title: Visualization and enrichment of live putative cancer stem cell populations following p53 inactivation or Bax deletion using non-toxic fluorescent dyes.
abstract: Putative cancer stem cell (CSC) populations efflux dyes such as Hoechst 33342 giving rise to side populations (SP) that can be analyzed or isolated by flow cytometry. However, Hoechst 33342 is highly toxic, more so to non-SP cells, and thus presents difficulties in interpreting in vivo studies where non-SP cells appear less tumorigenic than SP cells in immunodeficient mice. We searched for non-toxic dyes to circumvent this problem as well as to image these putative CSCs. We found that the fluorescent dye calcein, a product of intracellular Calcein AM cleavage, is effluxed by a small subpopulation, calcein low population (C(lo)P). This population overlaps with SP and demonstrated long term cell viability, lack of cell stress and proliferation in several cancer cell lines when stained whereas Hoechst 33342 staining caused substantial apoptosis and ablated proliferation. We also found that the effluxed dye D-luciferin exhibits strong UV-fluorescence that can be imaged at cellular resolution and spatially overlaps with Calcein AM. In order to evaluate the hypothesis that p53 loss promotes enrichment of putative CSC populations we used Calcein AM, D-luciferin and Mitotracker Red FM as a counterstain to visualize dye-effluxing cells. Using fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry we observed increased dye-effluxing populations in DLD-1 colon tumor cells with mutant p53 versus wild-type (WT) p53-expressing HCT116 cells. Deletion of the wild-type p53 or pro-apoptotic Bax genes induced the putative CSC populations in the HCT116 background to significant levels. Restoration of WT p53 in HCT116 p53(-/-) cells by an adenovirus vector eliminated the putative CSC populations whereas a control adenovirus vector, Ad-LacZ, maintained the putative CSC population. Our results suggest it is possible to image and quantitatively analyze putative CSC populations within the tumor microenvironment and that loss of pro-apoptotic and tumor suppressing genes such as Bax or p53 enrich such tumor-prone populations.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Cell Cycle Regulation, Departments of Medicine (Hematology/Oncology), Genetics and Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Joshua E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: Lori S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Hart
authors.forename: David T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Dicker
authors.forename: Wenge
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Wafik S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: El-Deiry
mesh_terms: D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters / Q000378:metabolism; D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000473:pathology*; D000444:Aldehyde Dehydrogenase / Q000032:analysis; D000080924:Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1 Family; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000235:genetics; D001562:Benzimidazoles / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity; D052160:Benzothiazoles / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D001693:Biological Transport, Active; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D004249:DNA Damage; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005452:Fluoresceins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D016158:Genes, p53; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000032:analysis; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D014411:Neoplastic Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D011355:Prodrugs / Q000378:metabolism; D050697:Retinal Dehydrogenase; D013194:Staining and Labeling / Q000379:methods*; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000502:physiology*; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; C494826:BAX protein, human; D001562:Benzimidazoles; D052160:Benzothiazoles; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; C532924:D-luciferin; D005452:Fluoresceins; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D007527:Isoenzymes; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D011355:Prodrugs; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; C085925:calcein AM; D000080924:Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1 Family; D000444:Aldehyde Dehydrogenase; C510223:ALDH1A1 protein, human; C515028:ALDH1A1 protein, mouse; D050697:Retinal Dehydrogenase; C017807:bisbenzimide ethoxide trihydrochloride; C007740:fluorexon