title: Tumor necrosis factor inhibitors and lung disease: a paradox of efficacy and risk.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Tumor necrosis factor inhibitors (TNFi) are being increasingly used for a wide range of indications. There are increasing reports of pulmonary toxicity related to the use of TNFi. In this review, we have attempted to synthesize the available literature regarding noninfectious complications related to TNFi use.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed case reports, case series, and clinical trials accessed from the PubMed database (www.pubmed.gov), European League Against Rheumatism web archive (http://www.abstracts2view.com/eular/index.php), and the British Society of Rheumatology Biologics Register Newsletter website (http://www.rheumatology.org.uk/publications) using 23 search terms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There are increasing data available about use of TNFi in treatment of systemic inflammatory rheumatologic disorders and their attempted use for various pulmonary indications. Currently reported noninfectious pulmonary complications related to TNFi use include most commonly granulomatous disease and pulmonary fibrosis/interstitial lung disease and rarely alveolar hemorrhage and antisynthetase syndrome. De novo granulomatous disease seems to be mostly reversible, whereas pulmonary fibrosis carries the worst prognosis especially in the setting of prior lung fibrosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Serious and potentially fatal pulmonary toxicity has been reported during the use of TNFi, specifically from pulmonary fibrosis. Increased awareness during trial design and increased postmarketing surveillance is needed to provide more information about the epidemiology of these complications. Early recognition of these complications may help avert therapeutic misadventures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatic and Immunologic Diseases, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Atul A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Khasnis
authors.forename: Leonard H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Calabrese
mesh_terms: D018501:Antirheumatic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016208:Databases, Factual; D006801:Humans; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced*; D012216:Rheumatic Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012307:Risk Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*
chemical_list: D018501:Antirheumatic Agents; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha