title: Emergence of a group 3 coronavirus through recombination.
abstract: Analyses of turkey coronavirus (TCoV), an enteric disease virus that is highly similar to infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) an upper-respiratory tract disease virus in chickens, were conducted to determine the adaptive potential, and genetic changes associated with emergence of this group 3 coronavirus. Strains of TCoV that were pathogenic in poults and nonpathogenic in chickens did not adapt to cause disease in chickens. Comparative genomics revealed two recombination sites that replaced the spike gene in IBV with an unidentified sequence likely from another coronavirus, resulting in cross-species transmission and a pathogenicity shift. Following emergence in turkeys, TCoV diverged to different serotypes through the accumulation of mutations within spike. This is the first evidence that recombination can directly lead to the emergence of new coronaviruses and new coronaviral diseases, emphasizing the importance of limiting exposure to reservoirs of coronaviruses that can serve as a source of genetic material for emerging viruses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, 953 College Station Road, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA. mjackwoo@uga.edu
authors.forename: Mark W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Jackwood
authors.forename: Tye O
authors.initials: TO
authors.lastname: Boynton
authors.forename: Deborah A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Hilt
authors.forename: Enid T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: McKinley
authors.forename: Jessica C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Kissinger
authors.forename: Andrew H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Paterson
authors.forename: Jon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.forename: Conelia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lemke
authors.forename: Amber W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: McCall
authors.forename: Susan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Joshua W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Jackwood
authors.forename: Lauren A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Byrd
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002645:Chickens; D021821:Communicable Diseases, Emerging / Q000662:veterinary; D004752:Coronavirus, Turkey / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D004753:Enteritis, Transmissible, of Turkeys / Q000821:virology*; D016679:Genome, Viral; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D011995:Recombination, Genetic; D013047:Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms; D014422:Turkeys