title: Radiation induces an antitumour immune response to mouse melanoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Irradiation of cancer cells can cause immunogenic death. We used mouse models to determine whether irradiation of melanoma can enhance the host antitumour immune response and function as an effective vaccination strategy, and investigated the molecular mechanisms involved in this radiation-induced response.
  
  
  METHODS
  For in vivo studies, C57BL6/J mice and the B16F0 melanoma cell line were used in a lung metastasis model, intratumoural host immune activation assays, and tumour growth delay studies. In vitro studies included a dendritic cell (DC) phagocytosis assay, detection of cell surface exposure of the protein calreticulin (CRT), and small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated depletion of CRT cellular levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Irradiation of cutaneous melanomas prior to their resection resulted in more than 20-fold reduction in lung metastases after systemic challenge with untreated melanoma cells. A syngeneic vaccine derived from irradiated melanoma cells also induced adaptive immune response markers in irradiated melanoma implants. Our data indicate a trend for radiation-induced increase in melanoma cell surface exposure of CRT, which is involved in the enhanced phagocytic activity of DC against irradiated melanoma cells (VIACUC).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study suggests that neoadjuvant irradiation of cutaneous melanoma tumours prior to surgical resection can stimulate an endogenous anti-melanoma host immune response.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
authors.forename: Carmen A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Perez
authors.forename: Allie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: Halina
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Onishko
authors.forename: Dennis E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Hallahan
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Geng
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D037282:Calreticulin / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D019496:Cancer Vaccines / Q000276:immunology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000276:immunology / Q000528:radiation effects; D008546:Melanoma, Experimental / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis / Q000532:radiotherapy; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D011829:Radiation Dosage
chemical_list: D037282:Calreticulin; D019496:Cancer Vaccines; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering