Fruits and vegetables consumption and the risk of histological  subtypes of lung cancer in the European Prospective Investigation  into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC).
OBJECTIVE
To examine the association between fruit and vegetable consumption and risk of different histological subtypes of lung cancer among participants of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition study.


METHODS
Multivariable Cox proportional hazard models were used to analyze the data. A calibration study in a subsample was used to reduce dietary measurement errors.


RESULTS
During a mean follow-up of 8.7 years, 1,830 incident cases of lung cancer (574 adenocarcinoma, 286 small cell, 137 large cell, 363 squamous cell, 470 other histologies) were identified. In line with our previous conclusions, we found that after calibration a 100 g/day increase in fruit and vegetables consumption was associated with a reduced lung cancer risk (HR 0.94; 95% CI 0.89-0.99). This was also seen among current smokers (HR 0.93; 95% CI 0.90-0.97). Risks of squamous cell carcinomas in current smokers were reduced for an increase of 100 g/day of fruit and vegetables combined (HR 0.85; 95% CI 0.76-0.94), while no clear effects were seen for the other histological subtypes.


CONCLUSIONS
We observed inverse associations between the consumption of vegetables and fruits and risk of lung cancer without a clear effect on specific histological subtypes of lung cancer. In current smokers, consumption of vegetables and fruits may reduce lung cancer risk, in particular the risk of squamous cell carcinomas.
Büchner
F L
FL
National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands. frederike.buchner@rivm.nl
Bueno-de-Mesquita
H B
HB
Linseisen
J
J
Boshuizen
H C
HC
Kiemeney
L A L M
LA
Ros
M M
MM
Overvad
K
K
Hansen
L
L
Tjonneland
A
A
Raaschou-Nielsen
O
O
Clavel-Chapelon
F
F
Boutron-Ruault
M-C
MC
Touillaud
M
M
Kaaks
R
R
Rohrmann
S
S
Boeing
H
H
Nöthlings
U
U
Trichopoulou
A
A
Zylis
D
D
Dilis
V
V
Palli
D
D
Sieri
S
S
Vineis
P
P
Tumino
R
R
Panico
S
S
Peeters
P H M
PH
van Gils
C H
CH
Lund
E
E
Gram
I T
IT
Braaten
T
T
Martinez
C
C
Agudo
A
A
Arriola
L
L
Ardanaz
E
E
Navarro
C
C
Rodríguez
L
L
Manjer
J
J
Wirfält
E
E
Hallmans
G
G
Rasmuson
T
T
Key
T J
TJ
Roddam
A W
AW
Bingham
S
S
Khaw
K-T
KT
Slimani
N
N
Bofetta
P
P
Byrnes
G
G
Norat
T
T
Michaud
D
D
Riboli
E
E
D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000328:Adult; D000975:Antioxidants; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018288:Carcinoma, Small Cell / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012107:Research Design; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D014675:Vegetables; D055815:Young Adult
D000975:Antioxidants