title: Impact of anti-scalant on fouling of reverse osmosis membranes in reclamation of secondary effluent.
abstract: The objective of the study was to evaluate the impact of anti-scalant on fouling of reverse osmosis (RO) membranes in reclamation of secondary effluent which was produced by a conventional activated sludge process at Kranji Water Reclamation Plant with the capacity of 151,000 m3/d. The study was carried out using a RO pilot plant with the capacity of 2.4 m3/h. The RO plant was in 2:1 configuration and was operated at 75% recovery and at membrane flux of 17 l m(-2) h(-1). Pilot trials were conducted with and without anti-scalant. Compositions of feed and concentrate streams were analyzed and the pilot data were normalized. The results of the study showed that the plant operation was stable during the first few days after stopping dosage of anti-scalant but after 3-6 days of operation the membranes were fouled. The time lag effect of anti-scalant without dosage was not reported previously and could be potentially beneficial to save chemicals. The membrane fouling was more serious at the second stage due to the formation of calcium phosphate scale when the pilot plant was operated without anti-scalant. The flux of fouled membranes could be completely recovered after clean-in-place (CIP) with citric acid, indicating that scaling dominated the fouling of the RO membranes. These findings in the study could be applied to select an appropriate anti-scalant for prevention from formation of calcium phosphate scale in the RO operation.
authors.affiliation: The Centre for Advanced Water Technology, Singapore Utilities International Pte Ltd, 82 Toh Guan Road East #C4-03, Singapore 608575, Singapore. jjqin@cawt.sui.com.sg
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.forename: M N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Wai
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Oo
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Kekre
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Seah
mesh_terms: D001464:Barium / Q000302:isolation & purification; D001466:Barium Sulfate / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002130:Calcium Phosphates / Q000302:isolation & purification; D010710:Phosphates / Q000302:isolation & purification; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012846:Singapore; D013324:Strontium / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013431:Sulfates / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014873:Water Pollutants / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D014876:Water Pollution / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D002130:Calcium Phosphates; D010710:Phosphates; D013431:Sulfates; D014873:Water Pollutants; D001464:Barium; D001466:Barium Sulfate; C052774:strontium phosphate; D013324:Strontium