title: Aging, estrogens, and episodic memory in women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the relation in midlife and beyond between estrogen exposures and episodic memory in women.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Episodic memory performance declines with usual aging, and impairments in episodic memory often portend the development of Alzheimer disease. In the laboratory, estradiol influences hippocampal function and animal learning. However, it is controversial whether estrogens affect memory after a woman's reproductive years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Focused literature review, including a summary of a systematic search of clinical trials of estrogens in which outcomes included an objective measure of episodic memory.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The natural menopause transition is not associated with the objective changes in episodic memory. Strong clinical trial evidence indicates that initiating estrogen-containing hormone therapy after the age of about 60 years does not benefit episodic memory. Clinical trial findings in middle-aged women before the age of 60 years are limited by smaller sample sizes and shorter treatment durations, but these also do not indicate substantial memory effects. Limited short-term evidence, however, suggests that estrogens may improve verbal memory after surgical menopause. Although hormone therapy initiation in old age increases dementia risk, observational studies raise the question of an early critical window during which midlife estrogen therapy reduces late-life Alzheimer disease. However, almost no data address whether midlife estrogen therapy affects episodic memory in old age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Episodic memory is not substantially impacted by the natural menopause transition or improved by the use of estrogen-containing hormone therapy after the age of 60 years. Further research is needed to determine whether outcomes differ after surgical menopause or whether episodic memory later in life is modified by midlife estrogenic exposures.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Health Research and Policy (Epidemiology), and of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5405, USA. vhenderson@stanford.edu
authors.forename: Victor W
authors.initials: VW
authors.lastname: Henderson
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000188:drug therapy; D004958:Estradiol / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy; D004967:Estrogens / Q000502:physiology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008593:Menopause / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D011939:Mental Recall / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
chemical_list: D004967:Estrogens; D004958:Estradiol