title: Off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery versus standard linear or pulsatile cardiopulmonary bypass: endothelial activation and inflammatory response.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Poor outcomes after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) have been linked to perioperative endothelial activation and systemic inflammatory responses. The use of pulsatile cardiopulmonary bypass (PCPB) or off-pump CABG (OPCABG) may minimise these phenomena. We compared biochemical and clinical outcomes among patients who underwent CABG with PCPB, CABG with linear CPB (LCPB) or OPCABG.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty consecutive patients undergoing isolated elective CABG were prospectively randomised trial to receive pulsatile CPB (group A, 20 patients), linear CPB (group B, 20 patients) or OPCABG (group C, 20 patients). Levels of proinflammatory cytokines (interleukins-2, -6, and -8), anti-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-10) and endothelial markers (vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), monocyte chemo-attractant protein (MCP)-1) were measured before, during and after surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  VEGF and MCP-1 levels increased significantly during surgery in all groups, but they increased the least and were the lowest overall with OPCABG. They rose most and peaked overall with LCPB. Interleukin-2 levels remained stable during OPCABG but decreased equally during PCPB and LCPB. Interleukin-6 and -8 levels rose significantly during both types of CPB versus OPCABG. Interleukin-10 levels increased significantly in all groups during surgery, but they rose least and were the lowest overall with OPCABG and rose most and were the highest overall with PCPB. Intubation times, intensive care unit (ICU) stay and hospital stay were significantly longer in the LCPB group than the other two groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LCPB appears to promote endothelial activation and cytokine secretion, which may delay recovery. OPCABG was associated with slight endothelial activation and cytokine response. PCPB significantly attenuates endothelial/cytokine leakage, resulting in hospital outcomes comparable with those after OPCABG.
authors.affiliation: Cardiac Surgery Unit, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy. frankono@libero.it
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Onorati
authors.forename: Antonino S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Rubino
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nucera
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Foti
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sica
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Santini
authors.forename: Elio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gulletta
authors.forename: Attilio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Renzulli
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000097:blood; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D047549:Coronary Artery Bypass, Off-Pump / Q000009:adverse effects; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007378:Interleukins / Q000097:blood; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011673:Pulsatile Flow; D018746:Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome / Q000209:etiology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C111835:CCL2 protein, human; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D007378:Interleukins; C467484:VEGFA protein, human; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A