title: Intranasal cooling with or without intravenous cold fluids during and after cardiac arrest in pigs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intranasal balloon catheters circulated with cold saline have previously been used for the induction and maintenance of selective brain cooling in pigs with normal circulation. In the present study, we investigated the feasibility of therapeutic hypothermia initiation, maintenance and rewarming using such intranasal balloon catheters with or without addition of intravenous ice-cold fluids during and after cardiac arrest treatment in pigs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cardiac arrest was induced in 20 anaesthetised pigs. Following 8 min of cardiac arrest and 1 min of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), cooling was initiated after randomisation with either intranasal cooling (N) or combined with intravenous ice-cold fluids (N+S). Hypothermia was maintained for 180 min, followed by 180 min of rewarming. Brain and oesophageal temperatures, haemodynamic variables and intracranial pressure (ICP) were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Brain temperatures reductions after cooling did not differ (3.8 +/- 0.7 degrees C in the N group and 4.3 +/- 1.5 degrees C in the N+S group; P=0.47). The corresponding body temperature reductions were 3.6 +/- 1.2 degrees C and 4.6 +/- 1.5 degrees C (P=0.1). The resuscitation outcome was similar in both groups. Mixed venous oxygen saturation was lower in the N group after cooling and rewarming (P=0.024 and 0.002, respectively) as compared with the N+S group. ICP was higher after rewarming in the N group (25.2 +/- 2.9 mmHg; P=0.01) than in the N+S group (15.7 +/- 3.3 mmHg).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intranasal balloon catheters can be used for therapeutic hypothermia initiation, maintenance and rewarming during CPR and after successful resuscitation in pigs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Sciences, Anaesthesiology & Intensive Care, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. lucian.covaciu@akademiska.se
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Covaciu
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Allers
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lunderquist
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rubertsson
mesh_terms: D000758:Anesthesia; D000818:Animals; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000502:physiology; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation / Q000379:methods; D002404:Catheterization; D002407:Catheterization, Swan-Ganz; D004562:Electrocardiography; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy*; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced / Q000379:methods*; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007427:Intracranial Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D009296:Nasal Cavity; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D017694:Rewarming; D013552:Swine; D014693:Ventricular Fibrillation / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen