title: Combined pitch and roll and cybersickness in a virtual environment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Stationary subjects who perceive visually induced illusions of self-motion, or vection, in virtual reality (VR) often experience cybersickness, the symptoms of which are similar to those experienced during motion sickness. An experiment was conducted to test the effects of single and dual-axis rotation of a virtual environment on cybersickness. It was predicted that VR displays which induced illusory dual-axis (as opposed to single-axis) self-rotations in stationary subjects would generate more sensory conflict and subsequently more cybersickness.
  
  
  METHODS
  There were 19 individuals (5 men, 14 women, mean age = 19.8 yr) who viewed the interior of a virtual cube that steadily rotated (at 60 degrees x s(-1)) about either the pitch axis or both the pitch and roll axes simultaneously. Subjects completed the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire (SSQ) before a trial and after 5 min of stimulus viewing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Post-treatment total SSQ scores and subscores for nausea, oculomotor, and disorientation were significantly higher in the dual-axis condition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results support the hypothesis that a vection-inducing VR stimulus that rotates about two axes generates more cybersickness compared to aVR stimulus that rotates about only one. In the single-axis condition, sensory conflict and pseudo-Coriolis effects may have led to symptoms. However, in the dual-axis condition, not only was perceived self-motion more complex (two axes compared to one), the inducing stimulus was consistent with twice as much self-motion. Hence, the increased likelihood/magnitude of sensory conflict and pseudo-Coriolis effects may have subsequently resulted in a higher degree of cybersickness in the dual-axis condition.
authors.affiliation: Human Perception and Performance Laboratory, Saint Peter's College, 2641 Kennedy Blvd., Jersey City, NJ 07306, USA. Fbonato@spc.edu
authors.forename: Frederick
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bonato
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bubka
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Palmisano
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000337:Aerospace Medicine; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009041:Motion Sickness / Q000209:etiology*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D055815:Young Adult