title: Long-term use and follow-up of irradiated homologous costal cartilage grafts in the nose.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In 1993, Kridel and Konior published a preliminary report (in the Archives of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery) on the use of irradiated homologous costal cartilage (IHCC) or homograft cartilage in the nose. This is a follow-up study to share our experience in answering fundamental questions: (1) What are the major long-term complications of IHCC, and are they any greater than with the use of the patient's own cartilage? (2) Is IHCC a reliable and safe implant? (3) Does IHCC resorb over time? (4) What measures are implemented in our practice to minimize the sequelae?
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a retrospective review of patient medical charts in a university-affiliated private practice setting. A total of 357 patients underwent primary or revision rhinoplasty using IHCC grafts with postoperative follow-up duration ranging from 4 days to 24 years (mean [SD], 13.45 [2.83] years). A total of 1025 IHCC grafts and 373 other grafts (including 218 autogenous cartilage [AC] grafts) were used. A total of 201 grafts were dorsal onlay grafts, and 74 of them have been further followed up since the previous report. The grafts were evaluated for warping, infection, infective resorption, noninfective resorption, mobility, and extrusion. Patient satisfaction evaluation was performed in 42 patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The total complication rate related to IHCC grafts was 3.25%, which included 10 warped grafts of 941 palpable or superficial IHCC grafts (1.06%), 9 infections of 1025 IHCC grafts (0.87%), 5 cases of infective resorption of 1025 IHCC grafts (0.48%), 5 noninfective resorptions of 943 palpable IHCC grafts (0.53%), and 3 cases of graft mobility of 941 palpable grafts (0.31%). Nine cases of local infection were treated and could have arisen from any of the 1025 IHCC grafts as well as from the 373 other grafts. Among the 9 cases of infection, in 2 patients IHCC grafts were used alone, and in 7 patients IHCC grafts were used in combination with other types of graft materials; therefore, the actual infection rate related to the pure use of IHCC was 2 of 1025 or 0.2%. Of the 218 AC grafts used at the same operative intervention along with IHCC grafts, 3 grafts (1.37%) underwent minimal resorption. The overall comparative resorption rates were 1.01% (IHCC) vs 1.37% (AC). The complication rate in conjunction with the use of 162 IHCC s in 53 cases of septal perforation repair was 2.46% (4 cases), including only 1 case of infection, 1 case of mobility of the graft, 1 case of warping, and 1 case of infective resorption (0.61% for all). Of the 25 AC grafts used in septal perforation cases, there were 2 cases of noninfective resorption (8%). The overall comparative complication rates in septal perforation cases were 2.46% for IHCC vs 8% for AC, which indicated a 3.25-times higher complication with the AC than with IHCC. No allergic reaction or systemic disease was reported by patients as a result of use of the IHCC. Irradiated homograft cartilage also proved to be a reliable graft in 2 patients with progressive autoimmune diseases over 2.08 years and 10 years of follow-up. The average rates of patient satisfaction increased during a mean follow-up of 7.87 years, from 91.31% to 94.18%, in 4 categories, including nasal appearance, nasal breathing, nasal symptoms, and quality of life.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on careful and extensive review of the data, we have concluded that IHCC is well tolerated as a grafting material in rhinoplasty and yields superb functional, structural, and cosmetic results in the most complex and challenging operative cases necessitated by previous unsuccessful nasal surgery, septal perforations, and even in autoimmune diseases that led to nasal deformity. Not only did very few complications occur following the use of 1025 IHCC grafts in 357 patients after 386 rhinoplasties over 24 years (rate, 3.25%), but the rate of complications was no greater than rhinoplasty complication rates when AC grafts are used. The results indicate safety and reliability and justify the convenient use of IHCC grafts for primary and revision rhinoplasty without creating donor site morbidity. Irradiated homograft cartilage grafts are quite stable in the nose and maintain structural contour and support in most cases. Irradiated homograft cartilage grafts should be considered as an alternative or even a primary grafting material when the patient does not have adequate quantities of septal or auricular cartilage remaining to provide the correction or when the shape or quality of such an AC does not adequately provide the structure required. Autogenous rib cartilage is also an alternative material but also increases operative and anesthesia time and adds potential morbidity. The use of IHCC is both cost- and time-effective.
authors.affiliation: Facial Plastic Surgery Associates, 6655 Travis, Ste 900, Houston, TX 77030, USA. rkridel@todaysface.com
authors.forename: Russell W H
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Kridel
authors.forename: Faramarz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ashoori
authors.forename: Edmund S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Carol G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Hart
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002356:Cartilage / Q000528:radiation effects* / Q000637:transplantation*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004954:Esthetics; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006084:Graft Rejection; D006085:Graft Survival; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009666:Nose / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000601:surgery*; D009667:Nose Deformities, Acquired / Q000601:surgery; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000503:physiopathology; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D012086:Reoperation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012225:Rhinoplasty / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D012272:Ribs / Q000601:surgery; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013997:Time Factors; D020858:Tissue and Organ Harvesting / Q000379:methods; D014182:Transplantation, Autologous; D055815:Young Adult