Long-term stability of cardiovascular and catecholamine responses to stress tests: an 18-year follow-up study.
Cardiovascular (CV) hyperreactivity to stress must be reasonably stable if it is considered to be important in the development of hypertension and CV disease. The aim of the present study was to assess long-term stability of blood pressure, heart rate, epinephrine, and norepinephrine responses to a cold pressor test and a mental arithmetic stress test. Eighty-one subjects selected from the first (n=30), 50th (n=30), and 95th to 99th (n=39) percentiles of the mean blood pressure distribution at a military draft procedure were tested on 2 occasions 18 years apart. Stress responses were measured during a cold pressor test (hand immersed in ice water for 1 minute) and during a mental stress test (subtraction for 5 minutes). Intra-arterial blood pressure measurements and arterial catecholamine samples were taken at the initial examination. At follow-up, noninvasive Finapres beat-to-beat blood pressure measurements and venous plasma catecholamine samples were used. The 18-year correlations of the CV and epinephrine absolute responses during mental stress ranged from 0.6 to 0.8. The entry/follow-up correlation of systolic blood pressure during the mental stress test (95% CI: 0.69 to 0.86) was significantly higher than during the cold pressor test (95% CI: 0.30 to 0.65), and responses to mental stress overall appeared to be more stable than responses to the cold pressor test. Our study suggests that CV and sympathoadrenal reactivity, specifically to mental stress, are relatively stable individual characteristics. These results support one of the necessary preconditions to consider hyperreactivity involved in the development of hypertension and CV disease.
Hassellund
Skjalg S
SS
Center of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Department of Acute Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Ullevaal, Kirkeveien 166, N-0407 Oslo, Norway. skjalsh@medisin.uio.no
Flaa
Arnljot
A
Sandvik
Leiv
L
Kjeldsen
Sverre E
SE
Rostrup
Morten
M
D000328:Adult; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002319:Cardiovascular System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002395:Catecholamines / Q000097:blood*; D003080:Cold Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003971:Diastole; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000097:blood; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000097:blood; D012307:Risk Factors; D013312:Stress, Physiological; D013315:Stress, Psychological; D013599:Systole; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
D002395:Catecholamines; D009638:Norepinephrine; D004837:Epinephrine