title: 'Who's who' in two different flower types of Calluna vulgaris (Ericaceae): morphological and molecular analyses of flower organ identity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The ornamental crop Calluna vulgaris is of increasing importance to the horticultural industry in the northern hemisphere due to a flower organ mutation: the flowers of the 'bud-flowering' phenotype remain closed i.e. as buds throughout the total flowering period and thereby maintain more colorful flowers for a longer period of time than the wild-type. This feature is accompanied and presumably caused by the complete lack of stamens. Descriptions of this botanical particularity are inconsistent and partially conflicting. In order to clarify basic questions of flower organ identity in general and stamen loss in detail, a study of the wild-type and the 'bud-flowering' flower type of C. vulgaris was initiated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Flowers were examined by macro- and microscopic techniques. Organ development was investigated comparatively in both the wild-type and the 'bud-flowering' type by histological analyses. Analysis of epidermal cell surface structure of vegetative tissues and perianth organs using scanning electron microscopy revealed that in wild-type flowers the outer whorls of colored organs may be identified as sepals, while the inner ones may be identified as petals. In the 'bud-flowering' type, two whorls of sepals are directly followed by the gynoecium. Both, petals and stamens, are completely missing in this flower type. The uppermost whorl of green leaves represents bracts in both flower types. In addition, two MADS-box genes (homologs of AP3/DEF and SEP1/2) were identified in C. vulgaris using RACE-PCR. Expression analysis by qRT-PCR was conducted for both genes in leaves, bracts, sepals and petals. These experiments revealed an expression pattern supporting the organ classification based on morphological characteristics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Organ identity in both wild-type and 'bud-flowering' C. vulgaris was clarified using a combination of microscopic and molecular methods. Our results for bract, sepal and petal organ identity are supported by the 'ABCDE model'. However, loss of stamens in the 'bud-flowering' phenotype is an exceptional flower organ modification that cannot be explained by modified spatial expression of known organ identity genes.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ), Department Plant Propagation, Kuehnhaeuser Str 101, 99189 Erfurt, Germany. hohe@erfurt.igzev.de. borchert@erfurt.igzev.de
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Borchert
authors.forename: Katrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Eckardt
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fuchs
authors.forename: Katja
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Krüger
authors.forename: Annette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hohe
mesh_terms: D029795:Calluna / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000235:genetics*; D018744:DNA, Plant / Q000235:genetics; D035264:Flowers / Q000235:genetics / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D018745:Genome, Plant; D026161:MADS Domain Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010641:Phenotype; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D018744:DNA, Plant; D026161:MADS Domain Proteins; D010940:Plant Proteins