title: Evaluation of a sonic device designed to activate irrigant in the root canal.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aims of this study were to evaluate the removal of dentin debris from the root canal by sonic or ultrasonic activation of the irrigant and the physical mechanisms of sonic activation by visualizing the oscillations of the sonic tip, both inside and outside the confinement of the root canal.
  
  
  METHODS
  Roots of 18 canines were embedded, split, and prepared into standardized root canals. A standard groove was cut on the wall of one half of each root canal and filled with the same amount of dentin debris before irrigation procedures. The removal of dentin debris was evaluated after different irrigation procedures. The oscillations of the sonic tip were visualized ex vivo by using high-speed imaging at a time scale relevant to the irrigation process, and the oscillation amplitude of the tip was determined under 20x magnification.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After irrigation, there was a statistically significant difference between the experimental groups (P < .0001). Without irrigant activation, the grooves were still full of dentin debris. From the ultrasonic activated group, 89% of the canals were completely free of dentin debris, whereas from the sonic group, 5.5%-6.7% were (P = .0001). There was no significant difference between the sonic activation groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Activation of the irrigant resulted in significantly more dentin debris removal; ultrasonic activation was significantly more efficient than sonic activation. The oscillation amplitude of the sonically driven tips is 1.2 +/- 0.1 mm, resulting in much wall contact and no cavitation of the irrigant.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontology, Academic Centre of Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. l.jiang@acta.nl
authors.forename: Lei-Meng
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Bram
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Verhaagen
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Versluis
authors.forename: Lucas W M
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: van der Sluis
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D009991:Oscillometry / Q000379:methods; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants / Q000008:administration & dosage; D018915:Root Canal Preparation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D016369:Smear Layer; D013010:Sonication / Q000295:instrumentation*; D007507:Therapeutic Irrigation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D014465:Ultrasonics
chemical_list: D012388:Root Canal Irrigants