title: Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich) Hochst. ['Marula'] (Anacardiaceae): a review of its phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology and its ethnomedicinal uses.
abstract: A plethora of ethnotherapeutic properties and pharmacological actions have been attributed to Sclerocarya birrea (family: Anacardiaceae). It is one of the most highly valued indigenous trees of southern Africa. Reports in biomedical literature have indicated the presence of medicinally-important chemical constituents in the plant, notably: polyphenols, tannins, coumarins, flavonoids, triterpenoids, phytosterols, and so forth. Pharmacological studies by various groups of investigators have shown that S. birrea possesses antidiarrhoeal, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiplasmodial, antihypertensive, anticonvulsant, antinociceptive and antioxidant properties, thus lending pharmacological support to the plant's folkloric, ethnotherapeutic uses in South African traditional medicine. In view of the immense medicinal importance of the plant, this review aimed at compiling all currently available information on S. birrea's chemical constituents, as well as its ethnomedicinal, pharmacological and toxicological properties.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa. ojewolej@ukzn.ac.za
authors.forename: John A O
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Ojewole
authors.forename: Tariro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mawoza
authors.forename: Witness D H
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Chiwororo
authors.forename: Peter M O
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Owira
mesh_terms: D000353:Africa, Southern; D027926:Anacardiaceae / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D000818:Animals; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D016488:Medicine, African Traditional; D008517:Phytotherapy; D024301:Plant Bark / Q000737:chemistry; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts