title: Time-course of exercise and its association with 12-month bone changes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Exercise has been shown to have positive effects on bone density and strength. However, knowledge of the time-course of exercise and bone changes is scarce due to lack of methods to quantify and qualify daily physical activity in long-term. The aim was to evaluate the association between exercise intensity at 3, 6 and 12 month intervals and 12-month changes in upper femur areal bone mineral density (aBMD) and mid-femur geometry in healthy premenopausal women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Physical activity was continuously assessed with a waist-worn accelerometer in 35 healthy women (35-40 years) participating in progressive high-impact training. To describe exercise intensity, individual average daily numbers of impacts were calculated at five acceleration levels (range 0.3-9.2 g) during time intervals of 0-3, 0-6, and 0-12 months. Proximal femur aBMD was measured with dual x-ray absorptiometry and mid-femur geometry was evaluated with quantitative computed tomography at the baseline and after 12 months. Physical activity data were correlated with yearly changes in bone density and geometry, and adjusted for confounding factors and impacts at later months of the trial using multivariate analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Femoral neck aBMD changes were significantly correlated with 6 and 12 months' impact activity at high intensity levels (> 3.9 g, r being up to 0.42). Trochanteric aBMD changes were associated even with first three months of exercise exceeding 1.1 g (r = 0.39-0.59, p < 0.05). Similarly, mid-femoral cortical bone geometry changes were related to even first three months' activity (r = 0.38-0.52, p < 0.05). In multivariate analysis, 0-3 months' activity did not correlate with bone change at any site after adjusting for impacts at later months. Instead, 0-6 months' impacts were significant correlates of 12-month changes in femoral neck and trochanter aBMD, mid-femur bone circumference and cortical bone attenuation even after adjustment. No significant correlations were found at the proximal or distal tibia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The number of high acceleration impacts during 6 months of training was positively associated with 12-month bone changes at the femoral neck, trochanter and mid-femur. These results can be utilized when designing feasible training programs to prevent bone loss in premenopausal women.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Clinical trials.gov NCT00697957.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Technology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Oulu, Finland. riikka.ahola@oulu.fi
authors.forename: Riikka
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ahola
authors.forename: Raija
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Korpelainen
authors.forename: Aki
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vainionpää
authors.forename: Juhani
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Leppäluoto
authors.forename: Timo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jämsä
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000054:Acceleration; D056044:Actigraphy / Q000379:methods; D000328:Adult; D015519:Bone Density; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D005269:Femur / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005272:Femur Neck / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D017697:Premenopause; D013997:Time Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016387:Women's Health