title: Optimization of ultrasonic-assisted acid extraction of mercury in muscle tissues of fishes using multivariate strategy.
abstract: A simple and rapid ultrasound-assisted extraction procedure was developed for the determination of total mercury (Hg) in muscle tissues of freshwater fish species. A Plackett-Burman experimental design was used as a multivariate strategy for the evaluation of the effects of variables, such as presonication time (without ultrasonic stirring), sonication time, ultrasonic bath temperature, nitric acid concentration, hydrochloric acid concentration, and sample mass of muscle tissues. Some variables showed a significant effect on recovery, and they were further optimized by a 2(3) + star central composite design that involved 16 experiments. The validation was carried out by analysis of certified reference material DORM-2 (dog fish muscles); for comparative purposes, an acid digestion induced by microwave energy was used. Cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry was used for the determination of total Hg. No significant differences were established between the analytical results and the certified values (paired t-test at P > 0.05). The LOD and LOQ of Hg were 0.133 and 0.445 microg/kg, respectively, which demonstrated the high sensitivity of the proposed procedure for the determination of Hg at trace levels. The Hg concentrations in the muscle tissues of 10 freshwater fish species were found in the range of 35.3-67.8 microg/kg on a dried basis, which were within the permissible limit of the World Health Organization.
authors.affiliation: University of Sindh, Center of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, Jamshoro, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Abdul Q
authors.initials: AQ
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Tasneem G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Kazii
authors.forename: Mohammad B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Arain
authors.forename: Jameel A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Baig
authors.forename: Hassan I
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Afridi
authors.forename: Mohammad K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Jamali
authors.forename: Nusrat
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jalbani
authors.forename: Ghulam A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Kandhro
mesh_terms: D053000:Analytic Sample Preparation Methods / Q000379:methods*; D000818:Animals; D002623:Chemistry Techniques, Analytical; D005399:Fishes; D005506:Food Contamination; D008628:Mercury / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D008767:Methylmercury Compounds / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009132:Muscles / Q000187:drug effects*; D012015:Reference Standards; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013696:Temperature; D014465:Ultrasonics
chemical_list: D008767:Methylmercury Compounds; D008628:Mercury