title: Pain perception during esophageal warming due to radiofrequency catheter ablation in the left atrium.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the relationship among esophageal warming, pain perception, and the site of radiofrequency (RF) delivery in the left atrium (LA) during the course of catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation. Such a procedure in awake patients is often linked to the development of visceral pain and esophageal warming. As a consequence, potentially dangerous complications have been described.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty patients undergoing RF ablation in the LA were studied. An esophageal probe (EP) capable of measuring endoesophageal temperature (ET) was positioned before starting the procedure. The relative position of the EP and the tip of the ablator were evaluated through fluoroscopy imaging before starting each RF delivery, during which the highest value of the temperature was collected. After RF withdrawal, the patients were asked to define the intensity of the experienced pain by using a score index ranging from 0 (no pain) to 4 (pain requiring immediate RF interruption).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean ET value during ablation was 39.59 +/- 4.71 degrees C. The EP proximity to the ablator's tip showed a high correlation with the development of the highest ET values (Spearman's rank correlation coefficient r = 0.49, confidence interval (CI) 0.55-0.41). Moreover, the highest values of pain intensity were reported when the RF was delivered to the atrial zones close to the EP projection (r = 0.50, CI 0.55-0.42) and when the highest ET levels were reached (r = 0.38, CI 0.30-0.45).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pain perception in LA ablation is significantly related to esophageal warming and is higher when the RF is delivered near the esophagus. It seems advisable to perform ET monitoring in sedated patients to avoid short- and long-term jeopardizing of the esophageal wall.
authors: Dipartimento Cardiovascolare, Ospedale San Filippo Neri, 00135 Rome, Italy. m.galeazzi@lycos.com
authors: Marco
authors: M
authors: Galeazzi
authors: Sabina
authors: S
authors: Ficili
authors: Serena
authors: S
authors: Dottori
authors: Mohamed Abdelkader
authors: MA
authors: Elian
authors: Vincenzo
authors: V
authors: Pasceri
authors: Franco
authors: F
authors: Venditti
authors: Maurizio
authors: M
authors: Russo
authors: Carlo
authors: C
authors: Lavalle
authors: Angela
authors: A
authors: Pandozi
authors: Claudio
authors: C
authors: Pandozi
authors: Massimo
authors: M
authors: Santini
mesh_terms: D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*; D002058:Burns, Electric / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology*; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004947:Esophagus / Q000293:injuries*; D005260:Female; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology*; D013817:Thermography / Q000379:methods; D016896:Treatment Outcome