title: Turner syndrome: neuroimaging findings: structural and functional.
abstract: Neuroimaging studies of Turner syndrome can advance our understanding of the X chromosome in brain development, and the modulatory influence of endocrine factors. There is increasing evidence from neuroimaging studies that TX individuals have significant differences in the anatomy, function, and metabolism of a number of brain regions; including the parietal lobe; cerebellum, amygdala, hippocampus; and basal ganglia; and perhaps differences in "connectivity" between frontal and parieto-occipital regions. Finally, there is preliminary evidence that genomic imprinting, sex hormones and growth hormone have significant modulatory effects on brain maturation in TS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Research and Education Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland. ronan.mullancey@kcl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Ronan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mullaney
authors.forename: Declan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Murphy
mesh_terms: D000679:Amygdala / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D001479:Basal Ganglia / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D041321:Chromosomes, Human, X / Q000235:genetics; D018392:Genomic Imprinting; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007859:Learning Disabilities / Q000175:diagnosis; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008433:Mathematics; D010296:Parietal Lobe / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D010468:Perceptual Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology; D011522:Protons; D013028:Space Perception / Q000502:physiology; D014424:Turner Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D011522:Protons