title: Rituximab, B-lymphocyte depletion, and preservation of beta-cell function.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The immunopathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus is associated with T-lymphocyte autoimmunity. However, there is growing evidence that B lymphocytes play a role in many T-lymphocyte-mediated diseases. It is possible to achieve selective depletion of B lymphocytes with rituximab, an anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody. This phase 2 study evaluated the role of B-lymphocyte depletion in patients with type 1 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a randomized, double-blind study in which 87 patients between 8 and 40 years of age who had newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes were assigned to receive infusions of rituximab or placebo on days 1, 8, 15, and 22 of the study. The primary outcome, assessed 1 year after the first infusion, was the geometric mean area under the curve (AUC) for the serum C-peptide level during the first 2 hours of a mixed-meal tolerance test. Secondary outcomes included safety and changes in the glycated hemoglobin level and insulin dose.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 1 year, the mean AUC for the level of C peptide was significantly higher in the rituximab group than in the placebo group. The rituximab group also had significantly lower levels of glycated hemoglobin and required less insulin. Between 3 months and 12 months, the rate of decline in C-peptide levels in the rituximab group was significantly less than that in the placebo group. CD19+ B lymphocytes were depleted in patients in the rituximab group, but levels increased to 69% of baseline values at 12 months. More patients in the rituximab group than in the placebo group had adverse events, mostly grade 1 or grade 2, after the first infusion. The reactions appeared to be minimal with subsequent infusions. There was no increase in infections or neutropenia with rituximab.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A four-dose course of rituximab partially preserved beta-cell function over a period of 1 year in patients with type 1 diabetes. The finding that B lymphocytes contribute to the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes may open a new pathway for exploration in the treatment of patients with this condition. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00279305.)
authors: Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, USA.
authors: Mark D
authors: MD
authors: Pescovitz
authors: Carla J
authors: CJ
authors: Greenbaum
authors: Heidi
authors: H
authors: Krause-Steinrauf
authors: Dorothy J
authors: DJ
authors: Becker
authors: Stephen E
authors: SE
authors: Gitelman
authors: Robin
authors: R
authors: Goland
authors: Peter A
authors: PA
authors: Gottlieb
authors: Jennifer B
authors: JB
authors: Marks
authors: Paula F
authors: PF
authors: McGee
authors: Antoinette M
authors: AM
authors: Moran
authors: Philip
authors: P
authors: Raskin
authors: Henry
authors: H
authors: Rodriguez
authors: Desmond A
authors: DA
authors: Schatz
authors: Diane
authors: D
authors: Wherrett
authors: Darrell M
authors: DM
authors: Wilson
authors: John M
authors: JM
authors: Lachin
authors: Jay S
authors: JS
authors: Skyler
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D058846:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D002096:C-Peptide / Q000097:blood; D002648:Child; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007075:Immunoglobulin M / Q000097:blood; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D050417:Insulin-Secreting Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D000069283:Rituximab; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D058846:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived; D002096:C-Peptide; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007075:Immunoglobulin M; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D000069283:Rituximab