title: Association between depression and intima-media thickness of carotid bulb in asymptomatic young adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although there is growing evidence that symptoms of depression influence the development of coronary artery disease, information on the underlying subclinical atherosclerotic process is scant in young adults. The study examined the association between symptoms of depression and subclinical atherosclerosis, determined by carotid intima-media thickness in asymptomatic young individuals.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study was performed in Bogalusa, Louisiana, a semi-rural biracial (black-white) community. A sample of 996 individuals aged 24 to 44 years (71% were white and 43% were male) enrolled in the Bogalusa Heart Study. The variables included symptoms of depression measured by the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale; intima-media thickness of different segments of carotid artery by B-mode ultrasonography; measures of adiposity and glucose homeostasis, lipoproteins, and blood pressure; and cigarette smoking status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both the adjusted and the unadjusted associations between depression score and carotid bulb intima-media thickness were significant, whereas similar associations with internal carotid and common carotid thickness were nonsignificant. In the multivariable regression model, after adjusting for all covariates, a positive effect of depression scores (Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression score) and a negative effect of interaction between depression score ratio of total cholesterol (TC)/high-density lipoprotein (HDL) were significant. In a subgroup analysis (among individuals with a ratio of TC/HDL < or = 5) a positive effect of depression on carotid bulb intima-media thickness was significant, whereas the interaction between depression and ratio of TC/HDL was nonsignificant. In subsequent analysis, if individuals with a higher ratio of TC/HDL were included, both depression and negative interaction term were significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The observations show the detrimental effect of depression on subclinical vascular changes in asymptomatic young individuals. The findings underscore the need for considering depression in risk factor profiling. Further study is recommended to investigate the basis of a lower carotid bulb intima-media thickness among subjects with a high depression score and a high ratio of TC/HDL.
authors: Tulane Center for Cardiovascular Health, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA.
authors: Azad A
authors: AA
authors: Kabir
authors: Sathanur R
authors: SR
authors: Srinivasan
authors: Aqfa
authors: A
authors: Sultana
authors: Wei
authors: W
authors: Chen
authors: Christine Y
authors: CY
authors: Wei
authors: Gerald S
authors: GS
authors: Berenson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D044383:Black People; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D017540:Tunica Media / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014463:Ultrasonography; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL; D002784:Cholesterol