title: Association of parental dementia with cognitive and brain MRI measures in middle-aged adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Studies of autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease (AD) have shown structural and cognitive changes in mutation carriers decades prior to clinical disease. Whether such changes are detectable in offspring of persons with sporadic dementia remains unknown. We related prospectively verified parental dementia to brain MRI and cognitive testing in the offspring, within a 2-generational community-based cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 717 Framingham offspring (mean age: 59 +/- 8 years) were studied. In multivariate analyses, we compared offspring with and without verified parental dementia (and AD) for 1) performance on tests of memory, abstract reasoning, and cognitive flexibility, and 2) volumetric brain MRI measures of total cerebral brain volume (TCBV), hippocampal volume (HV), and white matter hyperintensity volume (WMHV), assessed cross-sectionally and longitudinally.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When testing the association of parental dementia and AD with baseline cognitive performance, we observed an interaction of parental dementia and AD with APOE epsilon4 status (p < 0.002). In APOE epsilon4 carriers only (n = 165), parental dementia was associated with poorer scores on tests of verbal memory (beta = -1.81 +/- 0.53, p < 0.001) and visuospatial memory (beta = -1.73 +/- 0.47, p < 0.001). These associations were stronger for parental AD (beta = -1.97 +/- 0.52, p < 0.001, beta = -1.95 +/- 0.48, p < 0.001), equivalent to 14-16 years of brain aging. Among APOE epsilon4 carriers, offspring of participants with dementia were also more likely to show an annual decline in TCBV in the top quartile (odds ratio = 4.67 [1.26-17.30], p = 0.02). Regardless of APOE epsilon4 status, participants with parental dementia were more likely to be in the highest quartile of decline in executive function test scores (odds ratio = 1.61 [1.02-2.53], p = 0.04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among middle-aged carriers of the APOE epsilon4 allele, parental dementia and Alzheimer disease were associated with poorer verbal and visuospatial memory and a higher rate of global brain atrophy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, B602, 72 East Concord Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Debette
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Beiser
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Au
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Himali
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pikula
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Auerbach
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Decarli
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Seshadri
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000483:Alleles; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000235:genetics; D053327:Apolipoprotein E4 / Q000235:genetics*; D001284:Atrophy; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D003071:Cognition; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003704:Dementia / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006579:Heterozygote; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000235:genetics*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013028:Space Perception; D014796:Visual Perception
chemical_list: D053327:Apolipoprotein E4