title: Distribution of perfluoroalkyl compounds in seawater from northern Europe, Atlantic Ocean, and Southern Ocean.
abstract: The global distribution of perfluoroalkyl compounds (PFCs) were investigated in surface water samples collected onboard the Polarstern in Northern Europe, Atlantic and Southern Ocean (52 degrees N-69 degrees S) in 2008. The water samples were solid-phase extracted with Oasis WAX cartridges and analysed using the high-performance liquid chromatography interfaced to tandem mass spectrometry. Concentrations of various PFCs, including C(4), C(6), C(8) perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (PFSAs), perfluorooctane sulfinate (PFOSi), C(5)-C(12) perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCA) and perfluorooctane sulfonamide (FOSA) were quantified. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) were the predominant compounds with a maximum concentration of 232 and 223pgL(-1), respectively. Results indicate that industrial areas like the European Continent act as source of PFCs, while ocean water is an important as a sink as well as the transport medium of these compounds. Interestingly, in the equator area the summation operatorPFC concentration increased, which indicates that there exists an atmospheric or other unknown input source of PFCs. In the Southern Ocean only PFOS was detected which could be caused by atmospheric transport of its precursors.
authors.affiliation: Department for Environmental Chemistry, Institute for Coastal Research, GKSS Research Centre Geesthacht, Max-Planck-Str. 1, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany. lutz.ahrens@gkss.de <lutz.ahrens@gkss.de>
authors.forename: Lutz
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ahrens
authors.forename: Zhiyong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ebinghaus
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants; D017738:Alkanesulfonic Acids / Q000032:analysis*; D001267:Atlantic Ocean; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D005060:Europe; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000032:analysis*; D012623:Seawater / Q000737:chemistry*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D017738:Alkanesulfonic Acids; D005466:Fluorocarbons; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical