title: Underutilization of clopidogrel and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors in non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome patients: the Canadian global registry of acute coronary events (GRACE) experience.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are limited contemporary data on the early use of clopidogrel or glycoprotein (Gp) IIb/IIIa inhibitors, alone versus combination therapies, in non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS).
  
  
  METHODS
  This study included 5,806 Canadian NSTE-ACS patients with elevated cardiac biomarker and/or ST deviation on presentation in the prospective GRACE between 2003-2007. We stratified the study population according to the management strategy (non-invasive vs invasive) and into low-(GRACE risk score <or=108), intermediate- (109-140), and high-risk groups (>or=141).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 3,893 patients (67.1%) received early (<or=24 hours of admission) antiplatelet therapy; the rates of use were 76%, 73%, and 57% in the low-, intermediate-, and high-risk groups, respectively (P for trend < .001). Only 54% of the conservatively managed patients and 12% of the invasively managed patients received early clopidogrel and GpIIb/IIIa inhibitors, respectively. High-risk patients were less likely (adjusted odds ratio = 0.48, 95% CI 0.39-0.59, P < .001) to receive early clopidogrel or GpIIb/IIIa inhibitors, whereas in-hospital catheterization was an independent positive predictor (adjusted odds ratio = 2.02, 95% CI 1.74-2.34, P < .001) of use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this contemporary NSTE-ACS population, both clopidogrel and GpIIb/IIIa inhibitors were targeted toward patients treated with an invasive strategy but paradoxically toward the lower-risk group. In particular, clopidogrel appeared to be underused among conservatively managed patients despite its proven efficacy, whereas GpIIb/IIIa inhibitors were administered to only a minority of the high-risk patients with elevated cardiac biomarkers. Our findings emphasize the ongoing need to promote the optimal use of evidence-based antiplatelet therapies among high-risk patients with NSTE-ACS.
authors: Terrence Donnelly Heart Centre, Division of Cardiology, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, and the Canadian Heart Research Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors: Behnam
authors: B
authors: Banihashemi
authors: Shaun G
authors: SG
authors: Goodman
authors: Raymond T
authors: RT
authors: Yan
authors: Robert C
authors: RC
authors: Welsh
authors: Shamir R
authors: SR
authors: Mehta
authors: Gilles
authors: G
authors: Montalescot
authors: Jan M
authors: JM
authors: Kornder
authors: Graham C
authors: GC
authors: Wong
authors: Gabor
authors: G
authors: Gyenes
authors: Ph Gabriel
authors: PG
authors: Steg
authors: Andrew T
authors: AT
authors: Yan
mesh_terms: D054058:Acute Coronary Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000368:Aged; D002170:Canada; D000077144:Clopidogrel; D004363:Drug Utilization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D019983:Guideline Adherence; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019039:Platelet Glycoprotein GPIIb-IIIa Complex / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012042:Registries; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013988:Ticlopidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D019039:Platelet Glycoprotein GPIIb-IIIa Complex; D000077144:Clopidogrel; D013988:Ticlopidine