title: Longitudinal associations between depression and substance dependence from adolescence through early adulthood.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The association between depression and substance dependence is poorly understood; examinations of these two disorders over time during key developmental periods can provide insight into how these problems relate to each other. The goal of the present study was to examine longitudinal associations between depression and substance (alcohol and illicit drug) dependence during the period from adolescence through early adulthood.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants in the Minnesota Twin Family Study, a community-based sample of 1252 youth and their families, were used. Youth were first assessed at age 17; they returned to the study at ages 20 and 24.
  
  
  METHODS
  Major depression and drug and alcohol dependence were assessed via structured interviews. Gender was examined as a possible moderator.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results indicated that both substance dependence and depression showed stability over time--that is, each disorder was associated with increased risk for the same disorder later. Substance dependence between ages 17 and 20 predicted increased risk of depression between ages 20 and 24. These associations did not differ significantly by gender.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Substance dependence during late adolescence predicts the subsequent occurrence of major depression.
authors.affiliation: Rutgers University, Camden, Department of Psychology, 311 North 5th Street, Camden, NJ 08102, USA. marmorst@camden.rutgers.edu
authors.forename: Naomi R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Marmorstein
authors.forename: William G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Iacono
authors.forename: Stephen M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Malone
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007406:Interview, Psychological; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008910:Minnesota / Q000453:epidemiology; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult