title: p38 MAP kinase inhibition promotes primary tumour growth via VEGF independent mechanism.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The surgical insult induces an inflammatory response that activates P38 MAP kinases and solid tumours can also release cytokines. Therfore inhibition of these pathways may reduce tumour growth We set out to examine the effects of P38-MAPK inhibition on apoptosis, proliferation, VEGF release and cell cycle effects in-vitro and on primary tumour growth in-vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  4T-1 cells (2 x 105 cells/well) were incubated, in 24 well plates with control, 25, 50 or 100 ng/ml of SB-202190 for 24 hours. Cells were subsequently asessed for apoptosis, proliferation, VEGF release and cell cycle analysis. Balb-c mice each received 1 x 106 4T 1 cells subcutaneously in the flank and were then randomised to receive control or SB202190 (2.5 microM/kg) by intraperitoneal injection daily. Tumour size was measured alternate days and at day 24 animals were sacrificed and serum VEGF assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  P38-MAPK inhibition in-vitro resulted in a significant reduction in proliferation (75.2 +/- 8.4% vs. 100 +/- 4.3%, p < 0.05) and G1 cell cycle phase(35.9 +/- 1.1% vs. 32.5 +/- 0.6%, p < 0.05) but no significant changes in apoptosis or VEGF levels. In-vivo, P38-MAPK inhibition resulted in an increase in primary tumour growth (155.6 +/- 34.9 vs. 86.7 +/- 18.2 mm3, p < 0.05). P38-MAPK inhibition also lowered circulating VEGF levels but this difference was not significant (101.9 +/- 27.1 etag/ml compared to 158.6 +/- 27.1 etag/ml)
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings demonstrate that P38-MAPK inhibition in-vitro reduces proliferation and G1 cell cycle phase as well as promoting primary tumour growth in-vivo. These effects would appear to be independent of VEGF.
authors.affiliation: Department of Academic Surgery, National University of Ireland (NUI) and Cork University College Hospital, Cork, Ireland.
authors.forename: Adrian W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: O'Sullivan
authors.forename: Jiang H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Henry P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Redmond
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D016193:G1 Phase / Q000187:drug effects*; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D011725:Pyridines / Q000494:pharmacology; D015996:Survival Rate; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000378:metabolism*; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D007093:Imidazoles; D011725:Pyridines; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; C467480:vascular endothelial growth factor A, mouse; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; C090942:4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-(4-pyridyl)imidazole