title: The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 is a crucial target for histone deacetylase 1 as a regulator of cellular proliferation.
abstract: Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are chromatin-modifying enzymes that are involved in the regulation of proliferation, differentiation and development. HDAC inhibitors induce cell cycle arrest, differentiation, or apoptosis in tumor cells and are therefore promising antitumor agents. Numerous genes were found to be deregulated upon HDAC inhibitor treatment; however, the relevant target enzymes are still unidentified. HDAC1 is required for mouse development and unrestricted proliferation of embryonic stem cells. We show here that HDAC1 reversibly regulates cellular proliferation and represses the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 in embryonic stem cells. Disruption of the p21 gene rescues the proliferation phenotype of HDAC1(-/-) embryonic stem cells but not the embryonic lethality of HDAC1(-/-) mice. In the absence of HDAC1, mouse embryonic fibroblasts scarcely undergo spontaneous immortalization and display increased p21 expression. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays demonstrate a direct regulation of the p21 gene by HDAC1 in mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Transformation with simian virus 40 large T antigen or ablation of p21 restores normal immortalization of primary HDAC1(-/-) fibroblasts. Our data demonstrate that repression of the p21 gene is crucial for HDAC1-mediated control of proliferation and immortalization. HDAC1 might therefore be one of the relevant targets for HDAC inhibitors as anticancer drugs.
authors.affiliation: Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9/2, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Gordin
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zupkovitz
authors.forename: Reinhard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Grausenburger
authors.forename: Reinhard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Brunmeir
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Senese
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tischler
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jurkin
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rembold
authors.forename: Dominique
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Meunier
authors.forename: Gerda
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Egger
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lagger
authors.forename: Susanna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chiocca
authors.forename: Fritz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Propst
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Weitzer
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Seiser
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000952:Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming / Q000235:genetics; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002472:Cell Transformation, Viral; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21 / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D053595:Embryonic Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D056284:Histone Deacetylase 1 / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009856:Oncogene Proteins, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D050725:Papillomavirus E7 Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D010641:Phenotype; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D000952:Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming; C493957:Cdkn1a protein, mouse; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; C068651:E6 protein, Human papillomavirus type 16; D009856:Oncogene Proteins, Viral; D050725:Papillomavirus E7 Proteins; D012097:Repressor Proteins; C059731:oncogene protein E7, Human papillomavirus type 16; C484389:Hdac1 protein, mouse; D056284:Histone Deacetylase 1