title: Serum cortisol as a useful predictor of cardiac events in patients with chronic heart failure: the impact of oxidative stress.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The pathophysiological role of cortisol, which binds to the mineralocorticoid receptor with an affinity equal to that of aldosterone (ALD), may be influenced by oxidative stress in patients with chronic heart failure. We evaluated cardiac event prediction using cortisol levels in chronic heart failure, in comparison with ALD, adrenocorticotropic hormone, and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), and the impact of oxidative stress.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We measured the plasma levels of biomarkers such as BNP, ALD, adrenocorticotropic hormone, serum cortisol, and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL), a biomarker of oxidative stress, in 319 consecutive symptomatic patients with chronic heart failure, and we followed these patients for a mean period of 33 months. During the follow-up period, 29 patients had cardiac events (death or hospitalization). Plasma levels of BNP, ALD, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxLDL, and serum cortisol (16.8+/-1.8 microg/dL versus 12.4+/-0.3 microg/dL, P=0.01) were significantly higher in patients with cardiac events than in those without cardiac events. On stepwise multivariate analyses, high levels of BNP (P=0.0003), renin (P=0.002), cortisol (P=0.02), and oxLDL (P=0.002) were independent predictors of cardiac events, but ALD and adrenocorticotropic hormone levels were not. In patients with serum cortisol > or =12.5 microg/dL, the hazard ratio of cardiac events in patients with oxLDL > or =12 U/mL was 3.5 compared with that in patients with oxLDL <12 U/mL (P=0.008).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings indicate that serum cortisol levels were a complementary and incremental cardiac event risk predictor in combination with BNP in patients with chronic heart failure and that cardiac event prediction based on cortisol levels was influenced by oxidative stress.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Tsukinowa, Seta, Otsu, Japan.
authors.forename: Masayuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamaji
authors.forename: Takayoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tsutamoto
authors.forename: Chiho
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kawahara
authors.forename: Keizo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nishiyama
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: Masanori
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fujii
authors.forename: Minoru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Horie
mesh_terms: D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone / Q000097:blood; D000450:Aldosterone / Q000097:blood; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004232:Diuretics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood*; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D016014:Linear Models; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000097:blood; D000451:Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D020097:Natriuretic Peptide, Brain / Q000097:blood; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013148:Spironolactone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D004232:Diuretics; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; D000451:Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists; C099252:oxidized low density lipoprotein; D020097:Natriuretic Peptide, Brain; D013148:Spironolactone; D000450:Aldosterone; D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; D006854:Hydrocortisone