title: Factors associated with persistence of arthralgia among Chikungunya virus-infected travellers: report of 42 French cases.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In 2005-2006, a major epidemic of CHIKV infection occurred in the Islands of the south-western Indian Ocean, and longstanding manifestations seemed to be more frequent than described before.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe the frequency and related factors of late clinical manifestations of CHIKV infection among imported cases living in Aquitaine area, France.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients recruited through the travel clinic and tropical medicine unit of the University Hospital Centre of Bordeaux with possible CHIKV infection were prospectively recorded, and confirmed cases of CHIKV infection were interviewed 2 years after infection. Factors associated with the persistence of symptoms were determined by multivariate logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the 29 cases followed, 17 still suffered from arthralgia 2 years after infection, and most of them had never recovered from the initial phase of the condition. The risk of persistent arthralgia tended to be higher among subjects with low educational level, subjects infected in the Reunion Island, and when initial phase lasted 30 days or more and was characterised by a severe pain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Consistent with previous studies, our findings showed worsened late manifestations among patients returning from Indian Ocean area. Persistence of symptoms tended to be linked with clinical burden during the acute phase, which can be informative for early recognition and management of patients at risk for developing persistent rheumatic symptoms. Cryoglobulins failed to be identified in seronegative patients with invalidating dengue-like syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Cellule Interrégionale d'Epidémiologie d'Aquitaine, Bordeaux, France.
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Larrieu
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pouderoux
authors.forename: Thierry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pistone
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Filleul
authors.forename: Marie-Catherine
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Receveur
authors.forename: Daouda
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sissoko
authors.forename: Khaled
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ezzedine
authors.forename: Denis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Malvy
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D018354:Alphavirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D018771:Arthralgia / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D002646:Chikungunya virus / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D003450:Cryoglobulins / Q000032:analysis; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D005602:France / Q000208:ethnology; D006801:Humans; D007195:Indian Ocean Islands / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014195:Travel / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
chemical_list: D003450:Cryoglobulins