title: Facial transplantation: an anatomic and surgical analysis of the periorbital functional unit.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Complete loss of eyelid pair is associated with chronic discomfort, corneal ulceration, and visual impairment. Contemporary reconstructive techniques rarely provide functionally acceptable results. Composite tissue allotransplantation may provide a viable alternative. This study reports on neurovascular anatomy and technical details of harvesting an isolated periorbital unit and discusses its functional potential.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four hemifaces (12 fresh cadavers) were dissected to study surgically relevant neurovascular structures and to develop an efficient harvest method. Angiographic analysis was performed in seven hemifaces following harvest.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The superficial temporal and facial vessels demonstrated consistent location and diameters. Anatomic variability was characterized by the absence of the frontal branch of the superficial temporal artery or facial-to-angular artery continuation, but never of both vessels in the same hemiface. Angiographic analysis demonstrated filling of the eyelid arcades, provided the anastomoses between the internal and external carotid branches were preserved. The facial nerve exhibited consistent planar arrangement and diameters in the intraparotid and proximal extraparotid regions, but less so in the distal nerve course. The inferior zygomatic and buccal branches frequently coinnervated the orbicularis oculi and lower facial muscles with an unpredictable intermuscular course. Based on the foregoing, an effective surgical harvest of the periorbital composite was developed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Surgical harvest of a functional periorbital allotransplant is technically feasible. Revascularization of the isolated periorbital unit is influenced by variations in regional anatomy and cannot be guaranteed by a single vascular pedicle. The orbicularis oculi muscle and its innervation can be preserved, and recovery, albeit without the certainty of reflexive blinking, is expected.
authors.affiliation: Louisville, Ky.; and Utrecht, The Netherlands From the Department of Surgery and the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Louisville, and the Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Hand Surgery, University of Utrecht.
authors.forename: Dalibor
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vasilic
authors.forename: John H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Barker
authors.forename: Ross
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Blagg
authors.forename: Iain
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Whitaker
authors.forename: Moshe
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kon
authors.forename: M Douglas
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Gossman
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002610:Cheek / Q000294:innervation; D004210:Dissection; D005143:Eyelids / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000294:innervation / Q000637:transplantation*; D005154:Facial Nerve / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D020858:Tissue and Organ Harvesting; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous; D015050:Zygoma / Q000294:innervation