title: Impact of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone blockade by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or AT-1 blockers on frequency of contrast medium-induced nephropathy: a post-hoc analysis from the Dialysis-versus-Diuresis (DVD) trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  After exposure to contrast medium (CM), about 10% of patients will develop contrast medium-induced nephropathy (CIN), with severe consequences for their prognosis. Although numerous studies evaluated risk factors for CIN development, it is still a matter of debate whether treatment with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-I) or AT-1 blockers increases the frequency of CIN after exposure to CM or not.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a prospective, single-centre study (January 2001-July 2004) to compare different treatments for CIN prevention. Creatinine levels within 72 h after CM application and in-hospital outcomes were documented. The impact of RAAS blockade on the frequency of CIN was assessed retrospectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four hundred twelve patients were included (83.5% men, 29.1% diabetes mellitus, 74.6% hypertension). Of these, 269 patients (65.3%) were taking ACE-I (n = 236) or AT-1 blockers (n = 33). There were no significant differences in mean age (P = 0.075), creatinine levels (P = 0.113), gender (P = 0.281), diabetes mellitus (P = 0.172) or left ventricular ejection fraction (P = 0.09) between patients treated or not treated with RAAS blockade. Univariate analyses concerning development of CIN depending on treatment with RAAS blockade within 72 h found CIN to be significantly higher in patients treated with RAAS blockade (11.9 vs 4.2%, P = 0.006). Multivariate analyses (logistic regression) identified RAAS blockade to be an independent predictor of CIN (odds ratio 3.082, 95% confidence interval 1.234-7.698, P = 0.016).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients treated with RAAS blockade before exposure to CM develop significantly more often CIN within 72 h. Even after adjustment for confounding comorbidities, treatment with ACE-I or AT-1 blockers turned out to be an independent risk predictor.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Cardiology, University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster, Germany. Daniela.Kiski@ukmuenster.de
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kiski
authors.forename: Wibke
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Stepper
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Brand
authors.forename: Günter
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Breithardt
authors.forename: Holger
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Reinecke
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D000368:Aged; D047228:Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004231:Diuresis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D012084:Renin-Angiotensin System / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D047228:Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D003287:Contrast Media