title: Bacteriology and antimicrobial susceptibility of pediatric chronic rhinosinusitis: a 6-year result of maxillary sinus punctures.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Few studies in the past decade have focused on antimicrobial resistance of bacteria in pediatric rhinosinusitis. This study aimed to characterize organisms cultured from pediatric chronic rhinosinusitis, as well as current resistance patterns of pathogens.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted from January 2001 to December 2006. Children with radiograph-proven chronic rhinosinusitis underwent maxillary sinus punctures to obtain pathogens and for analysis of antibiotic resistance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The total 295 cultures obtained from 165 children yielded 399 isolates. The most common isolates were alpha-hemolytic Streptococcus (20.8%), Haemophilus influenzae (19.5%), Streptococcus pneumoniae (14.0%), coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (13.0%), and Staphylococcus aureus (9.3%). Anaerobes accounted for 8.0% of all isolates. Susceptibility rates of H influenzae for ampicillin and co-trimoxazole were 44.7% and 42.1%, respectively, in the first 3 years of the study and 25% and 40%, respectively, in the next 3 years. Susceptibility rates of S pneumoniae were 83.3% for penicillin, 0% for erythromycin, and 33.3% for clindamycin in the first 3 years and 73.7%, 5.3%, and 28.9%, respectively, in the latter 3 years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study showed a different pattern of antibiotic resistance in pediatric chronic rhinosinusitis as compared with previous studies in both children and adults. The resistance rate of H influenzae for ampicillin appears to be a growing problem in pediatric rhinosinusitis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital and School of Medicine, Taichung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chung-Han
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Hsin
authors.forename: Mao-Chang
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: Chien-Han
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Tsao
authors.forename: Chun-Yi
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Chuang
authors.forename: Chia-Ming
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology; D001431:Bacteriological Techniques; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002908:Chronic Disease; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008443:Maxillary Sinus / Q000382:microbiology; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D011677:Punctures; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012220:Rhinitis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology*; D012852:Sinusitis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents