title: Soleus adaptation to combined exercise and heat acclimation: physiogenomic aspects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adaptation to heat (acclimation [ACC]) and exercise training (EX) require global changes at all levels of body organization to enhance muscle performance. In this investigation, we combined these stressors and examined physiological and genomic aspects of adaptation in skeletal muscle (soleus).
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats were divided into four groups: C (controls), ACC--acclimated to heat only at 34 degrees C, EX--aerobic exercise on a treadmill at 24 degrees C, and EXAC--acclimated to combined heat and aerobic training. The ACC period was 30 d. Isometric force generation was measured using isolated muscle preparations stimulated at 1-100 Hz, allowing assessment of muscle endurance. Global genomic responses of homeostatic genes were detected using a complementary DNA (cDNA) Atlas array (Rat 1.2; Clontech Laboratory, Palo Alto, CA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significantly elevated force generation (P < 0.05) was only found in the EXAC group along with a marked decrease in relaxation velocity. Both heat-treated groups (ACC and EXAC) demonstrated less of a drop in power at stimulation frequencies above the highest force generation (P < 0.05). Gene reprogramming was noted in all treatment groups with stressor-specific dynamic profiles. Improved force generation in the EXAC soleus coincided with significant up-regulation in expression levels of genes encoding sarcoplasmic Ca2+-transporting proteins (SERCA2 and inositol triphosphate receptor), glycolysis rate-limiting enzyme (phosphofructokinase), mitochondrial lipid metabolism (CPTII), and stress proteins with antiapoptotic or apoptotic activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that EXAC-specific gene up-regulation and cross talk between genes assigned to their gene ontology categories (transport, metabolism, and stress) differ in abundance and/or expression level (compared with other treatment groups) and contributed to the physiological advantage demonstrated by the EXAC soleus.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Environmental Physiology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: Einat
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kodesh
authors.forename: Michal
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Horowitz
mesh_terms: D000064:Acclimatization; D000818:Animals; D019610:Cytoprotection / Q000235:genetics; D015870:Gene Expression; D006358:Hot Temperature; D007537:Isometric Contraction; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism*; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal / Q000379:methods / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats