title: Predictors of smoking relapse by duration of abstinence: findings from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Four Country Survey.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore predictors of smoking relapse and how predictors vary according to duration of abstinence.
  
  
  METHODS
  A longitudinal survey of 1296 ex-smokers recruited as part of the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Four Country Survey (Australia, Canada, United Kingdom and United States). Measurements Quitters were interviewed by telephone at varying durations of abstinence (from 1 day to approximately 3 years) and then followed-up approximately 1 year later. Theorized predictors of relapse (i.e. urges to smoke; outcome expectancies of smoking and quitting; and abstinence self-efficacy) and nicotine dependence were measured in the survey.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Relapse was associated with lower abstinence self-efficacy and a higher frequency of urges to smoke, but only after the first month or so of quitting. Both these measures mediated relationships between perceived benefits of smoking and relapse. Perceived costs of smoking and benefits of quitting were unrelated to relapse.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Challenging perceived benefits of smoking may be an effective way to increase abstinence self-efficacy and reduce frequency of urges to smoke (particularly after the initial weeks of quitting), in order to reduce subsequent relapse risk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
authors.forename: Natalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Herd
authors.forename: Ron
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Borland
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hyland
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003463:Cues; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D007391:International Cooperation; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012008:Recurrence; D020377:Self Efficacy; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000523:psychology*; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D013997:Time Factors; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult