title: Explorative spatial analysis of traffic accident statistics and road mortality among the provinces of Turkey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of the study is to describe the inter-province differences in traffic accidents and mortality on roads of Turkey.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two different risk indicators were used to evaluate the road safety performance of the provinces in Turkey. These indicators are the ratios between the number of persons killed in road traffic accidents (1) and the number of accidents (2) (nominators) and their exposure to traffic risk (denominator). Population and the number of registered motor vehicles in the provinces were used as denominators individually. Spatial analyses were performed to the mean annual rate of deaths and to the number of fatal accidents that were calculated for the period of 2001-2006. Empirical Bayes smoothing was used to remove background noise from the raw death and accident rates because of the sparsely populated provinces and small number of accident and death rates of provinces. Global and local spatial autocorrelation analyses were performed to show whether the provinces with high rates of deaths-accidents show clustering or are located closer by chance. The spatial distribution of provinces with high rates of deaths and accidents was nonrandom and detected as clustered with significance of P<0.05 with spatial autocorrelation analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Regions with high concentration of fatal accidents and deaths were located in the provinces that contain the roads connecting the Istanbul, Ankara, and Antalya provinces. Accident and death rates were also modeled with some independent variables such as number of motor vehicles, length of roads, and so forth using geographically weighted regression analysis with forward step-wise elimination. The level of statistical significance was taken as P<0.05. Large differences were found between the rates of deaths and accidents according to denominators in the provinces. The geographically weighted regression analyses did significantly better predictions for both accident rates and death rates than did ordinary least regressions, as indicated by adjusted R(2) values. Geographically weighted regression provided values of 0.89-0.99 adjusted R(2) for death and accident rates, compared with 0.88-0.95, respectively, by ordinary least regressions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Geographically weighted regression has the potential to reveal local patterns in the spatial distribution of rates, which would be ignored by the ordinary least regression approach. The application of spatial analysis and modeling of accident statistics and death rates at provincial level in Turkey will help to identification of provinces with outstandingly high accident and death rates. This could help more efficient road safety management in Turkey.
authors.affiliation: Afyon Kocatepe University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Surveying, 03200 Afyonkarahisar, Turkey. saffet_erdogan@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Saffet
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Erdogan
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000401:mortality* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D005260:Female; D040362:Geographic Information Systems; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008377:Maps as Topic; D015233:Models, Statistical; D018986:Motor Vehicles / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011156:Population Density; D012307:Risk Factors; D014421:Turkey / Q000453:epidemiology