title: Does the reproductive cycle influence sleep patterns in women with sleep complaints?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present study was to investigate how prominent gynecological factors (regular/irregular menstrual cycle, premenstrual complaints, or menopause) can influence both subjective and objective sleep data.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 931 women who sought clinical assistance because of a sleep complaint were included in the investigation. All subjects filled out a sleep and gynecological questionnaire prior to undergoing a polysomnography (PSG) recording.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Premenopausal women with an irregular menstrual cycle were more likely to report sleep difficulties (related to falling sleep and insomnia symptoms) than those with a regular cycle (odds ratio 2.1; 95% confidence interval 1.2-3.5). These women showed increased light sleep stages and awakenings. Premenstrual complaints were reported by a higher percentage of women with periodic leg movement, lower time in saturation under 90%, and higher sleep efficiency. A lower percentage of women who took hormonal contraceptives reported snoring, had fewer arousals and longer REM latency compared to those not taking hormonal contraceptives. Menopausal women with hot flushes had more restless leg complaints. Awake time was shorter in hormone therapy users compared with non-users. Women with menopause are more likely to have an apnea-hypoapnea index greater than 5/h.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present findings suggest that gynecological status is associated with subjective sleep quality and objective sleep parameters in women with sleep complaints.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Gynecology, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hachul
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.forename: L R A
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Bittencourt
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Santos-Silva
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Conway
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tufik
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003278:Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal; D005260:Female; D019584:Hot Flashes / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D008593:Menopause; D008597:Menstrual Cycle; D008599:Menstruation Disturbances / Q000503:physiopathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D017286:Polysomnography; D017697:Premenopause; D055703:Reproductive Physiological Phenomena; D012148:Restless Legs Syndrome; D012894:Sleep Stages; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D003278:Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal