title: Antimetastatic role of Smad4 signaling in colorectal cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta signaling occurs through Smads 2/3/4, which translocate to the nucleus to regulate transcription; TGF-beta has tumor-suppressive effects in some tumor models and pro-metastatic effects in others. In patients with colorectal cancer (CRC), mutations or reduced levels of Smad4 have been correlated with reduced survival. However, the function of Smad signaling and the effects of TGF-beta-receptor kinase inhibitors have not been analyzed during CRC metastasis. We investigated the role of TGF-beta/Smad signaling in CRC progression.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated the role of TGF-beta/Smad signaling on cell proliferation, migration, invasion, tumorigenicity, and metastasis in Smad4-null colon carcinoma cell lines (MC38 and SW620) and in those that transgenically express Smad4. We also determined the effects of a TGF-beta-receptor kinase inhibitor (LY2109761) in CRC tumor progression and metastasis in mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TGF-beta induced migration/invasion, tumorigenicity, and metastasis of Smad4-null MC38 and SW620 cells; incubation with LY2109761 reversed these effects. In mice, LY2109761 blocked metastasis of CRC cells to liver, inducing cancer cell expression of E-cadherin and reducing the expression of the tumorigenic proteins matrix metalloproteinase-9, nm23, urokinase plasminogen activator, and cyclooxygenase-2. Transgenic expression of Smad4 significantly reduced the oncogenic potential of MC38 and SW620 cells; in these transgenic cells, TGF-beta had tumor suppressor, rather than tumorigenic, effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TGF-beta/Smad signaling suppresses progression and metastasis of CRC cells and tumors in mice. Loss of Smad4 might underlie the functional shift of TGF-beta from a tumor suppressor to a tumor promoter; inhibitors of TGF-beta signaling might be developed as CRC therapeutics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA.
authors.forename: Bixiang
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Sunil K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Halder
authors.forename: Nilesh D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Kashikar
authors.forename: Yong-Jig
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Arunima
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Datta
authors.forename: D Lee
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Gorden
authors.forename: Pran K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Datta
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000556:secondary; D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D015820:Cadherins / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000556:secondary; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008819:Mice, Nude; D054778:NM23 Nucleoside Diphosphate Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D011758:Pyrroles / Q000494:pharmacology; D018125:Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D051901:Smad4 Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D013997:Time Factors; D014162:Transfection; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1 / Q000378:metabolism; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D015820:Cadherins; C530108:LY2109761; D054778:NM23 Nucleoside Diphosphate Kinases; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D011720:Pyrazoles; D011758:Pyrroles; D018125:Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta; D051901:Smad4 Protein; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; C501830:Mmp9 protein, mouse