title: Chicken faeces garden fertilizer: possible source of human avian influenza H5N1 infection.
abstract: Avian influenza H5N1 infection in humans is typically associated with close contact with infected poultry or other infected avian species. We report on human cases of H5N1 infection in Indonesia where exposure to H5N1-infected animals could not be established, but where the investigation found chicken faeces contaminated with viable H5N1 virus in the garden fertilizer. Human cases of avian influenza H5N1 warrant extensive investigations to determine likely sources of illness and to minimize risk to others. Authorities should regulate the sale and transportation of chicken faeces as fertilizer from areas where H5N1 outbreaks are reported.
authors.affiliation: Directorate General Disease Control & Environmental Health, Ministry of Health, Jakarta, Indonesia.
authors.forename: I N
authors.initials: IN
authors.lastname: Kandun
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Samaan
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Harun
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Purba
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sariwati
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Septiawati
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Silitonga
authors.forename: N P I
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Dharmayanti
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wandra
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D002645:Chickens; D002648:Child; D005243:Feces / Q000821:virology*; D005308:Fertilizers; D006801:Humans; D007214:Indonesia / Q000453:epidemiology; D053124:Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype / Q000235:genetics; D005585:Influenza in Birds / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology*; D008297:Male; D010802:Phylogeny
chemical_list: D005308:Fertilizers