title: Plasticity of stem cells derived from adult periodontal ligament.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The neural crest contains pluripotent cells that can give rise to neurons and glial cells of the peripheral nervous system, endocrine cells, connective tissue cells, muscle cells and pigment cells during embryonic development. Stem cells derived from the neural crest may still reside in neural crest derivatives including the periodontal ligament (PDL). However, the pluripotency of PDL-derived stem cells has not been investigated.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To identify subpopulations of stem cells from the adult PDL and study their pluripotency. Human PDLs were harvested from impacted wisdom teeth (patients aged 19-22 years).
  
  
  RESULTS
  This study demonstrated that subpopulations of PDL cells expressed embryonic stem cell markers (Oct4, Sox2, Nanog and Klf4) and a subset of neural crest markers (Nestin, Slug, p75 and Sox10). Such PDL cell subpopulations exhibited the potential to differentiate into neurogenic, cardiomyogenic, chondrogenic and osteogenic lineages. Furthermore, preliminary evidence suggesting insulin production of PDL cells might be indicative of the generation of cells of the endodermal lineage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that the PDL may contain pluripotent stem cells that originate from the neural crest. Our observations open the door to prospective autologous therapeutic applications for a variety of conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA.
authors.forename: C-Y Charles
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pelaez
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dominguez-Bendala
authors.forename: Juan Dominguez
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Bendala
authors.forename: Franklin
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Garcia-Godoy
authors.forename: Herman S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Cheung
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism*; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D019070:Cell Lineage; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D006801:Humans; D000090062:Kruppel-Like Factor 4; D009432:Neural Crest / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity; D010513:Periodontal Ligament / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D039904:Pluripotent Stem Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C000715467:KLF4 protein, human; D000090062:Kruppel-Like Factor 4; D012333:RNA, Messenger