title: Effect of joint motion on safety of portals in posterior ankle arthroscopy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine the anatomic relation of the neural structures posteriorly crossing the ankle by use of classical ankle arthroscopy posterior portals and hindfoot endoscopy portals. The effect of ankle and hindfoot motions on portal-nerve distance was also determined.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study included 20 feet and ankles in 20 adult volunteers who had no complaints regarding their ankle joints. To obtain 6 fixed positions of the ankle and hindfoot (neutral-neutral, neutral-varus, neutral-valgus, dorsiflexion-neutral, dorsiflexion-varus, and dorsiflexion-valgus) during magnetic resonance imaging examination, feet were positioned in a polycaprolactone splint that was shaped before examination. Magnetic resonance imaging examinations were performed at all 6 positions, and the shortest distance between the sural and posterior tibial nerves to the portals was measured at 2 different levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean distance between the posterior tibial nerve and the posteromedial portal was 16.5 +/- 5.6 mm and that between the sural nerve and the posterolateral portal was 13.1 +/- 3 mm at the hindfoot portal level. At the level of the posterior ankle arthroscopy portal, the mean distance from the posterior tibial nerve to the posteromedial portal line was 13.3 +/- 4.6 mm and that from the sural nerve to the posterolateral portal line was 9.7 +/- 2.9 mm. The differences in distances were statistically significant (P < .001) according to the paired t test. We determined that the sural nerve approached the posterolateral portal in the dorsiflexion-varus (P = .026), dorsiflexion-valgus (P = .014), dorsiflexion-neutral (P < .001), and neutral-varus (P = .035) positions, and all differences were statistically significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found that the posterior medial and lateral portals created at the level of the tip of the fibula as described by van Dijk et al. while the foot was in a neutral-neutral position provided the greatest margin of safety. We found no advantage of placing the ankle and hindfoot in different positions to avoid neurologic complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that neurovascular structures draw away from the posterior portals of ankle arthroscopy distally; by lowering the level of portals toward the tip of the fibula and positioning the foot at neutral, arthroscopic surgeons will decrease the risk of iatrogenic lesions.
authors: Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey. urguden@akdeniz.edu.tr
authors: Mustafa
authors: M
authors: Urgüden
authors: Can
authors: C
authors: Cevikol
authors: T Kürşat
authors: TK
authors: Dabak
authors: Kamil
authors: K
authors: Karaali
authors: A Turan
authors: AT
authors: Aydin
authors: Ali
authors: A
authors: Apaydin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology* / Q000601:surgery; D020679:Arthroscopes / Q000592:standards*; D001182:Arthroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D012016:Reference Values