title: Cost-effectiveness of postural exercise therapy versus physiotherapy in computer screen-workers with early non-specific work-related upper limb disorders (WRULD); a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Exercise therapies generate substantial costs in computer workers with non-specific work-related upper limb disorders (WRULD).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study if postural exercise therapy is cost-effective compared to regular physiotherapy in screen-workers with early complaints, both from health care and societal perspective.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective randomized trial including cost-effectiveness analysis; one year follow-up.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-eight screen-workers with early non-specific WRULD; six drop-outs.
  
  
  METHODS
  A ten week postural exercise program versus regular physiotherapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Effectiveness measures: Pain: visual analogous scale (VAS), self-perceived WRULD (yes/no). Functional outcome: Disabilities of Arm, Shoulder and Hand- Dutch Language Version (DASH-DLV). Quality of life outcome: EQ-5D.Economic measures: health care costs including patient and family costs and productivity costs resulting in societal costs. Cost-effectiveness measures: health care costs and societal costs related to the effectiveness measures. OUTCOME MEASURES were assessed at baseline; three, six and twelve months after baseline.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline both groups were comparable for baseline characteristics except scores on the Pain Catastrophizing Scale and comparable for costs. No significant differences between the groups concerning effectiveness at one year follow-up were found. Effectiveness scores slightly improved over time. After one year 55% of participants were free of complaints. After one year the postural exercise group had higher mean total health care costs, but lower productivity costs compared to the physiotherapy group. Mean societal costs after one year (therefore) were in favor of postural exercise therapy [- euro622; 95% CI -2087; +590)]. After one year, only self- perceived WRULD seemed to result in acceptable cost-effectiveness of the postural exercise strategy over physiotherapy; however the probability of acceptable cost-effectiveness did not exceed 60%.Considering societal costs related to QALYs, postural exercise therapy had a probability of over 80% to be cost-effective over a wide range of cost-effectiveness ceiling ratios; however based on a marginal QALY-difference of 0.1 over a 12 month time frame.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although our trial failed to find significant differences in VAS, QALYs and ICERs based on VAS and QALYs at one-year follow-up, CEACs suggest that postural exercise therapy according to Mensendieck/Cesar has a higher probability of being cost-effective compared to regular physiotherapy; however further research is required.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  ISRCTN 15872455.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands. mdf_van_eijsden@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Marjon D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: van Eijsden
authors.forename: Sylvia A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Gerhards
authors.forename: Rob A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: de Bie
authors.forename: Johan L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Severens
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003201:Computers; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D012090:Cumulative Trauma Disorders / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000191:economics; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities / Q000191:economics; D011187:Posture; D011446:Prospective Studies; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D034941:Upper Extremity