title: Economic implications of comorbid conditions among Medicaid beneficiaries with COPD.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize a comprehensive comorbidity profile and to explore the economic implications of comorbidity among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
  
  
  METHODS
  This retrospective cohort study analyzed medical claims from the Maryland Medicaid database. We employed a 1:2 case-control design to select COPD patients (n=1388) and demographically matched controls (n=2776) aged 40 to 64 years with 24 months of continuous enrollment. Odds ratios were employed to compare comorbidity differences, including 17 conditions defined by the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) and 6 additional conditions commonly observed in COPD patients. We estimated the incremental medical utilization and medical cost by specific condition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with the controls, Medicaid COPD patients had higher comorbidity burden and were more likely to have myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, cerebrovascular disease, peptic ulcer, mild liver disease, hypertension, sleep apnea, tobacco use, and edema. COPD patients on average had 24% more medical claims (81.4 vs. 65.4, p<0.001) and were 33% more expensive than controls ($7603 vs. $5732, p<0.001). Ten conditions defined by the CCI as well as hypertension, tobacco use, and edema were associated with incremental medical utilization and cost in COPD patients; depression was associated with incremental medical utilization but not cost.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The high burden of comorbidity in COPD patients translates into additional medical utilization and cost. Effective disease management and treatment protocols are needed to reduce comorbidity burden. The development of a COPD-specific comorbidity measure may be used to identify high-risk subgroups and to predict utilization and cost.
authors: Center for the Evaluation of Value and Risk in Health, Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA. plin@tuftsmedicalcenter.org
authors: Pei-Jung
authors: PJ
authors: Lin
authors: Fadia T
authors: FT
authors: Shaya
authors: Steven M
authors: SM
authors: Scharf
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008396:Maryland / Q000453:epidemiology; D008484:Medicaid / Q000191:economics*; D008875:Middle Aged; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology