title: Hypothesis: could Epstein-Barr virus play a role in the development of gastroschisis?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The strong inverse association between maternal age and risk of gastroschisis in offspring has spurred many investigators to hypothesize that behaviors among younger females are the cause. Examples include cigarette smoking, illicit drugs, genitourinary infections, and sexually transmitted diseases, each of which has been reported to be associated with gastroschisis. Although these exposures are more common in young women, recent studies have shown that cigarette smoking, genitourinary infections, and sexually transmitted diseases are most strongly associated with gastroschisis in older women. There is both anecdotal and published evidence showing that gastroschisis sometimes (but not always) occurs in clusters, raising the possibility that an infectious agent might be involved in its pathogenesis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One such agent whose epidemiologic characteristics parallel those of gastroschisis is Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Primary EBV infection in early childhood has been decreasing over time, leaving a greater proportion of adolescents at risk, as reflected by increased rates of infectious mononucleosis over time. During the childbearing years, risk of primary EBV infection decreases dramatically, as does risk of gastroschisis. The stronger risks of gastroschisis associated with cigarette smoking, genitourinary infections, and sexually transmitted diseases in older women might be explained by EBV reactivation resulting from multiple challenges to immune response such as pregnancy, age, toxic exposures, and genitourinary and sexually transmitted infections.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EBV and other herpes viruses should be added to the research agenda for gastroschisis.
authors: Slone Epidemiology Center at Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA. werler@bu.edu
authors: Martha M
authors: MM
authors: Werler
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D020031:Epstein-Barr Virus Infections / Q000635:transmission*; D005260:Female; D052776:Female Urogenital Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D020139:Gastroschisis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology*; D004854:Herpesvirus 4, Human; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; D008297:Male; D008423:Maternal Age; D008431:Maternal-Fetal Exchange; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000821:virology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012749:Sexually Transmitted Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D013287:Illicit Drugs