Trends in postpartum hemorrhage in high resource countries: a review and recommendations from the International Postpartum Hemorrhage Collaborative Group.
BACKGROUND
Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is a major cause of maternal mortality and morbidity worldwide. Several recent publications have noted an increasing trend in incidence over time. The international PPH collaboration was convened to explore the observed trends and to set out actions to address the factors identified.


METHODS
We reviewed available data sources on the incidence of PPH over time in Australia, Belgium, Canada, France, the United Kingdom and the USA. Where information was available, the incidence of PPH was stratified by cause.


RESULTS
We observed an increasing trend in PPH, using heterogeneous definitions, in Australia, Canada, the UK and the USA. The observed increase in PPH in Australia, Canada and the USA was limited solely to immediate/atonic PPH. We noted increasing rates of severe adverse outcomes due to hemorrhage in Australia, Canada, the UK and the USA.


CONCLUSIONS
Key Recommendations 1. Future revisions of the International Classification of Diseases should include separate codes for atonic PPH and PPH immediately following childbirth that is due to other causes. Also, additional codes are required for placenta accreta/percreta/increta. 2. Definitions of PPH should be unified; further research is required to investigate how definitions are applied in practice to the coding of data. 3. Additional improvement in the collection of data concerning PPH is required, specifically including a measure of severity. 4. Further research is required to determine whether an increased rate of reported PPH is also observed in other countries, and to further investigate potential risk factors including increased duration of labor, obesity and changes in second and third stage management practice. 5. Training should be provided to all staff involved in maternity care concerning assessment of blood loss and the monitoring of women after childbirth. This is key to reducing the severity of PPH and preventing any adverse outcomes. 6. Clinicians should be more vigilant given the possibility that the frequency and severity of PPH has in fact increased. This applies particularly to small hospitals with relatively few deliveries where management protocols may not be defined adequately and drugs or equipment may not be on hand to deal with unexpected severe PPH.
Knight
Marian
M
National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. marian.knight@npeu.ox.ac.uk
Callaghan
William M
WM
Berg
Cynthia
C
Alexander
Sophie
S
Bouvier-Colle
Marie-Helene
MH
Ford
Jane B
JB
Joseph
K S
KS
Lewis
Gwyneth
G
Liston
Robert M
RM
Roberts
Christine L
CL
Oats
Jeremy
J
Walker
James
J
D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005602:France / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007391:International Cooperation; D008428:Maternal Mortality / Q000639:trends*; D008499:Medical Records / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009774:Obstetrics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011159:Population Surveillance; D006473:Postpartum Hemorrhage / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D049590:Postpartum Period; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011295:Prenatal Care / Q000458:organization & administration; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care / Q000458:organization & administration; D012307:Risk Factors; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D016387:Women's Health