Complications, failure to rescue, and mortality with major inpatient surgery in medicare patients.
OBJECTIVE
We sought to determine whether hospital variations in surgical mortality were due to differences in complication rates or failure to rescue rates (ie, case-fatality rates in patients with a complication).


BACKGROUND
Wide variations in mortality after major surgery are becoming increasingly apparent. The clinical mechanisms underling these variations are largely unexplored.


METHODS
We studied all Medicare beneficiaries undergoing 6 major operations in 2005 to 2006: pancreatectomy, esophagectomy, abdominal aortic aneurysm repair, coronary artery bypass grafting, aortic valve replacement, and mitral valve replacement. We ranked hospitals according to risk-adjusted mortality and divided them into 5 equal groups. We then compared the incidence of complications and rates of failure to rescue between the top 20% of hospitals ("best") and bottom 20% of hospitals ("worst"). Analyses were conducted for all operations combined and for each individual procedure.


RESULTS
For all 6 operations combined, the worst hospitals had mortality rates 2.5-fold higher than the best hospitals (8.0% vs. 3.0%). However, complication rates were similar at worst and best hospitals (36.4% vs. 32.7%). In contrast, failure to rescue rates were much higher at the worst compared with the best hospitals (16.7% vs. 6.8%). These findings persisted in analyses with individual operations and specific complications.


CONCLUSIONS
Reducing variations in mortality will require strategies to improve the ability of high-mortality hospitals to manage postoperative complications.
Ghaferi
Amir A
AA
Department of Surgery, Michigan Surgical Collaborative for Outcomes Research and Evaluation (M-SCORE), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA. aghaferi@umich.edu
Birkmeyer
John D
JD
Dimick
Justin B
JB
D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D017052:Hospital Mortality / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D007297:Inpatients; D008297:Male; D006278:Medicare; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative / Q000009:adverse effects*; D017211:Treatment Failure; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology