title: Effects of combined gamma-irradiation and metal (Al+Cd) exposures in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.).
abstract: These experiments were designed to investigate transcriptional effects in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) after exposure in vivo to ionizing gamma radiation combined with subtoxic levels of aluminum (Al) and cadmium (Cd). Juvenile fish (35 g) in freshwater with or without Al and Cd (255 microg Al/L + 6 microg Cd/L) were exposed to a 75 mGy dose of gamma-irradiation, and induced responses were compared to those of controls. The transcriptional levels of eight genes encoding proteins known to respond to stress in fish were quantified in liver of fish exposed for 5 h to gamma radiation, to Al and Cd or to the combination of Al, Cd and gamma radiation. The studied genes were caspase 3B, caspase 6A, caspase 7, p53 (apoptosis), glutathione reductase (GR), phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), (oxidative stress), metallothionein (MT-A) (metal stress) and ubiquitin (Ubi) (protein degradation). The results showed that gamma-irradiation alone induced significant upregulation of caspase 6A, GR, GSH-Px, MT-A and Ubi compared to the control group, while 5 h exposure to Al+Cd alone did not induce any of the studied genes compared to the control. No significant upregulation of the series of investigated genes could be observed in fish exposed to gamma-irradiation in combination with Al+Cl. In conclusion, the results suggest that the presence of Al+Cd in the water counteracted the gamma-irradiation effect by modifying the transcription of genes encoding proteins involved in the defense mechanisms against free radicals in the cells.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, N-5817 Bergen, Norway. pal.olsvik@nifes.no
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Olsvik
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Heier
authors.forename: B O
authors.initials: BO
authors.lastname: Rosseland
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Teien
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Salbu
mesh_terms: D000535:Aluminum / Q000633:toxicity; D000818:Animals; D002104:Cadmium / Q000633:toxicity; D020169:Caspases / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000528:radiation effects; D003037:Cobalt Radioisotopes / Q000494:pharmacology; D004249:DNA Damage; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005618:Fresh Water; D005720:Gamma Rays; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D008668:Metallothionein / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000528:radiation effects; D008670:Metals / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D011506:Proteins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000528:radiation effects; D012313:RNA / Q000097:blood / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D020317:Salmo salar / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D025801:Ubiquitin / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000528:radiation effects
chemical_list: D003037:Cobalt Radioisotopes; D008670:Metals; D011506:Proteins; D025801:Ubiquitin; D002104:Cadmium; D012313:RNA; D008668:Metallothionein; D000535:Aluminum; D020169:Caspases