title: Imbalance between matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases in hypertensive vascular remodeling.
abstract: Structural vascular changes in two-kidney, one-clip (2K-1C) hypertension may result from increased matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 activity. MMP-2 activation is regulated by other MMPs, including transmembrane-MMPs, and by tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs). We have investigated the localization of MMP-2, -9, -14, and TIMPs 1-4 in hypertensive aortas and measured their levels by zymography/Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Gelatinolytic activity was assayed in tissues by in situ zymography. Sham-operated and 2K-1C hypertensive rats were treated with doxycycline (or vehicle) for 8 weeks, and the systolic blood pressure was monitored weekly. Doxycycline attenuated 2K-1C hypertension (165 + or - 11.7 mmHg versus 213 + or - 7.9 mm Hg in hypertensive controls, P<0.01), and completely prevented increase in the thicknesses of the media and the intima in 2K-1C animals (P<0.01). Increased amounts of MMP-2, -9, and -14 were found in hypertensive aortas, as well as enhanced gelatinolytic activity. A gradient in the localization of MMP-2, -9, and -14 was found, with increased amounts detected in the intima, at sites with higher gelatinolytic activity. Doxycycline attenuated hypertension induced increases in all the 3 investigated MMPs in both the media and the intima (all P<0.05), but it did not change the amounts of TIMPs 1-4 (P>0.05). Therefore, an imbalance between increased amounts of MMPs at the tissue level without a corresponding increase in the quantities of TIMPs, particularly in the intima and inner media layers, appears to account for the increased proteolytic activity found in 2K-1C hypertension-induced maladaptive vascular remodeling.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, Brazil.
authors.forename: Michele M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Castro
authors.forename: Elen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rizzi
authors.forename: Cibele M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Prado
authors.forename: Marcos A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Rossi
authors.forename: Jose E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Tanus-Santos
authors.forename: Raquel Fernanda
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Gerlach
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001011:Aorta / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D015153:Blotting, Western; D004318:Doxycycline / Q000494:pharmacology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000378:metabolism*; D006973:Hypertension / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D009929:Organ Size / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D019714:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D019714:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases; D004318:Doxycycline