title: Garlic extract prevents CCl(4)-induced liver fibrosis in rats: The role of tissue transglutaminase.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Tissue transglutaminase contributes to liver damage in the development of hepatic fibrosis. In a model of neurodegeneration, the therapeutic benefit of cystamine has been partly attributed to its inhibition of transglutaminase activity. Garlic extract contains many compounds structurally related to cystamine. We investigated the anti-fibrotic effect of garlic extract and cystamine as specific tissue transglutaminase inhibitors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rat liver fibrosis was induced by intraperitoneal injection of carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)) for 7 weeks. Cystamine or garlic extract was administrated by daily intraperitoneal injection, starting from the day after the first administration of CCl(4). Hepatic function, histology, tissue transglutaminase immunostaining and image analysis to quantify Red Sirius stained collagen deposition were examined. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction to detect alpha-SMA, IL-1beta and tissue transglutaminase expression and Western blot for tissue transglutaminase protein amount were performed. Transglutaminase activity was assayed on liver homogenates by a radio-enzymatic method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Transglutaminase activity was increased in CCl(4) group and reduced by cystamine and garlic extract (p<0.05). Treatment with cystamine and garlic extract reduced the liver fibrosis and collagen deposition, particularly in the garlic extract group (p<0.01). Moreover, the liver damage improved and serum alanine aminotransferase was decreased (p<0.05). Tissue transglutaminase immunolocalised with collagen fibres and is mainly found in the ECM of damaged liver. Alpha-SMA, IL-1beta, tissue transglutaminase mRNA and tissue transglutaminase protein were down-regulated in the cystamine and garlic extract groups compared to controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings concurrently suggest that transglutaminase may play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis and may identify garlic cystamine-like molecules as a potential therapeutic strategy in the treatment of liver injury.
authors.affiliation: Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Federico II University, Naples, Italy. dargenio@unina.it
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: D'Argenio
authors.forename: Daniela Caterina
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Amoruso
authors.forename: Giovanna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mazzone
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vitaglione
authors.forename: Antonietta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Romano
authors.forename: Maria Teresa
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Ribecco
authors.forename: Maria Rosaria
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: D'Armiento
authors.forename: Ernesto
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mezza
authors.forename: Filomena
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Morisco
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Fogliano
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Caporaso
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D002251:Carbon Tetrachloride / Q000633:toxicity; D003094:Collagen / Q000378:metabolism; D003538:Cystamine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D015536:Down-Regulation; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005737:Garlic; D007274:Injections, Intraperitoneal; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D008111:Liver Function Tests; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D051381:Rats; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011503:Transglutaminases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D002251:Carbon Tetrachloride; D003094:Collagen; D003538:Cystamine; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D010936:Plant Extracts; D011503:Transglutaminases; C498862:Acta2 protein, rat