title: Factors affecting sentinel lymph node detection failure in breast cancer patients using intradermal injection of the tracer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The standard method for axillary lymph node staging in early breast cancer is sentinel lymph node biopsy. In some patients the sentinel lymph node can not be localized during surgery and these patients have to undergo standard axillary lymph node dissection. In this study we have evaluated the predictors of sentinel lymph node localization failure using (99m)Tc-antimony sulfide colloid and intradermal injection combined with blue dye technique.
  
  
  METHODS
  202 consecutive patients with early stage breast cancer (clinically stage I or II) were retrospectively evaluated. Patients whose sentinel lymph node was localized during surgery were compared to those with localization failure considering several variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sentinel lymph node was successfully located on the pre-operative lymphoscintigraphy images in 180 patients (89%). Both univariate and multivariate analyses showed that only sentinel lymph node non-visualization by pre-operative lymphoscintigraphy, experience of the surgeon, and axillary lymph node involvement are associated with sentinel node localization failure during surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows the importance of pre-operative lymphoscintigraphy in order to identify the group of patients with possible localization failure during surgery and warning the surgeon beforehand. We also recommend that all surgeons pass the learning curve of sentinel lymph node biopsy before routinely performing this procedure.
authors.affiliation: General Surgery Department, Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Abdollahi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jangjoo
authors.forename: V R
authors.initials: VR
authors.lastname: Dabbagh Kakhki
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rasoul Zakavi
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Memar
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Naser Forghani
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mehrabibahar
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sadeghi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000965:Antimony / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D001365:Axilla; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D018270:Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000556:secondary* / Q000601:surgery; D018275:Carcinoma, Lobular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000556:secondary* / Q000601:surgery; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005188:False Negative Reactions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007271:Injections, Intradermal; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008408:Mastectomy; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012394:Rosaniline Dyes / Q000008:administration & dosage; D021701:Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy / Q000379:methods*; D017556:Technetium Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D012394:Rosaniline Dyes; D017556:Technetium Compounds; C019096:technetium Tc 99m antimony sulfide; D000965:Antimony; C008769:sulfan blue