title: TLR4 signaling augments B lymphocyte migration and overcomes the restriction that limits access to germinal center dark zones.
abstract: B lymphocyte-intrinsic Toll-like receptor (TLR) signals amplify humoral immunity and can exacerbate autoimmune diseases. We identify a new mechanism by which TLR signals may contribute to autoimmunity and chronic inflammation. We show that TLR4 signaling enhances B lymphocyte trafficking into lymph nodes (LNs), induces B lymphocyte clustering and interactions within LN follicles, leads to sustained in vivo B cell proliferation, overcomes the restriction that limits the access of nonantigen-activated B cells to germinal center dark zones, and enhances the generation of memory and plasma cells. Intravital microscopy and in vivo tracking studies of B cells transferred to recipient mice revealed that TLR4-activated, but not nonstimulated, B cells accumulated within the dark zones of preexisting germinal centers even when transferred with antigen-specific B cells. The TLR4-activated cells persist much better than nonstimulated cells, expanding both within the memory and plasma cell compartments. TLR-mediated activation of B cells may help to feed and stabilize the spontaneous and ectopic germinal centers that are so commonly found in autoimmune individuals and that accompany chronic inflammation.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
authors.forename: Il-Young
authors.initials: IY
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.forename: Chung
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Kathleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Harrison
authors.forename: John H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kehrl
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D015551:Autoimmunity / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002908:Chronic Disease; D018858:Germinal Center / Q000276:immunology*; D007156:Immunologic Memory / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D007249:Inflammation / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D010950:Plasma Cells / Q000276:immunology*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000276:immunology*; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: C493487:Tlr4 protein, mouse; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4