The macrophage: the intersection between HIV infection and atherosclerosis.
HIV-infected individuals are at increased risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) with underlying mechanisms including chronic immune activation and inflammation secondary to HIV-induced microbial translocation and low-grade endotoxemia; direct effects of HIV and viral proteins on macrophage cholesterol metabolism; and dyslipidemia related to HIV infection and specific antiretroviral therapies. Monocytes are the precursors of the lipid-laden foam cells within the atherosclerotic plaque and produce high levels of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-6. The minor CD14+/CD16+ "proinflammatory" monocyte subpopulation is preferentially susceptible to HIV infection and may play a critical role in the pathogenesis of HIV-related CAD. In this review, the central role of monocytes/macrophages in HIV-related CAD and the importance of inflammation and cholesterol metabolism are discussed.
Crowe
Suzanne M
SM
Centre for Virology, Macfarlane Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, Melbourne 3004, Australia. crowe@burnet.edu.au
Westhorpe
Clare L V
CL
Mukhamedova
Nigora
N
Jaworowski
Anthony
A
Sviridov
Dmitri
D
Bukrinsky
Michael
M
D000818:Animals; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D058851:GPI-Linked Proteins; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D008262:Macrophage Activation / Q000276:immunology*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D017452:Receptors, IgG / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D012307:Risk Factors
C428200:FCGR3B protein, human; D058851:GPI-Linked Proteins; C508600:IL6 protein, human; D015850:Interleukin-6; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors; D017452:Receptors, IgG; D002784:Cholesterol