title: Comparison of self-reports and parent proxy-reports of function and quality of life of children with below-the-elbow deficiency.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The agreement between children's self-reports and parent proxy-reports has not been established for function and quality-of-life measures for children with musculoskeletal diagnoses, including unilateral congenital below-the-elbow deficiency. Factors influencing parent-child agreement in this population have yet to be determined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten hospitals administered the Pediatric Outcomes Data Collection Instrument (PODCI) and the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL) prospectively to children and adolescents with a unilateral congenital below-the-elbow deficiency in order to assess their function and quality of life. Two-thirds of the subjects wore a prosthesis. These children's and adolescents' self-reports were compared with their parents' proxy-reports for the PODCI (n = 179) and the PedsQL (n = 364).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Parents underestimated their children's/adolescents' self-report scores for the upper extremity physical function domain of the PODCI (p < 0.001) and overestimated the scores for comfort in the pain/comfort domain of the PODCI (p < 0.05). Parents also reported a lower social functioning score on the PedsQL than did the children and adolescents (p < 0.001). Greater agreement with regard to the social functioning domain of the PedsQL was observed between parents and children than between parents and adolescents (p < 0.05) and between parents and subjects who did not wear a prosthesis than between parents and subjects who wore a prosthesis (p < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the absolute differences are small, children with a unilateral congenital below-the-elbow deficiency report better upper-extremity function and quality of life than their parents perceive, but they may also be experiencing more pain. Factors influencing parent-child agreement on measures of quality of life include age and use of a prosthesis. Parents' reports of function may provide a helpful counterbalance to children's and adolescents' reports, but because quality of life is subjective by nature, the child's or adolescent's report is the gold standard. As a result of variability in agreement, PODCI and PedsQL parent reports cannot be considered true proxies for the self-reports of children or adolescents with unilateral congenital below-the-elbow deficiency or, possibly, of those with other musculoskeletal diagnoses.
authors: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
authors: Lindsey C
authors: LC
authors: Sheffler
authors: Cheryl
authors: C
authors: Hanley
authors: Anita
authors: A
authors: Bagley
authors: Fred
authors: F
authors: Molitor
authors: Michelle A
authors: MA
authors: James
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001186:Artificial Limbs; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005542:Forearm / Q000002:abnormalities*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010290:Parents; D019727:Proxy; D011594:Psychometrics; D011788:Quality of Life; D012647:Self-Assessment; D038062:Upper Extremity Deformities, Congenital / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D055815:Young Adult