title: Imipenem resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: emergence, epidemiology, and impact on clinical and economic outcomes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the most common gram-negative hospital-acquired pathogens. Resistance of this organism to imipenem complicates treatment.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To elucidate the risk factors for imipenem-resistant P. aeruginosa (IRPA) infection or colonization and to identify the effect of resistance on clinical and economic outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Longitudinal trends in prevalence of IRPA from 2 centers were characterized during the period from 1989 through 2006. For P. aeruginosa isolates obtained during the period from 2001 through 2006, a case-control study was conducted to investigate the association between prior carbapenem use and IRPA infection or colonization, and a cohort study was performed to identify the effect of IRPA infection or colonization on mortality, length of stay after culture, and hospital cost after culture.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From 1989 through 2006, the proportion of P. aeruginosa isolates demonstrating resistance to imipenem increased from 13% to 20% (P < .001, trend). During the period from 2001 through 2006, there were 2,542 unique patients with P. aeruginosa isolates, and 253 (10.0%) had IRPA isolates. Prior carbapenem use was independently associated with IRPA infection or colonization (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 7.92 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 4.78-13.11]). Patients with an IRPA isolate recovered had higher in-hospital mortality than did patients with an imipenem-susceptible P. aeruginosa isolate (17.4% vs 13.4%; P = .01). IRPA infection or colonization was an independent risk factor for mortality among patients with isolates recovered from blood (adjusted OR, 5.43 [95% CI, 1.72-17.10]; P = .004) but not among patients with isolates recovered from other anatomic sites (adjusted OR, 0.78 [95% CI, 0.51-1.21]; P = .27). Isolation of IRPA was associated with longer hospital stay after culture (p < .001) and greater hospital cost after culture (P < .001) than was isolation of an imipenem-susceptible strain. In multivariable analysis, IRPA infection or colonization remained an independent risk factor for both longer hospital stay after culture (coefficient, 0.20 [95% CI, 0.04-0.36]; P = .02) and greater hospital cost after culture (coefficient, 0.30 [95% CI, 0.06-0.54]; P = .02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of IRPA infection or colonization has increased significantly, with important implications for both clinical and economic outcomes. Interventions to curb this continued increase and strategies to optimize therapy are urgently needed.
authors: Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6021, USA.
authors: Ebbing
authors: E
authors: Lautenbach
authors: Marie
authors: M
authors: Synnestvedt
authors: Mark G
authors: MG
authors: Weiner
authors: Warren B
authors: WB
authors: Bilker
authors: Lien
authors: L
authors: Vo
authors: Jeff
authors: J
authors: Schein
authors: Myoung
authors: M
authors: Kim
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002353:Carrier State / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015378:Imipenem / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011379:Prognosis; D011552:Pseudomonas Infections / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000401:mortality; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D015378:Imipenem