title: Troubleshooting immunohistochemical labelling of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in cryocut tissue sections of mouse prostate.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The use of antibodies to proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) for the immunohistochemical detection of proliferating cells has been limited in frozen tissue sections because of its temperature dependence and instability in formaldehyde. In this study various protocols for the immunohistochemical staining of PCNA in frozen mouse prostate tissue sections were tested in order to identify optimal conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fresh prostate tissues from 8 week old mice were frozen in liquid nitrogen or fixed with formaldehyde or paraformaldehyde before freezing with liquid nitrogen. Frozen tissues were then cut in a cryostat and unfixed sections were fixed by dipping slides with sections into fixative. Slide-mounted tissue sections were permeabilized with Triton X-100 before incubating overnight in primary antibody to PCNA diluted to different concentrations in different diluting media at room temperature or 4 degrees C. Secondary antibody was applied in the same medium as the primary. 19 different experimental protocols were examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only one protocol showed strong positive immunostaining for PCNA. PCNA-immunopositive cells were observed in greater abundance in the stromal layer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Paraformaldehyde fixation with Triton X-100 permeabilization without any blocking protocol produced the strongest nuclear PCNA immunolabeling probably when cells are in S-phase of mitosis which indicates the feasibility of PCNA immunoflourescence staining on frozen tissues.
authors: Prostate Research Cooperative, Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Action, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
authors: Jin Han
authors: JH
authors: Xie
authors: Frédéric
authors: F
authors: Hollande
authors: John M
authors: JM
authors: Haynes
authors: Colin W
authors: CW
authors: Pouton
authors: Sabatino
authors: S
authors: Ventura
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000906:Antibodies / Q000737:chemistry; D015925:Cryopreservation; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D005557:Formaldehyde; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D007211:Indoles; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D017830:Octoxynol; D011108:Polymers; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen / Q000032:analysis*; D011467:Prostate / Q000737:chemistry*; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D016707:Tissue Fixation
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D007211:Indoles; D011108:Polymers; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D005557:Formaldehyde; C007293:DAPI; D017830:Octoxynol; C003043:paraform