title: Residents' and attending physicians' handoffs: a systematic review of the literature.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Effective communication is central to patient safety. There is abundant evidence of negative consequences of poor communication and inadequate handoffs. The purpose of the current study was to conduct a systematic review of articles focused on physicians' handoffs, conduct a qualitative review of barriers and strategies, and identify features of structured handoffs that have been effective.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors conducted a thorough, systematic review of English-language articles, indexed in PubMed, published between 1987 and June 2008, and focused on physicians' handoffs in the United States. The search strategy yielded 2,590 articles. After title review, 401 were obtained for further review by trained abstractors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-six articles met inclusion criteria, 33 (71.7%) of which were published between 2005 and 2008. Content analysis yielded 91 handoffs barriers in eight major categories and 140 handoffs strategies in seven major categories. Eighteen articles involved research on handoffs. Quality assessment scores for research studies ranged from 1 to 13 (possible range 1-16). One third of the reviewed research studies obtained quality scores at or below 8, and only one achieved a score of 13. Only six studies included any measure of handoff effectiveness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite the negative consequences of inadequate physicians' handoffs, very little research has been done to identify best practices. Many of the existing peer-reviewed studies had design or reporting flaws. There is remarkable consistency in the anecdotally suggested strategies; however, there remains a paucity of evidence to support these strategies. Overall, there is a great need for high-quality handoff outcomes studies focused on systems factors, human performance, and the effectiveness of structured protocols and interventions.
authors: Christiana Care Health System, Newark, Delaware 19718, USA. Lriesenberg@christianacare.org
authors: Lee Ann
authors: LA
authors: Riesenberg
authors: Jessica
authors: J
authors: Leitzsch
authors: Jaime L
authors: JL
authors: Massucci
authors: Joseph
authors: J
authors: Jaeger
authors: Joel C
authors: JC
authors: Rosenfeld
authors: Carl
authors: C
authors: Patow
authors: Jamie S
authors: JS
authors: Padmore
authors: Kelly P
authors: KP
authors: Karpovich
mesh_terms: D003142:Communication; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency; D007400:Interprofessional Relations; D007902:Length of Stay; D008505:Medical Staff, Hospital; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010348:Patient Care Team / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000592:standards; D036301:Qualitative Research