title: Use of Acular LS in the pain management of keratoconus: a pilot study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this pilot study was to determine the efficacy of ketorolac tromethamine 0.4% for pain management in conjunction with rigid gas permeable contact lenses in keratoconus. Any potential side effects and complications of this application were examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 12 current keratoconus patients who were presently experiencing discomfort or pain associated with their rigid gas permeables for keratoconus and/or who were contact lens-intolerant were identified from the existing patient population at the SUNY University Optometric Center. Symptomatic subjects were identified through positive feedback to a study Inclusion Questionnaire mailed to their homes. Subjects were treated on the basis of each eye separately in a modified monocular trial that spanned 5 weeks. After establishing that all inclusion and exclusion criteria were met, subjects were instructed to first use an unlabeled bottle of artificial tear solution (placebo) for 2 weeks, and then an unmarked bottle of ketorolac tromethamine 0.4% for 2 weeks in the designated eye. One drop was instilled twice a day, and the eye not assigned to take the drops served as the control. Subjects were monitored through weekly follow-up visits and repeated Keratoconus Symptom and Severity Questionnaires.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Responses from the Keratoconus Symptom and Severity Questionnaire were analyzed using a 2-factor Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance. Among the small subject subset, there was no statistically significant predilection for the ketorolac tromethamine 0.4% in managing the discomfort and pain associated with keratoconus. The artificial tear solution appeared to be equally effective in improving comfort.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was no conclusive result as to the efficacy of the ketorolac tromethamine 0.4% vs. the artificial tear solution in the pain management of keratoconus. This could be attributed to a number of physiological and situational factors, as well as small sample size.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Sciences, Contact Lens Research Group, SUNY State College of Optometry, New York, New York, USA. jessicayuod@gmail.com
authors.forename: Jessica O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Ralph E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Gundel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D003261:Contact Lenses; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007640:Keratoconus / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D020911:Ketorolac Tromethamine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions / Q000008:administration & dosage; D010146:Pain / Q000503:physiopathology; D010166:Palliative Care / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions; D020911:Ketorolac Tromethamine