title: Denim clothing reduces venom expenditure by rattlesnakes striking defensively at model human limbs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Venomous snakebites can be painful, costly, and potentially life threatening. We seek to learn whether ordinary clothing (denim material from blue jeans) interferes with the kinematics of venom delivery, thereby reducing the amount of venom injected by a representative viper into a human limb.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a laboratory study, we used model human limbs (warm, saline solution-filled gloves) to elicit defensive strikes from small and large southern Pacific rattlesnakes (Crotalus oreganus helleri). Each snake was videotaped biting a bare glove and a denim-covered glove.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The snakes injected significantly less venom into denim-covered gloves than bare gloves during defensive strikes, with a 60% reduction for small snakes and 66% for large snakes. Latency to bite, number of bites, and duration of fang contact during the bite were similar for the 2 glove types, suggesting that the 2 targets elicited similar defensive behaviors and strikes. Several findings suggested that denim interfered with venom delivery, including the high proportion of dry bites for denim-covered gloves and the large quantity of venom spilled harmlessly on the denim cover. Large rattlesnakes struck more readily, maintained longer fang contact during the bite, and delivered 26 to 41 times more venom into gloves than small snakes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In our model, denim clothing proved effective at reducing venom injection by both small and large rattlesnakes. Wearing long denim pants as an alternative to shorts may provide a simple, low-cost means of reducing the severity of snakebites.
authors: Department of Earth and Biological Sciences, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
authors: Shelton S
authors: SS
authors: Herbert
authors: William K
authors: WK
authors: Hayes
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D032561:Cotton Fiber; D003435:Crotalid Venoms / Q000506:poisoning*; D017839:Crotalus; D006801:Humans; D011481:Protective Clothing; D012909:Snake Bites / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D003435:Crotalid Venoms