title: Changes in skeletal muscle oxygenation during exercise measured by near-infrared spectroscopy on ascent to altitude.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We sought to quantify changes in skeletal muscle oxygenation during exercise using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in healthy volunteers ascending to high altitude.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using NIRS, skeletal muscle tissue oxygen saturation (StO2) was measured in the vastus lateralis of 24 subjects. Measurements were performed at sea level (SL; 75 m), at 3,500 m, on arrival at 5,300 m (5,300 m-a; days 15 to 17) and at 5,300 m again (5,300 m-b; days 69 to 71). Amongst the subjects, nine remained at 5,300 m whilst 14 climbed to a maximum of 8,848 m. Exercise was 3 minutes of unloaded cycling followed by an incremental ramp protocol to exhaustion. The absolute StO2 at different stages of exercise along with the difference between StO2 at stages and the rate of change in StO2 were compared between altitudes. Resting peripheral oxygen saturation was recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  NIRS data achieving predefined quality criteria were available for 18 subjects at 75 m, 16 subjects at 3,500 m, 16 subjects on arrival at 5,300 m and 16 subjects on departure from 5,300 m. At SL, mean StO2 declined from 74.4% at rest to 36.4% at maximal oxygen consumption (P < 0.0001) and then rose to 82.3% (P < 0.0001) 60 seconds after exercise had ceased. At 3,500 m-a and 5,300 m-b, the pattern was similar to SL but absolute values were approximately 15% lower at all stages. At 5,300 m-a, the resting StO2 was similar to SL and the change in StO2 at each exercise stage less marked. At 5,300 m-b, the rate of decline in StO2 during exercise was more rapid than SL (P = 0.008); here the climbers had a smaller decline in StO2 during exercise (41.0%) and a slower rate of desaturation (0.086%/second) than those who had remained at 5,300 m (62.9% and 0.127%/second) (P = 0.031 and P = 0.047, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In most individuals, NIRS can be used to measure exercising skeletal muscle oxygenation in the field. During exercise the patterns of absolute oxygenation are broadly similar at altitude and SL. Following prolonged adaptation to altitude, the rate of muscle desaturation is more rapid than observed at SL but less so in those exposed to extreme hypoxia above 5,300 m.
authors: Centre for Altitude, Space and Extreme Environment Medicine (CASE Medicine), University College London Portex Unit, Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK. dan.s.martin@gmail.com
authors: Daniel S
authors: DS
authors: Martin
authors: Denny Z H
authors: DZ
authors: Levett
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Mythen
authors: Mike P W
authors: MP
authors: Grocott
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000531:Altitude; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005080:Exercise Test / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009051:Mountaineering / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology*; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared / Q000379:methods*