title: Quantitative blood flow measurements in the small animal cardiopulmonary system using digital subtraction angiography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The use of preclinical rodent models of disease continues to grow because these models help elucidate pathogenic mechanisms and provide robust test beds for drug development. Among the major anatomic and physiologic indicators of disease progression and genetic or drug modification of responses are measurements of blood vessel caliber and flow. Moreover, cardiopulmonary blood flow is a critical indicator of gas exchange. Current methods of measuring cardiopulmonary blood flow suffer from some or all of the following limitations--they produce relative values, are limited to global measurements, do not provide vasculature visualization, are not able to measure acute changes, are invasive, or require euthanasia.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, high-spatial and high-temporal resolution x-ray digital subtraction angiography (DSA) was used to obtain vasculature visualization, quantitative blood flow in absolute metrics (ml/min instead of arbitrary units or velocity), and relative blood volume dynamics from discrete regions of interest on a pixel-by-pixel basis (100 x 100 microm2).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A series of calibrations linked the DSA flow measurements to standard physiological measurement using thermodilution and Fick's method for cardiac output (CO), which in eight anesthetized Fischer-344 rats was found to be 37.0 +/- 5.1 ml/min. Phantom experiments were conducted to calibrate the radiographic density to vessel thickness, allowing a link of DSA cardiac output measurements to cardiopulmonary blood flow measurements in discrete regions of interest. The scaling factor linking relative DSA cardiac output measurements to the Fick's absolute measurements was found to be 18.90 x CODSA = COFick.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This calibrated DSA approach allows repeated simultaneous visualization of vasculature and measurement of blood flow dynamics on a regional level in the living rat.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3302, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
authors.forename: MingDe
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Craig T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Qi
authors.forename: Samuel M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: Cristian T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Badea
authors.forename: Claude A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Piantadosi
authors.forename: G Allan
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D015901:Angiography, Digital Subtraction / Q000379:methods*; D000818:Animals; D002138:Calibration; D006321:Heart / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D008168:Lung / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D013815:Thermodilution