title: Mystery unsolved: missing limbs in deformed amphibians.
abstract: Ballengee and Sessions (2009) claim that predatory attacks by small predators such as Sympetrum dragonfly larvae are sufficient to explain amphibian limb deformities in which the limb is partly or completely missing. This deformity type, the most common in nature, is not well explained by Ribeiroia infection which has also been nominated as a mechanism for limb deformities. We argue that the conclusions of the Ballanegee and Sessions study are not well founded. In part this is because the authors have provided no quantitative analysis of the association between limb deformities and predator densities. Our own data on frequencies of limb deformities suggest that missing hind limbs are often extremely rare even when Sympetrum and other small predators are common. While predatory attacks may contribute to observations of limb deformities, further study will be required to elucidate their role; other potential mechanisms deserve study as well. It is premature, and counterproductive, to draw any conclusions regarding the mechanisms behind the most common limb deformities recorded in natural populations.
authors: School of Forestry & Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA. david.skelly@yale.edu
authors: David K
authors: DK
authors: Skelly
authors: Michael F
authors: MF
authors: Benard
mesh_terms: D000663:Amphibians / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000382:microbiology; D000818:Animals; D009033:Culicidae / Q000502:physiology; D005552:Forelimb / Q000002:abnormalities*; D006614:Hindlimb / Q000002:abnormalities*; D011235:Predatory Behavior