title: Refractive errors and strabismus in children with tuberous sclerosis: a controlled study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the prevalence of refractive errors and strabismus in children with tuberous sclerosis and in control subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-three children with tuberous sclerosis and 151 control subjects were evaluated. All children underwent cycloplegic autorefraction or retinoscopy, slit-lamp biomicroscopy, and dilated fundus examination. Ocular alignment was assessed by the Hirschberg, Krimsky, or prism cover test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The total prevalence of hypermetropia and amblyopia was significantly higher in patients with tuberous sclerosis (P = .035) than in the control subjects (P = .002).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A high prevalence of hypermetropia seems to be an additional feature of tuberous sclerosis. Early screening for this amblyogenic factor is indicated in patients with tuberous sclerosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Diskapi Children's Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Arsen
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Akinci
authors.forename: Ozgur
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Oner
authors.forename: Alev
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Guven
authors.forename: Aydan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Degerliyurt
authors.forename: Kerim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Munir
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005133:Eye Movements / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D033401:Microscopy, Acoustic; D015995:Prevalence; D011379:Prognosis; D012029:Refraction, Ocular / Q000502:physiology; D012030:Refractive Errors / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D042262:Retinoscopy; D012307:Risk Factors; D013285:Strabismus / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014402:Tuberous Sclerosis / Q000150:complications*; D014421:Turkey / Q000453:epidemiology; D014792:Visual Acuity