title: Methodological considerations in quantification of oncological FDG PET studies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This review aims to provide insight into the factors that influence quantification of glucose metabolism by FDG PET images in oncology as well as their influence on repeated measures studies (i.e. treatment response assessment), offering improved understanding both for clinical practice and research.
  
  
  METHODS
  Structural PubMed searches have been performed for the many factors affecting quantification of glucose metabolism by FDG PET. Review articles and references lists have been used to supplement the search findings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Biological factors such as fasting blood glucose level, FDG uptake period, FDG distribution and clearance, patient motion (breathing) and patient discomfort (stress) all influence quantification. Acquisition parameters should be adjusted to maximize the signal to noise ratio without exposing the patient to a higher than strictly necessary radiation dose. This is especially challenging in pharmacokinetic analysis, where the temporal resolution is of significant importance. The literature is reviewed on the influence of attenuation correction on parameters for glucose metabolism, the effect of motion, metal artefacts and contrast agents on quantification of CT attenuation-corrected images. Reconstruction settings (analytical versus iterative reconstruction, post-reconstruction filtering and image matrix size) all potentially influence quantification due to artefacts, noise levels and lesion size dependency. Many region of interest definitions are available, but increased complexity does not necessarily result in improved performance. Different methods for the quantification of the tissue of interest can introduce systematic and random inaccuracy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This review provides an up-to-date overview of the many factors that influence quantification of glucose metabolism by FDG PET.
authors: Department of Nuclear Medicine (internal postal code 444), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9101, 6500, HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. D.Vriens@nucmed.umcn.nl
authors: Dennis
authors: D
authors: Vriens
authors: Eric P
authors: EP
authors: Visser
authors: Lioe-Fee
authors: LF
authors: de Geus-Oei
authors: Wim J G
authors: WJ
authors: Oyen
mesh_terms: D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18 / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
chemical_list: D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18