title: Efficacy of vaporised ethyl formate/carbon dioxide formulation against stored-grain insects: effect of fumigant concentration, exposure time and two grain temperatures.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The ethyl formate/carbon dioxide (CO(2)) formulation Vapormate is a rapid-acting fumigant being developed for the control of stored-grain insects. The effects have been investigated of concentration, exposure times of 1, 3, 24 and 72 h and two grain temperatures, 15 and 25 degrees C, on its efficacy against mixed-stage cultures of Sitophilus oryzae (L.) Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and strongly phosphine-resistant Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) strain QRD569.
  
  
  RESULTS
  High mortalities (> or = 92%) of mixed-stage cultures of all three species were obtained when grain was fumigated with the formulation (193 g m(-3) ethyl formate) for 1 h. Complete control of R. dominica QRD569 and T. castaneum was achieved with 63 and 76 g m(-3) ethyl formate respectively, with exposure for 24 h, whereas mean mortality of S. oryzae was 86% under the same conditions. Mortalities of S. oryzae juvenile stages were significantly lower than adults under the conditions tested, which was due to pronounced tolerance of mid-stage pupae to the fumigant. Reducing grain temperature from 25 to 15 degrees C had no effect on insect mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ethyl formate/CO(2) formulation is highly effective against stored-grain insects over a range of concentrations and exposure times. Efficacious fumigations were conducted in as little as 1 h, and a strongly phosphine-resistant R. dominica strain was readily controlled with the fumigant.
authors.affiliation: CSIRO Entomology, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
authors.forename: Katherine A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Damcevski
authors.forename: Greg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dojchinov
authors.forename: James D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Woodman
authors.forename: Victoria S
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Haritos
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry*; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D001517:Coleoptera; D002523:Edible Grain; D005511:Food Handling / Q000379:methods*; D005563:Formic Acid Esters / Q000737:chemistry*; D007300:Insect Control / Q000379:methods*; D007305:Insecticide Resistance; D007306:Insecticides / Q000737:chemistry*; D010720:Phosphines; D011679:Pupa / Q000187:drug effects; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D014835:Volatilization
chemical_list: D005563:Formic Acid Esters; D007306:Insecticides; D010720:Phosphines; C510888:ethyl formate; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; C044646:phosphine