title: Alterations in brain glucose utilization accompanying elevations in blood ethanol and acetate concentrations in the rat.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies in humans have shown that alcohol consumption decreased the rate of brain glucose utilization. We investigated whether the major metabolite of ethanol, acetate, could account for this observation by providing an alternate to glucose as an energy substrate for brain and the metabolic consequences of that shift.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats were infused with solutions of sodium acetate, ethanol, or saline containing (13)C-2-glucose as a tracer elevating the blood ethanol (BEC) and blood acetate (BAcC) concentrations. After an hour, blood was sampled and the brains of animals were removed by freeze blowing. Tissue samples were analyzed for the intermediates of glucose metabolism, Krebs' cycle, acyl-coenzyme A (CoA) compounds, and amino acids.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean peak BEC and BAcC were approximately 25 and 0.8 mM, respectively, in ethanol-infused animals. Peak blood BAcC increased to 12 mM in acetate-infused animals. Both ethanol and acetate infused animals had a lower uptake of (13)C-glucose into the brain compared to controls and the concentration of brain (13)C-glucose-6-phosphate varied inversely with the BAcC. There were higher concentrations of brain malonyl-CoA and somewhat lower levels of free Mg(2+) in ethanol-treated animals compared to saline controls. In acetate-infused animals the concentrations of brain lactate, alpha-ketoglutarate, and fumarate were higher. Moreover, the free cytosolic [NAD(+)]/[NADH] was lower, the free mitochondrial [NAD(+)]/[NADH] and [CoQ]/[CoQH(2)] were oxidized and the DeltaG' of ATP lowered by acetate infusion from -61.4 kJ to -59.9 kJ/mol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Animals with elevated levels of blood ethanol or acetate had decreased (13)C-glucose uptake into the brain. In acetate-infused animals elevated BAcC were associated with a decrease in (13)C-glucose phosphorylation. The co-ordinate decrease in free cytosolic NAD, oxidation of mitochondrial NAD and Q couples and the decrease in DeltaG' of ATP was similar to administration of uncoupling agents indicating that the metabolism of acetate in brain caused the mitochondrial voltage dependent pore to form.
authors: Laboratory of Metabolic Control and Laboratory of Physiological Studies, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-9410, USA. bpawl@mail.nih.gov
authors: Robert J
authors: RJ
authors: Pawlosky
authors: Yoshihiro
authors: Y
authors: Kashiwaya
authors: Shireesh
authors: S
authors: Srivastava
authors: Michael T
authors: MT
authors: King
authors: Calvin
authors: C
authors: Crutchfield
authors: Nora
authors: N
authors: Volkow
authors: George
authors: G
authors: Kunos
authors: Ting-Kai
authors: TK
authors: Li
authors: Richard L
authors: RL
authors: Veech
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates / Q000097:blood*; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001923:Brain Chemistry / Q000187:drug effects*; D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants / Q000097:blood*; D002952:Citric Acid Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D003065:Coenzyme A / Q000378:metabolism; D003600:Cytosol / Q000378:metabolism; D019075:Electrophoresis, Capillary; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects; D000431:Ethanol / Q000097:blood*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D019298:Glucose-6-Phosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D006019:Glycolysis; D008297:Male; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism; D009711:Nucleotides / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010766:Phosphorylation; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; D000596:Amino Acids; D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants; D009711:Nucleotides; D000431:Ethanol; D019298:Glucose-6-Phosphate; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D005947:Glucose; D003065:Coenzyme A