title: Assessing consumer responses to potential reduced-exposure tobacco products: a review of tobacco industry and independent research methods.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Internal tobacco industry documents and the mainstream literature are reviewed to identify methods and measures for evaluating tobacco consumer response. The review aims to outline areas in which established methods exist, identify gaps in current methods for assessing consumer response, and consider how these methods might be applied to evaluate potentially reduced exposure tobacco products and new products.
  
  
  METHODS
  Internal industry research reviewed included published articles, manuscript drafts, presentations, protocols, and instruments relating to consumer response measures were identified and analyzed. Peer-reviewed research was identified using PubMed and Scopus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Industry research on consumer response focuses on product development and marketing. To develop and refine new products, the tobacco industry has developed notable strategies for assessing consumers' sensory and subjective responses to product design characteristics. Independent research is often conducted to gauge the likelihood of future product adoption by measuring consumers' risk perceptions, responses to product, and product acceptability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A model that conceptualizes consumer response as comprising the separate, but interacting, domains of product perceptions and response to product is outlined. Industry and independent research supports the dual domain model and provides a wide range of methods for assessment of the construct components of consumer response. Further research is needed to validate consumer response constructs, determine the relationship between consumer response and tobacco user behavior, and improve reliability of consumer response measures. Scientifically rigorous consumer response assessment methods will provide a needed empirical basis for future regulation of potentially reduced-exposure tobacco products and new products, to counteract tobacco industry influence on consumers, and enhance the public health.
authors: Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA. vrees@hsph.harvard.edu
authors: Vaughan W
authors: VW
authors: Rees
authors: Jennifer M
authors: JM
authors: Kreslake
authors: K Michael
authors: KM
authors: Cummings
authors: Richard J
authors: RJ
authors: O'Connor
authors: Dorothy K
authors: DK
authors: Hatsukami
authors: Mark
authors: M
authors: Parascandola
authors: Peter G
authors: PG
authors: Shields
authors: Gregory N
authors: GN
authors: Connolly
mesh_terms: D003257:Consumer Product Safety; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods*; D019460:Tobacco Industry; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000517:prevention & control*