title: Effect of speed of rewarming and administration of anti-inflammatory or anti-oxidant agents on acute lung injury in an intestinal ischemia model treated with therapeutic hypothermia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Acute lung injury (ALI) develops in various clinical situations and is associated with high morbidity and mortality and therapeutic hypothermia (HT) has been studied to attenuate the ALI. However, the optimal method of rewarming has not been determined. We determined the effect of speed of rewarming and the administration of anti-inflammatory or anti-oxidant agents on ALI in an intestinal ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) model treated with HT.
  
  
  METHODS
  A Sprague-Dawley rat model of intestine ischemia and reperfusion was used. Two parallel animal experiments were conducted. In the survival study, rats (n=5 per group) underwent normothermic intestinal ischemia (60min, 36-38 degrees C) and then randomized into 7 groups with reperfusion: normothermia (NT), HT without rewarming (30-32 degrees C, HT), 2h HT+rewarming for 1h (RW1), 2h HT+rewarming for 2h (RW2), RW1+N-acetyl cysteine (RW-NAC), RW1+ethylpyruvate (RW-EP), and RW1+dexamethasone (RW+Dexa). In the second experiment, we investigated the histological and biochemical effects on the lung 4h after reperfusion (n=8 per group).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The survival rate was lowest after NT. The HT, RW2, and RW-Dexa groups survived longer than the RW1, RW-NAC, and RW-EP groups. ALI scores were lower in the HT, RW2, and RW-Dexa groups than RW1. Lung malondialdehyde content was also lower in these groups. Interleukin (IL)-6 was significantly higher in the RW1 group. Inducible NO synthase gene expression in lung was lower in the HT, RW2, and RW-Dexa than RW1, and serum NO was lower in the RW2 and RW-Dexa than RW1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gradual rewarming and administration of dexamethasone improved survival and attenuated ALI after intestinal I/R injury treated with HT in rats.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Republic of Korea. dremkks@snubh.org
authors.forename: Kyuseok
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: You Hwan
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Jo
authors.forename: Joong Eui
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Rhee
authors.forename: Tae Yun
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Jin Hee
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Jae Hyuk
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Woon Yong
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.forename: Gil Joon
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Suh
authors.forename: Christopher C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Adam J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Singer
mesh_terms: D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D055371:Acute Lung Injury / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D000818:Animals; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced / Q000379:methods*; D007422:Intestines / Q000098:blood supply*; D007511:Ischemia / Q000628:therapy*; D019289:Pyruvic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000628:therapy*; D017694:Rewarming / Q000379:methods*; D015996:Survival Rate; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D003907:Dexamethasone; D019289:Pyruvic Acid; D000111:Acetylcysteine