title: The potential for bio-optical imaging of biomaterial-associated infection in vivo.
abstract: This review presents the current state of Bioluminescence and Fluorescent Imaging technologies (BLI and FLI) as applied to Biomaterial-Associated Infections (BAI). BLI offers the opportunity to observe the in vivo course of BAI in small animals without the need to sacrifice animals at different time points after the onset of infection. BLI is highly dependent on the bacterial cell metabolism which makes BLI a strong reporter of viable bacterial presence. Fluorescent sources are generally more stable than bioluminescent ones and specifically targeted, which renders the combination of BLI and FLI a promising tool for imaging BAI. The sensitivity and spatial resolution of both imaging tools are, however, dependent on the imaging system used and the tissue characteristics, which makes the interpretation of images, in terms of the location and shape of the illuminating source, difficult. Tomographic reconstruction of the luminescent source is possible in the most modern instruments, enabling exact localization of a colonized implant material, spreading of infecting organisms in surrounding tissue and immunological tissue reactions. BLI studies on BAI have successfully distinguished between different biomaterials with respect to the development and clearance of BAI in vivo, simultaneously reducing animal use and experimental variation. It is anticipated that bio-optical imaging will become an indispensable technology for the in vivo evaluation of antimicrobial coatings.
authors.affiliation: Department of BioMedical Engineering, Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands. j.sjollema@med.umcg.nl
authors.forename: Jelmer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sjollema
authors.forename: Prashant K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: Rene J B
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Dijkstra
authors.forename: Gooitzen M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: van Dam
authors.forename: Henny C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: van der Mei
authors.forename: Anton F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Engelsman
authors.forename: Henk J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Busscher
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology*; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000737:chemistry; D018441:Biofilms; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible / Q000737:chemistry; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D008027:Light; D008163:Luminescent Measurements / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D008164:Luminescent Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D016459:Prosthesis-Related Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D008164:Luminescent Proteins