title: Small-molecule inhibitors of the human epidermal receptor family.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Small molecule inhibitors of human epidermal receptors (HER) have become an integral part of the armamentarium available to the medical oncologist in the treatment of solid tumor malignancies. At present, there are two small-molecule inhibitors (erlotinib and lapatinib) approved by the FDA in the USA, and a third inhibitor, gefitinib, is approved in other countries.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To summarize the current standards of care for these new agents in solid tumors, and to discuss ongoing clinical trials; to review the known mechanisms of action of these inhibitors as well as to discuss both the known predictive markers for response and likely mechanisms of resistance.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed key presentations and recent publications on small-molecule inhibitors targeting the HER family in solid tumors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Recent data have highlighted the importance of mutations and amplifications of receptors within the HER family. Amplification of HER2 often translates into responses in anti-HER2 therapy. Mutations either enhance sensitivity or confer resistance to small-molecule inhibitors. Other mechanisms of resistance are being elucidated which should lead to the ability to predict both responses and resistance to HER family inhibitors and should translate into improvements in patient care.
authors: National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda Naval Hospital, Building 10, Room 13N222, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
authors: Corey A
authors: CA
authors: Carter
authors: Ronan J
authors: RJ
authors: Kelly
authors: Giuseppe
authors: G
authors: Giaccone
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000069347:Erlotinib Hydrochloride; D000077156:Gefitinib; D006801:Humans; D000077341:Lapatinib; D008954:Models, Biological; D015394:Molecular Structure; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011799:Quinazolines / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D011799:Quinazolines; D000077341:Lapatinib; D000069347:Erlotinib Hydrochloride; D066246:ErbB Receptors; D000077156:Gefitinib