Size distribution and chemical composition of airborne particles in south-eastern Finland during different seasons and wildfire episodes in 2006.
The inorganic main elements, trace elements and PAHs were determined from selected PM(1), PM(2.5) and PM(10) samples collected at the Nordic background station in Virolahti during different seasons and during the wildfire episodes in 2006. Submicron particles are those most harmful to human beings, as they are able to penetrate deep into the human respiratory system and may cause severe health effects. About 70-80%, of the toxic trace elements, like lead, cadmium, arsenic and nickel, as well as PAH compounds, were found in particles smaller than 1 microm. Furthermore, the main part of the copper, zinc, and vanadium was associated with submicron particles. In practice, all the PAHs found in PM(10) were actually in PM(2.5). For PAHs and trace elements, it is more beneficial to analyse the PM(2.5) or even the PM(1) fraction instead of PM(10), because exclusion of the large particles reduces the need for sample cleaning to minimize the matrix effects during the analysis. During the wildfire episodes, the concentrations of particles smaller than 2.5 microm, as well as those of submicron particles, increased, and also the ratio PM(1)/PM(10) increased to about 50%. On the fire days, the mean potassium concentration was higher in all particle fractions, but ammonium and nitrate concentrations rose only in particles smaller than 1.0 microm. PAH concentrations rose even to the same level as in winter.
Makkonen
Ulla
U
Finnish Meteorological Institute, Air Quality Research, P.O. Box 503, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland. ulla.makkonen@fmi.fi
Hellén
Heidi
H
Anttila
Pia
P
Ferm
Martin
M
D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005387:Finland; D005390:Fires; D005843:Geography; D006801:Humans; D007287:Inorganic Chemicals / Q000032:analysis; D008670:Metals / Q000032:analysis; D010316:Particle Size; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012621:Seasons
D000393:Air Pollutants; D007287:Inorganic Chemicals; D008670:Metals; D052638:Particulate Matter; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons