title: Depressive burden in the preoperative and early recovery phase predicts poorer surgery outcome among lumbar spinal stenosis patients: a one-year prospective follow-up study.
abstract: METHODS
  Prospective clinical study.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  (1) To determine the prevalence of depression at the 1-year postoperative stage among spinal stenosis patients. (2) To assess the predictive value of preoperative and 3-month depressive symptoms regarding the 1-year surgery outcome.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Some studies have found preoperative depressive symptoms to be associated with a poorer spinal stenosis surgery outcome. However, only the effect of preoperative depressiveness has been evaluated. The prevalence of depressiveness on 1-year follow-up among spinal stenosis patients is unclear.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred two patients (mean age, 62 years) with symptomatic lumbar spinal stenosis underwent decompressive surgery. They completed the same set of questionnaires before surgery, 3 months, and 1 year after surgery. Depression was assessed with the 21-item Beck Depression Inventory. Physical functioning and pain were assessed with the Oswestry Disability Index, the Stucki Questionnaire, self-reported walking ability, the visual analogue scale and pain drawing. Logistic regression was used to examine the preoperative factors associated with a poorer surgery outcome on 1-year follow-up. In further analysis, a depressive burden variable (sum of preoperative and 3-month Beck Depression Inventory scores) was included as a predictor.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighteen percent of spinal stenosis patients were depressed on 1-year follow-up. Higher preoperative Beck Depression Inventory scores and depressive burden scores burden were independently associated with a poorer self-reported functional ability, symptom severity and a poorer walking capacity on 1-year follow-up. As a dichotomous predictor, a high depressive burden was independently associated with all the postoperative outcome variables at the 1-year stage: greater disability, pain and symptom severity, and a poorer walking capacity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of depression was notable among 1-year postoperative spinal stenosis patients. Depressive symptoms in the preoperative and early recovery phase were strong predictors of a poorer self-reported surgery outcome on 1-year follow-up. The results call for intervention strategies to detect and treat depression during both the preoperative and postoperative phase.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland. sanna.sinikallio@kuh.fi
authors.forename: Sanna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sinikallio
authors.forename: Timo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Aalto
authors.forename: Olavi
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Airaksinen
authors.forename: Arto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Herno
authors.forename: Heikki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kröger
authors.forename: Heimo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Viinamäki
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D019299:Decompression, Surgical; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000601:surgery; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000175:diagnosis; D018579:Patient Selection; D011184:Postoperative Period; D057234:Preoperative Period; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013118:Spinal Cord Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D013130:Spinal Stenosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome