title: Effect of inflammation induced by prolonged exercise on circulating erythroid progenitors and markers of erythropoiesis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Exercise in humans augments the mobilization of circulating hematopoietic progenitor cells (CD34(+)) from the bone marrow. We investigated the effect of inflammation on erythroid marrow activity by mobilization of erythroid progenitor cells (EPs) along with soluble markers of erythropoiesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten healthy athletes who participated in an ultradistance foot race participated in the study. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated, before (phase I), at the end (phase II), and at 48 h post-race (phase III). EPs were detected as burst colony forming units (BFU-e) and colonies were scored at day 14. Markers of inflammation (C-reactive protein, serum amyloid-A, interleukin-6, ferritin and S100B) and bone marrow activity (erythropoietin, soluble transferrin receptor and lipocalin-2) were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An approximately three-fold decrease in BFU-e number was observed at phase II. sTfR concentrations were also decreased at phase II and remained decreased at phase III. However, EPO and lipocalin-2 concentrations reached a maximum value at phase II, with a tendency to decrease at phase III.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings indicate that exercise-induced inflammation modulates bone marrow homeostasis leading to an increase in leukocyte turnover and a decrease in erythroid compartment. It appears that lipocalin-2 is the main factor that regulates the production and mobilization of EPs.
authors.affiliation: Stem Cell Transplant Unit, Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Antonia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Spiropoulos
authors.forename: Evgenios
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Goussetis
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Margeli
authors.forename: Evangelos
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Premetis
authors.forename: Katerina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Skenderi
authors.forename: Stelios
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Graphakos
authors.forename: Panayiotis
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Baltopoulos
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tsironi
authors.forename: Ioannis
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Papassotiriou
mesh_terms: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D056352:Athletes; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D001853:Bone Marrow / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D015672:Erythroid Precursor Cells / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D004920:Erythropoiesis / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology*; D004921:Erythropoietin / Q000097:blood; D005293:Ferritins / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood* / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology; D000071068:Lipocalin-2; D054834:Lipocalins / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D005082:Physical Exertion / Q000502:physiology*; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D011990:Receptors, Transferrin / Q000097:blood; D012420:Running / Q000293:injuries*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins; D015415:Biomarkers; C489506:LCN2 protein, human; D000071068:Lipocalin-2; D054834:Lipocalins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D011990:Receptors, Transferrin; D004921:Erythropoietin; D005293:Ferritins