title: Quantifying light scattering with single-mode fiber -optic confocal microscopy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Confocal microscopy has become an important option for examining tissues in vivo as a diagnostic tool and a quality control tool for tissue-engineered constructs. Collagen is one of the primary determinants of biomechanical stability. Since collagen is also the primary scattering element in skin and other soft tissues, we hypothesized that laser-optical imaging methods, particularly confocal scattered-light scanning, would allow us to quantify scattering intensity and determine collagen content in biological layers.
  
  
  METHODS
  We built a fully automated confocal scattered-light scanner to examine how light scatters in Intralipid, a common tissue phantom, and three-dimensional collagen gels. Intralipid with 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, and 2.0% concentration was filled between precisely spaced glass coverslips. Collagen gels at collagen concentrations from 0.30 mg/mL to 3.30 mg/mL were prepared, and all samples underwent A-mode scanning with multiple averaged scans. In Intralipid samples, light reflected from the upper fluid-glass interface was measured. In collagen gels, average scattering intensity inside the actual gel was measured. In both cases, intensity was correlated with concentration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  By measuring light attenuation at interface reflections of various thicknesses using our device, we were able to determine that the scattering coefficient at 660 nm of Intralipid at increasing concentrations in water to be 39 cm-1 for each percent increase of Intralipid. We were also able to measure the amount of scattering of various concentrations of collagen in gels directly using backscattered light. The results show a highly linear relationship with an increase of 8.2 arbitrary units in backscattering intensity for every 1 mg increase of collagen within a 1 mL gel volume.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The confocal scattered-light scanner allows to accurately quantify scattering in Intralipid and collagen gels. Furthermore, a linear relationship between collagen concentration and intensity was found. Confocal scattered-light scanning therefore promises to allow imaging of collagen content in soft tissue layers.
authors.affiliation: University of Missouri, Department of Biological Engineering, Columbia, MO 65211, USA. jtlb79@mail.missouri.edu
authors.forename: Jeffrey T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: LaCroix
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Haidekker
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D003094:Collagen / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005217:Fat Emulsions, Intravenous / Q000737:chemistry*; D005336:Fiber Optic Technology; D008027:Light; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal / Q000379:methods*; D009391:Nephelometry and Turbidimetry / Q000379:methods*; D012542:Scattering, Radiation
chemical_list: D005217:Fat Emulsions, Intravenous; D003094:Collagen