title: Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors and female sexual response: faulty protocols or paradigms?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE5), such as sildenafil, tadalafil, and vardenafil, have revolutionized the treatment of erectile dysfunction. Few successes, in contrast, have been reported for the use of these agents in treatment of sexual arousal problems in women.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To review research examining efficacy of PDE5 in women, critique the methods and models employed, and integrate the findings within a broader, gender-specific understanding of female sexual response.
  
  
  METHODS
  A conceptual and methodological review of all published studies examining PDE5 efficacy in female samples.
  
  
  METHODS
  Study methods, populations, outcome measures, study results.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 16 studies were reviewed. Studies using self-reported measures of sexual functioning showed mixed results whereas studies examining physiological effects of PDE5 on genital vasocongestion consistently report significant effects on genital sexual response.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The lack of efficacy of PDE5 treatment in women is likely attributable to gender differences in the concordance between physiological and psychological components of sexual response. Discordance between genital and subjective measures of sexual response in women may be augmented by PDE5 effects on genital vasocongestion in some populations, rendering successful treatment unlikely via pharmacological treatment alone.
authors.affiliation: Queen's University, Psychology, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada. meredith.chivers@queensu.ca
authors.forename: Meredith L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Chivers
authors.forename: Raymond C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Rosen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002243:Carbolines / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002987:Clitoris / Q000098:blood supply / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D058986:Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitors; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010879:Piperazines / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011687:Purines / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012737:Sex Factors; D012735:Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D020018:Sexual Dysfunctions, Psychological / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D000068677:Sildenafil Citrate; D013450:Sulfones / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000068581:Tadalafil; D014227:Triazines / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014621:Vagina / Q000098:blood supply / Q000187:drug effects; D000069058:Vardenafil Dihydrochloride; D016387:Women's Health
chemical_list: D002243:Carbolines; D007093:Imidazoles; D058986:Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitors; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; D010879:Piperazines; D011687:Purines; D013450:Sulfones; D014227:Triazines; D000069058:Vardenafil Dihydrochloride; D000068581:Tadalafil; D000068677:Sildenafil Citrate