title: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of verbal working memory in young people at increased familial risk of depression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients with depression show abnormalities in the neural circuitry supporting working memory. These abnormalities apparently persist into clinical remission, raising the possibility that they might be trait markers indicating vulnerability to depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 17 young people who had a depressed parent but no personal history of depressive illness (FH) and 15 healthy control subjects with no family history of depression. Participants performed a verbal working memory task of varying cognitive load (n-back) while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging scanning. We used multiple regression analyses to assess overall capacity (1-, 2-, 3-back vs. 0-back) as well as linear and quadratic modulation of cognitive demand.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Performance accuracy and response latency did not differ between groups, and overall capacity was similar. However, for both linear and quadratic load response activity, FH participants showed greater activation in lateral occipital cortex, superior temporal cortex, and superior parietal cortex.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that, as in depressed patients, maintenance of task performance in FH participants is associated with a significant increase in the load-response activity of the cortical regions involved in working memory. This neural abnormality could form part of the predisposition to develop depressive disorders.
authors.affiliation: Psychopharmacology Research Unit, University Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, Oxford OX3 7JX, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Zola N
authors.initials: ZN
authors.lastname: Mannie
authors.forename: Catherine J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Harmer
authors.forename: Philip J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Cowen
authors.forename: Ray
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Norbury
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics*; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010555:Personality Inventory; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014705:Verbal Behavior; D055815:Young Adult