title: A new reliable tool (PVC assess) for assessment of peripheral venous catheters.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the extensive use of peripheral venous catheters (PVCs), including catheter-related complications, a reliable tool for PVC assessment is needed. The aim of this study was to develop such a tool to evaluate PVCs in relation to management, documentation and signs and symptoms of thrombophlebitis (TH), as well as to determine its inter-rater and test-retest reliability.
  
  
  METHODS
  The tool development included confirmation of content and face validity. Two groups of registered nurses used the new tool (PVC assess) to assess PVC management and signs of TH independently. Group A (n=3) assessed 26 items in 67 PVCs bedside (inter-rater reliability). Group B (n=3) assessed photographs (67 PVCs, 21 items) of the same PVCs as those in Group A with a 4-week interval (test-retest reliability). Proportion of agreement P(A) and Cohen's kappa were calculated to evaluate inter-rater and test-retest reliability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among nurses assessing PVCs at bedside, the P(A) was good to excellent (0.80-1) in 96% of the items in PVC assess. In 80% of the items kappa was substantial to almost perfect (0.61-1). TH sign erythema fell into the fair range (kappa=0.40). In test-retest reliability analysis the P(A) was within the good and excellent range (0.80-1.0) and kappa varied from moderate to almost perfect (0.41-1.0) in 95% of the items. One item 'outer dressing is clean' was in fair range (0.21-0.40).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The PVC assess instrument shows satisfactory inter-rater and test-retest reliability. Reliability tests on reviewing documentation remain to be performed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Division of Surgery, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden. margary.ahlqvist@karolinska.se
authors.forename: Margary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ahlqvist
authors.forename: Britta
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Berglund
authors.forename: Gun
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nordstrom
authors.forename: Birgitta
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Klang
authors.forename: Mikael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wirén
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Johansson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002406:Catheterization, Peripheral / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000451:nursing; D002408:Catheters, Indwelling / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012307:Risk Factors; D013548:Sweden