title: Residual fragments after percutaneous nephrolithotomy: cost comparison of immediate second look flexible nephroscopy versus expectant management.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We performed a cost comparison of immediate second look flexible nephroscopy vs expectant management for post-percutaneous nephrostolithotomy residual fragments.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used a decision analysis model to compare the cost of managing residual fragments by second look flexible nephroscopy vs observation. Outcomes of residual fragments after percutaneous nephrostolithotomy were determined from institutional experience and published shock wave lithotripsy series. Cost data were obtained from billing records. One-way sensitivity analysis was done to evaluate incurred costs of second look flexible nephroscopy while varying the likelihood of a stone event, the probability of surgery and the cost of surgical intervention. Two-way sensitivity analysis was done to assess the model across a range of scenarios.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Based on data in the literature and our institutional experience 40% of patients with residual fragments 4 mm or less had a stone event, of whom 57% required surgical intervention. Based on these estimates the average cost of expectant management for a residual fragment 4 mm or less vs greater than 4 was $1,743 vs $4,674. The average incremental cost of second look flexible nephroscopy at our institution was $2,475. Two-way sensitivity analysis showed that varying assumptions dramatically altered conclusions about the cost benefit of second look flexible nephroscopy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our model suggests that second look flexible nephroscopy is not cost advantageous in all patients with post-percutaneous nephrostolithotomy residual fragments. Cost benefit analysis is significantly impacted by the likelihood of a stone related event, the need for surgical intervention and surgical costs. Compared to an observational strategy second look flexible nephroscopy incurs lower costs for greater than 4 mm but not for 4 mm or less residual fragments.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA. jraman@hmc.psu.edu
authors.forename: Jay D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Raman
authors.forename: Aditya
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bagrodia
authors.forename: Karim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bensalah
authors.forename: Margaret S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Pearle
authors.forename: Yair
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lotan
mesh_terms: D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D006801:Humans; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000191:economics* / Q000601:surgery*; D009403:Nephrostomy, Percutaneous / Q000191:economics*; D024162:Second-Look Surgery