title: Depressive symptoms in nonresident african american fathers and involvement with their sons.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our objective was to determine whether paternal depressive symptoms were associated with less father involvement among African American fathers not living with their children (ie, nonresident fathers).
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed survey data for 345 fathers enrolled in a program for nonresident African American fathers and their preteen sons. Father involvement included measures of contact, closeness, monitoring, communication, and conflict. We used bivariate analyses and multivariate logistic regression analysis to examine associations between father involvement and depressive symptoms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-six percent of fathers reported moderate depressive symptoms, and 11% reported severe depressive symptoms. In bivariate analyses, depressive symptoms were associated with less contact, less closeness, low monitoring, and increased conflict. In multivariate analyses controlling for basic demographic features, fathers with moderate depressive symptoms were more likely to have less contact (adjusted odds ratio: 1.7 [95% confidence interval: 1.1-2.8]), less closeness (adjusted odds ratio: 2.1 [95% confidence interval: 1.3-3.5]), low monitoring (adjusted odds ratio: 2.7 [95% confidence interval: 1.4-5.2]), and high conflict (adjusted odds ratio: 2.1 [95% confidence interval: 1.2-3.6]). Fathers with severe depressive symptoms also were more likely to have less contact (adjusted odds ratio: 3.1 [95% confidence interval: 1.4-7.2]), less closeness (adjusted odds ratio: 2.6 [95% confidence interval: 1.2-5.7]), low monitoring (adjusted odds ratio: 2.8 [95% confidence interval: 1.1-7.1]), and high conflict (adjusted odds ratio: 2.6 [95% confidence interval: 1.1-5.9]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Paternal depressive symptoms may be an important, but modifiable, barrier for nonresident African American fathers willing to be more involved with their children.
authors: Child Health and Evaluation Research Unit, Division of General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, School ofMedicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA. roydavis@umich.edu
authors: R Neal
authors: RN
authors: Davis
authors: Cleopatra Howard
authors: CH
authors: Caldwell
authors: Sarah J
authors: SJ
authors: Clark
authors: Matthew M
authors: MM
authors: Davis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D003625:Data Collection; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology*; D054541:Family Conflict / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology; D005219:Father-Child Relations; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008824:Michigan; D016017:Odds Ratio; D016487:Parenting / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology; D015406:Single Parent / Q000523:psychology*