Comparison of two- and three-dimensional camera systems in laparoscopic performance: a novel 3D system with one camera.
BACKGROUND
This study evaluated the effects of a three-dimensional (3D) imaging system on laparoscopy performance compared with the conventional 2D system using a novel one-camera 3D system.


METHODS
In this study, 21 novices and 6 experienced surgeons performed two tasks with 2D and 3D systems in 4 consecutive days. Performance time and error as well as subjective parameters such as depth perception and visual discomforts were assessed in each session. Electromyography was used to evaluate the usage of muscles.


RESULTS
The 3D system provided significantly greater depth perception than the 2D system. The errors during the two tasks were significantly lower with 3D system in novice group, but performance time was not different between the 2D and 3D systems. The novices had more dizziness with the 3D system in first 2 days. However, the severity of dizziness was minimal (less than 2 of 10) and overcome with the passage of time. About 54% of the novices and 80% of the experienced surgeons preferred the 3D system. Electromyography (EMG) showed a tendency toward less usage of the right arm and more usage of the left arm with the 3D system.


CONCLUSIONS
The new 3D imaging system increased the accuracy of laparoscopy performance, with greater depth perception and only minimal dizziness. The authors expect that the 3D laparoscopic system could provide good depth perception and accuracy in surgery.
Kong
Seong-Ho
SH
Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28 Yongon-dong, Chongno-gu, Seoul 110-744, Korea. wisehearted@gmail.com
Oh
Byung-Mo
BM
Yoon
Hongman
H
Ahn
Hye Seong
HS
Lee
Hyuk-Joon
HJ
Chung
Sun Geun
SG
Shiraishi
Norio
N
Kitano
Seigo
S
Yang
Han-Kwang
HK
D000328:Adult; D001132:Arm / Q000502:physiology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002983:Clinical Competence; D003867:Depth Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D004576:Electromyography; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000295:instrumentation*; D007396:Internship and Residency; D020706:Laparoscopes / Q000592:standards*; D008297:Male; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D014741:Video Recording / Q000295:instrumentation*