title: Role of homocysteic acid in the guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) anterior cingulate cortex in tonic immobility and the influence of NMDA receptors on the dorsal PAG.
abstract: Tonic immobility (TI) is an innate defensive behaviour elicited by physical restriction and postural inversion, and is characterised by a profound and temporary state of akinesis. Our previous studies demonstrated that glutamatergic stimulation of the dorsomedial/dorsolateral portion of periaqueductal gray matter (dPAG) decreases the duration of TI in guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus). Furthermore, evidence suggests that the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) constitutes an important source of glutamate for the dPAG. Hence, in the current study, we investigated the effects of microinjection of the excitatory amino acid (EAA) agonist DL-homocysteic acid (DLH) and the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist MK-801 into the ACC on the duration of TI in guinea pigs. We also assessed the effect of the NMDA receptor antagonist (MK-801) into the dorsal periaqueductal gray matter (dPAG) prior to DLH microinjection into the ACC on the TI duration in the guinea pig. Our results demonstrated that DLH microinjections into the ACC decreased the duration of TI. This effect was blocked by previous MK-801 microinjections into the ACC or into the dPAG. The MK-801 microinjections alone did not influence TI duration. These results provide the new insight that EAAs in the ACC can decrease the duration of TI. The mechanism seems to be dependent on the NMDA receptors present in the ACC and in the dPAG.
authors: Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
authors: Márcio Ramos
authors: MR
authors: Coutinho
authors: Leda
authors: L
authors: Menescal-de-Oliveira
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D016291:Dizocilpine Maleate / Q000494:pharmacology; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D006179:Gyrus Cinguli / Q000187:drug effects*; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D046353:Immobility Response, Tonic / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008845:Microinjections / Q000379:methods; D010487:Periaqueductal Gray / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D006710:Homocysteine; C007956:homocysteic acid; D016291:Dizocilpine Maleate