title: Tourette syndrome in children and adolescents: special considerations.
abstract: Tourette syndrome (TS) affects people of all ages, with onset in early childhood and continuing through the different stages of the life cycle into adolescence and adults. This review focuses on barriers to diagnosis and challenges in the management of young patients with TS. Barriers to identification occur at multiple levels, including detection in the community setting (including schools), parents' help-seeking behavior, and cultural influences on such behavior, as well as diagnosis by the medical provider. Challenges to management include unfamiliarity of primary care providers, inconsistencies in the diagnosis and management plan, and failure to recognize comorbid conditions, as well as inadequate knowledge and lack of resources to effectively deal with comorbidities. In addition to the complexities posed by pharmacological interactions, there are unique psychosocial challenges experienced by young people with TS and their families. Effective communication and collaboration between families, health care providers, and school personnel, as well as supportive communities, are essential components of comprehensive management.
authors.affiliation: Sydney South West Area Health Service. v.eapen@unsw.edu.au
authors.forename: Valsamma
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Eapen
authors.forename: Rudi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Crncec
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000150:complications; D002648:Child; D005190:Family; D006801:Humans; D012574:Schools; D012944:Social Support; D020323:Tics / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D005879:Tourette Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*