title: Xanthorrhizol, a natural sesquiterpenoid, induces apoptosis and growth arrest in HCT116 human colon cancer cells.
abstract: Xanthorrhizol is a sesquiterpenoid from the rhizome of Curcuma xanthorrhiza. In our previous studies, xanthorrhizol suppressed cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression, inhibited cancer cell growth, and exerted an anti-metastatic effect in an animal model. However, the exact mechanisms for its inhibitory effects against cancer cell growth have not yet been fully elucidated. In the present study, we investigated the growth inhibitory effect of xanthorrhizol on cancer cells. Xanthorrhizol dose-dependently exerted antiproliferative effects against HCT116 human colon cancer cells. Xanthorrhizol also arrested cell cycle progression in the G0/G1 and G2/M phase and induced the increase of sub-G1 peaks. Cell cycle arrest was highly correlated with the downregulation of cyclin A, cyclin B1, and cyclin D1; cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1), CDK2, and CDK4; proliferating cell nuclear antigen; and inductions of p21 and p27, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors. The apoptosis by xanthorrhizol was markedly evidenced by induction of DNA fragmentation, release of cytochrome c, activation of caspases, and cleavage of poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase. In addition, xanthorrhizol increased the expression and promoter activity of pro-apoptotic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-activated gene-1 (NAG-1). These findings provide one plausible mechanism for the growth inhibitory activity of xanthorrhizol against cancer cells.
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: You-Jin
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Kwang-Kyun
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Won-Yoon
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Jae-Kwan
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.forename: Sang Kook
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D053938:DNA Fragmentation; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D055436:Growth Differentiation Factor 15 / Q000378:metabolism; D045325:HCT116 Cells; D006801:Humans; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D010636:Phenols / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; C526140:GDF15 protein, human; D055436:Growth Differentiation Factor 15; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D010636:Phenols; C120248:xanthorrhizol; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases