title: The APPLe study: a randomized, community-based, placebo-controlled trial of azithromycin for the prevention of preterm birth, with meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Premature birth is the major cause of perinatal mortality and morbidity in both high- and low-income countries. The causes of preterm labour are multiple but infection is important. We have previously described an unusually high incidence of preterm birth (20%) in an ultrasound-dated, rural, pregnant population in Southern Malawi with high burdens of infective morbidity. We have now studied the impact of routine prophylaxis with azithromycin as directly observed, single-dose therapy at two gestational windows to try to decrease the incidence of preterm birth.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We randomized 2,297 pregnant women attending three rural and one peri-urban health centres in Southern Malawi to a placebo-controlled trial of oral azithromycin (1 g) given at 16-24 and 28-32 wk gestation. Gestational age was determined by ultrasound before 24 wk. Women and their infants were followed up until 6 wk post delivery. The primary outcome was incidence of preterm delivery, defined as <37 wk. Secondary outcomes were mean gestational age at delivery, perinatal mortality, birthweight, maternal malaria, and anaemia. Analysis was by intention to treat. There were no significant differences in outcome between the azithromycin group (n = 1,096) and the placebo group (n = 1,087) in respect of preterm birth (16.8% versus 17.4%), odds ratio (OR) 0.96, 95% confidence interval (0.76-1.21); mean gestational age at delivery (38.5 versus 38.4 weeks), mean difference 0.16 (-0.08 to 0.40); mean birthweight (3.03 versus 2.99 kg), mean difference 0.04 (-0.005 to 0.08); perinatal deaths (4.3% versus 5.0%), OR 0.85 (0.53-1.38); or maternal malarial parasitaemia (11.5% versus 10.1%), OR 1.11 (0.84-1.49) and anaemia (44.1% versus 41.3%) at 28-32 weeks, OR 1.07 (0.88-1.30). Meta-analysis of the primary outcome results with seven other studies of routine antibiotic prophylaxis in pregnancy (>6,200 pregnancies) shows no effect on preterm birth (relative risk 1.02, 95% confidence interval 0.86-1.22).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides no support for the use of antibiotics as routine prophylaxis to prevent preterm birth in high risk populations; prevention of preterm birth requires alternative strategies.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN84023116
authors: Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
authors: Nynke R
authors: NR
authors: van den Broek
authors: Sarah A
authors: SA
authors: White
authors: Mark
authors: M
authors: Goodall
authors: Chikondi
authors: C
authors: Ntonya
authors: Edith
authors: E
authors: Kayira
authors: George
authors: G
authors: Kafulafula
authors: James P
authors: JP
authors: Neilson
mesh_terms: D017963:Azithromycin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003153:Community Health Services; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D008295:Malawi; D010919:Placebos; D011247:Pregnancy; D047928:Premature Birth / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D010919:Placebos; D017963:Azithromycin