title: Absolute ethanol sclerotherapy for venous malformations in the face and neck.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the outcomes of sclerotherapy using absolute ethanol for venous malformations in the face and neck.
  
  
  METHODS
  We treated 60 consecutive patients with venous malformations in the face and neck with sclerotherapy with absolute ethanol under the guidance of digital subtraction angiography. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to evaluate the clinical outcomes of sclerotherapy. Complications were also evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The duration of follow-up was a mean of 8 months (range, 3 to 22). Of the 60 patients, 22 were treated once and 38 were treated 2 to 18 times (mean 2.6 times/patient). The mean total volume of ethanol in 60 patients was 11.2 mL (range, 0.5 to 230 mL). Of the 60 patients, 56 had complete volume reduction and a marked response after treatment. No severe skin necrosis or permanent nerve damage occurred.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Percutaneous sclerotherapy with absolute ethanol under the guidance of venography is a safe and effective treatment for venous malformations in the face and neck.
authors: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shangai Second Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
authors: Lixin
authors: L
authors: Su
authors: Xindong
authors: X
authors: Fan
authors: Lianzhou
authors: L
authors: Zheng
authors: Jiawei
authors: J
authors: Zheng
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015901:Angiography, Digital Subtraction; D001165:Arteriovenous Malformations / Q000628:therapy*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D000431:Ethanol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005145:Face; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D015552:Injections, Intralesional; D008297:Male; D019767:Maxillofacial Abnormalities / Q000628:therapy*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009333:Neck; D010690:Phlebography; D019233:Retreatment; D012597:Sclerosing Solutions / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015911:Sclerotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014680:Veins / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000187:drug effects; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D012597:Sclerosing Solutions; D000431:Ethanol