title: Sleep and sleep disorders in chronic users of zopiclone and drug-free insomniacs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine polysomnographic parameters and sleep diary data, as well as the prevalence of sleep apnea and periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD) in older chronic users of zopiclone compared with aged-matched drug-free patients with insomnia and good sleepers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Polysomnographic data were collected at a university-based outpatient clinic for adults and elderly. Seventeen patients using zopiclone on a daily basis for at least 1 year were compared with 64 drug-free patients with insomnia and 26 good sleepers. Mean (SD) age was 63.8 (7.0) years. Outcome measures were polysomnographic sleep parameters, sleep diary data, and psychological symptoms, as well as prevalence estimates of sleep apnea and PLMD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The zopiclone users spent more time awake, had longer sleep latencies, and reduced sleep efficiency compared with the good sleepers. The amount of slow-wave sleep was also significantly lower in the zopiclone group compared with the good sleepers. There were no differences between the zopiclone and insomnia group on any of the polysomnography parameters. A similar pattern was found for data based on sleep diaries. The frequency of sleep apnea (apnea-hypopnea index > 10) were 41% to 42% in both the zopiclone and insomnia groups, compared with 12% in the good sleepers group, whereas there were no significant group differences in the frequency of PLMD. The zopiclone group reported higher levels of anxiety and depression compared with the other groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that the sleep of chronic users of zopiclone is no better than that of drug-free patients with insomnia. It is disturbing that 41% of the patients treated pharmacologically for insomnia also had sleep apnea. We suggest careful sleep assessment as a prerequisite for long-term prescription of sleep medications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway. borge.sivertsen@psykp.uib.no
authors.forename: Børge
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sivertsen
authors.forename: Siri
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Omvik
authors.forename: Ståle
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pallesen
authors.forename: Inger Hilde
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Nordhus
authors.forename: Bjørn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bjorvatn
mesh_terms: D053961:Azabicyclo Compounds / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D016555:Matched-Pair Analysis; D008875:Middle Aged; D020189:Nocturnal Myoclonus Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology*; D010879:Piperazines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017286:Polysomnography; D015995:Prevalence; D012891:Sleep Apnea Syndromes / Q000453:epidemiology*; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D012894:Sleep Stages / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D053961:Azabicyclo Compounds; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D010879:Piperazines; C515050:zopiclone