title: Circulating white blood cell count and measures of adipose tissue inflammation predict higher 24-h energy expenditure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Energy expenditure (EE) and measures of inflammation increase with adiposity, and this obesity-induced chronic and subclinical inflammation was extensively reported to be a cause of insulin resistance. However, whether subclinical inflammation has a role in increasing EE, which may be at the cost of developing insulin resistance, is not clear.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated the association between circulating white blood cell count (WBC) in a population of Native Americans (n=243) with measurement of EE in a respiratory chamber, and in a subset of the same population (n=34), with gene expression measures of inflammation in subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (SAAT). All subjects were healthy on oral glucose tolerance test. Statistically, nonnormally distributed variables were logarithmically transformed before analyses to approximate normal distributions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  WBC was associated with 24-h EE adjusted for age, sex, fat-free mass, and fat mass (r=0.13, P=0.04). In SAAT, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), shown as log10-transformed TNF-alpha (r=0.36, P=0.05), and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), shown as log10-transformed PAI-1 (lPAI-1; r=0.41, P=0.02), expressions were also positively correlated with adjusted 24-h EE. lPAI-1 was also correlated with adjusted sleep EE (r=0.34, P=0.07).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, circulating markers of inflammation (WBC) and markers of inflammation within adipose tissue (TNF-alpha and PAI-1) are positively associated with EE, indicating a role of chronic subclinical inflammation in the regulation of metabolic rate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health and Human Services, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, Arizona 85016, USA.
authors.forename: Jianying
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Duc Son
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Le
authors.forename: Xiaoyuan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Scalise
authors.forename: Anthony W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Ferrante
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Krakoff
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers; D015992:Body Mass Index; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007198:Indians, North American; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000235:genetics; D050151:Subcutaneous Fat / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha