Signaling amplification at the immunological synapse.
The immunological synapse is a dynamic structure, formed between a T cell and one or more antigen-presenting cells, characterized by lipid and protein segregation, signaling compartmentalization, and bidirectional information exchange through soluble and membrane-bound transmitters. In addition, the immunological synapse is the site where signals delivered by the T-cell receptors, adhesion molecules, as well as costimulatory and coinhibitory receptors are decoded and integrated. Signaling modulation and tunable activation thresholds allow T cells to interpret the context in which the antigen is presented, recognize infectious stimuli, and finally decide between activation and tolerance. In this review, we discuss some strategies used by membrane receptors to tune activation signals in T cells.
Viola
Antonella
A
Laboratory of Adaptive Immunity, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Milan, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Clinico Humanitas, 20089, Rozzano, Milan, Italy. antonella.viola@humanitas.it
Contento
Rita Lucia
RL
Molon
Barbara
B
D000818:Animals; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000502:physiology; D018106:CD28 Antigens / Q000502:physiology; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen; D018925:Chemokines / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D054992:Immunological Synapses / Q000502:physiology*; D021962:Membrane Microdomains / Q000502:physiology; D019707:Receptors, Chemokine / Q000502:physiology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*
D015703:Antigens, CD; D018106:CD28 Antigens; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen; C556706:CTLA4 protein, human; D018925:Chemokines; D019707:Receptors, Chemokine