title: Environmental risk assessments for transgenic crops producing output trait enzymes.
abstract: The environmental risks from cultivating crops producing output trait enzymes can be rigorously assessed by testing conservative risk hypotheses of no harm to endpoints such as the abundance of wildlife, crop yield and the rate of degradation of crop residues in soil. These hypotheses can be tested with data from many sources, including evaluations of the agronomic performance and nutritional quality of the crop made during product development, and information from the scientific literature on the mode-of-action, taxonomic distribution and environmental fate of the enzyme. Few, if any, specific ecotoxicology or environmental fate studies are needed. The effective use of existing data means that regulatory decision-making, to which an environmental risk assessment provides essential information, is not unnecessarily complicated by evaluation of large amounts of new data that provide negligible improvement in the characterization of risk, and that may delay environmental benefits offered by transgenic crops containing output trait enzymes.
authors.affiliation: Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire, RG42 6EY, UK. alan.raybould@syngenta.com
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Raybould
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tuttle
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shore
authors.forename: Terry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Stone
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018556:Crops, Agricultural / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D003657:Decision Making; D004777:Environment; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D004798:Enzymes / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics*; D040641:Quantitative Trait Loci; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014481:United States; D003313:Zea mays / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000516:alpha-Amylases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004798:Enzymes; D000516:alpha-Amylases