Intrathecal pathogenic anti-aquaporin-4 antibodies in early neuromyelitis optica.
OBJECTIVE
The serum of most neuromyelitis optica (NMO) patients contains autoantibodies (NMO-IgGs) directed against the aquaporin-4 (AQP4) water channel located on astrocyte foot processes in the perivessel and subpial areas of the brain. Our objectives were to determine the source of central nervous system (CNS) NMO-IgGs and their role in disease pathogenesis.


METHODS
Fluorescence-activated cell sorting and single-cell reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction were used to identify overrepresented plasma cell immunoglobulin (Ig) sequences in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of an NMO patient after a first clinical attack. Monoclonal recombinant antibodies (rAbs) were generated from the paired heavy and light chain sequences and tested for target specificity and Fc effector function. The effect of CSF rAbs on CNS immunopathology was investigated by delivering single rAbs to rats with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE).


RESULTS
Repertoire analysis revealed a dynamic, clonally expanded plasma cell population with features of an antigen-targeted response. Using multiple independent assays, 6 of 11 rAbs generated from CSF plasma cell clones specifically bound to AQP4. AQP4-specific rAbs recognized conformational epitopes and mediated both AQP4-directed antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and complement-mediated lysis. When administered to rats with EAE, an AQP4-specific NMO CSF rAb induced NMO immunopathology: perivascular astrocyte depletion, myelinolysis, and complement and Ig deposition.


CONCLUSIONS
Molecular characterization of the CSF plasma cell repertoire in an early NMO patient demonstrates that AQP4-specific Ig is synthesized intrathecally at disease onset and directly contributes to CNS pathology. AQP4 is now the first confirmed antigenic target in human demyelinating disease.
Bennett
Jeffrey L
JL
Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA. jeffrey.bennett@ucdenver.edu
Lam
Chiwah
C
Kalluri
Sudhakar Reddy
SR
Saikali
Philippe
P
Bautista
Katherine
K
Dupree
Cecily
C
Glogowska
Magdalena
M
Case
David
D
Antel
Jack P
JP
Owens
Gregory P
GP
Gilden
Don
D
Nessler
Stefan
S
Stadelmann
Christine
C
Hemmer
Bernhard
B
D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D051401:Aquaporin 4 / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid* / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D002460:Cell Line; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D051379:Mice; D008875:Middle Aged; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009471:Neuromyelitis Optica / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D051381:Rats; D011917:Rats, Inbred Lew; D013129:Spinal Puncture; D013997:Time Factors
D051401:Aquaporin 4; D001323:Autoantibodies; D015415:Biomarkers; D007074:Immunoglobulin G