title: Opioid-induced decreases in rat brain adenosine levels are reversed by inhibiting adenosine deaminase.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Opioids disrupt sleep and adenosine promotes sleep, but no studies have characterized the effects of opioids on adenosine levels in brain regions known to regulate states of arousal. Delivering opioids to the pontine reticular formation (PRF) and substantia innominata (SI) region of the basal forebrain disrupts sleep. In contrast, administering adenosine agonists to the PRF or SI increases sleep. These findings encouraged the current study testing the hypothesis that microdialysis delivery of opioids to the PRF or SI decreases adenosine levels in the PRF or SI, respectively.
  
  
  METHODS
  A microdialysis probe was placed in the PRF of isoflurane anesthetized rats and perfused with Ringer's solution (control) followed by Ringer's solution containing morphine (0, 10, 30, 100, or 300 microm), fentanyl (100 microm), morphine (100 microm) and the adenosine deaminase inhibitor EHNA (100 microm), or naloxone (10 microm) and morphine (100 microm). Additional experiments measured adenosine levels in the SI before and during microdialysis delivery of morphine, fentanyl, and morphine plus EHNA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Morphine caused a significant (P < 0.05) concentration-dependent decrease in PRF adenosine levels. The significant decrease (-20%) in adenosine caused by 100 microm morphine was blocked by coadministration of naloxone. Fentanyl also significantly decreased (-13.3%) PRF adenosine. SI adenosine levels were decreased by morphine (-26.8%) and fentanyl (-27.4%). In both PRF and SI, coadministration of morphine and EHNA prevented the significant decrease in adenosine levels caused by morphine alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data support the interpretation that decreased adenosine levels in sleep-regulating brain regions may be one of the mechanisms by which opioids disrupt sleep.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: Ariana M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: Alanna S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Battersby
authors.forename: Helen A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Baghdoyan
authors.forename: Ralph
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lydic
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine / Q000378:metabolism*; D058892:Adenosine Deaminase Inhibitors; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001923:Brain Chemistry / Q000187:drug effects*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D017551:Microdialysis; D009270:Naloxone / Q000494:pharmacology; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012154:Reticular Formation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D012890:Sleep / Q000187:drug effects; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet
chemical_list: D058892:Adenosine Deaminase Inhibitors; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D009270:Naloxone; D000241:Adenosine