title: Obstructive sleep apnea as a risk factor for type 2 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cross-sectional studies have documented the co-occurrence of obstructive sleep apnea (hereafter, sleep apnea) with glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (hereafter, diabetes). It has not been determined, however, whether sleep apnea is independently associated with the subsequent development of diabetes, accounting for established risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  This observational cohort study examined 1233 consecutive patients in the Veteran Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System referred for evaluation of sleep-disordered breathing; 544 study participants were free of preexisting diabetes and completed a full, attended, diagnostic polysomnogram. The study population was divided into quartiles based on severity of sleep apnea as measured by the apnea-hypopnea index. The main outcome was incident diabetes defined as fasting glucose level >126 mg/dL and a corresponding physician diagnosis. Compliance with positive airway pressure therapy, and its impact on the main outcome, also was examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In unadjusted analysis, increasing severity of sleep apnea was associated with an increased risk of diabetes (P for linear trend <.001). After adjusting for age, sex, race, baseline fasting blood glucose, body mass index, and weight change, an independent association was found between sleep apnea and incident diabetes (hazard ratio per quartile 1.43; confidence interval 1.10-1.86). Among patients with more severe sleep apnea (upper 2 quartiles of severity), 60% had evidence of regular positive airway pressure use, and this treatment was associated with an attenuation of the risk of diabetes (log-rank test P=.04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sleep apnea increases the risk of developing diabetes, independent of other risk factors. Among patients with more severe sleep apnea, regular positive airway pressure use may attenuate this risk.
authors: Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn.
authors: Nader
authors: N
authors: Botros
authors: John
authors: J
authors: Concato
authors: Vahid
authors: V
authors: Mohsenin
authors: Bernardo
authors: B
authors: Selim
authors: Kervin
authors: K
authors: Doctor
authors: Henry Klar
authors: HK
authors: Yaggi
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D045422:Continuous Positive Airway Pressure; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology; D017286:Polysomnography; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy