title: Depression among a sample of first-time adolescent and adult mothers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Little is known about the rates, correlates, and consequences of depression among a sample of first-time mothers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four-site prospective study of the first 3 years of life among first children born to first-time mothers, including adolescent (N= 396), lower- (N= 169), and higher-resource adult (N= 117). Mothers were administered the Beck Depression Inventory prenatally and 6 months postpartum. Measures of maternal and infant behaviors were taken at 8 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adolescent mothers displayed higher prenatal and 6-month rates of depression than lower- and higher-resource adult mothers, with significantly more adolescent mothers "consistently" depressed at the two time points than lower- and higher-resource adult mothers. Further, adolescent mothers were significantly more likely to become depressed after their babies were born than lower- or higher-resource adult mothers. Depression was negatively related to parenting practices and babies' behavior. As depression increased, mothers scored less favorably in maternal warmth and sensitivity, contingent responsiveness, and general verbalness; children scored less favorably in warmth seeking toward their mothers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings signify the need for counseling and nurse-based intervention and prevention services geared at preparing pregnant adolescents for motherhood.
authors.affiliation: University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birminham, Al, USA. rlanzi@uab.edu
authors.forename: Robin Gaines
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Lanzi
authors.forename: Shannon Carothers
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Bert
authors.forename: Bette Keltner
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Jacobs
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001722:Birth Order; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019052:Depression, Postpartum; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D018730:Infant Behavior; D008425:Maternal Behavior; D009034:Mother-Child Relations; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult