title: Sphingosine kinase regulates oxidized low density lipoprotein-mediated calcium oscillations and macrophage survival.
abstract: We recently reported that oxidized LDL (oxLDL) induces an oscillatory increase in intracellular calcium ([Ca(2+)](i)) levels in macrophages. Furthermore, we have shown that these [Ca(2+)](i) oscillations mediate oxLDL's ability to inhibit macrophage apoptosis in response to growth factor deprivation. However, the signal transduction pathways by which oxLDL induces [Ca(2+)](i) oscillations have not been elucidated. In this study, we show that these oscillations are mediated in part by intracellular mechanisms, as depleting extracellular Ca(2+) did not completely abolish the effect. Inhibiting sarco-endoplasmic reticulum ATPase (SERCA) completely blocked [Ca(2+)](i) oscillations, suggesting a role for Ca(2+) reuptake by the ER. The addition of oxLDL resulted in an almost immediate activation of sphingosine kinase (SK), which can increase sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) levels by phosphorylating sphingosine. Moreover, S1P was shown to be as effective as oxLDL in blocking macrophage apoptosis and producing [Ca(2+)](i) oscillations. This suggests that the mechanism in which oxLDL generates [Ca(2+)](i) oscillations may be 1) activation of SK, 2) SK-mediated increase in S1P levels, 3) S1P-mediated Ca(2+) release from intracellular stores, and 4) SERCA-mediated Ca(2+) reuptake back into the ER.
authors: Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
authors: Johnny H
authors: JH
authors: Chen
authors: Maziar
authors: M
authors: Riazy
authors: Shih Wei
authors: SW
authors: Wang
authors: Jiazhen Minnie
authors: JM
authors: Dai
authors: Vincent
authors: V
authors: Duronio
authors: Urs P
authors: UP
authors: Steinbrecher
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001692:Biological Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004721:Endoplasmic Reticulum / Q000378:metabolism; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D005110:Extracellular Space / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008244:Lysophosphatidylcholines / Q000378:metabolism; D008246:Lysophospholipids / Q000378:metabolism; D008264:Macrophages / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D017853:Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor) / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D019837:Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel / Q000378:metabolism; D053498:Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium-Transporting ATPases / Q000378:metabolism; D013110:Sphingosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D019284:Thapsigargin / Q000494:pharmacology; D010738:Type C Phospholipases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D000099157:Sphingosine Kinase
chemical_list: D002118:Calcium; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; D008244:Lysophosphatidylcholines; D008246:Lysophospholipids; D017853:Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor); D019837:Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel; D053498:Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium-Transporting ATPases; D013110:Sphingosine; D019284:Thapsigargin; D010738:Type C Phospholipases; D000099157:Sphingosine Kinase; C099252:oxidized low density lipoprotein; C060506:sphingosine 1-phosphate