title: Analysis of the anatomic changes of the aging facial skeleton using computer-assisted tomography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The bony skeleton serves as the scaffolding for the soft tissues of the face; however, age-related changes of bony morphology are not well defined. This study sought to compare the anatomic relationships of the facial skeleton and soft tissue structures between young and old men and women.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review of CT scans of 100 consecutive patients imaged at Duke University Medical Center between 2004 and 2007 was performed using the Vitrea software package. The study population included 25 younger women (aged 18-30 years), 25 younger men, 25 older women (aged 55-65 years), and 25 older men. Using a standardized reference line, the distances from the anterior corneal plane to the superior orbital rim, lateral orbital rim, lower eyelid fat pad, inferior orbital rim, anterior cheek mass, and pyriform aperture were measured. Three-dimensional bony reconstructions were used to record the angular measurements of 4 bony regions: glabellar, orbital, maxillary, and pyriform aperture.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The glabellar (p = 0.02), orbital (p = 0.0007), maxillary (p = 0.0001), and pyriform (p = 0.008) angles all decreased with age. The maxillary pyriform (p = 0.003) and infraorbital rim (p = 0.02) regressed with age. Anterior cheek mass became less prominent with age (p = 0.001), but the lower eyelid fat pad migrated anteriorly over time (p = 0.007).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The facial skeleton appears to remodel throughout adulthood. Relative to the globe, the facial skeleton appears to rotate such that the frontal bone moves anteriorly and inferiorly while the maxilla moves posteriorly and superiorly. This rotation causes bony angles to become more acute and likely has an effect on the position of overlying soft tissues. These changes appear to be more dramatic in women.
authors: Division of Oculoplastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA. michael.richard@duke.edu
authors: Michael J
authors: MJ
authors: Richard
authors: Carrie
authors: C
authors: Morris
authors: Byron F
authors: BF
authors: Deen
authors: Linda
authors: L
authors: Gray
authors: Julie A
authors: JA
authors: Woodward
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D016723:Bone Remodeling / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008297:Male; D008437:Maxilla / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008875:Middle Aged; D009915:Orbit / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D055815:Young Adult; D015050:Zygoma / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging