Survey of the quality of experimental design, statistical analysis and reporting of research using animals.
For scientific, ethical and economic reasons, experiments involving animals should be appropriately designed, correctly analysed and transparently reported. This increases the scientific validity of the results, and maximises the knowledge gained from each experiment. A minimum amount of relevant information must be included in scientific publications to ensure that the methods and results of a study can be reviewed, analysed and repeated. Omitting essential information can raise scientific and ethical concerns. We report the findings of a systematic survey of reporting, experimental design and statistical analysis in published biomedical research using laboratory animals. Medline and EMBASE were searched for studies reporting research on live rats, mice and non-human primates carried out in UK and US publicly funded research establishments. Detailed information was collected from 271 publications, about the objective or hypothesis of the study, the number, sex, age and/or weight of animals used, and experimental and statistical methods. Only 59% of the studies stated the hypothesis or objective of the study and the number and characteristics of the animals used. Appropriate and efficient experimental design is a critical component of high-quality science. Most of the papers surveyed did not use randomisation (87%) or blinding (86%), to reduce bias in animal selection and outcome assessment. Only 70% of the publications that used statistical methods described their methods and presented the results with a measure of error or variability. This survey has identified a number of issues that need to be addressed in order to improve experimental design and reporting in publications describing research using animals. Scientific publication is a powerful and important source of information; the authors of scientific publications therefore have a responsibility to describe their methods and results comprehensively, accurately and transparently, and peer reviewers and journal editors share the responsibility to ensure that published studies fulfil these criteria.
Kilkenny
Carol
C
The National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research, London, United Kingdom. carol.kilkenny@nc3rs.org.uk
Parsons
Nick
N
Kadyszewski
Ed
E
Festing
Michael F W
MF
Cuthill
Innes C
IC
Fry
Derek
D
Hutton
Jane
J
Altman
Douglas G
DG
D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016239:MEDLINE; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D017712:Peer Review, Research; D010506:Periodicals as Topic; D051381:Rats; D012106:Research / Q000639:trends; D012107:Research Design; D006113:United Kingdom; D014481:United States