title: Reproductive and developmental toxicity of hydrofluorocarbons used as refrigerants.
abstract: The present paper summarizes data on the reproductive and developmental toxicity of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), including pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a), 1,1,1-trifluoroethane (HFC-143a), 1,1-difluoroethane (HFC-152a), difluoromethane (HFC-32) and 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane (HFC-245fa), used as refrigerants, published in openly available scientific literature. No developmental toxicity of HFC-125 was found even at 50,000 ppm in rats or rabbits. Although HFC-134a exhibited no dominant lethal effect or reproductive toxicity in rats, it caused low body weight in pre- and postnatal offspring and slightly retarded skeletal ossification in fetuses at 50,000 ppm in rats. No maternal or developmental toxicity was noted after exposure to HFC-143a even at 40,000 ppm in rats or rabbits or HFC-152a even at 50,000 ppm in rats. HFC-32 is slightly maternally and developmentally toxic at 50,000 ppm in rats, but not in rabbits. HFC-245fa caused decreases in maternal body weight and food consumption at 10,000 and 50,000 ppm and fetal weight at 50 000ppm. No evidence of teratogenicity for these HFCs was noted in rats or rabbits. There is limited information about the reproductive toxicity of these HFCs. Animal studies remain necessary for risk assessments of chemicals because it is difficult to find alternative methods to determine the toxic effects of chemicals. It is required to reduce emissions of organic vapors containing HFCs to reduce the risk of exposure.
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Science for Safety and Sustainability, National Institute of Advanced Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569, Japan. ema-makoto@aist.go.jp
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ema
authors.forename: Masato
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Naya
authors.forename: Kikuo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.forename: Ryuichi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nagaosa
mesh_terms: D000014:Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000187:drug effects / Q000196:embryology; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D005298:Fertility / Q000187:drug effects; D005799:Genes, Dominant / Q000187:drug effects; D005804:Genes, Lethal / Q000187:drug effects; D006845:Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated / Q000145:classification / Q000633:toxicity*; D018811:Maternal Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D011247:Pregnancy; D011817:Rabbits; D051381:Rats; D012098:Reproduction / Q000187:drug effects*; D013723:Teratogens / Q000145:classification / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D006845:Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated; D013723:Teratogens