title: Congenital vascular malformations of the retina and choroid.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of congenital vascular malformations of the retina and choroid.
  
  
  METHODS
  Review of the current literature on retinal haemangioblastoma, racemose haemangiomatosis, retinal cavernous haemangioblastoma, circumscribed choroidal haemangioma, and diffuse choroidal haemangioma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The management of patients with congenital vascular lesions of the retina and choroid is advancing rapidly through recent developments in genetic testing, ocular imaging, and treatment. Most are associated with systemic disease, which may be life-threatening. New therapeutic methods such as Verteporfin photodynamic therapy and anti-angiogenic therapy have significantly improved the treatment of retinal and choroidal angiomas and vascular malformations. Ophthalmologists have a major role in detecting and diagnosing these tumours and in providing long-term care in collaboration with a specialist in the field.
authors.affiliation: Ocular Oncology Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, UK. heinrich.heimann@gmail.com
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Heimann
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Damato
mesh_terms: D002830:Choroid Neoplasms / Q000151:congenital* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000379:methods; D018325:Hemangioblastoma / Q000151:congenital* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D006391:Hemangioma / Q000151:congenital* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D006392:Hemangioma, Cavernous / Q000151:congenital / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D010778:Photochemotherapy; D019572:Retinal Neoplasms / Q000151:congenital* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D014821:Vitrectomy