title: Prehospital advanced airway management by ambulance technicians and paramedics: is clinical practice sufficient to maintain skills?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ambulance paramedics are now trained routinely in advanced airway skills, including tracheal intubation. Initial training in this skill requires the insertion of 25 tracheal tubes, and further ongoing training is attained through clinical practice and manikin-based practice. In contrast, training standards for hospital-based practitioners are considerably greater, requiring approximately 200 tracheal intubations before practice is unsupervised. With debate growing regarding the efficacy of paramedic intubation, there is a need to assess current paramedic airway practice in order to review whether initial training and maintenance of skills provide an acceptable level of competence with which to practice advanced airway skills.
  
  
  METHODS
  All ambulance patient report forms (anonymised) for the period 1 January 2007 to 31 December 2007 were reviewed, and data relating to airway management were collected. Paramedic and technician identification codes were used to determine the number of airway procedures undertaken on an individual basis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 269 paramedics, 128 (47.6%) had undertaken no intubation and 204 (75.8%) had undertaken one or less intubation in the 12-month study period. The median number of intubations per paramedic during the 12-month period was 1.0 (range 0-11). A total of 76 laryngeal mask insertion attempts were recorded by 41 technicians and 30 paramedics. The median number of laryngeal mask insertions per paramedic/technician during the 12-month period was 0 (range 0-2). A survey of ongoing continuing professional development across all ambulance trusts demonstrated no provision for adequate training to compensate for the lack of clinical exposure to advanced airway skills.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Paramedics use advanced airway skills infrequently. Continuing professional development programmes within ambulance trusts do not provide the necessary additional practice to maintain tracheal intubation skills at an acceptable level. Advanced airway management delivered by ambulance crews is likely to be inadequate with such infrequent exposure to the skill.
authors.affiliation: South Central Ambulance Service NHS Trust, Hampshire Division, Sparrowgrove, Otterbourne, UK. charlesdeakin@doctors.org.uk
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Deakin
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Thompson
mesh_terms: D000552:Ambulances; D002983:Clinical Competence; D004496:Education, Continuing / Q000592:standards; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000592:standards*; D004634:Emergency Medical Technicians / Q000193:education / Q000592:standards*; D004635:Emergency Medicine / Q000193:education; D004650:Employee Performance Appraisal / Q000379:methods; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017214:Laryngeal Masks; D006113:United Kingdom