title: Trilateral retinoblastoma: potentially curable with intensive chemotherapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Trilateral retinoblastoma has been lethal in virtually all cases previously reported. We describe a series of 13 patients treated with intensive chemotherapy, defined as the intention to include high-dose chemotherapy with autologous hematopoietic stem cell rescue.
  
  
  METHODS
  Induction chemotherapy generally included vincristine, cisplatin or carboplatin, cyclophosphamide, and etoposide. Hematopoietic stem cells typically were harvested after the first or second cycle of induction chemotherapy, usually from peripheral blood. High-dose chemotherapy regimens were thiotepa-based (n = 7) or melphalan and cyclophosphamide (n = 3).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Trilateral sites were pineal (n = 11) and suprasellar (n = 2); 7 patients had localized (M-0) disease and six had leptomeningeal dissemination (M-1+). Five patients had trilateral retinoblastoma at original diagnosis of intra-ocular retinoblastoma; eight later developed trilateral disease at a median of 35 months (range 3-60 months) following diagnosis of intra-ocular retinoblastoma. One patient died of toxicity (septicemia and multi-organ system failure) during induction and three developed disease progression prior to high-dose chemotherapy. Nine patients received high-dose chemotherapy at a median of 5 months (range 4-9) post-diagnosis of trilateral disease. Five patients survive event-free at a median of 77 months (range 36-104 months) and never received external beam radiation therapy. Four of seven patients with M-0 disease survive event-free versus only one of six patients with M-1+ disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intensive chemotherapy is potentially curative for some patients with trilateral retinoblastoma, especially those with M-0 disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA. dunkeli@mskcc.org
authors.forename: Ira J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Dunkel
authors.forename: Rima F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Jubran
authors.forename: Sri
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gururangan
authors.forename: Guillermo L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Chantada
authors.forename: Jonathan L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Finlay
authors.forename: Stewart
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Goldman
authors.forename: Yasmin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Khakoo
authors.forename: Joan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: O'Brien
authors.forename: Manuela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Orjuela
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rodriguez-Galindo
authors.forename: Mark M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Souweidane
authors.forename: David H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Abramson
mesh_terms: D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016190:Carboplatin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005047:Etoposide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D018380:Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008577:Meningeal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology; D010870:Pineal Gland / Q000473:pathology*; D010871:Pinealoma / Q000188:drug therapy*; D019572:Retinal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D012175:Retinoblastoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014750:Vincristine / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D014750:Vincristine; D005047:Etoposide; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D016190:Carboplatin; D002945:Cisplatin