title: Hippocampus abnormalities in at risk mental states for psychosis? A cross-sectional high resolution region of interest magnetic resonance imaging study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hippocampal volume (HV) reduction is well documented in schizophrenia. However, it is still unclear whether this change is a pre-existing vulnerability factor, a sign of disease progression, a consequence of environmental factors, such as drug use, antipsychotic medication, or malnutrition. The timing of HV changes is not well established, but a lack of macrostructural hippocampal brain abnormalities before disease onset would rather support a neuroprogressive illness model.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the timing of HV changes in emerging psychosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional MRI study of manually traced HVs in 37 individuals with an At Risk Mental State (ARMS) for psychosis, 23 individuals with First-Episode Psychosis (FEP), and 22 Healthy Controls (HC) was performed. We compared left and right HVs corrected for whole brain volume across groups using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) with gender as a covariate. Sixteen of 37 ARMS individuals developed a psychotic disorder during follow up (ARMS-T). The mean duration of follow up in ARMS was 25.1months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall ANCOVA model comparing left HVs across FEP, ARMS and HC indicated a significant general group effect (p<.05) with largest volumes in ARMS and smallest in FEP. ARMS-T subjects had significantly larger left HVs compared to FE but no HV differences compared to HC (p<0.05). Over all groups, we found an asymmetry between the left and right mean HVs and a strong effect of sex.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study suggests that macrostructural hippocampal abnormalities probably occur in the context of the first psychotic breakdown.
authors: University Hospital Basel, Psychiatric Outpatient Department, Petersgraben 4, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland.
authors: Eva
authors: E
authors: Buehlmann
authors: Gregor E
authors: GE
authors: Berger
authors: Jacqueline
authors: J
authors: Aston
authors: Ute
authors: U
authors: Gschwandtner
authors: Marlon O
authors: MO
authors: Pflueger
authors: Stefan J
authors: SJ
authors: Borgwardt
authors: Ernst-Wilhelm
authors: EW
authors: Radue
authors: Anita
authors: A
authors: Riecher-Rössler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D055815:Young Adult