title: [Factors to affect severity of hyperextension injury of cervical spinal cord].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the factors to affect severity of hyperextension injury of the cervical spinal cord (HEICSC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-five patients with HEICSC, 35 males and 10 females, aged 27-67 years old (mean 48.2 years old), were retrospectively analyzed. The disease course was 30 minutes to 16 days. According to modified Frankel grading, there were 6 cases of grade A, 8 cases of grade B, 16 cases of grade C and 15 cases of grade D. Spinal cord injuries (SCI) segments were determined according to SCI plane and high signal change (HSC) in spinal cord on MR images. The whole or large part of HSC segments were supposed to be main injured spinal cord segments (MISCSs) and the staccato or patchy HSC ones were supposed to be common injured spinal cord segments (CISCSs). When the external force acting on head or face suffered was larger, the force produced during high-speed movement or forehead and/or face had severe contused and/or) lacerated wound, the force was defined severe traumatic strength, whereas the reverse was true for slight traumatic strength. According to signal magnitude of the cervical discs on T2-weighted MR images, degeneration of cervical discs and cervical vertebras were classified into 5 grades: grade 0-4. Cervical spinal stenosis were graded to 5 grades according to the width of anterior or posterior cerebrospinal fluid layer to spinal cord on T2-weighted MR images and compressed degree of spinal cord on T1-weighted MR images. The influence of traumatic strength, cervical spinal degeneration or cervical spinal stenosis on SCI were explored.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the 45 cases, 12 cases were caused by slight traumatic strength, 33 cases were caused by severe one. The cervical spinal cord was injuried more slightly and the patients were older in the slight traumatic strength cases than in the severe ones (P < 0.05). The number of MISCSs were 45 in 40 cases and the 25 segments were located at C3, 4 level. The number of CISCSs were 39 in 21 cases. All the cervical vertebrates of the 45 patients had degenerated. The most were in grade 3 in 22 patients and the severest degenerative segments were mostly located in C5,6 discs in 35 ones. The number of the MISCSs in different degenerative grades of discs was 0 in grade 0, 9 in grade 1, 20 in grade 2, 14 in grade 3, and 2 in grade 4. The ratios of the segment number of injuried spinal cord to the segment number of spinal stenosis in every grade of stenosis were 1/62 in grade 0, 2/11 in grade 1, 27/52 in grade 2, 33/33 in grade 3, 21/22 in grade 4.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Three main factors including the magnitude of traumatic strength, the degree of instability of cervical vertebrae and the degree of cervical stenosis contribute to development and progress of HEICSC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Second Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi Guizhou 563003, PR China.
authors.forename: Peitai
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Wenbo
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Liao
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000293:injuries*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019838:Neck Injuries / Q000473:pathology*; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000473:pathology*; D013130:Spinal Stenosis