title: TGF-beta1-induced expression of human Mdm2 correlates with late-stage metastatic breast cancer.
abstract: The E3 ubiquitin ligase human murine double minute (HDM2) is overexpressed in 40%-80% of late-stage metastatic cancers in the absence of gene amplification. Hdm2 regulates p53 stability via ubiquitination and has also been implicated in altering the sensitivity of cells to TGF-beta1. Whether TGF-beta1 signaling induces Hdm2 expression leading to HDM2-mediated destabilization of p53 has not been investigated. In this study, we report that TGF-beta1-activated SMA- and MAD3 (Smad3/4) transcription factors specifically bound to the second promoter region of HDM2, leading to increased HDM2 protein expression and destabilization of p53 in human cancer cell lines. Additionally, TGF-beta1 expression led to Smad3 activation and murine double minute 2 (Mdm2) expression in murine mammary epithelial cells during epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Furthermore, histological analyses of human breast cancer samples demonstrated that approximately 65% of late-stage carcinomas were positive for activated Smad3 and HDM2, indicating a strong correlation between TGF-beta1-mediated induction of HDM2 and late-stage tumor progression. Identification of Hdm2 as a downstream target of TGF-beta1 represents a critical prosurvival mechanism in cancer progression and provides another point for therapeutic intervention in late-stage cancer.
authors: Department of Oncology, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center,University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, Texas 75390-8807, USA.
authors: Shinako
authors: S
authors: Araki
authors: Jacob A
authors: JA
authors: Eitel
authors: Christopher N
authors: CN
authors: Batuello
authors: Khadijeh
authors: K
authors: Bijangi-Vishehsaraei
authors: Xian-Jin
authors: XJ
authors: Xie
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Danielpour
authors: Karen E
authors: KE
authors: Pollok
authors: David A
authors: DA
authors: Boothman
authors: Lindsey D
authors: LD
authors: Mayo
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D045325:HCT116 Cells; D006801:Humans; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D010879:Piperazines / Q000494:pharmacology; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D051736:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mdm2 / Q000235:genetics*; D051900:Smad3 Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1 / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000737:chemistry / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D007093:Imidazoles; D010879:Piperazines; C497790:SMAD3 protein, human; D051900:Smad3 Protein; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; C482205:nutlin 3; C497206:MDM2 protein, human; D051736:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mdm2