title: Transition from stress sensitivity to a depressive state: longitudinal twin study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Daily-life stress sensitivity is associated with depression, but prospective data are lacking.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine associations between baseline ecological daily-life stress sensitivity and later depression, and to identify genetic and non-genetic factors moderating the transition from stress sensitivity to depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Daily-life stress sensitivity was assessed at baseline in twins (n = 502). One baseline and four follow-up measurements of depressive symptoms and negative life events were collected, as well as interview-based diagnoses at baseline and last follow-up. Hypothesised genetic markers were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Baseline stress sensitivity was associated with increased depressive symptoms at follow-up and risk of major depressive disorder. Both genetic liability and major life events moderated the probability of transition from stress sensitivity to depression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Onset of depression is attributable to pre-onset ecological measurements of stress sensitivity, particularly where genetic liability is high and individuals have reached a stage where the influence of competing environmental causes is low.
authors: Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, South Limburg Mental Health Research and Teaching Network, EURON, Vijverdalseweg 1, Concorde Building, Maastricht, The Netherlands. m.wichers@sp.unimaas.nl
authors: Marieke
authors: M
authors: Wichers
authors: Nicole
authors: N
authors: Geschwind
authors: Nele
authors: N
authors: Jacobs
authors: Gunter
authors: G
authors: Kenis
authors: Frenk
authors: F
authors: Peeters
authors: Catherine
authors: C
authors: Derom
authors: Evert
authors: E
authors: Thiery
authors: Philippe
authors: P
authors: Delespaul
authors: Jim
authors: J
authors: van Os
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D018450:Disease Progression; D004200:Diseases in Twins / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics*; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012307:Risk Factors; D012931:Social Environment; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D055815:Young Adult