title: Human full-length osteoprotegerin induces the proliferation of rodent vascular smooth muscle cells both in vitro and in vivo.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Since elevated plasma levels of osteoprotegerin (OPG) represent a risk factor for death and heart failure in patients affected by diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease, this study aimed to elucidate potential roles of OPG in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Recombinant human full-length OPG, used at concentrations comparable to the elevated levels found in the serum of diabetic patients, significantly increased the proliferation rate of rodent vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). To mimic the moderate chronic elevation of OPG observed in diabetic patients, low doses (1 microg/mouse) of full-length human OPG were injected intraperitoneally every 3 weeks in diabetic apolipoprotein E (apoE)-null mice. The group of animals treated for 12 weeks with recombinant OPG showed a small increase in the total aortic plaque area at necropsy in comparison to vehicle-treated animals. Importantly, while no differences in the amount of interstitial collagen or the degree of macrophage infiltration were observed between OPG-treated and vehicle-treated apoE-null diabetic animals, a significant increase in the number of alpha-actin-positive smooth muscle cells was observed in the plaques of OPG-treated mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that OPG promotes VSMC proliferation and might be directly involved in pathogenetic aspects of atherosclerosis.
authors.affiliation: Diabetic Center, ASS 1 Triestina, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.
authors.forename: Riccardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Candido
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Toffoli
authors.forename: Federica
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Corallini
authors.forename: Stella
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bernardi
authors.forename: Davide
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zella
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Voltan
authors.forename: Vittorio
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Grill
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Celeghini
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fabris
mesh_terms: D042702:Angiopoietin-2 / Q000235:genetics; D000818:Animals; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006801:Humans; D007274:Injections, Intraperitoneal; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D032389:Myocytes, Smooth Muscle / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D053244:Osteoprotegerin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D042702:Angiopoietin-2; D001057:Apolipoproteins E; D053244:Osteoprotegerin; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; C506030:TNFRSF11B protein, human