title: Testing an adaptation of the EPIC physical activity questionnaire in Portuguese adults: a validation study that assesses the seasonal bias of self-report.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  No self-report method to measure different types and intensities of physical activity (PA) in adults has been tested in the Portuguese population. We assessed the validity, reproducibility and seasonal bias on past-year PA reporting.
  
  
  METHODS
  A sample of 953 Portuguese adults was evaluated between 2001 and 2003. A 4 x 7-day PA diary was used as a reference method to evaluate the validity of the EPIC questionnaire adapted for the Portuguese population (n = 114). Spearman's correlation coefficients were calculated and agreement was tested using Bland-Altman plots. Trigonometric linear models were used to assess the seasonal variation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Correlations between the questionnaire and the diaries were 0.56, 0.50, 0.88 and 0.78 for total, rest, occupational and leisure-time PA, respectively. The coefficients for reproducibility (2-3 months interval) ranged between 0.80 for leisure and 0.91 for occupational. Visualizing Bland-Altman plots, only rest PA revealed a tendency towards an increase in differences with increasing rest reported. Males interviewed in April and August reported the highest and lowest mean of leisure-time PA, respectively. For professional activities, the probability of amplitude being over one-half standard deviation was 33%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The questionnaire is a valid and reproducible instrument for the brief assessment of usual energy expenditure in adults, detailing different types of PA. In males, seasonal bias on reporting leisure-time and professional PA was found.
authors: Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Porto Medical School, Porto, Portugal.
authors: Miguel
authors: M
authors: Camões
authors: Milton
authors: M
authors: Severo
authors: Ana Cristina
authors: AC
authors: Santos
authors: Henrique
authors: H
authors: Barros
authors: Carla
authors: C
authors: Lopes
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015982:Bias; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007899:Leisure Activities; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity; D011174:Portugal; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012621:Seasons; D012647:Self-Assessment; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D055815:Young Adult