title: Chronic neuropathic pain in spinal cord injury: efficiency of deep brain and motor cortex stimulation therapies for neuropathic pain in spinal cord injury patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In spite of all the scientific advances in pharmacological research, a great number of patients cannot efficiently manage their chronic pain with conventional pharmacological treatments. Brain stimulation techniques have considerably improved these last 10 years. These techniques could be an interesting option after a rigorous selection of patients. We aim to evaluate the efficacy of brain stimulation (deep brain stimulation [DBS] and motor cortex stimulation [MCS]) within the framework of neuropathic pain management in spinal cord injury (SCI) patients and elaborate some recommendations.
  
  
  METHODS
  The methodology used, proposed by the French Society of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (SOFMER), includes a systematic review of the literature, the gathering of information regarding current clinical practices and a validation by a multidisciplinary panel of experts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  DBS is more effective on nociceptive pain than deafferentation pain. For the central pain of SCI patients, the long-term efficacy of DBS is quite low (three patients out of 19, amounting to 16%). MCS seems to have an interesting potential with a long-term efficacy of 57% (four patients out of seven), with less complications than DBS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For central pain in SCI patients, there is no sufficient level of evidence to validate the use of DBS. There is however a low level of evidence for MCS. These results must be validated by larger comparative or controlled versus placebo clinical studies.
authors.affiliation: Département médullaire, centre Calvé, 72, esplanade Parmentier, 62600 Berck-sur-Mer, France. previnjg@hopale.com
authors.forename: J-G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Prévinaire
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Perrouin-Verbe
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fattal
mesh_terms: D002908:Chronic Disease; D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation; D006801:Humans; D009044:Motor Cortex; D009437:Neuralgia / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000150:complications*