title: Differences in venom and cuticular peptides in individuals of Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) determined by MALDI-TOF MS.
abstract: The fraction between 950 and 4000Da of the venom of Apis mellifera has been analyzed with MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and statistical facilities of the ClinProTools software. Consistent differences in the composition of this venom fraction were observed between queens and workers while younger and older workers (nurses and guards as well as foragers) differ for the relative percentages of two well known cytolytic peptides, namely Melittin and Apamin. Total in situ body methanol extracts and methanol micro-extractions on the cuticle of various parts of the body of drones and females confirmed that venom peptides are smeared on the body surface of females in a not yet clarified way. The observation that venom peptides have been found also on comb wax rises the hypothesis that the use of venom as antimicrobial agent makes part of the social immunity system of A. mellifera.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Biologia Evoluzionistica Leo Pardi, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via Romana 17, 50125 Firenze, Italy. david.baracchi@gmail.com
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Baracchi
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Turillazzi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001514:Bee Venoms / Q000737:chemistry*; D001516:Bees / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000254:growth & development; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D010455:Peptides / Q000737:chemistry*; D019032:Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
chemical_list: D001514:Bee Venoms; D010455:Peptides