title: Altered sleep homeostasis after restraint stress in 5-HTT knock-out male mice: a role for hypocretins.
abstract: Restraint stress produces changes in the sleep pattern that are mainly characterized by a delayed increase in rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) amounts. Because the serotonin (5-HT) and the hypocretin (hcrt) systems that regulate REMS are interconnected, we used mutant mice deficient in the 5-HT transporter (5-HTT(-/-)) to examine the role of 5-HT and hcrt neurotransmissions in the sleep response to stress. In contrast to wild-type mice, restraint stress did not induce a delayed increase in REMS amounts in 5-HTT(-/-) mice, indicating impaired sleep homeostasis in mutants. However, pharmacological blockade of the hcrt type 1 receptor (hcrt-R1) before restraint stress restored the REMS increase in 5-HTT(-/-) mice. In line with this finding, 5-HTT(-/-) mutants displayed after restraint stress higher long-lasting activation of hypothalamic preprohcrt neurons than wild-type mice and elevated levels of the hcrt-1 peptide and the hcrt-R1 mRNA in the anterior raphe area. Thus, hypocretinergic neurotransmission was enhanced by stress in 5-HTT(-/-) mice. Furthermore, in 5-HTT(-/-) but not wild-type mice, hypothalamic levels of the 5-HT metabolite 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid significantly increased after restraint stress, indicating a marked enhancement of serotonergic neurotransmission in mutants. Altogether, our data show that increased serotonergic -and in turn hypocretinergic- neurotransmissions exert an inhibitory influence on stress-induced delayed REMS. We propose that the direct interactions between hcrt neurons in the hypothalamus and 5-HT neurons in the anterior raphe nuclei account, at least in part, for the adaptive sleep-wakefulness regulations triggered by acute stress.
authors.affiliation: Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Faculté de Médecine Pierre et Marie Curie, Site Pitié-Salpêtrière, Institut Fédératif de Recherche 70 des Neurosciences, Unité Mixte de Recherche S677, F-75013 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Adeline
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rachalski
authors.forename: Chloé
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Alexandre
authors.forename: Jean-François
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Bernard
authors.forename: Françoise
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Saurini
authors.forename: Klaus-Peter
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Lesch
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hamon
authors.forename: Joëlle
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Adrien
authors.forename: Véronique
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Fabre
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006706:Homeostasis / Q000502:physiology*; D006897:Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D007031:Hypothalamus / Q000503:physiopathology; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology; D009479:Neuropeptides / Q000378:metabolism*; D064446:Orexin Receptors; D000068797:Orexins; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D011903:Raphe Nuclei / Q000503:physiopathology; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / Q000378:metabolism*; D018013:Receptors, Neuropeptide / Q000378:metabolism*; D012149:Restraint, Physical; D012701:Serotonin / Q000378:metabolism; D050486:Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*; D012895:Sleep, REM / Q000502:physiology; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D009479:Neuropeptides; D064446:Orexin Receptors; D000068797:Orexins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; D018013:Receptors, Neuropeptide; D050486:Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; C493231:Slc6a4 protein, mouse; D012701:Serotonin; D006897:Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid