title: MSK1 regulates the transcription of IL-1ra in response to TLR activation in macrophages.
abstract: The activity of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL (interleukin)-1 is closely regulated in vivo via a variety of mechanisms, including both the control of IL-1 production and secretion as well as naturally occurring inhibitors of IL-1 function, such as IL-1ra (IL-1 receptor antagonist). IL-1ra is homologous with IL-1, and is able to bind but not activate the IL-1 receptor. IL-1ra can be produced by a variety of cell types, and its production is stimulated by inflammatory signals. In the present study, we show that in macrophages the TLR (Toll-like receptor)-mediated induction of IL-1ra from both its proximal and distal promoters involves the p38 and ERK1/2 (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1/2) MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) cascades. In addition, we show that MSK1 and 2 (mitogen- and stress-activated kinase 1 and 2), kinases activated by either ERK1/2 or p38 in vivo, are required for the induction of both IL-1ra mRNA and protein. MSKs regulate IL-1ra transcription via both IL-10-dependent and -independent mechanisms in cells. Consistent with this, knockout of MSK in mice was found to result in a decrease in IL-1ra production following LPS (lipopolysaccharide) injection. MSKs therefore act as important negative regulators of inflammation following TLR activation.
authors.affiliation: MRC Protein Phosphorylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK.
authors.forename: Joanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Darragh
authors.forename: Olga
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ananieva
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Courtney
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Elcombe
authors.forename: J Simon C
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Arthur
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D007249:Inflammation; D053590:Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000378:metabolism; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D038744:Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 90-kDa / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D053590:Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; D016753:Interleukin-10; D038744:Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 90-kDa; C116919:mitogen and stress-activated protein kinase 1