title: Immunostimulatory RNA blocks suppression by regulatory T cells.
abstract: The role of immune suppression by regulatory T (Treg) cells in the maintenance of immune homeostasis is well established. However, little is known about how Treg cell function is inhibited on viral infection to allow the development of a protective immune response. As viral RNA is a crucial mediator for activation of antiviral immunity, we examined the effects of immunostimulatory RNA and infection with RNA viruses on Treg cell function. We show that synthetic RNA oligonucleotides potently inhibit Treg cell-induced suppression in a sequence-dependent manner. This effect is entirely dependent on TLR7 activation of APCs and subsequent IL-6 production. In addition, stimulation with the RNA viruses encephalomyocarditis virus and Sendai virus that specifically activate the RNA-sensing helicases melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA-5) and retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) also blocks Treg cell function. Interestingly, this effect is seen even in the absence of APCs. Consistent with this, both Treg and T effector cells express RIG-I and MDA-5. Using MDA-5-deficient mice, we demonstrate that the loss of Treg cell function on infection with encephalomyocarditis virus is strictly dependent on MDA-5 expression by Treg cells. Thus, we show in this study for the first time that activation of a RIG-I-like helicase on Treg cells blocks their suppressive function.
authors: Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich, University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Anz
authors: Viktor H
authors: VH
authors: Koelzer
authors: Stefan
authors: S
authors: Moder
authors: Raffael
authors: R
authors: Thaler
authors: Tobias
authors: T
authors: Schwerd
authors: Katharina
authors: K
authors: Lahl
authors: Tim
authors: T
authors: Sparwasser
authors: Robert
authors: R
authors: Besch
authors: Hendrik
authors: H
authors: Poeck
authors: Veit
authors: V
authors: Hornung
authors: Gunther
authors: G
authors: Hartmann
authors: Simon
authors: S
authors: Rothenfusser
authors: Carole
authors: C
authors: Bourquin
authors: Stefan
authors: S
authors: Endres
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000938:Antigen-Presenting Cells; D001483:Base Sequence; D000071457:DEAD Box Protein 58; D053487:DEAD-box RNA Helicases / Q000378:metabolism*; D000072640:Interferon-Induced Helicase, IFIH1; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009841:Oligonucleotides / Q000276:immunology*; D012313:RNA / Q000276:immunology*; D012328:RNA Viruses / Q000276:immunology; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000276:immunology; D050378:T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology; D051199:Toll-Like Receptor 7 / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015850:Interleukin-6; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D009841:Oligonucleotides; D012367:RNA, Viral; C477038:Tlr7 protein, mouse; D051199:Toll-Like Receptor 7; D012313:RNA; C503356:Ddx58 protein, mouse; C510592:Ifih1 protein, mouse; D000071457:DEAD Box Protein 58; D053487:DEAD-box RNA Helicases; D000072640:Interferon-Induced Helicase, IFIH1