title: End-stage renal disease in young black males in a black-white population: longitudinal analysis of the Bogalusa Heart Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Risk factors in childhood create a life-long burden important in the development of cardiovascular (CV) disease in adulthood. Many risk factors for CV disease (e.g., hypertension) also increase the risk of renal disease. However, the importance of childhood risk factors on the development of chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) is not well characterized.
  
  
  METHODS
  The current observations include data from Bogalusa Heart Study participants who were examined multiple times as children between 1973 and 1988.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Through 2006, fifteen study participants subsequently developed ESRD in adulthood; seven with no known overt cause. Although the Bogalusa Heart Study population is 63% white and 37% black and 51% male and 49% female, all seven ESRD cases with no known overt cause were black males (p < 0.001). Mean age-adjusted systolic and diastolic blood pressure in childhood was higher among the ESRD cases (114.5 mmHg and 70.1 mmHg, respectively) compared to black (103.0 mmHg and 62.3 mmHg, respectively) and white (mean = 103.3 mmHg and 62.3 mmHg, respectively) boys who didn't develop ESRD. The mean age-adjusted body mass index in childhood was 23.5 kg/m2 among ESRD cases and 18.6 kg/m2 and 18.9 kg/m2 among black and white boys who didn't develop ESRD, respectively. Plasma glucose in childhood was not significantly associated with ESRD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest black males have an increased risk of ESRD in young adulthood. Elevated body mass index and blood pressure in childhood may increase the risk for developing ESRD as young adults.
authors: University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA. pmuntner@uab.edu
authors: Paul
authors: P
authors: Muntner
authors: Asghar
authors: A
authors: Arshad
authors: Stephen A
authors: SA
authors: Morse
authors: Dharmendrakumar A
authors: DA
authors: Patel
authors: Pronabesh D
authors: PD
authors: Manapatra
authors: Efrain
authors: E
authors: Reisin
authors: Erwin A
authors: EA
authors: Aguilar
authors: Wei
authors: W
authors: Chen
authors: Sathanur
authors: S
authors: Srinivasan
authors: Gerald S
authors: GS
authors: Berenson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000208:ethnology*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008145:Louisiana / Q000208:ethnology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D012307:Risk Factors; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055815:Young Adult