title: Socioeconomic inequalities in coronary heart disease risk in older age: contribution of established and novel coronary risk factors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Evidence on socioeconomic inequalities in coronary heart disease (CHD) and their pathways in the elderly is limited. Little is also known about the contributions that novel coronary risk factors (particularly inflammatory/hemostatic markers) make to socioeconomic inequalities in CHD.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the extent of socioeconomic inequalities in CHD in older age, and the contributions (relative and absolute) of established and novel coronary risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  A population-based cohort of 3761 British men aged 60-79 years was followed up for 6.5 years for CHD mortality and incidence (fatal and non-fatal). Social class was based on longest-held occupation recorded at 40-59 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a graded relationship between social class and CHD incidence. The hazard ratio for CHD incidence comparing social class V (unskilled workers) with social class I (professionals) was 2.70 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.37-5.35; P-value for trend = 0.008]. This was reduced to 2.14 (95% CI 1.06-4.33; P-value for trend = 0.11) after adjustment for behavioral factors (cigarette smoking, physical activity, body mass index, and alcohol consumption), which explained 38% of the relative risk gradient (41% of absolute risk). Additional adjustment for inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and von Willebrand factor) explained 55% of the relative risk gradient (59% of absolute risk). Blood pressure and lipids made little difference to these estimates; results were similar for CHD mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Socioeconomic inequalities in CHD persist in the elderly and are at least partly explained by behavioral risk factors; novel (inflammatory) coronary risk markers made some further contribution. Reducing inequalities in behavioral factors (especially cigarette smoking) could reduce these social inequalities by at least one-third.
authors.affiliation: Division of Population Health, UCL, London, UK. s.ramsay@pcps.ucl.ac.uk
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Ramsay
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Whincup
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Papacosta
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rumley
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lennon
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lowe
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Wannamethee
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids