title: Healthcare provider and parent behavior and children's coping and distress at anesthesia induction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To date, no study has evaluated the impact of specific healthcare provider and parent behaviors on children's distress and coping during anesthesia induction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Extensive digital video data were collected on 293 two- to ten-yr-old children undergoing anesthesia induction with a parent present. Anesthesiologist, nurse, and parent behavior and children's distress and coping were coded using the Revised Preoperative Child-Adult Medical Procedure Interaction Scale administered using specialized coding software.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Anesthesiologists and parents engaged in higher rates of most behaviors than nurses. Overall, adult emotion-focused behavior such as empathy and reassurance was significantly positively related to children's distress and negatively related to children's coping behaviors. Adult distracting behavior such as humor and distracting talk showed the opposite pattern. Medical reinterpretation by anesthesiologists was significantly positively related to children's coping behaviors, but the same behavior by parents was significantly positively related to children's distress.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data presented here provide evidence for a relation between adult behaviors and children's distress and coping at anesthesia induction. These behaviors are trainable, and hence it is possible to test whether modifying physician behavior can influence child behavior in future studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, Irvine, Orange, CA, USA. jill.chorney@iwk.nshealth.ca
authors.forename: Jill MacLaren
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Chorney
authors.forename: Carrie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Torrey
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Blount
authors.forename: Christine E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: McLaren
authors.forename: Wen-Pin
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Zeev N
authors.initials: ZN
authors.lastname: Kain
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological / Q000502:physiology*; D000328:Adult; D000342:Affective Symptoms / Q000523:psychology*; D000769:Anesthesia, Inhalation / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D015588:Observer Variation; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results