title: Cytoprotective effects of adenosine and inosine in an in vitro model of acute tubular necrosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We have established an in vitro model of acute tubular necrosis in rat kidney tubular cells, using combined oxygen-glucose deprivation (COGD) and screened a library of 1280 pharmacologically active compounds for cytoprotective effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used in vitro cell-based, high throughput, screening, with cells subjected to COGD using hypoxia chambers, followed by re-oxygenation. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and the Alamar Blue assay measured mitochondrial respiration and the lactate dehydrogenase assay was used to indicate cell death. ATP levels were measured using a luminometric assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adenosine markedly reduced cellular injury, with maximal cytoprotective effect at 100 microM and an EC(50) value of 14 microM. Inosine was also found to be cytoprotective. The selective A(3) adenosine receptor antagonist MRS 1523 attenuated the protective effects of adenosine and inosine, while an A(3) adenosine receptor agonist provided a partial protective effect. Adenosine deaminase inhibition attenuated the cytoprotective effect of adenosine but not of inosine during COGD. Inhibition of adenosine kinase reduced the protective effects of both adenosine and inosine during COGD. Pretreatment of the cells with adenosine or inosine markedly protected against the fall in cellular ATP content in the cells subjected to COGD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The cytoprotection elicited by adenosine and inosine in a model of renal ischaemia involved both interactions with cell surface adenosine receptors on renal tubular epithelial cells and intracellular metabolism and conversion of adenosine to ATP.
authors.affiliation: CellScreen Applied Research Center, Semmelweis University Medical School, Budapest, Hungary.
authors.forename: Katalin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Módis
authors.forename: Domokos
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gero
authors.forename: Nóra
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nagy
authors.forename: Petra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Szoleczky
authors.forename: Zoltán Dóri
authors.initials: ZD
authors.lastname: Tóth
authors.forename: Csaba
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Szabó
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D015687:Cell Hypoxia; D019610:Cytoprotection / Q000187:drug effects*; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D007288:Inosine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007683:Kidney Tubular Necrosis, Acute / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D007684:Kidney Tubules / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D018047:Receptors, Purinergic P1 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018047:Receptors, Purinergic P1; D007288:Inosine; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D005947:Glucose; D000241:Adenosine; D010100:Oxygen