title: Clozapine use in HIV-infected schizophrenia patients: a case-based discussion and review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Schizophrenia is a common neuropsychiatric disorder that is associated with an increased risk for HIV infection. Because schizophrenia may affect the ability of HIV-infected patients to adhere to their antiretroviral regimen, optimal management of their mental illness is a high priority in such individuals. However, 20% to 30% of patients with schizophrenia are refractory to first-line antipsychotics.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Given the frequency of comorbid HIV infection and schizophrenia, the authors investigated the potential role of clozapine, with the idea that this medication may be considered for use in this particular patient population.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors present histories of clozapine treatment in two patients with schizophrenia and comorbid HIV illness. The use of clozapine in this population, along with potential pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic drug interactions are discussed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Management and information regarding the use of clozapine in patients with schizophrenia and comorbid HIV illness are presented.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clozapine can be used successfully in HIV-infected individuals, with control of viral replication an achievable goal, particularly for those patients in whom there is some external oversight of medication adherence. A multidisciplinary approach must be adopted, with the consultation psychiatrist providing the best possible control of psychiatric problems so that infectious-disease doctors can achieve the goal of HIV replication control.
authors.affiliation: Division of Psychiatry and Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA. snejad@partners.org
authors.forename: Shamim Hashemi
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Nejad
authors.forename: Rajesh T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Gandhi
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Freudenreich
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003024:Clozapine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D003024:Clozapine