title: Menstrual cycle and cue reactivity in women smokers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Emerging research suggests potential effects of the menstrual cycle on various aspects of smoking behavior in women, but results to date have been mixed. The present study sought to explore the influence of menstrual cycle phase on reactivity to smoking in vivo and stressful imagery cues in a sample of non-treatment-seeking women smokers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Via a within-subjects design, nicotine-dependent women (N = 37) participated in a series of four cue reactivity sessions, each during a distinct biologically verified phase of the menstrual cycle (early follicular [EF], mid-follicular [MF], mid-luteal [ML], and late luteal [LL]). Subjective (Questionnaire of Smoking Urges-Brief; QSU-B) and physiological (skin conductance and heart rate) measures of craving and reactivity were collected and compared across phases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subjective reactive craving (QSU-B) to smoking in vivo cues varied significantly across the menstrual cycle (p = .02) and was higher in both EF and MF phases versus ML and LL phases, but this finding was not sustained when controlling for reactivity to neutral cues. Heart rate reactivity to stressful imagery cues (p = .01) and skin conductance reactivity to smoking in vivo cues (p = .05) varied significantly across the menstrual cycle upon controlling for reactivity to neutral cues, with highest reactivity during the MF phase.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Menstrual cycle phase may have an effect on reactivity to smoking-related and stressful cues among women smokers. These findings contribute to an expanding literature, suggesting menstrual cycle effects on smoking behaviors in women.
authors.affiliation: Youth Division, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 67 President Street, P.O. Box 250861, Charleston, SC 29425, USA. graykm@musc.edu
authors.forename: Kevin M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: Stacia M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: DeSantis
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Carpenter
authors.forename: Michael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Saladin
authors.forename: Steven D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: LaRowe
authors.forename: Himanshu P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Upadhyaya
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016739:Behavior, Addictive / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D003213:Conditioning, Psychological / Q000502:physiology*; D003463:Cues; D005260:Female; D005498:Follicular Phase / Q000187:drug effects; D005712:Galvanic Skin Response / Q000502:physiology; D005731:Ganglionic Stimulants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008183:Luteal Phase / Q000187:drug effects; D008597:Menstrual Cycle / Q000187:drug effects*; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D005731:Ganglionic Stimulants; D009538:Nicotine