title: Public perceptions of the factors that constitute a good healthcare system.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In Singapore, few studies have been done on the factors that the general public considers to be most important in the healthcare system. We conducted this pilot study to determine the factor structure, reliability and validity of statements in a healthcare survey questionnaire as predictors of public perception of a good healthcare system.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data on public perceptions of healthcare from a national survey of 1,434 adult Singaporeans was analysed using a principal component analysis and regression, to obtain the factors and predictors. The survey employed 31 statements on healthcare quality, cost, access and the role of the individual vis-à-vis society, which participants ranked on a five-point Likert scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The exploratory factor analysis identified six critical factors (F): National healthcare financing framework (F1), Service at public institutions (F2), Service at private institutions (F3), Individual responsibility for health (F4), Affordability at public institutions (F5), and Affordability at private institutions (F6). These factors explained 54 percent of variance, and Cronbach's alpha ranged from 0.5 to 0.72, except for F1. Regression analysis showed an association of public perception of good healthcare in Singapore with the following factors: F2 (odds ratio [OR] 1.79, 95 percent confidence interval [CI] 1.48-2.16, p-value is less than 0.0001); F3 (OR 1.29, 95 percent CI 1.10-1.52, p-value is less than 0.0001); F5 (OR 1.52, 95 percent CI 1.27-1.83, p-value is less than 0.0001); F1 (OR 1.31, 95 percent CI 1.08-1.59, p-value is 0.01); F4 (OR 1.33, 95 percent CI 1.16-1.54, p-value is less than 0.0001); but not with F6.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This pilot study provides a practical, reliable and valid first perception second level matrix to assess the Singapore healthcare system. Further snapshot surveys to assess perceptions of the healthcare system should be conducted with questionnaires abridged to include only these five identified critical factors.
authors.affiliation: Singhealth Centre for Health Services Research, Singapore Health Services Pte Ltd, 226 Outram Road, Block A, #03-01, Singapore. veena.d.joshi@singhealth.com.sg
authors.forename: V D
authors.initials: VD
authors.lastname: Joshi
authors.forename: Y M
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: J F Y
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Lim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000458:organization & administration*; D005260:Female; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009313:National Health Programs; D010465:Perception; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011639:Public Opinion; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D012846:Singapore