title: Chronic kidney disease affects the stone-free rate after extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for proximal ureteric stones.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effect of renal function on the stone-free rate (SFR) of proximal ureteric stones (PUS) after extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), as urinary obstruction caused by PUS can impair renal function, and elevated serum creatinine levels are associated with decreased ureteric stone passage.
  
  
  METHODS
  From January 2005 to December 2007, 1534 patients had ESWL for urolithiasis, 319 having ESWL in situ for PUS; they were reviewed retrospectively. Patients requiring simultaneous treatment of kidney stones, placement of a double pigtail stent, or percutaneous pigtail nephrostomy tube were excluded. We divided patients into groups by chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage according to the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of ≥ 60 and <60 mL/min/1.73 m(2). Stone-free status was defined as no visible stone fragments on a plain abdominal film at 3 months after ESWL. A logistic regression model was used to evaluate the possible significant factors that influenced the SFR of PUS after ESWL, and to develop a prediction model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall SFR of PUS (276/319 patients) was 86.5%; the SFR was 93% in patients with an eGFR of ≥ 60 and 50% in those with an eGFR of <60 (P < 0.001). After univariate and multivariate analysis, the three significant factors affecting SFR were an eGFR of ≥ 60, stone width, and gender, with odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) of 19.54 (8.25-46.30) (P < 0.001), 0.67 (0.55-0.82) (P < 0.001) and 0.16 (0.05-0.50 (P = 0.002), respectively. A logistic regression model was developed to estimate the probability of SFR after ESWL, the equation being 1/(1 + exp [-(3.8137 - 0.3967 × (stone width) + 2.9724 × eGFR - 1.8120 × Male)]), where stone width is the observed value (mm), eGFR = 1 for eGFR ≥ 60 and 0 for <60, and male = 1 for male, 0 for female.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gender, eGFR ≥ 60 and a stone width of >7 mm were significant predictors affecting the SFR after one session of ESWL for PUS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Shun-Fa
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Hung
authors.forename: Shiu-Dong
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Shuo-Meng
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Hong-Jeng
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Ho-Shiang
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008096:Lithotripsy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012008:Recurrence; D012044:Regression Analysis; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014514:Ureteral Calculi / Q000628:therapy*