title: Fractures of the clivus: a contemporary series in the computed tomography era.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We report the morbidity and mortality associated with fractures of the clivus and discuss management approaches specific to this unique diagnostic entity.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a boolean search of our electronic medical record database to identify patients with fractures of the clivus that were diagnosed using computed tomography of the head. A retrospective imaging and chart analysis was completed to further characterize the fractures and to analyze outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between January 1999 and December 2007, 41 patients were identified with fractures of the clivus. We found a 0.21% overall incidence among all head-injured patients presenting to our institution and a 2.3% incidence among those patients with a cranial fracture. Ten of 41 patients (24.4%) died, and neurological and vascular complications associated with central cranial base fractures were observed in 19 of 41 patients (46%). Furthermore, associated cranial fractures remote from the central cranial base and associated intracranial hemorrhages were observed in 40 of 41 (97.6%) and 33 of 41 (80.5%) patients, respectively. In terms of outcomes, 26 of 41 patients (63.5%) had a Glasgow Coma Scale score of 12 or greater at the time of discharge from the hospital.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We demonstrate a lower than previously reported mortality rate in patients with clival fractures. Nevertheless, as a result of location, fractures of the clivus were frequently associated with a high rate of complications and neurological sequelae.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
authors.forename: Pawel G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Ochalski
authors.forename: Richard M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Spiro
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fabio
authors.forename: Amin B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Kassam
authors.forename: David O
authors.initials: DO
authors.lastname: Okonkwo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003388:Cranial Fossa, Posterior / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology*; D057286:Electronic Health Records / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000401:mortality; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult