title: Peripheral chemoreflex sensitivity and sympathetic nerve activity are normal in apnea divers during training season.
abstract: Apnea divers are exposed to repeated massive arterial oxygen desaturation, which could perturb chemoreflexes. An earlier study suggested that peripheral chemoreflex regulation of sympathetic vasomotor tone and ventilation may have recovered 4 or more weeks into the off season. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that peripheral chemoreflex regulation of ventilation and sympathetic vasomotor tone is present during the training season. We determined ventilation, heart rate, blood pressure, cardiac stroke volume, and muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) during isocapnic hypoxia in 10 breath hold divers and 11 matched control subjects. The study was carried out at the end of the season of intense apnea trainings. Baseline MSNA frequency was 30+/-4bursts/min in control subjects and 25+/-4bursts/min in breath hold divers (P=0.053). During hypoxia burst frequency and total sympathetic activity increased similarly in both groups. Sympathetic activity normalized during the 30-minute recovery. Hypoxia-induced stimulation of minute ventilation was similar in both groups, although in divers it was maintained by higher tidal volumes and lower breathing frequency compared with control subjects. In both groups, hypoxia increased heart rate and cardiac output whereas total peripheral resistance decreased. Blood pressure remained unchanged. We conclude that peripheral chemoreflex regulation of ventilation and sympathetic vasomotor tone is paradoxically preserved in apnea divers, both, during the off and during the training season. The observation suggests that repeated arterial oxygen desaturation may not be sufficient explaining sympathetic reflex abnormalities similar to those in obstructive sleep apnea patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia.
authors.forename: Toni
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Breskovic
authors.forename: Vladimir
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ivancev
authors.forename: Ivana
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Banic
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jordan
authors.forename: Zeljko
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Dujic
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001049:Apnea / Q000503:physiopathology; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D004242:Diving; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D012123:Pulmonary Ventilation / Q000502:physiology; D012018:Reflex / Q000502:physiology*; D012119:Respiration; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult