title: Accuracy of cephalometric landmarks on monitor-displayed radiographs with and without image emboss enhancement.
abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of some commonly used cephalometric landmarks of monitor-displayed images with and without image emboss enhancement. The following null hypothesis was tested: there is no improvement in landmark detection accuracy between monitor-displayed images, with and without image embossing enhancement. Forty lateral cephalometric radiographs, taken from the data files of subjects were used in this study. A purpose-made software allowed recording of the cephalometric points and then, with the help of algorithms based on cellular neural networks, to transfer the previously processed radiographs into an embossed image. Five observers recorded 22 landmarks on the displayed images from the two image modalities, i.e. monitor-displayed radiograph (mode A) and monitor-displayed embossed radiograph (mode B). The positions of the landmarks were recorded and saved in the format of x and y co-ordinates and as Euclidean distance. The mean errors and standard deviation of landmarks location according to the two modalities were compared with the 'best estimate' for each landmark and the values were calculated for each of the 22 landmarks. One-way analysis of variance was then used to evaluate any statistically significant differences. Euclidean distance mean errors were higher for the embossed images (except for Po) than for the unfiltered radiographs. These differences were all statistically significant (P < 0.05) except for Or, Po, PM, Co, APOcc, and PPOcc. On the x and y co-ordinates, the accuracy of the cephalometric landmark detection improved on the embossed radiograph but only for a few points (Or on x axis and Po, PM, Co, and APOcc on y axis), as these were not statistically significant. The use of radiographic enhancement techniques, such as embossing, does not improve the level of accuracy for cephalometric points detection. Unless more precise algorithms are designed, this feature should not be used for clinical or research purposes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, University of Catania, Catania, Italy. rleonard@unict.it
authors.forename: Rosalia Maria
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Leonardi
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Giordano
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Maiorana
authors.forename: Mariagrazia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Greco
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000465:Algorithms; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002648:Child; D016288:Computer Terminals; D003626:Data Display; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016571:Neural Networks, Computer; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D011861:Radiography, Dental / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012984:Software