title: Recognizing paracetamol formulations with the same synthesis pathway based on their trace-enriched chromatographic impurity profiles.
abstract: The development of a new drug substance is an expensive and time-consuming process. Therefore, the developers want to maximize the profit from the drug by patenting the concerned molecule as well as its synthesis pathway. In a later stage a faster or cheaper manufacturing process can be developed and patented. The aim of this study is to recognize paracetamol-containing drug formulations in relation to their synthesis pathways, in order to demonstrate the possibility to reveal fraudulently synthesized paracetamol. Since different synthesis pathways require different starting materials, solvents, reagents and catalysts and since they can produce different intermediates, it is expected that drug products originating from a different synthesis pathway will exhibit a different impurity profile. Therefore, in this study several paracetamol samples, synthesized in four different ways, are analyzed using trace-enrichment high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The resulting chromatographic data were chemometrically treated in order to reveal clustering tendencies in the hope of distinguishing the different pathways. When performing principal component analysis (PCA) only 3 vaguely outlined clusters appeared. Projection pursuit (PP) was able to reveal 4 clusters and the samples with known synthesis pathway, except one, were classified in the different clusters. When hierarchical clustering and auto-associative multivariate regression trees (AAMRT) were applied, the samples of the four synthesis pathways could also be distinguished. AAMRT has an added value, since it can indicate the variables (peaks and thus also the impurities) that are responsible for the differences between the samples synthesized differently.
authors.affiliation: Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dumarey
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: van Nederkassel
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Stanimirova
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Daszykowski
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bensaid
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lees
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Desmurs
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Smeyers-Verbeke
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Vander Heyden
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000032:analysis / Q000138:chemical synthesis*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D004304:Dosage Forms; D004340:Drug Contamination; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D025341:Principal Component Analysis
chemical_list: D004304:Dosage Forms; D000082:Acetaminophen