title: A retrospective poison center review of varenicline-exposed patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Varenicline was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a prescription smoking cessation aid in May 2006. Varenicline is both a partial nicotine agonist and an antagonist. Recent reports by the Institute of Safe Medication Practices identified safety problems associated with varenicline use, and the FDA recently issued a boxed warning. These safety concerns regarding varenicline use prompted this study.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To characterize varenicline-exposed patients as reported to a poison control system.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a retrospective search of the California Poison Control System electronic database from August 2006 through August 2008, using the term varenicline or Chantix. Cases matching these results were reviewed. All ages were included. Excluded were patients with coingestants and unknown outcomes. Clinical parameters and medical outcomes were extracted from the database.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-six cases met inclusion criteria and 17 cases were excluded, Ten cases involved nonpediatric patients; 9 cases involved patients less than 6 years old, which were defined as pediatric patients. The median duration of poison center follow-up for pediatric patients was 253 minutes; median duration of follow-up for nonpediatric patients with unintentional exposures was 28.5 minutes. The majority of exposures were unintentional and included all the pediatric patients and 6 nonpediatric patients who had unintentional medication errors. Gastrointestinal and neuropsychiatric adverse events were most frequently reported. The majority of these patients were managed at home. Among those evaluated at a healthcare facility, only 1 pediatric patient was admitted. Of the remaining patients, 1 nonpediatric patient reported a deliberate exposure and 3 nonpediatric patients experienced adverse effects at therapeutic doses. Median duration of follow-up for these patients was 308 minutes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients exposed to varenicline in our study had favorable outcomes. Gastrointestinal and neuropsychiatric effects were the most commonly reported adverse events. A dose-response relationship could not be determined and triage criteria to a healthcare facility remain undetermined.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Division of Medical Toxicology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92103, USA. akreshak@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Allyson A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Kreshak
authors.forename: Alycia K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Richard F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Binh T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Ly
authors.forename: F Lee
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Cantrell
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001552:Benzazepines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000506:poisoning*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008508:Medication Errors; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000506:poisoning*; D011039:Poison Control Centers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011810:Quinoxalines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000506:poisoning*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods; D000068580:Varenicline
chemical_list: D001552:Benzazepines; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists; D011810:Quinoxalines; D000068580:Varenicline