title: Immunotherapy of childhood cancer: from biologic understanding to clinical application.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Most children with cancer can be cured with combination regimens of chemotherapy, radiation, surgery, or all. However, standard therapies are toxic to normal tissues, cancer cells commonly develop resistance to chemotherapy, and relapsed malignancy is a leading cause of mortality in pediatrics. Elucidation of the principles of the normal immune response and tumor biology, coupled with technological developments, have led to important advances in the field of cancer immunotherapy. This review summarizes the biologic basis of cancer immunotherapy and highlights recent examples of progress in the application of novel humoral and cellular immunotherapies to children and adolescents with malignancy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clinical trials of immunotherapy for pediatric cancer have recently been initiated. To date, most immune-based therapies have been well tolerated and some have shown clinically significant activity against specific refractory high-risk malignancies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Recent clinical trial results provide proof-of-principle that cancer immunotherapy has the capacity to overcome chemotherapy resistance without the usual toxicities associated with cytotoxic regimens. Immunotherapy holds promise in the treatment of children and adolescents with cancer and has the potential to improve both survival and quality of life.
authors: Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Room #1-3750, 9000 Rockville Pike, MSC 1104, Bethesda, MD 20892-1104, USA. waynea@mail.nih.gov
authors: Alan S
authors: AS
authors: Wayne
authors: Christian M
authors: CM
authors: Capitini
authors: Crystal L
authors: CL
authors: Mackall
mesh_terms: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm / Q000276:immunology; D019496:Cancer Vaccines; D002648:Child; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D020544:Graft vs Leukemia Effect; D006801:Humans; D007107:Immune System / Q000502:physiology; D055261:Immunogenetic Phenomena; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology* / Q000628:therapy*; D011946:Receptors, Antigen / Q000276:immunology; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic / Q000276:immunology; D033581:Stem Cell Transplantation; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm; D019496:Cancer Vaccines; D011946:Receptors, Antigen; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic