title: Gastrin, inflammation, and carcinogenesis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Chronic infection of the gastric mucosa with Helicobacter pylori has long been recognized as a significant risk factor for gastric cancer, and indeed, this model represents the prototypical inflammation-associated cancer. In this review, we present the latest clinical and experimental evidence showing that gastrin peptides and their receptors [the cholecystokinin (CCK2) receptors] potentiate the progression of gastric cancer and other gastrointestinal malignancies in the presence of inflammation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We highlight the feed-forward mechanisms by which gastrin and CCK2 receptor expression are upregulated during inflammation and in gastrointestinal cancers, summarize gastrin's proinflammatory role by inducing the production of cyclooxgenase-2 (COX-2) and interleukin-8 (IL-8), and relate evidence suggesting that gastrin and their receptors modulate the function of immune cells and fibroblasts following cellular stress, injury, repair, as well as during cancer progression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We discuss trends for future studies directed toward the elucidation of gastrin peptides' role in regulating intercellular molecular signaling mechanisms between local and circulating immune cells, fibroblasts, epithelial cells, and other cell types in the microenvironments of inflammation-related cancers. Elucidation of the molecular and cellular pathways that relate inflammation with cancer may provide additional opportunities to develop complementary therapies that target the inflammatory microenvironment of the cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Sealy Center for Cancer Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-0722, USA.
authors.forename: Celia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chao
authors.forename: Mark R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Hellmich
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003043:Cocarcinogenesis; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000502:physiology; D025461:Feedback, Physiological; D005755:Gastrins / Q000502:physiology*; D005756:Gastritis / Q000150:complications / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005770:Gastrointestinal Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000150:complications; D016480:Helicobacter pylori; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000502:physiology; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology; D043887:Receptor, Cholecystokinin B / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D005755:Gastrins; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D043887:Receptor, Cholecystokinin B