title: Lung transplantation: is it still an experimental procedure?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The number of lung transplants performed worldwide is low and early and late results are worse in comparison with other solid organ transplants. The present review will focus on these two aspects analyzing the causes and describing the possible strategies to overcome these limitations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The use of grafts from marginal and from nonheart-beating donors may increase the number of lung transplantation (LTx) with good results. Implementation of donor protocol and optimization of donor management have been reported to be effective in increasing the pool of suitable grafts. Ex-vivo reconditioning technique may be also helpful to better evaluate and recondition usually rejected lungs. This may allow a significant increase in the number of lung transplants performed worldwide. Early and late results of LTx are mainly affected by primary graft dysfunction and the onset of obliterative bronchiolitis. Different strategies have been adopted to reduce the incidence of these two complications with controversial results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LTx maintains some features of experimental procedure especially in terms of number of performed procedures and early and late results. The various strategies to overcome the limited number of available grafts appear effective but not universally applied and accepted. The different treatments of PDG and obliterative bronchiolitis are still disappointing. To date, the onset of PDG and obliterative bronchiolitis after LTx still significantly impacts on outcomes. A better understanding of the underlying mechanisms in the pathogenesis of primary graft dysfunction and obliterative bronchiolitis may provide improved therapeutic strategies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiac Surgery, San Giovanni Battista Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boffini
authors.forename: Vito M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Ranieri
authors.forename: Mauro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rinaldi
mesh_terms: D001989:Bronchiolitis Obliterans; D006801:Humans; D016040:Lung Transplantation; D055031:Primary Graft Dysfunction / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy; D013534:Survival; D035703:Therapies, Investigational; D009927:Tissue and Organ Procurement