title: Detection of chromosomal aberrations in renal tumors: a comparative study of conventional cytogenetics and virtual karyotyping with single-nucleotide polymorphism microarrays.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  -Renal epithelial neoplasms have characteristic chromosomal imbalances, and we have shown previously that virtual karyotypes derived from single-nucleotide polymorphism microarrays can be performed on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  -To perform a direct comparison of virtual and conventional karyotypes to evaluate concordance of results.
  
  
  METHODS
  -Twenty archival formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumor samples with preexisting, conventional cytogenetic results were analyzed with Affymetrix 10K 2.0 or 250K Nsp single-nucleotide polymorphism microarrays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  -Nineteen samples yielded adequate virtual karyotypes for interpretation. Eight samples showed complete agreement between the 2 techniques, and 8 samples showed partial agreement. The disease-defining lesions (eg, loss of 3p for clear cell carcinoma) were identified in all 19 cases by virtual karyotypes and in 15 cases by conventional karyotypes. Virtual and conventional karyotypic findings were concordant in the identification of these disease-defining lesions in 86% (13 of 15) of cases. In 3 cases, virtual karyotypes identified lesions consistent with the morphologic diagnosis, whereas the conventional karyotypes were unsuccessful because of insufficient tumor representation or stromal overgrowth. Two cases with acquired uniparental disomy were identified by single-nucleotide polymorphism arrays, and 5 cases with translocations were identified by conventional karyotype.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  -Our results show that both techniques are able to identify the characteristic chromosomal abnormality for renal tumor subtypes in most cases. Discrepancies can be explained by inherent limitations of each technique, inadequate tumor sampling, and tumor heterogeneity. We conclude that virtual karyotyping is a robust alternative to conventional cytogenetics for the evaluation of chromosomal anomalies in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues from renal epithelial neoplasms.
authors: Department of Pathology, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, The Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA. famonzon@tmhs.org
authors: Federico A
authors: FA
authors: Monzon
authors: Karla
authors: K
authors: Alvarez
authors: Zoran
authors: Z
authors: Gatalica
authors: Julia A
authors: JA
authors: Bridge
authors: Marilu
authors: M
authors: Nelson
authors: Hyun-Jung
authors: HJ
authors: Kim
authors: Jill M
authors: JM
authors: Hagenkord
mesh_terms: D002291:Carcinoma, Papillary / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D002869:Chromosome Aberrations; D002872:Chromosome Deletion; D020732:Cytogenetic Analysis / Q000379:methods; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006801:Humans; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D007621:Karyotyping; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology*; D019656:Loss of Heterozygosity; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis / Q000379:methods; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide