Early and late life events and salivary cortisol in older persons.
BACKGROUND
It has been hypothesized that stressful life events are associated with changes in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis regulation, which increases susceptibility to psychiatric disorders. We investigated the association of early and late life events with HPA axis regulation in older persons.


METHODS
Within the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam (LASA) 1055 participants (47% male), aged 63-93 years, collected saliva within 30 min after waking and late in the evening. Early and late life events were assessed during a home interview. The associations between life events and cortisol levels were examined using linear regression and analysis of covariance with adjustments for demographics, cardiovascular risk factors and depressive symptoms.


RESULTS
Within our sample, the median morning and evening cortisol levels were 15.0 nmol/l [interdecile range (10-90%): 7.4-27.0 nmol/l] and 2.8 nmol/l (10-90%: 1.5-6.3 nmol/l), respectively. Persons who reported early life events showed lower levels of natural log-transformed morning cortisol [B=-0.10, 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.17 to -0.04] and flattened diurnal variability of cortisol (B=-1.06, 95% CI -2.05 to -0.08). Those reporting two or more late life events showed higher levels of natural log-transformed morning cortisol (B=0.10, 95% CI 0.02-0.18) and higher diurnal variability (B=1.19, 95% CI 0.05-2.33). No associations were found with evening cortisol.


CONCLUSIONS
The results of this large population-based study of older persons suggest a differential association of early and late life events with HPA axis regulation; early life events were associated with a relative hypo-secretion of morning cortisol and flattened diurnal variability, while late life events were associated with elevated secretion of morning cortisol and high diurnal variability of cortisol.
Gerritsen
L
L
University Medical Center Utrecht, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, The Netherlands.
Geerlings
M I
MI
Beekman
A T F
AT
Deeg
D J H
DJ
Penninx
B W J H
BW
Comijs
H C
HC
D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000523:psychology*; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000378:metabolism*; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System; D008016:Life Change Events; D016014:Linear Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands; D010913:Pituitary-Adrenal System; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000378:metabolism*
D006854:Hydrocortisone