title: Objective measures of the environment and physical activity--results of the environment and physical activity study in English adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Physical activity has been positively associated with a range of objectively measured environmental variables. We explored the relationship of walking and other categories of physical activity with objectively measured activity specific environmental variables in a U.K. population.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used a geographical information system (GIS) and gender specific multivariate models to relate 13,927 participants' reported levels of physical activity with a range of measures of the environment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Access to green space and area levels of crime were not associated with walking for recreation. Distance to facilities had either no or only a small effect on the uptake of different activities. Odds ratios of cycling for leisure dropped as local traffic density increased for both genders. Compared with the lowest quartile for traffic density the likelihood of reporting any cycling for leisure was OR 0.42, (95% CI 0.32 to 0.52, P < .001) for women and OR 0.41, (95% CI 0.33 to 0.50, P < .001) for men in the highest quartile.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We were unable to reproduce results observed in previous studies. Future research should use large representative population samples from multiple areas to maximize environmental variability and if feasible use both objective and subjective measures of physical activity and the environment.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Public Health, University of Oxford, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Charlie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Foster
authors.forename: Melvyn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hillsdon
authors.forename: Andy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Grundy
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wilkinson
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Bart
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sheehan
authors.forename: Nick
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wareham
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Thorogood
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001642:Bicycling; D003415:Crime; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D004779:Environment Design; D015444:Exercise / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012737:Sex Factors; D013550:Swimming; D016138:Walking