title: Schistosomiasis PCR in vaginal lavage as an indicator of genital Schistosoma haematobium infection in rural Zimbabwean women.
abstract: Schistosoma real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is sensitive and specific in urine and stool. We sought to explore the relationship between genital schistosomiasis and the Schistosoma PCR in women. PCR was run on 83 vaginal lavage samples from a rural Zimbabwean population. Women underwent clinical and colposcopic investigations, analyses for sexually transmitted infections, and genital schistosomiasis. Thirty samples were positive for Schistosoma PCR: 12 were strong and 18 were weak positive. Sensitivity (67%) and specificity (83%) were best in women below the age of 25 years. A positive schistosome PCR result was associated with S. haematobium ova in genital tissue, so-called sandy patches, and bleeding. Prevalence determined by PCR were lower and real-time PCR values were weaker in older women. The presence of Schistosoma DNA may be greater in the recent lesions (e.g., in younger women). For diagnosis in rural areas and in large studies, Schistosoma PCR could become a supplement to gynecologic examinations.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Imported and Tropical Diseases, Ullevaal Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway. e.f.kjetland@medisin.uio.no
authors.forename: Eyrun Floerecke
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Kjetland
authors.forename: Robert Jan Ten
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Hove
authors.forename: Exenevia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gomo
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Midzi
authors.forename: Lovemore
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gwanzura
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mason
authors.forename: Henrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Friis
authors.forename: Jaco J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Verweij
authors.forename: Svein Gunnar
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Gundersen
authors.forename: Patricia D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Ndhlovu
authors.forename: Takafira
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mduluza
authors.forename: Lisette
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Van Lieshout
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D005831:Genital Diseases, Female / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000469:parasitology*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012548:Schistosoma haematobium; D012553:Schistosomiasis haematobia / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D055815:Young Adult