title: Surgical site infection rates after minimally invasive spinal surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Postoperative surgical site infections (SSIs) have been reported after 2-6% of spinal surgeries in most large series. The incidence of SSI can be < 1% after decompressive procedures and > 10% after instrumented fusions. Anecdotal evidence has suggested that there is a lower rate of SSI when minimally invasive techniques are used.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review of prospectively collected databases of consecutive patients who underwent minimally invasive spinal surgery was performed. Minimally invasive spinal surgery was defined as any spinal procedure performed through a tubular retractor system. All surgeries were performed under standard sterile conditions with preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis. The databases were reviewed for any infectious complications. Cases of SSI were identified and reviewed for clinically relevant details. The incidence of postoperative SSIs was then calculated for the entire cohort as well as for subgroups based on the type of procedure performed, and then compared with an analogous series selected from an extensive literature review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The authors performed 1338 minimally invasive spinal surgeries in 1274 patients of average age 55.5 years. The primary diagnosis was degenerative in nature in 93% of cases. A single minimally invasive spinal surgery procedure was undertaken in 1213 patients, 2 procedures in 58, and 3 procedures in 3 patients. The region of surgery was lumbar in 85%, cervical in 12%, and thoracic in 3%. Simple decompressive procedures comprised 78%, instrumented arthrodeses 20%, and minimally invasive intradural procedures 2% of the collected cases. Three postoperative SSIs were detected, 2 were superficial and 1 deep. The procedural rate of SSI for simple decompression was 0.10%, and for minimally invasive fusion/fixation was 0.74%. The total SSI rate for the entire group was only 0.22%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Minimally invasive spinal surgery techniques may reduce postoperative wound infections as much as 10-fold compared with other large, modern series of open spinal surgery published in the literature.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA. john_otoole@rush.edu
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: O'Toole
authors.forename: Kurt M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Eichholz
authors.forename: Richard G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Fessler
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016208:Databases, Factual; D019299:Decompression, Surgical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017586:Diskectomy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007405:Intervertebral Disc Displacement / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013530:Surgical Wound Infection / Q000453:epidemiology*; D055815:Young Adult