title: Safety and transparency of pediatric drug trials.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To quantify the frequency and type of new safety information arising from studies performed under the auspices of the Pediatric Exclusivity Program, to describe the dissemination of these findings in the peer-reviewed literature and compare this with the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) review, and to describe their effect on pediatric labeling.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cohort study of the 365 trials performed for 153 drugs.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Pediatric Exclusivity incentive from December 1997 through September 2007.
  
  
  METHODS
  Food and Drug Administration publicly available records and peer-reviewed literature retrievable by MEDLINE search. Main Exposures New safety findings obtained from the trials completed for exclusivity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Concordance of the information highlighted in the peer-reviewed article abstracts with the information in the FDA labeling and drug reviews.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 137 labeling changes; we evaluated 129 of these (the 8 selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors were excluded from review). Thirty-three products (26%) had pediatric safety information added to the labeling. Of these, 12 products had neuropsychiatric safety findings and 21 had other important safety findings. Only 16 of 33 of these trials (48%) were reported in the peer-reviewed literature; however, 7 of 16 focused on findings substantively different from those highlighted in the FDA reviews and labeling changes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Medication adverse events in children often differ from those in adults, particularly those that are neuropsychiatric in nature. Labeling changes for pediatric use demonstrate that pediatric drug studies provide valuable and unique safety data that can guide the use of these drugs in children. Unfortunately, most of these articles are not published, and almost half of the published articles focus their attention away from the crucial safety data.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA. danny.benjamin@duke.edu
authors.forename: Daniel K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Benjamin
authors.forename: P Brian
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: M Jessica M
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: M Dianne
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: Debbie
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Avant
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mathis
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Califf
authors.forename: Jennifer S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004348:Drug Labeling; D006801:Humans; D010372:Pediatrics; D017712:Peer Review, Research; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D011642:Publications; D012449:Safety; D014481:United States; D014486:United States Food and Drug Administration
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations