title: [The origin and development of special methods of "expiration and inspiration" (Tuna) in pre-Qin and Han dynasties].
abstract: Tuna (special methods of expiration and inspiration) was generated in the working life and health activities of the early stage of the human race in ancient times. It developed in the period of the Qin, Han and three kingdoms, developing the theory of bionic expiration and inspiration as well as the breath of the upper pubic region (Dantian); the skill of the Qi conduction school emerged so that the skills of embryonic breath and the upper pubic region breath came into being. The skill of meditation of the Chan sect of the Western Regions was also introduced into the central plains at this time. The skill of counting breath had a profound impact on the skill of embryonic breath of the Taoism elixir school.
authors.affiliation: Department of the History of Medicine and Medical Literature, Tianjing Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) University, Tianjing, 300193, China.
authors.forename: Xue-mei
authors.initials: XM
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: De-xing
authors.initials: DX
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D001945:Breathing Exercises; D002681:China; D049690:History, Ancient; D006801:Humans; D019122:Meditation / Q000266:history*; D019413:Qi / Q000266:history*; D015656:Respiratory Mechanics / Q000502:physiology