Antimicrobial and immunoregulatory effector mechanisms in human endothelial cells. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase versus inducible nitric oxide synthase.
In infectious diseases, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) is generally accepted as one of the most important inducers of antimicrobial and immunoregulatory effects, and both seemingly contradictory effects, can be mediated by the same effector molecules. In detail, several IFN-gamma induced enzymes such as the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) as well as the indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) also exert this double function. In this review we focus on antimicrobial and immunoregulatory properties of both enzymes expressed by human endothelial cells, which are prominent players in infectious diseases, tumour immunology and transplant medicine.
Däubener
Walter
W
Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany. daeubene@uni-duesseldorf.de
Schmidt
Silvia K
SK
Heseler
Kathrin
K
Spekker
Katrin H
KH
MacKenzie
Colin R
CR
D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000378:metabolism; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D050503:Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase / Q000378:metabolism*; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000378:metabolism; D018448:Models, Immunological; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology / Q000276:immunology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000378:metabolism*; D014181:Transplantation Immunology
D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D050503:Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D007371:Interferon-gamma; C496319:NOS2 protein, human; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II