title: In utero management of fetal lower urinary tract obstruction with a novel shunt: a landmark development in fetal therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Fetal lower urinary tract obstruction occurs in approximately 1:3000 pregnancies. Standard vesicoamniotic shunting is fraught with malfunctioning in upto 60% of cases. We hereby report the development and application of a novel and reliable shunt.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with lower urinary tract obstruction were offered the novel shunt among other standard management options. Shunting involved the placement of a double disk device with a standard double pig-tail catheter. All patients signed informed consent.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four patients have been treated with the novel shunt. In three patients, shunting was conducted between the bladder and amniotic cavity. In one patient (dichorionic-discordant twins) with a prior dislodged shunt causing urinary ascites, shunting was conducted between the peritoneal and amniotic cavities ('bridge shunt'). In all cases, correct and stable shunt placement was confirmed endoscopically and sonographically and in all patients, the fetal bladder remains effectively drained.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reliable and effective vesico or peritoneoamniotic shunting can be achieved with the novel shunt. This shunt cannot become dislodged into the peritoneal cavity or the amniotic cavity, and cannot be pulled out by the fetus. Further experience is necessary to determine the risks and benefits of this novel treatment for fetal lower urinary tract obstruction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA. rquintero@med.miami.edu
authors.forename: Ruben A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Quintero
authors.forename: Libardo Augusto
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Gomez Castro
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bermudez
authors.forename: Ramen H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Chmait
authors.forename: Eftichia V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Kontopoulos
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D046128:Fetal Therapies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D014524:Urethral Obstruction / Q000601:surgery*; D055815:Young Adult