title: The design of orally bioavailable 2, 5-diketopiperazine oxytocin antagonists: from concept to clinical candidate for premature labor.
abstract: A short, efficient and highly stereoselective synthesis has been developed for a series of 6-indanyl-3-alkyl-7-aryl/heterocyclic-(3R, 6R, 7R)-2, 5-diketopiperazine amides that are potent and selective oxytocin (OT) antagonists. Property-based design using an estimate of human oral absorption enabled focus to be directed to those templates with the greatest chance of delivering high bioavailability in humans. This led to the 2', 4'-difluorophenyl dimethylamide 40, a highly potent (pK(i) =9.2) and selective OT antagonist (>1,000-fold selectivity vs. the human vasopressin receptors V1a, V2, and V1b) with good oral bioavailability (>50%) in the rat and dog. Increased solubility and an improved Cyp450 profile was achieved with a range of 2'-substituted 7-(1',3'-oxazol-4'-yl)-(3R,6R,7R)-2,5-diketopiperazine amides and branching at the α-carbon of the 3-butyl group led to a superior rat pharmacokinetic profile that resulted in the discovery of the 2'-methyl-1',3'-oxazol-4'-yl morpholine amide derivative 74 GSK221149A (Retosiban), which had the best oral exposure and bioavailability in the rat. Retosiban has sub-nanomolar affinity (K(i) =0.65 nM) for the oxytocin receptor with >1400-fold selectivity over the closely related vasopressin receptors. It has good solubility, low protein binding and has a good Cyp450 profile with no significant inhibition IC(50) >100 µM. Retosiban is >15-fold more potent at the human oxytocin receptor than atosiban (a marketed i.v, peptide OT antagonist) and it has been shown to be an effective tocolytic by i.v. and by oral administration in rats, and was selected for progression as a potential clinical candidate for preterm labor.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicinal Chemistry, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, Herts, United Kingdom. alan.d.borthwick@drugmoldesign.com
authors.forename: Alan D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Borthwick
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liddle
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D001682:Biological Availability; D054659:Diketopiperazines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015195:Drug Design; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007752:Obstetric Labor, Premature / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010121:Oxytocin / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D011247:Pregnancy
chemical_list: D054659:Diketopiperazines; D010121:Oxytocin