title: JNK/ATF2 pathway is involved in iodinated contrast media-induced apoptosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Notably, activating transcriptional factor 2 (ATF2), a histone-modification gene, is involved in oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. The aim of this study was to clarify the role of ATF2 in contrast media-induced nephropathy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human embryonic kidney 293T cells were treated with four different contrast media:ionic high-osmolar diatrizoate; ionic low-osmolar iothalamate; non-ionic low-osmolar iohexol, and non-ionic iso-osmolar iodixanol. The mRNA expression of ATF2 was determined by real-time PCR. Short interfering RNA was used to knock down ATF2 mRNA expression. Phosphorylation of ATF2 was measured by Western blotting. Wistar rats were administered either diatrizoate or a normal saline injection. Apoptosis in kidney tubular cells was determined by the presence of positive TUNEL stain.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Diatrizoate, iodixanol and iothalamate, but not iohexol, induced the expression of ATF2 mRNA and phosphorylation of ATF2 in 293T cells in a time-dependent manner. More apoptotic cells were in diatrizoate-treated kidney cells than in the saline injection group (p < 0.00001). Cell death was significantly increased by knockdown ATF2 expression in the presence of diatrizoate, indicating a protective role of ATF2 in contrast media-induced apoptosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Differential activation of ATF2 by different contrast media provides a new insight into the mechanism and prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, No. 100 Tz-You 1st Road, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Hsiang-Chun
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Sheng-Hsiung
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Sheu
authors.forename: Hsueh-Wei
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Yen
authors.forename: Wen-Ter
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: Jan-Gowth
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D051698:Activating Transcription Factor 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D002470:Cell Survival; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003973:Diatrizoate / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D007455:Iodine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D048670:MAP Kinase Kinase 4 / Q000378:metabolism*; D008954:Models, Biological; D010766:Phosphorylation; D051381:Rats; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts / Q000494:pharmacology; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: C497105:ATF2 protein, human; D051698:Activating Transcription Factor 2; D003287:Contrast Media; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; D013844:Thiazoles; D003973:Diatrizoate; D007455:Iodine; D048670:MAP Kinase Kinase 4; C022616:thiazolyl blue