title: Open gastrostomy for noninvasive ventilation users with neuromuscular disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report open gastrostomy for ventilator-assisted or -supported patients with altered nutritional status as a result of severe dysphagia and without tracheostomy, translaryngeal intubation, or general anesthesia. Avoiding intubation and general anesthesia decreases the risk of respiratory complications and can prolong noninvasive respiratory management.
  
  
  METHODS
  The procedure was performed for 62 noninvasive intermittent positive-pressure ventilation users: 44 with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, 10 with muscular dystrophy including 6 with Duchenne muscular dystrophy, and 8 with other conditions. All had vital capacities <40% of predicted normal. Noninvasive intermittent positive-pressure ventilation was provided in ambient air before, during, and after the procedure. Oxyhemoglobin saturation was maintained at 95% or greater and end-tidal CO2 <40 cm H2O by noninvasive intermittent positive-pressure ventilation and mechanically assisted coughing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no complications of the procedure. All patients gained weight subsequently. Mean postgastrostomy survival was 38.8 +/- 6.2 mos with 26 of the patients still alive. Eighteen of the 62 patients had no ventilator-free breathing ability before, during, or after the gastrostomy. Fifty-one patients eventually lost all ventilator-free breathing abilities without tracheostomy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Open gastrostomy can be performed safely without airway intubation or general anesthesia for patients with little or no autonomous breathing ability. It permitted continued survival without tracheostomy despite loss of all ventilator-free breathing abilities for 51 patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University Hospital, Newark, New Jersey 07871, USA.
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Bach
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gonzalez
authors.forename: Amit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Swan
authors.forename: Anuradha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Patel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000772:Anesthesia, Local; D003680:Deglutition Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005774:Gastrostomy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007385:Intermittent Positive-Pressure Ventilation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009468:Neuromuscular Diseases / Q000150:complications*; D055815:Young Adult