title: Clustering of cardiometabolic risk factors in Asian Indian women: Santiniketan women study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present cross-sectional study was to investigate the clustering of cardiometabolic risk factors in premenopausal and postmenopausal Asian Indian women.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 214 healthy women (25-65 y) from the Bolpur-Santiniketan area, West Bengal, India, took part in the study. The women were categorized into two groups, namely, premenopausal (n = 161) and postmenopausal (n = 53). Anthropometric measures, namely, minimum waist circumference (WC) and the sum of four (biceps + triceps + subscapular + suprailiac) skinfolds (SF4), were measured accordingly. Intra-abdominal visceral fat (IVF) was also measured. Left arm systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure was taken in participants. Metabolic profiles, namely, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), insulin, testosterone, and estrogen, were measured accordingly.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The four factors identified in premenopausal women were factor 1: WC, SF4, IVF, TC, and TG; factor 2: HDL, SBP, DBP, and insulin; factor 3: TC, TG, LDL, and testosterone; and factor 4: FPG, testosterone, and estrogen. These four factors cumulatively explained 72.97% of the total phenotypic variation. In postmenopausal women, the four factors identified were factor 1: TC, TG, HDL, LDL, and DBP; factor 2: FPG, SBP, and DBP; factor 3: WC, SF4, and IVF; and factor 4: FPG, insulin, testosterone, and estrogen. These four factors together explained 90.71% of the total phenotypic variation in cardiometabolic risk factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  No common underlying physiological variables in premenopausal and postmenopausal women indicate that a single risk axis for clustering of cardiometabolic phenotypes is highly unlikely.
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Research Laboratory, Department of Anthropology, Visva Bharati University, Santiniketan, West Bengal, India.
authors.forename: Minakshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bhagat
authors.forename: Sangita
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mukherjee
authors.forename: Priyanka
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: De
authors.forename: Riddhi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Goswami
authors.forename: Susil
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pal
authors.forename: Mithun
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Das
authors.forename: Arnab
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ghosh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000886:Anthropometry; D044466:Asian People; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D050152:Intra-Abdominal Fat; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology; D008875:Middle Aged; D017698:Postmenopause; D017697:Premenopause; D012307:Risk Factors; D055105:Waist Circumference
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids