title: Mortality from pandemic A/H1N1 2009 influenza in England: public health surveillance study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To establish mortality from pandemic A/H1N1 2009 influenza up to 8 November 2009.
  
  
  METHODS
  Investigation of all reported deaths related to pandemic A/H1N1 in England.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mandatory reporting systems established in acute hospitals and primary care.
  
  
  METHODS
  Physicians responsible for the patient.
  
  
  METHODS
  Numbers of deaths from influenza combined with mid-range estimates of numbers of cases of influenza to calculate age specific case fatality rates. Underlying conditions, time course of illness, and antiviral treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With the official mid-range estimate for incidence of pandemic A/H1N1, the overall estimated case fatality rate was 26 (range 11-66) per 100 000. It was lowest for children aged 5-14 (11 (range 3-36) per 100 000) and highest for those aged >or=65 (980 (range 300-3200) per 100 000). In the 138 people in whom the confirmed cause of death was pandemic A/H1N1, the median age was 39 (interquartile range 17-57). Two thirds of patients who died (92, 67%) would now be eligible for the first phase of vaccination in England. Fifty (36%) had no, or only mild, pre-existing illness. Most patients (108, 78%) had been prescribed antiviral drugs, but of these, 82 (76%) did not receive them within the first 48 hours of illness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Viewed statistically, mortality in this pandemic compares favourably with 20th century influenza pandemics. A lower population impact than previous pandemics, however, is not a justification for public health inaction. Our data support the priority vaccination of high risk groups. We observed delayed antiviral use in most fatal cases, which suggests an opportunity to reduce deaths by making timely antiviral treatment available, although the lack of a control group limits the ability to extrapolate from this observation. Given that a substantial minority of deaths occur in previously healthy people, there is a case for extending the vaccination programme and for continuing to make early antiviral treatment widely available.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health, Richmond House, London SW1A 2NS. liam.donaldson@dh.gsi.gov.uk
authors.forename: Liam J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Donaldson
authors.forename: Paul D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Rutter
authors.forename: Benjamin M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Ellis
authors.forename: Felix E C
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Greaves
authors.forename: Oliver T
authors.initials: OT
authors.lastname: Mytton
authors.forename: Richard G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Pebody
authors.forename: Iain E
authors.initials: IE
authors.lastname: Yardley
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002423:Cause of Death; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D017678:Sex Distribution; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents