title: Testicular contrast harmonic imaging to evaluate intratesticular perfusion alterations in patients with varicocele.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether changes in intratesticular microcirculation perfusion affect spermatogenesis in patients with left varicocele we performed testicular contrast harmonic imaging.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 90 patients with left varicocele (oligospermia in 50 and normozoospermia in 40) and 36 controls without varicocele (oligospermia in 16 and normozoospermia in 20) were enrolled in the study. Before contrast harmonic imaging all participants were evaluated by clinical examination, hormonal analysis, semen sample and scrotal ultrasound. We calculated contrast material arrival time in the arteriolar circulation (wash-in), time to peak in arterial circulation, arrival time in the venular circulation (washout) and mean transit time in each testis on contrast harmonic imaging.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found no difference in the distribution rate of varicocele grade in patients with vs without oligospermia. All contrast harmonic imaging parameters were significantly higher in patients with varicocele plus normozoospermia or oligospermia and controls. We found no significant differences in contrast harmonic imaging parameters in patients with lower varicocele grading with respect to the higher grades. In patients with varicocele we found a negative linear correlation between total sperm count and left mean transit time (r = -0.29). In a multivariate model left mean transit time was the only independent predicting parameter of oligospermia (p <0.05). Mean transit time greater than 36 seconds predicted oligospermia in patients with left varicocele with 78% sensitivity and 58% specificity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To our knowledge we report for the first time that testicular contrast harmonic imaging may be a new diagnostic tool able to improve our knowledge about the influence of varicocele on intratesticular microcirculation.
authors: Section of Clinical Pathology, Department of Histology, Microbiology and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Padova, Centre for Male Gamete Cryopreservation, Padova, Italy.
authors: Nicola
authors: N
authors: Caretta
authors: Pierfrancesco
authors: P
authors: Palego
authors: Mirko
authors: M
authors: Schipilliti
authors: Mario
authors: M
authors: Torino
authors: Mauroantonio
authors: M
authors: Pati
authors: Alberto
authors: A
authors: Ferlin
authors: Carlo
authors: C
authors: Foresta
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D045423:Microbubbles; D009845:Oligospermia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D013737:Testis / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods; D014646:Varicocele / Q000503:physiopathology*