title: The effect of racemic gossypol and at-101 on angiogenic profile of ovcar-3 cells: a preliminary molecular framework for gossypol enantiomers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the effect of racemic gossypol with its (-)/(-) enantiomer (AT-101) on expression profiles of angiogenic molecules by mRNA levels in human ovarian cancer cell line OVCAR-3.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cell viability assay (2,3-bis (2-methoxy-4-nitro-5- sulfophenyl)-5-[(phenylamino) carbonyl]-2H-tetrazolium hydroxide) was used to detect cytotoxicity of gossypol enantiomers. DNA fragmentation by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA) assay was used to evaluate the rate of apoptosis. The mRNA expression levels of angiogenic molecules were investigated by Human Angiogenesis RT2 ProfilerTM PCR Array (SuperArray, Frederick, MD).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both racemic form and AT-101 resulted in a significant cytotoxicity and induced apoptosis. This effect was observed in a dose- and time dependent manner. However, AT-101 was much more potent. In addition, the treatment of 10 microM of racemic gossypol alone and 3 microM of AT-101 alone resulted in significant down-regulation (>or= 3 fold) in mRNA levels of some pivotal angiogenic molecules in OVCAR-3, but altered gene profiles were different by the treatment of each enantiomer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The efficacy of two gossypol enantiomers in OVCAR-3 cells showed distinction. AT-101 was much more potent than racemic gossypol, not only by means of cell death and apoptosis, but also by modulation of angiogenic molecules released from OVCAR-3 cells. Further studies with endothelial cells should be done to verify the anti-angiogenic effect of gossypol enantiomers in cancer treatment.
authors.affiliation: Division of Medical Oncology, Tulay Aktas Oncology Hospital, School of Medicine, Ege University, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Varol
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Karaca
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tunali
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Degirmenci
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cirak
authors.forename: D U
authors.initials: DU
authors.lastname: Purcu
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Uzunoglu
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sezgin
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Karabulut
authors.forename: U A
authors.initials: UA
authors.lastname: Sanli
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Uslu
mesh_terms: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D053938:DNA Fragmentation / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006072:Gossypol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007536:Isomerism; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D006072:Gossypol; C028178:gossypol acetic acid