title: The effects of various antioxidants on the development of parthenogenetic porcine embryos.
abstract: The major objective of this study was to improve the development rate of parthenogenetic porcine embryos. In this study, the anti-oxidative and anti-apoptotic effects of three antioxidants, β-mercaptoethanol (β-ME), α-tocopherol, and extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD), were examined on the development of parthenogenetic porcine embryos. The development rate of parthenogenetic porcine embryos to the blastocyst stage was 8.1% for control; 19.1%, 14.6%, and 5.0% for 1, 3, and 5 μM β-ME; 17.2% and 17.5% for 50 and 100 μM α-tocopherol and 12.0% and 4.0% for EC-SOD transgenic mouse embryonic fibroblast (Tg-MEF) and EC-SOD non-transgenic mouse embryonic fibroblast (NTg-MEF) conditioned medium at day 3, respectively. Here, β-ME, α-tocopherol, and EC-SOD Tg-MEF conditioned medium increased the development rate of parthenogenetic porcine embryos to the blastocyst stage (P < 0.05). The average number of total cells and apoptotic cells at the blastocyst was analyzed at the optimal conditions of the three antioxidants. The three antioxidants increased the average number of total cells at the blastocyst, and they decreased apoptotic cells at the blastocyst as compared to control without supplementation (P < 0.05). When the reactive oxygen species levels in two-cell embryos after 1 μM β-ME and 100 μM α-tocopherol treatment were examined, those were lower than control group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, it was found that the three antioxidants, β-mercaptoethanol, α-tocopherol, and EC-SOD Tg-MEF, conditioned medium can play a role as a strong stimulator in the development of parthenogenetic porcine embryos.
authors.affiliation: School of Life Science and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, 1370 Sankyuk-dong, Buk-ku, Daegu, 702-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hyung Soo
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Yuh
authors.forename: Dong Hun
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Mi Jung
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.forename: Hei Jung
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Ki Beom
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Bae
authors.forename: Dong Seok
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Hwi Cheul
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Won Kyong
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Soo Bong
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Sang Gyu
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Hum Dai
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Ji Hong
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Ha
authors.forename: Byung Hwa
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Hyun
authors.forename: Zae Young
authors.initials: ZY
authors.lastname: Ryoo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001755:Blastocyst / Q000187:drug effects*; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; D046149:Embryo Culture Techniques; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000187:drug effects*; D008623:Mercaptoethanol / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D010312:Parthenogenesis; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000494:pharmacology; D013552:Swine / Q000196:embryology*; D024502:alpha-Tocopherol / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D008623:Mercaptoethanol; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D024502:alpha-Tocopherol