title: Randomized controlled trial shows biofeedback to be superior to pelvic floor exercises for fecal incontinence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to compare manometric biofeedback with pelvic floor exercises for the treatment of fecal incontinence in a randomized controlled trial controlling for nonspecific treatment effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  After excluding patients who were adequately treated with medication, education, and behavioral strategies (21%), 108 patients (83 females; average age, 59.6 years) underwent either pelvic floor exercises alone (n = 63) or manometric biofeedback plus pelvic floor exercises (n = 45). Patients in both groups were taught behavioral strategies to avoid incontinence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At three-month follow-up, biofeedback patients had significantly greater reductions on the Fecal Incontinence Severity Index (P = 0.01) and fewer days with fecal incontinence (P = 0.083). Biofeedback training increased anal canal squeeze pressure more than pelvic floor exercises did (P = 0.014) and with less abdominal tension during squeeze (P = 0.001). Three months after training 76% of patients treated with biofeedback vs. 41% patients treated with pelvic floor exercises (chi-squared = 12.5, P < 0.001) reported adequate relief. Before treatment, the groups did not differ on demographic, physiologic, or psychologic variables, symptom severity, duration of illness, quality-of-life impact, or expectation of benefit. At 12-month follow-up, biofeedback patients continued to show significantly greater reduction in Fecal Incontinence Severity Index scores (F = 4.83, P = 0.03), and more patients continued to report adequate relief (chi-squared = 3.64, P = 0.056).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This investigation provides definitive support for the efficacy of biofeedback. Biofeedback training resulted in greater reductions in fecal incontinence severity and days with fecal incontinence. Biofeedback was also more effective than pelvic floor exercises alone in producing adequate relief of fecal incontinence symptoms in patients for whom conservative medical management had failed.
authors: Department of Medicine (Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology) and Center for Functional Gastrointestinal and Motility Disorders, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7080, USA. steve_heymen@med.unc.edu
authors: Steve
authors: S
authors: Heymen
authors: Yolanda
authors: Y
authors: Scarlett
authors: Kenneth
authors: K
authors: Jones
authors: Yehuda
authors: Y
authors: Ringel
authors: Douglas
authors: D
authors: Drossman
authors: William E
authors: WE
authors: Whitehead
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001676:Biofeedback, Psychology; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D004576:Electromyography; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005242:Fecal Incontinence / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008365:Manometry; D008875:Middle Aged; D017773:Pelvic Floor / Q000502:physiology*; D011788:Quality of Life; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome