title: Increased expression of glucocorticoid receptor beta in lymphocytes of patients with severe atopic dermatitis unresponsive to topical corticosteroid.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Variable response to topical glucocorticoid therapy occurs in the treatment of severe atopic dermatitis (AD). Glucocorticoid receptor (GR)-beta does not bind glucocorticoids but antagonizes the activity of the classic GRalpha, and could thus account for glucocorticoid insensitivity.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate GRalpha and GRbeta mRNA and protein expression in lymphocytes of patients with AD before and after treatment with topical corticosteroids.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood was collected from 11 healthy donors, 10 patients with mild AD and 13 patients with severe AD. mRNA was isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Expression of GRalpha and GRbeta mRNA was determined by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and quantitated. Expression of the GRs was confirmed by Western blot analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The expression of GRalpha mRNA was detected in all subjects. GRbeta mRNA was detected in four out of 11 healthy volunteers, five out of 10 patients with mild AD and 11 out of 13 patients with severe AD. The incidence of GRbeta mRNA expression was higher in patients with severe AD (85%) than in patients with mild AD (50%), and significantly higher than in healthy volunteers (36%, P = 0.033). Four of the 13 patients with severe AD showed a 3.3-13.2-fold increase in the expression of GRbeta mRNA during a 2-week treatment with topical corticosteroids. In these patients the response to topical corticosteroids was poor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Expression of GRbeta is increased during topical corticosteroid treatment in the lymphocytes of patients with AD and, in particular, glucocorticoid-insensitive AD is associated with increased expression of GRbeta.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, University of Oulu and Clinical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, PO Box 5000, Oulu, FIN 90014, Finland. paivi.hagg@oulu.fi
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Hägg
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hurskainen
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Palatsi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ilves
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Oikarinen
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000328:Adult; D003876:Dermatitis, Atopic / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D003879:Dermatologic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004351:Drug Resistance; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid / Q000378:metabolism*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D003879:Dermatologic Agents; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid; C411470:glucocorticoid receptor alpha; C121943:glucocorticoid receptor beta