title: Cholangiopancreatoscopy: a comprehensive review.
abstract: Cholangiopancreatoscopy (CP) is a well-established modality for the direct visualization of intrahepatic biliary, extrahepatic biliary, and pancreatic ductal systems. The use of CP in the treatment of difficult biliary stones has become paramount when standard endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography is ineffective. This article describes the available cholangioscopic devices and technical and clinical applications of cholangiopancreatoscopy. The efficacy and limitations of CP, as well as published comparative studies, are briefly reviewed.
authors.affiliation: samnourani@gmail.com
authors.forename: Sam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nourani
authors.forename: Gregory
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Haber
mesh_terms: D001649:Bile Duct Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D001650:Bile Duct Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis; D001653:Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic; D018281:Cholangiocarcinoma / Q000175:diagnosis; D002760:Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D002769:Cholelithiasis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D008096:Lithotripsy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods