title: Effect of cataract surgery and pupil dilation on iris pattern recognition for personal authentication.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of cataract surgery and pupil dilation on iris pattern recognition for personal authentication.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective non-comparative cohort study. Images of 15 subjects were captured before (enrolment), and 5, 10, and 15 min after instillation of mydriatics before routine cataract surgery. After cataract surgery, images were captured 2 weeks thereafter. Enrolled and test images (after pupillary dilation and after cataract surgery) were segmented to extract the iris. This was then unwrapped onto a rectangular format for normalization and a novel method using the Discrete Cosine Transform was applied to encode the image into binary bits. The numerical difference between two iris codes (Hamming distance, HD) was calculated. The HD between identification and enrolment codes was used as a score and was compared with a confidence threshold for specific equipment, giving a match or non-match result. The Correct Recognition Rate (CRR) and Equal Error Rates (EERs) were calculated to analyse overall system performance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After cataract surgery, perfect identification and verification was achieved, with zero false acceptance rate, zero false rejection rate, and zero EER. After pupillary dilation, non-elastic deformation occurs and a CRR of 86.67% and EER of 9.33% were obtained.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Conventional circle-based localization methods are inadequate. Matching reliability decreases considerably with increase in pupillary dilation. Cataract surgery has no effect on iris pattern recognition, whereas pupil dilation may be used to defeat an iris-based authentication system.
authors.affiliation: Royal Eye Infirmary, Plymouth, UK. luna_dhir@yahoo.com
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dhir
authors.forename: N E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Habib
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Monro
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rakshit
mesh_terms: D002387:Cataract Extraction; D015331:Cohort Studies; D006801:Humans; D007498:Iris / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000187:drug effects; D009184:Mydriatics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated / Q000379:methods*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011680:Pupil / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D009184:Mydriatics