title: Wireless Instantaneous Neurotransmitter Concentration Sensing System (WINCS) for intraoperative neurochemical monitoring.
abstract: The Wireless Instantaneous Neurotransmitter Concentration Sensing System (WINCS) measures extracellular neurotransmitter concentration in vivo and displays the data graphically in nearly real time. WINCS implements two electroanalytical methods, fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) and fixed-potential amperometry (FPA), to measure neurotransmitter concentrations at an electrochemical sensor, typically a carbon-fiber microelectrode. WINCS comprises a battery-powered patient module and a custom software application (WINCSware) running on a nearby personal computer. The patient module impresses upon the electrochemical sensor either a constant potential (for FPA) or a time-varying waveform (for FSCV). A transimpedance amplifier converts the resulting current to a signal that is digitized and transmitted to the base station via a Bluetooth radio link. WINCSware controls the operational parameters for FPA or FSCV, and records the transmitted data stream. Filtered data is displayed in various formats, including a background-subtracted plot of sequential FSCV scans - a representation that enables users to distinguish the signatures of various analytes with considerable specificity. Dopamine, glutamate, adenosine and serotonin were selected as analytes for test trials. Proof-of-principle tests included in vitro flow-injection measurements and in vivo measurements in rat and pig. Further testing demonstrated basic functionality in a 3-Tesla MRI unit. WINCS was designed in compliance with consensus standards for medical electrical device safety, and it is anticipated that its capability for real-time intraoperative monitoring of neurotransmitter release at an implanted sensor will prove useful for advancing functional neurosurgery.
authors: Division of Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA. ckimble@mayo.edu
authors: Christopher J
authors: CJ
authors: Kimble
authors: David M
authors: DM
authors: Johnson
authors: Bruce A
authors: BA
authors: Winter
authors: Sidney V
authors: SV
authors: Whitlock
authors: Kenneth R
authors: KR
authors: Kressin
authors: April E
authors: AE
authors: Horne
authors: Justin C
authors: JC
authors: Robinson
authors: Jonathan M
authors: JM
authors: Bledsoe
authors: Susannah J
authors: SJ
authors: Tye
authors: Su-Youne
authors: SY
authors: Chang
authors: Filippo
authors: F
authors: Agnesi
authors: Christoph J
authors: CJ
authors: Griessenauer
authors: Daniel
authors: D
authors: Covey
authors: Young-Min
authors: YM
authors: Shon
authors: Kevin E
authors: KE
authors: Bennet
authors: Paul A
authors: PA
authors: Garris
authors: Kendall H
authors: KH
authors: Lee
mesh_terms: D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D012701:Serotonin / Q000378:metabolism; D012984:Software
chemical_list: D012701:Serotonin; D004298:Dopamine