Causal learning about tolerance and sensitization.
We introduce two abstract, causal schemata used during causal learning. (1) Tolerance is when an effect diminishes over time, as an entity is repeatedly exposed to the cause (e.g., a person becoming tolerant to caffeine). (2) Sensitization is when an effect intensifies over time, as an entity is repeatedly exposed to the cause (e.g., an antidepressant becoming more effective through repeated use). In Experiment 1, participants observed either of these cause-effect data patterns unfolding over time and exhibiting the tolerance or sensitization schemata. Participants inferred stronger causal efficacy and made more confident and more extreme predictions about novel cases than in a condition with the same data appearing in a random order over time. In Experiment 2, the same tolerance/sensitization scenarios occurred either within one entity or across many entities. In the many-entity conditions, when the schemata were violated, participants made much weaker inferences. Implications for causal learning are discussed.
Rottman
Benjamin Margolin
BM
Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8205, USA. benjamin.rottman@yale.edu
Ahn
Woo-Kyoung
WK
D001245:Association Learning; D001288:Attention; D032882:Comprehension; D005793:Generalization, Psychological; D006801:Humans; D007600:Judgment; D010364:Pattern Recognition, Visual