title: Glucose induces expression of rat pyruvate carboxylase through a carbohydrate response element in the distal gene promoter.
abstract: Pyruvate carboxylase is an enzyme of the so-called pyruvate cycling pathways, which have been proposed to contribute to glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in pancreatic beta-cells. In the rat insulinoma cell line 832/13, transcripts from both the distal and proximal gene promoter for pyruvate carboxylase are up-regulated by glucose, with pyruvate carboxylase being expressed mainly from the distal gene promoter. At position -408 to -392 relative to the transcription start site, the distal gene promoter was found to contain a ChoRE (carbohydrate response element). Its deletion abolishes glucose responsiveness of the promoter, and the sequence can mediate glucose responsiveness to a heterologous gene promoter. ChREBP (carbohydrate response element-binding protein) and its dimerization partner Mlx (Max-like protein X) bind to the ChoRE in vitro. ChREBP further binds to the distal promoter region at a high glucose concentration in situ. The E-box-binding transcription factors USF1/2 (upstream stimulatory factor 1/2) and E2A variant 2 [also known as E47 and TCF3 (transcription factor 3)] can also bind to the ChoRE. Overexpression of E2A diminishes the magnitude of the glucose response from the pyruvate carboxylase ChoRE. This illustrates that competition between ChREBP-Mlx and other factors binding to the ChoRE affects glucose responsiveness. We conclude that a ChoRE in the distal gene promoter contributes to the glucose-mediated expression of pyruvate carboxylase.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1901 Perdido Street, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA. kpeder@lsuhsc.edu
authors.forename: Kim B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Pedersen
authors.forename: Rebecca S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Buckley
authors.forename: Ray
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Scioneaux
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011485:Protein Binding; D011766:Pyruvate Carboxylase / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D020218:Response Elements; D017384:Sequence Deletion; D015533:Transcriptional Activation
chemical_list: D011766:Pyruvate Carboxylase; D005947:Glucose