title: Tyrosine kinase inhibitors and the thyroid.
abstract: Protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have emerged as significant targets for novel cancer therapies. For patients with differentiated or medullary carcinomas unresponsive to conventional treatments, multiple novel therapies primarily targeting angiogenesis have entered clinical trials. Partial response rates up to 30% have been reported in single-agent studies, but prolonged disease stabilisation is more commonly seen. The most successful agents target the vascular endothelial growth factor receptors. Sorafenib and sunitinib have had promising preliminary results reported and are being used selectively for patients who do not qualify for clinical trials. Treatment for patients with metastatic or advanced thyroid carcinoma now emphasises clinical trial opportunities for novel agents with considerable promise. Adverse effects on thyroid function and thyroid hormone metabolism have also been seen with several TKIs, necessitating prospective thyroid function testing for all patients starting therapy.
authors: Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, Unit 1461, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, PO Box 301402, Houston, TX 77230-1402, USA. sisherma@mdanderson.org
authors: Steven I
authors: SI
authors: Sherman
mesh_terms: D000077784:Axitinib; D001557:Benzenesulfonates / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D000077156:Gefitinib; D006801:Humans; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007191:Indazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007211:Indoles / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009536:Niacinamide / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009841:Oligonucleotides; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D010671:Phenylurea Compounds; D010880:Piperidines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D048493:Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D011725:Pyridines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011758:Pyrroles / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011799:Quinazolines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D040262:Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D000077157:Sorafenib; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000077210:Sunitinib; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000187:drug effects; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D001557:Benzenesulfonates; D007093:Imidazoles; D007191:Indazoles; D007211:Indoles; D009841:Oligonucleotides; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D010671:Phenylurea Compounds; D010880:Piperidines; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D011725:Pyridines; D011743:Pyrimidines; D011758:Pyrroles; D011799:Quinazolines; D013449:Sulfonamides; D009536:Niacinamide; C516667:pazopanib; D000077157:Sorafenib; D000077784:Axitinib; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D040262:Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor; D048493:Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf; C519562:imetelstat; D000077156:Gefitinib; D000077210:Sunitinib; C452423:vandetanib