title: Human epididymis protein 4 is a biomarker for transitional cell carcinoma in the urinary system.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate human epididymis protein 4 (HE4) levels in transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the urinary system and its relationship with clinicopathological features.
  
  
  METHODS
  102 patients with TCC, 60 with benign urinary diseases, and 60 healthy controls were included in this study. The HE4 levels were used to analyze different clinicopathologic characteristics and changes between pre- and postsurgical operation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The HE4 level was significantly increased in patients with TCC compared to patients with benign urinary diseases patients (P<0.01) and healthy controls (P<0.01), and the level of HE4 in patients with superficial TCC (Tis Ta T1) was significantly higher than that of the benign urogenital group (P<0.05)and healthy controls (P<0.05). There was a significant difference between HE4 levels in patients before and after operation (P<0.05). There was no difference between HE4 levels based on tumor recurrence, clinical TNM stage, lymph node metastasis, or pathological stage (P>0.05). The HE4 level was also different between patients with a single tumor versus patients with multiple tumors. The area under the curves of HE4 is 0.821. The sensitivity and specificity of HE4 at a cutoff value of 45.7 pM were 67.6 and 88.3%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HE4 may be a screening tool for early diagnosis of TCC in the urinary system, and may become a prognostic marker for TCC in the urinary system.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Zhu
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xi
authors.forename: Ma
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: LinLin
authors.forename: Tian
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ye
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood*; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery; D030501:Epididymal Secretory Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011182:Postoperative Care; D011300:Preoperative Care; D012372:ROC Curve; D014571:Urologic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery; D023083:beta-Defensins
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; C426184:DEFB126 protein, human; D030501:Epididymal Secretory Proteins; D023083:beta-Defensins