title: Melatonin receptor expression in Xenopus laevis surface corneal epithelium: diurnal rhythm of lateral membrane localization.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Melatonin receptors are seven-pass G protein-coupled receptors located in many tissues throughout the body, including the corneal epithelium (CE), and relay circadian signals to the target cells. The purpose of this study was to determine more precisely the cellular distribution of the melatonin receptors in the surface cells of the CE of Xenopus laevis, and to examine the relative distribution of melatonin receptor subtype expression at different times during the circadian cycle.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cryostat sections and whole corneas of adult Xenopus laevis were processed for immunocytochemistry using antibodies specific for each of the three melatonin receptor subtypes (Mel1a, Mel1b, and Mel1c). For the circadian studies, corneas were obtained from euthanized frogs at 4-h intervals during a 24-h period under a 12 h:12 h light-dark cycle. Double-label immunocytochemistry was performed using a Mel1a antibody in combination with antibodies against Mel1b, Mel1c, or the zonula occludens protein ZO-1. Corneal whole-mount specimens and corneal sections were analyzed by laser-scanning confocal microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All three melatonin receptor subtypes were expressed on the surface and sub-superficial layer of CE cells, but with different sub-cellular distributions. The Mel1a receptor was highly localized to the lateral plasma membrane of the surface CE, but also displayed cytoplasmic localization at some times of day, especially at night. Mel1c showed a similar pattern of labeling to Mel1a, but there were some distinctive differences, insofar as the Mel1c receptors were usually located immediately basal to the Mel1a receptors. The relative degree of membrane and cytoplasmic labeling of the Mel1c receptor also oscillated during the 24-h period, but was out of phase with the changes that occurred in the Mel1a receptor localization. Furthermore, in the late afternoon time point, the Mel1a and Mel1c receptors were highly co-localized, suggestive of heterodimerization, whereas at other time points, the two receptors were distinctly not co-localized. Double-label immunocytochemistry of Mel1a and ZO-1 demonstrated that the Mel1a receptor was located basal to the tight junctions, on the lateral membrane in very close proximity to the ZO-1 protein.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mel1a, Mel1b, and Mel1c receptor subtypes are expressed in the lateral plasma membrane of the Xenopus surface CE, at a position in close proximity to the tight junctions that form the corneal diffusion barrier. The very close association of the Mel1a receptors to the ZO-1 peripheral membrane tight junction proteins is suggestive of a potential role for melatonin in influencing the rate of tight junction formation or breakdown. The transient co-localization of Mel1a and Mel1c late in the light period is suggestive of formation of heterodimers that may influence receptor responsiveness and/or activity during specific periods of the day. The dynamic daily changes in melatonin receptor subtype expression and localization in the surface CE supports the concept that melatonin signaling may affect circadian activities of the surface epithelium of the cornea.
authors: Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73126-0901, USA. allan-wiechmann@ouhsc.edu
authors: Allan F
authors: AF
authors: Wiechmann
authors: Lindsey R
authors: LR
authors: Hollaway
authors: Jody A Summers
authors: JA
authors: Rada
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism*; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D016616:Cryoultramicrotomy; D019573:Epithelium, Corneal / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D021381:Protein Transport; D044094:Receptors, Melatonin / Q000378:metabolism*; D013499:Surface Properties; D013997:Time Factors; D029867:Xenopus Proteins; D014982:Xenopus laevis / Q000378:metabolism*; D062826:Zonula Occludens-1 Protein
chemical_list: D008565:Membrane Proteins; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D044094:Receptors, Melatonin; C569045:TJP1 protein, Xenopus; D029867:Xenopus Proteins; D062826:Zonula Occludens-1 Protein