Long-term health outcomes of youth sports injuries.
Injuries can counter the beneficial effects of sports participation at a young age if a child or adolescent is unable to continue to participate because of residual effects of injury. This paper reviews current knowledge in the field of long-term health outcomes of youth sports injuries to evaluate the evidence regarding children dropping out of sport due to injury, physeal injuries and growth disturbance, studies of injuries affecting the spine and knee of young and former athletes and surgical outcome of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction in children. Studies of dropping out of sport due to injury are limited primarily to gymnasts and implicate such injuries as ACL rupture and osteochondritis dissecans of the elbow joint in the early retirement of young athletes. Although most physeal injuries resolve with treatment and rest, there is evidence of disturbed physeal growth as a result of injury. Radiological findings implicate the effects of intense physical loading and injury in the development of spinal pathology and back pain during the growth of youth athletes; however, long-term effects are unclear. Follow-up studies of young athletes and adults indicate a high risk of osteoarthritis after meniscus or ACL injury. Prospective cohort studies with a follow-up into adulthood are needed to clarify the long-term health outcomes of youth sports injuries. Important to this research is meticulous documentation of injuries on injury report forms that include age-appropriate designations of the type of injury and accurate determination of exposure-based injury rates.
Maffulli
N
N
Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Mile End Hospital, 275 Bancroft Road, London, UK. n.maffulli@qmul.ac.uk
Longo
U G
UG
Gougoulias
N
N
Loppini
M
M
Denaro
V
V
D000293:Adolescent; D000070598:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D007718:Knee Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D020370:Osteoarthritis, Knee / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D011379:Prognosis; D012421:Rupture / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D055815:Young Adult