title: Microglial MyD88 signaling regulates acute neuronal toxicity of LPS-stimulated microglia in vitro.
abstract: Although the role of microglial activation in neural injury remains controversial, there is increasing evidence for a detrimental effect in the immature brain, which may occur in response to release of neurotoxic substances including pro-inflammatory cytokines. However, the signaling mechanisms involved in microglial-induced neuronal cell death are unclear. Microglia isolated from the brains of wild-type (WT) or MyD88 knockout (KO) mice were exposed to PBS or the TLR4-ligand LPS (100 ng/mL) for 2, 6, 14, or 24 h, and the microglia-conditioned medium (MCM) collected. Detection of multiple inflammatory molecules in MCM was performed using a mouse 22-plex cytokine microbead array kit. Primary neuronal cultures were supplemented with the 14 or 24 h MCM, and the degree of neuronal apoptosis examined after exposure for 24 h. Results showed a rapid and sustained elevation in multiple inflammatory mediators in the MCM of WT microglia exposed to LPS, which was largely inhibited in MyD88 KO microglia. There was a significant increase in apoptotic death measured at 24 h in cultured neurons exposed to CM from either 14 or 24 h LPS-stimulated WT microglia (p<.05 vs. WT control). By contrast, there was no increase in apoptotic death in cultured neurons exposed to CM from 14 or 24 h LPS-stimulated MyD88 KO microglia (p=.15 vs. MyD88 KO control). These data suggest that MyD88-dependent activation of microglia by LPS causes release of factors directly toxic to neurons.
authors.affiliation: Perinatal Centre, Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Goteborg, Sweden.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Dean
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kaindl
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gressens
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fleiss
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hagberg
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mallard
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D001921:Brain / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D017628:Microglia / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D053594:Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; C507780:Myd88 protein, mouse; D053594:Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88