title: Diagnosis and management of pediatric cervicofacial venous malformations: retrospective review from a vascular anomalies center.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Venous malformations are rare congenital aberrations of vein development frequently presenting in the head and neck. Without treatment, venous malformations cause progressive disfigurement, dysfunction, and bleeding. In this study, we analyzed a cohort of pediatric patients with cervicofacial venous malformations (CFVM), with the goal of developing a treatment algorithm for these complex lesions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven-year retrospective chart review. The setting was a vascular anomalies center at a pediatric tertiary hospital. Nineteen patients (10 male, 9 female), aged 11 months to 17 years, presented with CFVM.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patient charts were reviewed for demographics, signs and symptoms, timing of first and subsequent interventions, total number and type of interventions performed, and procedural complications. A family questionnaire supplemented outcome measures by determining the perception of disease control.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Presenting symptoms for CFVM include growth (100%), disfigurement (63%), pain (58%), respiratory compromise (42%), and dysphagia (32%). A mean of 6.7 interventions were performed per patient (median, 6; range, 2-12), requiring a mean of 0.8 excisions, 4.6 laser treatments, and 1.3 sclerotherapy injections. Average age at first procedure was 8.5 years. Time between treatments averaged 8.9 months. Four complications occurred in 127 procedures (3.1%). Questionnaire responses indicated subjective improvement following therapy. A management algorithm could be developed from therapeutic outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Treatment of CFVM can be safely and successfully performed with a combination of laser therapy, sclerotherapy, and surgical excision. A treatment algorithm involving multiple procedures during childhood can lead to successful management of CFVM.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Children's Hospital at OU Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.
authors.forename: Robert S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Glade
authors.forename: Gresham T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Richter
authors.forename: Charles A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: James
authors.forename: James Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Suen
authors.forename: Lisa M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Buckmiller
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D053685:Laser Therapy; D008297:Male; D009055:Mouth / Q000098:blood supply*; D009333:Neck / Q000098:blood supply*; D015911:Sclerotherapy; D054079:Vascular Malformations / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D014680:Veins / Q000002:abnormalities