title: Global signatures and dynamical origins of the Little Ice Age and Medieval Climate Anomaly.
abstract: Global temperatures are known to have varied over the past 1500 years, but the spatial patterns have remained poorly defined. We used a global climate proxy network to reconstruct surface temperature patterns over this interval. The Medieval period is found to display warmth that matches or exceeds that of the past decade in some regions, but which falls well below recent levels globally. This period is marked by a tendency for La Niña-like conditions in the tropical Pacific. The coldest temperatures of the Little Ice Age are observed over the interval 1400 to 1700 C.E., with greatest cooling over the extratropical Northern Hemisphere continents. The patterns of temperature change imply dynamical responses of climate to natural radiative forcing changes involving El Niño and the North Atlantic Oscillation-Arctic Oscillation.
authors: Department of Meteorology and Earth and Environmental Systems Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA. mann@meteo.psu.edu
authors: Michael E
authors: ME
authors: Mann
authors: Zhihua
authors: Z
authors: Zhang
authors: Scott
authors: S
authors: Rutherford
authors: Raymond S
authors: RS
authors: Bradley
authors: Malcolm K
authors: MK
authors: Hughes
authors: Drew
authors: D
authors: Shindell
authors: Caspar
authors: C
authors: Ammann
authors: Greg
authors: G
authors: Faluvegi
authors: Fenbiao
authors: F
authors: Ni