title: Characterization of sleep-wake patterns in a novel transgenic mouse line overexpressing human prepro-orexin/hypocretin.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Orexin/hypocretin peptides are expressed in the lateral hypothalamus and involved in the regulation of autonomic functions, energy homeostasis and arousal states. The sleep disorder narcolepsy, which is characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and occurrence of sudden rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, is associated with a loss of orexin neurones. Our study investigated the effects of orexins on sleep-wake patterns in a novel transgenic mouse line overexpressing the human prepro-orexin (hPPO) gene under the control of its endogenous promoter.
  
  
  METHODS
  Orexin overexpression was investigated by PCR, Southern and Western blotting as well as immunohistochemistry. Polysomnographic recordings were performed for analyses of sleep-wake patterns and for electroencephalographic activity during 24 h baseline and during and after 6 h of sleep deprivation (SD).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Transgenic hPPO mice had increased expression of human prepro-orexin (hPPO) and orexin-A in the hypothalamus. Transgene expression decreased endogenous orexin-2 receptors but not orexin-1 receptors in the hypothalamus without affecting orexin receptor levels in the basal forebrain, cortex or hippocampus. Transgenic mice compared with their wild type littermates showed small but significant differences in the amount of waking and slow wave sleep, particularly during the light-dark transition periods, in addition to a slight reduction in REM sleep during baseline and during recovery sleep after SD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The hPPO-overexpressing mice show a small reduction in REM sleep, in addition to differences in vigilance state amounts in the light/dark transition periods, but overall the sleep-wake patterns of hPPO-overexpressing mice do not significantly differ from their wild type littermates.
authors.affiliation: Division of Physiology and Biocenter of Oulu, Department of Biomedicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Mäkelä
authors.forename: H-K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Wigren
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Zant
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sakurai
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Alhonen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kostin
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Porkka-Heiskanen
authors.forename: K-H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Herzig
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology; D003624:Darkness; D004569:Electroencephalography; D006801:Humans; D007031:Hypothalamus / Q000378:metabolism; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D008027:Light; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009479:Neuropeptides / Q000378:metabolism*; D064446:Orexin Receptors; D000068797:Orexins; D017286:Polysomnography; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000378:metabolism; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / Q000378:metabolism; D018013:Receptors, Neuropeptide / Q000378:metabolism; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*; D012892:Sleep Deprivation / Q000503:physiopathology; D012895:Sleep, REM / Q000502:physiology; D015854:Up-Regulation; D014851:Wakefulness / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: C000596229:HCRT protein, human; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D009479:Neuropeptides; D064446:Orexin Receptors; D000068797:Orexins; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; D018013:Receptors, Neuropeptide