title: Reproducibility of performance changes to simulated live high/train low altitude.
abstract: Elite athletes often undertake multiple altitude exposures within and between training years in an attempt to improve sea level performance.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To quantify the reproducibility of responses to live high/train low (LHTL) altitude exposure in the same group of athletes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen highly trained runners with maximal aerobic power (VO2max) of 73.1 +/- 4.6 and 64.4 +/- 3.2 mL x kg(-1) x min(-1) (mean +/- SD) for males and females, respectively, completed 2 x 3-wk blocks of simulated LHTL (14 h x d(-1), 3000 m) or resided near sea level (600 m) in a controlled study design. Changes in the 4.5-km time trial performance and physiological measures including VO2max, running economy and hemoglobin mass (Hb(mass)) were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Time trial performance showed small and variable changes after each 3-wk altitude block in both the LHTL (mean [+/-90% confidence limits]: -1.4% [+/-1.1%] and 0.7% [+/-1.3%]) and the control (0.5% [+/-1.5%] and -0.7% [+/-0.8%]) groups. The LHTL group demonstrated reproducible improvements in VO2max (2.1% [+/-2.1%] and 2.1% [+/-3.9%]) and Hb(mass) (2.8% [+/-2.1%] and 2.7% [+/-1.8%]) after each 3-wk block. Compared with those in the control group, the runners in the LHTL group were substantially faster after the first 3-wk block (LHTL - control = -1.9% [+/-1.8%]) and had substantially higher Hb(mass) after the second 3-wk block (4.2% [+/-2.1%]). There was no substantial difference in the change in mean VO2max between the groups after the first (1.2% [+/-3.3%]) or second 3-wk block (1.4% [+/-4.6%]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Three-week LHTL altitude exposure can induce reproducible mean improvements in VO2max and Hb(mass) in highly trained runners, but changes in time trial performance seem to be more variable. Competitive performance is dependent not only on improvements in physiological capacities that underpin performance but also on a complex interaction of many factors including fitness, fatigue, and motivation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia.
authors.forename: Eileen Y
authors.initials: EY
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.forename: Philo U
authors.initials: PU
authors.lastname: Saunders
authors.forename: David B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Pyne
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Aughey
authors.forename: Judith M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Anson
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Gore
mesh_terms: D000064:Acclimatization / Q000502:physiology; D000328:Adult; D000531:Altitude; D054874:Athletic Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D001315:Australia; D005260:Female; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia; D008297:Male; D053580:Muscle Strength / Q000502:physiology; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012420:Running / Q000502:physiology; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins