title: Hormonal contraception and metabolic outcomes in women with or at risk for HIV infection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The use of hormonal contraception (HC) is increasing in HIV-infected women. Both HC and HIV infection have been associated with adverse metabolic outcomes. We investigated the association of progestin-only and combined (estrogen/progestin) HC with disorders of glucose and lipid metabolism in HIV-infected and uninfected women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Linear mixed models evaluated the association of HC type with fasting high density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein, triglycerides, the homeostasis model assessment estimate of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and glucose in 885 HIV-infected and 408 HIV-uninfected women from the Women's Interagency HIV Study seen between October 2000 and September 2005.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with non-HC users, progestin-only HC was independently associated with lower HDL [-3 mg/dL; 95% confidence interval (CI) -5, -1 in HIV-infected and -6 mg/dL; 95% CI: -9, -3 in HIV-uninfected women] and greater HOMA-IR (+0.86; 95% CI: 0.51-1.22 and +0.56; 95% CI: 0.12-1.01). Combined HC was associated with higher HDL (+5 mg/dL; 95% CI: 2-7 and +5 mg/dL; 95% CI: 3-7).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HIV-infected women using progestin-only HC have lower HDL and greater HOMA-IR than HIV-infected non-HC users. Combined HC may be preferred in HIV-infected women of reproductive age at risk for cardiovascular disease, but interactions with antiretroviral therapy that may impair contraceptive efficacy have been reported. Alternative HC methods that minimize adverse outcomes but maintain efficacy require further study.
authors: Yale University School of Nursing, New Haven, CT, USA. julie.womack@yale.edu
authors: Julie A
authors: JA
authors: Womack
authors: Rebecca
authors: R
authors: Scherzer
authors: Stephen R
authors: SR
authors: Cole
authors: Kristopher
authors: K
authors: Fennie
authors: Ann B
authors: AB
authors: Williams
authors: Margaret
authors: M
authors: Grey
authors: Howard
authors: H
authors: Minkoff
authors: Kathryn
authors: K
authors: Anastos
authors: Mardge H
authors: MH
authors: Cohen
authors: Phyllis C
authors: PC
authors: Tien
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000378:metabolism; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003278:Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004967:Estrogens / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D044882:Glucose Metabolism Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D052439:Lipid Metabolism Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced*; D017258:Medroxyprogesterone Acetate / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D008875:Middle Aged; D011372:Progestins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D003278:Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal; D004967:Estrogens; D011372:Progestins; D017258:Medroxyprogesterone Acetate