title: Cytoplasmic mislocalization of the orphan nuclear receptor Nurr1 is a prognostic factor in bladder cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nurr1 belongs to a novel class of orphan nuclear receptors (the NR4A family). The authors have previously shown that Nurr1 is important in carcinogenesis. In the current study, they examined the clinicopathologic relevance of expression patterns of Nurr1 in bladder tumors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nurr1 expression was determined using immunohistochemical staining in a bladder cancer tissue array (145 tumors). Tumors were classified according to Nurr1 protein levels in both cytoplasm and nucleus. Disease-specific survival and recurrence-free survival were investigated by Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox proportional hazards analysis in multivariate models and correlated with variables such as tumor stage, growth pattern, and clinical outcome (recurrence and survival). In vitro, Nurr1 was examined for its role in bladder cancer cell proliferation and migration using small interfering RNA silencing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nurr1 expression in tumor cells correlated with increasing tumor stage and invasive growth pattern. Disease-specific survival was significantly shorter in patients whose tumors demonstrated a high level of cytoplasmic Nurr1 compared with those with lower levels of cytoplasmic Nurr1 expression. Furthermore, cytoplasmic Nurr1 expression level was found to be an independent predictor of disease-specific survival (odds ratio, 4.894; P < .001). In vitro, silencing of endogenous Nurr1 attenuated the migration of bladder cancer cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The expression of Nurr1 in the cytoplasm correlates with adverse outcome and is an independent prognostic marker for tumor progression and survival in patients with bladder cancer. This might represent a novel target in bladder cancer therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Teruo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Inamoto
authors.forename: Bogdan A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Czerniak
authors.forename: Colin P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Dinney
authors.forename: Ashish M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kamat
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000378:metabolism*; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D057126:Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D011379:Prognosis; D034622:RNA Interference; D012008:Recurrence; D014162:Transfection; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D057126:Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 2