title: Estimation of the reproductive number and the serial interval in early phase of the 2009 influenza A/H1N1 pandemic in the USA.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The United States was the second country to have a major outbreak of novel influenza A/H1N1 in what has become a new pandemic. Appropriate public health responses to this pandemic depend in part on early estimates of key epidemiological parameters of the virus in defined populations.
  
  
  METHODS
  We use a likelihood-based method to estimate the basic reproductive number (R(0)) and serial interval using individual level U.S. data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). We adjust for missing dates of illness and changes in case ascertainment. Using prior estimates for the serial interval we also estimate the reproductive number only.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using the raw CDC data, we estimate the reproductive number to be between 2.2 and 2.3 and the mean of the serial interval (mu) between 2.5 and 2.6 days. After adjustment for increased case ascertainment our estimates change to 1.7 to 1.8 for R(0) and 2.2 to 2.3 days for mu. In a sensitivity analysis making use of previous estimates of the mean of the serial interval, both for this epidemic (mu = 1.91 days) and for seasonal influenza (mu = 3.6 days), we estimate the reproductive number at 1.5 to 3.1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With adjustments for data imperfections we obtain useful estimates of key epidemiological parameters for the current influenza H1N1 outbreak in the United States. Estimates that adjust for suspected increases in reporting suggest that substantial reductions in the spread of this epidemic may be achievable with aggressive control measures, while sensitivity analyses suggest the possibility that even such measures would have limited effect in reducing total attack rates.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA. lfwhite@bu.edu
authors.forename: Laura Forsberg
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Jacco
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wallinga
authors.forename: Lyn
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Finelli
authors.forename: Carrie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Reed
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Riley
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lipsitch
authors.forename: Marcello
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pagano
mesh_terms: D050936:Basic Reproduction Number / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D006801:Humans; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology