title: EFNS guidelines on the diagnosis and management of European Lyme neuroborreliosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lyme neuroborreliosis (LNB) is a nervous system infection caused by Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (Bb).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To present evidence-based recommendations for diagnosis and treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were analysed according to levels of evidence as suggested by EFNS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The following three criteria should be fulfilled for definite LNB, and two of them for possible LNB: (i) neurological symptoms; (ii) cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pleocytosis; (iii) Bb-specific antibodies produced intrathecally. PCR and CSF culture may be corroborative if symptom duration is <6 weeks, when Bb antibodies may be absent. PCR is otherwise not recommended. There is also not enough evidence to recommend the following tests for diagnostic purposes: microscope-based assays, chemokine CXCL13, antigen detection, immune complexes, lymphocyte transformation test, cyst formation, lymphocyte markers. Adult patients with definite or possible acute LNB (symptom duration <6 months) should be offered a single 14-day course of antibiotic treatment. Oral doxycycline (200 mg daily) and intravenous (IV) ceftriaxone (2 g daily) are equally effective in patients with symptoms confined to the peripheral nervous system, including meningitis (level A). Patients with CNS manifestations should be treated with IV ceftriaxone (2 g daily) for 14 days and late LNB (symptom duration >6 months) for 3 weeks (good practice points). Children should be treated as adults, except that doxycycline is contraindicated under 8 years of age (nine in some countries). If symptoms persist for more than 6 months after standard treatment, the condition is often termed post-Lyme disease syndrome (PLDS). Antibiotic therapy has no impact on PLDS (level A).
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Sorlandet Sykehus, Kristiansand, Norway. aase.mygland@sshf.no
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mygland
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Ljøstad
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Fingerle
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rupprecht
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schmutzhard
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Steiner
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000906:Antibodies / Q000032:analysis / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D002443:Ceftriaxone / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002648:Child; D003955:Diagnostic Tests, Routine / Q000379:methods; D004318:Doxycycline / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004333:Drug Administration Routes; D005060:Europe; D006801:Humans; D020852:Lyme Neuroborreliosis / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000906:Antibodies; D015415:Biomarkers; D002443:Ceftriaxone; D004318:Doxycycline