title: Changes of renal AT1/AT2 receptors and structures in ovine fetuses following exposure to long-term hypoxia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study tested the hypothesis that chronic hypoxia adversely affects renal development in the ovine fetus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Kidneys were collected from near-term fetuses of pregnant ewes maintained at sea level or high altitude (3,801 m, PaO(2): approx. 60 mm Hg) for 110 days (n = 6 for each group).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Long-term high altitude hypoxia reduced the fetal kidney/body weight ratio. Histological analysis showed a significant enlargement in the Bowman's space and swelling of tubule epithelial cells in the kidney of the hypoxic fetus. The histological alterations were limited to the cortical, but not medullary, zone. These alterations were associated with an increase in serum creatinine and a decrease in the BUN-to-creatinine ratio in hypoxic fetuses. Angiotensin II receptors (AT(1)R and AT(2)R) were detected in the glomerular and tubular regions of the kidney. Chronic hypoxia caused a significant increase in AT(1)R and a decrease in AT(2)R protein and mRNA abundance, resulting in a large increase in the AT(1)R/AT(2)R ratio in the fetal kidney.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results demonstrate an adverse effect of chronic hypoxia on renal AT(1)R and AT(2)R expression and functions in the fetus, suggesting a possible role of fetal hypoxia in the programming of renal diseases in fetal origins.
authors.affiliation: Perinatal Biology Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
authors.forename: Caiping
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mao
authors.forename: Jianquan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.forename: Jianyi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ge
authors.forename: Yali
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: Yun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Huiying
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Zhice
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Lubo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus / Q000378:metabolism*; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D000860:Hypoxia; D015151:Immunoblotting; D007150:Immunohistochemistry / Q000379:methods; D007668:Kidney / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism*; D044140:Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D044139:Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012756:Sheep
chemical_list: D044140:Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1; D044139:Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2