title: Cyclic fatigue and fracture characteristics of ground and twisted nickel-titanium rotary files.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purposes of this study were to compare the fatigue resistance of traditional, ground nickel-titanium rotary instruments with the Twisted File and to examine the fracture characteristics of the fatigued fragment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Size #25, 0.06 tapered, TF (SybronEndo), RaCe (FKG Dentaire), Helix (DiaDent), and ProTaper F1 (Dentsply Maillefer) were examined with scanning electron microscope for surface characteristics before subjected to a cyclic (rotational bending) fatigue test. The time until fracture was recorded to calculate the number of revolutions for each instrument. The data were compared for differences by using analysis of variance and post hoc Scheffé test. The fragments were examined with scanning electron microscope both in lateral view and fractographically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TF showed a significantly higher resistance to cyclic fatigue than other nickel-titanium files that were manufactured with a grinding process (P < .05). The path of crack propagation appeared to be different for electropolished (TF and RaCe) versus non-electropolished (Helix and ProTaper) instruments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although all specimens showed similar fractographic appearance, which indicated a similar fracture mechanism, instruments with abundant machining grooves seemed to have a higher risk of fatigue.
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea.
authors.forename: Hyeon-Cheol
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Jiwan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yum
authors.forename: Bock
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hur
authors.forename: Gary Shun-Pan
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Cheung
mesh_terms: D003722:Dental Alloys; D003762:Dental Instruments; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D004868:Equipment Failure; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D009532:Nickel; D018915:Root Canal Preparation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium
chemical_list: D003722:Dental Alloys; C040654:titanium nickelide; D009532:Nickel; D014025:Titanium