title: Seasonal sex allocation by Common Grackles? Revisiting a foundational study.
abstract: Despite the general importance of replication in science, relatively few behavioral ecology studies are repeated. Here we repeat the seminal 1977 research of H. F. Howe, who found that the proportion of male nestlings at hatching in nests of Common Grackles (Quiscalus quiscula) increased as the breeding season progressed. Howe interpreted this pattern as an adaptive response to changing food conditions that favored greater production of daughters (the sex less expensive to rear) when food was scarce and sons when food was more abundant. Using DNA-based sexing and larger samples, we found no evidence of nonrandom seasonal sex allocation and no evidence that sons were more vulnerable to starvation than daughters. These patterns also prevailed among renesting efforts late in the season, when starvation was extreme. Although there is no way to exclude the possibility that grackles employed different sex allocation tactics in the two studies, similarities in weather, habitat, nesting phenology, and starvation rates make it seem unlikely that ecological differences between our study and Howe's explain the disparate results, whereas failure of assumptions that Howe was unable to test seems more plausible.
authors.affiliation: Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, University of Illinois, Shelford Vivarium, 606 E. Healey St., Champaign, Illinois 61820, USA. jmaddox@illinois.edu
authors.forename: J Dylan
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Maddox
authors.forename: Patrick J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Weatherhead
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D046109:Passeriformes / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D012098:Reproduction / Q000502:physiology*; D012621:Seasons; D012744:Sex Ratio; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D004247:DNA