title: Antioxidant therapy reverses impaired graft healing in hypercholesterolemic rabbits.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Limited endothelial cell (EC) coverage and anastomotic intimal hyperplasia contribute to thrombosis and failure of prosthetic grafts. Lipid accumulation and lipid oxidation are associated with decreased EC migration and intimal hyperplasia. The goal of this study was to assess the ability of antioxidants to improve graft healing in hypercholesterolemic animals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rabbits were placed in one of four groups: chow plus N-acetylcysteine (NAC), chow plus probucol, chow with 1% cholesterol plus NAC, or chow with 1% cholesterol plus probucol. After 2 weeks, expanded polytetrafluoroethylene grafts (12 cm long x 4-mm internal diameter) were implanted in the abdominal aorta. Grafts were removed after 6 weeks and analyzed for cholesterol content, EC coverage, anastomotic intimal thickness, and the cellular composition of the neointima. Plasma samples were obtained to assess systemic oxidative stress. The data were compared with previously reported data from animals fed diets of chow and chow with 1% cholesterol.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prosthetic grafts from rabbits fed chow with 1% cholesterol had significantly greater anastomotic intimal thickening and lower EC coverage than grafts from rabbits fed a regular chow diet. In hypercholesterolemic rabbits, antioxidant therapy decreased global oxidative stress as evidenced by a 40% decrease in plasma thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. In rabbits fed the chow with 1% cholesterol diet, NAC decreased intimal hyperplasia at the proximal anastomosis by 29% and significantly increased graft EC coverage from 46% to 71% (P = .03). Following a similar pattern, probucol decreased intimal hyperplasia by 43% and increased graft EC coverage to 53% in hypercholesterolemic rabbits.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Global oxidative stress and anastomotic intimal hyperplasia are increased, and endothelialization of prosthetic grafts is significantly reduced in rabbits fed a high-cholesterol diet. Antioxidant treatment improves EC coverage and decreases intimal hyperplasia. Reducing oxidative stress may promote healing of prosthetic grafts.
authors: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA.
authors: Michael A
authors: MA
authors: Rosenbaum
authors: Keiko
authors: K
authors: Miyazaki
authors: Scott M
authors: SM
authors: Colles
authors: Linda M
authors: LM
authors: Graham
mesh_terms: D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001012:Aorta, Abdominal / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D019917:Blood Vessel Prosthesis Implantation / Q000009:adverse effects; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D006965:Hyperplasia; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D032389:Myocytes, Smooth Muscle / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D011817:Rabbits; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances / Q000378:metabolism; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances; C002744:3-nitrotyrosine; D014443:Tyrosine; D002784:Cholesterol; D000111:Acetylcysteine