title: Robotic microsurgery: corneal transplantation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Robotic ocular microsurgery including corneal suturing has been proven to be feasible in porcine eyes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether or not bimanual teleoperated robotic penetrating keratoplasty (PK) can be performed in porcine and human eyes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three arms of the da Vinci surgical robot were loaded with a dual-channel video and two, 360 degrees -rotating, 8 mm, wrested-end effector instruments and placed over porcine eyes or over a human cadaver head. The surgeon remotely performed mechanical trephination, cardinal sutures, continuous 10.0 nylon sutures and suture adjustments on both eyes. The procedures were documented with still and video photography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using the da Vinci robot, penetrating keratoplasty procedures were successfully performed on both porcine eyes and human eyes in natural anatomical conditions. The precise placement of continuous sutures was facilitated by the wrested-end forceps. Orbital rims and nose did not limit surgical motions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Teleoperated robotic penetrating keratoplasty is technically feasible in humans. Further studies are pending to implement the procedure with femtosecond laser and other automated steps.
authors: Jules Stein Eye Institute, UCLA, 100 Stein Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. jlbourges@ucla.edu
authors: J-L
authors: JL
authors: Bourges
authors: J-P
authors: JP
authors: Hubschman
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Burt
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Culjat
authors: S D
authors: SD
authors: Schwartz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004867:Equipment Design; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006801:Humans; D007432:Intraoperative Period; D015948:Keratoplasty, Penetrating / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D008866:Microsurgery / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D012371:Robotics / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D034421:Sus scrofa; D016896:Treatment Outcome