title: Mucosal vaccines: recent progress in understanding the natural barriers.
abstract: It has long been known that protection against pathogens invading the organism via mucosal surfaces correlates better with the presence of specific antibodies in local secretions than with serum antibodies. The most effective way to induce mucosal immunity is to administer antigens directly to the mucosal surface. The development of vaccines for mucosal application requires antigen delivery systems and immunopotentiators that efficiently facilitate the presentation of the antigen to the mucosal immune system. This review provides an overview of the events within mucosal tissues that lead to protective mucosal immune responses. The understanding of those biological mechanisms, together with knowledge of the technology of vaccines and adjuvants, provides guidance on important technical aspects of mucosal vaccine design. Not being exhaustive, this review also provides information related to modern adjuvants, including polymeric delivery systems and immunopotentiators.
authors: Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology & Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal. olga@ci.uc.pt
authors: Olga
authors: O
authors: Borges
authors: Filipa
authors: F
authors: Lebre
authors: Dulce
authors: D
authors: Bento
authors: Gerrit
authors: G
authors: Borchard
authors: Hans E
authors: HE
authors: Junginger
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards / Q000639:trends*; D015195:Drug Design; D006801:Humans; D018928:Immunity, Mucosal / Q000276:immunology*; D009092:Mucous Membrane / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic / Q000592:standards; D014612:Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D014612:Vaccines