title: The effect of preoperative heart rate and anxiety on the propofol dose required for loss of consciousness.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Conflicting results have been reported on the effect of anxiety on the propofol dose required for inducing loss of consciousness (LOC). The hemodynamic effects of anxiety, increased heart rate (HR), and cardiac output may account for these discrepancies. We therefore designed this study to address, first, the effect of perioperative HR on propofol dose required for LOC and, second, the effect of perioperative anxiety on HR.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-five ASA physical status I-II female patients undergoing gynecological surgery were studied. Anxiety was assessed in the operating room with the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI)-state Spielberger scale (situational anxiety). After HR recording, anesthesia was induced with a 200-mL/h 1% propofol infusion with the Base Primea pump (Fresenius-Vial, Brezins, France) until LOC. The propofol dose was recorded at the time of LOC. Relationships between STAI-state and HR versus propofol dose at LOC were tested with the Spearman test with a P value of 0.01.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant relationship was observed between HR and propofol dose at LOC (rho = 0.487, P = 0.0012) but not between STAI-state and propofol dose (rho = 0.330, P = 0.0306). However, a significant relationship was observed between STAI-state and HR (rho = 0.462 and P = 0.0054).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased perioperative HR is associated with increased propofol dose required for LOC. Perioperative anxiety accounts for increased HR.
authors.affiliation: Département d'Anesthésie et de Réanimation Chirurgicale, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, 46 rue Henri Huchard, Paris 75018, France.
authors.forename: Séverine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gras
authors.forename: Frédérique
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Servin
authors.forename: Ennoufous
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bedairia
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Montravers
authors.forename: Jean-Marie
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Desmonts
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Longrois
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Guglielminotti
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000771:Anesthesia, Intravenous; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D001007:Anxiety / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019990:Perioperative Care; D015742:Propofol / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D014474:Unconsciousness / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D015742:Propofol