title: Treatment head disassembly to improve the accuracy of large electron field simulation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purposes of this study are to improve the accuracy of source and geometry parameters used in the simulation of large electron fields from a clinical linear accelerator and to evaluate improvement in the accuracy of the calculated dose distributions.
  
  
  METHODS
  The monitor chamber and scattering foils of a clinical machine not in clinical service were removed for direct measurement of component geometry. Dose distributions were measured at various stages of reassembly, reducing the number of geometry variables in the simulation. The measured spot position and beam angle were found to vary with the beam energy. A magnetic field from the bending magnet was found between the exit window and the secondary collimators of sufficient strength to deflect electrons 1 cm off the beam axis at 100 cm from the exit window. The exit window was 0.05 cm thicker than manufacturer's specification, with over half of the increased thickness due to water pressure in the channel used to cool the window. Dose distributions were calculated with Monte Carlo simulation of the treatment head and water phantom using EGSnrc, a code benchmarked at radiotherapy energies for electron scatter and bremsstrahlung production, both critical to the simulation. The secondary scattering foil and monitor chamber offset from the collimator rotation axis were allowed to vary with the beam energy in the simulation to accommodate the deflection of the beam by the magnetic field, which was not simulated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The energy varied linearly with bending magnet current to within 1.4% from 6.7 to 19.6 MeV, the bending magnet beginning to saturate at the highest beam energy. The range in secondary foil offset used to account for the magnetic field was 0.09 cm crossplane and 0.15 cm inplane, the range in monitor chamber offset was 0.14 cm crossplane and 0.07 cm inplane. A 1.5%/0.09 cm match or better was obtained to measured depth dose curves. Profiles measured at the depth of maximum dose matched the simulated profiles to 2.6% or better at doses of 80% or more of the dose on the central axis. The profiles along the direction of MLC motion agreed to within 0.16 cm at the edge of the field. There remained a mismatch for the lower beam energies at the edge of the profile that ran parallel to the direction of jaw motion of up to 1.4 cm for the 6 MeV beam, attributed to the MLC support block at the periphery of the field left out of the simulation and to beam deflection by the magnetic field. The possibility of using these results to perform accurate simulation without disassembly is discussed. Phase-space files were made available for benchmarking beam models and other purposes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The match to measured large field dose distributions from clinical electron beams with Monte Carlo simulation was improved with more accurate source details and geometry details closer to manufacturer's specification than previously achieved.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, UC San Francisco Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California 94143-1708, USA. bfaddegon@radonc.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Bruce A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Faddegon
authors.forename: Daren
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sawkey
authors.forename: Tuathan
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: O'Shea
authors.forename: Malcolm
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McEwen
authors.forename: Carl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ross
mesh_terms: D004583:Electrons / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D010315:Particle Accelerators / Q000295:instrumentation*; D011874:Radiometry / Q000379:methods*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal / Q000295:instrumentation*; D014159:Transducers