title: The effect of ketamine on N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit expression in neonatal rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ketamine has been widely used in paediatric anaesthesia but its influence on development in infants and toddlers still remains unclear. In order to elucidate the influence of ketamine on brain development in neonatal rats, semiquantitative reverse transcriptase PCR, quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR and immunohistochemistry assays were performed to detect the expression of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subtypes expression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven-day-old rats were divided into two random groups. All of them were injected with ketamine intraperitoneally at postnatal day (PND) 7; one group was sacrificed at PND 7, but the other group was sacrificed at PND 28. Each group was divided into five random subgroups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the semiquantitative reverse transcriptase PCR and quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR experiments, ketamine treatment caused a marked increase in mRNA expression in all subtypes at PND 7 and in NR2A subtypes at PND 28. Immunohistochemistry results indicated that NR2A, 2B and 2C receptor protein increased significantly at PND 7, and NR2A receptor protein increased at PND 28.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exposure to ketamine resulted in an increase in N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunits at PND 7, and this increase persisted to PND 28 in NR2A.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China.
authors.forename: Li-Chun
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Li-nong
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.forename: Sheng-xi
authors.initials: SX
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Yong-hui
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Li-Xian
authors.initials: LX
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chai
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D007649:Ketamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D021122:Protein Subunits / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D021122:Protein Subunits; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D007649:Ketamine