title: Histological evaluation of intracapsular venous invasion for discrimination between portal and hepatic venous invasion in hepatocellular carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Histological criteria for intracapsular venous invasion (IVI) that would allow its discrimination between portal and hepatic venous invasion in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have not been established.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated IVI immunohistochemically to discriminate between portal and hepatic venous invasion in 89 resected specimens from patients with HCC. IVI was defined as the microscopic involvement of the vessels within the fibrous capsule of HCC. The hepatic venous system was subdivided into the central vein and the sublobular/hepatic vein. Immunohistochemical analysis with the D2-40 monoclonal antibody revealed lymphatic vessels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In non-neoplastic liver tissues, the portal veins (n = 4355) were accompanied by lymphatic vessels (99.7%), bile ductules (100%) and arteries (96%), whereas the central veins (n = 3932) and sublobular/hepatic veins (n = 662) were rarely accompanied by lymphatic vessels (0% and 17%, respectively) and bile ductules (12% and 33%, respectively). In total, 29 IVI foci were detected; three foci were clearly visible within vessels that contained a distinct layer of connective tissue fibers, signifying sublobular/hepatic venous invasion. As the remaining 26 foci were accompanied by lymphatic vessels (26/26 [100%]), bile ductules (21/26 [81%]) and arteries (10/26 [38%]), these foci were considered to reflect intracapsular portal venous invasion rather than venous invasion of the central vein. Intracapsular portal venous invasion was significantly associated with extratumoral portal venous invasion (P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  D2-40 immunoreactivity for the histological evaluation of IVI in HCC allows discrimination between portal and hepatic venous invasion for cases in which portal venous invasion predominates.
authors.affiliation: Division of Molecular and Diagnostic Pathology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.
authors.forename: Masanori
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ohashi
authors.forename: Toshifumi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wakai
authors.forename: Pavel V
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Korita
authors.forename: Yoichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ajioka
authors.forename: Yoshio
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shirai
authors.forename: Katsuyoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hatakeyama
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D058846:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006498:Hepatectomy; D006503:Hepatic Veins / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D042601:Lymphatic Vessels / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D011169:Portal Vein / Q000473:pathology*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D058846:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived; C500987:monoclonal antibody D2-40