title: Replacing aspirin and warfarin for secondary stroke prevention: is it worth the costs?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This review aims to determine whether it is cost-effective to replace aspirin and warfarin with more effective, yet more costly, treatments for secondary stroke prevention.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For preventing recurrent stroke of arterial origin, clopidogrel and the combination of aspirin and extended-release dipyridamole are equally effective and more effective than aspirin. However, limited data only support their incremental cost-effectiveness, compared with aspirin, in nondisabled patients at high risk of a recurrent ischaemic event (e.g. >20% per year) and when used for short periods (e.g. <2 years). Clopidogrel is also cost-effective for patients who are intolerant of aspirin. For preventing recurrent stroke due to atrial fibrillation, warfarin is cost-effective. Although the combination of clopidogrel and aspirin is more effective than aspirin, it is unlikely to be more cost-effective. Dabigatran is at least as effective and well tolerated as warfarin, but its eventual cost will determine its incremental cost-effectiveness. For atrial fibrillation patients in whom anticoagulation is contraindicated, percutaneous closure of the left atrial appendage may be an alternative strategy. Dronedarone may prove to be a cost-effective adjunct to antithrombotic therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The incremental cost-effectiveness of newer antithrombotic treatments for secondary stroke prevention, compared with aspirin or warfarin, remains to be established.
authors: Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia. gjhankey@cyllene.uwa.edu.au
authors: Graeme J
authors: GJ
authors: Hankey
mesh_terms: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001241:Aspirin / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001562:Benzimidazoles / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000077144:Clopidogrel; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D000069604:Dabigatran; D006801:Humans; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011725:Pyridines / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D020521:Stroke / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013988:Ticlopidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014859:Warfarin / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000925:Anticoagulants; D001562:Benzimidazoles; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D011725:Pyridines; D014859:Warfarin; D000077144:Clopidogrel; D000069604:Dabigatran; D013988:Ticlopidine; D001241:Aspirin