title: Validity and reliability of the VOAA-DDD to assess spontaneous hand use with a video observation tool in children with spastic unilateral cerebral palsy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In 2003 new computer software, the VOAA (Video Observations Aarts and Aarts), was designed to score and evaluate two important aspects of spontaneous upper limb use, i.e. overall duration and frequency of specific behaviours. The aim of this study was to investigate the test-retest, interrater and intrarater reliability and the construct validity of a new module, the VOAA-DDD, to determine developmental disregard in children with spastic unilateral cerebral palsy (CP).
  
  
  METHODS
  A test-retest design with three raters for reliability and a two-group design for construct validity were used. Subjects were a total of 20 children with spastic unilateral CP equally divided in two age groups (2.5-5 and 5-8 years), and 56 healthy children of the same age groups. Overall duration and frequency of specific behaviours of the affected arm and hand were assessed during a task demanding ('stringing beads') and a task stimulating ('decorating a muffin') the use of both hands. Reliability was estimated by intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). Construct validity was assessed by comparing children with CP to healthy children.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All ICCs exceeded 0.87. In contrast with healthy children, children with CP used their affected hand less during the 'muffin' task compared to the 'beads' task. Of the children with CP, 90% in the age group of 2.5-5 years and 50% in the age group of 5-8 years showed values exceeding the extreme values of healthy controls, respectively, indicating developmental disregard.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The VOAA-DDD is a reliable and valid instrument to assess spontaneous use of the affected arm and hand in order to determine developmental disregard in children with spastic unilateral CP.
authors: Department of Pediatric Rehabilitation, Sint Maartenskliniek, Hengstdal 3,6522 JV Nijmegen, the Netherlands. p.aarts@maartenskliniek.nl
authors: Pauline B M
authors: PB
authors: Aarts
authors: Peter H
authors: PH
authors: Jongerius
authors: Yvonne A
authors: YA
authors: Geerdink
authors: Alexander C
authors: AC
authors: Geurts
mesh_terms: D001132:Arm / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006225:Hand / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009048:Motor Skills; D019370:Observation; D015588:Observer Variation; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012984:Software; D013997:Time Factors; D014741:Video Recording