title: Immunostimulation versus immunosuppression after multiple vaccinations: the woes of therapeutic vaccine development.
abstract: Three articles in this issue of Clinical Cancer Research show how multiple vaccinations can lead to immunosuppression. Moreover, two studies in patients show that granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) as an adjuvant immunostimulant to different kind of vaccines can lead to adverse outcome in terms of relapse-free and overall survival. Modulation of regulatory T-cell activity may be required to overcome this outcome and may be crucial for the successful development of therapeutic vaccines.
authors.affiliation: Erasmus University Medical Center, Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. a.eggermont@erasmusmc.nl.
authors.forename: Alexander M M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Eggermont
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019496:Cancer Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008495:Medical Oncology / Q000379:methods; D051379:Mice; D008954:Models, Biological; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology* / Q000628:therapy*; D012008:Recurrence; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014611:Vaccination / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D019496:Cancer Vaccines; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor