title: Mechanism of retinal ganglion cells death in secondary degeneration of the optic nerve.
abstract: In central nervous system injury, the secondary degeneration process is known to play a major role in determining the final extent of impairment. Here, we investigated the mechanism of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death in secondary degeneration of the optic nerve using a unique model that allows morphological separation between primary and secondary degeneration. A partial transection model was applied unilaterally in 110 Wistar rat eyes. The rate of apoptosis was evaluated in primary and secondary degeneration over a period of 6 months using the Hoechst staining technique. The involvement of caspase 3 and members of the Bcl-2 family (Bax, Bad, Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl) was evaluated at multiple time points for 6 months after the injury by immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR. We found that in secondary degeneration of the optic nerve, RGCs died by apoptosis from day 3-6 months following the injury, peaking at 3 months (16.3% +/- 2.5% apoptotic cells, p < 0.01). Both primary and secondary degeneration of the optic nerve resulted in caspase 3 activation, which was longer and more intense in the former. Similarly, both primary and secondary degeneration led to significant (p < 0.05) downregulation of the pro-survival genes Bcl-2 and Bcl-x-L and up-regulation of the pro-apoptotic genes Bax and Bad (p < 0.05), with a suggested delay in secondary degeneration. Thus, secondary degeneration of the optic nerve leads to RGC apoptosis over long periods in a similar mechanism as in primary degeneration.
authors: Sam Rothberg Ophthalmic Molecular Biology Laboratory, Goldschleger Eye Institute, Sheba Medical Center, 52621 Tel-Hashomer, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel. Hani.Verbin@Sheba.health.gov.il
authors: Hani
authors: H
authors: Levkovitch-Verbin
authors: Rima
authors: R
authors: Dardik
authors: Shelly
authors: S
authors: Vander
authors: Shlomo
authors: S
authors: Melamed
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D009410:Nerve Degeneration / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D009900:Optic Nerve / Q000502:physiology; D009901:Optic Nerve Diseases / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012165:Retinal Ganglion Cells / Q000473:pathology*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D053148:Caspase 3