title: Intrauterine exposure to maternal diabetes is associated with higher adiposity and insulin resistance and clustering of cardiovascular risk markers in Indian children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the hypothesis that maternal gestational diabetes increases cardiovascular risk markers in Indian children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Anthropometry, blood pressure, and glucose/insulin concentrations were measured in 514 children at 5 and 9.5 years of age (35 offspring of diabetic mothers [ODMs], 39 offspring of diabetic fathers [ODFs]). Children of nondiabetic parents were control subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At age 9.5 years, female ODMs had larger skinfolds (P < 0.001), higher glucose (30 min) and insulin concentrations, and higher homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) of insulin resistance and systolic blood pressure (P < 0.05) than control subjects. Male ODMs had higher HOMA (P < 0.01). Associations were stronger than at age 5 years. Female ODFs had larger skinfolds and male ODFs had higher HOMA (P < 0.05) than control subjects; associations were weaker than for ODMs. Associations between outcomes in control subjects and parental BMI, glucose, and insulin concentrations were similar for mothers and fathers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The intrauterine environment experienced by ODMs increases diabetes and cardiovascular risk over genetic factors; the effects strengthen during childhood.
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Research Unit, CSI Holdsworth Memorial Hospital, Mysore, India. gv.krishnaveni@gmail.com
authors.forename: Ghattu V
authors.initials: GV
authors.lastname: Krishnaveni
authors.forename: Sargoor R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Veena
authors.forename: Jacqueline C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kehoe
authors.forename: Samuel C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Karat
authors.forename: Caroline H D
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Fall
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D007194:India / Q000208:ethnology; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012885:Skinfold Thickness; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D055105:Waist Circumference
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D007328:Insulin; D014280:Triglycerides