title: NanoART synthesis, characterization, uptake, release and toxicology for human monocyte-macrophage drug delivery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Factors limiting the efficacy of conventional antiretroviral therapy for HIV-1 infection include treatment adherence, pharmacokinetics and penetration into viral sanctuaries. These affect the rate of viral mutation and drug resistance. In attempts to bypass such limitations, nanoparticles containing ritonavir, indinavir and efavirenz (described as nanoART) were manufactured to assess macrophage-based drug delivery.
  
  
  METHODS
  NanoART were made by high-pressure homogenization of crystalline drug with various surfactants. Size, charge and shape of the nanoparticles were assessed. Monocyte-derived macrophage nanoART uptake, drug release, migration and cytotoxicity were determined. Drug levels were measured by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Efficient monocyte-derived macrophage cytoplasmic vesicle uptake in less than 30 min based on size, charge and coating was observed. Antiretroviral drugs were released over 14 days and showed dose-dependent reduction in progeny virion production and HIV-1 p24 antigen. Cytotoxicities resulting from nanoART carriage were limited.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results support the continued development of macrophage-mediated nanoART carriage for HIV-1 disease.
authors: Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA.
authors: Ari S
authors: AS
authors: Nowacek
authors: Reagan L
authors: RL
authors: Miller
authors: Joellyn
authors: J
authors: McMillan
authors: Georgette
authors: G
authors: Kanmogne
authors: Michel
authors: M
authors: Kanmogne
authors: R Lee
authors: RL
authors: Mosley
authors: Zhiya
authors: Z
authors: Ma
authors: Sabine
authors: S
authors: Graham
authors: Mahesh
authors: M
authors: Chaubal
authors: Jane
authors: J
authors: Werling
authors: Barrett
authors: B
authors: Rabinow
authors: Huanyu
authors: H
authors: Dou
authors: Howard E
authors: HE
authors: Gendelman
mesh_terms: D000480:Alkynes; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D048588:Benzoxazines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003521:Cyclopropanes; D016655:HIV Core Protein p24 / Q000378:metabolism; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D019469:Indinavir / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000821:virology; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force; D009000:Monocytes / Q000166:cytology*; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry / Q000648:ultrastructure; D019438:Ritonavir / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000480:Alkynes; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D048588:Benzoxazines; D003521:Cyclopropanes; D016655:HIV Core Protein p24; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D019469:Indinavir; C098320:efavirenz; D019438:Ritonavir