title: Treatment of allergic rhinitis in infants and children: efficacy and safety of second-generation antihistamines and the leukotriene receptor antagonist montelukast.
abstract: Allergic rhinitis (AR) affects a large percentage of paediatric patients. With the wide array of available agents, it has become a challenge to choose the most appropriate treatment for patients. Second-generation antihistamines have become increasingly popular because of their comparable efficacy and lower incidence of adverse effects relative to their first-generation counterparts, and the safety and efficacy of this drug class are established in the adult population. Data on the use of the second-generation antihistamines oral cetirizine, levocetirizine, loratadine, desloratadine and fexofenadine, and the leukotriene receptor antagonist montelukast as well as azelastine nasal spray in infants and children are evaluated in this review. These agents have been found to be relatively safe and effective in reducing symptoms associated with AR in children. Alternative dosage forms such as liquids or oral disintegrating tablets are available for most agents, allowing ease of administration to most young children and infants; however, limited data are available regarding use in infants for most agents, except desloratadine, cetirizine and montelukast. Unlike their predecessors, such as astemizole and terfenadine, the newer second-generation antihistamines and montelukast appear to be well tolerated, with absence of cardiotoxicities. Comparative studies are limited to cetirizine versus ketotifen, oxatomide and/or montelukast. Although second-generation antihistamines and montelukast are deemed relatively safe for use in paediatric patients, there are some noteworthy drug interactions to consider when selecting an agent. Given the wide variety of available agents for treatment of AR in paediatric patients, the safety and efficacy data available for specific age groups, type of AR, dosage form availability and cost should be considered when selecting treatment for AR in infants and children.
authors: The University of Arizona, Tucson, USA.
authors: Hanna
authors: H
authors: Phan
authors: Matthew L
authors: ML
authors: Moeller
authors: Milap C
authors: MC
authors: Nahata
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D018926:Anti-Allergic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018927:Anti-Asthmatic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016589:Astemizole / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017332:Cetirizine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002648:Child; D003521:Cyclopropanes; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004347:Drug Interactions; D039563:Histamine H1 Antagonists, Non-Sedating; D006801:Humans; D007665:Ketotifen; D020024:Leukotriene Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017336:Loratadine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D010879:Piperazines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011804:Quinolines / Q000008:administration & dosage; D012221:Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006255:Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012449:Safety; D013440:Sulfides; D013607:Tablets; D016593:Terfenadine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; D018926:Anti-Allergic Agents; D018927:Anti-Asthmatic Agents; D003521:Cyclopropanes; D039563:Histamine H1 Antagonists, Non-Sedating; D020024:Leukotriene Antagonists; D010879:Piperazines; D011804:Quinolines; D013440:Sulfides; D013607:Tablets; C472067:levocetirizine; D017336:Loratadine; D016593:Terfenadine; D016589:Astemizole; C093230:fexofenadine; C121345:desloratadine; C015408:oxatomide; C093875:montelukast; D007665:Ketotifen; D017332:Cetirizine