title: Bond strength and interfacial characterization of eight low fusing porcelains to cp Ti.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was the interfacial characterization and the determination of bond strength of commercially available low fusing dental porcelain for Ti.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight materials were included in this study: Duceratin, Duceratin Plus, Initial Ti, Ti-22, TiKrom, TitanKeramik, Triceram (powder) and Triceram (paste). Eight ISO 9693 bond characterization specimens from each porcelain were prepared according to manufacturers' instructions. One specimen from each group was embedded in acrylic resin and after metallographic preparation was studied under an SEM. Interfacial characterization was carried out with Backscattered Electron Imaging and X-ray EDS analysis operating in line scan mode. Metal-ceramic specimens were tested in three point bending at a crosshead speed of 1.5mm/min according to ISO 9693 requirements. Additionally the fracture mode (adhesive-cohesive) of all specimens was evaluated employing SEM/EDS analysis. The results of bond strength and adhesive percentage were statistically analysed with one-way ANOVA and SNK multiple comparison test (a=0.05). Additionally the possible correlation between the bond strength and fracture mode was also tested using Pearson test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Interfacial characterization showed the mutual diffusion of Ti, Si, O and La along the Ti-ceramic interface. Only in Tricerap (paste) Zr showed an increased concentration at the interface. The results of bond strength classified the materials in the following decreasing order: TiKrom>Duceratin>InitialTi>Duceratin Plus>Ti-22>Triceram(paste)>Triceram(powder)>TitanKeramik. No correlation (r=0.132) between the fracture mode and bond strength of the selected material denoting that the fracture mode is irrelevant with the bond strength of Ti-ceramic joint and thus the former should not be applied for comparison among different materials.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  According to the results of this study the materials tested provided great difference in interfacial analysis and bond strength with metallic Ti.
authors: Department of Biomaterials, School of Dentistry, University of Athens, 2 Thivon Str, Goudi 115 27, Athens, Greece. szinelis@dent.uoa.gr
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Zinelis
authors: X
authors: X
authors: Barmpagadaki
authors: V
authors: V
authors: Vergos
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Chakmakchi
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Eliades
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003187:Compliance; D001840:Dental Bonding; D003776:Dental Porcelain / Q000737:chemistry; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D055119:Elastic Modulus; D004577:Electron Probe Microanalysis; D006358:Hot Temperature; D008422:Materials Testing; D016876:Metal Ceramic Alloys / Q000737:chemistry; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D018583:Pliability; D011897:Random Allocation; D012542:Scattering, Radiation; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium
chemical_list: D016876:Metal Ceramic Alloys; D003776:Dental Porcelain; D014025:Titanium