title: Recurrent urinary tract infection in girls: do urodynamic, behavioral and functional abnormalities play a role?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To determine urodynamic, behavioral and functional abnormalities predisposing to recurrent urinary tract infection in 5- to 17-year-old girls.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective case-control study was carried out. A total of 148 girls met inclusion criteria. They received a careful evaluation including complete history, voiding-drinking diary, bowel questionnaire, physical investigation, sonography, voiding cystourethrogram and urodynamic investigation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In a multivariate model, independent risk factors for recurrent urinary tract infection included age <or=6.5 years at first urinary tract infection (odds ratio [OR] = 0.9; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.85-0.98), abnormal voiding frequency (OR=5.3; 95% CI, 1.1-26.2), voiding postponement (OR=3.8; 95% CI, 1.4-10.1), poor fluid intake (OR=9.2; 95% CI, 2.5-33.6) and residual urine volume of >20 mL (OR=1.1; 95% CI, 1.0-1.1).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Independent risk factors for recurrent urinary tract infection were age <or=6.5 years at first urinary tract infection, abnormal voiding frequency, voiding postponement, poor fluid intake and residual urine. Our results indicate that none of the urodynamic factors was significantly associated with recurrence of urinary tact infection in girls.
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Children Diseases, Kaunas University of Medicine, Kaunas, Lithuania. rsarunas@gmail.com
authors.forename: Sarūnas
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rudaitis
authors.forename: Birute
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pundziene
authors.forename: Mindaugas
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jievaltas
authors.forename: Rimantas
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Uktveris
authors.forename: Egidijus
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kevelaitis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D000367:Age Factors; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003556:Cystitis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D003950:Diagnostic Techniques, Urological; D004327:Drinking Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011704:Pyelonephritis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D012008:Recurrence; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D014563:Urodynamics