title: A prospective, single-blind randomised study on the effect of intercostal nerve protection on early post-thoracotomy pain relief.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Intracostal suture or intercostal muscle flap can reduce post-thoracotomy pain through the preservation of intercostal nerves below or above the incision. This study aims to test whether combining intracostal suture with intercostal muscle flap might achieve better pain relief than intracostal suture alone.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study included 144 consecutive patients who underwent pulmonary resection. Eighty patients entered the trial but eight were excluded. Seventy-two patients were randomly assigned to a muscle flap group, in which the fifth intercostal muscle and neurovascular bundle were raised and intracostal suture on the sixth rib was applied. For the control group, only intracostal suturing on the sixth rib was done. All patients had a functional epidural placed, which were removed 24h after surgery. Differences on average numeric rating scale (aNRS) scores were assessed in an early post-operative period from day 1 to day 7 and a later period from week 2 to week 12, when patients were resting or coughing. The doses of oxycodone demand and hyperalgesia-related intercostal dermatomes (HIDs) were recorded for analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No differences were noted between the two groups in terms of length and width of the incision, or duration of rib retraction. Neither in different time periods (early or late) nor the activity status (while resting or coughing) yielded a statistical difference on aNRS scores between the muscle flap group and the control group (muscle flap group vs control group: mean (95% confidence intervals) from d ay 1 to day 7, 4.42 (1.56-7.28) vs 4.79 (2.03-7.55) on coughing (p=0.282); median (inter-quartile range, IQR) from day 1 to day 7, 1.71 (0.86-3) vs 2.50 (1.16-3.12) while resting (p=0.279); median (IQR) from week 2 to week 12, 0.43 (0-0.86) vs 0.48 (0.06-1.20) on coughing (p=0.595); median (IQR) from week 2 to week 12, 0 (0-0.14) vs 0.05 (0-0.14) while resting (p=0.856)). No differences were found in total oxycodone consumption from day 1 to day 7 between the two groups (Z=-1.821, p=0.069). The rate of HIDs in each intercostal space and median number of HIDs were similar between the two groups on day 1 (p>0.05) and day 7 (p>0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of intracostal suture with intercostal muscle flap may not necessarily achieve better post-thoracotomy pain control than using intracostal suture alone.
authors: Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Thoracic Surgery II, Peking University School of Oncology, Beijing Cancer Hospital & Institute, No. 52, Fucheng Avenue, Haidian District, Beijing 100142, PR China.
authors: Nan
authors: N
authors: Wu
authors: Shi
authors: S
authors: Yan
authors: Xiaofei
authors: X
authors: Wang
authors: Chao
authors: C
authors: Lv
authors: Jia
authors: J
authors: Wang
authors: Qingfeng
authors: Q
authors: Zheng
authors: Yuan
authors: Y
authors: Feng
authors: Yue
authors: Y
authors: Yang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007366:Intercostal Muscles / Q000637:transplantation; D007367:Intercostal Nerves / Q000293:injuries*; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010098:Oxycodone / Q000008:administration & dosage; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D013524:Surgical Flaps; D013537:Sutures; D013908:Thoracotomy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D010098:Oxycodone