title: Early CD4(+) T cell help prevents partial CD8(+) T cell exhaustion and promotes maintenance of Herpes Simplex Virus 1 latency.
abstract: HSV-specific CD8(+) T cells provide constant immunosurveillance of HSV-1 latently infected neurons in sensory ganglia, and their functional properties are influenced by the presence of latent virus. In this study, we show that ganglionic HSV-specific CD8(+) T cells exhibit a higher functional avidity (ability to respond to low epitope density) than their counterparts in noninfected lungs, satisfying a need for memory effector cells that can respond to low densities of viral epitopes on latently infected neurons. We further show that lack of CD4(+) T cell help during priming leads to a transient inability to control latent virus, which was associated with a PD-1/PD-L1 mediated reduced functional avidity of ganglionic HSV-specific CD8(+) T cells. CD4(+) T cells are not needed to maintain CD8(+) T cell memory through 34 d after infection, nor do they have a direct involvement in the maintenance of HSV-1 latency.
authors: Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
authors: Gregory M
authors: GM
authors: Frank
authors: Andrew J
authors: AJ
authors: Lepisto
authors: Michael L
authors: ML
authors: Freeman
authors: Brian S
authors: BS
authors: Sheridan
authors: Thomas L
authors: TL
authors: Cherpes
authors: Robert L
authors: RL
authors: Hendricks
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006561:Herpes Simplex / Q000276:immunology*; D018259:Herpesvirus 1, Human / Q000502:physiology; D007156:Immunologic Memory; D051379:Mice; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017735:Virus Latency / Q000276:immunology*