title: Evaluating the intrinsic cysteine redox-dependent states of the A-chain of human insulin using NMR spectroscopy, quantum chemical calculations, and mass spectrometry.
abstract: Previous functional studies have proposed that solution-phase loading of human insulin A-chain peptides into cell surface Class II molecules may be limited by the redox state of intrinsic cysteine residues within the A-chain peptide. T cell functional studies of a human insulin A-chain analogue (KR A1-15) comprised of residues 1-15 of the A-chain peptide as well as an amino-terminal lysine-arginine extension have been carried out in a reducing environment. These data suggest that free thiol moieties within this peptide may participate in major histocompatibility complex (MHC) II/peptide interactions. Two-dimensional (1)H NMR spectroscopy data partnered with quantum chemical calculations identified that KR A1-15 exists in conformational flux sampling heterogeneous redox-dependent conformations including: one reduced and two oxidized states. These findings were further supported by mass spectrometry analysis of this peptide that confirmed the presence of a redox state dependent conformational equilibrium. Interestingly, the presence of a free thiol ((1)H(gamma)) resonance for cysteine 8 in the oxidized state supports the existence of the third redox-dependent conformation represented as a mixed disulfide conformation. We believe these data support the presence of a redox-dependent mechanism for regulating the activity of human insulin and provide a better understanding of redox chemistry that may be extended to other protein systems.
authors: Center for Vascular Biology Research, Division of Molecular and Vascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
authors: Alok K
authors: AK
authors: Sharma
authors: Yan
authors: Y
authors: Ling
authors: Allison B
authors: AB
authors: Greer
authors: David A
authors: DA
authors: Hafler
authors: Sally C
authors: SC
authors: Kent
authors: Yong
authors: Y
authors: Zhang
authors: Alan C
authors: AC
authors: Rigby
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D003545:Cysteine / Q000737:chemistry*; D000949:Histocompatibility Antigens Class II / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000737:chemistry*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D011789:Quantum Theory
chemical_list: D000949:Histocompatibility Antigens Class II; D007328:Insulin; D003545:Cysteine