title: Circulating microparticles remain associated with complement activation despite intensive anti-inflammatory therapy in early rheumatoid arthritis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic systemic inflammatory disease characterised by synovitis and joint destruction. The pathogenesis of RA is not clear, but is considered to be an immune-mediated inflammatory disorder, in which the complement system plays an important role. Although cell-derived microparticles (MPs) have been associated with inflammation and complement activation, it is unknown whether MPs are either cause or consequence. Therefore, we investigated whether circulating MPs differ between patients with very early as yet untreated arthritis and healthy controls, and whether intensive anti-inflammatory treatment of such patients affects circulating MPs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with RA (n=24) and controls (n=15) were included. Nine patients with RA were re-evaluated after 8 weeks of intensive treatment with a combination of drugs ('COmBination therapy in Rheumatoid Arthritis' (COBRA) scheme). Disease activity was measured by erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C reactive protein (CRP) and Disease Activity Score for 28 joints (DAS28). Flow cytometry was used to study MPs and exposure of complement activator molecules and complement components.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline, concentrations of MPs exposing C1q, CRP or serum amyloid-P (SAP)were all significantly elevated in patients with early RA compared to controls (p=0.003, p=0.002 and p=0.003, respectively). Upon treatment, DAS28 score, ESR and CRP levels significantly decreased (p=0.008, p=0.008 and p=0.012), but the concentrations of circulating MPs and MPs exposing complement components or activator molecules were unaffected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Circulating MPs exposing complement components or activator molecules are elevated in early RA. Since a strong anti-inflammatory therapy suppressed inflammation in patients with early RA but not levels of circulating MPs, it is unlikely that inflammation is the main underlying cause of MP release in these patients.
authors.affiliation: Correspondence to Dr M T Nurmohamed, Jan van Breemen Institute, Dr Jan van Breemenstraat 2, 1056 AB Amsterdam, The Netherlands. m.nurmohamed@janvanbreemen.nl
authors.forename: I C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: van Eijk
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Tushuizen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sturk
authors.forename: B A C
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Dijkmans
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boers
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Voskuyl
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Diamant
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Wolbink
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nieuwland
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Nurmohamed
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001799:Blood Sedimentation; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D055252:Cell-Derived Microparticles / Q000276:immunology*; D003167:Complement Activation / Q000276:immunology*; D015922:Complement C1q / Q000378:metabolism; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D018501:Antirheumatic Agents; D015415:Biomarkers; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D015922:Complement C1q; D002097:C-Reactive Protein