title: Pilot study of emotional freedom techniques, wholistic hybrid derived from eye movement desensitization and reprocessing and emotional freedom technique, and cognitive behavioral therapy for treatment of test anxiety in university students.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study explored test anxiety benefits of wholistic hybrid derived from eye movement desensitization and reprocessing and Emotional Freedom Techniques (WHEE), Emotional Freedom Techniques (EFTs), and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT).
  
  
  METHODS
  Canadian university students with severe or moderate test anxiety participated.
  
  
  METHODS
  A controlled trial of WHEE (n = 5), EFT (n = 5), and CBT (n = 5) was conducted. Standardized anxiety measures included the Test Anxiety Inventory and Hopkins Symptom Checklist-21.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Despite small sample size, significant reductions in test anxiety were found for all three treatments. In only two sessions, WHEE and EFT achieved the same benefits as CBT did in five sessions. Participants reported high satisfaction with all treatments. Emotional freedom techniques and WHEE participants successfully transferred their self-treatment skills to other stressful areas of their lives.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both WHEE and EFT show promise as feasible treatments for test anxiety.
authors.affiliation: Association for Comprehensive Energy Psychology, Haverford, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Benor
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ledger
authors.forename: Loren
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Toussaint
authors.forename: Geoffrey
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hett
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zaccaro
mesh_terms: D001007:Anxiety / Q000628:therapy*; D002170:Canada; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; D004521:Educational Measurement; D057169:Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D026441:Mind-Body Therapies; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012064:Relaxation Therapy; D012648:Self Care; D013334:Students; D014495:Universities