title: Surgical interventions and local therapy for Wegener's granulomatosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This review discusses the use of interventional procedures to treat manifestations of Wegener's granulomatosis caused by tissue damage and scarring. These manifestations include nasal and paranasal sinus disease, middle ear inflammation, nasolacrimal duct obstruction, orbital inflammatory masses, subglottic stenosis, tracheobronchial disease, and end-stage renal disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tissue damage caused by inflammation or a cicatricial process represents one of the major sources of morbidity for patients with Wegener's granulomatosis. Some of these manifestations require special interventions used alone or in combination with conventional medical treatment. These interventional procedures may include surgical or endoscopic repair of altered tissue, replacement of damaged organs, or the delivery of topical or injectable medications directly to the site of disease. Distinguishing symptoms caused by active disease from symptoms caused by tissue scarring is challenging and may play a critical role regarding the use of systemic immunosuppressive medications in combination with interventional therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Interventional procedures are indicated in certain manifestations of Wegener's granulomatosis. Distinguishing active Wegener's granulomatosis from inactive Wegener's granulomatosis and recognizing disease manifestations that may be amenable to local interventions can greatly improve the quality of life of patients. However, the evidence supporting the use of many of these interventions is based on small case series or individual reports.
authors.affiliation: Department of Autoimmune and Systemic Diseases, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hernández-Rodríguez
authors.forename: Gary S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.forename: Curry L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Koening
mesh_terms: D001999:Bronchoscopy; D002921:Cicatrix / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000601:surgery*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D018450:Disease Progression; D014890:Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control; D012137:Respiratory System / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D012140:Respiratory Tract Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000601:surgery*
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents