title: Stimulation threshold potentials of intraoperative cortical motor mapping using monopolar trains of five in pediatric epilepsy surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Direct cortical stimulation in commonly used for the accurate localization of the motor cortex but the electrical threshold stimulation parameters with this technique had not been fully established.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review of 15 cases of pediatric surgical cases were performed. The patients consisted of nine male patients and six female patients with age range from 2 to 18 years (mean: 10.8 years; median: 14 years). The most common pathology was cortical dysplasia (nine cases). Stimulation was performed with a train of five stimulations (range five-seven stimulations; <5% of stimulations required more than five stimulations) applied, each train of 50 micros pulse duration, with an interstimulus interval of 1.1 msec. Stimulation intensity commenced at 25 V and this was increased at 5-10 V increments until motor evoked potentials waveforms of sufficient duration and morphology were consistently generated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Monopolar electrical stimulation threshold for intraoperative motor cortical mapping were found to be more consistent in the upper limb compared to lower limb and facial muscles. Evoked responses from the extensor digitorium communis had the highest recorded rate (83.7%) and required the lowest stimulation voltage (36.0 V). The stimulation voltage was found to be statistically significant compared to threshold values for abductor hallucis, tibialis anterior, deltoid, and orbicularis oris with respective p values of 0.006, 0.021, 0,027, and 0.015. There was also a distinct trend that patients with cortical dysplasia/tuberous sclerosis have higher stimulation thresholds when compared to other pathology (p = 0.067).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Monopolar electrical stimulation threshold for intraoperative motor cortical mapping were more consistent in the upper limb compared to lower limb and facial muscles. Evoked responses from the extensor digitorium communis had the highest recorded rate and required the lowest stimulation voltage. There was also a distinct trend that patients with cortical dysplasia/tuberous sclerosis have higher stimulation thresholds.
authors: Division of Neurosurgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
authors: Wai Hoe
authors: WH
authors: Ng
authors: Ayako
authors: A
authors: Ochi
authors: James T
authors: JT
authors: Rutka
authors: Samuel
authors: S
authors: Strantzas
authors: Laura
authors: L
authors: Holmes
authors: Hiroshi
authors: H
authors: Otsubo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000601:surgery*; D019054:Evoked Potentials, Motor / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000379:methods*; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000502:physiology