title: Acute right ventricular failure after pediatric cardiac transplant: predictors and long-term outcome in current era of transplantation medicine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify pretransplant factors associated with postprocedural right ventricular failure and the relationship between right ventricular failure and long-term survival in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Records were reviewed for children having heart transplantation from 2000 to 2006.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Right ventricular failure was identified by clinical and echocardiographic parameters in 33/129 (25%) recipients: dilated cardiomyopathy in 14/90 (15%), congenital heart disease in 11/27 (41%), and restrictive cardiomyopathy in 8/12 (66%). In 9 of 12 (75%), known elevated (reactive) pulmonary vascular resistance progressed to right ventricular failure. In a further 23/117 (20%) recipients, pulmonary vascular resistance within predefined acceptable range progressed to right ventricular failure. Multiple logistic regression analyses indicated elevated pulmonary vascular resistance (odds ratio 12.30; 95% confidence interval 2.73, 55.32; P = .001) and primary diagnosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy (odds ratio 9.21; 95% confidence interval 2.07, 41.12; P = .004), and congenital heart disease (odds ratio 4.07; 95% confidence interval 1.36, 12.19; P = .012) were strongly associated with right ventricular failure, but duration of heart failure, pretransplant mechanical support, donor status, and ischemic times were not. Treatment included inhaled nitric oxide in 28 (84%), mechanical support in 10 (31%), hemofiltration in 13 (40%), and retransplantation in 2. A Cox multiple regression model including: primary diagnosis, right ventricular failure, and elevated pulmonary vascular resistance indicated that only the latter was independently linked with eventual mortality (hazards ratio 5.45; 95% confidence interval 1.36, 21.96; P = .017).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Primary diagnosis and pretransplant elevated reactive pulmonary vascular resistance are both linked to the evolution of right ventricular failure. Pulmonary vascular resistance assessment in end-stage heart failure is challenging; therefore, avoidance of right ventricular failure may not always be possible. Aggressive early treatment may mitigate the effects of right ventricular failure: pretransplant elevated pulmonary vascular resistance was independently associated with long-term survival, but right ventricular failure was not.
authors.affiliation: Cardiac Critical Care Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, Great Ormond Street, London WC1N 1JH, United Kingdom. hoskoa@gosh.nhs.uk
authors.forename: Aparna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hoskote
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Carter
authors.forename: Phillip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rees
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Elliott
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Burch
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Brown
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D002648:Child; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D016027:Heart Transplantation / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D011651:Pulmonary Artery / Q000503:physiopathology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014655:Vascular Resistance / Q000502:physiology; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000209:etiology*