title: Prevalence of and factors associated with persistent pain following breast cancer surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Persistent pain and sensory disturbances following surgical treatment for breast cancer is a significant clinical problem. The pathogenic mechanisms are complex and may be related to patient characteristics, surgical technique, and adjuvant therapy.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine prevalence of and factors associated with persistent pain after surgical treatment for breast cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  A nationwide cross-sectional questionnaire study of 3754 women aged 18 to 70 years who received surgery and adjuvant therapy (if indicated) for primary breast cancer in Denmark between January 1, 2005, and December 31, 2006. A study questionnaire was sent to the women between January and April 2008.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prevalence, location, and severity of persistent pain and sensory disturbances in 12 well-defined treatment groups assessed an average of 26 months after surgery, and adjusted odds ratio (OR) of reported pain and sensory disturbances with respect to age, surgical technique, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  By June 2008, 3253 of 3754 eligible women (87%) returned the questionnaire. A total of 1543 patients (47%) reported pain, of whom 201 (13%) had severe pain, 595 (39%) had moderate pain, and 733 (48%) had light pain. Factors associated with chronic pain included young age (18-39 years: OR, 3.62; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.25-5.82; P < .001) and adjuvant radiotherapy (OR, 1.50; 95% CI, 1.08-2.07; P = .03), but not chemotherapy (OR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.85-1.21; P = .91). Axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) was associated with increased likelihood of pain (OR, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.43-2.19; P < .001) compared with sentinel lymph node dissection. Risk of sensory disturbances was associated with young age (18-39 years: OR, 5.00; 95% CI, 2.87-8.69; P < .001) and ALND (OR, 4.97; 95% CI, 3.92-6.30; P < .001). Pain complaints from other parts of the body were associated with increased risk of pain in the surgical area (P < .001). A total of 306 patients (20%) with pain had contacted a physician within the prior 3 months for pain complaints in the surgical area.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Two to 3 years after breast cancer treatment, persistent pain and sensory disturbances remain clinically significant problems among Danish women who received surgery in 2005 and 2006.
authors.affiliation: Department of Breast Surgery, Rigshospitalet 2101, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. runegartner@gmail.com
authors.forename: Rune
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gärtner
authors.forename: Maj-Britt
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: Jeanette
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.forename: Marianne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ewertz
authors.forename: Niels
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kroman
authors.forename: Henrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kehlet
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008408:Mastectomy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012042:Registries; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult