title: Muscle fatigue of quadriceps in paraplegics: comparison between single vs. multi-pad electrode surface stimulation.
abstract: We hypothesize that the asynchronous low frequency stimulation of pads within multi-pad electrode will be less fatiguing compared to the conventional stimulation (two single pad electrodes) when generating comparable large forces of paralyzed human muscles. The experiments to verify the hypothesis were conducted on quadriceps of six individuals with chronic spinal cord injury (ASIA score A) who had not participated in any electrical stimulation program. The following stimulation protocols were compared: stimulation with a self adhesive 7 cm x 10 cm Pals Platinum cathode positioned over the top of the quadriceps (f = 40 Hz), and four oval 4 cm x 6 cm cathodes positioned over the proximal upper leg (f = 16 Hz). The anode in both cases was the 7 cm x 10 cm Pals Platinum electrode positioned over the distal part of the quadriceps. We measured the knee joint torque vs. time with a custom made apparatus, and estimated the interval before the knee joint torque decreased to 70% of the maximum. Mean fatigue interval increase for the four-pad stimulation protocol vs. single-pad stimulation protocol was 153.18%. This suggests that the use of multi-pad electrodes is favorable in cases where a prolonged stimulation of muscles is required.
authors: Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Belgrade, Serbia and Fatronik Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia.
authors: Lana Z
authors: LZ
authors: Popovic
authors: Nebojsa M
authors: NM
authors: Malesevic
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003710:Demography; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D004566:Electrodes; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000503:physiopathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D018763:Muscle Fatigue / Q000502:physiology*; D010264:Paraplegia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D052097:Quadriceps Muscle / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013499:Surface Properties; D019415:Torque; D055815:Young Adult