title: PPARgamma regulates trophoblast proliferation and promotes labyrinthine trilineage differentiation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Abnormal trophoblast differentiation and function is the basis of many placenta-based pregnancy disorders, including pre-eclampsia and fetal growth restriction. PPARgamma, a ligand-activated nuclear receptor, plays essential roles in placental development; null murine embryos die at midgestation due to abnormalities in all placental layers, in particular, small labyrinth and expanded giant cell layer. Previous studies have focused mostly on the role of PPARgamma in trophoblast invasion. Based on the previously reported role of PPARgamma in preadipocyte differentiation, we hypothesized that PPARgamma also plays a pivotal role in trophoblast differentiation. To test this hypothesis, we report derivation of wild-type and PPARgamma-null trophoblast stem (TS) cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PPARgamma-null TS cells showed defects in both proliferation and differentiation, specifically into labyrinthine trophoblast. Detailed marker analysis and functional studies revealed reduced differentiation of all three labyrinthine lineages, and enhanced giant cell differentiation, particularly the invasive subtypes. In addition, rosiglitazone, a specific PPARgamma agonist, reduced giant cell differentiation, while inducing Gcm1, a key regulator in labyrinth. Finally, reintroducing PPARgamma into null TS cells, using an adenovirus, normalized invasion and partially reversed defective labyrinthine differentiation, as assessed both by morphology and marker analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In addition to regulating trophoblast invasion, PPARgamma plays a predominant role in differentiation of labyrinthine trophoblast lineages, which, along with fetal endothelium, form the vascular exchange interface with maternal blood. Elucidating cellular and molecular mechanisms mediating PPARgamma action will help determine if modulating PPARgamma activity, for which clinical pharmacologic agonists already exist, might modify the course of pregnancy disorders associated with placental dysfunction.
authors: Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America.
authors: Mana M
authors: MM
authors: Parast
authors: Heather
authors: H
authors: Yu
authors: Aleksandar
authors: A
authors: Ciric
authors: Mark W
authors: MW
authors: Salata
authors: Vannessa
authors: V
authors: Davis
authors: David S
authors: DS
authors: Milstone
mesh_terms: D000256:Adenoviridae / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D019070:Cell Lineage; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D005819:Genetic Markers; D015726:Giant Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000378:metabolism*; D000077154:Rosiglitazone; D045162:Thiazolidinediones / Q000494:pharmacology; D013997:Time Factors; D014327:Trophoblasts / Q000166:cytology*
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D005819:Genetic Markers; D047495:PPAR gamma; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D000077154:Rosiglitazone