title: KRAS and BRAF mutations in patients with rectal cancer treated with preoperative chemoradiotherapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  KRAS and BRAF are mutated in 35% and 10% of colorectal cancers, respectively. However, data specifically for locally advanced rectal cancers are scarce, and the frequency of KRAS mutations in codons 61 and 146 remains to be established.
  
  
  METHODS
  DNA was isolated from pre-therapeutic biopsies of 94 patients who were treated within two phase-III clinical trials receiving preoperative chemoradiotherapy. Mutation status of KRAS exons 1-3 and BRAF exon 15 was established using the ABI PRISM Big Dye Sequencing Kit and subsequently correlated with clinical parameters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, KRAS was mutated in 45 patients (48%). Twenty-nine mutations (64%) were located in codon 12, 10 mutations (22%) in codon 13, and 3 mutations (7%) in codons 61 and 146. No V600E BRAF mutation was detected. The presence of KRAS mutations was correlated neither with tumor response or lymph node status after preoperative chemoradiotherapy nor with overall survival or disease-free survival. When KRAS exon 1 mutations were separated based on the amino-acid exchange, we again failed to detect significant correlations (p=0.052). However, G12V mutations appeared to be associated with higher rates of tumor regression than G13D mutations (p=0.012).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We are the first to report the mutation status of KRAS and BRAF in pre-therapeutic biopsies from locally advanced rectal cancers. The high number of KRAS mutations in codons 61 and 146 emphasizes the importance to expand current mutation analyses, whereas BRAF mutations are not relevant for rectal carcinogenesis. Although the KRAS mutation status was not correlated with response, the subtle difference between G12V and G13D mutations warrants analysis of a larger patient population.
authors.affiliation: Department of General and Visceral Surgery, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany. mghadim@gwdg.de
authors.forename: Jochen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gaedcke
authors.forename: Marian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grade
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schirmer
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jo
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Obermeyer
authors.forename: Hendrik A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Wolff
authors.forename: Markus K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Herrmann
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Beissbarth
authors.forename: Heinz
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ried
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ghadimi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation; D011300:Preoperative Care; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D048493:Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf / Q000235:genetics*; D016283:Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras); D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics* / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018631:ras Proteins / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: C117307:KRAS protein, human; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; C482119:BRAF protein, human; D048493:Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf; D016283:Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras); D018631:ras Proteins