title: [Disinfection by-products reduction of combined disinfection by chlorine and monochloramines in distribution system].
abstract: Halogen disinfection by-products of four chlorined disinfection processes with long contact time in distribution system was compared in the work. These four disinfection processes are free chlorine, monochloramines, free chlorine disinfection in clearwelles while chloramines in distribution system, sequential chlorination disinfection with short-term free chlorine plus chloramines. According to the research, free chlorine generates most trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) both in clearwells and distribution system, while monochloramines barely yield halogen DBPs. Free chlorine disinfection in clearwelles while chloramines in distribution system could reduce 9.6% of THMs and 42% of HAAs in 24 h contact time of distribution system compared with free chlorine. But free chlorine has contacted with water for 2 h in this process, halogen DBPs have been yielded substantially. Process of sequential chlorination disinfection could control DBPs more effectively due to keeping a short contact time of free chlorine and water. 48% of THMs and 72% of HAAs are reduced in 24h compared with free chlorine. In conclusion, sequential chlorination disinfection is a more effective disinfection process for controlling DBPs and water safety.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China. liujing99@mails.tsinghua.edu.cn
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Chao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Xiao-Jian
authors.initials: XJ
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D002700:Chloramines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry*; D002713:Chlorine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry*; D004203:Disinfection / Q000379:methods*; D022882:Trihalomethanes / Q000032:analysis; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*; D014881:Water Supply
chemical_list: D002700:Chloramines; D022882:Trihalomethanes; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D002713:Chlorine; C030816:chloramine