title: Development of a novel system for estimating human intestinal absorption using Caco-2 cells in the absence of esterase activity.
abstract: Both mRNA and protein levels of the carboxylesterase (CES) isozymes, hCE1 and hCE2, in Caco-2 cells increase in a time-dependent manner, but hCE1 levels are always higher than those of hCE2. In human small intestine, however, the picture is reversed, with hCE2 being the predominant isozyme. Drugs hydrolyzed by hCE1 but not by hCE2 can be hydrolyzed in Caco-2 cells, but they are barely hydrolyzed in human small intestine. The results in Caco-2 cells can be misleading as a predictor of what will happen in human small intestine. In the present study, we proposed a novel method for predicting the absorption of prodrugs in the absence of CES-mediated hydrolysis in Caco-2 cells. The specific inhibition against CES was achieved using bis-p-nitrophenyl phosphate (BNPP). The optimal concentration of BNPP was determined at 200 microM by measuring the transport and hydrolysis of O-butyryl-propranolol (butyryl-PL) as a probe. BNPP concentrations of more than 200 microM inhibited 86% of hydrolysis of butyryl-PL, resulting in an increase in its apparent permeability. Treatment with 200 microM BNPP did not affect paracellular transport, passive diffusion, or carrier-mediated transport. Furthermore, the proposed evaluation system was tested for ethyl fexofenadine (ethyl-FXD), which is a superior substrate for hCE1 but a poor one for hCE2. CES-mediated hydrolysis of ethyl-FXD was 94% inhibited by 200 microM BNPP, and ethyl-FXD was passively transported as an intact prodrug. From the above observations, the novel evaluation system is effective for the prediction of human intestinal absorption of ester-type prodrugs.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-Honmachi, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan.
authors.forename: Kayoko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ohura
authors.forename: Hisae
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sakamoto
authors.forename: Shin-ichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ninomiya
authors.forename: Teruko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Imai
mesh_terms: D001692:Biological Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D043182:Carboxylesterase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D002265:Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D002463:Cell Membrane Permeability / Q000187:drug effects; D004058:Diffusion / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical / Q000379:methods; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004952:Esters / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D006801:Humans; D007408:Intestinal Absorption; D009596:Nitrophenols / Q000494:pharmacology; D011355:Prodrugs / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D011433:Propranolol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D016593:Terfenadine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D004952:Esters; D009596:Nitrophenols; D011355:Prodrugs; C111856:butyryl propranolol; C548663:ethyl fexofenadine; C002887:bis(4-nitrophenyl)phosphate; D016593:Terfenadine; D011433:Propranolol; C093230:fexofenadine; D002265:Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases; C474609:CES1 protein, human; C517204:CES2 protein, human; D043182:Carboxylesterase