title: The small airways and distal lung compartment in asthma and COPD: a time for reappraisal.
abstract: The involvement of small airways in the pathogenesis of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has been debated for a long time. However, a proper definition of small airway disease is still lacking, and neither a widely accepted biomarker nor a functional parameter to assess small airway abnormalities and to explore the effect of tested compounds on small airways is available. Aiming towards increased knowledge and consensus on this topic, this perspective paper intends to (i) strengthen awareness among the scientific community on the role of small airways in asthma and COPD; (ii) examine the pros and cons of some biological, functional and imaging parameters in the assessment of small airway abnormalities; and (iii) discuss the evidence for distal airway pharmacological targeting in asthma and COPD.
authors.affiliation: Research Centre on Asthma and COPD, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Contoli
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bousquet
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Fabbri
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Magnussen
authors.forename: K F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Rabe
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Siafakas
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Hamid
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kraft
mesh_terms: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018927:Anti-Asthmatic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001249:Asthma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D055745:Bronchioles / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D018927:Anti-Asthmatic Agents; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents