title: Particle emissions, volatility, and toxicity from an ethanol fumigated compression ignition engine.
abstract: Particle emissions, volatility, and the concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were investigated for a pre-Euro I compression ignition engine to study the potential health impacts of employing ethanol fumigation technology. Engine testing was performed in two separate experimental campaigns with most testing performed at intermediate speed with four different load settings and various ethanol substitutions. A scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) was used to determine particle size distributions, a volatilization tandem differential mobility analyzer (V-TDMA) was used to explore particle volatility, and a new profluorescent nitroxide probe, BPEAnit, was used to investigate the potential toxicity of particles. The greatest particulate mass reduction was achieved with ethanol fumigation at full load, which contributed to the formation of a nucleation mode. Ethanol fumigation increased the volatility of particles by coating the particles with organic material or by making extra organic material available as an external mixture. In addition, the particle-related ROS concentrations increased with ethanol fumigation and were associated with the formation of a nucleation mode. The smaller particles, the increased volatility, and the increase in potential particle toxicity with ethanol fumigation may provide a substantial barrier for the uptake of fumigation technology using ethanol as a supplementary fuel.
authors.affiliation: International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane QLD 4001, Australia.
authors.forename: Nicholas C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Surawski
authors.forename: Branka
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Miljevic
authors.forename: Boyd A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Robin L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Modini
authors.forename: Rong
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Situ
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Steven E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Bottle
authors.forename: Zoran D
authors.initials: ZD
authors.lastname: Ristovski
mesh_terms: D000431:Ethanol; D010316:Particle Size; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000633:toxicity*; D014835:Volatilization
chemical_list: D001335:Vehicle Emissions; D000431:Ethanol