title: Long-term temporal trends in cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Metabolic factors such as obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia and hyperglycemia have consistently been associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. There is also growing evidence that these factors are linked to cancer incidence and mortality. The aim of this study was to investigate long-term trends in major metabolic risk factors in three large cohorts.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from 239,602 individuals aged 25-64 years participating in health examinations between 1976 and 2005 were used to estimate prevalence and trends in five risk factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Irrespective of geographic location, individual metabolic risk factors showed divergent trends across the observation period. Whereas obesity and hyperglycemia in men increased by a per decade ratio of 1.54 (95% CI: 1.42-1.66) and 1.62 (95% CI: 1.49-1.76), respectively, and in women by 1.48 (95% CI: 1.41-1.56) and 1.66 (95% CI: 1.57-1.75), hypertension decreased by 0.71 (95% CI: 0.68-0.74) in men and 0.83 (95% CI: 0.79-0.86) in women. Dyslipidemia increased from the 1970s to the 1980s but declined in the succeeding decade. A combination of three or more of these risk factors increased significantly in men by a ratio of 1.15 (95% CI: 1.08-1.22) per decade and in women by 1.20 (95% CI: 1.15-1.27).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study shows that individual metabolic risk factors followed divergent trends over the period of three decades even though the combination of three or more risk factors used as a proxy for the metabolic syndrome appeared to be stable over the last two of the decades. The two key components of the syndrome, namely BMI and glucose levels, increased significantly and deserve professional attention.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Statistics, Informatics and Health Economics, Innsbruck Medical University, Austria.
authors.forename: Wegene
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Borena
authors.forename: Tanja
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Stocks
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Strohmaier
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Strasak
authors.forename: Jonas
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Manjer
authors.forename: Dorthe
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Johansen
authors.forename: Håkan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jonsson
authors.forename: Kilian
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rapp
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Concin
authors.forename: Göran
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hallmans
authors.forename: Pär
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stattin
authors.forename: Hanno
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ulmer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D001317:Austria / Q000453:epidemiology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008659:Metabolic Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution