title: Toxinogenic and spoilage potential of aerobic spore-formers isolated from raw milk.
abstract: The harmful effects on the quality and safety of dairy products caused by aerobic spore-forming isolates obtained from raw milk were characterized. Quantitative assessment showed strains of Bacillus subtilis, the Bacillus cereus group, Paenibacillus polymyxa and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens to be strongly proteolytic, along with Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus pumilus and Lysinibacillus fusiformis to a lesser extent. Lipolytic activity could be demonstrated in strains of B. subtilis, B. pumilus and B. amyloliquefaciens. Qualitative screening for lecithinase activity also revealed that P. polymyxa strains produce this enzyme besides the B. cereus group that is well-known for causing a 'bitty cream' defect in pasteurized milk due to lecithinase activity. We found a strain of P. polymyxa to be capable of gas production during lactose fermentation. Strains belonging to the species B. amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus clausii, Lysinibacillus sphaericus, B. subtilis and P. polymyxa were able to reduce nitrate. A heat-stable cytotoxic component other than the emetic toxin was produced by strains of B. amyloliquefaciens and B. subtilis. Heat-labile cytotoxic substances were produced by strains identified as B. amyloliquefaciens, B. subtilis, B. pumilus and the B. cereus group. Variations in expression levels between strains from the same species were noticed for all tests. This study emphasizes the importance of aerobic spore-forming bacteria in raw milk as the species that are able to produce toxins and/or spoilage enzymes are all abundantly present in raw milk. Moreover, we demonstrated that some strains are capable of growing at room temperature and staying stable at refrigeration temperatures.
authors: Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Technology and Food Science Unit, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium. valerie.dejonghe@ilvo.vlaanderen.be
authors: Valerie
authors: V
authors: De Jonghe
authors: An
authors: A
authors: Coorevits
authors: Jan
authors: J
authors: De Block
authors: Els
authors: E
authors: Van Coillie
authors: Koen
authors: K
authors: Grijspeerdt
authors: Lieve
authors: L
authors: Herman
authors: Paul
authors: P
authors: De Vos
authors: Marc
authors: M
authors: Heyndrickx
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001420:Bacteria, Aerobic / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000378:metabolism*; D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques; D003257:Consumer Product Safety; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D008892:Milk / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000592:standards; D011786:Quality Control
chemical_list: D001427:Bacterial Toxins