title: In situ single-unit recording of hypothalamic hamartomas under endoscopic direct visualization.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hypothalamic hamartomas (HHs) are associated with refractory epilepsy and are amenable to surgical treatment. The gelastic seizures associated with HHs originate within the HH lesion, but the responsible cellular mechanisms are unknown. Microelectrode patch-clamp recordings from HH neurons in resected slice preparations show that small HH neurons spontaneously fire with intrinsic pacemaker-like activity. We questioned whether spontaneous firing of HH neurons was present in situ, and we hypothesized that single-unit field recordings from HH tissue could be obtained with instrumentation passed through the endoscope before surgical resection.
  
  
  METHODS
  After informed consent was obtained, patients undergoing transventricular, endoscopic resection of an HH for intractable epilepsy were eligible for study. After placement of the endoscope, a bundled microwire (total of 9 contacts) was placed into the HH under direct visualization. Spontaneous activity was recorded for two or three 5-minute epochs, under steady-state general anesthesia. The wire was advanced 0.5 to 1 mm within the lesion between recording epochs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of thirteen 5-minute recordings were obtained from 5 patients. Noise levels were comparable to extraoperative microwire recordings for temporal lobe epilepsy. Single-neuron spike activity was isolated from a total of 5 channels obtained during recording of 3 sessions in 3 patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have shown that single-unit recordings from HH lesions can be successfully obtained in situ under direct endoscopic visualization. We believe that this is the first report using the working channel of a neuroendoscope to make physiological recordings of deep structures in humans.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurological Surgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona 85013, USA.
authors.forename: Gregory P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Lekovic
authors.forename: John F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Kerrigan
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wait
authors.forename: Harold L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Rekate
authors.forename: Peter N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Steinmetz
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000502:physiology*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004724:Endoscopy; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006222:Hamartoma / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007027:Hypothalamic Diseases / Q000150:complications*; D008297:Male; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology*; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000473:pathology*; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult