title: Adverse childhood experiences and adult risk factors for age-related disease: depression, inflammation, and clustering of metabolic risk markers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To understand why children exposed to adverse psychosocial experiences are at elevated risk for age-related disease, such as cardiovascular disease, by testing whether adverse childhood experiences predict enduring abnormalities in stress-sensitive biological systems, namely, the nervous, immune, and endocrine/metabolic systems.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 32-year prospective longitudinal study of a representative birth cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  New Zealand.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 1037 members of the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study. Main Exposures During their first decade of life, study members were assessed for exposure to 3 adverse psychosocial experiences: socioeconomic disadvantage, maltreatment, and social isolation.
  
  
  METHODS
  At age 32 years, study members were assessed for the presence of 3 age-related-disease risks: major depression, high inflammation levels (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein level >3 mg/L), and the clustering of metabolic risk biomarkers (overweight, high blood pressure, high total cholesterol, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high glycated hemoglobin, and low maximum oxygen consumption levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children exposed to adverse psychosocial experiences were at elevated risk of depression, high inflammation levels, and clustering of metabolic risk markers. Children who had experienced socioeconomic disadvantage (incidence rate ratio, 1.89; 95% confidence interval, 1.36-2.62), maltreatment (1.81; 1.38-2.38), or social isolation (1.87; 1.38-2.51) had elevated age-related-disease risks in adulthood. The effects of adverse childhood experiences on age-related-disease risks in adulthood were nonredundant, cumulative, and independent of the influence of established developmental and concurrent risk factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children exposed to adverse psychosocial experiences have enduring emotional, immune, and metabolic abnormalities that contribute to explaining their elevated risk for age-related disease. The promotion of healthy psychosocial experiences for children is a necessary and potentially cost-effective target for the prevention of age-related disease.
authors.affiliation: Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Danese
authors.forename: Terrie E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Moffitt
authors.forename: HonaLee
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Harrington
authors.forename: Barry J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Milne
authors.forename: Guilherme
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Polanczyk
authors.forename: Carmine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Pariante
authors.forename: Richie
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Poulton
authors.forename: Avshalom
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Caspi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D007249:Inflammation / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology; D008016:Life Change Events; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009520:New Zealand / Q000453:epidemiology; D050177:Overweight / Q000453:epidemiology; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology; D016012:Poisson Distribution; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012934:Social Isolation; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002784:Cholesterol; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin