title: Mammalian Tribbles homolog 3 impairs insulin action in skeletal muscle: role in glucose-induced insulin resistance.
abstract: Tribbles homolog 3 (TRIB3) was found to inhibit insulin-stimulated Akt phosphorylation and modulate gluconeogenesis in rodent liver. Currently, we examined a role for TRIB3 in skeletal muscle insulin resistance. Ten insulin-sensitive, ten insulin-resistant, and ten untreated type 2 diabetic (T2DM) patients were metabolically characterized by hyperinsulinemic euglycemic glucose clamps, and biopsies of vastus lateralis were obtained. Skeletal muscle samples were also collected from rodent models including streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats, db/db mice, and Zucker fatty rats. Finally, L6 muscle cells were used to examine regulation of TRIB3 by glucose, and stable cell lines hyperexpressing TRIB3 were generated to identify mechanisms underlying TRIB3-induced insulin resistance. We found that 1) skeletal muscle TRIB3 protein levels are significantly elevated in T2DM patients; 2) muscle TRIB3 protein content is inversely correlated with glucose disposal rates and positively correlated with fasting glucose; 3) skeletal muscle TRIB3 protein levels are increased in STZ-diabetic rats, db/db mice, and Zucker fatty rats; 4) stable TRIB3 hyperexpression in muscle cells blocks insulin-stimulated glucose transport and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) translocation and impairs phosphorylation of Akt, ERK, and insulin receptor substrate-1 in insulin signal transduction; and 5) TRIB3 mRNA and protein levels are increased by high glucose concentrations, as well as by glucose deprivation in muscle cells. These data identify TRIB3 induction as a novel molecular mechanism in human insulin resistance and diabetes. TRIB3 acts as a nutrient sensor and could mediate the component of insulin resistance attributable to hyperglycemia (i.e., glucose toxicity) in diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Nutrition Sciences, Univ. of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294-3360, USA.
authors.forename: Jiarong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Xuxia
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: John L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Franklin
authors.forename: Joseph L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Messina
authors.forename: Helliner S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: Douglas R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Moellering
authors.forename: R Grace
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Walton
authors.forename: Mitchell
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: W Timothy
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Garvey
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism*; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D051381:Rats; D011924:Rats, Zucker
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin; C502443:Trib3 protein, rat; D011494:Protein Kinases; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D005947:Glucose