title: Cigarette filter-based assays as proxies for toxicant exposure and smoking behavior--a literature review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cigarettes are being marketed with filters that differ in composition and design. The filters have different toxicant trapping efficiencies, and smoking stains reflect variations in smoking behavior. Presented herein are the results of a structured literature review that was done to identify cigarette filter-based assays that may serve as proxies for mouth-level exposure and assessing smoking methods.
  
  
  METHODS
  A search of the published scientific literature and internal tobacco company documents from 1954 to 2009 was carried out.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The literature search identified diverse schemes for assessing cigarette filters, including visual inspection and digital imaging of smoked-stained spent filters, and quantitative determinations for total particulate matter (TPM), nicotine, and solanesol. The results also showed that: (a) there are sufficient data to link filter-based chemical measures to standardized smoking machine-measured yields of tar and nicotine; (b) TPM eluted from filters or in chemical digest of filters can be used to estimate the efficiency of the filter for trapping smoke solids; (c) visual and digital inspection of spent filters is useful in finding indicators of variations in smoking behaviors; and (d) there is a correlation between solanesol and nicotine measured in filters and exposure biomarkers in smokers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The cigarette filter may prove useful in estimating smoking behaviors such as filter vent blocking and puffing intensity, and may have utility as proxy measures of mouth-level smoke exposure in clinical trials. Additional investigations are needed to compare the different proposed assay schemes and the assay results with measurements of human biomarker assays of smoke exposure.
authors: Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA. john.pauly@roswellpark.org
authors: John L
authors: JL
authors: Pauly
authors: Richard J
authors: RJ
authors: O'Connor
authors: Geraldine M
authors: GM
authors: Paszkiewicz
authors: K Michael
authors: KM
authors: Cummings
authors: Mirjana V
authors: MV
authors: Djordjevic
authors: Peter G
authors: PG
authors: Shields
mesh_terms: D016739:Behavior, Addictive / Q000523:psychology*; D001681:Biological Assay; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005374:Filtration / Q000295:instrumentation*; D006801:Humans; D012907:Smoking; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000523:psychology*