title: Comparative kinematic evaluation of all-inside single-bundle and double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a biomechanical study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The efficacy of single-bundle versus double-bundle ACL reconstruction in improving knee stability has been widely discussed. The biomechanics of all-inside double-bundle ACL reconstructions have not been evaluated.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  An anatomic all-inside double-bundle ACL reconstruction will more effectively restore native knee kinematics in vitro, especially rotational stability, when compared with an all-inside single-bundle ACL reconstruction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Controlled laboratory study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven pairs of fresh-frozen cadaveric human knees were used. Knees were tested using 88 N of force for anterior and posterior drawers, 5 N.m internal and external rotation moments, 10 N.m valgus and varus moments, and coupled 5 N.m internal rotation and 10 N.m valgus moments to simulate a pivot shift at 0 degrees , 20 degrees , 30 degrees , 60 degrees , and 90 degrees of knee flexion. Motion of the knee in response to external loading was measured with a Polhemus electromagnetic tracking system. Knees were first tested in the intact state, with either the anteromedial or posterolateral bundle cut, and then with both bundles cut. Subsequently, 7 single-bundle and 7 double-bundle all-inside ACL reconstructions were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both single- and double-bundle all-inside ACL reconstructions restored knee kinematics for posterior drawer, varus/valgus rotation, and internal/external rotation motions. After single-bundle all-inside ACL reconstruction, anterior translation during the simulated pivot-shift test was significantly higher compared with the intact state at 20 degrees , 30 degrees , and 60 degrees of flexion. There was no significant difference between the double-bundle all-inside ACL reconstruction and the intact knee during a simulated pivot shift. Conclusion We found that an all-inside double-bundle ACL reconstruction demonstrated significant improvement in restoring normal rotational knee motion during simulated pivot-shift testing compared with single-bundle ACL reconstructions in vitro, with no significant differences in other knee loading conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All-inside double-bundle ACL reconstruction may provide advantages over single-bundle ACL reconstruction for rotational knee stability.
authors: Division of Sports Medicine and the Orthopaedic Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
authors: Andrew G
authors: AG
authors: Tsai
authors: Coen A
authors: CA
authors: Wijdicks
authors: Michael P
authors: MP
authors: Walsh
authors: Robert F
authors: RF
authors: Laprade
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000601:surgery*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002102:Cadaver; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D008910:Minnesota; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome