title: PKC alpha affects cell cycle progression and proliferation in human RPE cells through the downregulation of p27kip1.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Protein kinase C (PKC) plays an important role in the regulation of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cell proliferation. In this study, we investigated which of these isozymes could be responsible for the cell cycle and proliferation in human RPE cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effect of PKC activators on human RPE cell cycle progression was tested by flow cytometry. To identify the isoform of PKC responsible for the increased progression of the cells through the cell cycle, we monitored the effect of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) on the subcellular localization of the nine PKC isoforms expressed in RPE cells. To evaluate the molecular mechanism by which PKC(alpha) induces cell cycle progression, we examined the transcript, protein, and cellular levels of cell cycle regulatory proteins using RT-PCR, western blotting, and a confocal microscope, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We demonstrated that PKC activation by PMA affected cell cycle progression in RPE cells. Of the nine PKC isoforms that were present in RPE cells, we found PKC(alpha) was both necessary and sufficient to promote cell cycle progression after being stimulated with PMA. Decreased PKC(alpha) expression resulted in a significant decrease in cell proliferation. The only cell cycle-regulatory molecule whose expression was rapidly altered and decreased by PKC(alpha) activity was the cyclin- dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor p27(kip1).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that PKC(alpha) affects cell cycle progression and proliferation in human RPE cells through the downregulation of p27(kip1).
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. gaoqy@mail.sysu.edu.cn
authors.forename: Qianying
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ge
authors.forename: Yaqin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Xuerong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Lian
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhou
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D050760:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000235:genetics*; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000378:metabolism; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008954:Models, Biological; D051571:Protein Kinase C-alpha / Q000378:metabolism*; D021381:Protein Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D055213:Retinal Pigment Epithelium / Q000166:cytology* / Q000201:enzymology*; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate / Q000494:pharmacology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D007527:Isoenzymes; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D050760:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27; C496628:PRKCA protein, human; D051571:Protein Kinase C-alpha; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate