title: The accumulation and metabolism of zidovudine in 3T3-F442A pre-adipocytes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cultured pre-adipocytes accumulate and metabolize zidovudine (ZDV), but its mode of accumulation into these cells is unclear. We investigated the mode of accumulation of [(3)H]-ZDV, and the impact of changes in external pH and modulators of drug transporters on its accumulation and metabolism.
  
  
  METHODS
  The initial rate and steady-state accumulation of [(3)H]-ZDV were measured in 3T3-F442A cells. P-glycoprotein (P-gp) expression was detected by Western blotting. External pH was varied, and modulators of intracellular pH and drug transporters were used to study the mode of accumulation of ZDV. Phosphorylated ZDV metabolites were detected by high-performance liquid chromatography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intracellular accumulation of ZDV was rapid, reaching equilibrium within 20 min; nigericin increased accumulation by 1.9-fold, but this did not alter the generation of ZDV mono-, di- and triphosphate. The accumulation and metabolism were pH dependent, being maximal at pH 7.4 and least at pH 5.1. Monensin, carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxy) phenyl hydrazone, brefeldin A, bafilomycin A1 and concanamycin A increased accumulation; 2-deoxyglucose, dipyridamole, thymidine and tetraphenylphosphonium inhibited accumulation. The accumulation was saturable; the derived K(d) and capacity of binding were 250 nmol per 10(6) cells and 265 nM respectively. 3T3-F442A cells express P-gp; inhibitors of P-gp (XR9576 and verapamil), P-gp/BCRP (GF120918), multidrug resistance protein (MRP) (MK571) and MRP/OATP (probenecid) increased the accumulation of ZDV. Saquinavir, ritonavir, amprenavir and lopinavir increased accumulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The accumulation of ZDV in 3T3-F442A cells was rapid, energy dependent, saturable and pH sensitive. Western blot analysis showed that 3T3-F442A cells express P-gp, and direct inhibition assays suggest that ZDV is a substrate of P-gp and MRP.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomolecular and Sports Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK. o.janneh@coventry.ac.uk
authors.forename: Omar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Janneh
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Owen
authors.forename: Patrick G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Bray
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Back
authors.forename: Munir
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pirmohamed
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells; D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D017667:Adipocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D003600:Cytosol / Q000378:metabolism; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D051379:Mice; D027425:ATP-Binding Cassette, Sub-Family C Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D009550:Nigericin / Q000494:pharmacology; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D013936:Thymidine / Q000494:pharmacology; D015215:Zidovudine / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D027425:ATP-Binding Cassette, Sub-Family C Proteins; D009550:Nigericin; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; D013936:Thymidine; D015215:Zidovudine