title: Functional neuroanatomy of visual masking deficits in schizophrenia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Visual masking procedures assess the earliest stages of visual processing. Patients with schizophrenia reliably show deficits on visual masking, and these procedures have been used to explore vulnerability to schizophrenia, probe underlying neural circuits, and help explain functional outcome.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To identify and compare regional brain activity associated with one form of visual masking (ie, backward masking) in schizophrenic patients and healthy controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects received functional magnetic resonance imaging scans. While in the scanner, subjects performed a backward masking task and were given 3 functional localizer activation scans to identify early visual processing regions of interest (ROIs).
  
  
  METHODS
  University of California, Los Angeles, and the Department of Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nineteen patients with schizophrenia and 19 healthy control subjects. Main Outcome Measure The magnitude of the functional magnetic resonance imaging signal during backward masking.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two ROIs (lateral occipital complex [LO] and the human motion selective cortex [hMT+]) showed sensitivity to the effects of masking, meaning that signal in these areas increased as the target became more visible. Patients had lower activation than controls in LO across all levels of visibility but did not differ in other visual processing ROIs. Using whole-brain analyses, we also identified areas outside the ROIs that were sensitive to masking effects (including bilateral inferior parietal lobe and thalamus), but groups did not differ in signal magnitude in these areas.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study results support a key role in LO for visual masking, consistent with previous studies in healthy controls. The current results indicate that patients fail to activate LO to the same extent as controls during visual processing regardless of stimulus visibility, suggesting a neural basis for the visual masking deficit, and possibly other visual integration deficits, in schizophrenia.
authors.affiliation: Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-6968, USA. mgreen@ucla.edu
authors.forename: Michael F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: Junghee
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Mark S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Steven A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Engel
authors.forename: Alexander S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Korb
authors.forename: Keith H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Nuechterlein
authors.forename: Jonathan K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Wynn
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Glahn
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D009039:Motion Perception / Q000502:physiology; D009778:Occipital Lobe / Q000503:physiopathology; D010470:Perceptual Masking / Q000502:physiology*; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D014795:Visual Pathways / Q000503:physiopathology