title: Serum concentrations of interleukin 1beta, CXCL10, and interferon-gamma in mixed cryoglobulinemia associated with hepatitis C infection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Mixed cryoglobulinemia (MC) is a systemic vasculitis of small and medium-size vessels, often associated with the hepatitis C virus. Research has shown an emerging role for chemokines and type 1 cytokines in the pathophysiology of this vasculitis. Interleukin 1 (IL-1) plays a role in initiating the cascade of immunoinflammatory responses, and levels of the interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) inducible chemokine CXCL10 have been shown to be significantly associated with the presence of active vasculitis in patients with MC. We evaluated serum levels of IL-1beta, IFN-gamma, and CXCL10 in a series of patients with hepatitis C-related MC (MC+HCV), and correlated these measurements with clinical disease features.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serum IL-1beta, IFN-gamma, and CXCL10 were assayed in 54 patients with MC+HCV, in 54 sex- and age-matched patients with type C chronic hepatitis without cryoglobulinemia (HCV+), and in 54 controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MC+HCV patients showed significantly higher mean IL-1beta and CXCL10 serum levels than controls (p < 0.01) or HCV+ patients (p < 0.01). CXCL10 was significantly increased in 14 cryoglobulinemic patients with active vasculitis (necrotizing vasculitis or vasculitic skin ulcers) compared to those without (p < 0.001); IL-1beta was increased in cryoglobulinemic patients with active vasculitis (p = 0.06). No differences were observed for serum IFN-gamma levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Serum levels of IL-1beta and CXCL10 were high in patients with MC+HCV. Increased CXCL10 and IL-1beta levels were associated with the presence of active vasculitis in MC+HCV patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pisa School of Medicine, Via Roma 67, I-56100, Pisa, Italy. a.antonelli@med.unipi.it
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Antonelli
authors.forename: Clodoveo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ferri
authors.forename: Silvia Martina
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Ferrari
authors.forename: Emiliano
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ghiri
authors.forename: Santino
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Marchi
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sebastiani
authors.forename: Poupak
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fallahi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D054357:Chemokine CXCL10 / Q000097:blood*; D003449:Cryoglobulinemia / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology*; D005260:Female; D016174:Hepacivirus / Q000276:immunology; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000097:blood*; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014657:Vasculitis / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology
chemical_list: D054357:Chemokine CXCL10; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D007371:Interferon-gamma