title: Inter-rater reliability of malaria parasite counts and comparison of methods.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The introduction of artemesinin-based treatment for falciparum malaria has led to a shift away from symptom-based diagnosis. Diagnosis may be achieved by using rapid non-microscopic diagnostic tests (RDTs), of which there are many available. Light microscopy, however, has a central role in parasite identification and quantification and remains the main method of parasite-based diagnosis in clinic and hospital settings and is necessary for monitoring the accuracy of RDTs. The World Health Organization has prepared a proficiency testing panel containing a range of malaria-positive blood samples of known parasitaemia, to be used for the assessment of commercially available malaria RDTs. Different blood film and counting methods may be used for this purpose, which raises questions regarding accuracy and reproducibility. A comparison was made of the established methods for parasitaemia estimation to determine which would give the least inter-rater and inter-method variation
  
  
  METHODS
  Experienced malaria microscopists counted asexual parasitaemia on different slides using three methods; the thin film method using the total erythrocyte count, the thick film method using the total white cell count and the Earle and Perez method. All the slides were stained using Giemsa pH 7.2. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) models were used to find the inter-rater reliability for the different methods. The paired t-test was used to assess any systematic bias between the two methods, and a regression analysis was used to see if there was a changing bias with parasite count level.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The thin blood film gave parasite counts around 30% higher than those obtained by the thick film and Earle and Perez methods, but exhibited a loss of sensitivity with low parasitaemia. The thick film and Earle and Perez methods showed little or no bias in counts between the two methods, however, estimated inter-rater reliability was slightly better for the thick film method.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The thin film method gave results closer to the true parasite count but is not feasible at a parasitaemia below 500 parasites per microlitre. The thick film method was both reproducible and practical for this project. The determination of malarial parasitaemia must be applied by skilled operators using standardized techniques.
authors: Hospital for Tropical Diseases, WC1E 6JB, UK. katherine.bowers@uclh.nhs.uk
authors: Katherine M
authors: KM
authors: Bowers
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Bell
authors: Peter L
authors: PL
authors: Chiodini
authors: John
authors: J
authors: Barnwell
authors: Sandra
authors: S
authors: Incardona
authors: Seiha
authors: S
authors: Yen
authors: Jennifer
authors: J
authors: Luchavez
authors: Hilary
authors: H
authors: Watt
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001769:Blood / Q000469:parasitology*; D003955:Diagnostic Tests, Routine / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000469:parasitology*; D008853:Microscopy; D015588:Observer Variation; D018512:Parasitemia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity