title: Rise in maternal mortality in the Netherlands.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess causes, trends and substandard care factors in maternal mortality in the Netherlands. Design Confidential enquiry into the causes of maternal mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nationwide in the Netherlands.
  
  
  METHODS
  2,557,208 live births.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data analysis of all maternal deaths in the period 1993-2005.
  
  
  METHODS
  Maternal mortality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall maternal mortality ratio was 12.1 per 100 000 live births, which was a statistically significant rise compared with the maternal mortality ratio of 9.7 in the period 1983-1992 (OR 1.2, 95% CI 1.0-1.5). The most frequent direct causes were (pre-)eclampsia, thromboembolism, sudden death in pregnancy, sepsis, obstetric haemorrhage and amniotic fluid embolism. The number of indirect deaths also increased, mainly caused by an increase in cardiovascular disorders (OR 2.5, 95% CI 1.4-4.6). Women younger than 20 years and older than 45 years, those with high parity or from nonwestern immigrant populations were at higher risk. Most substandard care was found in women with pre-eclampsia (91%) and in immigrant populations (62%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Maternal mortality in the Netherlands has increased since 1983-1992. Pre-eclampsia remains the number one cause. Groups at higher risk for complications during pregnancy should be better identified early in pregnancy or before conception, in order to receive preconception advice and more frequent antenatal visits. There is an urgent need for the better education of women and professionals concerning the danger signs, and for the training of professionals in order to improve maternal health care.
authors: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Isala Klinieken Zwolle, Dr Van Heesweg 2, Zwolle, the Netherlands. jokeschutte@yahoo.nl
authors: J M
authors: JM
authors: Schutte
authors: E A P
authors: EA
authors: Steegers
authors: N W E
authors: NW
authors: Schuitemaker
authors: J G
authors: JG
authors: Santema
authors: K
authors: K
authors: de Boer
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Pel
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Vermeulen
authors: W
authors: W
authors: Visser
authors: J
authors: J
authors: van Roosmalen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008428:Maternal Mortality / Q000208:ethnology / Q000639:trends; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D010298:Parity; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000208:ethnology / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy; D011295:Prenatal Care / Q000592:standards*; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D055815:Young Adult