title: Can oral vitamin K before elective surgery substitute for preoperative heparin bridging in patients on vitamin K antagonists?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  After a vitamin K antagonist (VKA) overdose, 1-2 mg of oral vitamin K can lower the International Normalized Ratio (INR) to the therapeutic range.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To establish whether oral vitamin K can substitute for heparin bridging and decrease the INR to < or = 1.5 before elective surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients on long-term VKAs were randomized either to heparin bridging after the last VKA dose on day -5 before surgery (group H) or to VKA treatment until day -2, followed by 1 mg of oral vitamin K on the day before surgery (group K). Blood clotting variables were assessed on days -5/-2, 1 and 0, and postoperatively. If the target INR was not achieved 2 h before incision, surgery was deferred or performed after injection of prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 30 of 94 included patients, baseline INR was outside the chosen range (18, INR < 2; 12, INR > 3.5), leaving 34 eligible patients in group H and 30 in group K. The groups were balanced in terms of body mass index, VKA treatment duration and indication, scheduled surgery, preoperative and postoperative hemoglobin, and blood loss. The INR was significantly higher in group K on days -1 and 0 than in group H. An INR < or = 1.5 was not achieved in 20 group K patients (66%). Surgery was postponed or performed after PCC injection in 12 of these 20 patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Oral vitamin K (1 mg) cannot substitute for heparin bridging before surgery. In addition, one-third of patients on VKAs were exposed to a risk of bleeding (overdose) or thrombosis (underdose), thus highlighting the need for new oral anticoagulants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Nouvel Hôpital Civil Strasbourg (University Hospitals), Strasbourg Cedex, France. Annick.Steib@chru-strasbourg.fr
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Steib
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Barre
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mertes
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Morel
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nathan
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ozier
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Treger
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Samama
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000368:Aged; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D001777:Blood Coagulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D001779:Blood Coagulation Factors / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D017558:Elective Surgical Procedures; D005602:France; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism; D006493:Heparin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D019934:International Normalized Ratio; D019106:Postoperative Hemorrhage / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced; D011300:Preoperative Care; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative / Q000009:adverse effects; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013997:Time Factors; D014812:Vitamin K / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D001779:Blood Coagulation Factors; D006454:Hemoglobins; D014812:Vitamin K; C025667:prothrombin complex concentrates; D006493:Heparin