title: The role of lymphoscintigraphy in the diagnosis of lymphedema in Turner syndrome.
abstract: Lymphedema can be present in patients affected by Turner syndrome (TS) with the dorsum of the hands and feet most commonly affected. This lymphedema results from underdevelopment of the lymphatic system before birth, and it usually decreases during childhood. The aim of our study was to evaluate the role of lymphoscintigraphy as a diagnostic tool in patients with TS to assess possible impairments in the lymphatic system. Eighteen patients with TS were karyotyped to confirm diagnosis and were evaluated by lymphoscintigraphy. Lymphatic dysfunction was demonstrated in 15/18 patients. Lymphoscintigraphic studies showed: 1) lymphatic channels, 2) collateral lymphatic channels, 3) interrupted lymphatic structures, and 4) lymph nodes of the deep lymphatic system. Our data demonstrate that lymphoscintigraphy should be mandatory not only in patients affected by Turner syndrome with signs of lymphatic dysplasia but also in those with minimal or absent signs of lymphatic impairment in order to obtain a very early diagnosis and to provide substantial information for possible medical or surgical treatment.
authors.affiliation: Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Department of Pediatrics, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy. carlobellini@ospedale-gaslini.ge.it
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bellini
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Di Battista
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Boccardo
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Campisi
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Villa
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Taddei
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Traggiai
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Amisano
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Amisamo
authors.forename: P Polo
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Perucchin
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Benfenati
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bonioli
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lorini
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008209:Lymphedema / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008297:Male; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D013668:Technetium Tc 99m Aggregated Albumin; D014424:Turner Syndrome / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*
chemical_list: D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D013668:Technetium Tc 99m Aggregated Albumin; C083602:technetium Tc 99m nanocolloid