title: Nuclear detection of Y-box protein-1 (YB-1) closely associates with progesterone receptor negativity and is a strong adverse survival factor in human breast cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Y-box binding protein-1 (YB-1) is the prototypic member of the cold shock protein family that fulfills numerous cellular functions. In the nucleus YB-1 protein orchestrates transcription of proliferation-related genes, whereas in the cytoplasm it associates with mRNA and directs translation. In human tumor entities, such as breast, lung and prostate cancer, cellular YB-1 expression indicates poor clinical outcome, suggesting that YB-1 is an attractive marker to predict patients' prognosis and, potentially, is suitable to individualize treatment protocols. Given these predictive qualities of YB-1 detection we sought to establish a highly specific monoclonal antibody (Mab) for diagnostic testing and its characterization towards outcome prediction (relapse-free and overall survival).
  
  
  METHODS
  Hybridoma cell generation was carried out with recombinant YB-1 protein as immunogen and Mab characterization was performed using immunoblotting and ELISA with recombinant and tagged YB-1 proteins, as well as immunohistochemistry of healthy and breast cancer specimens. Breast tumor tissue array staining results were analyzed for correlations with receptor expression and outcome parameters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  YB-1-specific Mab F-E2G5 associates with conformational binding epitopes mapping to two domains within the N-terminal half of the protein and detects nuclear YB-1 protein by immunohistochemistry in paraffin-embedded breast cancer tissues. Prognostic evaluation of Mab F-E2G5 was performed by immunohistochemistry of a human breast cancer tissue microarray comprising 179 invasive breast cancers, 8 ductal carcinoma in situ and 37 normal breast tissue samples. Nuclear YB-1 detection in human breast cancer cells was associated with poor overall survival (p = 0.0046). We observed a close correlation between nuclear YB-1 detection and absence of progesterone receptor expression (p = 0.002), indicating that nuclear YB-1 detection marks a specific subgroup of breast cancer. Likely due to limitation of sample size Cox regression models failed to demonstrate significance for nuclear YB-1 detection as independent prognostic marker.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Monoclonal YB-1 antibody F-E2G5 should be of great value for prospective studies to validate YB-1 as a novel biomarker suitable to optimize breast cancer treatment.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Oncology Group, Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany. edahl@ukaachen.de
authors.forename: Edgar
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dahl
authors.forename: Abdelaziz
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: En-Nia
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wiesmann
authors.forename: Renate
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Krings
authors.forename: Sonja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Djudjaj
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Breuer
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fuchs
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Wild
authors.forename: Arndt
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hartmann
authors.forename: Sandra E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Dunn
authors.forename: Peter R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Mertens
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D000918:Antibody Specificity; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006825:Hybridomas; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D011379:Prognosis; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone / Q000096:biosynthesis; D046888:Tissue Array Analysis; D014162:Transfection; D051840:Y-Box-Binding Protein 1
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone; D051840:Y-Box-Binding Protein 1; C070856:YBX1 protein, human