title: Local and systemic biomarkers in gingival crevicular fluid increase odds of periodontitis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the independent and combined associations of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and C-reactive protein (CRP) in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) on periodontitis case status in the Australian population.
  
  
  METHODS
  GCF was collected from 939 subjects selected from the 2004-2006 Australian National Survey of Adult Oral Health: 430 cases had examiner-diagnosed periodontitis, and 509 controls did not. IL-1beta and CRP in GCF were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated in bivariate and stratified analysis and fully adjusted ORs were estimated using multivariate logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Greater odds of having periodontitis was associated with higher amounts of IL-1beta (OR=2.4, 95% CI=1.7-3.4 for highest tertile of IL-1beta relative to lowest tertile) and CRP (OR=1.9, 95% CI=1.5-2.5 for detectable CRP relative to undetectable CRP). In stratified analysis, there was no significant interaction between biomarkers (p=0.68). In the multivariate analyses that controlled for conventional periodontal risk factors, these relationships remained (IL-1beta OR=1.8, 95% CI=1.1-2.6; CRP OR=1.7, 95% CI=1.3-2.3).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Elevated odds of clinical periodontitis was associated independently with each biomarker. This suggests that people with elevated biomarkers indicative of either local (IL-1beta) or systemic (CRP) inflammation are more likely to suffer from periodontal disease.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Orofacial Research and Learning, Colgate Australia Clinical Dental Research Centre, School of Dentistry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
authors.forename: Tracy R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Fitzsimmons
authors.forename: Anne E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Sanders
authors.forename: P Mark
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Bartold
authors.forename: Gary D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Slade
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000145:classification; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000145:classification; D005260:Female; D005883:Gingival Crevicular Fluid / Q000737:chemistry*; D005889:Gingival Recession / Q000145:classification; D006801:Humans; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000145:classification; D006973:Hypertension / Q000145:classification; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000032:analysis; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000032:analysis*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017622:Periodontal Attachment Loss / Q000145:classification; D010514:Periodontal Pocket / Q000145:classification; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000145:classification*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D002097:C-Reactive Protein