title: Epidermal growth factor receptor is required for colonic tumor promotion by dietary fat in the azoxymethane/dextran sulfate sodium model: roles of transforming growth factor-{alpha} and PTGS2.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Colon cancer is a major cause of cancer deaths. Dietary factors contribute substantially to the risk of this malignancy. Western-style diets promote development of azoxymethane-induced colon cancer. Although we showed that epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR) controlled azoxymethane tumorigenesis in standard fat conditions, the role of EGFR in tumor promotion by high dietary fat has not been examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  A/J x C57BL6/J mice with wild-type Egfr (Egfr(wt)) or loss-of-function waved-2 Egfr (Egfr(wa2)) received azoxymethane followed by standard (5% fat) or western-style (20% fat) diet. As F(1) mice were resistant to azoxymethane, we treated mice with azoxymethane followed by one cycle of inflammation-inducing dextran sulfate sodium to induce tumorigenesis. Mice were sacrificed 12 weeks after dextran sulfate sodium. Tumors were graded for histology and assessed for EGFR ligands and proto-oncogenes by immunostaining, Western blotting, and real-time PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Egfr(wt) mice gained significantly more weight and had exaggerated insulin resistance compared with Egfr(wa2) mice on high-fat diet. Dietary fat promoted tumor incidence (71.2% versus 36.7%; P < 0.05) and cancer incidence (43.9% versus 16.7%; P < 0.05) only in Egfr(wt) mice. The lipid-rich diet also significantly increased tumor and cancer multiplicity only in Egfr(wt) mice. In tumors, dietary fat and Egfr(wt) upregulated transforming growth factor-alpha, amphiregulin, CTNNB1, MYC, and CCND1, whereas PTGS2 was only increased in Egfr(wt) mice and further upregulated by dietary fat. Notably, dietary fat increased transforming growth factor-alpha in normal colon.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EGFR is required for dietary fat-induced weight gain and tumor promotion. EGFR-dependent increases in receptor ligands and PTGS2 likely drive diet-related tumor promotion.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Medicine, Health Studies, Surgery, and Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois , USA.
authors.forename: Urszula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Dougherty
authors.forename: Dario
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cerasi
authors.forename: Ieva
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Masha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kocherginsky
authors.forename: Ummuhan
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Tekin
authors.forename: Shamiram
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Badal
authors.forename: Lata
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Aluri
authors.forename: Amikar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sehdev
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cerda
authors.forename: Reba
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mustafi
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Delgado
authors.forename: Loren
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Joseph
authors.forename: Hongyan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hart
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Threadgill
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fichera
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bissonnette
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001397:Azoxymethane / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D016264:Dextran Sulfate / Q000494:pharmacology*; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000378:metabolism*; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008024:Ligands; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D017354:Point Mutation; D016211:Transforming Growth Factor alpha / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D008024:Ligands; D016211:Transforming Growth Factor alpha; D016264:Dextran Sulfate; C077623:Ptgs2 protein, mouse; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D066246:ErbB Receptors; D001397:Azoxymethane