title: A systematic review of implementation of established recommended secondary prevention measures in patients with PAOD.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Since patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD) are at high-risk for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, preventive measures aimed to reduce cardiovascular adverse events are advocated in the current guidelines. We conducted a systematic review to assess the implementation of secondary prevention (SP) measures in PAOD patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE and Web of Science databases were searched to perform a systematic review of the literature from 1999 till June 2008 on SP for PAOD patients. Assessment of study quality was done following the Cochrane Library review system. The record outcomes were antiplatelet agents, heart rate lowering agents, blood pressure lowering agents, lipid lowering agents, glucose lowering agents, smoking cessation and walking exercise.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From a total of 2137 identified studies, 83 observational studies met the inclusion criteria, of which 24 were included in the systematic review comprising 34 157 patients. These patients suffered from coronary artery disease (n=3516, 41%), myocardial infraction (n=2647, 38%), angina pectoris (n=1790, 31%), congestive heart failure (n=2052, 14%), diabetes mellitus (n=10 690, 31%),hypertension (n=20 823, 73%) and hyperlipidaemia (n=15 067, 64%). Contrary to what the guidelines prescribe, antiplatelet agents, heart rate lowering agents, blood pressure lowering agents and lipid lowering agents were prescribed in 63%, 34%, 46% and 45% of the patients, respectively. Glucose lowering agents were prescribed in 81% and smoking cessation in 39% of the patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The majority of patients suffering from PAOD do not receive the entire approach of SP measures as suggested by the current guidelines. To our knowledge, the cause of this undertreatment is multifactorial: patient, physician or health-care-related.
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular Surgery, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Flu
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Tamsma
authors.forename: J H N
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lindeman
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Hamming
authors.forename: J H P
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lardenoye
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001157:Arterial Occlusive Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D019983:Guideline Adherence; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016491:Peripheral Vascular Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior; D055502:Secondary Prevention; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D016138:Walking
chemical_list: D002317:Cardiovascular Agents