title: Glossopharyngeal long-term facilitation requires serotonin 5-HT2 and NMDA receptors in rats.
abstract: Although the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) is mainly a sensory nerve, it innervates stylopharyngeus and some other pharyngeal muscles, whose excitations would likely improve upper airway patency since electrical IX stimulation increases pharyngeal airway size. As acute intermittent hypoxia (AIH) induces hypoglossal and genioglossal long-term facilitation (LTF), we hypothesized that AIH induces glossopharyngeal LTF, which requires serotonin 5-HT(2) and NMDA receptors. Integrated IX activity was recorded in anesthetized, vagotomized, paralyzed and ventilated rats before, during and after 5 episodes of 3-min isocapnic 12% O(2) with 3-min intervals of 50% O(2). Either saline, ketanserin (5-HT(2) antagonist, 2mg/kg) or MK-801 (NMDA antagonist, 0.2mg/kg) was (i.v.) injected 30-60 min before AIH. Both phasic and tonic IX activities were persistently increased (both P<0.05) after AIH in vehicle, but not ketanserin or MK-801, rats. Hypoxic glossopharyngeal responses were minimally changed after either drug. These data suggest that AIH induces both phasic and tonic glossopharyngeal LTF, which requires activation of 5-HT(2) and NMDA receptors.
authors.affiliation: Division of Sleep Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, BLI-043B, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: Chun
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Liming
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ling
mesh_terms: D000758:Anesthesia; D000818:Animals; D001784:Blood Gas Analysis; D002908:Chronic Disease; D016291:Dizocilpine Maleate / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D005930:Glossopharyngeal Nerve / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007650:Ketanserin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D017774:Long-Term Potentiation / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D010100:Oxygen / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000378:metabolism*; D044348:Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D012702:Serotonin Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D013997:Time Factors; D014628:Vagotomy
chemical_list: D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D044348:Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT2; D012702:Serotonin Antagonists; D016291:Dizocilpine Maleate; D007650:Ketanserin; D010100:Oxygen