title: Pierre Robin sequence: appearances and 25 years of experience with an innovative treatment protocol.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to evaluate the largest number of Pierre Robin sequence (PRS) cases to date and its treatment outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a retrospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted in a tertiary care university hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred eighty-eight patients with PRS have been subjected to analysis, defined by the clinical triad of glossoptosis, retro/micrognathia, and cleft or agenesis of the palate, for incidence, risk factors, associated syndromes, other concomitant abnormalities, airway and feeding difficulties, and outcome regarding the neonatal and perinatal surgical and nonsurgical management.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of PRS was 6.02%. Risk factors were found in 41.5% of mothers with children with PRS. Eleven other syndromes/appearances were associated. Feeding difficulties were seen in 51.8% of the patients. Glossopexy (6.9%) and tracheotomy (2.13%) for airway management were performed very seldom. The suction and drinking plate as well as the surgical treatment protocol may be considered to be the reasons for reduced airway (up to 91.0%), feeding problems (up to 79.9%), and mortality rate (2.1%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Pierre Robin sequence, as seen as a heterogeneous group, presents with variation of the cleft palate defects with glossoptosis and concomitant micrognathic mandible. The surgical management and certain prepalatal intervention as nonsurgical management with an innovative treatment strategy were evaluated.
authors: Clinic for Facial Cleft Deformities, Department of Maxillofacial and Surgery, University of Pretoria, PO Box 1266, Pretoria 0001, South Africa. kwbutow@medic.up.ac.za
authors: Kurt-W
authors: KW
authors: Bütow
authors: Christiaan Frederik
authors: CF
authors: Hoogendijk
authors: Roger A
authors: RA
authors: Zwahlen
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000534:rehabilitation / Q000601:surgery; D000402:Airway Obstruction / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D002423:Cause of Death; D002648:Child; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D001068:Feeding and Eating Disorders / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D010158:Palatal Obturators / Q000009:adverse effects; D021362:Palate, Hard / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D010160:Palate, Soft / Q000473:pathology; D010855:Pierre Robin Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery* / Q000628:therapy; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods; D014059:Tongue / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000601:surgery; D014060:Tongue Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery; D014139:Tracheostomy / Q000379:methods; D016896:Treatment Outcome