title: Biodiversity and phytase capacity of yeasts isolated from Tanzanian togwa.
abstract: The focus of the present investigation was on the Tanzanian fermented food togwa as a source for dietary iron and zinc, and the potential for mineral availability improvements using selected yeasts. To establish the content of target minerals and main inhibitor for intestinal uptake, iron and zinc as well as the mineral chelating phytic acid, (IP(6) or phytate) were determined in naturally fermented togwa. Yeasts were isolated from sorghum, maize and cassava based togwa, and identified by sequencing the D1/D2 region of the LSU rRNA gene. The isolated yeasts were subsequently screened for phytase activity. The total iron content in sorghum, maize and cassava based togwa were 41.5 (+/-7.2), 85.4 (+/-31.9) and 28.6 (+/-3.8) microg/g dw (dry weight) respectively. The zinc content was 12.3 (+/-3.1), 11.0 (+/-1.1) and 6.4 (+/-4.5) microg/g dw in sorghum, maize and cassava based togwa, and the phytate content in the three varieties were 2.6+/-1.2, 4.7+/-0.8 and 0.4+/-0.4 micromol/g dw respectively. The phytate levels in the sorghum and maize based togwa are expected to substantially reduce the availability of iron. The molar ratio phytate to iron for these two varieties were estimated to be 3.5:1 and 3.1:1 respectively. In general, a phytate to iron molar ratio below 1 is needed to increase the availability of iron. Among 26 isolates, 9 different species could be distinguished: Issatchenkia orientalis, Pichia anomala, Pichia norvegensis, Pichia burtonii, Pichia guilliermondii, Kluyveromyces marxianus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Hanseniaspora guilliermondii and Candida glabrata. The strains were screened for phytase activity in YPD supplemented with 0.5 mM IP(6). Of 26 screened strains, the phytase activity was most prominent in strains of I. orientalis and H. guilliermondii. The strains and data constitute a basis for further improvements of iron and zinc bioavailability in togwa.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering/Food Science, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden. hellstrom@chalmers.se
authors.forename: Andreas M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Hellström
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vázques-Juárez
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Svanberg
authors.forename: Thomas A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Andlid
mesh_terms: D010832:6-Phytase / Q000378:metabolism*; D044822:Biodiversity; D001682:Biological Availability; D002523:Edible Grain / Q000382:microbiology*; D005285:Fermentation; D005516:Food Microbiology; D007501:Iron / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D009753:Nutritive Value; D013045:Species Specificity; D013636:Tanzania; D015003:Yeasts / Q000145:classification / Q000201:enzymology*; D015032:Zinc / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D007501:Iron; D010832:6-Phytase; D015032:Zinc