title: Laser-activated irrigation within root canals: cleaning efficacy and flow visualization.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test ex vivo the efficiency of laser-activated irrigation in removing dentine debris from the apical part of the root canal and to visualize in vitro the fluid dynamics during the activation of the irrigant by laser, using high-speed imaging at a relevant timescale.
  
  
  METHODS
  Root canals with a standardized groove in one canal wall filled with dentine debris were irrigated with syringe irrigation, ultrasonically or laser-activated irrigation (LAI) using 2% sodium hypochlorite as irrigant. The quantity of dentine debris after irrigation was determined. Visualization of the fluid dynamics during activation was achieved using a high-speed camera and a glass model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Laser-activated irrigation was significantly more effective in removing dentine debris from the apical part of the root canal than passive ultrasonic irrigation or hand irrigation when the irrigant was activated for 20 s.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The in vitro recordings suggest that streaming, caused by the collapse of the laser-induced bubble, is the main cleaning mechanism of LAI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cariology, Endodontology & Pedodontology, Academic Center for Dentistry, Amsterdam.
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: de Groot
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Verhaagen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Versluis
authors.forename: M-K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Wesselink
authors.forename: L W M
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: van der Sluis
mesh_terms: D003481:Cuspid; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D003804:Dentin; D006801:Humans; D007834:Lasers; D045423:Microbubbles; D023861:Photography, Dental / Q000295:instrumentation*; D012212:Rheology; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D018915:Root Canal Preparation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D016369:Smear Layer; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite / Q000008:administration & dosage; D013594:Syringes; D007507:Therapeutic Irrigation / Q000295:instrumentation; D019227:Tooth Apex; D014465:Ultrasonics
chemical_list: D012388:Root Canal Irrigants; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite