title: Ginsenoside Rc, an active component of Panax ginseng, stimulates glucose uptake in C2C12 myotubes through an AMPK-dependent mechanism.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Panax ginseng and its major component, ginsenosides, are widely used for the prevention of various disorders in oriental medicine.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effect of ginsenoside Rc (Rc), one of the active constituents in Panax ginseng, on glucose uptake in C2C12 myotubes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Treatment of the C2C12 myotubes with Rc significantly increased glucose uptake. To determine the mechanism of Rc-induced glucose uptake, either insulin-dependent signaling or insulin-independent signaling pathway activities were measured using western blot analysis. We showed that Rc significantly activated an insulin-independent AMPK signaling pathway. However, Rc had no effect on the components of the insulin-dependent signaling pathway, such as receptor substrates (IRS)-1 and protein kinase B or Akt (PKB/Akt). Moreover, we found that treatment with an AMPK inhibitor abolished both glucose uptake and p38 MAPK phosphorylation. This result implies that AMPK activity is critical for the Rc-induced glucose uptake and that AMPK is situated upstream of p38 MAPK. In addition, we also showed that the activation of AMPK and p38 induced by ginsenoside Rc is mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, suggesting that upstream regulators of AMPK- and p38 MAPK-mediated glucose uptake.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ginsenoside Rc significantly enhances glucose uptake by inducing ROS generation, which leads to AMPK and p38 MAPK activation. Consequently, ginsenoside Rc can be used as a potent natural anti-diabetic agent.
authors: Biogeron Research Center, Korea Food Research Institute, Bundang-ku, Songnam, Republic of Korea.
authors: Myoung-Su
authors: MS
authors: Lee
authors: Jin-Taek
authors: JT
authors: Hwang
authors: Soon-hee
authors: SH
authors: Kim
authors: Sun
authors: S
authors: Yoon
authors: Myung-Sunny
authors: MS
authors: Kim
authors: Hye Jeong
authors: HJ
authors: Yang
authors: Dae Young
authors: DY
authors: Kwon
mesh_terms: D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D036145:Ginsenosides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D005894:Panax / Q000737:chemistry*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D036145:Ginsenosides; D007328:Insulin; D010936:Plant Extracts; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C044462:ginsenoside Rc; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; D005947:Glucose