title: Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)-induced apoptosis in human dendritic cells as a result of downregulation of cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein and reduced expression of HSV-1 antiapoptotic latency-associated transcript sequences.
abstract: Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is one of the most frequent and successful human pathogens. It targets immature dendritic cells (iDCs) to interfere with the antiviral immune response. The mechanisms underlying apoptosis of HSV-1-infected iDCs are not fully understood. Previously, we have shown that HSV-1-induced apoptosis of iDCs is associated with downregulation of the cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein (c-FLIP), a potent inhibitor of caspase-8-mediated apoptosis. In this study, we prove that HSV-1 induces degradation of c-FLIP in a proteasome-independent manner. In addition, by using c-FLIP-specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) we show for the first time that downregulation of c-FLIP expression is sufficient to drive uninfected iDCs into apoptosis, underlining the importance of this molecule for iDC survival. Surprisingly, we also observed virus-induced c-FLIP downregulation in epithelial cells and many other cell types that do not undergo apoptosis after HSV-1 infection. Microarray analyses revealed that HSV-1-encoded latency-associated transcript (LAT) sequences, which can substitute for c-FLIP as an inhibitor of caspase-8-mediated apoptosis, are much less abundant in iDCs as compared to epithelial cells. Finally, iDCs infected with an HSV-1 LAT knockout mutant showed increased apoptosis when compared to iDCs infected with the corresponding wild-type HSV-1. Taken together, our results demonstrate that apoptosis of HSV-1-infected iDCs requires both c-FLIP downregulation and diminished expression of viral LAT.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kather
authors.forename: Martin J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Raftery
authors.forename: Gayathri
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Devi-Rao
authors.forename: Juliane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lippmann
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Giese
authors.forename: Rozanne M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Sandri-Goldin
authors.forename: Günther
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schönrich
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology*; D053446:CASP8 and FADD-Like Apoptosis Regulating Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002460:Cell Line; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology / Q000821:virology; D015536:Down-Regulation; D018259:Herpesvirus 1, Human / Q000235:genetics / Q000472:pathogenicity* / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000378:metabolism*; D017735:Virus Latency
chemical_list: D053446:CASP8 and FADD-Like Apoptosis Regulating Protein; D035683:MicroRNAs; C477253:latency associated transcript, herpes simplex virus-1