title: Evidence of clinical practice heterogeneity in the use of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in heart failure and post-myocardial infarction left ventricular dysfunction: Findings from IMPROVE HF.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clinical guidelines recommend implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) for selected patients with chronic left ventricular dysfunction (LVD) to improve survival, yet ICD treatment rates for eligible patients with LVD or heart failure (HF) in cardiology practices remain poorly studied.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study sought to determine patient and practice characteristics associated with ICD use in the outpatient setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  IMPROVE HF (Improve the Use of Evidence-Based Heart Failure Therapies in the Outpatient Setting), a prospective cohort study, is designed to characterize management of HF with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF < or =35%). Baseline data were collected for 15,381 patients attending 167 outpatient cardiology practices located in the U.S.
  
  
  RESULTS
  By current guidelines, 7,221 patients met eligibility for ICD implantation (+/- cardiac resynchronization therapy [CRT]), of whom 3,659 (50.7%) received either ICD (63.8%) or CRT with defibrillator (36.2%). Individual practice conformity for guideline-recommended ICD use ranged from 0% to 100% (27.3% to 74.6% at the 10th and 90th percentiles, respectively). Adjusted analyses revealed lack of adherence for ICD use most notably with advancing age (odds ratio: 0.87; 95% confidence interval: 0.82 to 0.93 per 10 years), black race (odds ratio: 0.75; 95% confidence interval: 0.60 to 0.94), and lack of insurance (odds ratio: 0.45; 95% confidence interval: 0.26 to 0.78). Characteristics of increased adherence included male sex, ischemic disease, atrial fibrillation, and wider QRS. Practices in the Northeast U.S. were more likely to adhere to guidelines (P <.001), as were those with a dedicated HF clinic (P = .004) and electrophysiologists on staff (P <.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although a number of patient and practice characteristics are associated with guideline-based ICD use, there is significant unexplained variation in the use of ICD therapy for sudden death prophylaxis across cardiology practices.
authors: University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. mmehra@medicine.umaryland.edu
authors: Mandeep R
authors: MR
authors: Mehra
authors: Clyde W
authors: CW
authors: Yancy
authors: Nancy M
authors: NM
authors: Albert
authors: Anne B
authors: AB
authors: Curtis
authors: Wendy Gattis
authors: WG
authors: Stough
authors: Mihai
authors: M
authors: Gheorghiade
authors: J Thomas
authors: JT
authors: Heywood
authors: Mark L
authors: ML
authors: McBride
authors: Christopher M
authors: CM
authors: O'Connor
authors: Dwight
authors: D
authors: Reynolds
authors: Mary Norine
authors: MN
authors: Walsh
authors: Gregg C
authors: GC
authors: Fonarow
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000150:complications*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010045:Outpatients; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left