title: Alone in the crowd: the structure and spread of loneliness in a large social network.
abstract: The discrepancy between an individual's loneliness and the number of connections in a social network is well documented, yet little is known about the placement of loneliness within, or the spread of loneliness through, social networks. The authors use network linkage data from the population-based Framingham Heart Study to trace the topography of loneliness in people's social networks and the path through which loneliness spreads through these networks. Results indicated that loneliness occurs in clusters, extends up to 3 degrees of separation, is disproportionately represented at the periphery of social networks, and spreads through a contagious process. The spread of loneliness was found to be stronger than the spread of perceived social connections, stronger for friends than family members, and stronger for women than for men. The results advance understanding of the broad social forces that drive loneliness and suggest that efforts to reduce loneliness in society may benefit by aggressively targeting the people in the periphery to help repair their social networks and to create a protective barrier against loneliness that can keep the whole network from unraveling.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA. Cacioppo@uchicago.edu
authors.forename: John T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Cacioppo
authors.forename: James H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Fowler
authors.forename: Nicholas A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Christakis
mesh_terms: D015331:Cohort Studies; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D033062:Friends / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008132:Loneliness / Q000523:psychology*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008404:Massachusetts; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012737:Sex Factors; D012934:Social Isolation / Q000523:psychology; D012938:Social Perception; D012944:Social Support