title: The cerebellar dysplasia of Chiari II malformation as revealed by eye movements.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chiari type II malformation (CII) is a developmental deformity of the hindbrain. We have previously reported that many patients with CII have impaired smooth pursuit, while few make inaccurate saccades or have an abnormal vestibuloocular reflex. In contrast, saccadic adaptation and visual fixation are normal. In this report, we correlate results from several eye movement studies with neuroimaging in CII. We present a model for structural changes within the cerebellum in CII.
  
  
  METHODS
  Saccades, smooth pursuit, the vestibulo-ocular reflex, and visual fixation were recorded in 21 patients with CII, aged 8-19 years and 39 age-matched controls, using an infrared eye tracker. Qualitative and quantitative MRI data were correlated with eye movements in 19 CII patients and 28 controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nine patients with CII had abnormal eye movements. Smooth pursuit gain was subnormal in eight, saccadic accuracy abnormal in four, and vestibulo-ocular reflex gain abnormal in three. None had fixation instability. Patients with CII had a significantly smaller cerebellar volume than controls, and those with normal eye motion had an expanded midsagittal vermis compared to controls. However, patients with abnormal eye movements had a smaller (non-expanded) midsagittal vermis area, posterior fossa area and medial cerebellar volumes than CII patients with normal eye movements.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The deformity of CII affects the structure and function of the cerebellum selectively and differently in those with abnormal eye movements. We propose that the vermis can expand when compressed within a small posterior fossa in some CII patients, thus sparing its ocular motor functions.
authors: Children's Hospital, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
authors: Michael S
authors: MS
authors: Salman
authors: Maureen
authors: M
authors: Dennis
authors: James A
authors: JA
authors: Sharpe
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001139:Arnold-Chiari Malformation / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology; D002526:Cerebellar Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D002648:Child; D005133:Eye Movements / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D015835:Ocular Motility Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D012027:Reflex, Vestibulo-Ocular / Q000502:physiology; D012249:Rhombencephalon / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D055815:Young Adult