title: Targeting delivery of anti-TNFalpha oligonucleotide into activated colonic macrophages protects against experimental colitis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) is a focal point of the inflammatory cascade in Crohn's disease (CD). As an emerging approach to block cytokines, antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) has developed quickly, but is thwarted by a key obstacle-safe and effective delivery to specified cells. Here a novel nano-complex, based on galactosylated low molecular weight chitosan (gal-LMWC) and an ASO against TNFalpha, is presented which may be effective for CD treatment. The aim of this study was to investigate the targeting delivery ability of the gal-LMWC/ASO complex into activated macrophages and its potential therapeutic action in experimental colitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Gal-LMWC was associated with ASO to form a stable nano-complex and the complex was injected into mice by intracolonic administration. Cellular localisation of the gal-LMWC/ASO complex in the colon was determined. The therapeutic effects were further studied in 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis and CD4(+)CD45RB(hi) T cell transfer colitis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intracolonic administration of the gal-LMWC/ASO complex resulted in the successful delivery of ASO into activated colonic macrophages and a significant reduction of colonic TNFalpha in mice with colitis. A single injection in TNBS colitis or repeated treatment in CD45RB(hi) transfer colitis both significantly ameliorated the clinical and histopathological severity of the wasting disease, reduced tissue levels of inflammatory cytokines and abrogated body weight loss, diarrhoea and intestinal protein loss.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is the first time a non-viral gene vector has been combined with an ASO targeted to activated macrophages in the treatment of CD. The inhibition of TNFalpha by this strategy represents a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of CD.
authors: State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China. jfzhang@nju.edu.cn
authors: Longsheng
authors: L
authors: Zuo
authors: Zhen
authors: Z
authors: Huang
authors: Lei
authors: L
authors: Dong
authors: Lingqing
authors: L
authors: Xu
authors: Yi'an
authors: Y
authors: Zhu
authors: Ke
authors: K
authors: Zeng
authors: Chenyu
authors: C
authors: Zhang
authors: Jiangning
authors: J
authors: Chen
authors: Junfeng
authors: J
authors: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003092:Colitis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003106:Colon / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D018390:Gene Targeting / Q000379:methods*; D015316:Genetic Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005822:Genetic Vectors / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism; D017737:Macrophages, Peritoneal / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D016513:Mice, SCID; D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense; D014162:Transfection; D014302:Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D014302:Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid