title: Improving global vascular risk prediction with behavioral and anthropometric factors. The multiethnic NOMAS (Northern Manhattan Cohort Study).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study sought to improve global vascular risk prediction with behavioral and anthropometric factors.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Few cardiovascular risk models are designed to predict the global vascular risk of myocardial infarction, stroke, or vascular death in multiethnic individuals, and existing schemes do not fully include behavioral risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomly derived, population-based, prospective cohort of 2,737 community participants free of stroke and coronary artery disease was followed up annually for a median of 9.0 years in the NOMAS (Northern Manhattan Study) (mean age 69 years, 63.2% women, 52.7% Hispanic, 24.9% African American, and 19.9% white). A global vascular risk score (GVRS) predictive of stroke, myocardial infarction, or vascular death was developed by adding variables to the traditional Framingham cardiovascular variables based on the likelihood ratio criteria. Model utility was assessed through receiver-operating characteristics, calibration, and effect on reclassification of subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Variables that significantly added to the traditional Framingham profile included waist circumference, alcohol consumption, and physical activity. Continuous measures for blood pressure and fasting blood sugar were used instead of hypertension and diabetes. Ten-year event-free probabilities were 0.95 for the first quartile of GVRS, 0.89 for the second quartile, 0.79 for the third quartile, and 0.56 for the fourth quartile. The addition of behavioral factors in our model improved prediction of 10-year event rates compared with a model restricted to the traditional variables.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A GVRS that combines traditional, behavioral, and anthropometric risk factors; uses continuous variables for physiological parameters; and is applicable to nonwhite subjects could improve primary prevention strategies.
authors: Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33136, USA. rsacco@med.miami.edu
authors: Ralph L
authors: RL
authors: Sacco
authors: Minesh
authors: M
authors: Khatri
authors: Tatjana
authors: T
authors: Rundek
authors: Qiang
authors: Q
authors: Xu
authors: Hannah
authors: H
authors: Gardener
authors: Bernadette
authors: B
authors: Boden-Albala
authors: Marco R
authors: MR
authors: Di Tullio
authors: Shunichi
authors: S
authors: Homma
authors: Mitchell S V
authors: MS
authors: Elkind
authors: Myunghee C
authors: MC
authors: Paik
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000886:Anthropometry; D001519:Behavior; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015233:Models, Statistical; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment