title: Early and late direct costs in a Southern African antiretroviral treatment programme: a retrospective cohort analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is a paucity of data on the health care costs of antiretroviral therapy (ART) programmes in Africa. Our objectives were to describe the direct heath care costs and establish the cost drivers over time in an HIV managed care programme in Southern Africa.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We analysed the direct costs of treating HIV-infected adults enrolled in the managed care programme from 3 years before starting non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-based ART up to 5 years afterwards. The CD4 cell count criterion for starting ART was <350 cells/microl. We explored associations between variables and mean total costs over time using a generalised linear model with a log-link function and a gamma distribution. Our cohort consisted of 10,735 patients (59.4% women) with 594,497 mo of follow up data (50.9% of months on ART). Median baseline CD4+ cell count and viral load were 125 cells/microl and 5.16 log(10) copies/ml respectively. There was a peak in costs in the period around ART initiation (from 4 mo before until 4 mo after starting ART) driven largely by hospitalisation, following which costs plateaued for 5 years. The variables associated with changes in mean total costs varied with time. Key early associations with higher costs were low baseline CD4+ cell count, high baseline HIV viral load, and shorter duration in HIV care prior to starting ART; whilst later associations with higher costs were lower ART adherence, switching to protease inhibitor-based ART, and starting ART at an older age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Drivers of mean total costs changed considerably over time. Starting ART at higher CD4 counts or longer pre-ART care should reduce early costs. Monitoring ART adherence and interventions to improve it should reduce later costs. Cost models of ART should take into account these time-dependent cost drivers, and include costs before starting ART. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary.
authors: Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
authors: Rory
authors: R
authors: Leisegang
authors: Susan
authors: S
authors: Cleary
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Hislop
authors: Alistair
authors: A
authors: Davidse
authors: Leon
authors: L
authors: Regensberg
authors: Francesca
authors: F
authors: Little
authors: Gary
authors: G
authors: Maartens
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count / Q000191:economics; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics*; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D010349:Patient Compliance; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013019:South Africa; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents