title: Impact of Bacillus thuringiensis strains on survival, reproduction and foraging behaviour in bumblebees (Bombus terrestris).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) and its protein crystals are used worldwide, either as a spray or when expressed in transgenic crops, for the control of pest insects. However, owing to their intensive use, there exists a debate regarding the involvement of this microbial insecticide in bee colony losses. In this study, in a tiered approach using laboratory microcolonies, an evaluation was made of the potential lethal and sublethal hazards on colony reproduction and foraging behaviour of workers of the bumblebee Bombus terrestris (L.) of two commercial Bt strains: kurstaki (Dipel) and aizawai (Xentari). Bumblebees, like honey bees, are intensively used in modern agriculture for pollination and fulfil a crucial role in the natural ecosystem.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Exposure of bumblebees dermally or via treated pollen to either of the two Bt formulations at their field recommended rates (0.1%) caused no reduction in survival. However, when applied in the feeding sugar water, aizawai killed all workers at a concentration of 0.1%, but this lethal effect was lost at 0.01%. With respect to reproductive effects, kurstaki was harmless, while aizawai at 0.1% delivered in the feeding sugar water and pollen reduced reproduction by 100 and 31% respectively. Lower doses of 0.01% aizawai in the sugar water showed no more effect. In addition, kurstaki at 0.1% and aizawai at 0.01% in the feeding sugar water did not impair the foraging behaviour, resulting in normal nest colony performance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results with kurstaki and aizawai demonstrated that, in general, the Bt strains are safe to B. terrestris bumblebees, although in some cases there were detrimental effects that depended on strain and route of exposure. In addition, the authors believe that to draw firm conclusions regarding the hazards of Bt to bumblebees would require more information on relevant concentrations of Bt products in the environment. Hence, routine testing for lethal and sublethal effects is recommended to ascertain combined use of Bt products and bumblebees in modern agriculture.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cellular Genetics, Department of Biology, Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Veerle
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mommaerts
authors.forename: Kris
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jans
authors.forename: Guy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Smagghe
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D000818:Animals; D001413:Bacillus thuringiensis / Q000502:physiology*; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000633:toxicity; D001516:Bees / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000502:physiology*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D010572:Pest Control, Biological / Q000379:methods*; D012098:Reproduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D012449:Safety; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D001427:Bacterial Toxins