title: Pro-inflammatory biomarkers during experimental gingivitis in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a proof-of-concept study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) biomarker levels and microbial distribution in plaque biofilm (SP) samples for subjects with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) versus healthy subjects without diabetes during experimental gingivitis (EG).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of nine T1DM patients and nine healthy controls of age and gender similar to the T1DM patients were monitored for 35 days during EG. Hygiene practices were stopped for 3 weeks, and GCF, SP, plaque index (PI) and gingival index were determined. IL-1beta, IL-8, MMP-8 and MMP-9 were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and SP samples were assessed by DNA-DNA hybridization for a panel of 40 subgingival microbial species.
  
  
  RESULTS
  IL-1beta levels in T1DM patients were elevated compared with healthy individuals, and showed differences between groups at 7-21 days while healthy patients showed IL-1beta increases from baseline to 14-21 days (p<0.05). Differences were observed in MMP-9 levels between patients with and without T1DM at 7-14 days (p<0.05). Orange complex species and PI measurements displayed a superior correlation with biomarker levels when compared with other complexes or clinical measurements during EG.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The mean GCF biomarker levels for IL-1beta and MMP-8 were most significantly elevated in T1DM subjects compared with healthy individuals during EG, not resulting from differences in the mean PI or microbial composition.
authors: Department of Periodontology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
authors: Giovanni E
authors: GE
authors: Salvi
authors: Lea M
authors: LM
authors: Franco
authors: Thomas M
authors: TM
authors: Braun
authors: Angie
authors: A
authors: Lee
authors: Gösta
authors: G
authors: Rutger Persson
authors: Niklaus P
authors: NP
authors: Lang
authors: William V
authors: WV
authors: Giannobile
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification; D018441:Biofilms; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000382:microbiology; D003774:Dental Plaque Index; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005883:Gingival Crevicular Fluid / Q000737:chemistry; D005891:Gingivitis / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000032:analysis*; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000032:analysis; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000032:analysis; D020784:Matrix Metalloproteinase 8 / Q000032:analysis; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000032:analysis; D009693:Nucleic Acid Hybridization; D010512:Periodontal Index; D011446:Prospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D016209:Interleukin-8; C488762:MMP8 protein, human; D020784:Matrix Metalloproteinase 8; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9