title: Alternative body sites for heat stress measurement in milking cows under tropical conditions and their relationship to the thermal discomfort of the animals.
abstract: This study was conducted to determine the relationship among temperatures measured at different anatomical sites of the animal body and their daily pattern as indicative of the thermal stress in lactating dairy cows under tropical conditions. Environmental dry bulb (DBT) and black globe (BGT) temperatures and relative humidity (RH) were recorded. Rectal temperature (RT), respiratory frequency (RF), body surface (BST), internal base of tail (TT), vulva (VT) and auricular temperatures (AT) were collected, from 37 Black and White Holstein cows at 0700, 1300 and 1800 hours. RT showed a moderately and positive correlations with all body temperatures, ranging from 0.59 with TT to 0.64 with BST. Correlations among AT, VT and TT with RF were very similar (from 0.63 to 0.64) and were greater than those observed for RF with RT (0.55) or with BST (0.54). RF and RT were positively correlated to TT (0.63 and 0.59, respectively), AT (r = 0.63 for both) and VT (r = 0.64 and 0.63, respectively). Positive and very high correlations were observed among AT, VT and TT (from 0.94 to 0.97) indicating good association of temperatures measured in these anatomical sites. Correlations of BST with AT and VT were positive and very similar (0.71 and 0.72, respectively) and lower with TT (0.66). The AT, TT, VT and BST presented similar patterns and follow the variations of DBT through the day. Temperatures measured at different anatomical sites of the animal body have the potential to be used as indicative of the thermal stress in lactating dairy cows.
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos (FZEA), Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. lumartello@uol.com.br
authors.forename: Luciane S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Martello
authors.forename: Holmer
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Savastano
authors.forename: Saulo L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: Júlio Cesar C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Balieiro
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001833:Body Temperature Regulation; D002417:Cattle; D003612:Dairying / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D018882:Heat Stress Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000662:veterinary*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006813:Humidity; D007774:Lactation; D008892:Milk / Q000378:metabolism*; D014329:Tropical Climate