title: "Case-control" confusion: mislabeled reports in obstetrics and gynecology journals.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review published articles in four U.S. obstetrics and gynecology journals labeled "case-control" studies to estimate the frequency of mislabeling the type of study.
  
  
  METHODS
  I searched PubMed from January 1970 through May 2009, using journal name and "case-control" in the title as search terms. The journals included the American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Fertility and Sterility, Journal of Reproductive Medicine, and Obstetrics & Gynecology. I reviewed the methods of each report to confirm the study design and calculated the proportion of articles labeled as "case-control" in the title that were not case-control studies. I calculated Fisher's exact 95% confidence intervals around these proportions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the 124 reports identified, the proportion of mislabeled "case-control" studies was 30% overall. It varied from 13% to 36% in the four journals, a 2.8-fold difference in frequency (95% confidence interval 0.9-9.0). The frequency of this mislabeling appears to have increased over time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Retrospective cohort studies are often mislabeled as "case-control" studies. This misleads readers as to what was done. Researchers need better training in methods and terminology, and editors and reviewers should scrutinize more carefully manuscripts claiming to be "case-control" studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  III.
authors.affiliation: From Family Health International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Grimes
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D006176:Gynecology; D009774:Obstetrics; D010506:Periodicals as Topic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012107:Research Design