Evaluation of modernisation of adult critical care services in England: time series and cost effectiveness analysis.
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the impact and cost effectiveness of a programme to transform adult critical care throughout England initiated in late 2000.


METHODS
Evaluation of trends in inputs, processes, and outcomes during 1998-2000 compared with last quarter of 2000-6.


METHODS
96 critical care units in England.


METHODS
349,817 admissions to critical care units.


METHODS
Adoption of key elements of modernisation and increases in capacity. Units were categorised according to when they adopted key elements of modernisation and increases in capacity.


METHODS
Trends in inputs (beds, costs), processes (transfers between units, discharge practices, length of stay, readmissions), and outcomes (unit and hospital mortality), with adjustment for case mix. Differences in annual costs and quality adjusted life years (QALYs) adjusted for case mix were used to calculate net monetary benefits (valuing a QALY gain at pound20,000 ($33,170, euro22 100)). The incremental net monetary benefits were reported as the difference in net monetary benefits after versus before 2000.


RESULTS
In the six years after 2000, the risk of unit mortality adjusted for case mix fell by 11.3% and hospital mortality by 13.4% compared with the steady state in the three preceding years. This was accompanied by substantial reductions both in transfers between units and in unplanned night discharges. The mean annual net monetary benefit increased significantly after 2000 (from pound402 ($667, euro445) to pound1096 ($1810, euro1210)), indicating that the changes were relatively cost effective. The relative contribution of the different initiatives to these improvements is unclear.


CONCLUSIONS
Substantial improvements in NHS critical care have occurred in England since 2000. While it is unclear which factors were responsible, collectively the interventions represented a highly cost effective use of NHS resources.
Hutchings
Andrew
A
Health Services Research Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT. andrew.hutchings@lshtm.ac.uk
Durand
Mary Alison
MA
Grieve
Richard
R
Harrison
David
D
Rowan
Kathy
K
Green
Judith
J
Cairns
John
J
Black
Nick
N
D001509:Bed Occupancy / Q000191:economics / Q000639:trends; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003422:Critical Care / Q000191:economics* / Q000639:trends; D004739:England; D005260:Female; D017052:Hospital Mortality / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000191:economics / Q000639:trends; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010351:Patient Discharge / Q000191:economics / Q000639:trends; D010359:Patient Readmission / Q000191:economics / Q000639:trends; D010360:Patient Transfer; D011379:Prognosis; D015397:Program Evaluation; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D018570:Risk Assessment