title: "Vascular age" is advanced in children with atherosclerosis-promoting risk factors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Obesity and familial dyslipidemia in children are associated with accelerated atherosclerosis by pathological examination. We sought to determine whether these children had increased carotid artery intima-media thickness (CIMT), a measure of subclinical atherosclerosis similar to 45-year-old adults. Adult CIMT percentile tables were used for comparison because normative CIMT data for children are limited.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy children, ages 6 to 19 years, with obesity- and atherosclerosis-promoting risk factors such as dyslipidemia, hypertension, insulin resistance, and tobacco smoke exposure, or with familial dyslipidemia, underwent carotid artery ultrasound. Advanced "vascular age" (VA) was defined as having maximum CIMT that was > or =25th percentile for race- and sex-matched 45-year-old adults. Mean age was 13.0+/-3.3 years. Forty (57%) of 70 children had body mass index > or =95th percentile for age and sex. Maximum CIMT for obese children was 0.53+/-0.05 mm and for familial dyslipidemic children was 0.52+/-0.04 mm. Advanced VA was seen in 30 (75%) of obese children and 22 (73%) of familial dyslipidemic children. Thirty (75%) of obese children had >3 mutable atherosclerosis-promoting risk factors; these children had a nonsignificantly higher maximum CIMT compared with obese children with < or =3 risk factors (0.54+/-0.06 mm versus 0.52+/-0.03 mm, P=0.07). Obese children with high fasting triglyceride levels were more likely to have advanced VA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  VA is advanced and comparable in obese children with atherosclerosis-promoting risk factors and in children with familial dyslipidemia. Advanced VA is prevalent in obese children with high fasting triglyceride levels.
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine and the Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Missouri-Kansas City; and the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO, USA.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Le
authors.forename: Danna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Spencer
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Menees
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Geetha
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Raghuveer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics; D002648:Child; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D010375:Pedigree; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D017540:Tunica Media / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014463:Ultrasonography; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D014280:Triglycerides