Antiestrogenicity and estrogenicity in leachates from solid waste deposits.
A great deal of effort has been devoted to developing new in vitro and in vivo methods to identify and classify endocrine disrupting chemicals that have been identified in environmental samples. In this study an in vitro test based on recombinant yeast strains transfected with genes for the human estrogen receptor α was adapted to examine the presence of estrogenic and antiestrogenic substances in six Swedish landfill leachates. Antiestrogenic effects were measured as inhibition of the estradiol induced response with the human estrogen receptor α, and quantified by comparison with the corresponding inhibitory effects of a known antiestrogen, hydroxytamoxifen. The estrogenicity was within the range of that determined in domestic sewage effluents, from below the limit of detection to 29 ng estradiol units L(-1). Antiestrogenicity was detected in some of the investigated landfill leachates, ranging between <38 and 3800 μg hydroxytamoxifen equivalents L(-1). There was no apparent relation between the type of waste deposited on the landfills and the antiestrogenic effect. Fractionation of a landfill leachate showed that estrogenic compounds were located in two dominant fractions. Three estrogenic compounds were found that accounted for the estrogenic activity in extracts of leachates: bisphenol A, estradiol, and ethinylestradiol. The bisphenol may have been released from decomposing plastic waste and the estrogenic steroids from earlier deposits of municipal sewage sludge and pharmaceutical waste. Fractionation of leachates from three parts of a landfill showed that the antiestrogenic activity was distributed in at least four fractions and somewhat different in different flows of leachate. This indicated a heterogeneous mixture of antiestrogenic substances.
Svenson
Anders
A
IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Ltd, P. O. Box 210 60, S-100 31 Stockholm, Sweden.
Sjöholm
Sofia
S
Allard
Ann-Sofie
AS
Kaj
Lennart
L
D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000633:toxicity*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D004958:Estradiol / Q000633:toxicity; D020847:Estrogen Receptor Modulators / Q000633:toxicity*; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D004967:Estrogens / Q000633:toxicity*; D004997:Ethinyl Estradiol / Q000633:toxicity; D006801:Humans; D010636:Phenols / Q000633:toxicity; D012037:Refuse Disposal; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000187:drug effects; D012621:Seasons; D012722:Sewage / Q000737:chemistry; D013548:Sweden; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*; D014877:Water Pollution, Chemical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D004958:Estradiol; D020847:Estrogen Receptor Modulators; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha; D004967:Estrogens; D004997:Ethinyl Estradiol; D010636:Phenols; D012722:Sewage; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C006780:bisphenol A; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds