title: Accuracy and landmark error calculation using cone-beam computed tomography-generated cephalograms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate systematic differences in landmark position between cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT)-generated cephalograms and conventional digital cephalograms and to estimate how much variability should be taken into account when both modalities are used within the same longitudinal study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Landmarks on homologous cone-beam computed tomographic-generated cephalograms and conventional digital cephalograms of 46 patients were digitized, registered, and compared via the Hotelling T(2) test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no systematic differences between modalities in the position of most landmarks. Three landmarks showed statistically significant differences but did not reach clinical significance. A method for error calculation while combining both modalities in the same individual is presented.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a longitudinal follow-up for assessment of treatment outcomes and growth of one individual, the error due to the combination of the two modalities might be larger than previously estimated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7450, USA. grauerd@dentistry.unc.edu
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Grauer
authors.forename: Lucia S H
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Cevidanes
authors.forename: Martin A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Styner
authors.forename: Inam
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Heulfe
authors.forename: Eric T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Harmon
authors.forename: Hongtu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: William R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Proffit
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015982:Bias; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods*; D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography; D003951:Diagnostic Errors; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008875:Middle Aged; D056888:Patient Positioning; D019252:Radiography, Dental, Digital; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012886:Skull / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D055815:Young Adult