title: Social influences on trajectories of self-rated health: evidence from Britain, Germany, Denmark and the USA.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study investigates social inequalities in self-rated health dynamics for working-aged adults in four nations, representing distinct welfare regime types. The aims are to describe average national trajectories of self-rated health over a 7-year period, identify social determinants of cross-sectional and longitudinal health and compare cross-national patterns.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data are from national household panel surveys in Britain, Germany, Denmark and the USA. The self-rated health of working-age respondents is measured for the years 1995-2001. Social indicators include education, occupational class, employment status, income, age, gender, minority status and marital status. Latent growth curve models are used to estimate both individual change and average national trajectories of self-rated health, conditioned on the social indicators.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ageing-vector graphs reveal general declines in health as people age. They also show differential patterns of change for specific national cohorts. Older cohorts in Denmark had poorer health and young cohorts in the USA had better health in 2001 than 1995. Social covariates predicted baseline health in all four countries, in ways that were consistent with welfare regime theories. Once inequalities in baseline health were accounted for, the few determinants of mean health decline occurred mainly in the USA, again in line with theoretical expectations. Finally, trajectories of health for those in average and advantaged social circumstances were similar, but disadvantaged individuals had much poorer health trajectories than 'average' individuals. The differences were greatest in the countries with lower levels of public transfers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  National differences in self-rated health trajectories and their social correlates may be attributed partly to welfare policies.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Social and Economic Research (ISER), University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, UK. asacker@essex.ac.uk
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sacker
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Worts
authors.forename: Peggy
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: McDonough
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000375:Aging / Q000208:ethnology / Q000502:physiology*; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003718:Denmark / Q000453:epidemiology; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D057238:Growth Charts; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D017533:Marital Status / Q000208:ethnology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008875:Middle Aged; D009313:National Health Programs; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012647:Self-Assessment; D012737:Sex Factors; D012946:Social Welfare / Q000208:ethnology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014937:Work / Q000502:physiology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data