title: Femoral radiographic landmarks for lateral collateral ligament reconstruction and repair: a new method of reference.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Little work has been made regarding the use of radiographic landmarks in fibular collateral ligament reconstruction. Radiographic tools can be of use to the surgeon in posterolateral reconstruction as secondary checks in the setting of tissue and bony attrition.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Using standardized radiographic imaging, a zone for femoral tunnel placement in lateral collateral ligament (LCL) reconstruction can be identified.
  
  
  METHODS
  Descriptive laboratory study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight fresh-frozen unmatched knees, free of any osseous or articular pathological changes, were selected for dissection (mean age, 61.3 years). Skin and surrounding soft tissues were left intact. Subsequent dissection was carried out to identify the true origin of the LCL. A radiographic marker was applied. True lateral radiographs of the distal femur (posterior condyles overlapping) were taken. Digital radiographic images were obtained and analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Blumensaat line was found to be closely associated with the LCL origin on lateral radiographic imaging. On average, the LCL ligament was found to be 58% (+ or - 4.7%) across the width of the condyle and 2.3 mm (+ or - 2.3 mm) distal to the Blumensaat line. In all specimens, the anatomical LCL origin was found to have less than 5 mm variance from the mean.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The LCL origin is located within a specific region that is noted to have a small amount of variance. This is of benefit to the clinician in the traumatic and reconstructive setting where the true origin may not be easily identifiable through dissection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intraoperative fluoroscopic imaging can be used as an adjunctive tool for femoral tunnel placement during posterolateral corner and LCL reconstruction.
authors: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. ganesh.m.v.kamath@gmail.com
authors: Ganesh V
authors: GV
authors: Kamath
authors: John C
authors: JC
authors: Redfern
authors: Robert T
authors: RT
authors: Burks
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002102:Cadaver; D017885:Collateral Ligaments / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000293:injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D005269:Femur / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D007717:Knee / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D007718:Knee Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D008875:Middle Aged; D011859:Radiography; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures