title: The effects of treadmill exercise training on hip bone density and tibial bone geometry in stroke survivors: a pilot study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Individuals with stroke often sustain bone loss on the hemiparetic side and are prone to fragility fractures. Exercise training may be a viable way to promote bone mineral density (BMD) and geometry in this population.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This was a pilot study to evaluate the effects of a 6-month treadmill exercise program on hip BMD and tibial bone geometry in chronic stroke survivors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-one individuals with chronic stroke, with a mean age of 64.5 years and mean post-stroke duration of 8.3 years participated in the study. The treatment group underwent a treadmill gait exercise program (two 1-hour sessions per week for 6 months), whereas the control group participated in their usual self-selected activities in the community. The primary outcomes were hip BMD and bone geometry of the midshaft tibia on the paretic side, whereas the secondary outcomes were gait velocity, endurance, leg muscle strength, balance self-efficacy, and physical activity level. Mann-Whitney U tests were used to compare the change in all outcome variables between the 2 groups after treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant between-group differences in change scores of tibial cortical thickness (P = .016), endurance ( P = .029), leg muscle strength on the paretic side (P < .001) and non-paretic side (P < .001), balance self-efficacy (P = .016), and physical activity level (P = .023) were found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The treadmill exercise program induced a modest improvement in tibial bone geometry in individuals with chronic stroke. Further studies are required to explore the optimal training protocol for promoting favorable changes in bone parameters following stroke.
authors: Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong. rsmpang@inet.polyu.edu.hk
authors: Marco Y C
authors: MY
authors: Pang
authors: Ricky W K
authors: RW
authors: Lau
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015519:Bone Density; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006615:Hip; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010291:Paresis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D010865:Pilot Projects; D020521:Stroke / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D013977:Tibia / Q000473:pathology*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome