title: Hyperfibrinolysis, uPA/suPAR system, kynurenines, and the prevalence of cardiovascular disease in patients with chronic renal failure on conservative treatment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Disturbances of the fibrinolytic system and kynurenine (KYN) pathway of tryptophan (TRP) metabolism have been postulated as important factors in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, no data are yet available on the associations between these 2 systems in relation to CVD prevalence in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF).
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated TRP and its metabolites, KYN, 3-hydroxykynurenine, and quinolinic acid (QA), and their relations with the parameters of the fibrinolytic system, such as tissue-type plasminogen activators and urokinase-type (uPA) plasminogen activators, plasmin-antiplasmin (PAP) complexes, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, and Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn SOD) levels as the marker of oxidative stress in a population of 50 patients with CRF and 20 healthy controls. In addition, the relations of these parameters to CVD prevalence in patients with CRF were also determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with controls, the CRF group had significantly increased KYNs, PAP, uPA, soluble urokinase PA receptor (suPAR), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (all P < 0.0001), and tissue-type plasminogen activators (P < 0.01) concentrations. TRP levels were significantly lower (P < 0.0001), whereas Cu/Zn SOD levels did not differ significantly between patients with CRF and controls. An accelerated PAP formation was positively correlated with age, inflammatory state, creatinine, uPA/suPAR system, 3-hydroxykynurenine, QA, Cu/Zn SOD, and CVD prevalence, whereas it was inversely associated with TRP levels and estimated glomerular filtration rate. Multivariable analysis confirmed that QA, TRP, suPAR, and Cu/Zn SOD levels were the independent variables significantly associated with the hyperfibrinolytic state in patients with CRF.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This cross-sectional study has demonstrated that hyperfibrinolysis was associated with uPA/suPAR system, KYNs, oxidative status, and CVD prevalence in patients with CRF.
authors.affiliation: Department of Monitored Pharmacotherapy, Medical University, Bialystok, Poland.
authors.forename: Krystyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pawlak
authors.forename: Agnieszka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Buraczewska-Buczko
authors.forename: Michal
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mysliwiec
authors.forename: Dariusz
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pawlak
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005342:Fibrinolysis / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000097:blood* / Q000628:therapy; D007737:Kynurenine / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000097:blood; D015995:Prevalence; D055293:Receptors, Urokinase Plasminogen Activator / Q000097:blood*; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000097:blood; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; D055293:Receptors, Urokinase Plasminogen Activator; D007737:Kynurenine; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator