title: Modeling of the effect of freezer conditions on the hardness of ice cream using response surface methodology.
abstract: The effect of conventional continuous freezer parameters [mix flow (L/h), overrun (%), drawing temperature ( degrees C), cylinder pressure (kPa), and dasher speed (rpm)] on the hardness of ice cream under varying measured temperatures (-5, -10, and -15 degrees C) was investigated systematically using response surface methodology (central composite face-centered design), and the relationships were expressed as statistical models. The range (maximum and minimum values) of each freezer parameter was set according to the actual capability of the conventional freezer and applicability to the manufacturing process. Hardness was measured using a penetrometer. These models showed that overrun and drawing temperature had significant effects on hardness. The models can be used to optimize freezer conditions to make ice cream of the least possible hardness under the highest overrun (120%) and a drawing temperature of approximately -5.5 degrees C (slightly warmer than the lowest drawing temperature of -6.5 degrees C) within the range of this study. With reference to the structural elements of the ice cream, we suggest that the volume of overrun and ice crystal content, ice crystal size, and fat globule destabilization affect the hardness of ice cream. In addition, the combination of a simple instrumental parameter and response surface methodology allows us to show the relation between freezer conditions and one of the most important properties-hardness-visually and quantitatively on the practical level.
authors.affiliation: Food Research & Development Institute, Morinaga Milk Industry Co ltd, 1-83 5-Chome Higashihara, Zama, Kanagawa 228-8583, Japan. ke-inoue@morinagamilk.co.jp
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ochi
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Habara
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Taketsuka
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ichihashi
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Iwatsuki
mesh_terms: D005511:Food Handling / Q000379:methods*; D005524:Food Technology / Q000379:methods*; D005615:Freezing; D006244:Hardness; D007054:Ice Cream / Q000592:standards*; D015233:Models, Statistical