title: Formulations of polyvinyl alcohol cryogel that mimic the biomechanical properties of soft tissues in the natural lumbar intervertebral disc.
abstract: METHODS
  An original investigation that characterizes polyvinyl alcohol cryogel (PVA-C) in the context of the human lumbar intervertebral disc (IVD).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the mechanical properties of PVA-C under physiological conditions; to assess PVA-C's suitability as a key component in a tissue-mimicking artificial lumbar intervertebral disc; and to identify suitable formulations that mimic the nucleus pulposus and anulus fibrosus.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Current lumbar intervertebral disc prostheses provide suboptimal symptom relief and do not restore natural load-cushioning. PVA-C is a promising material due to its high water content, excellent biocompatibility, and versatile mechanical properties.
  
  
  METHODS
  PVA-C samples were prepared with different PVA concentrations and number of freeze-thaw cycles (FTC). Unconfined compression was conducted to characterize various PVA-C formulations. Compressive stress relaxation and creep were performed to assess the stability of PVA-C under loading. The results were compared to the mechanical properties of human lumbar intervertebral discs obtained from literature.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PVA-C compressive elastic modulus increased with increasing PVA concentration and number of FTC's. The 3% 3FTC is the optimal formulation for mimicking the nucleus pulposus in compression. In general, compressive stress relaxation and creep decreased with increasing PVA concentration and number of FTC's. Compressive stress relaxation and creep were lower for PVA-C than human lumbar intervertebral discs, suggesting that PVA-C will likely exhibit stable and predictable mechanical response in vivo. All formulations provided good mimicry of the human IVD in stress relaxation and creep. PVA-C also provided good match to the anulus fibrosus matrix.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Good unconfined compression, stress relaxation and creep behavior, combined with excellent biocompatibility, makes PVA-C a suitable choice as a major component of a tissue-mimicking artificial IVD. A potential artificial IVD design combining two or more different PVA-C formulations could provide excellent overall mimicry of the human IVD. Results of this investigation provide a solid foundation for future work in this area.
authors: Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
authors: Bill Hao
authors: BH
authors: Wang
authors: Gord
authors: G
authors: Campbell
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D059985:Cryogels; D006801:Humans; D020100:Hydrogels; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000502:physiology*; D007595:Joint Prosthesis; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000502:physiology*; D011142:Polyvinyl Alcohol; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D059985:Cryogels; D020100:Hydrogels; D011142:Polyvinyl Alcohol