Epidural space identification: a meta-analysis of complications after air versus liquid as the medium for loss of resistance.
BACKGROUND
The best method for identifying the epidural space for neuraxial blocks is controversial. We conducted this meta-analysis to test the hypothesis that loss of resistance with liquid reduces complications with epidural placement.


METHODS
The MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases were searched for prospective, randomized studies comparing air versus liquid as the medium for loss of resistance during epidural space identification in adults. Data were abstracted from 5 studies (4 obstetric and 1 nonobstetric) (n = 4422 patients) that met inclusion criteria and analyzed for the following 6 outcomes: difficult catheter insertion, paresthesia, intravascular catheter insertion, accidental dural puncture, postdural puncture headache, and partial block.


RESULTS
The overall risk differences for adverse outcome between the different mediums were not statistically different for the obstetric population. A small, but statistically significant, risk difference for postdural puncture headache was observed when fluid was used during epidural placement for chronic pain management.


CONCLUSIONS
Larger studies that overcome limitations of heterogeneity across studies and a relatively infrequent occurrence of complications are required to determine the optimal medium for loss of resistance during epidural block.
Schier
Robert
R
Department of Anesthesiology and Postoperative Intensive Care Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany. robert.schier@gmx.ne
Guerra
Diana
D
Aguilar
Jorge
J
Pratt
Gregory F
GF
Hernandez
Mike
M
Boddu
Krishna
K
Riedel
Bernhard
B
D000328:Adult; D000388:Air; D000698:Analgesia / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation; D016362:Analgesia, Obstetrical / Q000009:adverse effects; D000765:Anesthesia, Conduction / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation; D000773:Anesthesia, Obstetrical / Q000009:adverse effects; D002404:Catheterization / Q000009:adverse effects; D004388:Dura Mater / Q000293:injuries; D004824:Epidural Space / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D006261:Headache / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007268:Injections, Epidural / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation; D010292:Paresthesia / Q000209:etiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011312:Pressure; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013594:Syringes; D017211:Treatment Failure