title: Specific and generalized neuropsychological deficits: a comparison of patients with various first-episode psychosis presentations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Overwhelming evidence suggests that compromised neuropsychological function is frequently observed in schizophrenia. Neurocognitive dysfunction has often been reported in other psychotic disorders, although there are inconsistencies in the literature. In the context of four distinct diagnostic groups, the authors compared neuropsychological performance among patients experiencing their first psychotic episode.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were derived from a population-based, case-control study of patients with first-episode psychosis. A neuropsychological test battery was administered to patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia (N=65), bipolar disorder or mania (N=37), depressive psychosis (N=39), or other psychotic disorders (N=46) following index presentation, as well as to healthy comparison subjects (N=177). The presence of specific and generalized cognitive deficits was examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The schizophrenia group presented widespread neuropsychological impairments and performed significantly worse than healthy comparison subjects on most neuropsychological measures. Patients with other psychotic disorders and depressive psychosis also demonstrated widespread impairments. Deficits in patients with bipolar disorder or mania were less pervasive but evident in performance scores on verbal memory and fluency tests. Differences between the four patient groups and healthy comparison subjects and among the patient groups were attenuated after controlling for differences in general cognitive ability (IQ).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early in their course, cognitive deficits are present in all psychotic disorders but are most severe and pervasive in schizophrenia and least pervasive in bipolar disorder and mania.
authors: Institute of Psychiatry, PO63, Division of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, UK. jolanta.zanelli@iop.kcl.ac.uk
authors: Jolanta
authors: J
authors: Zanelli
authors: Abraham
authors: A
authors: Reichenberg
authors: Kevin
authors: K
authors: Morgan
authors: Paul
authors: P
authors: Fearon
authors: Eugenia
authors: E
authors: Kravariti
authors: Paola
authors: P
authors: Dazzan
authors: Craig
authors: C
authors: Morgan
authors: Caroline
authors: C
authors: Zanelli
authors: Arsime
authors: A
authors: Demjaha
authors: Peter B
authors: PB
authors: Jones
authors: Gillian A
authors: GA
authors: Doody
authors: Shitij
authors: S
authors: Kapur
authors: Robin M
authors: RM
authors: Murray
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011594:Psychometrics; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index