title: Advances in growth plate modulation for lower extremity malalignment (knock knees and bow legs).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Lower extremity angular deformities are among the most common nontraumatic conditions in children being referred to pediatric orthopedists. Understanding of this abnormality is essential for pediatricians and primary caregivers. There is a development in the surgical management of these problems that has improved the quality of care of affected children and adolescents.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In recent years, we have improved our understanding of consequences of lower limb angular deformities on knees. New treatment options for angular deformity include the method of 'guided growth' using small, extraphyseal tension band plates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The development of this surgical technique for growth plate manipulation for the treatment of angular deformities of knees has expanded the indications for surgical management and has a potential to decrease the incidence and the severity of complications.
authors.affiliation: Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Vladimir
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Goldman
authors.forename: Daniel W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Green
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001915:Braces; D002648:Child; D004838:Epiphyses / Q000601:surgery; D016267:External Fixators; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D010027:Osteotomy; D011859:Radiography