title: Multi-body simulation of a canine hind limb: model development, experimental validation and calculation of ground reaction forces.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Among other causes the long-term result of hip prostheses in dogs is determined by aseptic loosening. A prevention of prosthesis complications can be achieved by an optimization of the tribological system which finally results in improved implant duration. In this context a computerized model for the calculation of hip joint loadings during different motions would be of benefit. In a first step in the development of such an inverse dynamic multi-body simulation (MBS-) model we here present the setup of a canine hind limb model applicable for the calculation of ground reaction forces.
  
  
  METHODS
  The anatomical geometries of the MBS-model have been established using computer tomography- (CT-) and magnetic resonance imaging- (MRI-) data. The CT-data were collected from the pelvis, femora, tibiae and pads of a mixed-breed adult dog. Geometric information about 22 muscles of the pelvic extremity of 4 mixed-breed adult dogs was determined using MRI. Kinematic and kinetic data obtained by motion analysis of a clinically healthy dog during a gait cycle (1 m/s) on an instrumented treadmill were used to drive the model in the multi-body simulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As a result the vertical ground reaction forces (z-direction) calculated by the MBS-system show a maximum deviation of 1.75%BW for the left and 4.65%BW for the right hind limb from the treadmill measurements. The calculated peak ground reaction forces in z- and y-direction were found to be comparable to the treadmill measurements, whereas the curve characteristics of the forces in y-direction were not in complete alignment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, it could be demonstrated that the developed MBS-model is suitable for simulating ground reaction forces of dogs during walking. In forthcoming investigations the model will be developed further for the calculation of forces and moments acting on the hip joint during different movements, which can be of help in context with the in silico development and testing of hip prostheses.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Metal Forming and Metal-Forming Machines (IFUM), Leibniz Universität Hannover, An der Universität 2, 30823 Garbsen, Germany. helms@ifum.uni-hannover.de
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Helms
authors.forename: Bernd-Arno
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Behrens
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stolorz
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wefstaedt
authors.forename: Ingo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Nolte
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001698:Biomedical Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004285:Dogs; D007700:Kinetics; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods; D016138:Walking