title: Superinfection with a heterologous HIV strain per se does not lead to faster progression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It has been suggested that superinfection of HIV positive individuals with heterologous HIV strains could lead to faster progression to AIDS, generating concern over the risks of exposure to new infections in those already infected.
  
  
  METHODS
  A mathematical model of the within-host dynamics of two sequential infections with strains of HIV describing activation and infection of immune cells was developed. Multiple stochastic realizations describing progression to AIDS in the individual were generated, comparing the situation with and without superinfection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  It was found that the susceptibility of immune cells to dual infection is crucial to the outcome of HIV superinfection. A low susceptibility leads to competitive exclusion between the strains and a high susceptibility may lead to co-existence if the superinfecting strain is sufficiently fit. It was also found that only superinfection with a fitter strain leads to faster progression to AIDS, rather than superinfection per se.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In theory, a superinfection event with a heterologous strain of HIV does not lead to faster progression to AIDS. Unless superinfection allows the spread of fitter virus, it should not be of concern for public health.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London, United Kingdom. ichfung@uga.edu
authors.forename: Isaac Chun-Hai
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Fung
authors.forename: Manoj
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gambhir
authors.forename: Ard
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: van Sighem
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: de Wolf
authors.forename: Geoffrey P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Garnett
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D000465:Algorithms; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D003198:Computer Simulation; D018450:Disease Progression; D056084:Genetic Fitness / Q000502:physiology; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology*; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000276:immunology; D008954:Models, Biological; D013269:Stochastic Processes; D015163:Superinfection / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology*; D013602:T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic / Q000276:immunology; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000502:physiology