title: SIRT1 inhibits inflammatory pathways in macrophages and modulates insulin sensitivity.
abstract: Chronic inflammation is an important etiology underlying obesity-related disorders such as insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, and recent findings indicate that the macrophage can be the initiating cell type responsible for this chronic inflammatory state. The mammalian silent information regulator 2 homolog SIRT1 modulates several physiological processes important for life span, and a potential role of SIRT1 in the regulation of insulin sensitivity has been shown. However, with respect to inflammation, the role of SIRT1 in regulating the proinflammatory pathway within macrophages is poorly understood. Here, we show that knockdown of SIRT1 in the mouse macrophage RAW264.7 cell line and in intraperitoneal macrophages broadly activates the JNK and IKK inflammatory pathways and increases LPS-stimulated TNFalpha secretion. Moreover, gene expression profiles reveal that SIRT1 knockdown leads to an increase in inflammatory gene expression. We also demonstrate that SIRT1 activators inhibit LPS-stimulated inflammatory pathways, as well as secretion of TNFalpha, in a SIRT1-dependent manner in RAW264.7 cells and in primary intraperitoneal macrophages. Treatment of Zucker fatty rats with a SIRT1 activator leads to greatly improved glucose tolerance, reduced hyperinsulinemia, and enhanced systemic insulin sensitivity during glucose clamp studies. These in vivo insulin-sensitizing effects were accompanied by a reduction in tissue inflammation markers and a decrease in the adipose tissue macrophage proinflammatory state, fully consistent with the in vitro effects of SIRT1 in macrophages. In conclusion, these results define a novel role for SIRT1 as an important regulator of macrophage inflammatory responses in the context of insulin resistance and raise the possibility that targeting of SIRT1 might be a useful strategy for treating the inflammatory component of metabolic diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Univ. of California, San Diego, La Jolla, 92037-0673, USA.
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yoshizaki
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schenk
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Imamura
authors.forename: Jennie L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Babendure
authors.forename: Noriyuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sonoda
authors.forename: Eun Ju
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Bae
authors.forename: Da Young
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Jill C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Milne
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Westphal
authors.forename: Gautam
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bandyopadhyay
authors.forename: Jerrold M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Olefsky
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D015870:Gene Expression; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism*; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism*; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000235:genetics*; D008262:Macrophage Activation / Q000235:genetics*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D051381:Rats; D011924:Rats, Zucker; D015398:Signal Transduction; D056564:Sirtuin 1 / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin; C488368:Sirt1 protein, rat; D056564:Sirtuin 1