title: Quantifying electrosurgery-induced thermal effects and damage to human tissue: an exploratory study with the fallopian tube as a novel in-vivo in-situ model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a human in vivo in situ model for analyzing the extent and the basic mechanisms of thermal spread and thermal tissue damage.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, open, uncontrolled, nonrandomized, single-center exploratory study.
  
  
  METHODS
  University hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen adult patients undergoing open abdominal hysterectomy for benign disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Unilateral fallopian tube tissue desiccation (10 seconds) with a laparoscopic bipolar clamp at routine settings.
  
  
  METHODS
  Deep tissue temperature (thermal probe), tissue surface temperature (thermal camera), and gross and histologic assessments of lesions with a newly developed composite scoring system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifteen specimens from 18 patients were evaluated. Lateral thermal damage (LTD; determined by lactate dehydrogenase staining), was strongly correlated with maximum desiccation temperature. Deep tissue LTD and surface LTD were linearly related. Histologic and macroscopic criteria for thermal effects and damage and the corresponding scores proved functional and strongly correlated with LTD. Measurement of deep tissue and tissue surface temperatures consistently yielded complete temporal and spatial temperature distributions that were describable by the heat equation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our novel in vivo in situ model allows standardized, reproducible, quantitative assessment of electrosurgery-induced thermal effects and damage in human tissue. It will likely provide further insight into the underlying biothermomechanics and may prove useful in the development of safety guidelines for laparoscopic electrosurgery.
authors: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany. cwallwiener@gmx.net
authors: Christian W
authors: CW
authors: Wallwiener
authors: Taufiek K
authors: TK
authors: Rajab
authors: Bernhard
authors: B
authors: Krämer
authors: Keith B
authors: KB
authors: Isaacson
authors: Sara
authors: S
authors: Brucker
authors: Markus
authors: M
authors: Wallwiener
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004598:Electrosurgery / Q000379:methods*; D005187:Fallopian Tubes / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D007044:Hysterectomy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013817:Thermography