title: Diagnostic utility of the glucagon stimulation test in comparison to the insulin tolerance test in patients following pituitary surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The glucagon stimulation test (GST) like the insulin tolerance test (ITT) stimulates both ACTH and GH secretion. However, there are limited data with modern assays on sensitivity and specificity for GST in comparison to ITT. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic utility of the GST for GH deficiency (GHD) and adrenal insufficiency (AI) in patients following pituitary surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  ITT and GST were performed within 7 days in 49 patients at least 3 months after transsphenoidal surgery. Serum GH and cortisol were measured by Immulite 2000 assay (Siemens AG). Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed to identify the thresholds for GST.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In ITT, 18/49 cases were classified as AI. ROC analysis revealed a peak cortisol value >599 nmol/l in GST for adrenal sufficiency with 100% specificity and 32% sensitivity, and a peak cortisol <277 nmol/l with >95% specificity and 72% sensitivity for AI. Of the 49 subjects, 25 (51%) demonstrated levels between these cut-offs and could not be diagnosed by GST alone with sufficient accuracy. Regarding GHD, 21/49 cases were classified as insufficient by ITT. ROC analysis revealed a cut-off of 2.5 ng/ml with 95% sensitivity and 79% specificity. Of the 49 cases, seven (14%) were discordant in terms of defining GHD, with six subjects being treated for GHD according to GST although being sufficient in ITT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In our prospective series of patients with pituitary disease, GST is a potential alternative test for the assessment of GH reserve, but is a poor test for ACTH reserve. Test-specific cut-offs should be applied to avoid misinterpretation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122 Essen, Germany. christian.berg@uni-due.de
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Berg
authors.forename: Timo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Meinel
authors.forename: Harald
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lahner
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yuece
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mann
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Petersenn
mesh_terms: D000236:Adenoma / Q000601:surgery; D000309:Adrenal Insufficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D003397:Craniopharyngioma / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D005934:Glucagon; D019382:Human Growth Hormone / Q000097:blood / Q000172:deficiency; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D007018:Hypopituitarism / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000503:physiopathology; D007328:Insulin; D008163:Luminescent Measurements; D008297:Male; D008577:Meningeal Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery; D008579:Meningioma / Q000601:surgery; D008875:Middle Aged; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010902:Pituitary Gland / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D010911:Pituitary Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery; D010913:Pituitary-Adrenal System / Q000503:physiopathology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012372:ROC Curve; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D019382:Human Growth Hormone; D005934:Glucagon; D006854:Hydrocortisone