title: Delivery of radiolabelled blood cells to lymphatic vessels by intradermal injection: a means of investigating lymphovenous communications in the upper limb.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify peripheral lymphovenous communications (LVCs) using labelled erythrocytes and intradermal injection. Intradermal injection delivers macromolecules to loco-regional lymph nodes faster than subcutaneous injection, suggesting easier lymphatic vessel access.
  
  
  METHODS
  Autologous erythrocytes labelled with 111In and 99mTc were injected into opposite hands. In four normal volunteers, the differentially labelled cells were given by intradermal injection on one side and subcutaneous injection on the other while in four breast cancer patients they were given by intradermal injection bilaterally 3 months after axillary lymph node clearance surgery. The axillae were imaged and blood samples obtained bilaterally at approximately 15, 30, 60, 120 and 180 min post-injection. Plasma activity was subtracted from whole blood activity to obtain erythrocyte-bound activity and contralateral concentrations were subtracted from ipsilateral concentrations to correct for ipsilateral recirculation. From estimated blood volume, erythrocyte and plasma activities contralateral to the injected side were calculated as percentage administered activity. Tracer concentrations in ipsilateral samples (%/l) were integrated to give total percentage administered activity, assuming a forearm blood flow of 20 ml/min.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Kinetics of plasma activity were consistent with small diffusible 99mTc complexes and protein-bound 111In. With both radionuclides, axillary nodes were visualized after intradermal but not subcutaneous injection, suggesting that nodal activity arises from erythrocytes. In one patient, 99mTc and 111In labelled erythrocytes accumulated in similar amounts ipsilaterally and contralaterally, suggesting bilateral LVCs distal to the ipsilateral sampling point. There was no evidence of LVCs in the other seven volunteers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intradermally injected erythrocytes are able to detect and potentially quantify peripheral LVCs.
authors: Cambridge Breast Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
authors: Susan
authors: S
authors: O'Mahony
authors: Tom Bennett
authors: TB
authors: Britton
authors: James R
authors: JR
authors: Ballinger
authors: Chandra K
authors: CK
authors: Solanki
authors: Robert W
authors: RW
authors: Barber
authors: Peter S
authors: PS
authors: Mortimer
authors: Arnie D
authors: AD
authors: Purushotham
authors: A Michael
authors: AM
authors: Peters
mesh_terms: D001773:Blood Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007205:Indium Radioisotopes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D007271:Injections, Intradermal; D008196:Lymph / Q000378:metabolism; D042601:Lymphatic Vessels / Q000378:metabolism*; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D010949:Plasma / Q000378:metabolism; D013667:Technetium / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D007205:Indium Radioisotopes; D013667:Technetium