title: Reversing blood flows act through klf2a to ensure normal valvulogenesis in the developing heart.
abstract: Heart valve anomalies are some of the most common congenital heart defects, yet neither the genetic nor the epigenetic forces guiding heart valve development are well understood. When functioning normally, mature heart valves prevent intracardiac retrograde blood flow; before valves develop, there is considerable regurgitation, resulting in reversing (or oscillatory) flows between the atrium and ventricle. As reversing flows are particularly strong stimuli to endothelial cells in culture, an attractive hypothesis is that heart valves form as a developmental response to retrograde blood flows through the maturing heart. Here, we exploit the relationship between oscillatory flow and heart rate to manipulate the amount of retrograde flow in the atrioventricular (AV) canal before and during valvulogenesis, and find that this leads to arrested valve growth. Using this manipulation, we determined that klf2a is normally expressed in the valve precursors in response to reversing flows, and is dramatically reduced by treatments that decrease such flows. Experimentally knocking down the expression of this shear-responsive gene with morpholine antisense oligonucleotides (MOs) results in dysfunctional valves. Thus, klf2a expression appears to be necessary for normal valve formation. This, together with its dependence on intracardiac hemodynamic forces, makes klf2a expression an early and reliable indicator of proper valve development. Together, these results demonstrate a critical role for reversing flows during valvulogenesis and show how relatively subtle perturbations of normal hemodynamic patterns can lead to both major alterations in gene expression and severe valve dysgenesis.
authors.affiliation: Biological Imaging Center, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Julien
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vermot
authors.forename: Arian S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Forouhar
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Liebling
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Diane
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Plummer
authors.forename: Morteza
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gharib
authors.forename: Scott E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Fraser
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001775:Blood Circulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D006321:Heart / Q000196:embryology*; D006351:Heart Valves / Q000196:embryology*; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D051741:Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000494:pharmacology; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013696:Temperature; D015027:Zebrafish; D029961:Zebrafish Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C436494:Klf2a protein, zebrafish; D051741:Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors; D029961:Zebrafish Proteins; D008012:Lidocaine