title: Imaging vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptors in turpentine-induced sterile thigh abscesses with radiolabeled single-chain VEGF.
abstract: Angiogenesis plays a central role in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory disorders. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors are the most important regulators of angiogenesis. We wished to determine whether labeled forms of single-chain VEGF (scVEGF) could be used to image VEGF receptors in a well-characterized model of sterile soft-tissue inflammation induced by intramuscular injection of turpentine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Anesthetized adult male Swiss-Webster mice received a 20-microL intramuscular injection of turpentine into the right thigh. At 4, 7, or 10 d later, groups of 3-5 mice were injected via the tail vein with 50 microg of either scVEGF that had been site specifically labeled with Cy5.5 (scVEGF/Cy) or inactivated scVEGF/Cy (inVEGF/Cy) and then examined by fluorescence imaging. At 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, or 12 d, additional groups of 3-5 mice were injected via the tail vein with 74-111 MBq of (99m)Tc-scVEGF (or (99m)Tc-inVEGF) and then examined by SPECT imaging.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On days 3 through 10, both forms of scVEGF (scVEGF/Cy and (99m)Tc-scVEGF) showed significantly higher uptake (P < 0.05) in the right (abscessed) thigh than in the contralateral thigh (and higher uptake than the inactivated tracer). Peak uptake occurred on day 7 (3.67 +/- 1.79 [ratio of uptake in abscessed thigh to uptake in normal thigh, mean +/- SD] and 0.72 +/- 0.01 for scVEGF/Cy and inVEGF/Cy, respectively, and 3.49 +/- 1.22 and 1.04 +/- 0.41 for (99m)Tc-scVEGF and (99m)Tc-inVEGF, respectively) and slowly decreased thereafter. Autoradiography revealed peak tracer uptake in the thick irregular angiogenic rim of the abscess cavity on day 9 (5.83 x 10(-7) +/- 9.22 x 10(-8) and 5.85 x 10(-8) +/- 5.95 x 10(-8) percentage injected dose per pixel for (99m)Tc-scVEGF and (99m)Tc-inVEGF, respectively); in comparison, a thin circumscribed rim of uptake was seen with (99m)Tc-inVEGF. Immunostaining revealed that VEGFR-2 (VEGF receptor) colocalized with CD31 (endothelial cell marker) at all time points in the abscess rim, whereas F4/80 (macrophage) immunostaining reached a maximum at day 7 and decreased by day 10.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The uptake of scVEGF in turpentine-induced abscesses was specific and directly related to VEGFR-2 expression in the neovasculature of the angiogenic rim. Peak tracer uptake coincided with maximum macrophage infiltration, suggesting that scVEGF imaging may be useful for the detection, localization, and monitoring of chronic inflammation in bone, joints, or soft tissues.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology/MIPS, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.
authors.forename: Zoia
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Levashova
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Backer
authors.forename: Joseph M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Backer
authors.forename: Francis G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Blankenberg
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002232:Carbocyanines / Q000378:metabolism; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000378:metabolism; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism*; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D007553:Isotope Labeling; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D057054:Molecular Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D015609:Organotechnetium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D040262:Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor / Q000378:metabolism*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013848:Thigh / Q000473:pathology*; D014425:Turpentine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: C098793:CY5.5 cyanine dye; D002232:Carbocyanines; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D015609:Organotechnetium Compounds; D040262:Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor; D014425:Turpentine