title: Processing interaural cues in sound segregation by young and middle-aged brains.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  When listening to one speaker while another conversation is occurring simultaneously, we separate the competing sounds by processing physical cues such as common onset time, intensity, frequency harmonicity, and spatial location of the sound sources. Spatial location is determined in large part by differences in arrival of a sound at one ear versus the other ear, otherwise known as interaural time difference (ITD) or interaural phase difference (IPD). There is ample anecdotal evidence that middle-aged adults experience greater difficulty listening to speech in noise, even when their audiological evaluation does not reveal abnormal results. Furthermore, it has been shown that the frequency range for IPD processing is reduced in middle-aged adults compared to young adults, even though morphological changes in the auditory evoked potential (AEP) response were only observed in older adults.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of the current study was to examine early aging effects (< 60 years) on IPD processing in concurrent sound segregation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined the change AEP evoked by detection of a mistuned and/or phase-shifted second harmonic during the last 1500 msec of a 3000 msec amplitude-modulated harmonic complex. A passive listening paradigm was used.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten young (21-35 years) and 11 middle-aged (48-57 years) adults with normal hearing were included in the study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Scalp electroencephalographic activity was recorded from 63 electrodes. A temporospatial principal component analysis was conducted. Spatial factor scores of individual spatial factors were the dependent variable in separate mixed-design ANOVAs for each temporal factor of interest. Stimulus type was the within-subject independent variable, and age group was the between-subject independent variable.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results indicated a delay in the upward P2 slope and the P2 peak latency to a sudden phase shift in the second harmonic of a harmonic complex in middle-aged adults compared to young adults. This AEP difference increased as mistuning (as a second grouping cue) decreased and remained evident when the IPD was the only grouping cue.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that our findings reflect neurophysiologic differences between young and middle-aged adults for IPD processing in concurrent sound segregation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Audiology Program, Montclair State University, NJ 07043, USA. wambacqi@mail.montclair.edu
authors.forename: Ilse J A
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Wambacq
authors.forename: Janet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Koehnke
authors.forename: Joan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Besing
authors.forename: Laurie L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Romei
authors.forename: AnnMarie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Depierro
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cooper
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001300:Audiometry, Evoked Response; D003463:Cues; D004056:Differential Threshold / Q000502:physiology; D005072:Evoked Potentials, Auditory / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010470:Perceptual Masking / Q000502:physiology*; D011930:Reaction Time; D013017:Sound Localization / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult