title: Temporal responses to intrinsically coupled calcium and zinc dyshomeostasis in cardiac myocytes and mitochondria during aldosteronism.
abstract: Intracellular Ca(2+) overloading, coupled to induction of oxidative stress, is present at 4-wk aldosterone/salt treatment (ALDOST). This prooxidant reaction in cardiac myocytes and mitochondria accounts for necrotic cell death and subsequent myocardial scarring. It is intrinsically linked to increased intracellular zinc concentration ([Zn(2+)](i)) serving as an antioxidant. Herein, we addressed the temporal responses in coupled Ca(2+) and Zn(2+) dyshomeostasis, reflecting the prooxidant-antioxidant equilibrium, by examining preclinical (week 1) and pathological (week 4) stages of ALDOST to determine whether endogenous antioxidant defenses would be ultimately overwhelmed to account for this delay in cardiac remodeling. We compared responses in cardiomyocyte free [Ca(2+)](i) and [Zn(2+)](i) and mitochondrial total [Ca(2+)](m) and [Zn(2+)](m), together with biomarkers of oxidative stress and antioxidant defenses, during 1- and 4-wk ALDOST. At week 1 and compared with controls, we found: 1) elevations in [Ca(2+)](i) and [Ca(2+)](m) were coupled with [Zn(2+)](i) and [Zn(2+)](m); 2) increased mitochondrial H(2)O(2) production, cardiomyocyte xanthine oxidase activity, and cardiac and mitochondrial 8-isoprostane levels, counterbalanced by increased activity of antioxidant proteins, enzymes, and the nonenzymatic antioxidants that can be considered as cumulative antioxidant capacity; some of these enzymes and proteins (e.g., metallothionein-1, Cu/Zn-superoxide, glutathione synthase) are regulated by metal-responsive transcription factor-1; and 3) although these augmented antioxidant defenses were sustained at week 4, they fell short in combating the persistent intracellular Ca(2+) overloading and marked rise in cardiac tissue 8-isoprostane and mitochondrial transition pore opening. Thus a coupled Ca(2+) and Zn(2+) dyshomeostasis occurs early during ALDOST in cardiac myocytes and mitochondria that regulate redox equilibrium until week 4 when ongoing intracellular Ca(2+) overloading and prooxidants overwhelm antioxidant defenses.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.
authors.forename: German
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kamalov
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Ahokas
authors.forename: Wenyuan
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Atta U
authors.initials: AU
authors.lastname: Shahbaz
authors.forename: Syamal K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Bhattacharya
authors.forename: Yao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Ivan C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Gerling
authors.forename: Karl T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Weber
mesh_terms: D000450:Aldosterone / Q000009:adverse effects; D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D015237:Dinoprost / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D006706:Homeostasis / Q000502:physiology*; D006929:Hyperaldosteronism / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008929:Mitochondria, Heart / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D009336:Necrosis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D009392:Nephrectomy; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000009:adverse effects; D015032:Zinc / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C075750:8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D000450:Aldosterone; D015237:Dinoprost; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D015032:Zinc; D002118:Calcium