title: An ethical justification for the Chronic Care Model (CCM).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic diseases are major causes of morbidity and mortality in developed countries. Their effects can be mitigated by high quality evidence-based care, but this is not the norm in most systems. The Chronic Care Model (CCM) is an evidence-based policy response to this practice gap, which uses multiple strategies to promote the quality of chronic care.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To review CCM with an ethical lens.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed the published empirical and non-empirical articles of CCM to analyse the ethical underpinnings of this model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We argue that its principal ethical value lies in the institutional cooperation it builds between the stakeholders involved in health care services. First, we briefly describe CCM and argue that the pathways through which it aims to improve patients' health outcomes are not made explicit. Second, we argue that the potential of CCM to be more beneficent, compared with traditional health care systems, depends on its capacity to promote mutual trust between health care providers and patients. There is no evidence to date that the implementation of CCM enhances mutual trust between health care professionals and patients. Third, we argue that CCM seeks to enhance human agency, allowing increased expression of individual autonomy and increased respect for individuals thereby expanding human freedom and avoiding social discrimination. However, we review the communication patterns that characterize the model of doctor-patient relationship promoted by this model and argue that these communication patterns raise ethical concerns that may prevent the model from reaching its expected outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Public Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia. liviu.oprea@adelaide.edu.au
authors.forename: Liviu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Oprea
authors.forename: Annette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Braunack-Mayer
authors.forename: Wendy A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.forename: Nigel
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Stocks
mesh_terms: D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000628:therapy*; D003142:Communication; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine / Q000941:ethics*; D006291:Health Policy; D006801:Humans; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D010358:Patient Participation; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D012935:Social Justice; D035502:Trust