title: Imaging of the acute scrotum: is there a place for contrast-enhanced ultrasonography?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To present and evaluate the findings of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) in typical cases of acute painful scrotum.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nineteen patients aged from 19 to 61 years old were included in the study. All patients underwent grey-scale and color Doppler ultrasonography (US) of the scrotum, followed by imaging after i.v. administration of 2.4 mL of a second generation ultrasound contrast agent (microbubbles of sulphur hexafluoride). ? dedicated, contrast-sensitive technique was used (Contrast Tissue Imaging - CnTI). The diagnosis was confirmed surgically in 6 cases while in the remaining 8 cases it was based on the combination of clinical, imaging and laboratory findings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The final diagnosis was testicular torsion (n = 4), epididymitis (n = 2, one of the cases complicated by abscess), testicular abscess (n = 1), scrotal abscess (n = 1), testicular trauma of varying severity (n = 6). Five out of 19 cases were true negatives: neither clinical examination nor laboratory tests revealed any pathology. CEUS showed complete lack of enhancement in all cases of torsion, permitting a rapid and definitive diagnosis. In the cases of infection complicated by abscesses, CEUS delineated the lesions much better than the combination of B-mode/Color Doppler US. The severely traumatized testicles showed minimal, inhomogeneous or patchy enhancement, while cases of minor trauma showed no significant enhancement defects. Hematomas were presented as non-enhancing lesions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Generally, there was no advantage over Doppler US as has been previously shown. However, CEUS can be used supplementary to traditional Doppler US in the investigation of blunt testicular trauma especially when there is uncertainty in diagnosis after appropriate clinical and radiographic evaluations occurs. Further studies are required to clearly define the indications of this method.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, General Hospital of Pireas Tzaneio, Pireas, Greece.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Moschouris
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Stamatiou
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lampropoulou
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kalikis
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Matsaidonis
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003287:Contrast Media; D005832:Genital Diseases, Male / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010743:Phospholipids; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012611:Scrotum / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D013459:Sulfur Hexafluoride; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D010743:Phospholipids; C420843:contrast agent BR1; D013459:Sulfur Hexafluoride