title: Risk adapted combined modality treatment in children with Hodgkin's disease: NCI, Cairo.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study is to maximize the chance of cure while minimizing surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy as much as possible to avoid late effects and toxicity of combined modality treatment in children with Hodgkin's disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred twenty-one (121) children under the age of 18 years with a histopathologic diagnosis of Hodgkin's disease were enrolled into this study. Patients were stratified according to stage into 3 risk groups: low (Stages: I, II A), intermediate (Stages: II B, III A) and high risk group (Stages: III B, IV). Oral Etoposide was used in this study instead of procarbazine in the management of boys with HD to reduce the gonadotoxic effects of procarbazine. Two cycles of OPPA for females and E-OPA for males were effective induction treatment for children with all stages of HD and stage-tailored chemotherapy (2, 4, 6 cycles of OPPA, E-OPA/ COPP) was sufficient to eradicate occult microfoci. Involved field radiotherapy was given in doses of 30, 25, 20 Gy, depending on the extent of initial chemotherapy and risk status. Staging laparotomy was performed in 30 patients out of the 121 patients, 24 of them underwent splenectomy. Patients who received whole neck radiotherapy were submitted to thyroid U/S and thyroid hormonal profile. Only 3 adolescent patients did semen analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall and disease-free survival rates at 6 years were 95.3% and 86.1% (95% CI), respectively (entire group), 96.1% , 92.3% (95% CI) for low risk, 96.1% , 80.7% (95% CI) for intermediate risk and 93.3% , 80% (95% CI) for high risk patients. During the followup period all patients had normal thyroid functions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In children with HD, only low dose involved field radiotherapy with reduced doses is needed,if a risk-dependent chemotherapy is given. In this series the strategy of selective laparotomy and restrictive splenectomy is very useful in the context of combined modality treatment, in which laparotomy was omitted if both abdominal U/S and CT were negative.
authors.affiliation: The Department of Radiotherapy, NCI, Cairo University.
authors.forename: Samy
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: El-Badawy
authors.forename: Sherif
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aboulnaga
authors.forename: Amin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Abou Gabal
authors.forename: Abeer
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mokhless
authors.forename: Manal
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zamzam
authors.forename: Iman
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sidhom
authors.forename: Emad
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ebeid
authors.forename: Hany
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hussein
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004534:Egypt; D005260:Female; D006689:Hodgkin Disease / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D006801:Humans; D007813:Laparotomy; D008297:Male; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D012074:Remission Induction; D012307:Risk Factors; D016879:Salvage Therapy; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome