title: Combined association of lipids and blood pressure in relation to incident cardiovascular disease in the elderly: the cardiovascular health study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hypertension and dyslipidemia are highly prevalent in the elderly. We studied the combined impact of both conditions on cardiovascular disease (CVD) events.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 4,311 participants aged 65-98 (61.2% female) from the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS), a longitudinal epidemiologic study, with no prior CVD. We evaluated the relation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), or non-HDL-cholesterol combined with blood pressure (BP) categories to incident CVD-including coronary heart disease (CHD) (angina, myocardial infarction (MI), angioplasty, coronary bypass surgery, or CHD death), stroke, claudication, and CVD death over 15 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CVD incidence (per 1,000 person years) ranged from 38.4 when BP <120/80 mm Hg and LDL-C <100 mg/dl to 94.8 when BP >or=160/100 mm Hg and LDL-C >or=160 mg/dl, and from 28.9 when BP <120/80 mm Hg and HDL >60 mg/dl to 87.1 for a BP >or=160/100 and HDL-C <40 mg/dl. Compared with those with BP <120/80 mm Hg with either LDL-C <100 mg/dl or HDL-C >60 mg/dl, hazard ratios (HRs) for CVD events were 2.1 when BP >or=160/100 mm Hg and LDL-C >or=160 mg/dl and 2.1 when BP >or=160/100 and HDL-C <40 mg/dl (all P < 0.01), with similar results for non-HDL-C. Elevated BP was associated with increased risk across all lipid levels. Increased LDL-C added risk mainly when BP <140/90 mm Hg, but lower HDL-C also predicted CVD in those with higher BP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased BP confers increased risks for CVD in elderly persons across all lipid levels. Although increased LDL-C added risk mainly when BP <140/90 mm Hg, low HDL-C added risk also in those with hypertension. These results document the importance of combined hypertension and dyslipidemia.
authors.affiliation: Heart Disease Prevention Program, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California, USA. ndwong@uci.edu
authors.forename: Nathan D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Victor A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Lopez
authors.forename: Craig S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Henry A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Solomon
authors.forename: Gregory L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Burke
authors.forename: Lewis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kuller
authors.forename: Russell
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tracy
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yanez
authors.forename: Bruce M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Psaty
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D008055:Lipids