title: A simple orchidometric method for the preliminary assessment of maturity status in male cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) used for nonclinical safety studies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The identification and use of mature male non-human primates in nonclinical toxicology studies could be important for evaluating candidate drugs for which the profile of toxicity may differ depending on sexual maturity. This investigation sought to establish operational criteria to complement the current standard of histological evaluation for defining sexual maturity in male cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) used for toxicology studies, and to identify a practical non-invasive measure to select mature males for study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospectively, the relationships between body weight, testicular weight and testis histology were established in control males (n=126) used in previous toxicology studies. Prospectively, testicular volumes were measured in-life by orchidometry using comparative scrotal palpation (n=23 males used for study), then compared to testicular weights measured at necropsy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Consistent with previous literature, a weak relationship was observed between body weight and testicular weight. There was, however, a very good relationship between testicular weight and histological maturation level, which was based upon microscopic examination of testes, epididymides and prostates. Orchidometric measurement of testicular volume was found to be a reasonable predictor of testicular weight and served to rapidly select sexually mature males for study, and a total testicular volume (left and right combined) of >20 ml correlated with the histological appearance of maturity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based upon this preliminary exploratory study, the initial simple measurement of testicular volume by orchidometry may provide a non-invasive alternative approach for assessing the sexual maturity of male cynomolgus monkeys in research colonies or during toxicology studies that will require more thorough validation.
authors.affiliation: Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, CT 06340, USA. warren.ku@boehringer-ingelheim.com
authors.forename: Warren W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Ku
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pagliusi
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Foley
authors.forename: Alfred
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Roesler
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zimmerman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight; D004822:Epididymis / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development; D007756:Laboratory Animal Science / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D008252:Macaca fascicularis / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development*; D008297:Male; D009929:Organ Size; D010173:Palpation; D011467:Prostate / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D046468:Sexual Development; D012741:Sexual Maturation; D013737:Testis / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D023382:Toxicity Tests, Acute / Q000662:veterinary