title: Use of ultrasound in leather processing industry: effect of sonication on substrate and substances--new insights.
abstract: Influence of ultrasound (US) on various unit operations in leather processing has been studied with the aim to improve the process efficiency, quality, reduce process time and achieve near-zero discharge levels in effluent streams as a cleaner option. Effect of US on substrate (skin/leather) matrix as well as substances used in different unit operations have been studied and found to be useful in the processing. Absorption of US energy by leather in process vessel at different distances from US source has been measured and found to be significant. Effect of particle-size of different substances due to sonication indicates positive influence on the diffusion through the matrix. Our experimental results suggest that US effect is better realized for the cases with pronounced diffusion hindrance. Influence of US on bioprocessing of leather has been studied and found beneficial. Attempts have also been made to improve the US aided processing using external aids. Operating US in pulse mode operation could be useful in order to reduce the electrical energy consumption. Use of US has also been studied in the preparation of leather auxiliaries involving mass-transfer resistance. Preliminary cost analysis carried out for ultrasound-assisted leather-dyeing process indicates scale-up possibility. Therefore, US application provide improvement in process efficiency as well as making cleaner production methods feasible. Hence, overall results suggest that use of US in leather industry is imminent and potential viable option in near future.
authors: Chemical Engineering Division, Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Adyar, Chennai, India.vsiva1clri@gmail.com
authors: Venkatasubramanian
authors: V
authors: Sivakumar
authors: Gopalaraman
authors: G
authors: Swaminathan
authors: Paruchuri Gangadhar
authors: PG
authors: Rao
authors: Chellappa
authors: C
authors: Muralidharan
authors: Asit Baran
authors: AB
authors: Mandal
authors: Thirumalachari
authors: T
authors: Ramasami
mesh_terms: D000042:Absorption; D017610:Calcium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D004798:Enzymes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D007221:Industry; D010087:Oxides / Q000737:chemistry; D010316:Particle Size; D013010:Sonication / Q000379:methods*; D014465:Ultrasonics
chemical_list: D017610:Calcium Compounds; D004798:Enzymes; D010087:Oxides; C016538:lime