title: Relationships among dietary nutrients and subjective sleep, objective sleep, and napping in women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe which dietary nutrient variables are related to subjective and objective habitual sleep and subjective and objective napping.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were 459 post-menopausal women enrolled in the Women's Health Initiative. Objective sleep was estimated using one week of actigraphy. Subjective sleep was prospectively estimated with a daily sleep diary. Dietary nutrients were calculated from food frequency questionnaires.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most significant correlations were with subjective napping, including (from strongest to weakest): total fat, calories, saturated fat, monounsaturated fat, trans fat, water, proline, serine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, valine, cholesterol, leucine, glutamic acid, ash, isoleucine, histidine, sodium, tryptophan, protein, threonine, cystine, methionine, phosphorous, polyunsaturated fat, animal protein, aspartic acid, arginine, lysine, alanine, caffeine, riboflavin, gamma-tocopherol, glycine, retinol, delta-tocopherol, Vitamin D, and selenium. Actigraphic nocturnal sleep duration was negatively associated with total fat, monounsaturated fat, trans fat, saturated fat, polyunsaturated fat, calories, gamma-tocopherol, cholesterol, and alpha-tocopherol-eq.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Actigraphic total sleep time was negatively associated with intake of fats. Subjective napping, which may be a proxy for subjective sleepiness, was significantly related to fat intake as well as intake of meat.
authors.affiliation: Center for Sleep and Respiratory Neurobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. Michael.Grandner@uphs.upenn.edu
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Grandner
authors.forename: Daniel F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Kripke
authors.forename: Nirinjini
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Naidoo
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Langer
mesh_terms: D056044:Actigraphy; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004032:Diet; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008460:Meat; D008875:Middle Aged; D009752:Nutritional Status / Q000502:physiology*; D012890:Sleep / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D012894:Sleep Stages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D014675:Vegetables; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats; D014807:Vitamin D