title: Alpha-fetoprotein gene polymorphisms and risk of HCC and cirrhosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Elevated level of alpha fetoprotein (AFP) is found in approximately 60% of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cases. Other liver diseases including cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis are related with an increased level of AFP. The regulation of AFP gene expression has been relatively less studied although the gene has been suggested to play a role in HCC development. This study aimed at identifying genetic variations in AFP that might be associated with the presence of HCC and cirrhosis among ethnic Indonesians.
  
  
  METHODS
  Direct DNA sequencing was carried out to sequence AFP promoter, exons, and 3' untranslated region (UTR) in DNA samples isolated from 119 HCC, 119 cirrhosis and 105 control subjects. For each sample serum AFP level was determined and association studies with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and haplotypes were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this study we identified 47 SNPs in the AFP gene. Statistically significant associations with HCC and cirrhosis were detected for six individual SNPs in the AFP promoter, AFP intron 1 and intron 2 (rs6834059, rs3796678, rs3796677, rs3796676, rs28532518 and rs4646038). Furthermore, we identified two SNPs in AFP intron 7 and 3'UTR, rs2298839 and rs10020432, which are associated with increased risk of cirrhosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Genetic variants in the AFP gene may be associated with HCC and cirrhosis risk for ethnic Indonesians.
authors.affiliation: Mochtar Riady Institute for Nanotechnology, Lippo Karawaci, Tangerang, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Ivet M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Suriapranata
authors.forename: Widyartini Made
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Sudania
authors.forename: Wen Ye
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Tjong
authors.forename: Adi A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Suciptan
authors.forename: Rino A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Gani
authors.forename: Irsan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hasan
authors.forename: Andri
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sanityoso
authors.forename: Unggul
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Budihusodo
authors.forename: Upik A
authors.initials: UA
authors.lastname: Miskad
authors.forename: Fardah
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Akil
authors.forename: Syafruddin A R
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Lelosutan
authors.forename: Ruswhandi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Martamala
authors.forename: Irawan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Yusuf
authors.forename: Laurentius A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Lesmana
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sulaiman
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tai
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics*; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D005260:Female; D014644:Genetic Variation / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics*; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics*; D012307:Risk Factors; D000509:alpha-Fetoproteins / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D000509:alpha-Fetoproteins