title: Comprehensive imaging of gastroesophageal biopsy samples by spectrally encoded confocal microscopy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Spectrally encoded confocal microscopy (SECM) is a high-speed reflectance confocal microscopy technique that has the potential to be used for acquiring comprehensive images of the entire distal esophagus endoscopically with subcellular resolution.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this study was to demonstrate large-area SECM in upper GI tissues and to determine whether the images contain microstructural information that is useful for pathologic diagnosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A feasibility study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty biopsy samples from 36 patients undergoing routine EGD were imaged by SECM, in their entirety, immediately after their removal.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The microstructure seen in the SECM images was similar to that seen by histopathology. Gastric cardia mucosa was clearly differentiated from squamous mucosa. Gastric fundic/body type mucosa showed more tightly packed glands than gastric cardia mucosa. Fundic gland polyps showed cystically dilated glands lined with cuboidal epithelium. The presence of intraepithelial eosinophils was detected with the cells demonstrating a characteristic bilobed nucleus. Specialized intestinal metaplasia was identified by columnar epithelium and the presence of goblet cells. Barrett's esophagus (BE) with dysplasia was differentiated from specialized intestinal metaplasia by the loss of nuclear polarity and disorganized glandular architecture.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ex vivo, descriptive study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Large-area SECM images of gastroesophageal biopsy samples enabled the visualization of both subcellular and architectural features of various upper GI mucosal types and were similar to the corresponding histopathologic slides. These results suggest that the development of an endoscopic SECM probe is merited.
authors.affiliation: Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
authors.forename: DongKyun
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Melissa J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Suter
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Boudoux
authors.forename: Hongki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yoo
authors.forename: Patrick S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Yachimski
authors.forename: William P
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Puricelli
authors.forename: Norman S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Nishioka
authors.forename: Mari
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mino-Kenudson
authors.forename: Gregory Y
authors.initials: GY
authors.lastname: Lauwers
authors.forename: Brett E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Bouma
authors.forename: Guillermo J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Tearney
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001706:Biopsy; D016145:Endoscopy, Digestive System; D004943:Esophagogastric Junction / Q000473:pathology; D004947:Esophagus / Q000473:pathology*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D013270:Stomach / Q000473:pathology*