title: Membranous Budd-Chiari syndrome in Caucasians.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) is characterized by an obstruction of hepatic venous outflow. Membranous obstruction of the inferior vena cava (IVC) is a curable cause of primary BCS but is very rare in Western Europe. To date, there is only very limited information on membranous BCS in the Western world. We here report the diagnosis and management of five Caucasian patients with membranous BCS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Out of 23 patients with BCS diagnosed between 2004 and 2007 we identified five with a membranous web of the IVC. Diagnostic evaluation of BCS included laboratory tests, ultrasound Doppler imaging, CT and MRI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The clinical presentation of membranous BCS was heterogeneous. The time frame from first clinical symptoms to diagnosis ranged from 3 weeks to 60 years. Liver cirrhosis was misdiagnosed in 4/5 patients. CT did not establish the correct diagnosis of membranous BCS in any of our patients. In contrast, abdominal Doppler ultrasonography showed collaterals and a web in the IVC which was confirmed by Doppler-MRI and hepatovenography. Four patients underwent interventional treatment with balloon dilatation of short-segment venous stenoses or complete occlusions. Therapy was successful: in all cases it resulted in a normalized extrahepatic blood flow and reduction of spleen size.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Membranous BCS may be underdiagnosed in Caucasians. Doppler ultrasound should be used as the initial diagnostic procedure for membranous BCS. Although CT is considered the "gold standard" in addition to angiography, it could not detect membranous obliteration in our cases. Patients can be effectively treated by interventional endovascular therapy.
authors: Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany. Ciesek.sandra@mh-hannover.de
authors: Sandra
authors: S
authors: Ciesek
authors: Kinan
authors: K
authors: Rifai
authors: Matthias J
authors: MJ
authors: Bahr
authors: Bita
authors: B
authors: Boozari
authors: Eike
authors: E
authors: Steinmann
authors: Fabian A
authors: FA
authors: Helfritz
authors: Heiner
authors: H
authors: Wedemeyer
authors: Michael P
authors: MP
authors: Manns
authors: Joachim
authors: J
authors: Lotz
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Gebel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D006502:Budd-Chiari Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000628:therapy; D002404:Catheterization; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008566:Membranes / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D008875:Middle Aged; D015607:Stents; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014682:Vena Cava, Inferior / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D044465:White People; D055815:Young Adult