title: Effects on coagulation factor production following primary hepatomitogen-induced direct hyperplasia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the molecular mechanisms involved in coagulation factor expression and/or function during direct hyperplasia (DH)-mediated liver regeneration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Direct hyperplasia-mediated liver regeneration was induced in female C57BL/6 mice by administering 1,4-bis[2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy)] benzene (TCPOBOP), a representative hepatomitogen. Mice were weighed and sacrificed at various time points [Day 0 (D0: prior to injection), 3 h, D1, D2, D3, and D10] after TCPOBOP administration to obtain liver and blood samples. Using the RNA samples extracted from the liver, a comprehensive analysis was performed on the hepatic gene expression profiling of coagulation-related factors by real-time RT-PCR (fibrinogen, prothrombin, factors V, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII, XIIIbeta, plasminogen, antithrombin, protein C, protein S, ADAMTS13, and VWF). The corresponding plasma levels of coagulation factors (fibrinogen, prothrombin, factors V, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII, XIII, and VWF) were also analyzed and compared with their mRNA levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gavage administration of TCPOBOP (3 mg/kg body weight) resulted in a marked and gradual increase in the weight of the mouse livers relative to the total body weight to 220% by D10 relative to the D0 (control) ratios. At the peak of liver regeneration (D1 and D2), the gene expression levels for most of the coagulation-related factors (fibrinogen, prothrombin, factors V, VII, VIII, IX, XI, XII, XIIIbeta, plasminogen, antithrombin, protein C, ADAMTS13, VWF) were found to be down-regulated in a time-dependent manner, and gradually recovered by D10 to the basal levels. Only mRNA levels of factor X and protein S failed to show any decrease during the regenerative phase. As for the plasma levels, 5 clotting factors (prothrombin, factors VIII, IX, XI, and XII) demonstrated a significant decrease (P<0.05) during the regeneration phase compared with D0. Among these 5 factors, factor IX and factor XI showed the most dramatic decline in their activities by about 50% at D2 compared to the basal levels, and these reductions in plasma activity for both factors were consistent with our RT-PCR findings. In contrast, the plasma activities of the other coagulation factors (fibrinogen, factors V, VII, XIII, and VWF) were not significantly reduced, despite the reduction in the liver mRNA levels. Unlike the other factors, FX showed a temporal increase in its plasma activity, with significant increases (P<0.05) detected at D1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Investigating the coagulation cascade protein profiles during liver regeneration by DH may help to better understand the basic biology of the liver under normal and pathological conditions.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan.
authors.forename: Kohei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tatsumi
authors.forename: Kazuo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ohashi
authors.forename: Sanae
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Taminishi
authors.forename: Soichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takagi
authors.forename: Rie
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Utoh
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yoshioka
authors.forename: Midori
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shima
authors.forename: Teruo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Okano
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001779:Blood Coagulation Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D001780:Blood Coagulation Tests; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006965:Hyperplasia / Q000378:metabolism*; D008099:Liver / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D008115:Liver Regeneration / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008934:Mitogens / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011725:Pyridines; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D001779:Blood Coagulation Factors; D008934:Mitogens; D011725:Pyridines; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C028474:1,4-bis(2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy))benzene