title: Trough serum testosterone predicts the development of polycythemia in hypogonadal men treated for up to 21 years with subcutaneous testosterone pellets.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Testosterone formulations that have more steady-state pharmacokinetics, such as subcutaneously implanted testosterone pellets, may cause less erythrocytosis than i.m. injections of shorter acting androgen esters. We, therefore, sought to define the prevalence, predictors, and proximate basis (role of erythropoietin) for polycythemia (hematocrit >0.50) in hypogonadal men receiving testosterone implants long term.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study was conducted in an academic andrology center with a longitudinal subgroup analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 158 hypogonadal men aged 14-84 years (mean age 46.7 years) treated on average for 8 years (range 0-21 years).
  
  
  METHODS
  Trough blood testosterone and hematocrit. Serial serum erythropoietin concentrations were measured in 16 volunteers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Positive univariate associations between polycythemia (hematocrit >0.50) and log(testosterone) (odds ratio (OR) 24.7, 95% confidence interval (CI): 4.3, 141.2, P<0.01) and age (OR 1.1, 95% CI: 1.0, 1.1, P=0.03) and a borderline relationship with current smoking (OR 4.2, 95% CI: 0.9, 20.0, P=0.08) were unveiled. A sensitivity analysis using alternate definitions of polycythemia was performed to capture all potential covariants. Multivariate regression analysis incorporating all potential covariants disclosed the independent OR of developing polycythemia (after adjusting for smoking and age) for log(testosterone) to be 15.0 (95% CI: 2.5, 90.8). Duration of testosterone therapy did not alter the risk of polycythemia. A direct relationship between testosterone and erythropoietin was observed (P=0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher trough serum testosterone concentrations but not duration of treatment predict the development of polycythemia in men receiving long-acting depot testosterone treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Andrology, Concord Hospital and ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2139, Australia.
authors.forename: Flora F
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Ip
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: di Pierro
authors.forename: Ross
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Ilona
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Cunningham
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Handelsman
authors.forename: Peter Y
authors.initials: PY
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000728:Androgens / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood; D004343:Drug Implants; D004921:Erythropoietin / Q000097:blood; D006400:Hematocrit; D006801:Humans; D007006:Hypogonadism / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D016015:Logistic Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011086:Polycythemia / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015995:Prevalence; D013739:Testosterone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000728:Androgens; D004343:Drug Implants; D004921:Erythropoietin; D013739:Testosterone; C004648:testosterone enanthate