Poverty, life events and the risk for depression in Uganda.
BACKGROUND
Understanding the determinants of major depression in sub-Saharan Africa is important for planning effective intervention strategies.


OBJECTIVE
To investigate the social and life-event determinants of major depressive disorder in the African sociocultural context of rural Uganda.


METHODS
A cross-section survey was carried out in 14 districts in Uganda from 1 June 2003 to 30 October 2004. 4,660 randomly selected respondents (15 years and above) were interviewed. The primary outcome was the presence of 'probable major depressive disorder' (PMDD) as assessed by the Hopkins symptom checklist.


RESULTS
The prevalence of PMDD was 29.3% (95% confidence interval, 28.0-30.6%). Factors independently associated with depression in both genders included: the ecological factor, district; age (increase with each age category after 35 years); indices of poverty and deprivation (no formal education, having no employment, broken family, and socioeconomic classes III-V). Only a few adverse life events, notably those suggestive of a disrupted family background (death of a father in females and death of a mother in males) were associated with increased risk.


CONCLUSIONS
Socioeconomic and sociodemographic factors, operating at both ecological and the individual level are the strongest independent determinants of depression. Adverse life events were less strongly associated with depression in this sample.
Kinyanda
Eugene
E
MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda. Eugene.Kinyanda@mrcuganda.org
Woodburn
Patrick
P
Tugumisirize
Joshua
J
Kagugube
Johnson
J
Ndyanabangi
Sheila
S
Patel
Vikram
V
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017954:Africa South of the Sahara / Q000453:epidemiology; D017677:Age Distribution; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011203:Poverty / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012424:Rural Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014454:Uganda / Q000453:epidemiology