title: Cetuximab-based treatment of metastatic anal cancer: correlation of response with KRAS mutational status.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  No standard chemotherapy regimen can be defined for patients with metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the anus due to the low incidence of this disease and the high cure rate of localized tumors. Anal cancers universally express the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and KRAS mutations have not been reported in anal cancer thus far.
  
  
  METHODS
  We report on 7 patients with metastatic anal cancer treated with cetuximab - a chimeric antibody against EGFR - on a compassionate use basis along with the results of KRAS mutational analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Marked tumor shrinkage was noted in several patients using cetuximab monotherapy or cetuximab/irinotecan combination as first or subsequent treatment line (usually after failure of cisplatin-based regimens). Two out of seven patients harbored KRAS mutations. Both patients had progressive disease receiving cetuximab, while the remaining 5 patients had either a partial remission (n = 3), a minor remission (n = 1) or no change lasting > or =6 months after previous rapid tumor progression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cetuximab-based treatment appears to be a valuable treatment option for patients with metastatic KRAS wild-type anal cancer after failure of or as an alternative to cisplatin/5-fluorouracil-based therapy.
authors.affiliation: III. Medizinische Klinik, Universitatsmedizin Mannheim, Mannheim, Deutschland.
authors.forename: Nadine
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lukan
authors.forename: Philipp
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ströbel
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Willer
authors.forename: Melanie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kripp
authors.forename: Dietmar
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dinter
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mai
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hochhaus
authors.forename: Ralf-Dieter
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Hofheinz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001005:Anus Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D000068818:Cetuximab; D057176:Compassionate Use Trials; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000556:secondary; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000556:secondary; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D016283:Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras); D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D018631:ras Proteins / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; C117307:KRAS protein, human; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D066246:ErbB Receptors; D016283:Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras); D018631:ras Proteins; D000068818:Cetuximab