title: The association of maternal diet and dietary supplement intake in pregnant New Zealand women with infant birthweight.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the association of infant birthweight with maternal diet and supplement intake.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort study of 504 European and Polynesian urban and rural pregnant volunteers recruited from northern New Zealand clinics. Subjects were visited in months 4 (mth4) and 7 (mth7) of pregnancy when height, weight and skinfolds were measured, questionnaires to determine personal details administered, and diet assessed by a 24-hour recall and 3-day food record.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjusting for confounders nutrients accounted for up to 5.0% of the total variance in birthweight. Ethnicity was not a significant confounder. A quadratic relationship existed between birthweight and % total energy (%TE) from carbohydrate, fat and protein, most significantly with carbohydrate energy (P=0.002). Birthweight was greatest (approximately 3600 g) when carbohydrate %TE was 48%, fat 35% and protein 17%. Birthweight was reduced with high beta-carotene intakes (mth4, P=0.009) and with both high retinol and beta-carotene intakes in mth4 and 7 (average). Birthweight was positively associated with increasing pantothenic acid/biotin ratios (P=0.011), magnesium (P=0.000) and vitamin D (P=0.015) intakes in mth4; with biotin (P=0.040) and B(12) intakes above the RDI (P=0.006) in mth7; and with pantothenic acid intake in mth4&7 (P=0.002). Dietary supplement usage was associated with increased birthweight, most significantly iron supplementation (P=0.006).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Birthweight was associated with the %TE from carbohydrate, fat and protein, and with beta-carotene, retinol, vitamins D and B(12), pantothenic acid, biotin and magnesium intakes and iron supplementation. More research may be required on some dietary recommendations for pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Watson
authors.forename: B W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: McDonald
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001724:Birth Weight; D004032:Diet; D004034:Diet Surveys; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019266:Iron, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000008:administration & dosage; D009520:New Zealand; D011247:Pregnancy; D039401:Prenatal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000008:administration & dosage; D055815:Young Adult; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D019266:Iron, Dietary; D018977:Micronutrients; D019207:beta Carotene; D014801:Vitamin A