title: Motor function may differentiate attention deficit hyperactivity disorder from early onset bipolar disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Differentiating between bipolar spectrum disorder (BD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in childhood and adolescence is difficult because the clinical presentation is influenced by ongoing neural development, causing considerable symptom overlap. Motor problems and neurological soft signs have been associated with ADHD for decades. Little is known about motor skills in BD. Here we assess the diagnostic accuracy of neuromotor deviations in differentiating ADHD from BD in clinical practice. We also investigate if these deviations exist in concurrent ADHD and BD, thus indicating true comorbidity
  
  
  METHODS
  64 patients 6-18 years (31 girls, 33 boys) fulfilling the diagnostic criteria of BD, ADHD combined subtype (ADHD-C) or comorbid BD and ADHD-C, were compared using an age-standardized neuromotor test; NUBU. Categorical variables were analyzed using cross table with two-tailed chi square test or Fisher's exact test when appropriate. Continuous variables were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis test and, if significant, Mann-Whitney U test and ROC plots.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ADHD-C group and the comorbid ADHD-C and BD group both showed significantly more neurological soft signs (p less than 0.01) and lower mean static coordination percentile (p less than 0.01) than the BD group. The positive predictive value of NUBU in the diagnosis of ADHD-C with or without concurrent BD was 89% (80-95) for total soft signs and 87% (79-95) for static coordination below the 7.5 percentile.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An age-standardized neuromotor test battery may promote diagnostic accuracy in differentiating ADHD from BD in clinical practice, and help evaluating whether symptoms of ADHD in children who have BD reflect symptom overlap or real comorbidity. This may have important implications for everyday diagnostic work.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, Sörlandet Hospital, PO Box 605 4809 Arendal, Norway.
authors.forename: Anne H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Udal
authors.forename: Ulrik F
authors.initials: UF
authors.lastname: Malt
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lövdahl
authors.forename: Bente
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gjaerum
authors.forename: Are H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Pripp
authors.forename: Berit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Groholt