title: Demographic, maltreatment, and neurobiological correlates of PTSD symptoms in children and adolescents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relationships of demographic, maltreatment, neurostructural and neuropsychological measures with total posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants included 216 children with maltreatment histories (N = 49), maltreatment and PTSD (N = 49), or no maltreatment (N = 118). Participants received diagnostic interviews, brain imaging, and neuropsychological evaluations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We examined a hierarchical regression model comprised of independent variables including demographics, trauma and maltreatment-related variables, and hippocampal volumes and neuropsychological measures to model PTSD symptoms. Important independent contributors to this model were SES, and General Maltreatment and Sexual Abuse Factors. Although hippocampal volumes were not significant, Visual Memory was a significant contributor to this model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Similar to adult PTSD, pediatric PTSD symptoms are associated with lower Visual Memory performance. It is an important correlate of PTSD beyond established predictors of PTSD symptoms. These results support models of developmental traumatology and suggest that treatments which enhance visual memory may decrease symptoms of PTSD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Healthy Childhood Brain Development Developmental Traumatology Research Program, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA. debel002@mc.duke.edu
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: De Bellis
authors.forename: Stephen R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Hooper
authors.forename: Donald P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Woolley
authors.forename: Chad E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Shenk
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002650:Child Abuse, Sexual / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004292:Dominance, Cerebral / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007406:Interview, Psychological; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term / Q000502:physiology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009657:North Carolina; D009929:Organ Size / Q000502:physiology; D010364:Pattern Recognition, Visual / Q000502:physiology; D011594:Psychometrics; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*