title: Bee venom suppresses PMA-mediated MMP-9 gene activation via JNK/p38 and NF-kappaB-dependent mechanisms.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bee venom has been used for the treatment of inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and for the relief of pain in traditional oriental medicine.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study is to elucidate the effects of bee venom on MMP-9 expression and determine possible mechanisms by which bee venom relieves or prevents the expression of MMP-9 during invasion and metastasis of breast cancer cells. We examined the expression and activity of MMP-9 and possible signaling pathway affected in PMA-induced MCF-7 cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bee venom was obtained from the National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology of Korea. Matrigel invasion assay, wound-healing assay, zymography assay, western blot assay, electrophoretic mobility shift assay and luciferase gene assay were used for assessment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bee venom inhibited cell invasion and migration, and also suppressed MMP-9 activity and expression, processes related to tumor invasion and metastasis, in PMA-induced MCF-7 cells. Bee venom specifically suppressed the phosphorylation of p38/JNK and at the same time, suppressed the protein expression, DNA binding and promoter activity of NF-kappaB. The levels of phosphorylated ERK1/2 and c-Jun did not change. We also investigated MMP-9 inhibition by melittin, apamin and PLA(2), representative single component of bee venom. We confirmed that PMA-induced MMP-9 activity was significantly decreased by melittin, but not by apamin and phospholipase A(2). These data demonstrated that the expression of MMP-9 was abolished by melittin, the main component of bee venom.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bee venom inhibits PMA-induced MMP-9 expression and activity by inhibition of NF-kappaB via p38 MAPK and JNK signaling pathways in MCF-7 cells. These results indicate that bee venom can be a potential anti-metastatic and anti-invasive agent. This useful effect may lead to future clinical research on the anti-cancer properties of bee venom.
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hyun-Ji
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Yun-Jeong
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.forename: Kwan-Kyu
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Yoon-Yub
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Il-Kyung
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Kwang-Gill
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Joo-Hong
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Yeo
authors.forename: Sang-Mi
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Young-Seuk
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Bae
authors.forename: Young-Chae
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D056705:Apitherapy; D001514:Bee Venoms / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000556:secondary; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D004247:DNA; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008555:Melitten / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate; D015533:Transcriptional Activation / Q000187:drug effects*; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D001514:Bee Venoms; D016328:NF-kappa B; D008555:Melitten; D004247:DNA; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate