title: Orbital involvement in langerhans cell histiocytosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors studied a series of patients with Langerhans cell histiocytosis in an attempt to better define the incidence and significance of orbital involvement within the vast spectrum of the disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective chart review of consecutive patients with a recorded diagnosis of Langerhans cell histiocytosis treated at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital between 1992 and 2007. Pertinent information included age, gender, clinical features, radiological features, treatment, disease progression, orbital involvement, and development of diabetes insipidus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The authors found and evaluated 24 patients (16 male). The median age at diagnosis was 24 months (range, 4-179 months), and median follow-up was 75 months (range, 6-186 months). Nine (37.5%) patients had orbital involvement (6 on presentation, 3 on subsequent follow-up). The 2 patients with unifocal orbital lesions developed progressive disease. All patients with orbital lesions received systemic chemotherapy either at the time of diagnosis (n = 8) or on documented disease progression (n = 1). Six patients (25%), 2 of whom had orbital involvement, developed diabetes insipidus in the setting of either multibone (n = 1) or multisystem (n = 5) disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study, orbital involvement occurred in one third of patients with Langerhans cell histiocytosis, usually in the context of multifocal bone or multisystem disease. Thus, the authors believe a comprehensive workup and follow-up in the context of a multidisciplinary approach is necessary. The authors found that the response to local curretage or steroid injection for small lesions, and to systemic chemotherapy for extensive lesions, is usually excellent and that aggressive local control measures, such as surgical resection or radiation, are not indicated in most cases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.
authors.forename: Houman
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Vosoghi
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rodriguez-Galindo
authors.forename: Matthew W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Wilson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D018949:Antigens, CD1 / Q000032:analysis; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005047:Etoposide / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006646:Histiocytosis, Langerhans-Cell / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009916:Orbital Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy; D011241:Prednisone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D009418:S100 Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D014747:Vinblastine / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D018949:Antigens, CD1; C419393:CD1a antigen; D009418:S100 Proteins; D014747:Vinblastine; D005047:Etoposide; D011241:Prednisone