title: A multislice gradient echo pulse sequence for CEST imaging.
abstract: Chemical exchange-dependent saturation transfer and paramagnetic chemical exchange-dependent saturation transfer are agent-mediated contrast mechanisms that depend on saturating spins at the resonant frequency of the exchangeable protons on the agent, thereby indirectly saturating the bulk water. In general, longer saturating pulses produce stronger chemical and paramagnetic exchange-dependent saturation transfer effects, with returns diminishing for pulses longer than T1. This could make imaging slow, so one approach to chemical exchange-dependent saturation transfer imaging has been to follow a long, frequency-selective saturation period by a fast imaging method. A new approach is to insert a short frequency-selective saturation pulse before each spatially selective observation pulse in a standard, two-dimensional, gradient-echo pulse sequence. Being much less than T1 apart, the saturation pulses have a cumulative effect. Interleaved, multislice imaging is straightforward. Observation pulses directed at one slice did not produce observable, unintended chemical exchange-dependent saturation transfer effects in another slice. Pulse repetition time and signal-to noise ratio increase in the normal way as more slices are imaged simultaneously.
authors.affiliation: GE Global Research, Niskayuna, New York 12309, USA. dixonwt@crd.ge.com
authors.forename: W Thomas
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Dixon
authors.forename: Ileana
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hancu
authors.forename: S James
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Ratnakar
authors.forename: A Dean
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Sherry
authors.forename: Robert E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Lenkinski
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Alsop
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted