title: Skeletal morbidity in lung cancer patients with bone metastases: demonstrating the need for early diagnosis and treatment with bisphosphonates.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The skeleton is one of the most frequent sites for metastases from non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and skeletal-related events (SREs) can decrease quality of life (QOL). However, limited guidance exists regarding the diagnosis and treatment of bone metastases in patients with NSCLC.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data on the burden of skeletal morbidity and the diagnosis and treatment of bone metastases in patients with NSCLC were obtained from reviewing the published literature (PubMed) and presentations and abstracts from recent oncology congresses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bone metastases are common but underdiagnosed in patients with NSCLC. Most NSCLC patients with bone metastases develop > or =1 SRE during their lifetimes. As survival improves with new treatment modalities, the prevalence of SREs is likely to increase. Direct costs of SREs and their subsequent supportive care are approximately $28,000 per patient. Although bone metastases often are not diagnosed until after the onset of symptoms, early treatment can delay the onset of potentially debilitating SREs. In patients with NSCLC and other solid tumors (n=773), zoledronic acid (ZOL; 4 mg via 15-min infusion every 3 weeks) delayed the median time to first on-study SRE by >80 days compared with placebo (p=0.009). Moreover, ZOL significantly reduced the ongoing risk of SREs by 32% versus placebo (p=0.016).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Skeletal morbidity is an important concern in patients with NSCLC. The incidence of SREs is expected to increase as survival improves in this setting. Prevention of SREs with therapies such as ZOL may preserve patients' QOL and possibly reduce healthcare costs.
authors: Hematology-Oncology Division, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd., 2 Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. corey.langer@uphs.upenn.edu
authors: Corey
authors: C
authors: Langer
authors: Vera
authors: V
authors: Hirsh
mesh_terms: D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001859:Bone Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000556:secondary; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000556:secondary; D004164:Diphosphonates / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015994:Incidence; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology*; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D000077211:Zoledronic Acid
chemical_list: D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents; D004164:Diphosphonates; D007093:Imidazoles; D000077211:Zoledronic Acid