title: Blood pressure and cognitive function in older adults with cardiovascular disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Past studies link elevated blood pressure (BP) and BP variability to adverse neurocognitive changes in community samples. However, little is known about the relationship between BP indices and cognitive function in older CVD patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 99 older adults with CVD completed a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery. Resting BP measurements were collected every 10 min for 2 hr during a separate cardiac assessment. Five BP indices were generated: average and standard deviation of systolic blood pressure (SBP), average and standard deviation of diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and a function of systolic variability and average diastolic pressure. We examined the relationship between these BP indices and cognitive function.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Partial correlation adjusting for age and education revealed that the function of systolic variability and average diastolic pressure (SBP standard deviation divided by the average DBP) was most closely related to test performance, showing significant associations to both Learning/Memory (r = 0.25) and Language functioning (r = 0.22). SBP indices were also related to Language functioning (SBP avg., r = 0.22; SBP SD, r = 0.25), though DBP indices were unrelated to performance in any cognitive domain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current findings indicate that BP is modestly related to cognitive function in older CVD patients. Contrary to expectations, greater BP variability was associated with better, not poorer, cognitive test performance. Such findings suggest that the relationship between BP and cognitive function is more complicated than typically believed and requires further examination.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, USA. jgunstad@kent.edu
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gunstad
authors.forename: Therese Anne
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Keary
authors.forename: Mary Beth
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Spitznagel
authors.forename: Athena
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Poppas
authors.forename: Robert H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Paul
authors.forename: Lawrence H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Sweet
authors.forename: Karin F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Hoth
authors.forename: Andreana P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Haley
authors.forename: Daniel E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Forman
authors.forename: Ronald A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Cohen
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D013997:Time Factors