title: Appropriate management of common bile duct stones: a RAND Corporation/UCLA Appropriateness Method statistical analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bile duct stones affect 10% of patients who undergo a cholecystectomy and therefore represent a major health problem. Laparoscopic common bile duct exploration, endoscopic sphincterotomy, and open surgical choledocholithotomy are the three available methods for dealing with choledocholithiasis. Though many trials and reviews have compared all three strategies, a list of indications for defined patient profiles is lacking.
  
  
  METHODS
  We employed the RAND Corporation/UCLA Appropriateness Method (RAM) to evaluate the three procedures for bile duct stone clearance. An expert panel judged appropriateness after a comprehensive bibliography review, a first-round private rating of 108 different clinical situations, a consensus meeting, and a second round of definitive rating. A list of indications for each procedure was statistically calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A consensus was reached for 41 indications (38%). The endoscopic approach was always appropriate for preoperatively diagnosed bile duct stones and inappropriate for patients with single intraoperative detected stones causing cholangitis and bile duct dilatation. Laparoscopic bile duct exploration was appropriate for preoperatively diagnosed choledocholithiasis if patients had not undergone a previous cholecystectomy and no signs of cholangitis were detected. The laparoscopic approach was also appropriate for intraoperatively incidentally detected stones, except for septic patients with poor performance status and multiple calculi. Laparoscopic bile duct clearance was judged inappropriate for septic patients with poor performance status and absence of bile duct dilatation. Open surgery was appropriate in all patients with intraoperative diagnosis of choledocholithiasis and cholangitis and in septic patients with bile duct dilatation. There was no clinical situation in which open surgery was appropriate when bile duct stones were preoperatively diagnosed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is still uncertainty with respect to the management of choledocholithiasis, showing the need for further investigation. The RAM helps to elucidate appropriateness for the different treatment options in specific clinical settings.
authors.affiliation: Hepato-bilio-pancreatic Surgery Unit of the General and Digestive Surgery Department, Valme University Hospital, 41014 Sevilla, Spain. pabloparra@aecirujanos.es
authors.forename: Pablo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Parra-Membrives
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Díaz-Gómez
authors.forename: Román
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vilegas-Portero
authors.forename: Máximo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Molina-Linde
authors.forename: Lourdes
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gómez-Bujedo
authors.forename: Juan Ramón
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Lacalle-Remigio
mesh_terms: D002760:Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde / Q000379:methods; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D042882:Gallstones / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D016896:Treatment Outcome