title: Evaluation of and treatment for monosymptomatic enuresis: a standardization document from the International Children's Continence Society.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We provide updated, clinically useful recommendations for treating children with monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Evidence was gathered from the literature and experience was gathered from the authors with priority given to evidence when present. The draft document was circulated among all members of the International Children's Continence Society as well as other relevant expert associations before completion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Available evidence suggests that children with monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis could primarily be treated by a primary care physician or an adequately educated nurse. The mainstays of primary evaluation are a proper history and a voiding chart. The mainstays of primary therapy are bladder advice, the enuresis alarm and/or desmopressin. Therapy resistant cases should be handled by a specialist doctor. Among the recommended second line therapies are anticholinergics and in select cases imipramine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Enuresis in a child older than 5 years is not a trivial condition, and needs proper evaluation and treatment. This requires time but usually does not demand costly or invasive procedures.
authors.affiliation: Nephrology Unit, Uppsala University Children's Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden. tryggve.neveus@kbh.uu.se
authors.forename: Tryggve
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Neveus
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Eggert
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Macedo
authors.forename: Søren
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rittig
authors.forename: Serdar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tekgül
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vande Walle
authors.forename: C K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Yeung
authors.forename: Lane
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Robson
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004775:Enuresis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans