title: Absolute benefits of medical therapies in phase III clinical trials for breast and colorectal cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Phase III randomized clinical trials (RCTs) have become larger and are powered to detect small absolute benefits. Temporal changes in absolute benefits of experimental medical therapies reported in RCTs are unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  We identified all RCTs with sample size > or =200 evaluating experimental medical therapies for breast and colorectal cancer published from 1975 to 2007. We assessed changes over three decades in absolute differences in time-to-event end points between experimental and control arms by (i) the usual method (i.e. at one point) and (ii) as the area between time-to-event curves up to a predefined time.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 236 eligible RCTs of which 57% (N = 135) evaluated adjuvant treatments. Experimental treatments became more often compared with active treatments (48% versus 59% versus 81%; P < 0.0001). Median absolute benefits of experimental adjuvant treatments decreased but outcomes in control arms improved with time. For RCTs evaluating metastatic disease, there were no changes in absolute benefit over time but incremental monthly costs of new approved treatments increased with time by 100-fold (P < 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In RCTs of breast and colorectal cancer, new effective adjuvant treatments show decreasing absolute benefit, while new treatments of metastatic disease show unchanging levels of benefit at rapidly escalating costs.
authors: Departments of Medical Oncology and Hematology.
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Seruga
authors: Departments of Medical Oncology and Hematology.
authors: P C
authors: PC
authors: Hertz
authors: Biostatistics, Princess Margaret Hospital and University of Toronto, Toronto.
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Wang
authors: National Cancer Institute of Canada, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
authors: C M
authors: CM
authors: Booth
authors: Departments of Medical Oncology and Hematology.
authors: D W
authors: DW
authors: Cescon
authors: Departments of Medical Oncology and Hematology.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Krzyzanowska
authors: Departments of Medical Oncology and Hematology. Electronic address: ian.tannock@uhn.on.ca.
authors: I F
authors: IF
authors: Tannock
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D017326:Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D016896:Treatment Outcome