title: Subaxial cervical pedicle screw insertion with newly defined entry point and trajectory: accuracy evaluation in cadavers.
abstract: Successful placement of cervical pedicle screws requires accurate identification of both entry point and trajectory. However, literature has not provided consistent recommendations regarding the direction of pedicle screw insertion and entry point location. The objective of this study was to define a guideline regarding the optimal entry point and trajectory in placing subaxial cervical pedicle screws and to evaluate the screw accuracy in cadaver cervical spines. The guideline for entry point and trajectory for each vertebra was established based on the recently published morphometric data. Six fresh frozen cervical spines (C3-C7) were used. There were two men and four women. After posterior exposure, the entry point was determined and the cortical bone of the entry point was removed using a 2-mm burr. Pilot holes were created with a cervical probe based on the guideline using fluoroscopy. After tapping, 3.5-mm screws with appropriate length were inserted. After screw insertion, every vertebra was dissected and inspected for pedicle breach. The pedicle width, height, pedicle transverse angulation and actual screw insertion angle were measured. A total of 60 pedicle screws were inserted. No statistical difference in pedicle width and height was found between the left and right sides for each level. The overall accuracy of pedicle screws was 83.3%. The remaining 13.3% screws had noncritical breach, and 3.3% had critical breach. The critical breach was not caused by the guideline. There was no statistical difference between the pedicle transverse angulation and the actual screw trajectory created using the guideline. There was statistical difference in pedicle width between the breach and non-breach screws. In conclusion, high success rate of subaxial cervical pedicle screw placement can be achieved using the recently proposed operative guideline and oblique views of fluoroscopy. However, careful preoperative planning and good surgical skills are still required to ensure screw placement accuracy and to reduce the risk of neural and vascular injury.
authors.affiliation: Foundation for the Advancement of Spine Knowledge, 913 E 26th St, Piper Building, Suite 600, Minneapolis, MN 55404, USA. xiujunzheng@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Xiujun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Rahul
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chaudhari
authors.forename: Chunhui
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Amir A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Mehbod
authors.forename: Ensor E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Transfeldt
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000886:Anthropometry; D001863:Bone Screws / Q000592:standards*; D002102:Cadaver; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D004210:Dissection / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005471:Fluoroscopy / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D007049:Iatrogenic Disease / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000379:methods*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011300:Preoperative Care / Q000379:methods; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*