title: Patterns in sleep-wakefulness in three-month old infants exposed to methadone or buprenorphine.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Infants exposed to opioides in-utero frequently demonstrate withdrawal symptoms in the neonatal period and have difficulties with state regulation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study examines sleep-wakefulness-distress patterns as indicators of regulatory mechanisms at 3 months of age.
  
  
  METHODS
  A national infant cohort (N=35) born to women in high-dose maintenance treatment during pregnancy and a comparison group (N=36) of low-risk infants born in the same period.
  
  
  METHODS
  Distributions and frequencies of sleep, wakefulness and distress measured in hours and episodes on sleep charts recorded by the mothers in the two groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women in maintenance treatment were monitored closely during pregnancy to avoid illicit drug use and to be prepared for motherhood. They were also offered residential treatment before pregnancy and after the child was born. There were no statistical differences between the two groups in any of the 10 measures reflecting diurnal and nocturnal rhythmicity at 3 months despite of neonatal abstinence syndrome in 47% of the exposed infants and significant differences in infant characteristics with respect to birth weight, gestational age and maternal characteristics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Follow-up procedures combining drug monitoring and counseling during pregnancy and in the first months after birth enhance the development of state regulation in terms of sleep-wakefulness patterns.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychiatry, Centre for Addiction Research, Oslo University of Oslo, Kirkeveien 166, N-0407 Oslo, Norway. a.m.sarfi@medisin.uio.no
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sarfi
authors.forename: Harald
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Martinsen
authors.forename: Brittelise
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bakstad
authors.forename: Jo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Røislien
authors.forename: Helge
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Waal
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002047:Buprenorphine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D021081:Chronobiology Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D018730:Infant Behavior / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007235:Infant, Premature, Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008691:Methadone / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009294:Narcotics / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology; D009357:Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000503:physiopathology; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012890:Sleep / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology; D014851:Wakefulness / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D009294:Narcotics; D002047:Buprenorphine; D008691:Methadone