Estrogenic chemicals and estrogenicity in river waters of South Korea and seven Asian countries.
The effects of treatment processes on estrogenicity were evaluated by examining estradiol equivalent (EEQ) concentrations in influents and effluents of sewage treatment plants (STPs) located along Yeongsan and Seomjin rivers in Korea. The occurrence and distribution of estrogenic chemicals were also estimated for surface water in Korea and compared with seven other Asian countries including Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, China, Indonesia, Thailand and Malaysia. Target compounds were nonylphenol (NP), octylphenol (OP), bisphenol A (BPA), estrone (E1), 17beta-estradiol (E2), 17alpha-ethynylestradiol (EE2) and genistein (Gen). Water samples were pretreated and analyzed by liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The results showed that the treatment processes of Korean STPs were sufficient to reduce the estrogenic activity of municipal wastewater. The concentrations of phenolic xenoestrogens (i.e., NP, OP and BPA) in samples of Yeongsan and Seomjin rivers were smaller than those reported by previous studies in Korea. In most samples taken from the seven Asian countries, the presence of E2 and EE2 was a major contributor toward estrogenic activity. The EEQ concentrations in surface water samples of the seven Asian countries were at a higher level in comparison to that reported in European countries, America and Japan. However, further studies with more sampling frequencies and sampling areas should be carried out for better evaluation of the occurrence and distribution of estrogenic compounds in these Asian countries.
Duong
Cuong N
CN
Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 1-Oryong-dong, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-712, South Korea.
Ra
Jin Sung
JS
Cho
Jaeweon
J
Kim
Sang D
SD
Choi
Hoon K
HK
Park
Ji-Hyung
JH
Kim
Kyoung W
KW
Inam
Edu
E
Kim
Sang Don
SD
D001208:Asia; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004958:Estradiol / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D004967:Estrogens / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D004970:Estrone / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D004997:Ethinyl Estradiol / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D019833:Genistein / Q000032:analysis; D005843:Geography; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D056910:Republic of Korea; D045483:Rivers / Q000737:chemistry*; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D004958:Estradiol; D004967:Estrogens; D004970:Estrone; D004997:Ethinyl Estradiol; D019833:Genistein; D010636:Phenols; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C474055:octylphenol; C025256:nonylphenol; C006780:bisphenol A; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds