title: The diagnostic and economic impact of contrast imaging techniques in the diagnosis of small hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CE-US), contrast CT scan and gadolinium dynamic MRI are recommended for the characterisation of liver nodules detected during surveillance of patients with cirrhosis with US.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the sensitivity, specificity, diagnostic accuracy and economic impact of all possible sequential combinations of contrast imaging techniques in patients with cirrhosis with 1-2 cm liver nodules undergoing US surveillance.
  
  
  METHODS
  64 patients with 67 de novo liver nodules (55 with a size of 1-2 cm) were consecutively examined by CE-US, CT, MRI, and a fine-needle biopsy (FNB) as diagnostic standard. Undiagnosed nodules were re-biopsied; non-malignant nodules underwent enhanced imaging follow-up. The typical radiological feature of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was arterial phase hypervascularisation followed by portal/venous phase washout.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HCC was diagnosed in 44 (66%) nodules (2, <1 cm; 34, 1-2 cm; 8, >2 cm). The sensitivity of CE-US, CT and MRI for 1-2 cm HCC was 26, 44 and 44%, with 100% specificity, the typical vascular pattern of HCC being identified in 22 (65%) by a single technique versus 12 (35%) by at least two techniques carried out at the same time point (p=0.028). Compared with the cheapest dual examination (CE-US+CT), the cheapest single technique of stepwise imaging diagnosis of HCC was equally expensive (euro 26 440 vs euro 28 667), but led to a 23% reduction of FNB procedures (p=0.031).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients with cirrhosis with a 1-2 cm nodule detected during surveillance, a single imaging technique showing a typical contrast pattern confidently permits the diagnosis of HCC, thereby reducing the need for FNB examinations.
authors: 1st Division of Gastroenterology, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, Milan, Italy. angelo.sangiovanni@policlinico.mi.it
authors: Angelo
authors: A
authors: Sangiovanni
authors: Matteo A
authors: MA
authors: Manini
authors: Massimo
authors: M
authors: Iavarone
authors: Raffaella
authors: R
authors: Romeo
authors: Laura V
authors: LV
authors: Forzenigo
authors: Mirella
authors: M
authors: Fraquelli
authors: Sara
authors: S
authors: Massironi
authors: Cristina
authors: C
authors: Della Corte
authors: Guido
authors: G
authors: Ronchi
authors: Maria Grazia
authors: MG
authors: Rumi
authors: Piero
authors: P
authors: Biondetti
authors: Massimo
authors: M
authors: Colombo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000465:Algorithms; D044963:Biopsy, Fine-Needle; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000191:economics / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000191:economics; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000150:complications*; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000191:economics / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011159:Population Surveillance; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media