title: Ketamine cystitis as a mimic of carcinoma in situ.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the histopathological features of a series of patients with ketamine-related cystitis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventeen patients with ketamine-related cystitis, who had undergone biopsy, were identified and reviewed. Twelve showed ulceration with significant urothelial atypia. In 10 of these, immunohistochemistry was performed; 9/10 had high p53 immunoreactivity and 7/10 had moderate to high levels of Ki67 reactivity, but all were negative for cytokeratin 20.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ketamine can lead to reactive urothelial changes that can mimic carcinoma in situ, but the long-term cancer risk remains unknown.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cellular Pathology, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK. jon.oxley@nbt.nhs.uk
authors.forename: Jon D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Oxley
authors.forename: Angela M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Cottrell
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gillatt
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism; D003556:Cystitis / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007649:Ketamine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism; D019459:Urothelium / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D007649:Ketamine