title: Genetic influences on language, reading, and mathematics skills in a national sample: an analysis using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study had two purposes: provide an illustration of use of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 Children's (CNLSY; U.S. Department of Labor, 2009) database and use the database to seek convergent evidence regarding the magnitude and significance of genetic effects influencing low and typical performers on measures of language, reading, and mathematics.
  
  
  METHODS
  A kinship algorithm that assigned a degree of genetic relatedness to all available pairings was applied to the 1994 wave of the CNLSY sample. Four cognitive achievement outcomes related to language, reading, and mathematics were analyzed across the general sample as well as for children selected below the lowest 20(th) percentile.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The tests of receptive vocabulary, decoding, reading comprehension, and mathematics all suggested estimates of group heritability and full sample heritability of moderate effect sizes, and all estimates were statistically significant. Furthermore, all estimates were within confidence intervals of previously reported estimates from twin and adoption studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study provides additional support for significant genetic effects across low and wide ranges of specific achievement. Moreover, this study supports that genetic influences on reading, language, and mathematics are generalizable beyond twin and adoption studies.
authors: The Ohio State University, Human Development and Family Science, 1787 Neil Avenue, 135 Campbell Hall, Columbus, OH 43204, USA. hart.327@osu.edu
authors: Sara A
authors: SA
authors: Hart
authors: Stephen A
authors: SA
authors: Petrill
authors: Claire M Kamp
authors: CM
authors: Dush
mesh_terms: D022126:Access to Information; D000293:Adolescent; D000465:Algorithms; D002648:Child; D003071:Cognition; D015331:Cohort Studies; D057225:Data Mining / Q000379:methods; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D005796:Genes; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D055641:Mathematical Concepts; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011932:Reading; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult