title: Characteristics of the craniofacial complex in Turner syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify characteristics of the craniofacial complex in Turner syndrome (TS) patients from Croatian population, to investigate the interrelationship among craniofacial variables and to assess their correlation with age.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cephalometric analysis was carried out on lateral cephalograms of 36 TS patients, aged 10-33 years. Cephalograms of 72 age-matched healthy females with class I occlusion served as control.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Logistic regression analysis sorted out two variables as predictors of TS: shorter posterior cranial base length (sella-basion) and reduced mandibular prognathism angle (sella-nasion-supramentale). Sixty-four percent of TS patients and 92% of the controls were classified correctly. After exclusion of the variable sella-nasion-supramentale, three variables were significant predictors of TS: shorter sella-basion, larger cranial base angle (nasion-sella-basion) and shorter subspinale-basion distance. Retrognathic position of the jaws in TS subjects was not correlated with the shape of the cranial base. Correlations with age revealed lack of maxillary longitudinal growth with persistent retrognathism and posterior rotation along with reduced mandibular growth.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Shorter posterior length and increased cranial base angle along with bimaxillary retrognathism were characteristics of TS patients. Results indicated that deficiency of the X chromosome genes had a direct influence on all three anatomic parts - cranial base, maxilla and mandible - causing irregular growth.
authors: Department of Dental Anthropology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Gunduliceva 5, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia. dumancic@sfzg.hr
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Dumancic
authors: Z
authors: Z
authors: Kaic
authors: M Lapter
authors: ML
authors: Varga
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Lauc
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Dumic
authors: S Anic
authors: SA
authors: Milosevic
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Brkic
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002508:Cephalometry; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002648:Child; D019465:Craniofacial Abnormalities / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000235:genetics; D017523:Croatia; D016002:Discriminant Analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D010641:Phenotype; D011859:Radiography; D014424:Turner Syndrome / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000235:genetics