title: Employee control over working times and risk of cause-specific disability pension: the Finnish Public Sector Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the association between worktime control and subsequent disability pension among employees.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two scores of worktime control (self-assessed and co-worker assessed) were obtained from a survey in 2000-2001 (score range 1-5) among 30 700 public sector employees (78% women) aged 18-64 years. Information on cause-specific disability pension during follow-up was collected from national registers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During a mean follow-up of 4.4 years, 1178 employees were granted disability pensions (incidence per 1000 person-years: 9.2 in women and 8.7 in men). The most common causes of a disability pension were musculoskeletal disorders (43% of all pensions), mental disorders (25%), tumours (8%) and diseases of the circulatory system (6%) and nervous system (6%). A one unit increase in self-assessed and co-worker assessed worktime control score was associated with a 41-48% decrease in risk of disabling musculoskeletal disorders in men and a 33-35% decrease in women. This association was robust to adjustment for 17 baseline covariates (in men and women combined, adjusted HR 0.76, 95% CI 0.67 to 0.87 and 0.64, 95% CI 0.51 to 0.79 per one unit increase in self-assessed and co-worker assessed worktime control, respectively). Self-assessed, but not co-worker assessed, worktime control was also associated with risk of disability retirement due to mental disorders in women. Disability pensions from other disease categories were not related to worktime control.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In these public sector employees, high worktime control was associated with reduced risk of early retirement caused by musculoskeletal disorders independent of baseline characteristics.
authors.affiliation: Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Lemminkäisenkatu 14-18 B, Turku, Finland. jussi.vahtera@ttl.fi
authors.forename: Jussi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vahtera
authors.forename: Sari
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Laine
authors.forename: Marianna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Virtanen
authors.forename: Tuula
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Oksanen
authors.forename: Aki
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Koskinen
authors.forename: Jaana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pentti
authors.forename: Mika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kivimaki
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016272:Occupational Health; D010415:Pensions / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017150:Public Sector / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012179:Retirement / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D017678:Sex Distribution; D055815:Young Adult