title: Multiple neurotoxic items in the Chamorro diet link BMAA with ALS/PDC.
abstract: Beta-methyl-amino-L-alanine, (BMAA), is found in multiple components of the traditional Chamorro diet of Guam and this confounds epidemiological analysis based on a single dietary item. However, using hair as a non-invasive measure of BMAA exposure may help determine risks for developing motor neuron disease. BMAA found in brain tissues of patients with ALS/PDC and not generally in controls suggests that BMAA crosses the blood-brain barrier in patients with disease and is associated with neurodegenerative disease. An examination of frozen versus fixed autopsy tissue from ALS/PDC patients suggests that earlier studies of BMAA in ALS/PDC patients based on fixed tissues may have underestimated the concentration of BMAA in brain tissues. We suggest that the Chamorro people are exposed to chronically low levels of BMAA in the diet and that further research is needed to understand chronic BMAA toxicity.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Ethnomedicine, Jackson Hole, Wyoming 83001-3464, USA. sandra@ethnomedicine.org
authors.forename: Sandra Anne
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Banack
authors.forename: Susan J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Murch
mesh_terms: D000599:Amino Acids, Diamino / Q000506:poisoning*; D000600:Amino Acids, Dicarboxylic / Q000506:poisoning*; D000690:Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D029784:Cycas / Q000737:chemistry; D003704:Dementia / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D004032:Diet; D005517:Foodborne Diseases; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D006141:Guam / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology; D006801:Humans; D008387:Marine Toxins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry; D050053:TRPM Cation Channels / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D000599:Amino Acids, Diamino; D000600:Amino Acids, Dicarboxylic; D008387:Marine Toxins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D050053:TRPM Cation Channels; C121934:TRPM2 protein, human; C064612:alpha-N-carboxy-beta-N-methylaminoalanine; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; C486583:TRPM7 protein, human