title: Hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets syndrome: when is surgical help needed?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Life-threatening hemorrhage is a rare event in hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets (HELLP) syndrome. Epidemiologic data are lacking to predict patients at risk for hemorrhage requiring surgical consultation. We sought to identify early clinical predictors of hemorrhagic complications in patients at risk for HELLP syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients at risk for HELLP syndrome from 1997 to 2007 were identified retrospectively. Variables evaluated in at-risk women were maternal age, gestational history, hepatic transaminase levels, and platelet count. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to identify independent predictors of poor maternal outcomes, which were defined as hemorrhage requiring transfusion of blood products, need for surgical intervention, hepatic rupture, and death.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 109 at-risk women were identified. Adverse outcomes included transfusions (18%), hemorrhage interventions (8%), damage control laparotomy (2.8%), and hepatic rupture (2.8%). Maternal and perinatal mortality were .9% and 3.7%, respectively. Median transfusion requirements for women with hepatic rupture were 56 U of packed red blood cells, 26 U of fresh-frozen plasma, 18 U of platelets, and 6 U of cryoprecipitate. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed previous gestations (P = .002), platelet count (P = .01), and aspartate aminotransferase level increase (P = .04) were independent predictors of life-threatening hemorrhage. Previous gestations increased the risk of adverse outcome 3-fold.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Identifiable risk factors predictive of major hemorrhage are thrombocytopenia (<100,000 cells/microL), increase of aspartate aminotransferase level greater than 70 IU/L, and previous gestations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Denver Health Medical Center and University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, 777 Bannock St., MC 0206, Denver, CO 80204, USA.
authors.forename: Ann M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kulungowski
authors.forename: Jeffry L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Kashuk
authors.forename: Ernest E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Haley G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Hutting
authors.forename: Miral R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Sadaria
authors.forename: C Clay
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Cothren
authors.forename: Jeffrey L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sauaia
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001803:Blood Transfusion; D005260:Female; D017359:HELLP Syndrome / Q000601:surgery*; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors