title: Screening for breast cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement.
abstract: METHODS
  Update of the 2002 U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommendation statement on screening for breast cancer in the general population.
  
  
  METHODS
  The USPSTF examined the evidence on the efficacy of 5 screening modalities in reducing mortality from breast cancer: film mammography, clinical breast examination, breast self-examination, digital mammography, and magnetic resonance imaging in order to update the 2002 recommendation. To accomplish this update, the USPSTF commissioned 2 studies: 1) a targeted systematic evidence review of 6 selected questions relating to benefits and harms of screening, and 2) a decision analysis that used population modeling techniques to compare the expected health outcomes and resource requirements of starting and ending mammography screening at different ages and using annual versus biennial screening intervals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The USPSTF recommends against routine screening mammography in women aged 40 to 49 years. The decision to start regular, biennial screening mammography before the age of 50 years should be an individual one and take into account patient context, including the patient's values regarding specific benefits and harms. (Grade C recommendation) The USPSTF recommends biennial screening mammography for women between the ages of 50 and 74 years. (Grade B recommendation) The USPSTF concludes that the current evidence is insufficient to assess the additional benefits and harms of screening mammography in women 75 years or older. (I statement) The USPSTF concludes that the current evidence is insufficient to assess the additional benefits and harms of clinical breast examination beyond screening mammography in women 40 years or older. (I statement) The USPSTF recommends against clinicians teaching women how to perform breast self-examination. (Grade D recommendation) The USPSTF concludes that the current evidence is insufficient to assess additional benefits and harms of either digital mammography or magnetic resonance imaging instead of film mammography as screening modalities for breast cancer. (I statement).
authors.affiliation: the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, Maryland.
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001007:Anxiety / Q000209:etiology; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality; D016504:Breast Self-Examination; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000191:economics; D008327:Mammography / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010173:Palpation / Q000191:economics; D012307:Risk Factors