title: Pharmaceutical interventions facilitate premedication and prevent opioid-induced constipation and emesis in cancer patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Opioid analgesics possess a number of side effects, among which constipation and nausea/vomiting occur most frequently. Although pretreatment with laxatives and antiemetics for the prophylaxis of opioid-induced constipation and nausea/vomiting, respectively, is recommended, such side effects are still a matter of concern in clinical setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  We first surveyed the prevalence of premedication in 83 cancer patients who took opioid analgesics and the incidence of such side effects. Subsequently, intervention was carried out to promote premedication, and the effectiveness of the intervention was evaluated in 107 patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prophylactic treatment with laxatives and antiemetics were conducted in 57% and 52%, respectively. The most frequently prescribed laxatives and antiemetics were magnesium oxide in combination with pantethine, a mild stimulant laxative, and prochlorperazine, respectively. The lack of premedication increased the risk of constipation (odds ratio, 5.25; 95% confidence intervals, 1.93-14.31; p = 0.001) and vomiting (4.67, 1.04-21.04; p = 0.045). Intervention such as provision of drug information to physicians, verification of prescription orders, and instructions to patients increased the rates of prophylactic medications to 93% (p < 0.001) for laxatives and 81% (p < 0.001) for antiemetics. The incidence of side effects was lowered from 36% to 9% (p < 0.001) for constipation, from 28% to 17% for nausea (p = 0.077), and from 16% to 4% for vomiting (p = 0.0085).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intervention to promote prophylactic medication was highly effective in reducing the risk of opioid-induced constipation and nausea/vomiting.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Gifu University Hospital, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 502-1194, Japan.
authors.forename: Masashi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ishihara
authors.forename: Hirotoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Iihara
authors.forename: Shinji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Okayasu
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yasuda
authors.forename: Katsuhiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matsuura
authors.forename: Masumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Suzui
authors.forename: Yoshinori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Itoh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000932:Antiemetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003248:Constipation / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D054368:Laxatives / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009325:Nausea / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D011292:Premedication; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014839:Vomiting / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000932:Antiemetics; D054368:Laxatives