title: Aqueous extracts of Cimicifuga racemosa and phenolcarboxylic constituents inhibit production of proinflammatory cytokines in LPS-stimulated human whole blood.
abstract: Cimicifuga racemosa (black cohosh) is commonly used in traditional medicines as treatment for menopausal symptoms and as an antiinflammatory remedy. To clarify the mechanism of action and active principle for the antiinflammatory action, the effects of aqueous C. racemosa root extracts (CRE) and its major constituents on the release of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-6, TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, and the chemokine IL-8 were investigated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated whole blood of healthy volunteers. CRE (3 microg/microL and 6 microg/microL) reduced LPS-induced release of IL-6 and TNF-alpha in a concentration- and time-dependent manner and almost completely blocked release of IFN-gamma into the plasma supernatant. Except for IFN-gamma, these effects were attenuated at longer incubation periods. IL-8 secretion was stimulated by CRE. As shown by quantitative real-time RT-PCR, effects on cytokines were based on preceding changes in mRNA levels except for IL-8. According to their content in CRE, the phenolcarboxylic compounds caffeic acid, ferulic acid, and isoferulic acid, as well as the triterpene glycosides 23-epi-26-deoxyactein and cimigenol-3-O-xyloside, were tested at representative concentrations. Among these, isoferulic acid was the prominent active principle in CRE, responsible for the observed inhibition of IL-6, TNF-alpha, and IFN-gamma, but not for IL-8 stimulation. The effect of this compound may explain the antiinflammatory activities of CRE and its beneficial actions in rheumatism and other inflammatory diseases.
authors: Institute of Physiology, Centre for Physiology, Pathophysiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstrasse 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria. diethart.schmid@meduniwien.ac.at
authors: Diethart
authors: D
authors: Schmid
authors: Florian
authors: F
authors: Woehs
authors: Martin
authors: M
authors: Svoboda
authors: Theresia
authors: T
authors: Thalhammer
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Chiba
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Moeslinger
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002264:Carboxylic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D031885:Cimicifuga / Q000737:chemistry*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism*; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000378:metabolism*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000633:toxicity*; D008297:Male; D008519:Medicine, Traditional; D008875:Middle Aged; D010636:Phenols / Q000494:pharmacology; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D027343:Rhizome / Q000737:chemistry; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D002264:Carboxylic Acids; D016207:Cytokines; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D010636:Phenols; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012333:RNA, Messenger