title: Neural state and trait bases of mood-incongruent memory formation and retrieval in first-episode major depression.
abstract: Mood-congruent cognitive biases constitute critical factors for the vulnerability to depression and its maintenance. One important aspect is impaired memory for positive information during depression and after recovery. To elucidate its state (during depression only) and trait (during depression and recovery) related neural bases, we investigated medication free depressed, recovered, and healthy individuals with functional MRI while they memorized and recognized happy and neutral face stimuli. The imaging results revealed group differences in mood-incongruent successful memory encoding and retrieval activity already in the absence of significant memory performance differences. State effects were observed in the amygdala and posterior cingulate cortex. Whereas the amygdala was generally involved in memory formation, its activity predicted subsequent forgetting of neutral faces in depressed patients. Furthermore, the amygdala and posterior cingulate cortex were involved in memory retrieval of happy faces in depressed patients only. Trait effects were observed in the fusiform gyrus and prefrontal cortex. The fusiform gyrus was involved in memory formation and retrieval of happy faces in both patient groups, whereas it was involved in memory formation and retrieval of neutral faces in healthy individuals. Similar trait effects were observed during memory retrieval in the orbitofrontal cortex and left inferior frontal gyrus. Thus, while memory processing of positive information in the amygdala and posterior cingulate cortex is biased during depression only, memory processing in the fusiform gyrus and prefrontal cortex is biased also after recovery. These distinct neural mechanisms may respectively constitute symptom maintenance and cognitive vulnerability factors for depression.
authors.affiliation: Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. guido.vanwingen@donders.ru.nl
authors.forename: Guido A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: van Wingen
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: van Eijndhoven
authors.forename: Henk R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Cremers
authors.forename: Indira
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Tendolkar
authors.forename: Robbert Jan
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Verkes
authors.forename: Jan K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Buitelaar
authors.forename: Guillén
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fernández
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology*; D011939:Mental Recall / Q000502:physiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen