title: Topical imiquimod or fluorouracil therapy for basal and squamous cell carcinoma: a systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To conduct a systematic review to determine clearance rates and adverse effects of topical imiquimod or fluorouracil therapy in the treatment of nonmelanoma skin cancers such as basal (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and to develop recommendations for the use of topical imiquimod or fluorouracil to treat BCC and SCC.
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE, CANCERLIT, and Cochrane databases.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, retrospective, and case studies in English containing a minimum of 4 subjects and a 6-month follow-up or posttreatment histologic evaluation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We calculated the rate of clearance and adverse effects for BCC subtypes and invasive and in situ SCC treated with topical imiquimod or fluorouracil.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clearance rates varied by drug regimen, and most of the studies lacked long-term follow-up. Imiquimod use produced the following clearance rates: 43% to 100% for superficial BCC, 42% to 100% for nodular BCC, 56% to 63% for infiltrative BCC, 73% to 88% for SCC in situ, and 71% for invasive SCC. Fluorouracil use produced the following clearance rates: 90% for superficial BCC and 27% to 85% for SCC in situ. Up to 100% and 97% of patients applying imiquimod and fluorouracil, respectively, experienced at least 1 adverse event. Adverse event intensity ranged from mild to severe; erythema, pruritus, and pain were common.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Evidence supports the use of topical imiquimod as monotherapy for superficial BCC and topical fluorouracil as monotherapy for superficial BCC and SCC in situ. Based on the available evidence, the strength of any recommendations for the use of these 2 agents in the primary treatment of these tumors is weak. We recommend that their use be limited to patients with small tumors in low-risk locations who will not or cannot undergo treatment with better-established therapies for which long-term clearance rates have been determined. Long-term clinical follow-up is essential for patients treated with topical imiquimod or fluorouracil. Limitations of therapy include high rates of adverse effects, lower clearance rates than other treatment modalities, dependence on patient adherence to treatment, and higher costs than other therapies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center and Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: W Elliot
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Love
authors.forename: Jeffrey D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Bernhard
authors.forename: Jeremy S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Bordeaux
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000634:Aminoquinolines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D002280:Basal Cell Carcinoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006801:Humans; D000077271:Imiquimod; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D000634:Aminoquinolines; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D000077271:Imiquimod; D005472:Fluorouracil