title: Dipropionylcysteine ethyl ester compensates for loss of citric acid cycle intermediates during post ischemia reperfusion in the pig heart.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  During reperfusion, following myocardial ischemia, uncompensated loss of citric acid cycle (CAC) intermediates may impair CAC flux and energy transduction. Propionate has an anaplerotic effect when converted to the CAC intermediate succinyl-CoA, and may improve contractile recovery during reperfusion. Antioxidant therapy with N-acetylcysteine decreases reperfusion injury. To synergize the antioxidant effects of cysteine with the anaplerotic effects of propionate, we synthesized a novel bi-functional compound, N,S-dipropionyl cysteine ethyl ester (DPNCE) and tested its anaplerotic and anti-oxidative capacity in anesthetized pigs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ischemia was induced by a 70% reduction in left anterior descending coronary artery flow for one hour, followed by 1 h of reperfusion. After 30 min of ischemia and throughout reperfusion animals were treated with saline or intravenous DPNCE (1.5 mg x kg(-1) x min(-1), n = 8/group). Arterial concentrations and myocardial propionate, cysteine, free fatty acids, glucose and lactate uptakes, cardiac mechanical functions, myocardial content of CAC intermediates and oxidative stress were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ischemia resulted in reduction in myocardial tissue concentration of CAC intermediates. DPNCE treatment elevated arterial propionate and cysteine concentrations and myocardial propionate uptake, and increased myocardial concentrations of citrate, succinate, fumarate, and malate compared to saline treated animals. DPNCE treatment did not affect blood pressure or myocardial contractile function, but increased arterial free fatty acid concentration and myocardial fatty acid uptake. Arterial cysteine concentration was elevated by DPNCE, but there was negligible myocardial cysteine uptake, and no change in markers of oxidative stress.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DPNCE elevated arterial cysteine and propionate, and increased myocardial concentration of CAC intermediates, but did not affect mechanical function or oxidative stress.
authors.affiliation: Department Nutrition, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA. kasumot@ccf.org
authors.forename: Takhar
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kasumov
authors.forename: Naveen
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: Hazel
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Rajan S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Kombu
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cendrowski
authors.forename: William C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Stanley
authors.forename: Henri
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Brunengraber
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002952:Citric Acid Cycle; D003545:Cysteine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D015428:Myocardial Reperfusion Injury / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D011422:Propionates / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; C547427:N,S-dipropionylcysteine ethyl ester; D011422:Propionates; D003545:Cysteine