title: Bacterial infections in the early period after liver transplantation: etiological agents and their susceptibility.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The study comprises an analysis of bacterial infections in the early period after liver transplantation (LT) in adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-three patients were followed for four weeks after LT. Samples comprised mainly blood, urine, surgical-site specimens, sputum, and stool. Culture and identification of the isolated microorganisms was done in accordance with standard microbiological procedures. Susceptibility testing was carried out using CLSI guidelines. Statistical analysis was done with Medi-Stat.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 913 samples from LT recipients were cultured. Of the 469 isolated strains, 331 (70.6%) were Gram-positive bacteria, 133 (28.4%) were Gram-negative bacteria, and 5 (1.0%) were yeast-like fungal strains. Of the 284 surgical-site isolates, 222 (78%) were Gram-positive and 61 (21.5%) were Gram-negative bacteria. Of the 99 blood culture isolates, 75 (75.8%) were Gram-positive and 22 (22.2%) of Gram-negative bacterial strains. Of the 73 urine samples, 46 (63.0%) were strains of Gram-negative, 25 (34.0%) of Gram-positive bacteria, and 2 (3.0%) fungal strains. In the 13 respiratory tract samples were 9 (69.0%) Gram-positive and 4 (31.0%) Gram-negative strains. In the 54 stool samples, 63.0% and 16.7% were C. difficile toxin- and culture-positive, respectively. In total, 138 strains of MRCNS, 10 of MRSA, 80 of HLAR, and 19 ESBL(+) were detected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The isolation of MDR bacterial strains such as MRSA (52.6%), MRCNS (81.7%), HLAR (86.0%), and ESBL(+) Gram-negative rods (12.5%) from patients after LT indicates the need for strict adherence to infection control procedures.
authors: Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland. dkawecki@o2.pl
authors: Dariusz
authors: D
authors: Kawecki
authors: Andrzej
authors: A
authors: Chmura
authors: Marek
authors: M
authors: Pacholczyk
authors: Beata
authors: B
authors: Lagiewska
authors: Leszek
authors: L
authors: Adadynski
authors: Dariusz
authors: D
authors: Wasiak
authors: Jaroslaw
authors: J
authors: Czerwinski
authors: Piotr
authors: P
authors: Malkowski
authors: Anna
authors: A
authors: Sawicka-Grzelak
authors: Katarzyna
authors: K
authors: Kot
authors: Marta
authors: M
authors: Wroblewska
authors: Wojciech
authors: W
authors: Rowinski
authors: Magdalena
authors: M
authors: Durlik
authors: Leszek
authors: L
authors: Paczek
authors: Miroslaw
authors: M
authors: Luczak
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D005658:Fungi / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006094:Gram-Positive Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D017053:Infection Control; D016031:Liver Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008875:Middle Aged; D011044:Poland; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013530:Surgical Wound Infection / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000382:microbiology; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult