title: Time course of cardiovascular responses induced by mental and orthostatic challenges.
abstract: Cardiovascular responses to single stressors diminish over time. Interaction of different stressors influencing hemodynamic variables, indicative of stress-induced reactivity and physiological responses are, however, poorly understood. We investigated time course of mental (using mental arithmetic, MA) and orthostatic (using head up tilt, HUT) challenges induced responses in 16 males. Three protocols were used: HUT, MA and MA+HUT, with sessions randomized and two weeks apart. Hemodynamic responses were compared for 30s epochs of stress application (stress(T1), stress(T2)...). Compared to baseline, HUT, HUT+MA and MA applications affected heart rate (HR) (+15.1+/-8.0 bpm, +20.0+/-9.2 bpm, +11.9+/-7.2 bpm, all p's<.001, respectively) and stroke volume (SV) (-22.3+/-8.1 ml, -22.0+/-10.4 ml, -7.6+/-8.7 ml, all p's<.001, respectively). HUT and MA+HUT induced HR increases were higher in stress(T2) compared to stress(T1) (p<.05) and reached maximum at stress(T2). HUT and MA+HUT further reduced SV in stress(T2) as compared to stress(T1) (p<.001); lowest SV was in stress(T2). Mean arterial pressure reached its minimum in stress(T1) during HUT and MA+HUT (-6.0+/-8.5mm Hg, p<.001, -4.4+/-9.7 mm Hg, p<.01, respectively) but increased in MA (+4.3+/-3.7 mm Hg, p<.01). Combination of MA+HUT resulted in different time courses of blood pressure responses as compared to HUT alone. We conclude that application of single or combined stress challenges lead to stressor- and time dependent-initial changes in cardiovascular responses. Our findings provide novel insights regarding the duration a stressor must be applied to elicit maximal cardiovascular responses.
authors: Institute of Adaptive and Spaceflight Physiology, Wormgasse 9, Graz, Austria.
authors: Helmut Karl
authors: HK
authors: Lackner
authors: Nandu
authors: N
authors: Goswami
authors: Ilona
authors: I
authors: Papousek
authors: Andreas
authors: A
authors: Roessler
authors: Erik Konrad
authors: EK
authors: Grasser
authors: Jean-Pierre
authors: JP
authors: Montani
authors: Daniela
authors: D
authors: Jezova
authors: Helmut
authors: H
authors: Hinghofer-Szalkay
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D004244:Dizziness; D006185:Habituation, Psychophysiologic / Q000502:physiology*; D018475:Head-Down Tilt / Q000502:physiology; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010465:Perception / Q000502:physiology; D012647:Self-Assessment; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000502:physiology*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018667:Tilt-Table Test; D013997:Time Factors