title: Genital verrucous carcinoma is associated with lichen sclerosus: a retrospective study and review of the literature.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The association of lichen sclerosus (LS) with genital squamous cell carcinoma is well recognized. However, the relationship between LS and verrucous carcinoma remains unclear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the associations of genital and perianal verrucous carcinomas with LS.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a retrospective study on patients with a genital or perianal verrucous carcinoma and reviewed their histopathology specimens and clinical notes. We also conducted a literature review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified a total of 13 patients (including 6 women and 7 men) with a genital or perianal verrucous carcinoma. All 5 women with vulval verrucous carcinoma had coexisting LS (5/5), and 1 man with penile verrucous carcinoma had coexisting LS (1/3). In contrast, no coexisting LS was found in all 5 cases of perianal verrucous carcinoma (0/5). Half of the cases of verrucous carcinoma with coexisting LS had recurrences (3/6), while no recurrences were found in those without coexisting LS (0/7).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study and review of the literature demonstrate that vulval verrucous carcinoma is strongly associated with LS. In contrast, perianal verrucous carcinoma is not associated with LS. When genital verrucous carcinoma is diagnosed, it is important to consider LS as a potential concomitant diagnosis and offer appropriate treatments and close follow-up to detect recurrence of verrucous carcinoma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: S-H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: C-C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Chi
authors.forename: Y W
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Salim
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Manek
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wojnarowska
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D018289:Carcinoma, Verrucous / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D005833:Genital Neoplasms, Female / Q000150:complications*; D005834:Genital Neoplasms, Male / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D018459:Lichen Sclerosus et Atrophicus / Q000150:complications*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged