title: Changes in acid-base, electrolyte and hemoglobin concentrations during infusion of hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42/6 : 1 in normal saline or in balanced electrolyte solution in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A balanced volume replacement strategy is a well established concept for correcting hypovolemia using plasma adapted isotonic crystalloid solutions with a physiological electrolyte pattern and acetate as bicarbonate precursor. Recently, third-generation hydroxyethyl starch (HES) has also become available in a balanced electrolyte solution instead of normal saline. Therefore, in this prospective non-interventional clinical study, the perioperative administration of HES 130/0.42/6 : 1 in normal saline (ns-HES) and in balanced electrolyte solution (bal-HES) was evaluated in children with a focus on acid-base, electrolyte and hemoglobin changes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Following local ethics committee approval, pediatric patients aged up to 12 years with an ASA risk score of I-III undergoing perioperative administration of HES (ns-HES from May 2006 to December 2007, bal-HES from January 2008 to January 2009) were included. Patient demographics, the performed procedure, adverse drug reactions, hemodynamic data and the results of blood gas analysis were documented with a focus on changes in acid-base, electrolyte and hemoglobin concentrations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 396 enrolled patients (ASA I-III; age 2.3 +/- 3, range day of birth - 12 years; body weight 10.8 +/- 9, range 0.9-52 kg), 249 received ns-HES and 147 bal-HES (mean volume infused 9.9 +/- 4 and 9.4 +/- 6.9 ml x kg(-1), respectively). After HES infusion, hemoglobin decreased in both groups, whereas bicarbonate and base excess (BE) decreased only with ns-HES and remained stable with bal-HES (BE before infusion: ns-HES -1.8 +/- 2.8, bal-HES -1.7 +/- 2.7 mmol x l(-1); after infusion: ns-HES -2.6 +/- 2.4; bal-HES -1.6 +/- 2.6 mmol x l(-1), P < 0.05). Chloride (Cl) concentrations increased in both groups and were significantly higher with ns-HES (Cl before infusion: ns-HES 105.6 +/- 3.7, bal-HES 105.1 +/- 2.8 mmol x l(-1); after infusion: ns-HES 107.7 +/- 3.2, bal-HES 106.3 +/- 2.9 mmol x l(-1), P < 0.01). No serious adverse drug reactions were observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Infusion related iatrogenic acid-base and electrolyte alterations can be minimized by using hydroxyethyl starch in a balanced electrolyte solution instead of normal saline.
authors.affiliation: Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Klinik für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin-OE 8050, Hanover, Germany. suempelmann.robert@mh-hannover.de
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sümpelmann
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Witt
authors.forename: Meike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brütt
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Osterkorn
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Koppert
authors.forename: Wilhelm A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Osthaus
mesh_terms: D000136:Acid-Base Equilibrium / Q000187:drug effects*; D000137:Acid-Base Imbalance / Q000517:prevention & control; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004573:Electrolytes / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D006895:Hydroxyethyl Starch Derivatives / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D019999:Pharmaceutical Solutions; D010952:Plasma Substitutes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative
chemical_list: D004573:Electrolytes; D006454:Hemoglobins; D006895:Hydroxyethyl Starch Derivatives; D019999:Pharmaceutical Solutions; D010952:Plasma Substitutes; D012965:Sodium Chloride