title: Twenty-four hour and spot urine metabolic evaluations: correlations versus agreements.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the correlations and agreements between the solute/creatinine ratios from the 24-hour and early morning spot urine samples for metabolic evaluation in stone-formers given the various pitfalls with the 24-hour urinary metabolic evaluation in stone-formers.
  
  
  METHODS
  30 urinary stone-formers out of an initial 62 recruited provided a complete 24-hour urine and early morning spot urine samples for metabolic evaluation. Pearson correlation and Bland and Altman Test were used to assess the correlations and agreements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant correlations were established between the 24-hour urinary solute excretions and the corresponding early morning spot urine solute/creatinine ratios for calcium, magnesium, urate, potassium, oxalate, citrate, and the Differential Gibb's free energy value of calcium oxalate DG(CaOx) values. However, all these solute/creatinine measurements between the 24-hour and early morning spot urine samples were judged to be not within the acceptable limits based on the estimated "limit of agreement" by the Bland and Altman Test of Agreement. Diurnal circadian rhythm and postprandial excretion surge are thought to be responsible for the disagreements.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thus, the early morning spot urine is not suitable to be used interchangeably to replace the 24-hour urine collection in the evaluation of urinary metabolic abnormalities in stone-formers. A good correlation does not translate to an agreement between the 2 measurements.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. yhhong0530@um.edu.my
authors.forename: Yet Hoi
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: Norman
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dublin
authors.forename: Azad Hassan
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Razack
authors.forename: Mustafa Ali
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Mohd
authors.forename: Ruby
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Husain
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002129:Calcium Oxalate / Q000652:urine; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D002951:Citrates / Q000652:urine; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008274:Magnesium / Q000652:urine; D008297:Male; D019815:Oxalic Acid / Q000652:urine; D011188:Potassium / Q000652:urine; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012964:Sodium / Q000652:urine; D013997:Time Factors; D016482:Urinalysis / Q000379:methods; D014545:Urinary Calculi / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000652:urine*; D014556:Urine / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D002951:Citrates; D002129:Calcium Oxalate; D019815:Oxalic Acid; D012964:Sodium; D003404:Creatinine; D008274:Magnesium; D011188:Potassium