title: Changes of hyoid, tongue and pharyngeal airway after mandibular setback surgery by intraoral vertical ramus osteotomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess changes in hyoid, tongue, pharyngeal airway, and head posture in patients who had mandibular setback surgery by intraoral vertical ramus osteotomy (IVRO) and to investigate the influence of LeFort I osteotomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty patients with skeletal Class III malocclusion were evaluated. All patients had mandibular setback surgery via IVRO, and 45 patients had additional maxillary impaction surgery via LeFort I osteotomy. Lateral cephalograms were taken before, immediately after, approximately 1 month after, and at least 1 year after surgery. Parameters indicating the hyoid, tongue, pharyngeal airway, and head posture were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The hyoid significantly moved inferoposteriorly immediately after surgery and relapsed superoanteriorly during observation periods. The tongue significantly moved posteriorly during all periods. The final position of the hyoid and tongue was significantly posterior, and the final pharyngeal airway was significantly narrower compared with its presurgical position. Significant cervical hyperflection occurred during observation periods and was strongly correlated with anterior movement of the hyoid. The hyoid and tongue showed similar positions regardless of the presence of different genders or LeFort I osteotomy after the long-term observation period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The hyoid and tongue moved posteriorly after mandibular setback surgery via IVRO, and there was a tendency to relapse back to its original position. However, the final pharyngeal airway width remained narrower after the long-term observation period. Based on our results, careful monitoring of the airway may be needed after mandibular setback surgery via IVRO.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Gangnam Severance Dental Hospital, College of Dentistry, Institute of Craniofacial Deformity, Oral Science Research Center, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Soonshin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.forename: Chooryung Judi
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Yoon-Jeong
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Jong-Ki
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Huh
authors.forename: Kyung-Ho
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000402:Airway Obstruction / Q000209:etiology; D002508:Cephalometry; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005260:Female; D006257:Head; D006801:Humans; D006928:Hyoid Bone / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008297:Male; D008313:Malocclusion, Angle Class III / Q000601:surgery*; D008334:Mandible / Q000601:surgery*; D056948:Orthognathic Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects; D010027:Osteotomy; D019340:Osteotomy, Le Fort; D010614:Pharynx / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D011187:Posture; D012008:Recurrence; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014059:Tongue / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult