title: Pneumococcal pneumonia presenting with septic shock: host- and pathogen-related factors and outcomes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Host- and pathogen-related factors associated with septic shock in pneumococcal pneumonia are not well defined. The aim of this study was to identify risk factors for septic shock and to ascertain patient outcomes. Serotypes, genotypes and antibiotic resistance of isolated strains were also analysed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Observational analysis of a prospective cohort of non-severely immunosuppressed hospitalised adults with pneumococcal pneumonia. Septic shock was defined as a systolic blood pressure of <90 mm Hg and peripheral hypoperfusion with the need for vasopressors for >4 h after fluid replacement.
  
  
  RESULTS
  1041 patients with pneumococcal pneumonia diagnosed by Gram stain and culture of appropriate samples and/or urine antigen test were documented, of whom 114 (10.9%) had septic shock at admission. After adjustment, independent risk factors for shock were current tobacco smoking (OR, 2.11; 95% CI, 1.02 to 4.34; p = 0.044), chronic corticosteroid treatment (OR, 4.45; 95% CI, 1.75 to 11.32; p = 0.002) and serotype 3 (OR, 2.24; 95% CI, 1.12 to 4.475; p = 0.022). No significant differences were found in genotypes and rates of antibiotic resistance. Compared with the remaining patients, patients with septic shock required mechanical ventilation more frequently (37% vs 4%; p<0.001) and had longer length of stay (11 vs 8 days; p<0.001). The early (10% vs 1%; p<0.001) and overall case fatality rates (25% vs 5%; p<0.001) were higher in patients with shock.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Septic shock is a frequent complication of pneumococcal pneumonia and causes high morbidity and mortality. Current tobacco smoking, chronic corticosteroid treatment and infection caused by serotype 3 are independent risk factors for this complication.
authors.affiliation: Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Garcia-Vidal
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ardanuy
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tubau
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Viasus
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dorca
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liñares
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gudiol
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Carratalà
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011018:Pneumonia, Pneumococcal / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012772:Shock, Septic / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000187:drug effects; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents