title: Soft tissue augmentation using silk gels: an in vitro and in vivo study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Restoration of a three-dimensional shape with soft tissue augmentation is a challenge for surgical reconstruction and esthetic improvement of intraoral mucosa and perioral skin tissues. A connective tissue graft or free gingival graft, classically used for such indications, requires a donor site, which may lead to various clinical complications.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this article, a new three-dimensional scaffold made of silk fibroin that could be of great interest for these indications was studied. Mechanical tests were conducted to characterize the physical properties of the materials. The biocompatibility of such scaffolds was positively assessed in vitro using a combination of immunostaining, 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine proliferation assays, and histologic staining. Finally, the shaped material was grafted subcutaneously in nude mice for a long-time implantation study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Human fibroblasts embedded in this material had a survival rate up to 68.4% and were able to proliferate and synthesize proteins. One month after subcutaneous implantation, the three-dimensional soft tissue augmentation was stable, and histologic analysis revealed revascularization of the area through the biomaterial. A mild inflammatory reaction disappeared after 12 weeks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that silk-gel material was able to create a lasting three-dimensional soft tissue augmentation and is a promising biomaterial for periodontal and maxillofacial therapies, either as a scaffold for cells or alone as a biomaterial.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Biology and Tissue Engineering, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Etienne
authors.forename: Aurore
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: Jonathan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Kluge
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bellemin-Laponnaz
authors.forename: Camille
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Polidori
authors.forename: Gary G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Leisk
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Kaplan
authors.forename: Jonathan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Garlick
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Egles
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D003094:Collagen / Q000737:chemistry; D019245:Compressive Strength; D055119:Elastic Modulus; D004804:Eosinophils / Q000473:pathology; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000502:physiology; D005349:Fibroins / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D008264:Macrophages / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008422:Materials Testing; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000502:physiology; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000473:pathology; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation*; D047011:Silk / Q000737:chemistry; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D040521:Subcutaneous Tissue / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D013997:Time Factors; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D047011:Silk; D003094:Collagen; D005349:Fibroins