title: Residential traffic exposure and pregnancy-related outcomes: a prospective birth cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The effects of ambient air pollution on pregnancy outcomes are under debate. Previous studies have used different air pollution exposure assessment methods. The considerable traffic-related intra-urban spatial variation needs to be considered in exposure assessment. Residential proximity to traffic is a proxy for traffic-related exposures that takes into account within-city contrasts.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated the association between residential proximity to traffic and various birth and pregnancy outcomes in 7,339 pregnant women and their children participating in a population-based cohort study. Residential proximity to traffic was defined as 1) distance-weighted traffic density in a 150 meter radius, and 2) proximity to a major road. We estimated associations of these exposures with birth weight, and with the risks of preterm birth and small size for gestational age at birth. Additionally, we examined associations with pregnancy-induced hypertension, (pre)eclampsia, and gestational diabetes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was considerable variation in distance-weighted traffic density. Almost fifteen percent of the participants lived within 50 m of a major road. Residential proximity to traffic was not associated with birth and pregnancy outcomes in the main analysis and in various sensitivity analyses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mothers exposed to residential traffic had no higher risk of adverse birth outcomes or pregnancy complications in this study. Future studies may be refined by taking both temporal and spatial variation in air pollution exposure into account.
authors.affiliation: The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. e.vandenhooven@erasmusmc.nl
authors.forename: Edith H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: van den Hooven
authors.forename: Vincent W V
authors.initials: VW
authors.lastname: Jaddoe
authors.forename: Yvonne
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: de Kluizenaar
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hofman
authors.forename: Johan P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Mackenbach
authors.forename: Eric A P
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Steegers
authors.forename: Henk M E
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Miedema
authors.forename: Frank H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Pierik
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001724:Birth Weight; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009426:Netherlands; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D017062:Small-Area Analysis; D014505:Urban Population; D001335:Vehicle Emissions; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001335:Vehicle Emissions