title: Early assessment of anxiety and behavioral response to novel swine-origin influenza A(H1N1).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Since late April, 2009, a novel influenza virus A (H1N1), generally referred to as the "swine flu," has spread around the globe and infected hundreds of thousands of people. During the first few days after the initial outbreak in Mexico, extensive media coverage together with a high degree of uncertainty about the transmissibility and mortality rate associated with the virus caused widespread concern in the population. The spread of an infectious disease can be strongly influenced by behavioral changes (e.g., social distancing) during the early phase of an epidemic, but data on risk perception and behavioral response to a novel virus is usually collected with a substantial delay or after an epidemic has run its course.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Here, we report the results from an online survey that gathered data (n = 6,249) about risk perception of the Influenza A(H1N1) outbreak during the first few days of widespread media coverage (April 28-May 5, 2009). We find that after an initially high level of concern, levels of anxiety waned along with the perception of the virus as an immediate threat. Overall, our data provide evidence that emotional status mediates behavioral response. Intriguingly, principal component analysis revealed strong clustering of anxiety about swine flu, bird flu and terrorism. All three of these threats receive a great deal of media attention and their fundamental uncertainty is likely to generate an inordinate amount of fear vis-a-vis their actual threat.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that respondents' behavior varies in predictable ways. Of particular interest, we find that affective variables, such as self-reported anxiety over the epidemic, mediate the likelihood that respondents will engage in protective behavior. Understanding how protective behavior such as social distancing varies and the specific factors that mediate it may help with the design of epidemic control strategies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anthropology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America. jhj1@stanford.edu
authors.forename: James Holland
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Marcel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Salathé
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000818:Animals; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology*; D001519:Behavior; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006235:Hand Disinfection; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000502:physiology*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology* / Q000821:virology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D013552:Swine / Q000821:virology*; D055815:Young Adult