title: Independent risk factors for infection in tissue expander breast reconstruction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Postoperative infection in tissue expander breast reconstruction causes increased morbidity, cost, and suboptimal patient outcomes. To improve outcomes, it is important to preoperatively identify factors that might predispose to infection and minimize them when possible. It is hypothesized that certain patient characteristics are associated with an increased infection rate.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective, 6-year, single-institution review of patient records was performed from 413 tissue expanders placed in 300 women for postmastectomy breast reconstruction. Infection was defined as any case where antibiotics were given in response to clinical signs of infection. Fourteen potential risk factors were analyzed. A generalized estimation equations approach was used to perform univariable and multivariable analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Antibiotics were given to treat clinical infection in 68 of 413 expanders (16.5 percent), with a median time to diagnosis of 6.5 weeks (range, 1 to 52 weeks). Univariable analysis showed significant association with breast size larger than C cup (p < 0.001), previous irradiation (p = 0.007), repeated implant (p = 0.008), and delayed reconstruction (p = 0.04). All variables except delayed reconstruction remained significant (p < 0.002 for all) in a multivariable model. Additional significant covariates in this model included one surgical oncologist (p = 0.003) and contralateral surgery (p = 0.046). Given infection, one surgical oncologist was associated with an increased rate of mastectomy flap necrosis (p = 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Certain patient characteristics are associated with increased infection in tissue expansion breast reconstruction. Understanding how these predispose to infection requires additional study. Patients identified with these characteristics should be educated about these risks and other reconstructive options to optimize the success of their breast reconstruction.
authors: Columbus, Ohio From the Division of Plastic Surgery, the Department of General Surgery, and the Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University; the Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine; and the Department of Clinical Epidemiology, The Ohio State University Medical Center.
authors: Stacey H
authors: SH
authors: Francis
authors: Robert L
authors: RL
authors: Ruberg
authors: Kurt B
authors: KB
authors: Stevenson
authors: Catherine E
authors: CE
authors: Beck
authors: Amy S
authors: AS
authors: Ruppert
authors: Justin T
authors: JT
authors: Harper
authors: James H
authors: JH
authors: Boehmler
authors: Michael J
authors: MJ
authors: Miller
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D015331:Cohort Studies; D020878:Device Removal; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D016462:Mammaplasty / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D008408:Mastectomy / Q000379:methods; D008875:Middle Aged; D011182:Postoperative Care / Q000379:methods; D011336:Probability; D016459:Prosthesis-Related Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013530:Surgical Wound Infection / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D013997:Time Factors; D015625:Tissue Expansion Devices / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000502:physiology