title: Herpes simplex virus in African American heterosexual males: the roles of age and male circumcision.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Male circumcision is protective against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and select other STIs. The protective role of male circumcision in genital herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection and disease, however, remains controversial.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated data from a sample of heterosexual black men attending a sexually transmitted diseases clinic to determine if circumcision status influenced HSV-1 and HSV-2 seroprevalence, clinical genital disease, or asymptomatic shedding. Consenting participants answered questionnaires detailing sexual history, then underwent a focused physical examination, serological testing for HSV-1 and HSV-2, and collection of genital swabs for virus detection. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to assess the relationship of circumcision status to HSV seroprevalence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 460 men, 335 (73%) were circumcised and 125 (27%) were not circumcised; 61% were HSV-1 positive and 46% were HSV-2 positive. HSV-2 seroprevalence did not significantly differ between circumcised and uncircumcised men. However, uncircumcised men had a significantly higher HSV-1 seroprevalence than circumcised men (OR: 1.85; CI: 1.15-2.96). This difference in seroprevalence occurred only in men between 18 and 25 years of age (OR: 2.83; CI: 1.38-5.83) with men over 26 years of age having similar HSV-1 seroprevalence. Lack of circumcision remained independently associated with higher HSV-1 seroprevalence after adjusting for age, years since sexual debut, and lifetime number of sexual partners. For both groups, 20% of men had genital lesions on physical examination. Of circumcised and uncircumcised men with genital lesions, 33% and 31% were actively shedding HSV-1 or HSV-2 from lesions, respectively. Asymptomatic HSV shedding was observed in 12 participants, all of whom were circumcised.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lack of male circumcision is associated with higher HSV-1, but not HSV-2, seroprevalence in young black heterosexual men.
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA. nvw@uab.edu
authors.forename: Nicholas J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Van Wagoner
authors.forename: William M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Geisler
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Sizemore
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Whitley
authors.forename: Edward W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Hook
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D017677:Age Distribution; D002944:Circumcision, Male / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006558:Herpes Genitalis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018259:Herpesvirus 1, Human / Q000302:isolation & purification; D018258:Herpesvirus 2, Human / Q000302:isolation & purification; D020010:Heterosexuality / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D012725:Sexual Behavior; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D017201:Virus Shedding