title: Sweetening the pot: adding glycosylation to the biomarker discovery equation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cancer has profound effects on gene expression, including a cell's glycosylation machinery. Thus, tumors produce glycoproteins that carry oligosaccharides with structures that are markedly different from the same protein produced by a normal cell. A single protein can have many glycosylation sites that greatly amplify the signals they generate compared with their protein backbones.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  In this article, we survey clinical tests that target carbohydrate modifications for diagnosing and treating cancer. We present the biological relevance of glycosylation to disease progression by highlighting the role these structures play in adhesion, signaling, and metastasis and then address current methodological approaches to biomarker discovery that capitalize on selectively capturing tumor-associated glycoforms to enrich and identify disease-related candidate analytes. Finally, we discuss emerging technologies--multiple reaction monitoring and lectin-antibody arrays--as potential tools for biomarker validation studies in pursuit of clinically useful tests.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The future of carbohydrate-based biomarker studies has arrived. At all stages, from discovery through verification and deployment into clinics, glycosylation should be considered a primary readout or a way of increasing the sensitivity and specificity of protein-based analyses.
authors: University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors: Penelope M
authors: PM
authors: Drake
authors: Wonryeon
authors: W
authors: Cho
authors: Bensheng
authors: B
authors: Li
authors: Akraporn
authors: A
authors: Prakobphol
authors: Eric
authors: E
authors: Johansen
authors: N Leigh
authors: NL
authors: Anderson
authors: Fred E
authors: FE
authors: Regnier
authors: Bradford W
authors: BW
authors: Gibson
authors: Susan J
authors: SJ
authors: Fisher
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood*; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000097:blood*; D006031:Glycosylation; D006801:Humans; D037102:Lectins / Q000737:chemistry; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000097:blood*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D006023:Glycoproteins; D037102:Lectins; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins