title: Effects of formoterol and salmeterol on cytokine release from monocyte-derived macrophages.
abstract: Pulmonary macrophages are a target for inhaled therapies. Combinations of long-acting beta(2)-agonists (LABA) and glucocorticosteroids have been developed for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This study examined two LABA, salmeterol and formoterol, and the glucocorticosteroid, budesonide, on cytokine release from monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) to determine whether anti-inflammatory effects observed in patients are due to inhibition of macrophages. MDM were incubated in the absence or presence of LABA or budesonide prior to stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and CXC chemokine ligand (CXCL)8 were measured by ELISA. Formoterol and salmeterol inhibited LPS-stimulated release of TNF-alpha (mean effective concentration (EC(50)) 2.4+/-1.8 and 3.5+/-2.7 nM, respectively; n = 11-16), GM-CSF (EC(50) 24.6+/-2.1 and 52.4+/-40.8 nM, respectively, n = 11-12) but not CXCL8 from LPS-stimulated MDM. Budesonide inhibited release of all three cytokines (EC(50) TNF-alpha: 1.2+/-0.4 nM; GM-CSF: 0.4+/-0.2 nM; CXCL8: 0.4+/-0.1 nM; n = 3-4). Formoterol but not salmeterol elevated cAMP in these cells. These effects were attenuated by beta-adrenoceptor antagonists, propranolol and ICI118551. Salmeterol (10(-7) M) also inhibited formoterol-induced cAMP and formoterol-mediated attenuation of cytokine release. Combining budesonide (0.3 nM) with formoterol, inhibited TNF-alpha release additively. LABA may inhibit inflammatory cytokine release from macrophages in a cAMP-independent manner and act additively with budesonide.
authors.affiliation: Airway Disease, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Dovehouse Street, London, SW3 6LY, UK. l.donnelly@imperial.ac.uk
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Donnelly
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Tudhope
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Fenwick
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Barnes
mesh_terms: D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000420:Albuterol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019819:Budesonide / Q000494:pharmacology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D004983:Ethanolamines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000068759:Formoterol Fumarate; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D016676:Macrophages, Alveolar / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D000068299:Salmeterol Xinafoate
chemical_list: D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents; D016207:Cytokines; D004983:Ethanolamines; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D019819:Budesonide; D000068299:Salmeterol Xinafoate; D000420:Albuterol; D000068759:Formoterol Fumarate