title: Transcription factors mediate long-range enhancer-promoter interactions.
abstract: We examined how remote enhancers establish physical communication with target promoters to activate gene transcription in response to environmental signals. Although the natural IFN-beta enhancer is located immediately upstream of the core promoter, it also can function as a classical enhancer element conferring virus infection-dependent activation of heterologous promoters, even when it is placed several kilobases away from these promoters. We demonstrated that the remote IFN-beta enhancer "loops out" the intervening DNA to reach the target promoter. These chromatin loops depend on sequence-specific transcription factors bound to the enhancer and the promoter and thus can explain the specificity observed in enhancer-promoter interactions, especially in complex genetic loci. Transcription factor binding sites scattered between an enhancer and a promoter can work as decoys trapping the enhancer in nonproductive loops, thus resembling insulator elements. Finally, replacement of the transcription factor binding sites involved in DNA looping with those of a heterologous prokaryotic protein, the lambda repressor, which is capable of loop formation, rescues enhancer function from a distance by re-establishing enhancer-promoter loop formation.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular Biology, Genetics and Biotechnology, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Efesiou Street, Athens 11527 Greece.
authors.forename: Ilias K
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Nolis
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: McKay
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mantouvalou
authors.forename: Stavros
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lomvardas
authors.forename: Menie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Merika
authors.forename: Dimitris
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Thanos
mesh_terms: D047369:Chromatin Immunoprecipitation; D004247:DNA / Q000378:metabolism*; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D004742:Enhancer Elements, Genetic / Q000502:physiology*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000502:physiology*; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D016899:Interferon-beta / Q000235:genetics; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000502:physiology*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D014157:Transcription Factors; D016899:Interferon-beta; D004247:DNA