title: Pulmonary/renal interaction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Acute kidney injury contributes to the development of acute lung injury and vice-versa. Volume overload that may occur during renal impairment increases pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure. However, experimental evidence clearly shows that lung damage occurs even in the absence of positive fluid balance. However, acute lung injury with its attendant hypoxemia, hypercapnia and mechanical ventilation worsens renal hemodynamics and function.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An increasing body of evidence suggests that kidney and lung interact (crosstalk) during severe insults, such as shock, trauma, and sepsis, due to a loss of the normal balance of immune, inflammatory and soluble mediators. Kidney-lung crosstalk in the critically ill constitutes a possibility to analyze mechanisms of multiple organ failure in which the kidney and the lung can play an important role. Consequently, on the clinical side, specific therapeutic options can be hypothesized for kidney/lung dysfunction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fluid management optimization and prevention of inflammation and lung stretching are currently recommended for the treatment of acute lung and renal injury. Extracorporeal CO2 removal and renal replacement associated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation might be interesting options for a future approach to pulmonary/renal syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Cardiosurgery, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy. z.ricci@libero.it
authors.forename: Zaccaria
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ricci
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ronco
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D015897:Comorbidity; D016638:Critical Illness / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D017582:Renal Replacement Therapy; D012128:Respiratory Distress Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy