title: Meta-analysis of the impact of 9 medication classes on falls in elderly persons.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is increasing recognition that the use of certain medications contributes to falls in seniors. Our objective was to update a previously completed meta-analysis looking at the association of medication use and falling to include relevant drug classes and new studies that have been completed since a previous meta-analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies were identified through a systematic search of English-language articles published from 1996 to 2007. We identified studies that were completed on patients older than 60 years, looking at the association between medication use and falling. Bayesian methods allowed us to combine the results of a previous meta-analysis with new information to estimate updated Bayesian odds ratios (ORs) and 95% credible intervals (95% CrIs)
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 11 118 identified articles, 22 met our inclusion criteria. Meta-analyses were completed on 9 unique drug classes, including 79 081 participants, with the following Bayesian unadjusted OR estimates: antihypertensive agents, OR, 1.24 (95% CrI, 1.01-1.50); diuretics, OR, 1.07 (95% CrI, 1.01-1.14); beta-blockers, OR, 1.01 (95% CrI, 0.86-1.17); sedatives and hypnotics, OR, 1.47 (95% CrI, 1.35-1.62); neuroleptics and antipsychotics, OR, 1.59 (95% CrI, 1.37-1.83); antidepressants, OR, 1.68 (95% CrI, 1.47-1.91); benzodiazepines, OR, 1.57 (95% CrI, 1.43-1.72); narcotics, OR, 0.96 (95% CrI, 0.78-1.18); and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, OR, 1.21 (95% CrI, 1.01-1.44). The updated Bayesian adjusted OR estimates for diuretics, neuroleptics and antipsychotics, antidepressants, and benzodiazepines were 0.99 (95% CrI, 0.78-1.25), 1.39 (95% CrI, 0.94-2.00), 1.36 (95% CrI, 1.13-1.76), and 1.41 (95% CrI, 1.20-1.71), respectively. Stratification of studies had little effect on Bayesian OR estimates, with only small differences in the stratified ORs observed across population (for beta-blockers and neuroleptics and antipsychotics) and study type (for sedatives and hypnotics, benzodiazepines, and narcotics). An increased likelihood of falling was estimated for the use of sedatives and hypnotics, neuroleptics and antipsychotics, antidepressants, benzodiazepines, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in studies considered to have "good" medication and falls ascertainment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of sedatives and hypnotics, antidepressants, and benzodiazepines demonstrated a significant association with falls in elderly individuals.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Woolcott
authors.forename: Kathryn J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.forename: Matthew O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Wiens
authors.forename: Bhavini
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Marin
authors.forename: Karim M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Carlo A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Marra
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004232:Diuretics / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D009294:Narcotics / Q000009:adverse effects; D016017:Odds Ratio; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents; D004232:Diuretics; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D009294:Narcotics; D001569:Benzodiazepines