Dissociation of ACTH and cortisol was found in all patients. The Delta(max) of cortisol after the 1-microg corticotrophin test did not differ among the groups, while after the 250-microg corticotrophin test, it was borderline higher in controls. The ratio of responders (Delta(max) of cortisol >or=9 microg/dl) to non-responders after 1- or 250-microg corticotrophin test did not differ among patients and controls. All patients had a good outcome without glucocorticoid treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Depending on the severity of illness, mild alterations in the HPA axis occurred. However, relative corticosteroid insufficiency was not confirmed in NCIN patients.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Patras, Patras 26500, Greece.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Michalaki
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Margeli
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tsekouras
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Gogos
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Vagenakis
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kyriazopoulou
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone / Q000097:blood; D000368:Aged; D002908:Chronic Disease; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood / Q000172:deficiency*; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000502:physiology*; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010913:Pituitary-Adrenal System / Q000502:physiology*; D018805:Sepsis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000502:physiology; D020521:Stroke / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; D006854:Hydrocortisone