title: Computational neural modeling of speech motor control in childhood apraxia of speech (CAS).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) has been associated with a wide variety of diagnostic descriptions and has been shown to involve different symptoms during successive stages of development. In the present study, the authors attempted to associate the symptoms of CAS in a particular developmental stage with particular information-processing deficits by using computational modeling with the Directions Into Velocities of Articulators (DIVA) model. The hypothesis was that the speech production system in CAS suffers from poor feed-forward control and, consequently, an increased reliance on the feedback control subsystem.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a series of computer simulations, the authors systematically varied the ratio between feed-forward and feedback control during production attempts in the acquisition of feed-forward motor commands. The simulations were evaluated acoustically on 4 selected key symptoms of CAS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results showed that increasing the reliance on feedback control causes increased severity of these 4 symptoms of CAS: deviant coarticulation, speech sound distortion, searching articulation, and increased variability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings support the idea that the key symptoms found in CAS could result from an increased reliance on feedback control due to poor feed-forward commands. Two possible root causes of degraded feed-forward control in CAS are discussed: reduced somatosensory information and increased levels of neural noise.
authors: Medical Psychology/Pediatric Neurology Centre/ENT, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9101, Nijmegen, 6500HB, the Netherlands. h.terband@kno.umcn.nl
authors: Hayo
authors: H
authors: Terband
authors: Ben
authors: B
authors: Maassen
authors: Frank H
authors: FH
authors: Guenther
authors: Jonathan
authors: J
authors: Brumberg
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D001072:Apraxias / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005246:Feedback; D006801:Humans; D008959:Models, Neurological; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology; D010700:Phonetics; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D013060:Speech / Q000502:physiology*; D013064:Speech Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013067:Speech Perception / Q000502:physiology