title: Combination of hTERT knockdown and IFN-gamma treatment inhibited angiogenesis and tumor progression in glioblastoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The limitless invasive and proliferative capacities of tumor cells are associated with telomerase and expression of its catalytic component, human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT). IFN-gamma modulates several cellular activities, including signaling pathways and cell cycle, through transcriptional regulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a recombinant plasmid with hTERT siRNA cDNA, we downregulated hTERT during IFN-gamma treatment in human glioblastoma SNB-19 and LN-18 cell lines and examined whether such a combination could inhibit angiogenesis and tumor growth in nude mice. In vitro angiogenesis assay was done using coculture of tumor cells with human microvascular endothelial cells. In vivo angiogenesis assay was done using diffusion chambers under the dorsal skin of nude mice. In vivo imaging of intracerebral tumorigenesis and longitudinal solid tumor development studies were conducted in nude mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In vitro and in vivo angiogenesis assays showed inhibition of capillary-like network formation of microvascular endothelial cells and neovascularization under dorsal skin of nude mice, respectively. We observed inhibition of intracerebral tumorigenesis and s.c. solid tumor formation in nude mice after treatment with combination of hTERT siRNA and IFN-gamma. Western blotting of solid tumor samples showed significant downregulation of the molecules that regulate cell invasion, angiogenesis, and tumor progression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study showed that the combination of hTERT siRNA and IFN-gamma effectively inhibited angiogenesis and tumor progression through the downregulation of molecules involved in these processes. Therefore, the combination of hTERT siRNA and IFN-gamma is a promising therapeutic strategy for controlling the growth of human glioblastoma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina 29209, USA.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: George
authors.forename: Naren L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Banik
authors.forename: Swapan K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Ray
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D018450:Disease Progression; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D008833:Microcirculation; D008954:Models, Biological; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000378:metabolism; D019098:Telomerase / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D007371:Interferon-gamma; C509186:TERT protein, human; D019098:Telomerase