title: Selection of parasites with diminished drug susceptibility by amodiaquine-containing antimalarial regimens in Uganda.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Amodiaquine (AQ) is paired with artesunate (AS) or sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) in recommended antimalarial regimens. It is unclear how readily AQ resistance will be selected with combination chemotherapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We collected 61 Plasmodium falciparum samples from a cohort of Ugandan children randomized for treatment with AQ-SP, AS-AQ, or artemether-lumefantrine (AL) for uncomplicated malaria. In vitro susceptibility to monodesethylamodiaquine (MDAQ) was measured with a histidine-rich protein 2-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and potential resistance-mediating polymorphisms in pfmdr1 were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Parasites collected from patients treated with AQ-SP or AS-AQ within the prior 12 weeks were less susceptible to MDAQ (n = 18; mean of the median inhibitory concentration [IC(50)], 62.9 nmol/L; range, 12.7-158.3 nmol/L) than were parasites from those not treated within 12 weeks (n = 43; mean IC(50), 37.5 nmol/L; range, 6.3-184.7 nmol/L; P=.009) or only from those patients in the treatment arm that did not receive AQ (n = 12; mean IC(50), 28.8 nmol/L; range, 6.3-121.8 nmol/L; P = .004). The proportion of strains with polymorphisms expected to mediate diminished response to AQ (pfmdr1 86Y and 1246Y) increased after AQ therapy, although differences were not statistically significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prior therapy selected for diminished response to MDAQ, which suggests that AQ-containing regimens may rapidly lose efficacy in Africa. The mechanism of diminished MDAQ response is not fully explained by known mutations in pfmdr1.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Fatima
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nawaz
authors.forename: Samuel L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Nsobya
authors.forename: Moses
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kiggundu
authors.forename: Moses
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Joloba
authors.forename: Philip J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Rosenthal
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000655:Amodiaquine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000077611:Artemether, Lumefantrine Drug Combination; D037621:Artemisinins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000077332:Artesunate; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004351:Drug Resistance; D004983:Ethanolamines / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005449:Fluorenes / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000469:parasitology*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D027425:ATP-Binding Cassette, Sub-Family C Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011739:Pyrimethamine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D013413:Sulfadoxine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014454:Uganda
chemical_list: D000655:Amodiaquine; D000962:Antimalarials; D000077611:Artemether, Lumefantrine Drug Combination; D037621:Artemisinins; D000077332:Artesunate; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004983:Ethanolamines; D005449:Fluorenes; D027425:ATP-Binding Cassette, Sub-Family C Proteins; D011739:Pyrimethamine; D013413:Sulfadoxine; C513498:Mdr1 protein, Plasmodium falciparum; C001205:fanasil, pyrimethamine drug combination; C047386:desethylamodiaquine