title: Noninvasive methods for assessment of airway inflammation in occupational settings.
abstract: The present document is a consensus statement reached by a panel of experts on noninvasive methods for assessment of airway inflammation in the investigation of occupational respiratory diseases, such as occupational rhinitis, occupational asthma, and nonasthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis. Both the upper and the lower airway inflammation have been reviewed and appraised reinforcing the concept of 'united airway disease' in the occupational settings. The most widely used noninvasive methods to assess bronchial inflammation are covered: induced sputum, fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) concentration, and exhaled breath condensate. Nasal inflammation may be assessed by noninvasive approaches such as nasal cytology and nasal lavage, which provide information on different aspects of inflammatory processes (cellular vs mediators). Key messages and suggestions on the use of noninvasive methods for assessment of airway inflammation in the investigation and diagnosis of occupational airway diseases are issued.
authors: Department of Allergy, Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain.
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Quirce
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Lemière
authors: F
authors: F
authors: de Blay
authors: V
authors: V
authors: del Pozo
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Gerth Van Wijk
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Maestrelli
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Pauli
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Pignatti
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Raulf-Heimsoth
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Sastre
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Storaas
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Moscato
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D009787:Occupational Medicine / Q000379:methods*; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000175:diagnosis*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic