title: Application of predictive degree day model for field development of sandfly vectors of visceral leishmaniasis in northwest of Iran.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Temperature plays a significant role in insect's development where a rise in temperature, accelerates the insect's metabolic rates, increases egg production and makes blood feeding more frequent. It also shortens the time period required for the development of pathogens within insects. Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is one of the most important vector-borne diseases transmitted by different sandfly species. In this study, a phenological model was used to estimate the number of generations, peak activity and temporal variability of sandflies in the main VL foci in northwest Iran.
  
  
  METHODS
  Development requirements of different life stages of a Phlebotomus papatasi laboratory colony were measured and were subjected to the formula for calculation of accumulated degree day (ADD) for field sandflies using the online soft (UC IPM), using horizontal cut-off method and single triangle model. Sandflies population dynamics was monitored in the field during the seasonal activity in the region and its association with the ADD was tested using SAS software.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Populations of sandflies accommodated well with the amount of accumulated degree days (ADD) in the region. During the seasonal activity, a total of 639 ADD were produced which was enough to support one complete life cycle and growth of the next generation up to late larval instar. Larvae of the second generation hibernate through winter and the first adult population appears in the mid to late June of the next year when they receive at least 182 ADD from the beginning of the spring. The highest population density of sandflies was observed in early August, followed by a rapid decrease in early September, with the adult population disappearing completely in late September. This is the first degree day model related to sandflies in the most important VL foci of Iran.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Further studies in various regions with variable climate are recommended in order to better estimate and understand the development time, population dynamics and activities of the vectors which in turn could be used in proper implementation of effective vector control programmes.
authors: Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. moshaghi@sina.tums.ac.ir
authors: M A
authors: MA
authors: Oshaghi
authors: N Maleki
authors: NM
authors: Ravasan
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Javadian
authors: Y
authors: Y
authors: Rassi
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Sadraei
authors: A A
authors: AA
authors: Enayati
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Vatandoost
authors: Z
authors: Z
authors: Zare
authors: S N
authors: SN
authors: Emami
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D007300:Insect Control; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000502:physiology*; D007492:Iran; D007898:Leishmaniasis, Visceral / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission*; D011576:Psychodidae / Q000502:physiology*; D013696:Temperature