title: Working memory in survivors of childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia: functional neuroimaging analyses.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Research on the physical and psychological late effects of treatment of childhood cancer has led to the identification of significant long-term neurocognitive deficits experienced by some survivors, particularly in the areas of memory and executive functioning. Despite indications of deficits based on cognitive assessment, the identification of specific mechanisms of neurocognitive deficits using neuroimaging techniques has yet to be adequately considered.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study used functional neuroimaging techniques to examine working memory and executive functioning deficits of survivors of childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), as compared to age- and gender-matched healthy controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a trend for ALL survivors to perform more poorly on a working memory task in terms of overall accuracy. Additionally, survivors displayed significantly greater activation in areas underlying working memory (dorsolateral and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex) and error monitoring (dorsal and ventral anterior cingulate cortex).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results support the theory of compensatory activation in necessary brain regions in order to complete tasks in pediatric ALL survivors, similar to that observed in multiple sclerosis patients. Concurrent examination of testing and brain imaging enables the connection of behavioral observations with underlying neurological characteristics of deficits in survivors and may help provide insight into mechanisms through which deficits appear.
authors: Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37203, USA. kristen.e.robinson@vanderbilt.edu
authors: Kristen E
authors: KE
authors: Robinson
authors: Katherine L
authors: KL
authors: Livesay
authors: Laura K
authors: LK
authors: Campbell
authors: Mary
authors: M
authors: Scaduto
authors: Christopher J
authors: CJ
authors: Cannistraci
authors: Adam W
authors: AW
authors: Anderson
authors: James A
authors: JA
authors: Whitlock
authors: Bruce E
authors: BE
authors: Compas
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017668:Age of Onset; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003561:Cytarabine / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007361:Intelligence Tests; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced*; D008570:Memory, Short-Term / Q000187:drug effects*; D008727:Methotrexate / Q000009:adverse effects; D054198:Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma; D017741:Survivors
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D003561:Cytarabine; D008727:Methotrexate