title: Laparoscopic Stephen-Fowler stage procedure: appropriate management for high intra-abdominal testes.
abstract: The length of testicular vessels is the main length-limiting factor to bring down the testes in the scrotum. Fowler and Stephen proposed the division of testicular vessels, high and as far from the testes as possible to maintain collateral blood supply, to treat high intra-abdominal testes. Cortesi introduced the diagnostic laparoscopy and Jorden first did the laparoscopic orchiopexy for nonpalpable testes. We had done Fowler-Stephen staged orchiopexy for high intra-abdominal testes, in which both stages were done laparoscopically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 17 testes of 13 patients had undergone laparoscopic staged Fowler-Stephen orchiopexy. The decision to perform a staged Fowler-Stephen orchiopexy was based on the distance of the testis from the deep inguinal ring on laparoscopy. If distance was more than 2.5 cm, then we proceeded to a laparoscopic staged Fowler-Stephen orchiopexy. In the first stage, testicular vessels were cauterized by bipolar diathermy. Laparoscopic second-stage Fowler-Stephen procedure was done 6 months after the first stage. Patients were regularly followed, and the success of the procedure was assessed by the size of the testes and the position in the scrotum. Testicular vascularity was assessed by color Doppler ultrasonography. There was no testicular atrophy on second stage and on follow-up. All testes were in the scrotum with good size on follow-up. There was no complication related to laparoscopy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In cases of high intra-abdominal testes, the staged Fowler-Stephen procedure should be the procedure of choice. This procedure yields a high success rate. Transaction of vessels by bipolar diathermy is a very safe, cost-effective method.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India. dramitjagral@gmail.com
authors.forename: Amit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Agrawal
authors.forename: Milind
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Joshi
authors.forename: Pankaj
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mishra
authors.forename: Rahul
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Beejal
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sanghvi
authors.forename: Sandesh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Parelkar
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003456:Cryptorchidism / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D011535:Prune Belly Syndrome / Q000150:complications; D013737:Testis / Q000098:blood supply; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014463:Ultrasonography; D013521:Urologic Surgical Procedures, Male / Q000379:methods*