title: Identification and screening analysis of halogenated norbornene flame retardants in the Laurentian Great Lakes: Dechloranes 602, 603, and 604.
abstract: Dechlorane (Dec) 602, Dechlorane (Dec) 603, Dechlorane (Dec) 604, and Dechlorane Plus (DP) are flame retardant substitutes for mirex. Dec 602, 603, and 604 were detected in sediment and fish from the Laurentian Great Lakes. Lake Ontario surface sediments had the highest concentrations of Dec 602 and 604 at 6.0 and 4.0 ng/g dry weight, respectively. Temporal analysis of a Lake Ontario sediment core indicates that Dec 602 and 604 trends are similar to DP peaking in the early 1980s. Lake trout and whitefish from Lake Ontario also had the highest concentrations of Dec 602 and 604 at 34 and 1.2 ng/g lipid. Concentrations of Dec 602 were higher than those of DP in all fish samples, indicating that Dec 602 is likely more bioavailable and/or more readily bioaccumulates than DP. Spatial trends for Dec 602 and 604 in sediment and fish indicate that manufacturing plants along the Niagara River upstream of Lake Ontario were important sources of Dec 602 and 604 to the Great Lakes, while Dec 603 in the Great Lakes is likely from atmospheric deposition. The findings of this first report of Dec 602, 603, and 604 in the Laurentian Great Lakes basin suggests further investigation of halogenated norbornene flame retardants in the environment is merited.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada L2S 3A1.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Eric J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Reiner
authors.forename: Karen A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: MacPherson
authors.forename: Terry M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Kolic
authors.forename: Ed
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sverko
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Helm
authors.forename: Satyendra P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Bhavsar
authors.forename: Ian D
authors.initials: ID
authors.lastname: Brindle
authors.forename: Chris H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Marvin
mesh_terms: D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005411:Flame Retardants / Q000032:analysis*; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000737:chemistry; D006114:Great Lakes Region; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated / Q000737:chemistry*; D015394:Molecular Structure; D011083:Polycyclic Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D005411:Flame Retardants; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; D011083:Polycyclic Compounds; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical