title: Multiplex PCR detection of slowly-evolving trypanosomatids and neogregarines in bumblebees using broad-range primers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aims of this study were to design universal markers for different protozoan parasites of Bombus spp. based on the phylogenetic position of two important bumblebee parasites Crithidia bombi and Apicystis bombi.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Standard PCR and extraction techniques were used to amplify and sequence 18S rDNA. Phylogenetic analysis of the rDNA was performed in order to predict the parasite range of the primers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Crithidia bombi phylogenetically clusters with the trypanosomatids with slowly-evolving SSU-rRNA sequences (SE), while A. bombi is the closest sister group of Mattesia. A multiplex was designed containing an internal control and two broad-range primer pairs, detecting C. bombi and other SE trypanosomatids and also A. bombi and other neogregarines.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sequence data generated will further improve the current systematics of insect trypanosomatids and gregarines that remain troublesome. Broad-range markers for bumblebee parasites are necessary tools enabling the screening of commercially imported colonies and thus controlling their worldwide distribution and to discover related emerging parasites.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Meeus
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: de Graaf
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jans
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Smagghe
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016782:Apicomplexa / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D001516:Bees / Q000469:parasitology*; D003421:Crithidia / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D016054:DNA, Protozoan / Q000235:genetics; D010802:Phylogeny; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*; D012337:RNA, Ribosomal, 18S / Q000235:genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D016054:DNA, Protozoan; D012337:RNA, Ribosomal, 18S