title: Have last-observation-carried-forward analyses caused us to favour more toxic dementia therapies over less toxic alternatives? A systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intention-to-treat analysis is used in the analysis of randomized controlled trials to preserve trial power in the presence of missing subject data as well as to control for both known and unknown confounding factors. One form of intention-to-treat analysis is last-observation-carried-forward (LOCF). Concerns exist regarding whether it is appropriate to use LOCF in analyses involving progressive conditions or in situations where missing data are non-random (e.g., subjects drop out because of treatment side effects or differing disease severity).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the use of intention-to-treat imputation of missing data techniques, and specifically LOCF, in randomized controlled trials of the use of cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine to treat Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, mixed dementia and mild cognitive impairment.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a systematic electronic search of MEDLINE and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials from 1984 to 2008 for double-blinded, randomized controlled trials of cholinesterase inhibitors or memantine that examined progressive symptoms in Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, mixed dementia and mild cognitive impairment. We collected data on the use of intention-to-treat and non-intention-to-treat analyses and on contraindications to the use of LOCF analysis and we performed quality assessments of included trials.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 57 studies that met the inclusion criteria, 12 did not report intention-to-treat analyses. Of the 34 studies that employed LOCF as the only form of intention-to-treat analysis, 24 reported conditions that could produce biased LOCF analyses favouring the drug under study. The latter finding was more common in cholinesterase inhibitor trials than in memantine studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The published results of some randomized controlled trials of dementia drugs may be inaccurate (i.e., drug effectiveness may be exaggerated) or invalid (i.e., there may be false-positive results) because of bias introduced through the inappropriate use of LOCF analyses. This bias favours cholinesterase inhibitors, potentially preventing funding of and patient access to less toxic treatment options such as memantine. Licensing agencies should consider whether to accept LOCF analyses in research on dementias and other chronic progressive conditions.
authors: Frank J
authors: FJ
authors: Molnar
authors: Malcolm
authors: M
authors: Man-Son-Hing
authors: Brian
authors: B
authors: Hutton
authors: Dean A
authors: DA
authors: Fergusson