title: Quantifying the impact of residential heating on the urban air quality in a typical European coal combustion region.
abstract: The present investigation, carried out as a case study in a typical major city situated in a European coal combustion region (Krakow, Poland), aims at quantifying the impact on the urban air quality of residential heating by coal combustion in comparison with other potential pollution sources such as power plants, industry, and traffic. Emissions were measured for 20 major sources, including small stoves and boilers, and the particulate matter (PM) was analyzed for 52 individual compounds together with outdoor and indoor PM10 collected during typical winter pollution episodes. The data were analyzed using chemical mass balance modeling (CMB) and constrained positive matrix factorization (CMF) yielding source apportionments for PM10, B(a)P, and other regulated air pollutants namely Cd, Ni, As, and Pb. The results are potentially very useful for planning abatement strategies in all areas of the world, where coal combustion in small appliances is significant. During the studied pollution episodes in Krakow, European air quality limits were exceeded with up to a factor 8 for PM10 and up to a factor 200 for B(a)P. The levels of these air pollutants were accompanied by high concentrations of azaarenes, known markers for inefficient coal combustion. The major culprit for the extreme pollution levels was demonstrated to be residential heating by coal combustion in small stoves and boilers (>50% for PM10 and >90% B(a)P), whereas road transport (<10% for PM10 and <3% for B(a)P), and industry (4-15% for PM10 and <6% for B(a)P) played a lesser role. The indoor PM10 and B(a)P concentrations were at high levels similar to those of outdoor concentrations and were found to have the same sources as outdoors. The inorganic secondary aerosol component of PM10 amounted to around 30%, which for a large part may be attributed to the industrial emission of the precursors SO2 and NOx.
authors.affiliation: European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra (VA), Italy
authors.forename: Heikki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Junninen
authors.forename: Jacob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mønster
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rey
authors.forename: Jose
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cancelinha
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Douglas
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Duane
authors.forename: Victtorio
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Forcina
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: Fritz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lagler
authors.forename: Luisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Marelli
authors.forename: Annette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Borowiak
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Niedzialek
authors.forename: Bostian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Paradiz
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mira-Salama
authors.forename: Jose
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jimenez
authors.forename: Ute
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: Covadonga
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Astorga
authors.forename: Krzysztof
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Stanczyk
authors.forename: Mar
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Viana
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Querol
authors.forename: Rachelle M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Duvall
authors.forename: Gary A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Norris
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tsakovski
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wåhlin
authors.forename: Jiri
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Horák
authors.forename: Bo R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Larsen
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000032:analysis; D001151:Arsenic / Q000032:analysis*; D003031:Coal; D006361:Heating / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006798:Housing; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis*; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis*; D011044:Poland; D014507:Urbanization
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D003031:Coal; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D052638:Particulate Matter; D001151:Arsenic