title: Lymphatic mapping helps to define resection margins for midgut carcinoids.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The extensive mesenteric lymphadenopathy associated with midgut carcinoids often causes lymphatic obstruction and leads to the development of alternative lymphatic drainage pathways. We hypothesized that altered lymphatic drainage makes traditional determination of resection margins inadequate.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and seventy patients underwent cytoreductive surgery for neuroendocrine tumors from November 2006 to August 2008. Forty-nine patients underwent intra-operative lymphatic mapping with lymphazurin dye as a single agent. Twenty-seven patients had midgut primaries. We reviewed operative findings and pathology to evaluate the safety and efficacy of lymphatic mapping for midgut carcinoids. Lymphatic mapping defined resection margins were compared to traditional surgical margins.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no adverse events associated with the 49 lymphatic mapping procedures. Twenty-five (92%) patients had ileal and 2 had jejunal primaries. Lymphatic mapping changed traditional resection margins in 88% of patients. We preserved the ileocecal valve in 6 of 15 (40%) of patients with terminal ileal primaries.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lymphatic mapping seems to be a safe, time efficient, and effective way to determine adequate resection margins for midgut carcinoids. We advocate using lymphatic mapping for patients with midgut carcinoids to identify adequate resection margins and assist in preservation of the ileocecal valve in patients with terminal ileal primary carcinoids.
authors: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Department of Surgery, Section of Surgical Oncology and Endocrine Surgery, New Orleans, LA, USA.
authors: Yi-Zarn
authors: YZ
authors: Wang
authors: Saju
authors: S
authors: Joseph
authors: Erika
authors: E
authors: Lindholm
authors: John
authors: J
authors: Lyons
authors: J Philip
authors: JP
authors: Boudreaux
authors: Eugene A
authors: EA
authors: Woltering
mesh_terms: D002276:Carcinoid Tumor / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D004396:Coloring Agents; D004067:Digestive System Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007078:Ileal Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D007080:Ileocecal Valve / Q000601:surgery; D008206:Lymphatic Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D008208:Lymphatic System / Q000473:pathology*; D012394:Rosaniline Dyes
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D012394:Rosaniline Dyes; C025484:iso-sulfan blue