title: Continuous EEG source imaging enhances analysis of EEG-fMRI in focal epilepsy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  EEG-correlated fMRI (EEG-fMRI) studies can reveal haemodynamic changes associated with Interictal Epileptic Discharges (IED). Methodological improvements are needed to increase sensitivity and specificity for localising the epileptogenic zone. We investigated whether the estimated EEG source activity improved models of the BOLD changes in EEG-fMRI data, compared to conventional << event-related >> designs based solely on the visual identification of IED.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten patients with pharmaco-resistant focal epilepsy underwent EEG-fMRI. EEG Source Imaging (ESI) was performed on intra-fMRI averaged IED to identify the irritative zone. The continuous activity of this estimated IED source (cESI) over the entire recording was used for fMRI analysis (cESI model). The maps of BOLD signal changes explained by cESI were compared to results of the conventional IED-related model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ESI was concordant with non-invasive data in 13/15 different types of IED. The cESI model explained significant additional BOLD variance in regions concordant with video-EEG, structural MRI or, when available, intracranial EEG in 10/15 IED. The cESI model allowed better detection of the BOLD cluster, concordant with intracranial EEG in 4/7 IED, compared to the IED model. In 4 IED types, cESI-related BOLD signal changes were diffuse with a pattern suggestive of contamination of the source signal by artefacts, notably incompletely corrected motion and pulse artefact. In one IED type, there was no significant BOLD change with either model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Continuous EEG source imaging can improve the modelling of BOLD changes related to interictal epileptic activity and this may enhance the localisation of the irritative zone.
authors: National Society for Epilepsy MRI Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy UCL Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Vulliemoz
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Rodionov
authors: D W
authors: DW
authors: Carmichael
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Thornton
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Guye
authors: S D
authors: SD
authors: Lhatoo
authors: C M
authors: CM
authors: Michel
authors: J S
authors: JS
authors: Duncan
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Lemieux
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D001683:Biological Clocks; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003936:Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods*; D004828:Epilepsies, Partial / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008959:Models, Neurological; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity