title: Inhibition of expression of the chromatin remodeling gene, SNF2L, selectively leads to DNA damage, growth inhibition, and cancer cell death.
abstract: SNF2L, a chromatin remodeling gene expressed in diverse tissues, cancers, and derived cell lines, contributes to the chromatin remodeling complex that facilitates transcription. Because of this wide expression, it has not been exploited as a cancer therapeutic target. However, based on our present studies, we find that cancer cells, although expressing SNF2L at similar levels as their normal counterparts, are sensitive to its knockdown. This is not observed when its imitation SWI ortholog, SNF2H, is inhibited. SNF2L siRNA inhibition using two different siRNAs separately reduced SNF2L transcript levels and protein in both normal and cancer lines, but only the cancer lines showed significant growth inhibition, DNA damage, a DNA damage response, and phosphorylation of checkpoint proteins and marked apoptosis. DNA damage and the damage response preceded apoptosis rather than being consequences of it. The damage response consisted of increased phosphorylation of multiple substrates including ATR, BRCA1, CHK1, CHK2, and H2AX. Both the total and phosphorylated levels of p53 increased. The downstream targets of p53, p21, GADD45A, and 14-3-3sigma, were also upregulated. The alterations in checkpoint proteins included increased phosphorylated cdc2 but not Rb, which resulted in a modest G(2)-M arrest. Although apoptosis may be mediated by Apaf-1/caspase 9, other caspases could be involved. Other members of the chromatin remodeling or SWI/SNF gene families exhibited overall reduced levels of expression in the cancer lines compared with the normal lines. This raised the hypothesis that cancers are sensitive to SNF2L knockdown because, unlike their normal counterparts, they lack sufficient compensation from other family members.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557-0350, USA.
authors.forename: Yin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.forename: Wenting
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Qien
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Kurtis
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yearsley
authors.forename: Altaf A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Wani
authors.forename: Qintao
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: Jian-Xin
authors.initials: JX
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Brandon S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Shetuni
authors.forename: Sanford H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Barsky
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002453:Cell Cycle; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D016923:Cell Death; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D042002:Chromatin Assembly and Disassembly / Q000235:genetics*; D002868:Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone / Q000235:genetics; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D004249:DNA Damage; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D055785:Gene Knockdown Techniques; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000378:metabolism; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D002868:Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C499336:SMARCA1 protein, human; C445179:SWI-SNF-B chromatin-remodeling complex; C499335:Smarca1 protein, mouse; D014157:Transcription Factors; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53