title: Executive control function, brain activation and white matter hyperintensities in older adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Older adults responding to executive control function (ECF) tasks show greater brain activation on functional MRI (fMRI). It is not clear whether greater fMRI activation indicates a strategy to compensate for underlying brain structural abnormalities while maintaining higher performance.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To identify the patterns of fMRI activation in relationship with ECF performance and with brain structural abnormalities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  fMRI activation, accuracy while performing an ECF task (Digit Symbol Substitution Test), and volume of white matter hyperintensities and of total brain atrophy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cohort of community-dwelling older adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were obtained on 25 older adults (20 women, 81 years mean age).
  
  
  METHODS
  Accuracy (number of correct response/total number of responses) while performing the Digit Symbol Substitution Test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Greater accuracy was significantly associated with greater peak fMRI activation, from ECF regions, including left middle frontal gyrus and right posterior parietal cortex. Greater WMH was associated with lower activation within accuracy-related regions. The interaction of accuracy by white matter hyperintensity volume was significant within the left posterior parietal region. Specifically, the correlation of white matter hyperintensity volume with fMRI activation varied as a function of accuracy and it was positive for greater accuracy. Associations with brain atrophy were not significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Recruitment of additional areas and overall greater brain activation in older adults is associated with higher performance. Posterior parietal activation may be particularly important to maintain higher accuracy in the presence of underlying brain connectivity structural abnormalities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
authors.forename: Vijay K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Venkatraman
authors.forename: Howard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Aizenstein
authors.forename: Jack
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Guralnik
authors.forename: Anne B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Newman
authors.forename: Nancy W
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: Glynn
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Studenski
authors.forename: Lenore
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Launer
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pahor
authors.forename: Jeff
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Williamson
authors.forename: Caterina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rosano
mesh_terms: D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001284:Atrophy / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003071:Cognition; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D009413:Nerve Fibers, Myelinated / Q000473:pathology*