title: Berry anthocyanins and anthocyanidins exhibit distinct affinities for the efflux transporters BCRP and MDR1.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Dietary anthocyanins hold great promise in the prevention of chronic disease but factors affecting their bioavailability remain poorly defined. Specifically, the role played by transport mechanisms at the intestinal and blood-brain barriers (BBB) is currently unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the present study, 16 anthocyanins and anthocyanidins were exposed to the human efflux transporters multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), using dye efflux, ATPase and, for BCRP, vesicular transport assays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All test compounds interacted with the BCRP transporter in vitro. Of these, seven emerged as potential BCRP substrates (malvidin, petunidin, malvidin-3-galactoside, malvidin-3,5-diglucoside, cyanidin-3-galactoside, peonidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3-glucoside) and 12 as potential inhibitors of BCRP (cyanidin, peonidin, cyanidin-3,5-diglucoside, malvidin, pelargonidin, delphinidin, petunidin, delphinidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3-rutinoside, malvidin-3-glucoside, pelargonidin-3,5-diglucoside, malvidin-3-galactoside). Malvidin, malvidin-3-galactoside and petunidin exhibited bimodal activities serving as BCRP substrates at low concentrations and, at higher concentrations, as BCRP inhibitors. Effects on MDR1, in contrast, were weak. Only aglycones exerted mild inhibitory activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the anthocyanidins under study may alter pharmacokinetics of drugs that are BCRP substrates, they are less likely to interfere with activities of MDR1 substrates. The present data suggest that several anthocyanins and anthocyanidins may be actively transported out of intestinal tissues and endothelia, limiting their bioavailability in plasma and brain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany. andrea.dreiseitel@klinik.uni-regensburg.de
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dreiseitel
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Oosterhuis
authors.forename: K V
authors.initials: KV
authors.lastname: Vukman
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schreier
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Oehme
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Locher
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hajak
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Sand
mesh_terms: D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D000070997:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2; D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D001682:Biological Availability; D001692:Biological Transport; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier / Q000378:metabolism; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004347:Drug Interactions; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C116614:ABCG2 protein, human; D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1; D000070997:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2; D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; D000872:Anthocyanins; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins