title: Positive end-expiratory pressure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In the last 2 years, several reports have dealt with recruitment/positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) selection. Most of them confirm previous results and few add new information.
  
  
  RESULTS
  It has been definitely confirmed that opening pressures are different throughout the acute respiratory distress syndrome lung parenchyma, ranging from 5-10 up to 30-40 cmH2O. The highest opening pressures are required to open the most dependent lung regions. It has been found that in 2 s, most of the recruitable lung regions may be open when a proper pressure is applied. The best way to assess recruitment is computed tomography scanning, whereas lung mechanics are a reasonable bedside surrogate. Impedance tomography has been increasingly tested, whereas gas exchange is the less reliable indicator of recruitment. A large outcome study showed that higher PEEP might provide survival benefit in a subgroup of more severe patients as compared with lower PEEP. To set PEEP in each individual patient, the use of the expiratory limb of the pressure-volume curve has been suggested. Setting PEEP according to transpulmonary pressure has a robust physiological background, although it requires confirmatory study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Indiscriminate application of recruitment maneuver in unselected acute respiratory distress syndrome population does not provide benefits. However, in the most severe patients, recruitment maneuver has to be considered and higher PEEP applied. To individualize PEEP, the expiratory phase has to be considered, and the esophageal pressure measurement to compute the transpulmonary pressure should be progressively introduced in clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Anestesia, Rianimazione (Intensiva e Subintensiva) e Terapia del Dolore, Fondazione IRCCS-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Mangiagalli Regina Elena di Milano, Milan, Italy. gattinon@policlinico.mi.it
authors.forename: Luciano
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gattinoni
authors.forename: Eleonora
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Carlesso
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Brazzi
authors.forename: Pietro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Caironi
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D011175:Positive-Pressure Respiration / Q000379:methods*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed