title: Infected atopic dermatitis lesions contain pharmacologic amounts of lipoteichoic acid.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bacterial infection with Staphylococcus aureus is a known trigger for worsening of atopic dermatitis (AD); the exact mechanisms by which bacterial infection worsens dermatitis are unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We sought to characterize the amounts of the biologically active bacterial lipoprotein lipoteichoic acid (LTA) in infected AD lesions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-nine children with clinically impetiginized lesions of AD were enrolled in this study. A lesion was graded clinically by using the Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI), wash fluid obtained from the lesion for quantitative bacterial culture, and measurement of LTA and cytokines. The staphylococcal isolate was tested for antibiotic susceptibilities. The patients were treated with a regimen that included topical corticosteroids and systemic antibiotics, and the lesion was reanalyzed after 2 weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  S aureus was identified in 79 of 89 children enrolled in the study. The bacterial colony-forming unit (CFU) counts correlated with the EASI lesional score (P = .04). LTA levels as high as 9.8 mug/mL were measured in the wash fluid samples, and the amounts correlated with the lesional EASI scores (P = .01) and S aureus CFU (P < .001). Approximately 30% of clinically impetiginized AD lesions contained greater than 1 mug/mL LTA, amounts that exert effects on various cell types in vitro. Moreover, injection of skin tissue ex vivo with amounts of LTA found in AD lesions resulted in epidermal cytokine gene expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pharmacologic levels of LTA are found in many infected atopic dermatitis lesions.
authors: Department of Dermatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 702 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA. jtravers@iupui.edu
authors: Jeffrey B
authors: JB
authors: Travers
authors: Amal
authors: A
authors: Kozman
authors: Nico
authors: N
authors: Mousdicas
authors: Chandan
authors: C
authors: Saha
authors: Megan
authors: M
authors: Landis
authors: Mohammed
authors: M
authors: Al-Hassani
authors: Weiguo
authors: W
authors: Yao
authors: Yongxue
authors: Y
authors: Yao
authors: Ann-Marie
authors: AM
authors: Hyatt
authors: Michael P
authors: MP
authors: Sheehan
authors: Anita N
authors: AN
authors: Haggstrom
authors: Mark H
authors: MH
authors: Kaplan
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D003876:Dermatitis, Atopic / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D004485:Eczema / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000032:analysis*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012867:Skin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D013207:Staphylococcal Skin Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity; D013682:Teichoic Acids / Q000032:analysis*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016209:Interleukin-8; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D013682:Teichoic Acids; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C009900:lipoteichoic acid