title: Empirical typology of bipolar I mood episodes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Much remains unknown about the phenomenology of bipolar I disorder.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the type of bipolar I mood episodes that occur over time, and their relative frequency.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 219 individuals with Research Diagnostic Criteria bipolar I disorder were prospectively followed for up to 25 years (median 20 years). Psychopathology was assessed with the Longitudinal Interval Follow-up Evaluation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 1208 mood episodes were prospectively observed. The episodes were empirically classified as follows: major depression, 30.9% (n = 373); minor depression, 13.0% (n = 157); mania, 20.4% (n = 246); hypomania, 10.4% (n = 126); cycling, 17.3% (n = 210); cycling plus mixed state, 7.8% (n = 94); and mixed, 0.2% (n = 2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cycling episodes constituted 25% of all episodes. Work groups revising ICD-10 and DSM-IV should add a category for bipolar I cycling episode.
authors: Department of Psychiatry, Rhode Island Hospital, 593 Eddy Street, Providence, Rhode Island 02903-4970, USA. DASolomon@Lifespan.org
authors: David A
authors: DA
authors: Solomon
authors: Andrew C
authors: AC
authors: Leon
authors: Jean
authors: J
authors: Endicott
authors: William H
authors: WH
authors: Coryell
authors: Chunshan
authors: C
authors: Li
authors: Jess G
authors: JG
authors: Fiedorowicz
authors: Martin B
authors: MB
authors: Keller
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect / Q000187:drug effects; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D038801:International Classification of Diseases; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010641:Phenotype; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013000:Psychiatric Somatic Therapies; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents