title: Pathway analysis using random forests with bivariate node-split for survival outcomes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is great interest in pathway-based methods for genomics data analysis in the research community. Although machine learning methods, such as random forests, have been developed to correlate survival outcomes with a set of genes, no study has assessed the abilities of these methods in incorporating pathway information for analyzing microarray data. In general, genes that are identified without incorporating biological knowledge are more difficult to interpret. Correlating pathway-based gene expression with survival outcomes may lead to biologically more meaningful prognosis biomarkers. Thus, a comprehensive study on how these methods perform in a pathway-based setting is warranted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this article, we describe a pathway-based method using random forests to correlate gene expression data with survival outcomes and introduce a novel bivariate node-splitting random survival forests. The proposed method allows researchers to identify important pathways for predicting patient prognosis and time to disease progression, and discover important genes within those pathways. We compared different implementations of random forests with different split criteria and found that bivariate node-splitting random survival forests with log-rank test is among the best. We also performed simulation studies that showed random forests outperforms several other machine learning algorithms and has comparable results with a newly developed component-wise Cox boosting model. Thus, pathway-based survival analysis using machine learning tools represents a promising approach in dissecting pathways and for generating new biological hypothesis from microarray studies.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  R package Pwayrfsurvival is available from URL: http://www.duke.edu/~hp44/pwayrfsurvival.htm.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA. pathwayrf@gmail.com
authors.forename: Herbert
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pang
authors.forename: Debayan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Datta
authors.forename: Hongyu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001185:Artificial Intelligence; D019295:Computational Biology / Q000379:methods*; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis / Q000379:methods; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated / Q000379:methods; D016019:Survival Analysis