Bone lead level prediction models and their application to examine the relationship of lead exposure and hypertension in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
OBJECTIVE
We developed prediction models for bone lead using blood lead levels and other standard covariates in a community-based cohort of older men.


METHODS
Participants having bone lead levels measured by K X-ray fluorescence were included in the model selection process (n = 825). Predictors of each tibia and patella lead were identified in three quarters of the population and then predicted the bone lead levels in the remaining one quarter and in the Community Lead Study.


RESULTS
Eighteen predictors were selected for tibia (blood lead, age, education, occupation, smoking status, pack-years of cigarette, serum levels of phosphorus, uric acid, calcium, creatinine and total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterols, hematocrit, body mass index, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and diagnoses of cancer and diabetes; R2 = 0.32) and 16 for patella lead (among the predictors included in the tibia model diagnosis of cancer, serum levels of calcium, and total cholesterol were not included in patella lead model, but diagnosis of hypertension was included; R2 = 0.34), respectively. The correlation coefficients between the observed and predicted values were 0.43 to 0.50 for tibia and 0.52 to 0.58 for patella lead in internal and external validation. We applied these predicted bone lead models to the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES-III) to examine associations with hypertension and found relatively more significant associations compared with blood lead.


CONCLUSIONS
This study suggests that the prediction equations may be used to predict bone lead levels in other community-based cohorts with reasonable accuracy.
Park
Sung Kyun
SK
Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
Mukherjee
Bhramar
B
Xia
Xi
X
Sparrow
David
D
Weisskopf
Marc G
MG
Nie
Huiling
H
Hu
Howard
H
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000737:chemistry / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D001900:Boston; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000139:chemically induced; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D010329:Patella / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D011859:Radiography; D012044:Regression Analysis; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D012307:Risk Factors; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission; D013977:Tibia / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014481:United States; D014493:United States Department of Veterans Affairs; D055815:Young Adult
D007854:Lead