title: G(i)-coupled GPCR signaling controls the formation and organization of human pluripotent colonies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Reprogramming adult human somatic cells to create human induced pluripotent stem (hiPS) cell colonies involves a dramatic morphological and organizational transition. These colonies are morphologically indistinguishable from those of pluripotent human embryonic stem (hES) cells. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are required in diverse developmental processes, but their role in pluripotent colony morphology and organization is unknown. We tested the hypothesis that G(i)-coupled GPCR signaling contributes to the characteristic morphology and organization of human pluripotent colonies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Specific and irreversible inhibition of G(i)-coupled GPCR signaling by pertussis toxin markedly altered pluripotent colony morphology. Wild-type hES and hiPS cells formed monolayer colonies, but colonies treated with pertussis toxin retracted inward, adopting a dense, multi-layered conformation. The treated colonies were unable to reform after a scratch wound insult, whereas control colonies healed completely within 48 h. In contrast, activation of an alternative GPCR pathway, G(s)-coupled signaling, with cholera toxin did not affect colony morphology or the healing response. Pertussis toxin did not alter the proliferation, apoptosis or pluripotency of pluripotent stem cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Experiments with pertussis toxin suggest that G(i) signaling plays a critical role in the morphology and organization of pluripotent colonies. These results may be explained by a G(i)-mediated density-sensing mechanism that propels the cells radially outward. GPCRs are a promising target for modulating the formation and organization of hiPS and hES cell colonies and may be important for understanding somatic cell reprogramming and for engineering pluripotent stem cells for therapeutic applications.
authors: Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, California, United States of America. kenta.nakamura@ucsf.edu
authors: Kenta
authors: K
authors: Nakamura
authors: Nathan
authors: N
authors: Salomonis
authors: Kiichiro
authors: K
authors: Tomoda
authors: Shinya
authors: S
authors: Yamanaka
authors: Bruce R
authors: BR
authors: Conklin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D001886:Bordetella pertussis / Q000378:metabolism; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002772:Cholera Toxin / Q000494:pharmacology; D053595:Embryonic Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D019206:GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gi-Go / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008954:Models, Biological; D037342:Pertussis Toxin / Q000494:pharmacology; D039904:Pluripotent Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014734:Vibrio cholerae / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; D002772:Cholera Toxin; D037342:Pertussis Toxin; D019206:GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gi-Go