title: Disulfide bond formation and cysteine exclusion in gram-positive bacteria.
abstract: Most secretion pathways in bacteria and eukaryotic cells are challenged by the requirement for their substrate proteins to mature after they traverse a membrane barrier and enter a reactive oxidizing environment. For Gram-positive bacteria, the mechanisms that protect their exported proteins from misoxidation during their post-translocation maturation are poorly understood. To address this, we separated numerous bacterial species according to their tolerance for oxygen and divided their proteomes based on the predicted subcellular localization of their proteins. We then applied a previously established computational approach that utilizes cysteine incorporation patterns in proteins as an indicator of enzymatic systems that may exist in each species. The Sec-dependent exported proteins from aerobic Gram-positive Actinobacteria were found to encode cysteines in an even-biased pattern indicative of a functional disulfide bond formation system. In contrast, aerobic Gram-positive Firmicutes favor the exclusion of cysteines from both their cytoplasmic proteins and their substantially longer exported proteins. Supporting these findings, we show that Firmicutes, but not Actinobacteria, tolerate growth in reductant. We further demonstrate that the actinobacterium Corynebacterium glutamicum possesses disulfide-bonded proteins and two dimeric Dsb-like enzymes that can efficiently catalyze the formation of disulfide bonds. Our results suggest that cysteine exclusion is an important adaptive strategy against the challenges presented by oxidative environments.
authors: Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
authors: Robert
authors: R
authors: Daniels
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Mellroth
authors: Andreas
authors: A
authors: Bernsel
authors: Fabrice
authors: F
authors: Neiers
authors: Staffan
authors: S
authors: Normark
authors: Gunnar
authors: G
authors: von Heijne
authors: Birgitta
authors: B
authors: Henriques-Normark
mesh_terms: D039903:Actinobacteria / Q000378:metabolism; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000737:chemistry; D048230:Corynebacterium glutamicum / Q000378:metabolism; D003545:Cysteine / Q000737:chemistry*; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000378:metabolism; D004220:Disulfides / Q000737:chemistry; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; D006094:Gram-Positive Bacteria / Q000378:metabolism*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010100:Oxygen / Q000737:chemistry; D017510:Protein Folding; D021381:Protein Transport; D020543:Proteome
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D004220:Disulfides; D020543:Proteome; D003545:Cysteine; D010100:Oxygen