title: Quantification of a methadone metabolite (EDDP) in urine: assessment of compliance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the possibility of utilizing the ratio of the methadone metabolite, 2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP), to urine creatinine to develop a regression model that would predict drug adherence in patients prescribed methadone for either pain management or drug addiction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Marshfield Clinic-Lakeland Center, one of 41 regional centers that make up Marshfield Clinic, a large, private, multi-specialty healthcare institution in central Wisconsin.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients receiving methadone treatment for substance abuse or chronic pain. Group 1 was an initial pilot group consisting of 7 patients who were followed for a 4-month period. Group 2 consisted of 33 patients who were followed over a 28-month period.
  
  
  METHODS
  Age, gender, weight, height, methadone dosage, quantitative urine creatinine and EDDP levels, reported compliance/non-compliance, and relevant clinical cofactors were retrospectively abstracted from the patients' medical records. Log-log regression analyses were used to model EDDP and the EDDP/creatinine ratio from urine screening results as functions of methadone dose, and in the larger cohort (group 2), body size, gender and age. The coefficient of determination adjusted for the number of predictor terms (R(adj)(2)) was reported as a measure of model fit.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For group 1 data, there was a significant positive relation (P<0.001) but also substantial variability (R(adj)(2) = 0.49). Adjustment for creatinine through the EDDP/creatinine ratio provided a tighter relation (R(adj)(2) = 0.95). Similarly, for group 2 data, there was a significant positive relation (P=0.001) and substantial variability (R(adj)(2) = 0.53). Adjustment for creatinine through EDDP/creatinine ratios provided a substantially stronger relation (R(adj)(2) = 0.73). Gender and age showed no evidence of association with the EDDP/creatinine ratio (P=0.60 and P=0.51, respectively). Body size was significant in the model, both when measured by body surface area and by lean body weight, and improved the prediction when added to our model (R(adj)(2) = 0.80).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For the first time, urine analyses may be used to monitor methadone over- or under-use in a clinical setting, regardless of the state of patient hydration or the manipulation of a sample by addition of another substance, such as bleach, soap, or even methadone, which could render an appropriate sample inappropriate or an inappropriate sample appropriate. A similar approach may prove useful for other drug treatments, allowing for more accurate monitoring of commonly abused prescription medications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pain Management, Marshfield Clinic-Lakeland Center, 9601 Townline Road, Minocqua, WI 54548-1390, USA. larson.michael@marshfieldclinic.org
authors.forename: Michael E M
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Larson
authors.forename: Thomas M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Richards
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008691:Methadone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000379:methods*; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000652:urine*; D011759:Pyrrolidines / Q000652:urine*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000652:urine*; D014922:Wisconsin
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D011759:Pyrrolidines; D003404:Creatinine; D008691:Methadone; C010724:2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine