title: Early changes in Homer1 proteins in the spinal dorsal horn are associated with loose ligation of the rat sciatic nerve.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Plasticity in the spinal dorsal horn is thought to underlie, at least in part, pain behavior after peripheral nerve injury. Homer1 proteins play an important role in synaptic plasticity through an activity-dependent remodeling of the postsynaptic density (PSD). In this study, we examined the early consequences of the loose ligation of the sciatic nerve on the levels of Homer1a and Homer1b/c proteins in the PSD of spinal dorsal horn neurons.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male rats were randomly assigned to control, sham-operated, or ligated groups. Four hours after sciatic exposure or ligation, the animals were anesthetized and killed. Dorsal horn ipsilateral and contralateral quadrants were homogenized and centrifuged to obtain a PSD-containing LP1 fraction. Homer1 isoforms were identified in Western immunoblots. In some animals, Homer1 small interfering RNA (siRNA), nontarget siRNA, MK-801, or U01026 was injected intrathecally before surgery to assess the effects of this treatment on the levels of Homer1 isoforms and on 2 signs of injury-associated pain behavior, a shift in weight-bearing distribution and thermal hyperalgesia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In ligated animals, the protein levels of Homer1a increased and those of Homer1b/c decreased in the ipsilateral LP1 fraction of the spinal dorsal horn. In contrast, no changes were detected in the contralateral LP1 fraction of ligated animals or the ipsilateral or contralateral LP1 fraction of sham-operated animals. Intrathecal injections of Homer1 siRNA, but not nontarget siRNA, 2 h before the ligation prevented the accumulation of Homer1a and loss of Homer1b/c in the ipsilateral LP1 fraction. The same pretreatment with Homer1 siRNA also alleviated both a shift in weight-bearing behavior and thermal hyperalgesia in the ligated animals. Intrathecal injections of MK-801 or U0126 15 min before the ligation similarly prevented the injury-associated changes in Homer1 protein levels and the behavioral signs of pain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ligation-associated changes in the protein levels of Homer1a and Homer1b/c in the ipsilateral PSD of spinal dorsal horn neurons may be an important early reflection of the injury-associated plasticity that in time leads to the development of persistent pain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706-1509, USA.
authors.forename: Gordana
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Miletic
authors.forename: Ashley M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Driver
authors.forename: Takako
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Miyabe-Nishiwaki
authors.forename: Vjekoslav
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Miletic
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D002070:Butadienes / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D016291:Dizocilpine Maleate / Q000008:administration & dosage; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000072233:Homer Scaffolding Proteins; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D008026:Ligation; D008297:Male; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D009437:Neuralgia / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D009570:Nitriles / Q000008:administration & dosage; D020671:Posterior Horn Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage; D034622:RNA Interference; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000008:administration & dosage; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D012584:Sciatic Nerve / Q000601:surgery; D020426:Sciatic Neuropathy / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D002070:Butadienes; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D000072233:Homer Scaffolding Proteins; C000606624:Homer1 protein, rat; D009570:Nitriles; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; C113580:U 0126; D016291:Dizocilpine Maleate; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3