title: The value of high-resolution three-dimensional endorectal ultrasonography in the management of submucosal invasive rectal tumors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aims of this prospective study were 1) to evaluate the accuracy of high-resolution three-dimensional endorectal ultrasonography in distinguishing slight from massive submucosal invasion of early rectal tumors, and 2) to determine the technology's role in treatment selection.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 142 consecutive patients with clinically possible pT1 rectal cancers underwent three-dimensional endorectal ultrasonography. Slight or massive irregularity of the hyperechoic submucosal layer was considered to characterize uT1-slight or uT1-massive tumors. Treatment was selected on the basis of ultrasonographic findings: endoscopic resection or full-thickness transanal local excision was selected for uT1-slight lesions, and radical resection was selected for uT1-massive tumors. Ultrasonographic staging was compared with histopathologic staging.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred twenty-six patients were included in the final analyses. Three-dimensional endorectal ultrasonography staged 77 lesions as uT0, 25 as uT1-slight, 20 as uT1-massive, and 4 as uT2. Histologically, adenomas were found in 75 patients and tumor invasion was found in 44 lesions (24 pT1-slight, 16 pT1-massive, 4 pT2). The overall kappa for the concordance between ultrasonographic and histopathologic stagings was 0.81 (95% confidence interval, 0.72-0.89). No invasive carcinomas remained undetected. The depth of invasion was correctly determined in 87.2% of both pT1-slight and pT1-massive lesions. Considering the complete series of 126 patients, the accuracy of this modality in selecting appropriate management was 95.2% (kappa, 0.84; 95% confidence interval, 0.71-0.96). Adequate surgery was performed in 87.5% of pT1 tumors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Three-dimensional endorectal ultrasonography is useful for assessing the depth of submucosal invasion in early rectal cancer and for selecting therapeutic options.
authors: I degrees Department of Surgery, Regional Hospital, 31100 Treviso, Italy. giulioasantoro@yahoo.com
authors: Giulio A
authors: GA
authors: Santoro
authors: Giuseppe
authors: G
authors: Gizzi
authors: Luciano
authors: L
authors: Pellegrini
authors: Giuseppe
authors: G
authors: Battistella
authors: Giuseppe
authors: G
authors: Di Falco
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D016145:Endoscopy, Digestive System; D019160:Endosonography / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016896:Treatment Outcome