title: Mechanism and predictors of failed transradial approach for percutaneous coronary interventions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study aimed to determine the mechanism and predictors of procedural failure in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) from the transradial approach (TR).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Transradial approach PCI reduces vascular complications compared with a transfemoral approach (TF). However, the mechanism and predictors of TR-PCI failure have not been well-characterized.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study population consisted of patients undergoing TR-PCI by low-to-intermediate volume operators with traditional TF guide catheters. Baseline characteristics, procedure details, and clinical outcomes were prospectively collected. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine independent predictors of TR-PCI failure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 2,100 patients underwent TR-PCI and represented 38% of PCI volume. Mean age was 64 +/- 12 years, and 17% were female. Vascular complications occurred in 22 (1%), and TR-PCI failure was observed in 98 (4.7%) patients. The mechanism of TR-PCI failure included inability to advance guide catheter to ascending aorta in 50 (51%), inadequate guide catheter support in 35 (36%), and unsuccessful radial artery puncture in 13 (13%) patients. The PCI was successful in 94 (96%) patients with TR-PCI failure by switching to TF. On multivariate analysis, age >75 years (odds ratio [OR]: 3.86; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.33 to 6.40, p = 0.0006), prior coronary artery bypass graft surgery (OR: 7.47; 95% CI: 3.45 to 16.19, p = 0.0002), and height (OR: 0.97; 95% CI: 0.95 to 0.99, p = 0.02) were independent predictors of TR-PCI failure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transradial approach PCI can be performed by low-to-intermediate volume operators with standard equipment with a low failure rate. Age >75 years, prior coronary artery bypass graft surgery, and short stature are independent predictors of TR-PCI failure. Appropriate patient selection and careful risk assessment are needed to maximize benefits offered by TR-PCI.
authors.affiliation: Terrence Donnelly Heart Center, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Payam
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dehghani
authors.forename: Atif
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mohammad
authors.forename: Ravi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bajaj
authors.forename: Tony
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: Colin M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Suen
authors.forename: Waseem
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Sharieff
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Chisholm
authors.forename: Michael J B
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Kutryk
authors.forename: Neil P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Fam
authors.forename: Asim N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Cheema
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D015906:Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods* / Q000401:mortality; D001827:Body Height; D002983:Clinical Competence; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D018579:Patient Selection; D011446:Prospective Studies; D017534:Radial Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D011859:Radiography; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D017211:Treatment Failure