title: Immune-based therapeutics for pediatric cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although most children with cancer are cured, there remain significant limitations of standard treatment, most notably chemotherapy resistance and non-specific toxicities. Novel immune-based therapies that target pediatric malignancies offer attractive adjuncts and/or alternatives to commonly employed cytotoxic regimens of chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Elucidation of the principles of tumor biology and the development of novel laboratory technologies over the last decade have led to substantial progress in bringing immunotherapies to the bedside.
  
  
  METHODS
  Current immunotherapeutic clinical trials in pediatric oncology and the science behind their development are reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most of the immune-based therapies studied to date have been well tolerated, and some have shown promise in the setting of refractory or high-risk malignancies, demonstrating that immunotherapy has the potential to overcome resistance to conventional chemotherapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Some immune-based therapies, such as ch14.18 and MTP-PE, have already been proven effective in phase III randomized trials. Further studies are needed to optimize and integrate other therapies into standard regimens, and to test them in randomized trials for patients with childhood cancer.
authors: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Center for Cancer Research, Pediatric Oncology Branch, 10 Center Drive, MSC 1104, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. capitinic@mail.nih.gov
authors: Christian M
authors: CM
authors: Capitini
authors: Crystal L
authors: CL
authors: Mackall
authors: Alan S
authors: AS
authors: Wayne
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019496:Cancer Vaccines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D016207:Cytokines / Q000502:physiology; D018380:Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation; D006801:Humans; D007111:Immunity, Cellular / Q000502:physiology; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000187:drug effects; D007167:Immunotherapy; D016219:Immunotherapy, Adoptive; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D007938:Leukemia / Q000628:therapy; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D019496:Cancer Vaccines; D016207:Cytokines; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins