title: The p38 MAPK pathway is critical for 5,5'-dibromodiindolylmethane-induced apoptosis to prevent oral squamous carcinoma cells.
abstract: Cruciferous vegetables contain isothiocyanates including diindolylmethane (DIM) that exhibit cancer chemopreventive effects. We developed a series of synthetic ring-substituted DIM analogs including 5,5'-dibromoDIM that exhibited better inhibitory activity in breast and colon cancer cells than DIM. In this study, we investigated whether 5,5'-dibromoDIM inhibits the proliferation of KB and YD-10B oral squamous carcinoma cell lines. 5,5'-dibromoDIM decreased the cell survival and inhibited the growth of oral cancer cells. Exposure of KB and YD-10B cells to 5,5'-dibromoDIM induced caspase-dependent apoptosis evidenced by poly-ADP ribose polymerase cleavage, accumulation of sub-G1 population, and nuclear condensation and fragmentation. In addition, apoptotic cell death was correlated with damage to the mitochondrial membrane potential through a decrease in the level of Bcl-2 protein expression. Mechanistic studies showed that mitochondria-dependent apoptosis induced by 5,5'-dibromoDIM was mediated by the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway but not the ERK1/2 and JNK pathway. These results highlight 5,5'-dibromoDIM as an important chemopreventive agent for the clinical treatment of oral cancer through the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway.
authors: Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry and Institute of Oral Bioscience, Chonbuk National University, Jeon-ju, Republic of Korea.
authors: Kyeong-Hee
authors: KH
authors: Choi
authors: Hyung-Kook
authors: HK
authors: Kim
authors: Jun-Hee
authors: JH
authors: Kim
authors: Eun-Sun
authors: ES
authors: Choi
authors: Ji-Ae
authors: JA
authors: Shin
authors: Syng-Ook
authors: SO
authors: Lee
authors: Sudhakar
authors: S
authors: Chintharlapalli
authors: Stephen
authors: S
authors: Safe
authors: Maen
authors: M
authors: Abdelrahim
authors: Gu
authors: G
authors: Kong
authors: Hong Seok
authors: HS
authors: Choi
authors: Ji-Youn
authors: JY
authors: Jung
authors: Hyun-Tae
authors: HT
authors: Cho
authors: Nam-Pyo
authors: NP
authors: Cho
authors: Sung-Dae
authors: SD
authors: Cho
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007211:Indoles / Q000633:toxicity*; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial / Q000187:drug effects; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C512019:5,5'-dibromo-1,1-bis(3'-indolyl)methane; D007211:Indoles; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases