title: Difficult biliary cannulation: use of physician-controlled wire-guided cannulation over a pancreatic duct stent to reduce the rate of precut sphincterotomy (with video).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Successful cannulation of the common bile duct (CBD) remains the benchmark for ERCP. Use of a pancreatic duct (PD) stent to facilitate biliary cannulation has been described, although the majority of patients require precut sphincterotomy to achieve CBD cannulation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To report the performance characteristics of using a PD stent in conjunction with physician-controlled wire-guided cannulation (WGC) to facilitate bile duct cannulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two tertiary care, academic medical centers.
  
  
  METHODS
  All undergoing ERCP with native papillae.
  
  
  METHODS
  In cases of difficult biliary access in which the PD is cannulated, a pancreatic stent is placed. After this, physician-controlled WGC is attempted by using the PD stent to direct the sphincterotome into the biliary orifice. If cannulation is unsuccessful after several minutes, a precut sphincterotomy is performed over the PD stent or the procedure is terminated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Frequency of successful bile duct cannulation and precut sphincterotomy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 2345 ERCPs were identified, 1544 with native papillae. Among these, CBD and PD cannulation failed in 16 (1.0%) patients, whereas 76 (4.9%) patients received a PD stent to facilitate biliary cannulation. Successful cannulation was achieved in 71 (93.4%) of 76 patients, 60 (78.9%) of whom did not require precut sphincterotomy. Complications included mild post-ERCP pancreatitis in 4 (5.3%) and aspiration in 1 (1.3%). Precut sphincterotomy was complicated by hemorrhage, controlled during the procedure in 2 (13.3%) of 15.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Physician-controlled WGC over a PD stent facilitates biliary cannulation while maintaining a low rate of precut sphincterotomy.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA. gcote@iupui.edu
authors.forename: Gregory A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Coté
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ansstas
authors.forename: Rishi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pawa
authors.forename: Steven A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Edmundowicz
authors.forename: Sreenivasa S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Jonnalagadda
authors.forename: Douglas K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Pleskow
authors.forename: Riad R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Azar
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002404:Catheterization / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D002760:Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003135:Common Bile Duct / Q000601:surgery*; D004384:Duodenoscopy / Q000379:methods; D004867:Equipment Design; D004869:Equipment Safety; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010183:Pancreatic Ducts / Q000601:surgery*; D010195:Pancreatitis / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control; D019106:Postoperative Hemorrhage / Q000517:prevention & control; D011336:Probability; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D016717:Sphincterotomy, Endoscopic / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation; D015607:Stents; D016896:Treatment Outcome