title: Cutaneous manifestations in renal transplant recipients of Santiago, Chile.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Renal transplant recipients have a heightened risk of developing various cutaneous manifestations, such as skin infections, skin cancer, and secondary effects of immunosuppressive drugs. These manifestations differ depending on the evaluated population. The objective of this study was to describe the prevalence of cutaneous manifestations among renal transplant recipients in Chile between 1979 and 2008.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were recruited and then evaluated using a standardized questionnaire. Dermatologic physical examination was performed in every patient describing skin lesions, immunosuppressive drug effects, and malignant diseases. All suspicious lesions were biopsied for analysis. Every patient was queried for the development of skin cancer after his or her transplantation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 91 patients were enrolled; ages 10-67 years. Sixty percent of the patients presented with an infection at the initial evaluation. The most common infection was onychomycosis (58%) and verruca vulgaris (25%). In this study 58% of patients developed cutaneous side effects of immunosuppressive drugs. Among the evaluated patients, 16% showed premalignant or malignant manifestations on physical examination. The most frequent manifestations were actinic keratosis (17%), basal cell carcinoma (1%), and squamous cell carcinoma (1%). On a retrospective analysis, 12% of patients developed skin cancer after transplantation, 66% squamous cell carcinoma and 34% basal cell carcinoma, with a ratio of 1.9 to 1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cutaneous manifestations in renal transplant recipients are generally secondary to immunosuppression. These patients show a greater risk of having human papilloma virus (HPV) infections and nonmelanoma skin cancer. Periodic dermatologic evaluation of these patients should be performed to detect early lesions and modify risk factors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sandoval
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ortiz
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Díaz
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Majerson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Molgó
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002280:Basal Cell Carcinoma / Q000453:epidemiology; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002677:Chile; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D055623:Keratosis, Actinic / Q000453:epidemiology; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012871:Skin Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires