title: The aging midfacial skeleton: implications for rejuvenation and reconstruction using implants.
abstract: Traditional theories on facial aging and methods for rejuvenation focus primarily on soft tissues with ptosis as the major mechanism responsible for senescent changes. Anatomic studies demonstrate that there are also many changes to the craniofacial skeleton as patients age. Midface skeletal augmentation, using implants made of porous polyethylene, is a simple and effective method to reverse age-related changes of the facial skeleton in patients with intact occlusion. Skeletal implants correct concave morphology by increasing projection and provide a means to resuspend cheek soft tissues that have descended off a deficient bony platform. Beyond rejuvenation, skeletal implants can be used to restore facial proportions in patients with midface deficiency secondary to trauma, congenital deformity, or other pathologic states.
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Matros
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Momoh
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Yaremchuk
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000375:Aging / Q000473:pathology*; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D001847:Bone Diseases / Q000601:surgery; D002610:Cheek / Q000601:surgery; D005143:Eyelids / Q000601:surgery; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000293:injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009666:Nose / Q000601:surgery; D009915:Orbit / Q000601:surgery; D020959:Polyethylene; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D012060:Rejuvenation; D015050:Zygoma / Q000601:surgery
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D020959:Polyethylene