title: Coffee, green tea, black tea and oolong tea consumption and risk of mortality from cardiovascular disease in Japanese men and women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The effects of coffee and green, black and oolong teas and caffeine intake on cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality have not been well defined in Asian countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  To examine the relationship between the consumption of these beverages and risk of mortality from CVD, 76,979 individuals aged 40-79 years free of stroke, coronary heart disease (CHD) and cancer at entry were prospectively followed. The daily consumption of beverages was assessed by questionnaires.
  
  
  RESULTS
  1362 deaths were documented from strokes and 650 deaths from CHD after 1,010,787 person-years of follow-up. Compared with non-drinkers of coffee, the multivariable HR and 95% CI for those drinking 1-6 cups/week, 1-2 cups/day and ≥ 3 cups/day were 0.78 (0.50 to 1.20), 0.67 (0.47 to 0.96) and 0.45 (0.17 to 0.87) for strokes among men (p = 0.009 for trend). Compared with non-drinkers of green tea, the multivariable HR for those drinking 1-6 cups/week, 1-2 cups/day, 3-5 cups/day and ≥ 6 cups/day were 0.34 (0.06-1.75), 0.28 (0.07-1.11), 0.39 (0.18-0.85) and 0.42 (0.17-0.88) for CHD among women (p = 0.038 for trend). As for oolong tea, the multivariable HR of those drinking 1-6 cups/week and ≥ 1 cups/day were 1.00 (0.65-1.55) and 0.39 (0.17-0.88) for total CVD among men (p = 0.049 for trend). Risk reduction for total CVD across categories of caffeine intake was most prominently observed in the second highest quintile, with a 38% lower risk among men and 22% among women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Consumption of coffee, green tea and oolong tea and total caffeine intake was associated with a reduced risk of mortality from CVD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Konoe-cho, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan. koizumi@pbh.med.kyoto-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Yohei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mineharu
authors.forename: Akio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Koizumi
authors.forename: Yasuhiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wada
authors.forename: Hiroyasu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Iso
authors.forename: Yoshiyuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: Chigusa
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Date
authors.forename: Akio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: Shogo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kikuchi
authors.forename: Yutaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Inaba
authors.forename: Hideaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Toyoshima
authors.forename: Takaaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kondo
authors.forename: Akiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tamakoshi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D001628:Beverages / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002110:Caffeine / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality*; D003069:Coffee / Q000378:metabolism; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus; D004327:Drinking Behavior; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013662:Tea / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D003069:Coffee; D013662:Tea; D002110:Caffeine