title: The development of performance-monitoring function in the posterior medial frontal cortex.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite its critical role in performance-monitoring, the development of posterior medial prefrontal cortex (pMFC) in goal-directed behaviors remains poorly understood. Performance monitoring depends on distinct, but related functions that may differentially activate the pMFC, such as monitoring response conflict and detecting errors. Developmental differences in conflict- and error-related activations, coupled with age-related changes in behavioral performance, may confound attempts to map the maturation of pMFC functions. To characterize the development of pMFC-based performance monitoring functions, we segregated interference and error-processing, while statistically controlling for performance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-one adults and 23 youth performed an event-related version of the Multi-Source Interference Task during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Linear modeling of interference and error contrast estimates derived from the pMFC were regressed on age, while covarying for performance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Interference- and error-processing were associated with robust activation of the pMFC in both youth and adults. Among youth, interference- and error-related activation of the pMFC increased with age, independent of performance. Greater accuracy associated with greater pMFC activity during error commission in both groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increasing pMFC response to interference and errors occurs with age, likely contributing to the improvement of performance monitoring capacity during development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA. krd@umich.edu
authors.forename: Kate Dimond
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Fitzgerald
authors.forename: Suzanne C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Perkins
authors.forename: Mike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Angstadt
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Emily R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Stern
authors.forename: Robert C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Welsh
authors.forename: Stephan F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Taylor
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods*; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis