title: Antiangiogenic tetrathiomolybdate protects against Her2/neu-induced breast carcinoma by hypoplastic remodeling of the mammary gland.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of the present study was to delineate the efficacy of tetrathiomolybdate (TM), a novel antiangiogenic anticancer agent, as a chemopreventative agent.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nulliparous Her2/neu transgenic mice were treated with water or TM for 180 days and observed for tumor development during treatment and for 180 days after treatment. Mammary gland composition and architecture were also observed following TM treatment of Her2/neu transgenic and normal FVB mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At the 1-year follow-up, 86.7% of control and 40% of TM-treated Her2/neu mice had palpable mammary tumors with a median time to tumor development of 234 days (95% confidence interval, 202-279 days) for control and >460 days for TM-treated mice (P < 0.0005, n = 15). The mammary glands from TM-treated Her2/neu and FVB mice showed a blunted epithelial ductal branching system due to a significant decrease in the number of secondary branches and total number of differentiated mammary epithelial cells. Microvessel density in Her2/neu and FVB mammary glands was lowered by 65.6 +/- 6.2% and 50.9 +/- 4.5% (P < 0.005), respectively, following TM therapy, consistent with the antiangiogenic effect of TM. Lastly, TM treatment resulted in a 2-fold increase in the absolute number of aldehyde dehydrogenase-positive mammary stem cells in Her2/neu and FVB mammary glands.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Taken together, these results strongly support that TM is a potent chemopreventative agent as a consequence of hypoplastic remodeling of the mammary gland through modulation of the mammary stem cell compartment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA. Quintin.Pan
authors.forename: Quintin
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: Devin T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Rosenthal
authors.forename: Liwei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bao
authors.forename: Celina G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Kleer
authors.forename: Sofia D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Merajver
mesh_terms: D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000444:Aldehyde Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000188:drug therapy*; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D018734:Genes, erbB-2 / Q000235:genetics; D008321:Mammary Glands, Animal / Q000187:drug effects*; D015674:Mammary Neoplasms, Animal / Q000188:drug therapy*; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D008833:Microcirculation; D008982:Molybdenum / Q000494:pharmacology; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D008982:Molybdenum; C020809:tetrathiomolybdate; D000444:Aldehyde Dehydrogenase; D000111:Acetylcysteine