title: Use of a foam spatula for sampling surfaces after bioaerosol deposition.
abstract: The present study had three goals: (i) to evaluate the relative quantities of aerosolized Bacillus atrophaeus spores deposited on the vertical, horizontal top, and horizontal bottom surfaces in a chamber; (ii) to assess the relative recoveries of the aerosolized spores from glass and stainless steel surfaces with a polyester swab and a macrofoam sponge wipe; and (iii) to estimate the relative recovery efficiencies of aerosolized B. atrophaeus spores and Pantoea agglomerans using a foam spatula at several different bacterial loads by aerosol distribution on glass surfaces. The majority of spores were collected from the bottom horizontal surface regardless of which swab type and extraction protocol were used. Swabbing with a macrofoam sponge wipe was more efficient in recovering spores from surfaces contaminated with high bioaerosol concentrations than swabbing with a polyester swab. B. atrophaeus spores and P. agglomerans culturable cells were detected on glass surfaces using foam spatulas when the theoretical surface bacterial loads were 2.88 x 10(4) CFU and 8.09 x 10(6) CFU per 100-cm(2) area, respectively. The median recovery efficiency from the surfaces using foam spatulas was equal to 9.9% for B. atrophaeus spores when the recovery was calculated relative to the theoretical surface spore load. Using a foam spatula permits reliable sampling of spores on the bioaerosol-exposed surfaces in a wide measuring range. The culturable P. agglomerans cells were recovered with a median efficiency of 0.001%, but staining the swab extracts with fluorescent dyes allowed us to observe that the viable cell numbers were higher by 1.83 log units than culturable organisms. However, additional work is needed to improve the analysis of the foam extracts in order to decrease the limit of detection of Bacillus spores and Gram-negative bacteria on contaminated surfaces.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Rafal
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lewandowski
authors.forename: Krystyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kozlowska
authors.forename: Malgorzata
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Szpakowska
authors.forename: Malgorzata
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stepinska
authors.forename: Elzbieta A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Trafny
mesh_terms: D000336:Aerosols; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor; D001407:Bacillus / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D001431:Bacteriological Techniques; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D003252:Construction Materials / Q000382:microbiology; D032561:Cotton Fiber; D003470:Culture Media; D003666:Decontamination; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D004866:Equipment Contamination; D057230:Limit of Detection; D020636:Pantoea / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D010316:Particle Size; D016062:Porosity; D011933:Reagent Kits, Diagnostic; D013048:Specimen Handling / Q000379:methods; D013171:Spores, Bacterial / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013193:Stainless Steel; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D003470:Culture Media; D011933:Reagent Kits, Diagnostic; D013193:Stainless Steel