title: Comparison of the pharmacokinetics of ticlopidine between administration of a combined fixed-dose tablet formulation of ticlopidine 250 mg/ginkgo extract 80 mg, and concomitant administration of ticlopidine 250-mg and ginkgo extract 80-mg tablets: an open-label, two-treatment, single-dose, randomized-sequence crossover study in healthy Korean male volunteers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ticlopidine is an antiplatelet agent used for the prevention of vascular accidents. In clinical practice in Korea, ginkgo extract may be administered along with ticlopidine to enhance the inhibition of platelet aggregation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To meet the requirements for marketing a combined fixed-dose formulation in Korea, the investigators compared the pharmacokinetic characteristics of ticlopidine in a combined fixed-dose tablet of ticlopidine/ginkgo extract with the concomitant administration of ticlopidine and ginkgo extract tablets.
  
  
  METHODS
  An open-label, 2-period, 2-treatment, single-dose, randomized-sequence crossover study was conducted in healthy Korean male volunteers. Subjects were randomly allocated to 2 sequence groups. In one period, a combined ticlopidine 250 mg/ ginkgo extract 80-mg fixed-dose tablet was administered and, in the other period, ticlopidine 250-mg and ginkgo extract 80-mg tablets were concomitantly administered. A 7-day washout separated the 2 periods. For analysis of pharmacokinetic properties, including C(max), T(max), t((1/2)), AUC(0-infinity), and AUC(0-last), serial blood sampling was performed up to 48 hours after study drug administration during each period. Ticlopidine concentrations in plasma were determined by a validated method using LC-MS/MS. In order for the 2 treatments to be considered bioequivalent, the 90% CI of the geometric means ratios for C(max) and AUC needed to be between 80% and 125%. Bleeding time was determined before dosing (0 hour) and at 5 and 24 hours after dosing. Adverse events (AEs) were identified through patient interview, recording of blood pressure, heart rate, and body temperature, physical examination, 12-lead ECG, and laboratory assessments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-four healthy Korean male subjects (mean [range] age, 23.9 [22-38] years; height, 174.0 [162-184] cm; weight, 67.4 [56-80] kg) completed the study. Median (range) T(max) of ticlopidine was 1.5 (0.5-2.0) hours in both groups. The mean (SD) t((1/2)) of ticlopidine in the combined fixed-dose formulation and the concomitant administration groups was 19.5 (3.4) and 19.0 (3.3) hours after study drug administration, respectively. The geometric means ratios of ticlopidine AUC(0-last), AUC(0-infinity), and C(max) between the combined fixed-dose formulation and concomitant administration were 1.04 (90% CI, 0.96-1.13), 1.04 (90% CI, 0.96-1.13), and 1.09 (90% CI, 0.96-1.23), respectively. The mean (SD) bleeding time at predose (0), and 5 and 24 hours after dose administration was 4.5 (1.6) to 5.4 (1.7) minutes in the combined fixed-dose formulation group and 4.4 (1.6) to 5.1 (1.1) minutes in the concomitant administration group. Five subjects (3 in the combined fixed-dose formulation group and 2 in the concomitant administration group) had bleeding times >8 minutes, but this was not considered to be clinically significant. A total of 24 AEs were reported in 13 of 24 subjects: nausea (3 cases), diarrhea (3), dizziness (3), epigastric discomfort (2), headache (2), rhinorrhea (2), purulent sputum (2), dyspepsia (1), upper abdominal pain (1), cough (1), pharyngolaryngeal pain (1), oropharyngeal swelling (1), dysphonia (1), and dysphagia (1). All were considered mild or moderate in nature. There was no statistically significant difference between the 2 treatments in the number of AEs or in the number of subjects who reported an AE.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Administration of a single dose of a combined fixed-dose formulation of ticlopidine 250 mg/ ginkgo extract 80-mg tablets and concomitant administration of ticlopidine and ginkgo extract tablets did not result in statistically significant differences in the pharmacokinetics of ticlopidine in these healthy Korean male volunteers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Tae-Eun
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Bo-Hyung
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: JaeWoo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Kyu-Pyo
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: SoJeong
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yi
authors.forename: Hyun-Suk
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.forename: Yong-Oh
authors.initials: YO
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Kyung-Hee
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Sang-Goo
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.forename: In-Jin
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Jang
authors.forename: Kyung-Sang
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Yu
mesh_terms: D019540:Area Under Curve; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000187:drug effects; D020441:Ginkgo biloba / Q000737:chemistry*; D006207:Half-Life; D006801:Humans; D007723:Korea; D008297:Male; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D013988:Ticlopidine / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D004338:Drug Combinations; D010936:Plant Extracts; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D013988:Ticlopidine