title: Gender identity in disorders of sex development: review article.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Many concerns have been raised regarding the treatment and long-term outcome of infants born with complex genital anomalies. Debate among clinicians, psychologists, ethicists, and patient advocate groups regarding the optimal management of these individuals is ongoing. Although determining the most appropriate gender is a difficult task, this review will help clarify some of the issues at hand.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature review which addresses the challenges of advising families about gender identity in infants and children with disorders of sex development.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The evidence for endocrine effects on neurobiological development with regard to sexual behavior is compelling, although the existing outcome studies are largely anecdotal and somewhat contradictory.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gender assignment in infants born with a disorder of sex development remains only one of the many difficult decisions faced by both the treatment team and the family. Improved long-term follow-up of these patients will provide much needed feedback on previous and contemporary management.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Urology, University of California, San Francisco Children's Hospital, San Francisco, California, USA. yangjh@urology.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Jennifer H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Laurence S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Baskin
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: DiSandro
mesh_terms: D012734:Disorders of Sex Development / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005783:Gender Identity; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male