title: Clinical results of long-term follow-up of a large, active surveillance cohort with localized prostate cancer.
abstract: PURPOSE We assessed the outcome of a watchful-waiting protocol with selective delayed intervention by using clinical prostate-specific antigen (PSA), or histologic progression as treatment indications for clinically localized prostate cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS This was a prospective, single-arm, cohort study. Patients were managed with an initial expectant approach. Definitive intervention was offered to those patients with a PSA doubling time of less than 3 years, Gleason score progression (to 4 + 3 or greater), or unequivocal clinical progression. Survival analysis and Cox proportional hazard model were applied to the data. Results A total of 450 patients have been observed with active surveillance. Median follow-up was 6.8 years (range, 1 to 13 years). Overall survival was 78.6%. The 10-year prostate cancer actuarial survival was 97.2%. Overall, 30% of patients have been reclassified as higher risk and have been offered definitive therapy. Of 117 patients treated radically, the PSA failure rate was 50%, which was 13% of the total cohort. PSA doubling time of 3 years or less was associated with an 8.5-times higher risk of biochemical failure after definitive treatment compared with a doubling time of more than 3 years (P < .0001). The hazard ratio for nonprostate cancer to prostate cancer mortality was 18.6 at 10 years. CONCLUSION We observed a low rate of prostate cancer mortality. Among the patients who were reclassified as higher risk and who were treated, PSA failure was relatively common. Other-cause mortality accounted for almost all of the deaths. Additional studies are warranted to improve the identification of patients who harbor more aggressive disease despite favorable clinical parameters at diagnosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, 2075 Bayview Ave, MG408, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5 Canada. Laurence.klotz@sunnybrook.ca
authors.forename: Laurence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Klotz
authors.forename: Liying
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nam
authors.forename: Alexandre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mamedov
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Loblaw
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000401:mortality*
chemical_list: D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen