title: Morphometrics and pelage characterization of longtailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) from Pulau Bintan, Indonesia; Singapore; and Southern Vietnam.
abstract: Cynomolgus (or longtailed) macaques (Macaca fascicularis) are used extensively as laboratory animals in biomedical research. Their use in Singapore, an emerging biomedical hub in Southeast Asia, is now increasing widely, with research subjects currently originating from Singapore, Vietnam, and Pulau Bintan, Indonesia. Limited data exist on the genetic and phenotypic polymorphisms and phylogenetic relationships of these groups, and the animals are used as research subjects without regard to potential differences or homogeneity. Here we characterize their phenotypes by using established primatology tools to detail morphometrics and pelage erythrism and saturation. Pelage analyses supported the Gloger rule, in which heavily pigmented forms predominate near the equator, with Singaporean and Bintan macaques having darker pelage than Vietnamese macaques. Morphometric variation patterns suggest a tendency toward insular dwarfism and correlate generally with the Bergmann rule, in which body mass increases with latitude and colder climate. Although the 3 populations all belong to the nominotypical subspecies M. f. fascicularis, phenotypic differences are evident and are valuable tools to analyze their phylogeographic history and phylogenetic relationships.
authors.affiliation: SingHealth Experimental Medicine Centre, National University of Singapore, Singapore. jvillano@hmc.psu.edu
authors.forename: Jason S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Villano
authors.forename: Bryan E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Ogden
authors.forename: Peggy P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Yong
authors.forename: Natividad M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Lood
authors.forename: Patrick E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Sharp
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005828:Genetics, Population; D005843:Geography; D006197:Hair / Q000502:physiology*; D006200:Hair Color / Q000502:physiology*; D007214:Indonesia; D008252:Macaca fascicularis / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008297:Male; D010641:Phenotype; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D012737:Sex Factors; D012846:Singapore; D014744:Vietnam