title: Relationship of "prodromal" symptoms with severity and type of psychopathology in the active phase of schizophrenia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Both retrospective and prospective studies have identified a broad spectrum of "prodromal" symptoms, but their relationship to those of frank psychosis remains largely unexplored.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 73 successive hospitalized patients with schizophrenia in the first or second psychotic episode and with duration of illness 3 years or less from the onset of psychosis, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision, Axis I diagnoses were made. In addition, within the first 5 days from the psychotic episode's onset, symptom severity was assessed with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Stepwise regression analyses showed that 8 prodromal symptoms carried an increased risk for high total PANSS and the components of the PANSS scores, independently of sex; 1 symptom was associated with mild psychopathology. However, the categories of negative- and positive-disorganization prodromal symptoms were not associated with the corresponding PANSS components. Similar findings were observed in the nonparanoid patients, whereas in the paranoid, only 2 nonspecific symptoms were associated with high PANSS psychopathology. In addition, there were significant associations between number of prodromal symptoms and total PANSS and the subscales positive and general scores in the patients with the nonparanoid subtypes, but there were not such associations in those with the paranoid.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Several prodromal symptoms, as well as the number of symptoms, are associated with the severity of the psychopathology of frank psychosis. In the nonparanoid subtypes there is a continuance in the transition from the prepsychotic to the psychotic stage, whereas in the paranoid, the transition appears to be disrupted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, General University Hospital of Patras, University of Patras Medical School, 265 04 Rion, Patras, Greece.
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Moukas
authors.forename: Anastasia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stathopoulou
authors.forename: Philippos
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gourzis
authors.forename: Ion N
authors.initials: IN
authors.lastname: Beratis
authors.forename: Stavroula
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Beratis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018579:Patient Selection; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index