title: A biomechanical study on preloaded compression eVect  on headless screws.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Commonly used headless design screws such as Acutrak and Herbert screws have limited compressive effect on short fragment fixation. Therefore, we investigated whether preloaded compression techniques could be helpful in improving the compression effect.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prototype of interfragmentary compression screw was designed with a constant pitch to avoid self-compressive effect. Preloaded compression was achieved with a sleeve device before the insertion of the trailer side (the leading side was inserted). Prototype screw test results were compared with those of Acutrak and Herbert screws. Eight pullout and eight compression tests were performed for each of the three screws using homogenous synthetic bone blocks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean pullout forces of the Acutrak, Herbert and prototype screws were 67.21, 45.90 and 61.88 N, respectively. Preloaded compression (18.15 N) was higher than the compression produced by Acutrak (15.27 N) and Herbert (15.11 N) screws (p < 0.05). However, at the end of full insertion, half of the power obtained by preloaded compression was lost.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Preloaded compression technique was successful in attaining maximum compression rate. During trailing-side insertion, constant pitch design failed to keep compression rate. Variable pitches can be useful to preserve or increase compression rate. In addition, sleeve usage may be more advantageous in thin fragment fixation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Dokuz Eylul University, 35340 Izmir, Turkey. onder.baran@deu.edu.tr
authors.forename: Onder
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Baran
authors.forename: Ertan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sagol
authors.forename: Hakan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: OXaz
authors.forename: Mehmet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sarikanat
authors.forename: Hasan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Havitcioglu
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001863:Bone Screws; D019245:Compressive Strength; D008422:Materials Testing