title: Gene-expression phenotypes for vascular invasiveness of hepatocellular carcinomas.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gross vascular invasion is a well-established prognostic indicator in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but the biological significance of microscopic invasion remains unclear.
  
  
  METHODS
  Curatively resected primary HCCs were classified retrospectively into 3 groups: HCCs without vascular invasion (V0), HCCs with microvascular invasion (V1), and HCCs with macrovascular invasion (V2). Microarray profiling of patients with V0, V1, and V2 using Jonckheere-Terpstra (JT) tests and Wilcoxon rank sum tests was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Distinct patterns of gene expression were demonstrated between V0 and V2 groups; less (L) and highly (H) invasive phenotypes, respectively. It is noteworthy that 2 dendrograms by the hierarchical clustering provided exactly the same assignment results for V1 cases that were thus separated into L and H gene-expression phenotypes. Marked differences were found in overall (P < .001) and tumor-free survival (P < .001) between L and H gene-expression phenotypes. Multivariate analyses indicated that the phenotypes of the patterns of gene expression, rather than the clinicopathologic markers of vascular invasion, were independent predictors of tumor recurrence (P = .031). Using the gene-expression patterns identified by both JT and Wilcoxon rank sum test analyses, other V1 cases validated these differences in tumor-free survivals between gene-expression phenotypes within the group (P = .039).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gene profiling suggested that microvascular invasiveness consisted of a classable mixture of 2 distinct phenotypes. Thus, gene-array analyses may have clinical benefit, because they may in fact be more predictive than other clinical factors.
authors: Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan. shinji.msrg@tmd.ac.jp
authors: Shinji
authors: S
authors: Tanaka
authors: Kaoru
authors: K
authors: Mogushi
authors: Mahmut
authors: M
authors: Yasen
authors: Norio
authors: N
authors: Noguchi
authors: Atsushi
authors: A
authors: Kudo
authors: Noriaki
authors: N
authors: Nakamura
authors: Koji
authors: K
authors: Ito
authors: Yoshio
authors: Y
authors: Miki
authors: Johji
authors: J
authors: Inazawa
authors: Hiroshi
authors: H
authors: Tanaka
authors: Shigeki
authors: S
authors: Arii
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006498:Hepatectomy; D006503:Hepatic Veins / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D005810:Multigene Family; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D010641:Phenotype; D011169:Portal Vein / Q000473:pathology; D012189:Retrospective Studies