title: Smoking abstinence and reinstatement effects in adolescent cigarette smokers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The study objectives were to examine smoking abstinence and reinstatement effects on subjective experience and cognitive performance among adolescent smokers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adolescents (aged 14-17 years, 60 daily smokers and 32 nonsmokers) participated. Participants completed baseline assessments (Session 1) and returned to the laboratory 1-3 days later to repeat assessments (Session 2); half of the smokers were randomly assigned to 15-17 hr tobacco abstinence preceding Session 2.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During Session 2, abstaining smokers reported significantly greater increases in withdrawal symptoms, smoking urges, and negative affect compared with smokers who did not abstain and compared with nonsmokers. Smoking reinstatement reversed abstinence effects, returning to baseline levels for smoking urges and negative affect. Abstaining smokers showed significantly enhanced cognitive performance on two of six tasks (two-letter search compared with nonabstaining smokers; serial reaction time compared with nonsmokers); smoking reinstatement resulted in significant decrements on these two tasks relative to nonabstaining smokers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Effects of smoking abstinence and reinstatement on self-report measures are consistent with earlier research with adolescent as well as adult smokers and may help to elucidate the motivational underpinnings of smoking maintenance among adolescent smokers. Effects found on cognitive performance were contrary to hypotheses; further research is needed to understand better the role of cognitive performance effects in smoking maintenance among adolescents.
authors.affiliation: Brown University, Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Providence, RI 02912, USA. Suzanne_Colby@brown.edu
authors.forename: Suzanne M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Colby
authors.forename: Adam M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Leventhal
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Brazil
authors.forename: Johanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lewis-Esquerre
authors.forename: L A R
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.forename: Damaris J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Rohsenow
authors.forename: Peter M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Monti
authors.forename: Raymond S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Niaura
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000523:psychology*; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000473:pathology / Q000523:psychology*