CD40 ligand deficiency: neurologic sequelae with radiographic correlation.
Patients with CD40 ligand deficiency are susceptible to central nervous system infections, but to date the neurologic progression or long-term outcome of central nervous system complications have not been reported in detail. Characterizing the central nervous system complications of immune deficiencies can lead to the identification of new pathogens. For this study, clinical data were reviewed on patients with both CD40 ligand deficiency and neurodegeneration, identified from a larger cohort of 31 patients. Five patients had progressive neurologic and cognitive decline in the absence of clinical signs of acute fulminant encephalitis, with anatomic brain abnormalities and high mortality (60%). Despite multiple evaluations, no pathogens were identified in four patients, all of whom were on standard intravenous immunoglobulin therapy at illness presentation. This clinical phenotype of progressive decline without acute fulminant encephalitis is similar to chronic enteroviral encephalitis in X-linked agammaglobulinemia, another condition with severe humoral immune defects. Whether infection secondary to subtherapeutic levels of central nervous system immunoglobulin G (IgG), inadequately protective levels of serum IgG, or impaired CD40 ligand-dependent IgG-independent antiviral responses contributed remains undetermined. Emerging gene-chip techniques applied in patients with primary immune deficiencies may identify heretofore unknown viruses. Prospective neurocognitive and evaluation of patients with CD40 ligand deficiency may identify affected patients before overt clinical signs appear.
Bishu
Shrinivas
S
Section on Neuroadaptation and Protein Metabolism, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 10, Room 2D54, Bethesda, MD 20892-1298, USA. shrinivas@uky.edu
Madhavan
Deepak
D
Perez
Phillip
P
Civitello
Lucy
L
Liu
Shuying
S
Fessler
Margaret
M
Holland
Steven M
SM
Jain
Ashish
A
Pao
Maryland
M
D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology; D023201:CD40 Ligand / Q000172:deficiency*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D018450:Disease Progression; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D053307:Hyper-IgM Immunodeficiency Syndrome, Type 1 / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D016756:Immunoglobulins, Intravenous / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007223:Infant; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D019636:Neurodegenerative Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy
D016756:Immunoglobulins, Intravenous; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D023201:CD40 Ligand