title: Predictors of inflammatory breast diseases during lactation--results of a cohort study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Inflammatory breast diseases during lactation are major reasons for early weaning.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective cohort study was performed to examine the association between stress and inflammatory breast diseases. Psychometric data, cytokine levels in breast milk and blood samples were analysed postpartum (T1). Psychometric data and course of breast feeding were evaluated twelve weeks later (T2). Patients were divided into case- and control-groups (according to the presence of breast diseases).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mothers of the case group (n = 23) were significantly older and showed significantly increased stress levels between T1 and T2 compared with the control group (n = 43). Leucocytes in the postpartum blood count were significantly decreased in the case group. There were no significant differences between groups in the concentrations of Th-1- and Th-2-cytokines in breast milk postpartum.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher maternal age, postpartum increase in stress perception and low number of leucocytes are associated with a higher incidence of inflammatory breast diseases. Further studies must examine the causality of this effect.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany. achim.woeckel@uniklinik-ulm.de
authors.forename: Achim
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wöckel
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Beggel
authors.forename: Miriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rücke
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Abou-Dakn
authors.forename: Petra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Arck
mesh_terms: D001942:Breast Feeding; D015984:Causality; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007774:Lactation; D008413:Mastitis / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology*; D008423:Maternal Age; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000276:immunology; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines