title: Inhibitor of DNA binding/differentiation 2 induced by hypoxia promotes synovial fibroblast-dependent osteoclastogenesis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To map hypoxic areas in arthritic synovium and to establish the relevance of low oxygen levels to the phenotype of synovial fibroblasts, with special focus on bone degradation.
  
  
  METHODS
  To analyze the distribution of hypoxia in arthritic joints, the hypoxia marker EF5 was administered to mice with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). To evaluate the effect of hypoxia on rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts (RASFs), reverse suppression subtractive hybridization and complementary DNA array were used. Real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry were used to evaluate the expression of inhibitor of DNA binding/differentiation 2 (ID-2). To investigate the function of ID-2 in RASFs, cells were transfected either with ID-2 vector or with ID-2-specific small interfering RNA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  EF5 staining showed the presence of hypoxia in arthritic joints, particularly at sites of synovial invasion into bone. Differential expression analysis revealed that ID-2 was strongly induced by hypoxia in RASFs. Immunohistochemical analysis of CIA mouse synovium and human RA synovium showed a strong expression of ID-2 by RASFs at sites of synovial invasion into bone. Overexpression of ID-2 in RASFs significantly induced the expression of several factors promoting osteoclastogenesis. The biologic relevance of the potent osteoclastogenesis-promoting effects was shown by coculture assays of ID-2-overexpressing RASFs with bone marrow cells, leading to an increased differentiation of osteoclasts from bone marrow precursors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data show that hypoxic conditions are present at sites of inflammation and synovial invasion into bone in arthritic synovium. Hypoxia-induced ID-2 may contribute to joint destruction in RA patients by promoting synovial fibroblast-dependent osteoclastogenesis.
authors: University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors: Mariola
authors: M
authors: Kurowska-Stolarska
authors: Jörg H W
authors: JH
authors: Distler
authors: Astrid
authors: A
authors: Jüngel
authors: Weronika
authors: W
authors: Rudnicka
authors: Elena
authors: E
authors: Neumann
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Pap
authors: Roland H
authors: RH
authors: Wenger
authors: Beat A
authors: BA
authors: Michel
authors: Ulf
authors: U
authors: Müller-Ladner
authors: Renate E
authors: RE
authors: Gay
authors: Wlodzimierz
authors: W
authors: Maslinski
authors: Steffen
authors: S
authors: Gay
authors: Oliver
authors: O
authors: Distler
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001169:Arthritis, Experimental / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D001862:Bone Resorption / Q000378:metabolism*; D015687:Cell Hypoxia; D017341:Etanidazole / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D006845:Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated / Q000378:metabolism; D007202:Indicators and Reagents / Q000378:metabolism; D051797:Inhibitor of Differentiation Protein 2 / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D007596:Joints / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008811:Mice, Inbred DBA; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D010010:Osteoclasts / Q000378:metabolism*; D013583:Synovial Membrane / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D005466:Fluorocarbons
chemical_list: D017341:Etanidazole; D006845:Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D051797:Inhibitor of Differentiation Protein 2; C497452:Idb2 protein, mouse; C096011:2-(2-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl)acetamide; D005466:Fluorocarbons