title: Consequences of controlling background sounds: the effect of experiential avoidance on tinnitus interference.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Masking by the use of sounds has been one of the most commonly applied means of coping with tinnitus. The ability to control auditory stimulation represents a potentially important process involved in tinnitus masking strategies. Little is, however, known about the consequences of control on tinnitus experience. The present study investigated the effects of control of background sounds (type and loudness) on perceived intrusiveness of tinnitus and cognitive performance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using an experimental design with a series of trials, participants with clinically significant tinnitus (N = 35) were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 experimental manipulation conditions (control of sounds vs. no control of sounds).
  
  
  METHODS
  Self-reported tinnitus interference and the Digit-Symbol subtest served as dependent measures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Latent growth curve modeling showed that individuals assigned to the condition with control exhibited faster growth rates on tinnitus interference (increased interference) and demonstrated slower rates of improvement on cognitive performance measures over trials compared to individuals assigned to the condition with no control.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that efforts to control tinnitus through sounds can be associated with increased disability in individuals with tinnitus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Swedish Institute for Disability Research, Linkping University.
authors.forename: Hugo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hesser
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Uppsala University.
authors.forename: Carl Emil
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Pereswetoff-Morath
authors.affiliation: Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Swedish Institute for Disability Research, Linkping University.
authors.forename: Gerhard
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-4753-6745
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Andersson
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation / Q000523:psychology*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001143:Arousal; D001288:Attention; D001362:Avoidance Learning; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006185:Habituation, Psychophysiologic; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008960:Models, Psychological; D010470:Perceptual Masking; D014012:Tinnitus / Q000523:psychology* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D014888:Wechsler Scales; D055815:Young Adult