title: Homeobox transcription factors are required for conidiation and appressorium development in the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae.
abstract: The appropriate development of conidia and appressoria is critical in the disease cycle of many fungal pathogens, including Magnaporthe oryzae. A total of eight genes (MoHOX1 to MoHOX8) encoding putative homeobox transcription factors (TFs) were identified from the M. oryzae genome. Knockout mutants for each MoHOX gene were obtained via homology-dependent gene replacement. Two mutants, DeltaMohox3 and DeltaMohox5, exhibited no difference to wild-type in growth, conidiation, conidium size, conidial germination, appressorium formation, and pathogenicity. However, the DeltaMohox1 showed a dramatic reduction in hyphal growth and increase in melanin pigmentation, compared to those in wild-type. DeltaMohox4 and DeltaMohox6 showed significantly reduced conidium size and hyphal growth, respectively. DeltaMohox8 formed normal appressoria, but failed in pathogenicity, probably due to defects in the development of penetration peg and invasive growth. It is most notable that asexual reproduction was completely abolished in DeltaMohox2, in which no conidia formed. DeltaMohox2 was still pathogenic through hypha-driven appressoria in a manner similar to that of the wild-type. However, DeltaMohox7 was unable to form appressoria either on conidial germ tubes, or at hyphal tips, being non-pathogenic. These factors indicate that M. oryzae is able to cause foliar disease via hyphal appressorium-mediated penetration, and MoHOX7 is mutually required to drive appressorium formation from hyphae and germ tubes. Transcriptional analyses suggest that the functioning of M. oryzae homeobox TFs is mediated through the regulation of gene expression and is affected by cAMP and Ca(2+) signaling and/or MAPK pathways. The divergent roles of this gene set may help reveal how the genome and regulatory pathways evolved within the rice blast pathogen and close relatives.
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Fungal Genetic Resources and Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Seryun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Sook-Young
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Kyoung Su
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Hee-Sool
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Rho
authors.forename: Myoung-Hwan
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Chi
authors.forename: Jaehyuk
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Jongsun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Sunghyung
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kong
authors.forename: Jaejin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Jaeduk
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Goh
authors.forename: Yong-Hwan
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000378:metabolism; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D017353:Gene Deletion; D015966:Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal; D005800:Genes, Fungal; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D020082:Magnaporthe / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000472:pathogenicity / Q000648:ultrastructure; D012275:Oryza / Q000382:microbiology*; D010641:Phenotype; D010802:Phylogeny; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013172:Spores, Fungal / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014170:Transformation, Genetic
chemical_list: D005656:Fungal Proteins; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D002118:Calcium