The maternal homocysteine pathway is influenced by riboflavin intake and MTHFR polymorphisms without affecting the risk of orofacial clefts in the offspring.
OBJECTIVE
Riboflavin is a cofactor for the 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) enzyme involved in the homocysteine pathway. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of maternal riboflavin intake and two MTHFR polymorphisms (677C>T; Ala222Val and 1298A>C; Glu429Ala substitutions) on the biomarkers of the homocysteine pathway, and investigate the risk of having offspring with an orofacial cleft (OFC).


METHODS
In a case-control study design, dietary riboflavin intake and the MTHFR 677C>T and 1298A>C polymorphisms were evaluated in 123 OFC and 108 control mothers by using food frequency questionnaires and blood samples. Homocysteine (tHcy), folate and vitamin B12 concentrations in blood were analyzed in 70 cases and 68 controls. Linear and logistic regression analyses were applied.


RESULTS
At 14 months postpartum riboflavin intake and MTHFR 677C>T and 1298A>C genotypes were not significantly different between cases and controls. The 677TT genotype showed lower folate concentrations compared to C-allele carriers with a mean difference of 2.8 nmol/l in serum and 174 nmol/l in red blood cell (both P's=0.01). Every mg per day increase of dietary riboflavin intake was positively associated with increase in vitamin B12 concentration by 52.1% (P<0.01). This effect was most pronounced in MTHFR 677TT homozygotes (205.1%, P=0.03). The riboflavin-adjusted MTHFR 677TT and 1298CC genotypes showed a trend toward an increasing risk for OFC, adjusted odds ratio 1.7 (confidence interval (95% CI), 0.7-4.5) and 1.6 (95% CI, 0.7-4.2), respectively.


CONCLUSIONS
Maternal riboflavin intake is significantly associated with biomarkers of the homocysteine pathway, with the strongest effects in MTHFR 677TT homozygotes. The maternal risk of having OFC offspring, however, is not associated with dietary riboflavin intake.
Vujkovic
M
M
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Steegers
E A
EA
van Meurs
J
J
Yazdanpanah
N
N
van Rooij
I A
IA
Uitterlinden
A G
AG
Steegers-Theunissen
R P
RP
D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000201:enzymology / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000201:enzymology / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000097:blood; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005838:Genotype; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D016015:Logistic Models; D042965:Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (NADPH2) / Q000235:genetics*; D054647:Nutrigenomics; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D012256:Riboflavin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014805:Vitamin B 12 / Q000097:blood
D015415:Biomarkers; D006710:Homocysteine; D005492:Folic Acid; D042965:Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (NADPH2); D014805:Vitamin B 12; D012256:Riboflavin