title: ERK regulates calpain 2-induced androgen receptor proteolysis in CWR22 relapsed prostate tumor cell lines.
abstract: Androgen ablation therapy is effective in treating androgen-dependent prostate tumors; however, tumors that can proliferate in castrate levels of androgen eventually arise. We previously reported that in CWR22Rv1 (Rv1) cells, the protease calpain 2 can cleave the androgen receptor (AR) into a constitutively active approximately 80,000 low molecular weight (LMW) form. In this study, we further dissect the mechanisms that produce the AR LMW forms using Rv1 cells and the related CWR22-R1 (R1) cells. The 39-amino acid insertional mutation in the Rv1-AR (E3DM-AR) sensitizes this AR to calpain 2 proteolysis. R1 cells encode the same AR molecule as the parental CWR22 xenograft. Using calpain 2 small interfering RNA and calpeptin, we find that calpain 2 plays a role in the generation of the LMW-AR in R1 cells. Furthermore, LMW-AR expression is regulated by the activation of calpain 2 by ERK 1 and 2. Inhibition of ERK phosphorylation or small interfering RNA-mediated decrease of ERK expression reduces LMW-AR levels in R1 cells. Conversely, activation of the MAPK pathway results in increased ERK phosphorylation and increased levels of LMW-AR. Finally, analyses of human tumor samples found that LMW-AR levels are higher in tumors that have an increased calpain/calpastatin ratio and/or increased levels of phospho-ERK (pERK). This suggests that a higher calpain/calpastatin ratio collaborates with activated ERK to promote the generation of the LMW-AR.
authors: Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, California 19616, USA.
authors: Honglin
authors: H
authors: Chen
authors: Stephen J
authors: SJ
authors: Libertini
authors: Yu
authors: Y
authors: Wang
authors: Hsing-Jien
authors: HJ
authors: Kung
authors: Paramita
authors: P
authors: Ghosh
authors: Maria
authors: M
authors: Mudryj
mesh_terms: D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D002154:Calpain / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002461:Cell Line, Transformed; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D008970:Molecular Weight; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000502:physiology; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D012008:Recurrence
chemical_list: D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D011944:Receptors, Androgen; C033668:calpastatin; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D002154:Calpain; C569870:CAPN2 protein, human