title: Oxygen-wasting effect of inotropy: is there a need for a new evaluation? An experimental large-animal study using dobutamine and levosimendan.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We addressed the hypothesis that the inotropic drugs dobutamine and levosimendan both induce surplus oxygen consumption (oxygen wasting) relative to their contractile effect in equipotent therapeutic doses, with levosimendan being energetically more efficient.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Postischemically reduced left ventricular function (stunning) was created by repetitive left coronary occlusions in 22 pigs. This contractile dysfunction was reversed by infusion of either levosimendan (24 microg/kg loading and 0.04 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1) infusion) or an equipotent dose of dobutamine (1.25 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1)). Contractility and cardiac output were normalized by both drug regimens. The energy cost of drug-induced contractility enhancement was assessed by myocardial oxygen consumption related to the mechanical indexes tension-time index, pressure-volume area, and total mechanical energy. ANCOVA did not reveal any increased oxygen cost of contractility for either drug in these doses. However, both dobutamine and levosimendan at supratherapeutic levels (10 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1) and 48 microg/kg loading with 0.2 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1) infusion, respectively) induced a highly significant increase in oxygen consumption related to mechanical work, compatible with the established oxygen-wasting effect of inotropy (P<0.001 for all mechanical indexes with dobutamine; P=0.007 for levosimendan as assessed by pressure-volume area).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Therapeutic levels of neither dobutamine nor levosimendan showed inotropic oxygen wasting in this in vivo pig model. Thus, relevant hemodynamic responses can be achieved with an adrenergic inotrope without surplus oxygen consumption.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital North Norway, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway.
authors.forename: Stig
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: Ole-Jakob
authors.initials: OJ
authors.lastname: How
authors.forename: Øyvind
authors.initials: Ø
authors.lastname: Jakobsen
authors.forename: Stig Eggen
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Hermansen
authors.forename: Assami
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Røsner
authors.forename: Thor Allan
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Stenberg
authors.forename: Truls
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Myrmel
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004280:Dobutamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006835:Hydrazones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000187:drug effects*; D017682:Myocardial Stunning / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000187:drug effects*; D011724:Pyridazines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000077464:Simendan; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D002316:Cardiotonic Agents; D006835:Hydrazones; D011724:Pyridazines; D000077464:Simendan; D004280:Dobutamine