title: Field evaluation of paralympic athletes in selected sports: implications for training.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was 1) to describe the acute cardiorespiratory and metabolic responses of Paralympic athletes participating in the following five sports: Nordic sit skiing (NS, n = 5), wheelchair distance racing (WR, n = 6), wheelchair basketball (WB, n = 13), wheelchair fencing (WF, n = 6), and wheelchair tennis (WT, n = 4); and 2) to examine the relationship between field test performance and laboratory measures of aerobic fitness of these Paralympic athletes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Each athlete completed an incremental arm cranking exercise test to determine ventilatory threshold (VT) and peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak). Subsequently, field assessments were carried out using a telemetric system to measure the cardiorespiratory responses in their respective sport.
  
  
  RESULTS
  VT and VO2peak (both expressed in milliliters per kilogram per minute) of athletes competing in NS (38.3 +/- 5.76 and 51.0 +/- 6.92 mL x kg(-1) x min(-1)) and WR (35.5 +/- 5.96 and 48.1 +/- 6.35 mL x kg(-1) x min(-1)) were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those competing in WB (26.0 +/- 2.13 and 36.9 +/- 3.70 mL x kg(-1) x min(-1)), WF (23.2 +/- 3.96 and 34.4 +/- 5.81 mL x kg(-1) x min(-1)), and WT (24.0 +/- 2.30 and 33.1 +/- 2.85 mL x kg(-1) x min(-1)). In the field tests, the average V O2, higher in NS and WR than in WB, WF, and WT, during NS, WR, WB, WF, and WT was 79.4% +/- 3.30%, 84.4% +/- 2.10%, 72.1% +/- 5.72%, 73.0% +/- 3.10%, and 73.0% +/- 1.91%, respectively, of VO2peak. There was a strong linear relationship between VO2 measured during the field tests and VT and VO2peak (R2 = 0.92 in each case).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Athletes regulated their average work intensity during the field tests in the five Paralympic sports to approximate their individualized VT measured during incremental arm cranking exercise test, and this intensity was within the range recommended by the American College of Sports Medicine to improve cardiorespiratory fitness in well-trained subjects. In addition, performance of Paralympic athletes in these sports was highly dependent upon athletes' aerobic fitness.
authors.affiliation: School of Specialty and Sports Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology - V. Erspamer, Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome, Italy. marco.bernardi@uniroma1.it
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bernardi
authors.forename: Emanuele
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Guerra
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Di Giacinto
authors.forename: Annalisa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Di Cesare
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Castellano
authors.forename: Yagesh
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Bhambhani
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D056352:Athletes; D006233:Persons with Disabilities; D005080:Exercise Test; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D010809:Physical Fitness / Q000502:physiology*; D013177:Sports / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult