title: High doses of inhaled corticosteroids during the first trimester of pregnancy and congenital malformations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although reassuring data exist on the use of low-to-moderate doses of inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs) during pregnancy, there are inadequate data for women receiving high doses.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the association between doses of ICS during the first trimester of pregnancy and the risk of congenital malformations among women with asthma.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a cohort study of 13,280 pregnancies of women with asthma (1990-2002) by linking 3 administrative databases from Quebec (Canada). By using generalized estimation equation models, we compared women taking >0 to 1000 microg/d ICS (beclomethasone dipropionate-chlorofluorocarbone equivalent) with women taking >1000 microg/d and those not taking ICSs. The main outcome measures were all and major congenital malformations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 1257 infants with a congenital malformation (9.5%) and 782 infants with a major malformation (5.9%). We found that women who used >1000 microg/d ICS (n = 154) were significantly more likely (63%) to have a baby with a malformation than the 4392 women who used >0 to 1000 microg/d (adjusted risk ratio, 1.63; 95% CI, 1.02-2.60). On the other hand, women who used >0 to 1000 microg/d were not found to be more at risk than women who did not use ICSs during the first trimester (n = 8734). Nonsignificant trends of similar magnitude were found for major malformations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study adds evidence on the safety of low-to-moderate doses of ICS taken during the first trimester but raises concerns about high doses. However, we cannot rule out the possibility of residual confounding by severity in this association.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. lucie.blais@umontreal.ca
authors.forename: Lucie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Blais
authors.forename: Marie-France
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Beauchesne
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lemière
authors.forename: Naoual
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Elftouh
mesh_terms: D000014:Abnormalities, Drug-Induced / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000293:Adolescent; D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000328:Adult; D001249:Asthma / Q000188:drug therapy*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008875:Middle Aged; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First / Q000187:drug effects; D011792:Quebec / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones