title: Haptic virtual reality for skill acquisition in endodontics.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Haptic virtual reality (VR) has revolutionized the skill acquisition in dentistry. The strength of the haptic VR system is that it can automatically record the outcome and associated kinematic data on how each step of the task is performed, which are not available in the conventional skill training environments. The aim of this study was to assess skill acquisition in endodontics and to identify process and outcome variables for the quantification of proficiency.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty novices engaged in the experimental study that involved practicing the access opening task with the haptic VR system. Process (speed, force utilization, and bimanual coordination) and outcome variables were determined for assessing skill performance. These values were compared before and after training.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant improvements were observed through training in all variables. A unique force used pattern and bimanual coordination were observed in each step of the access opening in the posttraining session. The novices also performed the tasks considerably faster with greater outcome within the first two to three training sessions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study objectively showed that the novices could learn to perform access opening tasks faster and with more consistency, better bimanual dexterity, and better force utilization. The variables examined showed great promise as objective indicators of proficiency and skill acquisition in haptic VR.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Dentistry, Thammasat University, Thailand. siriwan.suebnukarn@gmail.com
authors.forename: Siriwan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Suebnukarn
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Haddawy
authors.forename: Phattanapon
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rhienmora
authors.forename: Kugamoorthy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gajananan
mesh_terms: D003194:Computer-Assisted Instruction / Q000379:methods*; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D004497:Education, Dental / Q000379:methods*; D004521:Educational Measurement; D004708:Endodontics / Q000193:education*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009048:Motor Skills; D018915:Root Canal Preparation; D014110:Touch; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D055815:Young Adult