title: Comparison of exhaust emissions resulting from cold- and hot-start motorcycle driving modes.
abstract: This study investigated the emissions of criteria air pollutants (carbon monoxide [CO], hydrocarbons [HCs], and oxides of nitrogen [NOx]) from motorcycle exhaust at cold- and hot-start driving cycles on a chassis dynamometer. Seven four-stroke carburetors and two fuel-injection motorcycles were tested. As expected, the emission factors (g/km) of CO and HCs increased during cold-start driving. The ratio of emission factors (g/km) for cold- and hot-start driving cycles ranged from 1.1-1.5 (for CO) to 1.2-2.8 (for HCs). However, the difference of NOx emissions between the cold- and hot-start cycles was not pronounced. Further, the cold-/hot-start ratios of CO and HCs from 50-cm3 motorcycles were higher than those of 100- and 125-cm3 motorcycles; however, the carbon dioxide (CO2) emission was the lowest for the four-stroke motorcycles. High engine temperature and poor combustion efficiency of smaller cylinder-capacity motorcycles may contribute a significant amount of exhaust emission. Additionally, the fuel-base emission factor (g/L-fuel) ratios were low compared with the distance-base emission factor (g/km) in cold- and hot-start driving. This indicates that the effect of catalyst efficiency was greater than the effect of fuel combustion in the tested motorcycles. A comparison of emission ratios of motorcycles and passenger cars shows that the warm-up may be more important for cars, especially under low-temperature conditions. However, the motorcycle contributes a large proportion of CO and HC emissions in many Asian counties. The difference between cold- and hot-start emissions may affect inventory
authors: Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China.
authors: Yung-Chen
authors: YC
authors: Yao
authors: Jiun-Horng
authors: JH
authors: Tsai
authors: Hui-Fen
authors: HF
authors: Ye
authors: Hung-Lung
authors: HL
authors: Chiang
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D003080:Cold Temperature; D005742:Gasoline / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006358:Hot Temperature; D009049:Motorcycles; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D005742:Gasoline; D001335:Vehicle Emissions