title: Transporters in drug-refractory epilepsy: clinical significance.
abstract: Drug resistance remains an unmet challenge in a variety of neurological disorders, but epilepsy is probably the refractory disease that has received most experimental, preclinical, and therapeutic attention. Although resective surgery continues to improve our ability to provide seizure relief, new discoveries have potential as alternative therapeutic approaches to multiple drug resistance. As discussed here, the field is replete with controversies and false starts, in particular as it concerns the existence of genetic predisposition to inadequate pharmacological seizure control.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Marchi
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gonzalez-Martinez
authors.forename: M-T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Granata
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Janigro
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018432:Drug Resistance, Multiple / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism*; D019450:Genes, MDR / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins