title: Cyclooxygenase inhibitors: scope of their use and development in cancer chemotherapy.
abstract: The traditional nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) exert their effect by inhibition of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) as well as COX-2 enzymes. As COX-1 is responsible for maintaining normal biological functions, the nonselective inhibition of these enzymes caused side effects including gastrointestinal (GI) problems. Recently developed selective COX-2 inhibitors could reduce these adverse effects, but the evidence of cardiovascular side effects including an increased risk of myocardial infarction began to emerge, and some of the COX-2 inhibitors were eventually withdrawn from the market and this led to the downfall of this research. So, the discovery of novel COX-2 inhibitors with their safety profile became the biggest challenge in pharmaceutical research. However, recent mechanistic and clinical studies revolutionized this area by indicating the fact that COX-2 is involved in apoptosis resistance, angiogenesis, and tumor progression. Epidemiological data suggest that selective COX-2 inhibitors might prevent the development of cancers. Moreover, COX-2 is found to be overexpressed in many cancers thus making it an attractive therapeutic target for the prevention and treatment of a number of malignancies. The purpose of this review is to focus on the medicinal chemistry aspects of COX-2 inhibitors in cancer chemotherapy and recent reports on these inhibitors as anticancer agents. We attempted to cover only the COX inhibitors that showed anticancer activity, although a number of potent COX-2 inhibitors have been reported without their anticancer effects. Furthermore, structure-activity relationships (SAR) of different classes of compounds for COX-2 inhibition as well as anticancer activity, and their future applications are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemoon-ku, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Mohammed Naseer A
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Yong Sup
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors