title: Motor imagery after stroke: relating outcome to motor network connectivity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Neuroplasticity is essential for recovery after stroke and is the target for new stroke therapies. During recovery from subcortical motor stroke, brain activations associated with movement may appear normal despite residual functional impairment. This raises an important question: how far does recovery of motor performance depend on the processes that precede movement execution involving the premotor and prefrontal cortex, rather than recovery of the corticospinal system alone?
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined stroke patients with functional magnetic resonance imaging while they either imagined or executed a finger-thumb opposition sequence. In addition to classical analyses of regional activations, we studied neuroplasticity in terms of differential network connectivity using structural equation modeling. The study included 8 right-handed patients who had suffered a left-hemisphere subcortical ischemic stroke with paresis, and 13 age-matched healthy controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With good functional recovery, the regional activations had returned to normal in patients. However, connectivity within the extended motor network remained abnormal. These abnormalities were seen predominantly during motor imagery and correlated with motor performance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that neuroplasticity can manifest itself as differences in connectivity among cortical areas remote from the infarct, rather than in the degree of regional activation. Connection strengths between nodes of the cortical motor network correlate with motor outcome. The altered organization of connectivity of the prefrontal areas may reflect the role of the prefrontal cortex in higher order planning of movement. Our results are relevant to the assessment and understanding of emerging physical and neurophysiological therapies for stroke rehabilitation.
authors: Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
authors: Nikhil
authors: N
authors: Sharma
authors: Jean-Claude
authors: JC
authors: Baron
authors: James B
authors: JB
authors: Rowe
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007092:Imagination / Q000502:physiology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009048:Motor Skills / Q000502:physiology; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000502:physiology*; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity / Q000502:physiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D020127:Recovery of Function / Q000502:physiology; D020521:Stroke / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D000071939:Stroke Rehabilitation; D016896:Treatment Outcome