title: Evaluation of medical countermeasures against organophosphorus compounds: the value of experimental data and computer simulations.
abstract: Despite extensive research for more than six decades on medical countermeasures against poisoning by organophosphorus compounds (OP) the treatment options are meagre. The presently established acetylcholinesterase (AChE) reactivators (oximes), e.g. obidoxime and pralidoxime, are insufficient against a number of nerve agents and there is ongoing debate on the benefit of oxime treatment in human OP pesticide poisoning. Up to now, the therapeutic efficacy of oximes was mostly evaluated in animal models but substantial species differences prevent direct extrapolation of animal data to humans. Hence, it was considered essential to establish relevant experimental in vitro models for the investigation of oximes as antidotes and to develop computer models for the simulation of oxime efficacy in different scenarios of OP poisoning. Kinetic studies on the various interactions between erythrocyte AChE from various species, structurally different OP and different oximes provided a basis for the initial assessment of the ability of oximes to reactivate inhibited AChE. In the present study, in vitro enzyme-kinetic and pharmacokinetic data from a minipig model of dimethoate poisoning and oxime treatment were used to calculate dynamic changes of AChE activities. It could be shown that there is a close agreement between calculated and in vivo AChE activities. Moreover, computer simulations provided insight into the potential and limitations of oxime treatment. In the end, such data may be a versatile tool for the ongoing discussion of the pros and cons of oxime treatment in human OP pesticide poisoning.
authors.affiliation: Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Munich, Germany. FranzWorek@Bundeswehr.org
authors.forename: Franz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Worek
authors.forename: Nadine
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Aurbek
authors.forename: Nadja M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Herkert
authors.forename: Harald
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: John
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eddleston
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Eyer
authors.forename: Horst
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Thiermann
mesh_terms: D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000378:metabolism*; D032761:Animal Experimentation; D000818:Animals; D000931:Antidotes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000506:poisoning; D002801:Cholinesterase Reactivators / Q000494:pharmacology; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004117:Dimethoate / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000506:poisoning; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D062025:Organophosphate Poisoning; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D010575:Pesticides / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000506:poisoning; D011220:Pralidoxime Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000931:Antidotes; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D002801:Cholinesterase Reactivators; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds; D010575:Pesticides; D011220:Pralidoxime Compounds; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase; C028797:pralidoxime; D004117:Dimethoate