title: Hepatic CYP2A6 levels and nicotine metabolism: impact of genetic, physiological, environmental, and epigenetic factors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the role of genetic, physiological, environmental, and epigenetic factors in regulating CYP2A6 expression and nicotine metabolism.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human livers (n = 67) were genotyped for CYP2A6 alleles and assessed for nicotine metabolism and CYP2A6 expression (mRNA and protein). In addition, a subset of livers (n = 18), human cryopreserved hepatocytes (n = 2), and HepG2 cells were used for DNA methylation analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Liver samples with variant CYP2A6 alleles had significantly lower CYP2A6 protein expression, nicotine C-oxidation activity, and affinity for nicotine. Female livers had significantly higher CYP2A6 protein and mRNA expression compared to male livers. Livers exposed to dexamethasone and phenobarbital had higher CYP2A6 expression and activity, however the difference was not statistically significant. Age and DNA methylation status of the CpG island and a regulatory site were not associated with altered CYP2A6.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We identified genotype, gender, and exposure to inducers as sources of variation in CYP2A6 expression and activity, but much variation remains to be accounted for.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Nael
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Al Koudsi
authors.forename: Ewa B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.forename: Abbas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Assadzadeh
authors.forename: Rachel F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Tyndale
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D018899:CpG Islands; D065637:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2A6; D019175:DNA Methylation; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000494:pharmacology; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000187:drug effects; D005838:Genotype; D056945:Hep G2 Cells; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology*; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D016014:Linear Models; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology*; D008297:Male; D008862:Microsomes, Liver / Q000201:enzymology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009538:Nicotine / Q000378:metabolism*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010634:Phenobarbital / Q000494:pharmacology; D010641:Phenotype; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D012737:Sex Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D009538:Nicotine; D003907:Dexamethasone; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases; C585710:CYP2A6 protein, human; D065637:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2A6; D010634:Phenobarbital