title: Chronic neuropathic pain in patients with spinal cord injury. What is the efficacy of regional interventions? Sympathetic blocks, nerve blocks and intrathecal drugs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To elaborate recommendations regarding neuropathic pain management in spinal cord injury patients. The goal was to evaluate the efficacy of local anesthetic therapeutics including intrathecal or epidural treatments, sympathetic and nerve blocks.
  
  
  METHODS
  The methodology, proposed by the French Society of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (SOFMER), includes a systematic revue of the literature, the gathering of information regarding current clinical practice and a validation by a multidisciplinary panel of experts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results of the literature review do not validate the efficacy of clonidine, baclofen, morphine or lidocaine administered via intrathecal (IT) drug delivery or epidural injections on neuropathic pain in spinal cord injury patients. One reason could be the methodological limitations of the studies. Another reason could be that in most cases the evaluation is done after one single dose injection, thus preventing the authors from assessing the efficacy of the treatments on the long-term. Various clinical practices experiences lead us into thinking that there is, in some cases, a real efficacy for IT baclofen delivery, but this still remains to be properly defined in terms of patients characteristics and type of neuropathic pain. Regarding anesthetic nerve root blocks and sympathetic blocs, no element is available to validate the efficacy of these techniques.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is not a sufficient level of proof to recommend using IT or epidural drug delivery for treating neuropathic pain. However, according to the clinical practices data reviewed, we can suggest to conduct further studies on the impact of IT baclofen delivery that seems to have a pain-relieving impact in some situations. It would be interesting to identify the subgroups of patients that could benefit from this treatment.
authors.affiliation: Service de médecine physique et réadaptation, hôpital Maritime-de-Berck, groupe hospitalier R.-Poincaré, AP-HP, faculté de médecine Paris Ile-de-France-Ouest, université de Versailles-Saint-Quentin, 104, boulevard R.-Poincaré, 92380 Garches, France. djamel.bensmail@rpc.aphp.fr
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bensmail
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ecoffey
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ventura
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Albert
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002908:Chronic Disease; D006801:Humans; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D009407:Nerve Block; D009437:Neuralgia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology*; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000150:complications*; D013565:Sympatholytics / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D013565:Sympatholytics