title: Evolution of laparoscopy in pediatric urology.
abstract: The use of laparoscopy has evolved over the last 30 years, particularly in the last decade, from merely extirpative or diagnostic procedures to intricate reconstructive procedures on the major genitourinary organs. The development of laparoscopy as a method of treating urological problems has progressed more slowly in children compared with adults; perhaps due to the availability of miniaturized technology, the steep learning curve and the high success of traditional open surgery. This article seeks to provide a comprehensive review of the evolution of laparoscopy from its inception to its present-day applications in the field of pediatric urology, including the current indications and results of various laparoscopic procedures.
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pediatric Urology, 45th and Penn Avenue, 4th Floor Faculty Pavilion, Pittsburgh, PA 15201, USA.
authors.forename: Regina D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Norris
authors.forename: Michael C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Ost
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D004867:Equipment Design; D004864:Equipment and Supplies; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D010372:Pediatrics / Q000379:methods*; D012371:Robotics; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted; D014570:Urologic Diseases / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D013520:Urologic Surgical Procedures; D014572:Urology / Q000379:methods*