title: An evidence-based review of endoscopic frontal sinus surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Endoscopic approaches to treat frontal sinus disease gained in popularity over the past 20 years with a plethora of published studies that emphasize the high success rate of such surgeries. This study was designed to determine the levels of clinical evidence in the otolaryngology literature that address the efficacy of endoscopic approaches in the management of frontal sinus disease including frontal sinusitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-three publications that reported the surgical outcomes of endoscopic approaches to treat frontal sinus disease were reviewed. Data were collected regarding the study design, operative technique, number of patients, duration of follow-up, diagnostic method, surgical success rate, and method(s) used to assess surgical outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study designs were a retrospective case series without control (16 articles), prospective case series without control (3 articles), and retrospective case series with internal control (4 articles). Eighty-three percent of the published articles provide an evidence level of IV, while the remaining 17% provide an evidence level of III. The surgical technique was described as frontal sinusotomy (n = 4), frontal sinusotomy or frontal sinus drillout (n = 1), frontal sinus drillout alone (n = 1), endoscopic modified Lothrop procedure (n = 9), Draf types I, II, or III (n = 6); trans-septal frontal sinusotomy (n = 1); and frontal sinus rescue procedure (n = 1). The mean number of subjects was 44, and the average follow-up period was 23.6 months. Surgical success rate ranged from 50 to 100%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite the number of reports in the literature that address the surgical outcome of endoscopic approaches for treatment of frontal sinus disease, the majority of these studies have a small population size, short follow-up period, and provide a low clinical evidence level.
authors: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
authors: Joshua B
authors: JB
authors: Silverman
authors: Kajohnkiat
authors: K
authors: Prasittivatechakool
authors: Nicolas Y
authors: NY
authors: Busaba
mesh_terms: D004724:Endoscopy; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005626:Frontal Sinus / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D010254:Paranasal Sinus Diseases / Q000628:therapy*; D054928:Validation Studies as Topic