title: High-density lipoprotein particles and markers of inflammation and thrombotic activity in patients with untreated HIV infection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Untreated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is associated with changes in blood lipids, inflammation, thrombotic activity, and increased risk for cardiovascular disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied high-density lipoprotein particle (HDLp) concentrations and inflammatory (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein [hsCRP] and interleukin [IL] 6), endothelial activation (E-selectin and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 [sICAM-1]), and thrombotic (fibrinogen and D-dimer) biomarkers in a group of 32 untreated HIV-infected and 29 uninfected persons. Differences in the levels of blood lipids and biomarkers by HIV status were examined before and after adjustment for age, sex, race/ethnicity, smoking status, body mass index, and the presence of hepatitis C.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HIV-infected participants, compared with uninfected participants, had lower HDL cholesterol (HDLc) levels (-26%) and HDLp numbers (-21%), with reductions in large (-50%) and small (-20%) HDLp, specifically (P < or = .01 for all). A trend was present for higher total cholesterol (P = .15 and triglyceride levels (P = .11) among individuals with HIV infection. Levels of IL-6, sICAM-1, and D-dimer were 65%-70% higher in HIV-infected participants (P < or = .02 for all). Covariate adjustment did not diminish these associations. For HIV-infected participants, total and small HDLp (respectively) tended to correlate inversely with levels of IL-6 (P = .08 and P = .02), sICAM-1 (P < .01 for both) and D-dimer (P = .03 and p < .01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Persons with untreated HIV infection have lower HDLp (primarily large and small HDLp) and higher IL-6, sICAM-1, and D-dimer levels, and the relationship of these markers to HIV-mediated atherosclerotic risk requires further study.
authors: Department of Medicine, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
authors: Jason
authors: J
authors: Baker
authors: Woubeshet
authors: W
authors: Ayenew
authors: Harrison
authors: H
authors: Quick
authors: Katherine Huppler
authors: KH
authors: Hullsiek
authors: Russell
authors: R
authors: Tracy
authors: Keith
authors: K
authors: Henry
authors: Daniel
authors: D
authors: Duprez
authors: James D
authors: JD
authors: Neaton
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005338:Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products / Q000032:analysis; D005340:Fibrinogen / Q000032:analysis; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000097:blood / Q000821:virology*
chemical_list: D005338:Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products; C508600:IL6 protein, human; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL; C036309:fibrin fragment D; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; D005340:Fibrinogen