title: Induced bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue serves as a general priming site for T cells and is maintained by dendritic cells.
abstract: Mucosal vaccination via the respiratory tract can elicit protective immunity in animal infection models, but the underlying mechanisms are still poorly understood. We show that a single intranasal application of the replication-deficient modified vaccinia virus Ankara, which is widely used as a recombinant vaccination vector, results in prominent induction of bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT). Although initial peribronchiolar infiltrations, characterized by the presence of dendritic cells (DCs) and few lymphocytes, can be found 4 d after virus application, organized lymphoid structures with segregated B and T cell zones are first observed at day 8. After intratracheal application, in vitro-differentiated, antigen-loaded DCs rapidly migrate into preformed BALT and efficiently activate antigen-specific T cells, as revealed by two-photon microscopy. Furthermore, the lung-specific depletion of DCs in mice that express the diphtheria toxin receptor under the control of the CD11c promoter interferes with BALT maintenance. Collectively, these data identify BALT as tertiary lymphoid structures supporting the efficient priming of T cell responses directed against unrelated airborne antigens while crucially requiring DCs for its sustained presence.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Halle
authors.forename: Hélène C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Dujardin
authors.forename: Nadja
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bakocevic
authors.forename: Henrike
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fleige
authors.forename: Heike
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Danzer
authors.forename: Stefanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Willenzon
authors.forename: Yasemin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Suezer
authors.forename: Günter
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hämmerling
authors.forename: Natalio
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Garbi
authors.forename: Gerd
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sutter
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Worbs
authors.forename: Reinhold
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Förster
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000956:Antigens, Viral / Q000276:immunology; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology; D001980:Bronchi / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology*; D039521:CD11c Antigen / Q000276:immunology; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000276:immunology; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology*; D008221:Lymphoid Tissue / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology*; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology*; D013997:Time Factors; D014611:Vaccination; D014616:Vaccinia virus / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000956:Antigens, Viral; D039521:CD11c Antigen