title: Cool temperature hemodialysis and biocompatibility in chronic hemodialysis patients: a preliminary study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cooler temperature dialysate (TD) has gained in popularity in the treatment of hypotension during hemodialysis (HD). In this study we verified the hypothesis of an eventual involvement of cytokines.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four patients on regular HD underwent two 4-hour HD sessions once at 37 degrees C TD and once at 35 degrees C TD. The concentration of the cytokines (cyt) IL-1, IL-2, IL-8, IL-12 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) was measured before the HD session initiation and after 20, 60, 120 and 240 minutes. Body temperature, weight, blood pressure and heart rate were registered at the same time points.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found a higher blood pressure at 35 degrees C but no intradialytic differences in cyt concentration at 35 degrees C or 37 degrees C. The percentage changes of cyt from baseline were very slight, except for IL-8 which decreased by 40% both at 35 degrees C and 37 degrees C.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These preliminary results suggest that cytokines do not seem play a relevant role in determining the favorable effects of cooler TD on blood pressure. Our study is preliminary and our results need to be confirmed by other studies.
authors.affiliation: Nephrology Unit, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy.
authors.forename: Pierangela
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Presta
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mazzitello
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fuiano
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Andreucci
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Piraina
authors.forename: Emanuela
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Laratta
authors.forename: Mara
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Riccio
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Comi
authors.forename: Giorgio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fuiano
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001794:Blood Pressure; D001833:Body Temperature Regulation; D003080:Cold Temperature; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D006339:Heart Rate; D015312:Hemodialysis Solutions / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007022:Hypotension / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood*; D007378:Interleukins / Q000097:blood; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D015312:Hemodialysis Solutions; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D007378:Interleukins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha