title: Pain in European long-term care facilities: cross-national study in Finland, Italy and The Netherlands.
abstract: There have been very few and limited cross-national comparisons concerning pain among residents of long-term care facilities in Europe. The aim of the present cross-sectional study has been to document the prevalence of pain, its frequency and severity as well as its correlates in three European countries: Finland (north), Italy (south) and the Netherlands (western central). Patients (aged 65years or above) were assessed with the Minimum Data Set 2.0 (MDS).The final sample comprised 5761 patients from 64 facilities in Finland, 2295 patients from 8 facilities in the Netherlands and 1959 patients from 31 facilities in Italy. The prevalence of pain - defined as any type of pain - varied between 32% in Italy, 43% in the Netherlands and 57% in Finland. In nearly 50% of cases, pain was present daily; there were no significant differences in pain prevalence between patients with cancer diagnosis and those with non-cancer diagnosis. Regardless of the different prevalence estimates, pain was moderate-to-severe in over 50% of cases in all the countries. In multivariate logistic regression models, clinical correlates of pain were substantially similar across countries: pain was positively correlated with more severe physical disability (ADL impairment), clinical depression and a diagnosis of osteoporosis. Pain was negatively correlated with a diagnosis of dementia and more severe degrees of cognitive deterioration. We conclude that pain is frequently encountered in long-term care facilities in Europe and that, despite cultural and case-mix differences, pain speaks one language.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing Home Medicine, EMGO - VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Centro Medicina Invecchiamento, Università Cattolica Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy THL National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland Institute of Gerontology and Geriatrics, University of Perugia Medical School, Perugia, Italy.
authors.forename: Wilco P
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Achterberg
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gambassi
authors.forename: Harriet
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Finne-Soveri
authors.forename: Rosa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Liperoti
authors.forename: Anja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Noro
authors.forename: Dinnus H M
authors.initials: DHM
authors.lastname: Frijters
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cherubini
authors.forename: Giusy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dell'Aquila
authors.forename: Miel W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Ribbe
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008134:Long-Term Care / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010146:Pain / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000451:nursing*; D015995:Prevalence; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012720:Severity of Illness Index