title: Cross talk: a new method for peripheral nerve stimulation. An observational report with cadaveric verification.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Relief of regional, non-appendicular pain, particularly low back pain, through spinal cord stimulation (SCS) has proven challenging. Recently, peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS), also known as peripheral nerve field stimulation (PNFS) depending on the stimulation area, has demonstrated efficacy for the treatment of well-localized, small areas of pain involving the abdomen, inguinal region, pelvis, face, occipital area, and low back. More widespread application of peripheral nerve stimulation has been limited by its narrow field of coverage in a larger group of patients with diffuse or poorly localized pain.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine if cross talk (the creation of an electrical circuit and therefore electrical stimulation between separate subcutaneously placed PNS leads [i.e. inter-lead stimulation]) was clinically possible across large painful areas, assess the breadth of stimulation coverage via cross talk, evaluate the clinical efficacy of peripheral nerve stimulation cross talk (PNSCT), and confirm the existence of cross talk across a large area in a cadaveric model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case series observational report and cadaveric experimentation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A private, comprehensive interventional pain management practice with pain medicine fellowship training in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen consecutive patients with non-appendicular, regional pain were included in the study. Data collection for the implanted patients included the presence or absence of stimulation between the PNS leads, stimulation tolerability, stimulation region, lead orientation, lead montage, inter-lead distance, and pain relief from PNSCT compared to PNS without cross talk. A cadaveric analysis was performed to determine the presence or absence of an electrical circuit with 2 subcutaneously PNS leads to confirm or refute the existence of electrical stimulation from on lead to the other within subcutaneous fat with the leads placed at a significant distance apart from one another.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All 18 patients experienced significant pain relief, reduction of pain medication, and functional improvement. Cadaveric experimentation confirmed the presence of an electrical circuit with PNS leads placed at a distance far apart from one another and verified that inter-lead stimulation (cross talk) does occur in subcutaneous fat over a great distance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study was limited by its small sample size, and the short-term follow-up after implantation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of the PNSCT technique allows for significant analgesia for large painful areas that have been poorly captured using traditional SCS techniques and not considered as an option with the current application of peripheral nerve stimulation.
authors: Mid Atlantic Spine and Pain Physicians, Newark, DE 19713 , USA. cssmo1@aol.com
authors: Frank J E
authors: FJ
authors: Falco
authors: Jeffrey
authors: J
authors: Berger
authors: Alan
authors: A
authors: Vrable
authors: Obi
authors: O
authors: Onyewu
authors: Jie
authors: J
authors: Zhu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001703:Biophysics; D002102:Cadaver; D016208:Databases, Factual / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019370:Observation; D010146:Pain / Q000453:epidemiology; D059408:Pain Management; D010525:Peripheral Nerves / Q000502:physiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology