title: Stem cells: a review and implications for urology.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The promise of stem cells is to provide a source of non-diseased material for the generation of patient-specific cells or tissue for replacement and reconstruction. This review will provide a broad perspective on stem cell research, from the sentinel discoveries to recent developments, and also discuss translational implications.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed internet-based Pubmed database searches to identify recent articles and review papers pertaining to stem cell research and urologic applications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Depending on their source, stem cells have a varied capacity to self-renew and divide and to differentiate into a desired phenotype. Pluripotent stem cells can potentially be differentiated into any cell type and multipotent stem cells are variably lineage restricted. In the urologic literature, stem cell derived smooth muscles have been produced and may be useful for tissue-engineered constructs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The future of reconstructive surgery will surely incorporate a number of these stem cell based technologies in revolutionary ways that may improve and extend lives. However, the ultimate utility and clinical applicability of the different types of stem cells will depend on a complex synthesis of further basic research, future clinical trials, and ethical and regulatory reconcilement.
authors: Department of Urology, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
authors: Richard N
authors: RN
authors: Yu
authors: Carlos R
authors: CR
authors: Estrada
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D035843:Biomedical Research; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D039902:Multipotent Stem Cells; D039904:Pluripotent Stem Cells; D033581:Stem Cell Transplantation; D013234:Stem Cells; D014570:Urologic Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D014572:Urology / Q000639:trends