title: Effects of water regime during rice-growing season on annual direct N(2)O emission in a paddy rice-winter wheat rotation system in southeast China.
abstract: Annual paddy rice-winter wheat rotation constitutes one of the typical cropping systems in southeast China, in which various water regimes are currently practiced during the rice-growing season, including continuous flooding (F), flooding-midseason drainage-reflooding (F-D-F), and flooding-midseason drainage-reflooding and moisture but without waterlogging (F-D-F-M). We conducted a field experiment in a rice-winter wheat rotation system to gain an insight into the water regime-specific emission factors and background emissions of nitrous oxide (N(2)O) over the whole annual cycle. While flooding led to an unpronounced N(2)O emission during the rice-growing season, it incurred substantial N(2)O emission during the following non-rice season. During the non-rice season, N(2)O fluxes were, on average, 2.61 and 2.48 mg N(2)O-Nm(-)(2) day(-1) for the 250 kg N ha(-1) applied plots preceded by the F and F-D-F water regimes, which are 56% and 49% higher than those by the F-D-F-M water regime, respectively. For the annual rotation system experienced by continuous flooding during the rice-growing season, the relationship between N(2)O emission and nitrogen input predicted the emission factor and background emission of N(2)O to be 0.87% and 1.77 kg N(2)O-Nha(-1), respectively. For the plots experienced by the water regimes of F-D-F and F-D-F-M, the emission factors of N(2)O averaged 0.97% and 0.85%, with background N(2)O emissions of 2.00 kg N(2)O-Nha(-1) and 1.61 kg N(2)O-Nha(-1) for the annual rotation system, respectively. Annual direct N(2)O-N emission was estimated to be 98.1 Gg yr(-1) in Chinese rice-based cropping systems in the 1990s, consisting of 32.3 Gg during the rice-growing season and 65.8 Gg during the non-rice season, which accounts for 25-35% of the annual total emission from croplands in China.
authors.affiliation: College of Resources & Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
authors.forename: Shuwei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Yanmei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.forename: Jianwen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.forename: Qiaohui
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture / Q000379:methods*; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D002681:China; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005308:Fertilizers / Q000032:analysis; D055868:Floods; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide / Q000032:analysis*; D012275:Oryza / Q000254:growth & development*; D012621:Seasons; D012987:Soil / Q000032:analysis; D014908:Triticum / Q000254:growth & development*
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D005308:Fertilizers; D012987:Soil; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide