title: Impact of cardiovascular calcification in nondialyzed patients after 24 months of follow-up.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Coronary artery calcification (CAC) is highly prevalent among patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), and it has been described as a strong predictor of mortality in the dialysis population. Because there is a lack of information regarding cardiovascular calcification and clinical outcomes in the earlier stages of the disease, we aimed to evaluate the impact of CAC on cardiovascular events, hospitalization, and mortality in nondialyzed patients with CKD.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a prospective study including 117 nondialyzed patients with CKD (age, 57 +/- 11.2 years; 61% male; 23% diabetics; creatinine clearance, 36.6 +/- 17.8 ml/min per 1.73 m(2)). CAC was quantified by multislice computed tomography. The occurrence of cardiovascular events, hospitalization, and death was recorded over 24 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CAC >10 Agatston units (AU) was observed in 48% of the patients [334 (108 to 858.5) AU; median (interquartiles)], and calcification score >or=400 AU was found in 21% [873 (436-2500) AU]. During the follow-up, the occurrence of 15 cardiovascular events, 19 hospitalizations, and 4 deaths was registered. The presence of CAC >10 AU was associated with shorter hospitalization event-free time and lower survival. CAC >or=400 AU was additionally associated with shorter cardiovascular event-free time. Adjusting for age and diabetes, CAC >or=400 AU was independently associated with the occurrence of hospitalization and cardiovascular events.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cardiovascular events, hospitalization, and mortality were associated with the presence of CAC in nondialyzed patients with CKD. Severe CAC was a predictor of cardiovascular events and hospitalization in these patients.
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors: Renato
authors: R
authors: Watanabe
authors: Marcelo M
authors: MM
authors: Lemos
authors: Silvia R
authors: SR
authors: Manfredi
authors: Sérgio A
authors: SA
authors: Draibe
authors: Maria Eugênia F
authors: ME
authors: Canziani
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002908:Chronic Disease; D017023:Coronary Angiography / Q000379:methods; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013997:Time Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D003404:Creatinine