title: Berbamine, a novel nuclear factor kappaB inhibitor, inhibits growth and induces apoptosis in human myeloma cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to investigate the effect of berbamine on the growth of human multiple myeloma cell line KM3 and elucidate the mechanism of its action.
  
  
  METHODS
  MTT assay was used to determine the inhibitory effect of berbamine alone or combined with chemotherapeutic drugs. Flow cytometry was performed to characterize cell cycle profile in response to berbamine treatment. Western blot was used to measure the protein levels of p65, IkappaB Kinase alpha (IKKalpha), TNFAIP3 (A20), IkappaBalpha, p-IkappaBalpha, cyclinD1, Bcl-2, BAX, Bcl-x(L), Bid, and survivin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Berbamine inhibits the proliferation of KM3 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Combination of berbamine with dexamethasone (Dex), doxorubicin (Dox) or arsenic trioxide (ATO) resulted in enhanced inhibition of cell growth. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that KM3 cells were arrested at G(1) phase and apoptotic cells increased from 0.54% to 51.83% for 36 h. Morphological changes of cells undergoing apoptosis were observed under light microscope. Berbamine treatment led to increased expression of A20, down-regulation of IKKalpha, p-IkappaBalpha, and followed by inhibition of p65 nuclear localization. As a result, NF-kappaB downstream targets such as cyclinD1, Bcl-x(L), Bid and survivin were down-regulated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Berbamine inhibits the growth of KM3 cells by inducing G(1) arrest as well as apoptosis. Berbamine blocks NF-kappaB signaling pathway through up-regulating A20, down-regulating IKKalpha, p-IkappaBalpha, and then inhibiting p65 nuclear translocation, and resulting in decreased expression of the downstream targets of NF-kappaB. Our results suggest that berbamine is a novel inhibitor of NF-kappaB activity with remarkable anti-myeloma efficacy.
authors: Department of Hematology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
authors: Yun
authors: Y
authors: Liang
authors: Rong-Zhen
authors: RZ
authors: Xu
authors: Lei
authors: L
authors: Zhang
authors: Xiao-Ying
authors: XY
authors: Zhao
mesh_terms: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D000077237:Arsenic Trioxide; D001152:Arsenicals / Q000494:pharmacology; D044182:Benzylisoquinolines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000494:pharmacology; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000494:pharmacology; D016193:G1 Phase; D006801:Humans; D051550:I-kappa B Kinase / Q000378:metabolism; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D009101:Multiple Myeloma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D010087:Oxides / Q000494:pharmacology; D010950:Plasma Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D000072598:Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha-Induced Protein 3
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D001152:Arsenicals; D044182:Benzylisoquinolines; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D016328:NF-kappa B; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D010087:Oxides; D003907:Dexamethasone; D004317:Doxorubicin; D051550:I-kappa B Kinase; C076529:TNFAIP3 protein, human; D000072598:Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha-Induced Protein 3; D000077237:Arsenic Trioxide; C027870:berbamine