title: Growth of Belgian and Norwegian children compared to the WHO growth standards: prevalence below -2 and above +2 SD and the effect of breastfeeding.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  New national growth references have been published in Belgium and Norway. The WHO recommends universal use of their 2006 Child Growth Standards based on data from breastfed children.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare the growth of Belgian and Norwegian children with the WHO standards.
  
  
  METHODS
  6985 children 0-5 years of age from Belgium and Norway.
  
  
  METHODS
  Proportion of children below -2 SD and above +2 SD of the WHO standards was calculated for length/height, weight, body mass index and head circumference. Average SD scores of exclusively breastfed children of non-smoking mothers were compared with national reference data and with the WHO standards.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Generally, the number of Belgian and Norwegian children below -2 SD lines of the WHO standards was lower and above +2 SD higher than expected. The largest differences were for head circumference (0.97% Belgian and 0.18% Norwegian children below -2 SD, 6.55% Belgian and 6.40% Norwegian children above +2 SD) and the smallest for length/height (1.25% Belgian and 1.43% Norwegian children below -2 SD, 3.47% Belgian and 2.81% Norwegian children above +2 SD). The growth pattern of breastfed children of non-smoking mothers was in both countries more alike the local national growth references than the WHO standards.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There are significant deviations in the proportion of children outside normal limits (±2 SD) of the WHO standards. This was true for all children, including those who were exclusively breastfed. Hence, adoption of the WHO growth charts could have consequences for clinical decision-making. These findings advocate the use of national references in Belgium and Norway, also for breastfed children.
authors: Section for Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway. petur.juliusson@med.uib.no
authors: P B
authors: PB
authors: Júlíusson
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Roelants
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Hoppenbrouwers
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Hauspie
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Bjerknes
mesh_terms: D000886:Anthropometry / Q000379:methods; D001530:Belgium / Q000453:epidemiology; D001827:Body Height / Q000502:physiology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology; D001942:Breast Feeding / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006128:Growth; D006130:Growth Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006257:Head / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012016:Reference Values; D014944:World Health Organization