title: Normative reference values for the tissue Doppler imaging parameters of left ventricular function: a population-based study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) is used routinely to quantify left ventricular function and filling pressure. However, there remains a lack of percentile-based normative reference values for these clinically important parameters.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four hundred and fifty-three healthy subjects aged 35-75 years were included for analysis from the London Life Sciences Prospective Population (LOLIPOP) study. Subjects were free of manifest cardiovascular disease, cardiovascular risk factors, and significant coronary artery disease as determined by electron-beam computed tomography. They underwent 2D and Doppler echocardiography for assessment of left heart structure and function. TDI was performed at the septal and lateral mitral annular sites enabling on-line derivation of myocardial systolic velocity (Sa), diastolic velocity (Ea), and the ratio of Ea to transmitral E-wave (E/Ea).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Reference ranges (5th and 95th percentile values) for septal, lateral, and average mitral annular Sa velocity, Ea velocity, and E/Ea ratio were derived for the whole cohort and for each of the four age groups (35-44, 45-54, 55-64, 65-75). Increasing age was associated with a significant attenuation in myocardial velocity when averaged from both the septal and lateral mitral annulus, exerting a greater influence upon average Ea velocity (P < 0.001) compared with average Sa velocity (P = 0.04). Average E/Ea ratio increased significantly with advancing age (P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The reference ranges presented for the TDI parameters of Sa velocity, Ea velocity, and E/Ea ratio will help to standardize the assessment of LV function by tissue Doppler echocardiography.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Northwick Park Hospital, Harrow HA1 3UJ, UK.
authors.forename: Navtej S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Chahal
authors.forename: Tiong K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Piyush
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jain
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Chambers
authors.forename: Jaspal S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kooner
authors.forename: Roxy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Senior
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005260:Female; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008943:Mitral Valve / Q000502:physiology; D011379:Prognosis; D012016:Reference Values; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013599:Systole; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left