title: Prescribing of opioid analgesics and related mortality before and after the introduction of long-acting oxycodone.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Opioid-related mortality appears to be increasing in Canada. We examined the true extent of the problem and the impact of the introduction of long-acting oxycodone.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined trends in the prescribing of opioid analgesics in the province of Ontario from 1991 to 2007. We reviewed all deaths related to opioid use between 1991 and 2004. We linked 3271 of these deaths to administrative data to examine the patients' use of health care services before death. Using time-series analysis, we determined whether the addition of long-acting oxycodone to the provincial drug formulary in January 2000 was associated with an increase in opioid-related mortality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From 1991 to 2007, annual prescriptions for opioids increased from 458 to 591 per 1000 individuals. Opioid-related deaths doubled, from 13.7 per million in 1991 to 27.2 per million in 2004. Prescriptions of oxycodone increased by 850% between 1991 and 2007. The addition of long-acting oxycodone to the drug formulary was associated with a 5-fold increase in oxycodone-related mortality (p<0.01) and a 41% increase in overall opioid-related mortality (p=0.02). The manner of death was deemed unintentional by the coroner in 54.2% and undetermined in 21.9% of cases. Use of health care services in the month before death was common: for example, of the 3066 patients for whom data on physician visits were available, 66.4% had visited a physician in the month before death; of the 1095 patients for whom individual-level prescribing data were available, 56.1% had filled a prescription for an opioid in the month before death.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Opioid-related deaths in Ontario have increased markedly since 1991. A significant portion of the increase was associated with the addition of long-acting oxycodone to the provincial drug formulary. Most of the deaths were deemed unintentional. The frequency of visits to a physician and prescriptions for opioids in the month before death suggests a missed opportunity for prevention.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, and the Keenan Research Centre of the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario. dhallai@smh.toronto.on.ca
authors.forename: Irfan A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Dhalla
authors.forename: Muhammad M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Mamdani
authors.forename: Marco L A
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Sivilotti
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kopp
authors.forename: Omar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Qureshi
authors.forename: David N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Juurlink
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000506:poisoning* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D009026:Mortality / Q000639:trends; D009864:Ontario / Q000453:epidemiology; D010098:Oxycodone / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011041:Poisoning / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control; D055553:Prescription Drugs / Q000506:poisoning* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D055553:Prescription Drugs; D010098:Oxycodone