title: Proteomic identification of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L as a novel component of SLM/Sam68 Nuclear Bodies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Active pre-mRNA splicing occurs co-transcriptionally, and takes place throughout the nucleoplasm of eukaryotic cells. Splicing decisions are controlled by networks of nuclear RNA-binding proteins and their target sequences, sometimes in response to signalling pathways. Sam68 (Src-associated in mitosis 68 kDa) is the prototypic member of the STAR (Signal Transduction and Activation of RNA) family of RNA-binding proteins, which regulate splicing in response to signalling cascades. Nuclear Sam68 protein is concentrated within subnuclear organelles called SLM/Sam68 Nuclear Bodies (SNBs), which also contain some other splicing regulators, signalling components and nucleic acids.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We used proteomics to search for the major interacting protein partners of nuclear Sam68. In addition to Sam68 itself and known Sam68-associated proteins (heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins hnRNP A1, A2/B1 and G), we identified hnRNP L as a novel Sam68-interacting protein partner. hnRNP L protein was predominantly present within small nuclear protein complexes approximating to the expected size of monomers and dimers, and was quantitatively associated with nucleic acids. hnRNP L spatially co-localised with Sam68 as a novel component of SNBs and was also observed within the general nucleoplasm. Localisation within SNBs was highly specific to hnRNP L and was not shared by the closely-related hnRNP LL protein, nor any of the other Sam68-interacting proteins we identified by proteomics. The interaction between Sam68 and hnRNP L proteins was observed in a cell line which exhibits low frequency of SNBs suggesting that this association also takes place outside SNBs. Although ectopic expression of hnRNP L and Sam68 proteins independently affected splicing of CD44 variable exon v5 and TJP1 exon 20 minigenes, these proteins did not, however, co-operate with each other in splicing regulation of these target exons.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Here we identify hnRNP L as a novel SNB component. We show that, compared with other identified Sam68-associated hnRNP proteins and hnRNP LL, this co-localisation within SNBs is specific to hnRNP L. Our data suggest that the novel Sam68-hnRNP L protein interaction may have a distinct role within SNBs.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Human Genetics, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK. p.rajan@beatson.gla.ac.uk
authors.forename: Prabhakar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rajan
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dalgliesh
authors.forename: Cyril F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Bourgeois
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heiner
authors.forename: Kaveh
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Emami
authors.forename: Emma L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Albrecht
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bindereif
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stevenin
authors.forename: Craig N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Robson
authors.forename: Hing Y
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Elliott
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing / Q000378:metabolism*; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D034664:Heterogeneous-Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein L / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009696:Nucleic Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D040901:Proteomics; D012326:RNA Splicing; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D034664:Heterogeneous-Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein L; C489559:KHDRBS1 protein, human; D009696:Nucleic Acids; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins