title: Comparison of short-term psychological outcomes of respiratory failure treated by either invasive or non-invasive ventilation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is now widespread recognition of the development of symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in individuals subjected to treatment in the hospital intensive care unit (ICU).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The authors sought to investigate traumatic aspects of the ICU hospitalization experience.
  
  
  METHODS
  A group of 20 adult pulmonary patients requiring ventilation in the ICU were compared with 20 patients treated without ventilation. Subjects completed a semistructured interview about their hospital experience and were given self-report measures to assess PTSD and coping style.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subjects requiring invasive ventilation were significantly more likely to endorse symptoms of PTSD. There was a strong correlation between symptoms of PTSD and recall of memories of traumatic medical events. Symptoms of PTSD were positively associated with habitual experiences of distress and negatively associated with the use of denial of distress.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Specific traumatic aspects of a patient's treatment, in this case the experience of intubation and mechanical ventilation, may be an additive risk factor for the development of PTSD.
authors.affiliation: Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5719, USA.
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Harvey
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bernard
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gunary
authors.forename: Meurig
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tiley
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Steiner
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007406:Interview, Psychological / Q000379:methods; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall; D008875:Middle Aged; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000379:methods* / Q000523:psychology*; D012131:Respiratory Insufficiency / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012650:Self Disclosure; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome