title: In situ tissue engineering of canine skull with guided bone regeneration.
abstract: CONCLUSIONS
  Calcium alginate (CA) membrane prevents excessive fibrous tissue intrusion and/or dislocation of a bone scaffold. However, CA membrane did not always accelerate cranial bone regeneration.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We previously reported skull regeneration using a bone substitute material (BSM), which consisted of collagen-coated beta-tricalcium phosphate and autologous bone fragments, and bone marrow-derived stromal cells (BSCs). However, excessive fibrous tissue intrusion or dislocation of the BSM occasionally interrupted bone regeneration. To avoid such problems, we examined CA membrane, which is useful for guided bone regeneration (GBR), to investigate whether this material maintains the bone regenerative space.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bone defects (2x2 cm) were created in the skulls of 12 adult beagle dogs using the same clinical procedure. Four experimental models were tested with or without BSM plus BSCs or CA membrane. In group I, the original free bone flap was replaced at the defect. In group II, after replacing the bone flap, the defect was covered with CA membrane. In group III, BSM plus BSCs were used as a gap filler. In group IV, BSM plus BSCs and CA membrane were applied. Histological examinations were performed 3 and 6 months after the operation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In groups I and II, bone regeneration was not observed but fibrous tissue intrusion was prevented in group II. Bone neogenesis was more observed in group III than in group IV at 3 months (p<0.05). At 6 months, the regenerated areas were larger than those observed at 3 months, but the differences between groups III and IV were not statistically significant.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Umeda
authors.forename: Shin-Ichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kanemaru
authors.forename: Masaru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamashita
authors.forename: Tsunehisa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ohno
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Suehiro
authors.forename: Yoshihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tamura
authors.forename: Shigeru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hirano
authors.forename: Tatsuo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Koichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Omori
authors.forename: Juichi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ito
mesh_terms: D000464:Alginates / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001861:Bone Regeneration; D004285:Dogs; D020723:Glucuronic Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006603:Hexuronic Acids / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012887:Skull Fractures / Q000628:therapy*; D023822:Tissue Engineering
chemical_list: D000464:Alginates; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D006603:Hexuronic Acids; D020723:Glucuronic Acid