title: The use of theory in qualitative approaches to research: application in end-of-life studies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This paper is a report of an analysis of the use of theory in qualitative approaches to research as exemplified in qualitative end-of-life studies.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Nurses researchers turn to theory to conceptualize research problems and guide investigations. However, researchers using qualitative approaches do not consistently articulate how theory has been applied, and no clear consensus exists regarding the appropriate application of theory in qualitative studies. A review of qualitative, end-of-life studies is used to illustrate application of theory to study design and findings.
  
  
  METHODS
  A review of theoretical literature was carried out, focusing on definitions and use of theory in qualitative end-of-life studies published in English between 1990 and 2008.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The term 'theory' continues to be used in a variety of ways by theorists and researchers. Within the reviewed end-of-life studies, the use of theory included theory creation or provision of a comparative framework for data analysis and interpretation. Implications for nursing. Nurses who conduct qualitative studies should examine the philosophical and theoretical bases of their selected methodological approach, articulate a theoretical framework that fits the phenomenon being studied, and adopt a critical, flexible and creative attitude when applying theory to a study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Theory can be put to several uses in qualitative inquiry and should guide nurse researchers as they develop and implement their studies. Nurse educators who teach qualitative approaches to research should emphasize a variety of ways to incorporate theory in qualitative designs.
authors: Meiho Institute of Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan.
authors: Hung-Lan
authors: HL
authors: Wu
authors: Deborah L
authors: DL
authors: Volker
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D015404:Nursing Methodology Research / Q000379:methods*; D009742:Nursing Theory; D036301:Qualitative Research; D012107:Research Design; D013727:Terminal Care; D019452:Terminally Ill