title: Anthrax lethal toxin down-regulates type-IIA secreted phospholipase A(2) expression through MAPK/NF-kappaB inactivation.
abstract: Bacillus anthracis, the etiological agent of anthrax, produces lethal toxin (LT) that displays a metallo-proteolytic activity toward the N-terminus of the MAPK-kinases. We have previously shown that secreted type-IIA phospholipase A(2) (sPLA(2)-IIA) exhibits potent anthracidal activity. In vitro expression of sPLA(2)-IIA in guinea pig alveolar macrophages (AMs), the major source of this enzyme in lung tissues, is inhibited by LT. Here, we examined the mechanisms involved in sPLA(2)-IIA inhibition by LT. We first showed that chemical inhibitors of p38 and ERK MAPKs reduced sPLA(2)-IIA expression in AMs indicating that these kinases play a role in sPLA(2)-IIA expression. LT inhibited IL-1beta-induced p38 phosphorylation as well as sPLA(2)-IIA promoter activity in CHO cells. Inhibition of sPLA(2)-IIA promoter activity was mimicked by co-transfection with dominant negative construct of p38 (DN-p38) and reversed by the active form of p38-MAPK (AC-p38). Both LT and DN-p38 decreased IL-1beta-induced NF-kappaB luciferase activity. This contrasted with the effect of AC-p38, which enhanced this activity. However, neither LT nor specific p-38 inhibitor interfered with LPS-induced IkappaBalpha degradation or NF-kappaB nuclear translocation in AMs. Subcutaneous administration of LT to guinea pig before LPS challenge reduced sPLA(2)-IIA levels in broncho-alveolar lavages and ears. We conclude that sPLA(2)-IIA expression is induced via a sequential MAPK-NF-kappaB activation and that LT inhibits this expression likely by interfering with the transactivation of NF-kappaB in the nucleus. This inhibition, which is operating both in vitro and in vivo, may represent a mechanism by which B. anthracis subvert host defense.
authors: Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
authors: Benoit
authors: B
authors: Raymond
authors: Lucas
authors: L
authors: Ravaux
authors: Sylvie
authors: S
authors: Mémet
authors: YongZheng
authors: Y
authors: Wu
authors: Aude
authors: A
authors: Sturny-Leclère
authors: Dominique
authors: D
authors: Leduc
authors: Chantal
authors: C
authors: Denoyelle
authors: Pierre L
authors: PL
authors: Goossens
authors: Miguel
authors: M
authors: Payá
authors: Michel
authors: M
authors: Raymondjean
authors: Lhousseine
authors: L
authors: Touqui
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000942:Antigens, Bacterial / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016466:CHO Cells; D006224:Cricetinae; D003412:Cricetulus; D015536:Down-Regulation; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000502:physiology; D054501:Group II Phospholipases A2 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000096:biosynthesis; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D008297:Male; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000942:Antigens, Bacterial; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D016328:NF-kappa B; C030325:anthrax toxin; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D054501:Group II Phospholipases A2