title: Teenage pregnancy and social disadvantage: systematic review integrating controlled trials and qualitative studies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the impact on teenage pregnancy of interventions that address the social disadvantage associated with early parenthood and to assess the appropriateness of such interventions for young people in the United Kingdom.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic review, including a statistical meta-analysis of controlled trials on interventions for early parenthood and a thematic synthesis of qualitative studies that investigated the views on early parenthood of young people living in the UK.
  
  
  METHODS
  12 electronic bibliographic databases, five key journals, reference lists of relevant studies, study authors, and experts in the field. Review methods Two independent reviewers assessed the methodological quality of studies and abstracted data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten controlled trials and five qualitative studies were included. Controlled trials evaluated either early childhood interventions or youth development programmes. The overall pooled effect size showed that teenage pregnancy rates were 39% lower among individuals receiving an intervention than in those receiving standard practice or no intervention (relative risk 0.61; 95% confidence interval 0.48 to 0.77). Three main themes associated with early parenthood emerged from the qualitative studies: dislike of school; poor material circumstances and unhappy childhood; and low expectations for the future. Comparison of these factors related to teenage pregnancy with the content of the programmes used in the controlled trials indicated that both early childhood interventions and youth development programmes are appropriate strategies for reducing unintended teenage pregnancies. The programmes aim to promote engagement with school through learning support, ameliorate unhappy childhood through guidance and social support, and raise aspirations through career development and work experience. However, none of these approaches directly tackles all the societal, community, and family level factors that influence young people's routes to early parenthood.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A small but reliable evidence base supports the effectiveness and appropriateness of early childhood interventions and youth development programmes for reducing unintended teenage pregnancy. Combining the findings from both controlled trials and qualitative studies provides a strong evidence base for informing effective public policy.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health and Human Development, University of East London, London, E15 4LZ. a.harden@uel.ac.uk
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Harden
authors.forename: Ginny
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Brunton
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fletcher
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Oakley
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D016497:Adolescent Health Services / Q000458:organization & administration; D001294:Attitude to Health; D002648:Child; D002662:Child Health Services / Q000458:organization & administration; D018849:Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic; D003625:Data Collection; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011253:Pregnancy in Adolescence / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015397:Program Evaluation; D036301:Qualitative Research; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012944:Social Support; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors