title: Incisional continuous fascia iliaca block provides more effective pain relief and fewer side effects than opioids after pelvic osteotomy in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intravenous opioid therapy is frequently used for postoperative pain management in children after orthopedic surgery but causes side effects such as respiratory depression, vomiting, sedation, and urinary retention. To investigate whether a continuous incisional fascia iliaca compartment (FIC) block provides more effective postoperative pain relief with fewer side effects than IV morphine, we performed a prospective, double-blind, randomized study to compare both techniques.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty children (ASA physical status I-II) aged 3 mo to 6 yr undergoing a pelvic osteotomy were included in the study. The children were randomized for either morphine IV and placebo (saline) via a FIC catheter (Group M) or placebo (saline) IV and ropivacaine via a FIC catheter (Group R). All patients received general anesthesia using inhaled sevoflurane and IV fentanyl. Perioperatively, a FIC catheter was placed by the surgeon. All patients received either a bolus dose of morphine IV (Group M) or ropivacaine 0.75% via the FIC catheter (Group R) at the end of surgery. Postoperatively, Group M received morphine IV 20 microg x kg(-1) x h(-1) and Group R ropivacaine 0.2% 0.1 mL x kg(-1) x h(-1) via the FIC catheter. In both groups, saline was administered along the other route. All children were assessed for pain, sedation, time until first oral intake, and adverse effects for 48 h postoperatively. During this period, all children had a urinary catheter.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study was completed by 28 children. In the anesthetic recovery room, children in Group M had significantly higher pain scores. These children were also significantly more sedated during the study period. The incidence of vomiting did not differ between the groups; however, children in Group R had first oral intake significantly earlier than Group M. A local retrospective study revealed an incidence of urinary retention of 4.7% in the ropivacaine-treated patients and 39% in the morphine-treated patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Continuous incisional FIC block provides excellent postoperative pain relief, less sedation, and better return of appetite than morphine IV after pelvic osteotomy in children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Palliative Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands. s.lako@anes.umcn.nl
authors.forename: Sandra J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Lako
authors.forename: Monique A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Steegers
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van Egmond
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gardeniers
authors.forename: Lonneke M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Staals
authors.forename: Geert J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: van Geffen
mesh_terms: D000577:Amides / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D000762:Anesthesia Recovery Period; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001066:Appetite / Q000187:drug effects; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005205:Fascia / Q000294:innervation*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D010027:Osteotomy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010384:Pelvic Bones / Q000601:surgery*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D000077212:Ropivacaine; D012890:Sleep / Q000187:drug effects; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014839:Vomiting / Q000139:chemically induced
chemical_list: D000577:Amides; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D009020:Morphine; D000077212:Ropivacaine