title: Linagliptin, a xanthine-based dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor with an unusual profile for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Type 2 diabetes is a progressive disease for which current treatments are often unsatisfactory with respect to achieving therapeutic goals and unwanted side effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Preclinical and clinical studies of linagliptin, a new oral antidiabetic agent, including data presented at Scientific Meetings and peer-reviewed studies published since 2007.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This article reviews pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of linagliptin. Linagliptin belongs to a new chemical class of dipeptidyl pepidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, which comprise xanthine-based compounds. It is a potent, long-acting inhibitor with high selectivity for DPP-4 versus the related enzymes DPP-8 and DPP-9. The drug has modest oral availability in humans, but is absorbed rapidly to inhibit plasma DPP-4 activity by > 80% over 24 h. It is not metabolized appreciably in vivo, but binds extensively to plasma proteins, with elimination occurring primarily in the liver. Linagliptin reduces degradation of the incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 and is associated with reduced fasting and postprandial glucose in preclinical and clinical studies. Limited data from longer duration clinical trials show it improves glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Linagliptin is a new oral antidiabetic agent associated with minimal risk of hypoglycemia, which holds promise for treatment of type 2 diabetes.
authors: University of Copenhagen, Panum Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark. deacon@mfi.ku.dk
authors: Carolyn F
authors: CF
authors: Deacon
authors: Jens J
authors: JJ
authors: Holst
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology; D054873:Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000069476:Linagliptin; D015394:Molecular Structure; D011687:Purines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011799:Quinazolines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019820:Xanthine / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D054873:Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D011687:Purines; D011799:Quinazolines; D019820:Xanthine; D000069476:Linagliptin