title: Why mortality is increased in health-care-associated pneumonia: lessons from pneumococcal bacteremic pneumonia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A cohort of patients with bacteremic Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia was reviewed to assess why mortality is higher in health-care-associated pneumonia (HCAP) than in community-acquired pneumonia (CAP).
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective cohort of all adult patients with bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia attended at the ED was used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred eighty-four cases were classified as CAP and 44 (19%) as HCAP. Fifty-two (23%) were admitted to the ICU. Three (1.5%) isolates were resistant to beta-lactams, and only two patients received inappropriate therapy. The CAP cohort was significantly younger (median age 68 years, interquartile range [IQR] 42-78 vs 77 years, IQR 67-82, P < .001). The HCAP cohort presented a higher Charlson index (2.81 +/- 1.9 vs 1.23 +/- 1.42, P < .001) and had higher severity of illness at admission (altered mental status, respiratory rate > 30/min, Pao(2)/Fio(2) < 250, and multilobar involvement). HCAP patients had a lower rate of ICU admission (11.3% vs 25.5%, P < .05), and a trend toward lower mechanical ventilation (9% vs 19%, P = .17) and vasopressor use (9% vs 18.4%, P = .17) were documented. More patients in the HCAP cohort presented with a pneumonia severity index score > 90 (class IV-V, 95% vs 65%, P < .001), and 30-day mortality was significantly higher (29.5% vs 7.6%, P < .001). A multivariable regression logistic analysis adjusting for underlying conditions and variables related to severity of illness confirmed that HCAP is an independent variable associated with increased mortality (odds ratio = 5.56; 95% CI, 1.86-16.5).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pneumococcal HCAP presents excess mortality, which is independent of bacterial susceptibility. Differences in outcomes were probably due to differences in age, comorbidities, and criteria for ICU admission rather than to therapeutic decisions.
authors: Critical Care Department, Joan XXIII University Hospital, Carrer Mallafre Guasch, 4, Tarragona 43007, Spain. jrello.hj23.ics@gencat.cat
authors: Jordi
authors: J
authors: Rello
authors: Manel
authors: M
authors: Luján
authors: Miguel
authors: M
authors: Gallego
authors: Jordi
authors: J
authors: Vallés
authors: Yolanda
authors: Y
authors: Belmonte
authors: Dionisia
authors: D
authors: Fontanals
authors: Emili
authors: E
authors: Diaz
authors: Thiago
authors: T
authors: Lisboa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015331:Cohort Studies; D017714:Community-Acquired Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003422:Critical Care; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008168:Lung / Q000382:microbiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011008:Pneumococcal Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality*; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents