title: Beverages obtained from soda fountain machines in the U.S. contain microorganisms, including coliform bacteria.
abstract: Ninety beverages of three types (sugar sodas, diet sodas and water) were obtained from 20 self-service and 10 personnel-dispensed soda fountains, analyzed for microbial contamination, and evaluated with respect to U.S. drinking water regulations. A follow-up study compared the concentration and composition of microbial populations in 27 beverages collected from 9 soda fountain machines in the morning as well as in the afternoon. Ice dispensed from these machines was also examined for microbial contamination. While none of the ice samples exceeded U.S. drinking water standards, coliform bacteria was detected in 48% of the beverages and 20% had a heterotrophic plate count greater than 500cfu/ml. Statistical analyses revealed no difference in levels of microbial contamination between beverage types or between those dispensed from self-service and personnel-dispensed soda fountains. More than 11% of the beverages analyzed contained Escherichia coli and over 17% contained Chryseobacterium meningosepticum. Other opportunistic pathogenic microorganisms isolated from the beverages included species of Klebsiella, Staphylococcus, Stenotrophomonas, Candida, and Serratia. Most of the identified bacteria showed resistance to one or more of the 11 antibiotics tested. These findings suggest that soda fountain machines may harbor persistent communities of potentially pathogenic microorganisms which may contribute to episodic gastric distress in the general population and could pose a more significant health risk to immunocompromised individuals. These findings have important public health implications and signal the need for regulations enforcing hygienic practices associated with these beverage dispensers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Virginia Western Community College, Roanoke, VA 24015, USA.
authors.forename: Amy S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Renee D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Godard
authors.forename: Carolyn
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Belling
authors.forename: Victoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kasza
authors.forename: Rebecca L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Beach
mesh_terms: D002253:Carbonated Beverages / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000592:standards; D045247:Chryseobacterium / Q000302:isolation & purification; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D004755:Enterobacteriaceae / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005506:Food Contamination; D005516:Food Microbiology / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D007053:Ice / Q000592:standards; D011634:Public Health / Q000592:standards; D014481:United States; D014871:Water Microbiology / Q000592:standards
chemical_list: D007053:Ice