title: Somatostatin-receptor-based imaging and therapy of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors.
abstract: Somatostatin receptor imaging (SRI) with [(111)In-DTPA(0)]octreotide has proven its role in the diagnosis and staging of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEPNETs). Newer radiolabeled somatostatin analogs which can be used in positron emission tomography (PET) imaging, and which have a higher affinity for the somatostatin receptor, especially receptor subtype-2, have been developed. It would be desirable, however, if one radiolabeled analog became the new standard for PET imaging, because the current application of a multitude of analogs implies a fragmented knowledge on the interpretation of the images that are obtained in clinical practice. In our view, the most likely candidates for such a universal PET tracer for SRI are [(68)Ga-DOTA(0),Tyr(3)]octreotate or [(68)Ga-DOTA(0),Tyr(3)]octreotide. Treatment with radiolabeled somatostatin analogs is a promising new tool in the management of patients with inoperable or metastasized neuroendocrine tumors. Symptomatic improvement may occur with all (111)In-, (90)Y-, or (177)Lu-labeled somatostatin analogs that have been used for peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT). The results that were obtained with [(90)Y-DOTA(0),Tyr(3)]octreotide and [(177)Lu-DOTA(0),Tyr(3)]octreotate are very encouraging in terms of tumor regression. Also, if kidney protective agents are used, the side effects of this therapy are few and mild, and the median duration of the therapy response for these radiopharmaceuticals is 30 and 40 months respectively. The patients' self-assessed quality of life increases significantly after treatment with [(177)Lu-DOTA(0),Tyr(3)]octreotate. Lastly, compared to historical controls, there is a benefit in overall survival of several years from the time of diagnosis in patients treated with [(177)Lu-DOTA(0),Tyr(3)]octreotate. These data compare favorably with the limited number of alternative treatment approaches. If more widespread use of PRRT can be guaranteed, such therapy may well become the therapy of first choice in patients with metastasized or inoperable GEPNETs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, s-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands. d.j.kwekkeboom@erasmusmc.nl
authors.forename: Dik J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Kwekkeboom
authors.forename: Boen L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Kam
authors.forename: Martijn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van Essen
authors.forename: Jaap J M
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Teunissen
authors.forename: Casper H J
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: van Eijck
authors.forename: Roelf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Valkema
authors.forename: Marion
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de Jong
authors.forename: Wouter W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: de Herder
authors.forename: Eric P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Krenning
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004067:Digestive System Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D005710:Gallium Radioisotopes / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007205:Indium Radioisotopes / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018358:Neuroendocrine Tumors / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D015282:Octreotide / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009942:Organometallic Compounds / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015609:Organotechnetium Compounds / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D011788:Quality of Life; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017481:Receptors, Somatostatin / Q000032:analysis* / Q000187:drug effects; D013004:Somatostatin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D015021:Yttrium Radioisotopes / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: C550726:68Ga-octreotide, DOTA(0)-Tyr(3)-; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D005710:Gallium Radioisotopes; D007205:Indium Radioisotopes; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; D015609:Organotechnetium Compounds; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D017481:Receptors, Somatostatin; D015021:Yttrium Radioisotopes; C060347:lanreotide; D013004:Somatostatin; C444119:technetium Tc 99m depreotide; C081788:pentetreotide; D015282:Octreotide