title: Thirty-day outcome following carotid artery stenting: a 10-year experience from a single center.
abstract: We aimed to present our experience with carotid angioplasty and stenting (CAS) and to document how the technique evolved over the last decade (1997-2007). A retrospective study of 333 patients (259 men; median age, 69 years) who underwent 336 CAS procedures. Of these, 118 (35%) patients were symptomatic and 164 (49%) lesions involved the left carotid bifurcation. The first 163 patients received a balloon-expandable stent, whereas the remaining 173 received a self-expandable one. Cerebral protection devices were used in the last 84 (25%) procedures. Access was via the femoral artery in all but six cases, in which direct puncture of the common carotid was necessary. The left common carotid originated from the innominate artery in 18 cases (5%). Conversion to open endarterectomy was necessary in two patients due to inability to remove the filter. Perioperative neurological events included stroke in 6 patients (1.8%), transient ischemic attack in 15 (4.5%), and hyperperfusion syndrome in 10 (3.0%). Three patients died during the first 30 days. As a result, the mortality and the combined stroke/death rate were 0.9 and 2.4%, respectively, with no differences between symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. Bradycardia was noted in 48 patients (14%), and hypotension in 45 (13%). Univariate analysis identified hypertension (P = 0.03), hyperlipidemia (P = 0.02), and current or ex-smoking (P = 0.02) as significant risk factors for death/stroke. On multivariate analysis using logistic regression, only hyperlipidemia [odds ratio (OR), 53.90; 95% confidence interval (CI), 4.19-693.47; P = 0.002] and current or ex-smoking (OR, 63.84; 95% CI,: 4.80-848.68; P = 0.001) remained statistically significant. In conclusion, CAS can be performed safely and effectively, with acceptable mortality, stroke/death, and cardiovascular complication rates. Although technological advances (stent design, cerebral protection devices), perioperative pharmacological management, and increasing experience are all clinically significant factors influencing the short-term results, none appeared to be statistically significant in this patient sample.
authors.affiliation: Fifth Department of Surgery, Medical School, Hippocrateio Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece. ckarkos@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Christos D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Karkos
authors.forename: Dimitrios G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Karamanos
authors.forename: Konstantinos O
authors.initials: KO
authors.lastname: Papazoglou
authors.forename: Filippos P
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Demiropoulos
authors.forename: Dimitrios N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Papadimitriou
authors.forename: Thomas S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Gerassimidis
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000792:Angiography; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D000077144:Clopidogrel; D015897:Comorbidity; D016894:Endarterectomy, Carotid; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006949:Hyperlipidemias / Q000453:epidemiology; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011292:Premedication; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D015607:Stents; D020521:Stroke / Q000453:epidemiology; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013988:Ticlopidine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000077144:Clopidogrel; D013988:Ticlopidine