title: Cholinergic dysfunction and amnesia in patients with Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome: a transcranial magnetic stimulation study.
abstract: The specific neurochemical substrate underlying the amnesia in patients with Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (WKS) is still poorly defined. Memory impairment has been linked to dysfunction of neurons in the cholinergic system. A transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) protocol, the short latency afferent inhibition (SAI), may give direct information about the function of some cholinergic pathways in the human motor cortex. In the present study, we measured SAI in eight alcoholics with WKS and compared the data with those from a group of age-matched healthy individuals; furthermore, we correlated the individual SAI values of the WKS patients with memory and other cognitive functions. Mean SAI was significantly reduced in WKS patients when compared with the controls. SAI was increased after administration of a single dose of donezepil in a subgroup of four patients. The low score obtained in the Rey Complex Figure delayed recall test, the Digit Span subtest of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R) and the Corsi's Block Span subtest of the WAIS-R documented a severe impairment in the anterograde memory and short-term memory. None of the correlations between SAI values and these neuropsychological tests reached significance. We provide physiological evidence of cholinergic involvement in WKS. However, this putative marker of central cholinergic activity did not significantly correlate with the memory deficit in our patients. These findings suggest that the cholinergic dysfunction does not account for the memory disorder and that damage to the cholinergic system is not sufficient to cause a persisting amnesic syndrome in WKS.
authors: Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Clinic, Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria. raffaele.nardone@asbmeran-o.it
authors: Raffaele
authors: R
authors: Nardone
authors: Jürgen
authors: J
authors: Bergmann
authors: Pierpaolo
authors: P
authors: De Blasi
authors: Martin
authors: M
authors: Kronbichler
authors: Jörg
authors: J
authors: Kraus
authors: Francesca
authors: F
authors: Caleri
authors: Frediano
authors: F
authors: Tezzon
authors: Gunther
authors: G
authors: Ladurner
authors: Stefan
authors: S
authors: Golaszewski
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D057229:Alcoholics; D000647:Amnesia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002794:Choline / Q000378:metabolism*; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020915:Korsakoff Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory; D008570:Memory, Short-Term; D008875:Middle Aged; D009433:Neural Inhibition; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D013997:Time Factors; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D002794:Choline