Dinoflagellate polyether within the yessotoxin, pectenotoxin and okadaic acid toxin groups: characterization, analysis and human health implications.
Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP) is a specific type of food poisoning, characterized by severe gastrointestinal illness due to the ingestion of filter feeding bivalves contaminated with a specific suite of toxins. It is known that the problem is worldwide and three chemically different groups of toxins have been historically associated with DSP syndrome: okadaic acid (OA) and dinophysistoxins (DTXs), pectenotoxins (PTXs) and yessotoxins (YTXs). PTXs and YTXs have been considered as DSP toxins because they can be detected with the bioassays used for the toxins of the okadaic acid group, but diarrhegenic effects have only been proven for OA and DTXs. Whereas, some PTXs causes liver necrosis and YTXs damages cardiac muscle after intraperitoneal injection into mice. On the other hand, azaspiracids (AZAs) have never been included in the DSP group, but they cause diarrhoea in humans. This review summarizes the origin, characterization, structure, activity, mechanism of action, clinical symptoms, method for analysis, potential risk, regulation and perspectives of DSP and associated toxins produced by marine dinoflagellates.
Dominguez
Humberto J
HJ
Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica "Antonio González", Universidad de La Laguna, Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 2, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.
Paz
Beatriz
B
Daranas
Antonio H
AH
Norte
Manuel
M
Franco
José M
JM
Fernández
José J
JJ
D000818:Animals; D004141:Dinoflagellida / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D018942:Macrolides; D051379:Mice; D015394:Molecular Structure; D008978:Mollusk Venoms; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology; D009336:Necrosis / Q000139:chemically induced; D019319:Okadaic Acid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity* / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D035964:Oxocins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D011714:Pyrans / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D051381:Rats; D012758:Shellfish / Q000032:analysis; D057096:Shellfish Poisoning / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D000095702:Polyether Toxins
D018942:Macrolides; D008978:Mollusk Venoms; D019319:Okadaic Acid; D035964:Oxocins; D011714:Pyrans; C051904:dinophysistoxin 1; C051905:pectenotoxin 1; D000095702:Polyether Toxins; C066632:yessotoxin; C076221:dinophysistoxin 2