title: Sequencing the IL4 locus in African Americans implicates rare noncoding variants in asthma susceptibility.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Common genetic variations in the IL4 gene have been associated with asthma and atopy in European and Asian populations, but not in African Americans.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Because populations of African descent have increased levels of genetic variation compared with other populations, particularly with respect to low frequency or rare variants, we hypothesized that rare variants in the IL4 gene contribute to the development of asthma in African Americans.
  
  
  METHODS
  To test this hypothesis, we sequenced the IL4 locus in 72 African Americans with asthma and 70 African American controls without asthma to identify novel and rare polymorphisms in the IL4 gene that may be contributing to asthma susceptibility.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We report an excess of private noncoding single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the subjects with asthma compared with control subjects without asthma (P = .031). Tajima's D is significantly more negative in subjects with asthma (-0.375) than controls (-0.073; P = .04), reflecting an excess of rare variants in the subjects with asthma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings indicate that SNPs at the IL4 locus that are potentially exclusive to African Americans are associated with susceptibility to asthma. Only 3 of the 26 private SNPs (ie, SNPs present only in the subjects with asthma or only in the controls) are tagged by single SNPs on one of the common genotyping platforms used in genome-wide association studies. We also find that most of the private SNPs cannot be reliably imputed, highlighting the importance of sequencing to identify genetic variants contributing to common diseases in African Americans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
authors.forename: Gabe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Haller
authors.forename: Dara G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Torgerson
authors.forename: Carole
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ober
authors.forename: Emma E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Thompson
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American / Q000235:genetics*; D001249:Asthma / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D005787:Gene Frequency / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D007438:Introns / Q000235:genetics; D015810:Linkage Disequilibrium / Q000235:genetics; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D015847:Interleukin-4