title: Gender-related dissociation in outcomes in chronic heart failure: reduced mortality but similar hospitalization in women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The impact of gender on major natural history endpoints in heart failure (HF) has not been examined in a propensity-matched study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Of the 7788 chronic systolic and diastolic HF patients in the Digitalis Investigation Group trial 1926 were women. Propensity scores for female gender were used to assemble a cohort of 1669 pairs of men and women who were well-balanced on 32 measured baseline characteristics. Matched hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for outcomes associated with female gender were calculated using stratified Cox regression models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All-cause mortality occurred in 36% (rate, 1256/10,000 person-years) and 30% (rate, 1008/10,000 person-years) of matched men and women respectively during 5 years of follow up (HR when women were compared with men, 0.82, 95% CI, 0.72-0.94, P=0.004). Female gender was also associated with reduced cardiovascular mortality (matched HR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.73-0.99, P=0.037) and a trend toward reduced non-cardiovascular mortality (matched HR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.53-1.00; P=0.053). All-cause hospitalization occurred in 67% (rate, 4003/10,000 person-years) and 65% (rate, 3762/10,000 person-years) matched male and female patients respectively (HR for women, 1.03, 95% CI, 0.93-1.15, P=0.538). Female gender was not associated with cardiovascular or HF hospitalization but was associated with hospitalization due to unstable angina pectoris (matched HR, 1.38; 95%CI, 1.11-1.72; P=0.003) and stroke (matched HR, 0.65; 95%CI, 0.46-0.92; P=0.014).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients with chronic HF, female gender has a significant independent association with improved survival but has no association with all-cause, cardiovascular, or HF hospitalizations.
authors: University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-2041, USA.
authors: Mustafa I
authors: MI
authors: Ahmed
authors: Mitja
authors: M
authors: Lainscak
authors: Marjan
authors: M
authors: Mujib
authors: Thomas E
authors: TE
authors: Love
authors: Inmaculada
authors: I
authors: Aban
authors: Ileana L
authors: IL
authors: Piña
authors: Wilbert S
authors: WS
authors: Aronow
authors: Vera
authors: V
authors: Bittner
authors: Ali
authors: A
authors: Ahmed
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002908:Chronic Disease; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012737:Sex Factors; D015996:Survival Rate / Q000639:trends; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult