title: Continual monitoring of intraepithelial lymphocyte immunophenotype and clonality is more important than snapshot analysis in the surveillance of refractory coeliac disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  An aberrant immunophenotype and monoclonality of intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) are frequently found in refractory coeliac disease (RCD). However, the utility of continual monitoring of IEL immunophenotype and clonality in the surveillance of RCD remains to be studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  The diagnostic and follow-up biopsies from 33 patients with CD, 7 with suspected RCD, 41 with RCD and 20 with enteropathy-associated T cell lymphoma (EATL) (including 11 evolved from RCD) were investigated by CD3epsilon/CD8 double immunohistochemistry and PCR-based clonality analysis of the rearranged T cell receptor (TCR) genes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An aberrant immunophenotype (CD3epsilon(+)CD8(-) IELs > or =40%) and monoclonality were detected occasionally in CD biopsies, either transiently in patients with CD not compliant with a gluten-free diet or in those who subsequently developed suspected RCD, RCD or EATL. In contrast, the aberrant immunophenotype and monoclonality were found in 30 of 41 (73%) and 24 of 37 (65%) biopsies, respectively, at the time of RCD diagnosis. Among the patients with RCD who did not show these abnormalities in their diagnostic biopsies, 8 of 10 (80%) and 5 of 11 (45%) cases gained an aberrant immunophenotype and monoclonality, respectively, during follow-up. Irrespective of whether detected in diagnostic or follow-up biopsies, persistence of both abnormalities was characteristic of RCD. Importantly, the presence of concurrent persistent monoclonality and aberrant immunophenotype, especially > or =80% CD3epsilon(+)CD8(-) IELs, was a strong predictor of EATL development in patients with RCD (p=0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Continual monitoring of both immunophenotype and clonality of IELs is more important than snapshot analysis for RCD diagnosis and follow-up, and could provide a useful tool for surveillance of patients at risk of EATL.
authors.affiliation: Department of Histopathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK. d20@cam.ac.uk
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Brais
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lavergne-Slove
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Jeng
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Payne
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Carreras
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Bacon
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Hamoudi
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Save
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Venkatraman
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Isaacson
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Woodward
authors.forename: M-Q
authors.initials: MQ
authors.lastname: Du
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002446:Celiac Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D018928:Immunity, Mucosal; D016130:Immunophenotyping; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000276:immunology*; D007414:Intestinal Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology; D016399:Lymphoma, T-Cell / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011159:Population Surveillance / Q000379:methods; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000276:immunology; D016176:T-Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000276:immunology*; D055815:Young Adult