title: Transient Ca2+ depletion of the sarcoplasmic reticulum at the onset of reperfusion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Myocardial stunning is a contractile dysfunction that occurs after a brief ischaemic insult. Substantial evidence supports that this dysfunction is triggered by Ca2+ overload during reperfusion. The aim of the present manuscript is to define the origin of this Ca2+ increase in the intact heart.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To address this issue, Langendorff-perfused mouse hearts positioned on a pulsed local field fluorescence microscope and loaded with fluorescent dyes Rhod-2, Mag-fluo-4, and Di-8-ANEPPS, to assess cytosolic Ca2+, sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+, and transmembrane action potentials (AP), respectively, in the epicardial layer of the hearts, were submitted to 12 min of global ischaemia followed by reperfusion. Ischaemia increased cytosolic Ca2+ in association with a decrease in intracellular Ca2+ transients and a depression of Ca2+ transient kinetics, i.e. the rise time and decay time constant of Ca2+ transients were significantly prolonged. Reperfusion produced a transient increase in cytosolic Ca2+ (Ca2+ bump), which was temporally associated with a decrease in SR-Ca2+ content, as a mirror-like image. Caffeine pulses (20 mM) confirmed that SR-Ca2+ content was greatly diminished at the onset of reflow. The SR-Ca2+ decrease was associated with a decrease in Ca2+ transient amplitude and a shortening of AP duration mainly due to a decrease in phase 2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study in which SR-Ca2+ transients are recorded in the intact heart, revealing a previously unknown participation of SR on cytosolic Ca2+ overload upon reperfusion in the intact beating heart. Additionally, the associated shortening of phase 2 of the AP may provide a clue to explain early reperfusion arrhythmias.
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Cs. Médicas, Centro de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, UNLP, Conicet, La Plata, Argentina.
authors.forename: Carlos A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Valverde
authors.forename: Dmytro
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kornyeyev
authors.forename: Marcela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ferreiro
authors.forename: Azadé D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Petrosky
authors.forename: Alicia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mattiazzi
authors.forename: Ariel L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Escobar
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D002110:Caffeine / Q000494:pharmacology; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D003600:Cytosol / Q000378:metabolism; D003971:Diastole / Q000502:physiology; D004562:Electrocardiography; D007700:Kinetics; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D015428:Myocardial Reperfusion Injury / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D017682:Myocardial Stunning / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism; D010477:Perfusion; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D012519:Sarcoplasmic Reticulum / Q000378:metabolism*; D017725:Ventricular Pressure / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; D002110:Caffeine; D002118:Calcium