title: Potential ex vivo immunomodulatory effects of San-Huang-Xie-Xin-Tang and its component herbs on mice and humans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  San-Huang-Xie-Xin-Tang (SHXXT), an important Chinese medicine formula, contains Rhei Rhizoma (RR), Scutellariae Radix (SR) and Coptidis Rhizoma (CR). RR and SR are abundant in anthraquinone and flavonoid polyphenols. Pharmacokinetic study of SHXXT indicated that glucuronides were the predominant forms of polyphenols in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  As an extension of pharmacokinetic study, the serum metabolites of SHXXT, RR, SR and CR were prepared from rats and quantitated, then the immunomodulation effects were examined by culturing these serum metabolites with murine and human immune cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results indicated that the inhibitions on nitric oxide (NO) and cytokine production from mitogen-activated peritoneal macrophages by the serum metabolites of SHXXT, RR, SR and CR were through reducing the protein expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and the IC(50) were 0.8%, 1.5%, 3.0% and 0.8% of their blood concentrations, respectively. In addition, the serum metabolites of SHXXT, RR, SR and CR significantly decreased the ratios of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) to interleukin (IL)-4 in mitogen-stimulated mice spleen cells and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Moreover, the serum metabolites of SHXXT and SR significantly arrested the mitogen-stimulated mice spleen cells at G2/M stage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, the serum metabolites of SHXXT and the component herbs exerted promising modulation activities on the immune functions and the cell cycle distribution of mice and human immune cells. We suggest that SHXXT is a promising remedy for immunomodulation through Th1/Th2 regulation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chia-Yang
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Yu-Chi
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.forename: Pei-Dawn
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Lee Chao
authors.forename: Chi-Sheng
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Shia
authors.forename: Ian C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: Shih-Hua
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Fang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000097:blood; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017737:Macrophages, Peritoneal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000097:blood; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013154:Spleen / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal; D007155:Immunologic Factors; C501029:San-Huang-Xie-Xin-Tang; D009569:Nitric Oxide