title: CXCR4 expression heterogeneity in neuroblastoma cells due to ligand-independent regulation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  CXCR4, the receptor for the chemokine stromal-derived factor 1 (SDF-1), has been shown to mediate many of the processes essential for cancer progression such as tumor cell proliferation, metastasis, and angiogenesis. To understand the role of CXCR4 in the biology of neuroblastoma, a disease that presents with wide spread metastases in over 50% of patients, we screened ten patient derived-neuroblastoma cell-lines for basal CXCR4 expression and sought to identify characteristics that correlate with tumor cell phenotype.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All cell lines expressed CXCR4 mRNA at variable levels, that correlated well with three distinct classes of CXCR4 surface expression (low, moderate, or high) as defined by flow cytometry. Analysis of the kinetics of CXCR4 surface expression on moderate and high expressing cell lines showed a time-dependent down-regulation of the receptor that directly correlated with cell confluency, and was independent of SDF1. Cell lysates showed the presence of multiple CXCR4 isoforms with three major species of approximately 87, 67 and 55 kDa associating with high surface expression, and two distinct species of 45 and 38 kDa correlating with low to null surface expression. Western blot analysis of CXCR4 immunoprecipitates showed that the 87 and 67 kDa forms were ubiquitinated, while the others were not. Finally, treatment of cells with a proteasome inhibitor resulted in down regulation of CXCR4 surface expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Taken together, these data show that regulation of CXCR4 surface expression in neuroblastoma cells can occur independently of SDF-1 contribution arguing against an autocrine mechanism. Additionally these data suggest that post-translational modifications of CXCR4, in part through direct ubiquitination, can influence trafficking of CXCR4 to the surface of neuroblastoma cells in a ligand-independent manner.
authors.affiliation: Division of Oncology, Abramson Research Center, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, ARC-907A, 3615 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4399, USA. carlisle@email.chop.edu
authors.forename: Alex J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Carlisle
authors.forename: Christopher A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Lyttle
authors.forename: Rosalind Y
authors.initials: RY
authors.lastname: Carlisle
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Maris
mesh_terms: D015153:Blotting, Western; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D015536:Down-Regulation; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D006801:Humans; D008024:Ligands; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D019718:Receptors, CXCR4 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C527276:CXCR4 protein, human; D008024:Ligands; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D019718:Receptors, CXCR4