title: Inflammation in Achromobacter xylosoxidans infected cystic fibrosis patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Achromobacter xylosoxidans infection may cause conspicuous chronic pulmonary inflammation in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients similar to Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc). Evolution in lung function was compared in chronically infected patients. Cytokine concentrations in CF patients with and without chronic infection were compared to healthy controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cytokines in serum and sputum were measured using multiplex bead based immunoassay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty CF patients, 11 with A. xylosoxidans, 11 with Bcc, 21 with P. aeruginosa and 17 non-infected CF patients were compared to 11 healthy controls. A. xylosoxidans patients were younger, but had a FEV(1) decline similar to P. aeruginosa patients. Bcc patients had the steepest decline in FEV(1). Serum levels of G-CSF, IL-6 and TNF-alpha were significantly higher in CF patients compared to healthy controls. Chronically infected CF patients had significantly higher serum levels of IFN-gamma and IL-6 compared to non-infected CF patients. Bcc patients had significantly lower serum G-CSF and A. xylosoxidans patients had significantly higher sputum TNF-alpha compared to the other groups of chronically infected patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A. xylosoxidans can cause a level of inflammation similar to P. aeruginosa in chronically infected CF patients. A. xylosoxidans is a clinically important pathogen in CF and should be treated accordingly.
authors: Copenhagen CF centre, Pediatric Pulmonary Service, Department of Pediatrics, Rigshospitalet, Denmark. christunte@hotmail.com <christunte@hotmail.com>
authors: C R
authors: CR
authors: Hansen
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Pressler
authors: K G
authors: KG
authors: Nielsen
authors: P Ø
authors: PØ
authors: Jensen
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Bjarnsholt
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Høiby
mesh_terms: D042441:Achromobacter denitrificans; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018441:Biofilms; D001944:Breath Tests; D002648:Child; D003550:Cystic Fibrosis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D005260:Female; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume; D016905:Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology*; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000378:metabolism; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D018410:Pneumonia, Bacterial / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013183:Sputum / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; C508609:IL10 protein, human; C508600:IL6 protein, human; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor; D007371:Interferon-gamma