title: The rationale and design of the antihypertensives and vascular, endothelial, and cognitive function (AVEC) trial in elderly hypertensives with early cognitive impairment: role of the renin angiotensin system inhibition.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prior evidence suggests that the renin angiotensin system and antihypertensives that inhibit this system play a role in cognitive, central vascular, and endothelial function. Our objective is to conduct a double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial, the antihypertensives and vascular, endothelial, and cognitive function (AVEC), to compare 1 year treatment of 3 antihypertensives (lisinopril, candesartan, or hydrochlorothiazide) in their effect on memory and executive function, cerebral blood flow, and central endothelial function of seniors with hypertension and early objective evidence of executive or memory impairments.
  
  
  METHODS
  The overall experimental design of the AVEC trial is a 3-arm double blind randomized controlled clinical trial. A total of 100 community eligible individuals (60 years or older) with hypertension and early cognitive impairment are being recruited from the greater Boston area and randomized to lisinopril, candesartan, or hydrochlorothiazide ("active control") for 12 months. The goal of the intervention is to achieve blood pressure control defined as SBP < 140 mm Hg and DBP < 90 mm Hg. Additional antihypertensives are added to achieve this goal if needed. Eligible participants are those with hypertension, defined as a blood pressure 140/90 mm Hg or greater, early cognitive impairment without dementia defined (10 or less out of 15 on the executive clock draw test or 1 standard deviation below the mean on the immediate memory subtest of the repeatable battery for the assessment of neuropsychological status and Mini-Mental-Status-exam >20 and without clinical diagnosis of dementia or Alzheimer's disease). Individuals who are currently receiving antihypertensives are eligible to participate if the participants and the primary care providers are willing to taper their antihypertensives. Participants undergo cognitive assessment, measurements of cerebral blood flow using Transcranial Doppler, and central endothelial function by measuring changes in cerebral blood flow in response to changes in end tidal carbon dioxide at baseline (off antihypertensives), 6, and 12 months. Our outcomes are change in cognitive function score (executive and memory), cerebral blood flow, and carbon dioxide cerebral vasoreactivity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The AVEC trial is the first study to explore impact of antihypertensives in those who are showing early evidence of cognitive difficulties that did not reach the threshold of dementia. Success of this trial will offer new therapeutic application of antihypertensives that inhibit the renin angiotensin system and new insights in the role of this system in aging.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Clinicaltrials.gov NCT00605072.
authors.affiliation: Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. ihabhajjar@hrca.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Ihab
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hajjar
authors.forename: Meaghan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hart
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Milberg
authors.forename: Vera
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Novak
authors.forename: Lewis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lipsitz
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012084:Renin-Angiotensin System / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents