title: Accelerometer prediction of energy expenditure: vector magnitude versus vertical axis.
abstract: It is suggested that triaxial accelerometers (RT3) are superior to single-plane accelerometers for predicting energy expenditure (EE).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare the RT3 uniaxial and triaxial prediction of activity EE (AEE) during treadmill activities (TM) and activities of daily living (ADL).
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred and twelve subjects (aged 20-60 yr) completed TM speeds of 1.34, 1.56, and 2.23 m x s(-1) at 0% and 3% grades, stair ascent/descent, moving a box, and two randomly assigned ADL. Subjects wore a portable indirect calorimeter to measure EE to calculate AEE by subtracting resting metabolic rate. Acceleration counts in the vertical (V), medial-lateral, and anterior-posterior planes were collected in a single RT3 secured to the hip. Predicted AEE (RT3AEE) was estimated from vector magnitude (VM) counts using a proprietary algorithm. A paired t-test compared RT3AEE versus AEE. The relationship among V and VM counts and AEE was examined using linear regression analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  RT3 overestimated AEE for all activities combined, overestimated for TM (9.0%), and underestimated for ADL (34.3%; P < 0.001). The R2 values between RT3AEE and AEE for TM and ADL were R2 = 0.78 and R2 = 0.15, respectively. The RT3 underestimated activity with greater upper body movements by 24.4%-64.5% (P < 0.001). V and VM counts were similarly related to AEE (R2 = 0.35) and RT3AEE (R2 = 0.83-0.89).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the RT3 did not accurately predict AEE from accelerometer counts, stronger relationships existed between predicted and measured AEE for TM compared with ADL. Compared with V counts, using VM counts to predict AEE did not significantly improve the relationship between counts and AEE. Analytic techniques beyond linear regression with VM as a covariate or with counts from each axis entering the model separately may improve estimates of AEE from triaxial accelerometers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
authors.forename: Cheryl A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Howe
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Staudenmayer
authors.forename: Patty S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Freedson
mesh_terms: D000054:Acceleration; D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000328:Adult; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008404:Massachusetts; D008875:Middle Aged; D018670:Monitoring, Ambulatory / Q000295:instrumentation*; D055815:Young Adult