title: History of sexual and physical abuse in women with dyspareunia: association with pain, psychosocial adjustment, and sexual functioning.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Dyspareunia is a women's sexual health problem that still often goes undiagnosed despite its high prevalence and its detrimental impact on sexual, relationship, and psychological adjustment. Although sexual and physical abuse may constitute risk factors for the development of dyspareunia, the effects of past abuse on current pain and associated sexual and psychosocial impairments have never been examined. Thus, the aim of this study is to determine the relation between a history of sexual and physical abuse and a series of pain, psychological, dyadic, and sexual functioning variables in a sample of women with dyspareunia.
  
  
  METHODS
  A hundred and fifty-one women took part in the study via health professional referrals and advertisements in local newspapers. Each participant underwent a standardized gynecological examination and a structured interview in order to confirm the diagnosis of dyspareunia. They also completed self-report questionnaires investigating past sexual and physical abuse, in addition to current pain, psychosocial adjustment, and sexual functioning. Dependent measures included: (i) The Brief Symptom Inventory; (ii) the Sexual History Form; and (iii) the Locke-Wallace Marital Adjustment Scale. Pain was assessed via the McGill Pain Questionnaire and a visual analogue scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results revealed that a history of sexual abuse involving penetration was associated with poorer psychological adjustment and sexual functioning. Additionally, findings showed that women who perceived a link between their dyspareunia and their past sexual abuse reported worse sexual functioning than those who did not. Finally, the experience of sexual abuse was not associated with pain intensity and physical abuse was not associated with any of the outcome measures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings suggest that the presence of a sexual abuse history in women with dyspareunia is associated with increased psychological distress and sexual impairment, although there is no relation between a history of physical abuse and these outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada. bianca.leclerc@gmail.com
authors.forename: Bianca
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Leclerc
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bergeron
authors.forename: Yitzchak M
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Binik
authors.forename: Samir
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Khalifé
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D054523:Adult Survivors of Child Abuse / Q000523:psychology*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002648:Child; D002650:Child Abuse, Sexual / Q000523:psychology*; D017579:Domestic Violence / Q000523:psychology; D004414:Dyspareunia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006801:Humans; D010147:Pain Measurement; D017699:Pelvic Pain / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D011594:Psychometrics; D012307:Risk Factors; D012725:Sexual Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016387:Women's Health