title: Clinical and economic outcomes with appropriate or partial prophylaxis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite the existence of evidence-based guidelines for venous thromboembolism (VTE) prevention, prophylaxis is often inappropriately prescribed. This study compared the efficacy, safety, and cost of appropriate (ACCP-recommended) prophylaxis with partial prophylaxis (not completely conforming to ACCP guidelines) in patients at-risk of VTE receiving enoxaparin or unfractionated heparin.
  
  
  METHODS
  The MarketScan((R)) Hospital Drug Database from Thomson Reuters (January 2004-March 2007), was queried for medical and surgical patients at high risk of VTE, aged > or =40years, and with a hospital stay > or =6days. Univariate and multivariate analyses compared hospital-acquired VTE events, adverse events, and hospital costs between appropriate or partial prophylaxis discharges.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 21,001 discharge records included, appropriate prophylaxis was received by 5136 (24.5%) patients. Compared with partial prophylaxis, appropriate prophylaxis was associated with significantly lower incidences of hospital-acquired pulmonary embolism (0.9% vs 0.5%; adjusted odds ratio [OR] 0.55, 95% confidence intervals [CI] 0.35-0.87, P=0.010), and bleeding events (10.7% vs 5.1%; adjusted OR 0.57, 95% CI 0.50-0.66, P<0.001). Total costs per discharge were lower for appropriate prophylaxis ($17,386+/-12,004) than partial prophylaxis ($23,823+/-19,783) with an adjusted mean difference of $6370 in favor of appropriate prophylaxis (P<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This retrospective study suggests that ACCP-guideline recommended appropriate prophylaxis reduces hospital-acquired pulmonary embolism and bleeding events in patients at-risk of VTE and is cost-saving when total direct medical costs are considered. The substantial US clinical and economic VTE burden may, therefore, be reduced by improving prophylaxis adherence with guideline recommendations.
authors.affiliation: University of California, Irvine, Orange, CA92868, USA. anamin@uci.edu
authors.forename: A N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Amin
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: B H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Schulman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D003625:Data Collection; D017984:Enoxaparin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D019983:Guideline Adherence / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control; D006493:Heparin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic / Q000592:standards*; D011292:Premedication / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D011655:Pulmonary Embolism / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012449:Safety; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D054556:Venous Thromboembolism / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D017984:Enoxaparin; D006493:Heparin