title: Role of thermodynamic and kinetic parameters in gadolinium chelate stability.
abstract: In recent years there has been a renewed interest in the physicochemical properties of gadolinium chelates (GC). The aim of this review is to discuss the physicochemical properties of marketed GC with regard to possible biological consequences. GC can be classified according to three key molecular features: 1) the nature of the chelating moiety: either macrocyclic molecules in which Gd(3+) is caged in the preorganized cavity of the ligand, or linear, open-chain molecules; 2) ionicity: the ionicity of the molecule varies from neutral to tri-anionic agents; and 3) the presence or absence of an aromatic lipophilic moiety, which has a profound impact on the biodistribution of the GC. These parameters can also explain why GC differ considerably with regard to their thermodynamic stability constants and kinetic stability, as demonstrated by numerous studies. The concept of thermodynamic and kinetic stability is critically discussed, as it remains somewhat controversial, especially in predicting the amount of free gadolinium that may result from decomplexation of chelates in physiologic or pathologic situations. This review examines the possibility that the high kinetic stability provided by the macrocyclic structure combined with a high thermodynamic stability (reinforced by ionicity for macrocyclic chelates) can minimize the amount of free Gd(3+) released in the body. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2009;30:1249-1258. (c) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
authors: Guerbet, Research Division, Roissy Charles de Gaulle, France. ideej@guerbet-group.com
authors: Jean-Marc
authors: JM
authors: Idée
authors: Marc
authors: M
authors: Port
authors: Caroline
authors: C
authors: Robic
authors: Christelle
authors: C
authors: Medina
authors: Monique
authors: M
authors: Sabatou
authors: Claire
authors: C
authors: Corot
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002614:Chelating Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D004355:Drug Stability; D005682:Gadolinium / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D007700:Kinetics; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000009:adverse effects; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D054989:Nephrogenic Fibrosing Dermopathy / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism; D009928:Organ Specificity; D013816:Thermodynamics; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D002614:Chelating Agents; D003287:Contrast Media; D005682:Gadolinium