title: [Treatment of spoke heel injuries in children].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the characteristics, classification, treatment methods, and clinical outcomes of the spoke heel injuries in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  From June 2001 to June 2008, 289 children with bicycle or motorcycle spoke heel injuries were treated, including 179 males and 110 females aged 2-12 years old (average 3.9 years old). There were 179 cases of skin contusion and laceration (type I), 83 cases of skin and soft tissue defect with Achilles tendon exposure (type II), and 27 cases of wide skin and soft tissue defect with the Achilles tendon defect and rupture (type III). The defect size of the skin or the soft tissues ranged from 3 cm x 2 cm to 11 cm x 7 cm in type II and type III injury. The time between injury and hospital admission was 1-53 days (average 14.5 days). Child patients with type I injury were managed with dressing or suturing after debridement. For the child patients with type II injury, the wound was repaired with the regional fascia flap in 53 cases, the reverse sural neurocutaneous vascular flap in 19 cases, the reverse saphenous neurocutaneous vascular flap in 9 cases, and the lateral supramalleolar flap in 2 cases. For the child patients with type III injury, 6 cases underwent primary repair of the Achilles tendon followed by the transposition of the reverse sural neurocutaneous vascular flap, 3 cases received primary repair of the wound with the reverse sural neurocutaneous vascular flap and secondary reconstruction of the Achilles tendon with the upturned fascia strip or the ipsilateral iliotibial tract transplant, and 18 cases underwent primary repair of the wound and the Achilles tendon with the sliding bi-pedicled gastrocnemius musculocutaneous flap. The flap size ranged from 4 cm x 2 cm to 30 cm x 12 cm. All the donor sites were closed by partial suture and split-thickness skins graft. The lower limbs were immobilized with plaster splints after operation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All the flaps survived except for 1 case of type II suffering from distal flap venous crisis 3 days after operation and 6 cases of type III suffering from distal flap necrosis 3-5 days after operation. All those flaps survived after symptomatic treatment. All the skin grafts at the donor site survived uneventfully. All the wounds healed by first intention. All child patients were followed up for 15-820 days (average 42 days). Child patients with type I and type II injury had a full recovery of ankle functions. While 25 cases of type III injury had ankle dorsal extension degree loss (10-30 degrees) and unilateral plantar flexion strength decrease 3 months after operation without influence on walking, and 2 cases recovered well.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Spoke heel injury in children has special mechanisms of injury, and the choice of proper treatment method should be based on the types of injury.
authors: Orthopedic Center, Kunming General Hospital, Chengdu Military Command of PLA, Kunming Yunnan, 650032, P.R. China.
authors: Yueliang
authors: Y
authors: Zhu
authors: Yongqing
authors: Y
authors: Xu
authors: Jun
authors: J
authors: Li
authors: Jun
authors: J
authors: Yang
authors: Yunfei
authors: Y
authors: Ouyang
authors: Xiaoqing
authors: X
authors: He
authors: Haidong
authors: H
authors: Chen
authors: Xinyu
authors: X
authors: Fan
mesh_terms: D001642:Bicycling; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D018409:Foot Injuries / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery*; D006365:Heel / Q000293:injuries*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009049:Motorcycles