title: Update on treatments of diabetic macular edema.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the update research progress about the treatment of diabetic macular edema and to give helpful guidelines in the treatment of diabetic macular edema based on available evidence to date.Data sources A literature search of all English articles was performed on the online electronic PubMed database dated 1984 to 2009. The keywords searched included: macular edema, therapy, laser coagulation, intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide, vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitor, protein kinase C inhibitor and Pars plana vitrectomy. After finding relevant articles within these search limits, a manual search was conducted through the references from these articles.Study selection Original articles and critical reviews were reviewed and selected to address the stated purpose.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To date, demonstrated means to reduce the risk of vision loss from diabetic macular edema include focal/grid laser photocoagulation and improved metabolic control. Emerging pharmacologic therapies (intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide, vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors and protein kinase C beta-isoform inhibitors) and Pars plana vitrectomy have shown early promise in the treatment of diabetic macular edema.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As there has been extensive development in multiple treatments of diabetic macular edema, choice of the most suitable treatment for specific patients becomes important. Combination therapy of laser, pharmacological and surgical treatment modalities may offer an alternative to treatment of diabetic macular edema.
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated First People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.
authors: Xiao-lu
authors: XL
authors: Yang
authors: Kun
authors: K
authors: Liu
authors: Xun
authors: X
authors: Xu
mesh_terms: D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D017075:Laser Coagulation; D008269:Macular Edema / Q000628:therapy*; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D064546:Protein Kinase C beta; D014222:Triamcinolone Acetonide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D014821:Vitrectomy
chemical_list: D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D064546:Protein Kinase C beta; D014222:Triamcinolone Acetonide