title: Microbiological analysis of composts produced on South Carolina poultry farms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine whether the methods used in compost operations of small and medium-sized poultry farms resulted in the production of an amendment free of foodborne pathogens.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nine compost heaps on five South Carolina poultry farms were surveyed at different stages of the composting process. Compost samples were analysed for coliforms and enriched for Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes. The waste materials and composting practices differed among the surveyed farms. On two farms, new materials were added to heaps that had previously completed the active composting phase. Five compost heaps did not reach an internal temperature of 55 degrees C, and c. 62% of all internal samples in the first composting phase contained moisture contents <40%. Escherichia coli was detected in 63% of the surface samples (n = 38) and 9.8% of the internal samples (n = 82) from the first composting phase, as compared with 16.7% of the surface samples (n = 12) and 0% internal samples (n = 24) from the second composting phase. Salmonella was detected in 26 and 6.1% of all surface and internal samples collected from heaps in the first composting phase, respectively, but was absent in all compost samples undergoing a second composting phase. The predominant Salmonella serotypes were Thompson, Montevideo and Anatum. Neither E. coli O157:H7 nor L. monocytogenes was detected in any of the samples.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that the conditions at the compost surface are suitable for pathogen survival, and the complete composting process can result in the elimination of pathogens in poultry wastes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This research provides information regarding the effectiveness of the composting practices and microbiological quality of poultry compost produced by small- and medium-sized farms. Ensuring the safety of compost that may be applied to soils should be an integral part of preharvest food safety programme.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Shepherd
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Doyle
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Erickson
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture / Q000379:methods; D000818:Animals; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D019453:Escherichia coli O157 / Q000302:isolation & purification; D008089:Listeria monocytogenes / Q000302:isolation & purification; D011200:Poultry / Q000382:microbiology*; D012475:Salmonella / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012987:Soil / Q000032:analysis*; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D013022:South Carolina; D013696:Temperature; D018505:Waste Management / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D012987:Soil