title: Rapid neurite outgrowth in neurosecretory cells and neurons is sustained by the exocytosis of a cytoplasmic organelle, the enlargeosome.
abstract: Neurite outgrowth is known as a slow (days) process occurring in nerve cells and neurons during neurotrophin treatment and upon transfer to culture, respectively. Using Y27632, a drug that induces activation of Rac1, a downstream step of the neurotrophin signaling cascade, we have identified a new form of outgrowth, which is rapid (<1 hour) and extensive (>500 microm(2) surface enlargement/single cell/first hour). However, this outgrowth takes place only in cells (PC12-27 and SH-SY5Y cells, and embryonic and neonatal neurons) rich in an exocytic organelle, the enlargeosome. Golgi vesicles, TGN vesicles and endosomes are not involved. The need for enlargeosomes for plasma-membrane expansion was confirmed by the appearance of their marker, Ahnak, at the cell surface and by the dependence of neurite outgrowth on VAMP4, the vSNARE of enlargeosome exocytosis. In enlargeosome-rich cells, VAMP4 downregulation also attenuated the slow outgrowth induced by nerve growth factor (NGF). Similar to NGF-induced neurite outgrowth in enlargeosome-lacking cells, the new, rapid, Y27632-induced process required microtubules. Other properties of neurite outgrowth in cells lacking enlargeosomes - such as dependence on VAMP7, on microfilaments, on gene transcription and on protein synthesis, and blockade of mitoses and accumulation of neuronal markers - were not evident. The enlargeosome-sustained process might be useful for the rapid neurite outgrowth at peculiar stages and/or conditions of nerve and neuronal cells. However, its properties and its physiological and pathological role remain to be investigated.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neuroscience, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and Scientific Institute San Raffaele, National Institute of Neuroscience-Italy, IIT Network, Research Unit of Molecular Neuroscience, via Olgettina 58, I-20132 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Gabriella
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Racchetti
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lorusso
authors.forename: Carsten
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schulte
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gavello
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Carabelli
authors.forename: Rosalba
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: D'Alessandro
authors.forename: Jacopo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Meldolesi
mesh_terms: D000577:Amides / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D011992:Endosomes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D005089:Exocytosis / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008870:Microtubules / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D016501:Neurites / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D009490:Neurosecretory Systems / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects; D015388:Organelles / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D011725:Pyridines / Q000494:pharmacology; D050683:R-SNARE Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D020830:rac1 GTP-Binding Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D021601:trans-Golgi Network / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C489573:Ahnak protein, rat; D000577:Amides; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D011725:Pyridines; D050683:R-SNARE Proteins; C476456:VAMP4 protein, human; C108830:Y 27632; D020830:rac1 GTP-Binding Protein