title: Human papillomavirus infection and squamous cell carcinoma of the conjunctiva.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Squamous cell carcinoma of the conjunctiva (SCCC) is associated with HIV-related immunosuppression, but human papillomavirus virus (HPV) is also suspected to have a role. We carried out a case-control study to assess the role of cutaneous and mucosal HPV types in SCCC, conjunctival dysplasia, and their combination (SCCC/dysplasia) in Uganda.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared HPV prevalence in frozen biopsies from 94 SCCC cases (79 of whom were found to be HIV-positive), 39 dysplasia cases (34 HIV-positive), and 285 hospital controls (128 HIV-positive) having other eye conditions that required surgery. Highly sensitive PCR assays that detect 75 HPV types were used. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed, adjusting for, or stratifying by age, sex, and HIV status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cutaneous HPV types were detected in 45% of SCCC cases, 41% of dysplasia cases and 11% of controls. Human papillomavirus virus 5 and 8 were the most common types in SCCC, and most often occurred in combination with other types. Associations were observed between SCCC/dysplasia and detection of both single (OR=2.3; 1.2-4.4) and multiple (OR=18.3; 6.2-54.4) cutaneous HPV types, and were chiefly based on findings in HIV-positive patients. Cutaneous HPV infections were rarely observed among HIV-negative patients and the association with SCCC/dysplasia was not significant (OR=2.4; 0.6-9.6) among them. Squamous cell carcinoma of the conjunctiva/dysplasia risk and mucosal HPV types were not associated in either HIV-positive or HIV-negative patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We detected cutaneous HPV types in nearly half of SCCC/dysplasia cases and often multiple types (HPV5 and 8 being most common). The role of HIV (confounder or strong enhancer of cutaneous HPV carcinogenicity) is still uncertain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Makerere University, PO Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda. eliwei@ki.se
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ateenyi-Agaba
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Franceschi
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wabwire-Mangen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Arslan
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Othieno
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Binta-Kahwa
authors.forename: L-J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: van Doorn
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kleter
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Quint
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Weiderpass
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D052685:Alphapapillomavirus / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000821:virology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003229:Conjunctival Diseases / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D003230:Conjunctival Neoplasms / Q000821:virology*; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000150:complications*; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult