title: The induction of cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, and genotoxicity by root canal sealers in mammalian cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Toxicologic aspects of the root canal sealers Acroseal, Epiphany, AH Plus, and castor oil polymer (COP) were analyzed using cell culture techniques.
  
  
  METHODS
  Set materials were extracted in culture medium, and cytotoxicity and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were determined in human pulp cells. The formation of micronuclei (MN), indicative of genotoxicity and changes of the cell cycle, were analyzed in V79 cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ranking of the most to the least toxic material was: Acroseal > Epiphany = AH Plus >> COP. The production of ROS was increased by Epiphany, Acroseal, and AH Plus about 4-7-fold, but enhanced ROS production was not detected with COP. Acroseal, Epiphany, and AH Plus increased the numbers of MN, and Acroseal delayed the cell cycle in G2 phase.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The materials which tested cytotoxic in the present study may be able to alter oral tissue-specific functions and cause inflammation.
authors.affiliation: Departament of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, São Paulo State University, São José dos Campos, Brazil.
authors.forename: Carlos Henrique Ribeiro
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Camargo
authors.forename: Samira Esteves Afonso
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Camargo
authors.forename: Marcia Carneiro
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Valera
authors.forename: Karl-Anton
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Hiller
authors.forename: Gottfried
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schmalz
authors.forename: Helmut
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schweikl
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002368:Castor Oil / Q000633:toxicity; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D006224:Cricetinae; D003738:Dental Cements / Q000633:toxicity*; D003782:Dental Pulp / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D004853:Epoxy Resins / Q000633:toxicity; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D015162:Micronucleus Tests; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D012387:Root Canal Filling Materials / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: C477053:Acroseal; D003738:Dental Cements; D004853:Epoxy Resins; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D012387:Root Canal Filling Materials; C486893:epiphany sealer; C534916:epoxy resin-based root canal sealer; D002368:Castor Oil