title: An evidence-based clinical guideline for the use of antithrombotic therapies in spine surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The objective of the North American Spine Society (NASS) Evidence-Based Clinical Guideline on antithrombotic therapies in spine surgery was to provide evidence-based recommendations to address key clinical questions surrounding the use of antithrombotic therapies in spine surgery. The guideline is intended to address these questions based on the highest quality clinical literature available on this subject as of February 2008. The goal of the guideline recommendations was to assist in delivering optimum, efficacious treatment with the goal of preventing thromboembolic events.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To provide an evidence-based, educational tool to assist spine surgeons in minimizing the risk of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE).
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic review and evidence-based clinical guideline.
  
  
  METHODS
  This report is from the Antithrombotic Therapies Work Group of the NASS Evidence-Based Guideline Development Committee. The work group was composed of multidisciplinary spine care specialists, all of whom were trained in the principles of evidence-based analysis. Each member of the group was involved in formatting a series of clinical questions to be addressed by the group. The final questions agreed on by the group are the subject of this report. A literature search addressing each question and using a specific search protocol was performed on English language references found in MEDLINE, EMBASE (Drugs and Pharmacology), and four additional, evidence-based databases. The relevant literature was then independently rated by at least three reviewers using the NASS-adopted standardized levels of evidence. An evidentiary table was created for each of the questions. Final grades of recommendation for the answers to each clinical question were arrived at via Web casts among members of the work group using standardized grades of recommendation. When Level I to IV evidence was insufficient to support a recommendation to answer a specific clinical question, expert consensus was arrived at by the work group through the modified nominal group technique and is clearly identified as such in the guideline.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fourteen clinical questions were formulated, addressing issues of incidence of DVT and PE in spine surgery and recommendations regarding utilization of mechanical prophylaxis and chemoprophylaxis in spine surgery. The answers to these 14 clinical questions are summarized in this article. The respective recommendations were graded by the strength of the supporting literature that was stratified by levels of evidence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A clinical guideline addressing the use of antithrombotic therapies in spine surgery has been created using the techniques of evidence-based medicine and using the best available evidence as a tool to assist spine surgeons in minimizing the risk of DVT and PE. The entire guideline document, including the evidentiary tables, suggestions for future research, and all references, is available electronically at the NASS Web site (www.spine.org) and will remain updated on a timely schedule.
authors.affiliation: North American Spine Society
authors.forename: Christopher M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Bono
authors.forename: William C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Watters
authors.forename: Michael H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Heggeness
authors.forename: Daniel K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Resnick
authors.forename: William O
authors.initials: WO
authors.lastname: Shaffer
authors.forename: Jamie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Baisden
authors.forename: Peleg
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ben-Galim
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Easa
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fernand
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lamer
authors.forename: Paul G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Matz
authors.forename: Richard C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Mendel
authors.forename: Rajeev K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Charles A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Reitman
authors.forename: John F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Toton
mesh_terms: D016206:Databases, Bibliographic; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000592:standards*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011655:Pulmonary Embolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012955:Societies, Medical; D013122:Spinal Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents