title: Hiding and finding: the relationship between visual concealment and visual search.
abstract: As an initial step toward developing a theory of visual concealment, we assessed whether people would use factors known to influence visual search difficulty when the degree of concealment of objects among distractors was varied. In Experiment 1, participants arranged search objects (shapes, emotional faces, and graphemes) to create displays in which the targets were in plain sight but were either easy or hard to find. Analyses of easy and hard displays created during Experiment 1 revealed that the participants reliably used factors known to influence search difficulty (e.g., eccentricity, target-distractor similarity, presence/absence of a feature) to vary the difficulty of search across displays. In Experiment 2, a new participant group searched for the targets in the displays created by the participants in Experiment 1. Results indicated that search was more difficult in the hard than in the easy condition. In Experiments 3 and 4, participants used presence versus absence of a feature to vary search difficulty with several novel stimulus sets. Taken together, the results reveal a close link between the factors that govern concealment and the factors known to influence search difficulty, suggesting that a visual search theory can be extended to form the basis of a theory of visual concealment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada. dsmilek@uwaterloo.ca
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Smilek
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Weinheimer
authors.forename: Donna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kwan
authors.forename: Mike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Reynolds
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kingstone
mesh_terms: D001244:Association; D001288:Attention; D004192:Discrimination, Psychological; D004644:Emotions; D005149:Facial Expression; D006801:Humans; D009949:Orientation; D010364:Pattern Recognition, Visual; D011340:Problem Solving; D011582:Psychological Theory; D011601:Psychophysics; D011930:Reaction Time; D012660:Semantics