title: oleed, a medaka Polycomb group gene, regulates ciliogenesis and left-right patterning.
abstract: Left-right (LR) patterning is an essential part of the animal body plan. Primary cilia are known to play a pivotal role in this process. In humans, genetic disorders of ciliogenesis cause serious congenital diseases. A comprehensive mechanism that regulates ciliogenesis has not been proposed so far. Here, we show that EED, a core member of the Polycomb group (PcG) genes and a presumed player in many epigenetic processes, is required for ciliogenesis and subsequent LR patterning in the medaka fish, Oryzias latipes. Moderate knockdown of oleed, a medaka homolog of EED, preferentially caused situs inversus. In the affected embryo, the cilia in Kupffer's vesicle showed various defects in their structure, position and motility. Furthermore, we demonstrated that oleed maintains the expression of Noto, which, in mice, regulates ciliogenesis and LR patterning. This study provides the first evidence for the involvement of epigenetic plasticity in LR patterning through ciliogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan.
authors.forename: Daisuke
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Arai
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hatano
authors.forename: Toru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Higashinakagawa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019521:Body Patterning / Q000502:physiology*; D002923:Cilia / Q000502:physiology*; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D029941:Fish Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology*; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D055458:Left-Right Determination Factors; D051379:Mice; D009024:Morphogenesis; D009990:Oryzias / Q000196:embryology* / Q000378:metabolism; D063146:Polycomb-Group Proteins; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D029941:Fish Proteins; D055458:Left-Right Determination Factors; D063146:Polycomb-Group Proteins; D012097:Repressor Proteins