title: Increased O-linked beta-N-acetylglucosamine levels on proteins improves survival, reduces inflammation and organ damage 24 hours after trauma-hemorrhage in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effects of O-linked beta-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) levels on survival, inflammation, and organ damage 24 hrs after trauma-hemorrhage. We have previously shown that increasing protein O-GlcNAc levels by different mechanisms reduced inflammatory responses and improved organ function 2 hrs after trauma-hemorrhage.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, randomized, controlled study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Animal research laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male, adult Sprague-Dawley rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Overnight fasted animals were subjected to either sham surgery or trauma-hemorrhage and during the resuscitation phase received glucosamine (270 mg/kg) to increase O-GlcNAc synthesis or O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranosylidene) amino N-phenyl carbamate (PUGNAc, 7 mg/kg) to inhibit O-GlcNAc removal, or mannitol as control.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Survival was followed up for 24 hrs. Surviving rats were euthanized and inflammatory responses, and end organ injuries were assessed. Both glucosamine and PUGNAc increased 24-hr survival compared with controls (control: 53%, GN: 85%, PUGNAc: 86%, log-rank test, p < .05). PUGNAc attenuated the trauma-hemorrhage-induced increase in serum interleukin-6 (sham surgery: 8 +/- 6, control: 181 +/- 36, PUGNAc: 42 +/- 22 pg/mL, p < .05), alanine transaminase (sham surgery: 95 +/- 14, control: 297 +/- 56, PUGNAc: 126 +/- 21 IU, p < .05), aspartate transaminase (sham surgery: 536 +/- 110, control: 1661 +/- 215, PUGNAc: 897 +/- 155 IU, p < .05), and lactate dehydrogenase (sham surgery: 160 +/- 18, control: 1499 +/- 311, PUGNAc: 357 +/- 99 IU, p < .05); however, glucosamine had no effect on these serum parameters. Furthermore, PUGNAc but not glucosamine maintained O-GlcNAc levels in liver and lung and significantly attenuated the NF-kappaB DNA activation in the liver. In the liver and heart, increased inducible nitric oxide synthase expression was also attenuated in the PUGNAc-treated group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate that increasing O-GlcNAc with either glucosamine or PUGNAc improved 24-hr survival after trauma-hemorrhage. However, only PUGNAc treatment attenuated significantly the subsequent tissue injury and inflammatory responses, suggesting that inhibition of O-GlcNAc removal may represent a new therapeutic approach for the treatment of hypovolemic shock.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology, Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
authors.forename: Laszlo G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Nöt
authors.forename: Charlye A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Brocks
authors.forename: Laszlo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vámhidy
authors.forename: Richard B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Marchase
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Chatham
mesh_terms: D000117:Acetylglucosamine / Q000097:blood*; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D001784:Blood Gas Analysis; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D001798:Blood Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000378:metabolism; D015151:Immunoblotting; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000097:blood; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000097:blood; D010766:Phosphorylation; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012771:Shock, Hemorrhagic / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D001798:Blood Proteins; D016207:Cytokines; D016328:NF-kappa B; D009195:Peroxidase; D000117:Acetylglucosamine