title: Use of a combined oxygen/nitrous oxide/morphine chlorydrate protocol for analgesia in burned children requiring painful local care.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We present the results of the use of a protocol of inhalational oxygen/nitrous oxide mixtures associated with oral opioids on a prospective cohort of 33 children undergoing local care for acute but limited burned skin lesions.
  
  
  METHODS
  All the children were orally administered 0.4 mg/kg morphine chlorydrate, and nitrous oxide was administered as an equimolar mixture (50% N2O, 50% O2) via a face mask during the procedure. Pain and comfort of the patient were evaluated by the use of a validated behavioural score. After the end of the procedure, child and parent satisfactions were noted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean age was 3 years 6 months (10 months-11 years). A successful detersion procedure was performed in all the cases. Behavioural score was 6 in 15 cases out of 33, comprising between 7 and 9 in 15 patients and 10 in three patients. Subjective satisfaction of pain management was noted in 16 out of 20 patients after the procedure. Subjective satisfaction of the parents was noted in all the cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study demonstrates that the use of a simple protocol of inhalational oxygen/nitrous oxide mixtures associated with oral opioids could be safe and effective. This association was well tolerated without any adverse effect.
authors.affiliation: Burned Care Unit, Department of Surgery and Anaesthesia, Armand Trousseau Hospital, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris6, 26, avenue du Docteur Arnold Netter, 75571 Paris Cedex 12, France.
authors.forename: Camille
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ozil
authors.forename: Raphaël
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vialle
authors.forename: Camille
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Thevenin-Lemoine
authors.forename: Elvira
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Conti
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Annequin
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000698:Analgesia / Q000379:methods*; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002056:Burns / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D009609:Nitrous Oxide / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D009020:Morphine; D009609:Nitrous Oxide; D010100:Oxygen