title: Gastrointestinal peptides and bone health.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To outline recent developments in research surrounding gastrointestinal peptides and their role in skeletal regulation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bone remodeling is influenced by many regulatory systems, which interact to ensure that the complex demands upon mineralized tissue are met without undue compromise. These include local actions such as mechanical factors, but are dominated by systemic endocrine factors. Although the involvement of hypothalamo-pituitary actions on bone homeostasis is well defined, growing evidence suggests that peripheral tissues and the circulating factors they produce represent an important regulatory axis in bone. Given the critical role of diet in mineral homeostasis, the gastrointestinal tract is a rich source of circulating factors capable of regulating bone homeostasis. After a review of manuscripts on known mechanisms and effects of gastrointestinal peptide on bone, these were summarized.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although clearly an exciting and emergent field of research, more studies are required to define the specific actions of gastrointestinal regulator in bone, in particular, the relative contribution of systemic and local effects, to aid interpretation of their potential impact on human health and disease. Nonetheless, this exciting research will further our understanding on bone physiology and provide novel approaches to therapy in a wide range of skeletal conditions.
authors.affiliation: Osteoporosis and Bone Biology Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Iris Pl
authors.initials: IP
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Baldock
authors.forename: Herbert
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Herzog
mesh_terms: D053607:Adrenomedullin / Q000502:physiology; D000682:Amyloid / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D016723:Bone Remodeling / Q000502:physiology; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000502:physiology*; D002766:Cholecystokinin / Q000502:physiology; D005749:Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide / Q000502:physiology; D005768:Gastrointestinal Hormones / Q000502:physiology*; D054439:Ghrelin / Q000502:physiology; D004763:Glucagon-Like Peptides / Q000502:physiology; D006706:Homeostasis; D006801:Humans; D007335:Insulin-Like Growth Factor II / Q000502:physiology; D058228:Islet Amyloid Polypeptide; D010191:Pancreatic Polypeptide / Q000502:physiology; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000502:physiology; D019894:Peptide YY / Q000502:physiology; D012701:Serotonin / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000682:Amyloid; D005768:Gastrointestinal Hormones; D054439:Ghrelin; D058228:Islet Amyloid Polypeptide; D010446:Peptide Fragments; C443100:preptin; D019894:Peptide YY; D053607:Adrenomedullin; D012701:Serotonin; D005749:Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide; D010191:Pancreatic Polypeptide; D004763:Glucagon-Like Peptides; D007335:Insulin-Like Growth Factor II; D002766:Cholecystokinin