title: Loss of polyubiquitin gene Ubb leads to metabolic and sleep abnormalities in mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ubiquitin performs essential roles in a myriad of signalling pathways required for cellular function and survival. Recently, we reported that disruption of the stress-inducible ubiquitin-encoding gene Ubb reduces ubiquitin content in the hypothalamus and leads to adult-onset obesity coupled with a loss of arcuate nucleus neurones and disrupted energy homeostasis in mice. Neuropeptides expressed in the hypothalamus control both metabolic and sleep behaviours. In order to demonstrate that the loss of Ubb results in broad hypothalamic abnormalities, we attempted to determine whether metabolic and sleep behaviours were altered in Ubb knockout mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Metabolic rate and energy expenditure were measured in a metabolic chamber, and sleep stage was monitored via electroencephalographic/electromyographic recording. The presence of neurodegeneration and increased reactive gliosis in the hypothalamus were also evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that Ubb disruption leads to early-onset reduced activity and metabolic rate. Additionally, we have demonstrated that sleep behaviour is altered and sleep homeostasis is disrupted in Ubb knockout mice. These early metabolic and sleep abnormalities are accompanied by persistent reactive gliosis and the loss of arcuate nucleus neurones, but are independent of neurodegeneration in the lateral hypothalamus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ubb knockout mice exhibit phenotypes consistent with hypothalamic dysfunction. Our data also indicate that Ubb is essential for the maintenance of the ubiquitin levels required for proper regulation of metabolic and sleep behaviours in mice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Seoul, Korea. kyryu@uos.ac.kr
authors.forename: K-Y
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Ryu
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fujiki
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kazantzis
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Garza
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Bouley
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stahl
authors.forename: X-Y
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nishino
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Kopito
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001111:Arcuate Nucleus of Hypothalamus / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D001481:Basal Metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000502:physiology; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D005911:Gliosis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D006706:Homeostasis / Q000502:physiology; D007026:Hypothalamic Area, Lateral / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology; D009410:Nerve Degeneration / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D009457:Neuroglia / Q000378:metabolism; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism; D010641:Phenotype; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*; D012894:Sleep Stages / Q000502:physiology; D025801:Ubiquitin / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C527284:Ubb protein, mouse; D025801:Ubiquitin