title: The role of dopamine in bipolar disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Despite effective pharmacological treatments for bipolar disorder, we still lack a comprehensive pathophysiological model of the illness. Recent neurobiological research has implicated a number of key brain regions and neuronal components in the behavioural and cognitive manifestations of bipolar disorder. Dopamine has previously been investigated in some depth in bipolar disorder, but of late has not been a primary focus of attention. This article examines the role of dopamine in bipolar disorder, incorporating recent advances into established models where possible.
  
  
  METHODS
  A critical evaluation of the literature was undertaken, including a review of behavioural, neurochemical, receptor, and imaging studies, as well as genetic studies focusing on dopamine receptors and related metabolic pathways. In addition, pharmacologic manipulation of the central dopaminergic pathways and comparisons with other disease states such as schizophrenia were considered, principally as a means of exploring the hypothesised models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multiple lines of evidence, including data from pharmacological interventions and structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging studies, suggest that the dopaminergic system may play a central role in bipolar disorder.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Future research into the pathophysiological mechanisms of bipolar disorder and the development of new treatments for bipolar disorder should focus on the dopaminergic system.
authors.affiliation: Newcastle Magnetic Resonance Centre, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. d.a.cousins@ncl.ac.uk
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Cousins
authors.forename: Kelly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Butts
authors.forename: Allan H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Young
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018692:Antimanic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D018692:Antimanic Agents; D004298:Dopamine