title: Protective effects of sodium para-amino salicylate on manganese-induced neuronal death: the involvement of reactive oxygen species.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study tested whether sodium para-amino salicylic dihydrate, an antibacterial drug for tuberculosis, could block manganese-induced apoptosis in SK-N-MC neurons.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cell viability, Hoechst staining, dichlorofluorescin diacetate analysis for reactive oxygen species measurement, and immunoblotting were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In vitro, manganese chloride significantly decreased the viability of SK-N-MC cells, accompanied by apoptotic features such as changes in nuclear morphology. Sodium para-amino salicylic dihydrate inhibited these apoptotic characteristics through reducing intracellular reactive oxygen species generation, protecting mitochondrial membrane potential and caspase-3 activation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sodium para-amino salicylic dihydrate inhibits manganese-induced apoptosis in neurons and may reduce manganese-mediated neurodegeneration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Chonbuk, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hyonok
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.forename: Do-Sung
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Geum-Hwa
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Ji Ye
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Diana H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Kee-Won
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Soo-Wan
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Chae
authors.forename: Wan-Hee
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: You
authors.forename: Yong Chul
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Seoung Ju
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Hyung-Ryong
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Han-Jung
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Chae
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008345:Manganese / Q000009:adverse effects*; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial / Q000187:drug effects; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D012980:Sodium Salicylate / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D008345:Manganese; D053148:Caspase 3; D012980:Sodium Salicylate