title: Therapeutic options for postmenopausal female sexual dysfunction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Female sexual dysfunction (FSD) is a multidimensional problem combining biological, psychological and interpersonal elements of multiple etiologies. Menopause-related sexual dysfunction may not be reversible without therapy. Hormonal deficiency does not usually decrease in severity over time. Many options are available for the successful treatment of postmenopausal FSD.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To review the pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies available for postmenopausal FSD, focusing on practical recommendations for managing postmenopausal women with sexual complaints, through a literature review of the most relevant publications in this field. PSYCHOSOCIAL THERAPY: This type of therapy (basic counselling, physiotherapy and psychosexual intervention) is considered an adaptable step-by-step approach for diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, normally combined with biomedical interventions to provide optimal outcomes. PHARMACOLOGICAL THERAPY: For postmenopausal FSD, many interventional options are now available, including hormonal therapies such as estrogens, testosterone, combined estrogen/testosterone, tibolone and dehydroepiandrosterone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Menopause and its transition represent significant risk factors for the development of sexual dysfunction. FSD impacts greatly on a patient's quality of life. Consequently, it is receiving more attention thanks to the development of effective treatments. Non-pharmacological approaches should be used first, focusing on lifestyle and psychosexual therapy. If required, proven effective hormonal and non-hormonal therapeutic options are available.
authors: Gynaecology Research Unit, Victoria Building, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Al-Azzawi
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Bitzer
authors: U
authors: U
authors: Brandenburg
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Castelo-Branco
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Graziottin
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Kenemans
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Lachowsky
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Mimoun
authors: R E
authors: RE
authors: Nappi
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Palacios
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Schwenkhagen
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Studd
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Wylie
authors: H-P
authors: HP
authors: Zahradnik
mesh_terms: D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008593:Menopause / Q000502:physiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D017698:Postmenopause; D011788:Quality of Life; D012307:Risk Factors; D012735:Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D020018:Sexual Dysfunctions, Psychological / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*