title: Dopamine transporter down-regulation following repeated cocaine: implications for 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine-induced acute effects and long-term neurotoxicity in mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and cocaine are two widely abused psychostimulant drugs targeting the dopamine transporter (DAT). DAT availability regulates dopamine neurotransmission and uptake of MDMA-derived neurotoxic metabolites. We aimed to determine the effect of cocaine pre-exposure on the acute and long-term effects of MDMA in mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mice received a course of cocaine (20 mg*kg(-1), x2 for 3 days) followed by MDMA (20 mg*kg(-1), x2, 3 h apart). Locomotor activity, extracellular dopamine levels and dopaminergic neurotoxicity were determined. Furthermore, following the course of cocaine, DAT density in striatal plasma membrane and endosome fractions was measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four days after the course of cocaine, challenge with MDMA attenuated the MDMA-induced striatal dopaminergic neurotoxicity. Co-administration of the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor NPC 15437 prevented cocaine protection. At the same time, after the course of cocaine, DAT density was reduced in the plasma membrane and increased in the endosome fraction, and this effect was prevented by NPC 15437. The course of cocaine potentiated the MDMA-induced increase in extracellular dopamine and locomotor activity, following challenge 4 days later, compared with those pretreated with saline.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Repeated cocaine treatment followed by withdrawal protected against MDMA-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity by internalizing DAT via a mechanism which may involve PKC. Furthermore, repeated cocaine followed by withdrawal induced behavioural and neurochemical sensitization to MDMA, measures which could be indicative of increased rewarding effects of MDMA.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Peraile
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Torres
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mayado
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Izco
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lopez-Jimenez
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Lopez-Moreno
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Colado
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: O'Shea
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D003042:Cocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003342:Corpus Striatum / Q000378:metabolism; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism; D050483:Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine / Q000633:toxicity*; D020258:Neurotoxicity Syndromes / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010880:Piperidines / Q000494:pharmacology; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D012201:Reward; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D050483:Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; D010880:Piperidines; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; C069701:NPC 15437; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D003042:Cocaine; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine; D004298:Dopamine