Restriction factors of retroviral replication: the example of Tripartite Motif (TRIM) protein 5 alpha and 22.
Viral tropism, replication, and pathogenesis are determined by multiple interactions between the pathogen and the host. In the case of retroviruses, and in particular, the human immunodeficiency virus, the specific interaction of the envelope protein with the host receptors and co-receptors is essential to gain entry in the cells. After entry, the success of retroviruses to complete their life cycle depends on a complex interplay between the virus and host proteins. Indeed, the cell environment is endowed with a number of factors that actively block distinct stage(s) in the microbial life cycle. Among these restriction factors, Tripartite Motif-5 alpha (TRIM5 alpha) has been extensively studied; however, other TRIM family members have been demonstrated to be anti-retroviral effector proteins. This article reviews, in particular, the current knowledge on the anti-retroviral effects of TRIM5 alpha and TRIM22.
Kajaste-Rudnitski
Anna
A
Viral Pathogens and Biosafety Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
Pultrone
Cinzia
C
Marzetta
Flavia
F
Ghezzi
Silvia
S
Coradin
Tiziana
T
Vicenzi
Elisa
E
D000090103:Antiviral Restriction Factors; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D015778:Minor Histocompatibility Antigens; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D012190:Retroviridae / Q000378:metabolism*; D000070584:Tripartite Motif Proteins; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases; D014779:Virus Replication
D000090103:Antiviral Restriction Factors; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D015778:Minor Histocompatibility Antigens; D012097:Repressor Proteins; C094314:TRIM22 protein, human; D000070584:Tripartite Motif Proteins; C477346:TRIM5 protein, human; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases