title: Elevated amygdala activity to sad facial expressions: a state marker of bipolar but not unipolar depression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Difficulties in emotion processing and poor social function are common to bipolar disorder (BD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) depression, resulting in many BD depressed individuals being misdiagnosed with MDD. The amygdala is a key region implicated in processing emotionally salient stimuli, including emotional facial expressions. It is unclear, however, whether abnormal amygdala activity during positive and negative emotion processing represents a persistent marker of BD regardless of illness phase or a state marker of depression common or specific to BD and MDD depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty adults were recruited: 15 depressed with BD type 1 (BDd), 15 depressed with recurrent MDD, 15 with BD in remission (BDr), diagnosed with DSM-IV and Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Research Version criteria; and 15 healthy control subjects (HC). Groups were age- and gender ratio-matched; patient groups were matched for age of illness onset and illness duration; depressed groups were matched for depression severity. The BDd were taking more psychotropic medication than other patient groups. All individuals participated in three separate 3T neuroimaging event-related experiments, where they viewed mild and intense emotional and neutral faces of fear, happiness, or sadness from a standardized series.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The BDd-relative to HC, BDr, and MDD-showed elevated left amygdala activity to mild and neutral facial expressions in the sad (p < .009) but not other emotion experiments that was not associated with medication. There were no other significant between-group differences in amygdala activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Abnormally elevated left amygdala activity to mild sad and neutral faces might be a depression-specific marker in BD but not MDD, suggesting different pathophysiologic processes for BD versus MDD depression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Jorge R C
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Almeida
authors.forename: Amelia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Versace
authors.forename: Stefanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hassel
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Kupfer
authors.forename: Mary L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Phillips
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D000679:Amygdala / Q000378:metabolism*; D015415:Biomarkers; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000523:psychology*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000523:psychology*; D005149:Facial Expression; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers