title: Exercise training ameliorates the effects of rosiglitazone on traditional and novel cardiovascular risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of rosiglitazone and/or exercise training on novel cardiovascular risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. One hundred overweight/obese type 2 diabetes mellitus patients, with inadequate glycemic control (hemoglobin A(1c) >7%) despite combined treatment with gliclazide plus metformin, were randomized using a 2 x 2 factorial design to 4 equivalent (n = 25) groups, as follows: (1) CO: maintenance of habitual activities, (2) RSG: add-on therapy with rosiglitazone (8 mg/d), (3) EX: adjunctive exercise training, and (4) RSG + EX: supplementary administration of rosiglitazone (8 mg/d) plus exercise training. No participant had diabetic vascular complications or was receiving lipid-lowering therapy. Anthropometric parameters, cardiorespiratory capacity, glycemic and lipid profile, apolipoprotein (apo) A-I, apo B, interleukin (IL)-10, IL-18, insulin resistance, and blood pressure were measured before and after 12 months of intervention (P < .05). Both RSG and EX groups significantly reduced glycemic indexes, insulin resistance, blood pressure, and IL-18, whereas they significantly increased high-density lipoprotein, cardiorespiratory capacity, and IL-10, compared with CO group (P < .05). Besides this, exercise-treated patients conferred a remarkable down-regulation in the rest of lipid parameters (total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, apo B) and body fat content (P < .05) in comparison with CO group. On the other hand, RSG group rather than CO group considerably increased apo A-I levels and body mass index (P < .05). Notably, the combined treatment group yielded pronounced beneficial changes in glycemic indexes, lipid profile, insulin resistance, blood pressure, IL-10, IL-18, apo A-I, and apo B (vs CO group, P < .05). Furthermore, the addition of exercise to rosiglitazone treatment counteracted the drug-related negative effects on body weight, low-density lipoprotein, and total cholesterol. Rosiglitazone plus exercise training elicited additive effects on body composition, glycemic control, and traditional and novel cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients, indicating complementary effects.
authors.affiliation: 1st Department of Internal Medicine, "Hippokratio" General Hospital of Thessaloniki, Greece. nikoskad@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Nikolaos P E
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Kadoglou
authors.forename: Fotios
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Iliadis
authors.forename: Nikolaos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sailer
authors.forename: Zoi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Athanasiadou
authors.forename: Ioulia
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Vitta
authors.forename: Alikistis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kapelouzou
authors.forename: Panayotis E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Karayannacos
authors.forename: Christos D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Liapis
authors.forename: Miltiadis
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alevizos
authors.forename: Nikoletta
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Angelopoulou
authors.forename: Ioannis S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Vrabas
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001823:Body Composition; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications*; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D000077154:Rosiglitazone; D045162:Thiazolidinediones / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; D000077154:Rosiglitazone; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human