title: Optimization of radiography applications using x-ray beams emitted by compact accelerators. Part I. Monte Carlo study of the hard x-ray spectrum.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A 3-year project called LABSYNC has been recently funded by the European Commission, with the aim of designing a radiation facility based on a compact light source, i.e., a laboratory-sized commercial synchrotron, capable of accelerating electrons up to 6 or 20 MeV. An accurate spectral description of hard x rays emitted from thin targets, irradiated by electron beams circulating in the storage ring, is of primary interest for the design and the characterization of a beamline. This article, Part I, aims at optimizing some of the parameters which are critical for the design of medical applications based on the above compact light source. The goal was to evaluate the dependence of photon fluence and beam monochromaticity on electron-beam energy, target material, and thickness.
  
  
  METHODS
  The transport of 6 and 20 MeV electrons in a thin molybdenum, rhodium, and tungsten target is studied by means of Monte Carlo simulations using MCNPX. Configurations of the x-ray output port, different from the default forward-directed emission of the beam, are also investigated. A comparison with reference spectra for general diagnostic radiology and mammography is carried out.
  
  
  RESULTS
  It is shown that the emitted x-ray beams can be far more intense than those generated by conventional x-ray tubes for radiography applications. The profiles of the calculated polychromatic spectra resemble those generated by conventional x-ray tubes, with x-ray energies up to the energy of the incident-electron beam. An appreciable improvement in the monochromaticity of the beams can be obtained by viewing the x-ray emission from an output port antiparallel to the direction of the incident-electron beam.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The optimum target thickness for tungsten target spectra is practically constrained by a trade-off between bremsstrahlung efficiency and focal-spot size requirements. A larger margin for optimization of target thickness is probably available for mammographic spectra. The constraint of a backward-directed (or, to a lesser extent, orthogonal) output port is to be considered mandatory for minimizing the high-energy tail of the spectral distribution and keeping the radiation dose to a reasonable level. It is also fundamental to evaluate the impact of the high-energy tail of the emitted spectra in x-ray imaging applications, since the energy range involved is significantly beyond the diagnostic range. This topic will be dealt with in Part II of the article.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Ferrara, Ferrara FE-44100, Italy. marziani@fe.infn.it
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marziani
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Taibi
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Di Domenico
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gambaccini
mesh_terms: D017076:Computer-Aided Design; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D008904:Miniaturization; D010315:Particle Accelerators / Q000295:instrumentation*; D011786:Quality Control; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement / Q000295:instrumentation*; D011859:Radiography / Q000295:instrumentation*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012542:Scattering, Radiation; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014965:X-Rays