title: Prospective evaluation of the association between hemoglobin concentration and quality of life in patients with heart failure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Reduced hemoglobin has been associated with adverse outcomes in heart failure, but the relationship of hemoglobin to health-related quality of life in outpatients with this syndrome has not been well studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used data from the prospective, observational Study of Anemia in a Heart Failure Population Registry, which randomly selected outpatients with heart failure from specialty or community cardiology clinics. Hemoglobin was determined by finger stick at baseline and during medically indicated follow-up visits. Health-related quality of life was assessed using the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire and the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire at 3-month intervals for 12 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adjusted regression analysis demonstrated a significant, direct, linear relationship between hemoglobin and health-related quality of life from baseline through 12 months follow-up on all Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire domains (all P < .001) and the Summary and Physical domains of the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire (all P < .05). Adjusted categorical analysis of the change in Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire Clinical scores associated with change in hemoglobin from baseline to 6 months also showed a significant relationship between increasing hemoglobin and improved health status (5.9 +/- 1.8 units for a hemoglobin increase of >or=1 g/dL, 0.7 +/- 1.2 units for change in hemoglobin <1 g/dL, and -2.6 +/- 1.4 units for a >or=1 g/dL decrease in hemoglobin, P < .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These prospective, observational results indicate that reduced hemoglobin is associated with poorer quality of life in patients with heart failure. Additional studies will be required to establish if this is a cause-and-effect relationship.
authors: Department of Medicine and Radiology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA. kfa@med.unc.edu
authors: Kirkwood F
authors: KF
authors: Adams
authors: Ileana L
authors: IL
authors: Piña
authors: Jalal K
authors: JK
authors: Ghali
authors: Lynne E
authors: LE
authors: Wagoner
authors: Stephanie H
authors: SH
authors: Dunlap
authors: Todd A
authors: TA
authors: Schwartz
authors: Wendy Gattis
authors: WG
authors: Stough
authors: Mandeep R
authors: MR
authors: Mehra
authors: Gary Michael
authors: GM
authors: Felker
authors: Jun R
authors: JR
authors: Chiong
authors: James Herbert
authors: JH
authors: Patterson
authors: John
authors: J
authors: Kim
authors: Javed
authors: J
authors: Butler
authors: Ron M
authors: RM
authors: Oren
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000097:blood*; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011788:Quality of Life
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins