title: Premature aortic atherosclerosis in systemic lupus erythematosus: a controlled transesophageal echocardiographic study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Premature carotid and coronary atherosclerosis are common in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), but data on aortic atherosclerosis (AA) are limited. Thus, using multiplane transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), we sought to determine the prevalence and clinical correlates of AA in patients with SLE.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-seven patients with SLE (44 women, age 38 +/- 12 years) and 21 healthy controls (19 women, age 34 +/- 12 years) underwent clinical and laboratory evaluations and TEE to assess AA defined as aortic intima media thickness (IMT) > 0.86 mm or plaques as > 50% focal IMT as compared with surrounding walls. TEE studies were interpreted by an experienced observer unaware of subjects' clinical data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of abnormal aortic IMT, plaques, or both lesions was higher in patients as compared to controls (37%, 23%, and 43% vs 14%, 0%, and 14%, respectively, all p </= 0.02). In patients, age at diagnosis of SLE was the only positive independent predictor of AA [OR 1.12 per year from diagnosis of SLE, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.04-1.19, p = 0.001] and cyclophosphamide therapy was the only negative independent predictor of AA (OR 0.186, 95% CI 0.153-0.95, p = 0.04, equivalent to 5.4 times less likely to develop AA).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AA is common in young patients with SLE and is predicted by a later age at diagnosis of SLE, but is negatively correlated with cyclophosphamide therapy. Thus, early diagnosis and more aggressive immunosuppressive therapy may be required to decrease the development and progression of atherosclerosis in patients with SLE.
authors: Department of Medicine, Cardiology Division, University of New Mexico School of Medicine and New Mexico VA Health Care System, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87108, USA. croldan@salud.unm.edu
authors: Carlos A
authors: CA
authors: Roldan
authors: Joseph
authors: J
authors: Joson
authors: Janeen
authors: J
authors: Sharrar
authors: Clifford R
authors: CR
authors: Qualls
authors: Wilmer L
authors: WL
authors: Sibbitt
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D001011:Aorta / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology; D002648:Child; D018450:Disease Progression; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000473:pathology; D017540:Tunica Media / Q000473:pathology; D055815:Young Adult