title: Pancreatic endocrine tumors: expression profiling evidences a role for AKT-mTOR pathway.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the global gene expression in a large panel of pancreatic endocrine tumors (PETs) aimed at identifying new potential targets for therapy and biomarkers to predict patient outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a custom microarray, we analyzed 72 primary PETs, seven matched metastases, and 10 normal pancreatic samples. Relevant differentially expressed genes were validated by either quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction or immunohistochemistry on tissue microarrays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our data showed that: tuberous sclerosis 2 (TSC2) and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) were downregulated in most of the primary tumors, and their low expression was significantly associated with shorter disease-free and overall survival; somatostatin receptor 2 (SSTR2) was absent or very low in insulinomas compared with nonfunctioning tumors; and expression of fibroblast growth factor 13 (FGF13) gene was significantly associated with the occurrence of liver metastasis and shorter disease-free survival. TSC2 and PTEN are two key inhibitors of the Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway and the specific inhibition of mTOR with rapamycin or RAD001 inhibited cell proliferation of PET cell lines.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results strongly support a role for PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in PET, which ties in with the fact that mTOR inhibitors have reached phase III trials in neuroendocrine tumors. The finding of differential SSTR expression raises the potential for SSTR expression to be evaluated as a marker of response to somatostatin analogs. Finally, we identified FGF13 as a new prognostic marker that predicted poorer outcome in patients who were clinically considered free from disease.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Pathology and Surgical and Gastroenterological Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
authors.forename: Edoardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Missiaglia
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Dalai
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Barbi
authors.forename: Stefania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Beghelli
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Falconi
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: della Peruta
authors.forename: Lorenzo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Piemonti
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Capurso
authors.forename: Alessia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Di Florio
authors.forename: Gianfranco
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: delle Fave
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pederzoli
authors.forename: Carlo M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Croce
authors.forename: Aldo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Scarpa
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D018273:Carcinoma, Islet Cell / Q000235:genetics*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D015536:Down-Regulation; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D051059:PTEN Phosphohydrolase / Q000235:genetics*; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000235:genetics*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D000077005:Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 2 Protein; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: C000624653:TSC2 protein, human; D000077005:Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 2 Protein; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D051059:PTEN Phosphohydrolase; C494929:PTEN protein, human