title: Impact of silver(I) on the metabolism of Shewanella oneidensis.
abstract: Anaerobic cultures of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 reduced toxic Ag(I), forming nanoparticles of elemental Ag(0), as confirmed by X-ray diffraction analyses. The addition of 1 to 50 microM Ag(I) had a limited impact on growth, while 100 microM Ag(I) reduced both the doubling time and cell yields. At this higher Ag(I) concentration transmission electron microscopy showed the accumulation of elemental silver particles within the cell, while at lower concentrations the metal was exclusively reduced and precipitated outside the cell wall. Whole organism metabolite fingerprinting, using the method of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis of cells grown in a range of silver concentrations, confirmed that there were significant physiological changes at 100 microM silver. Principal component-discriminant function analysis scores and loading plots highlighted changes in certain functional groups, notably, lipids, amides I and II, and nucleic acids, as being discriminatory. Molecular analyses confirmed a dramatic drop in cellular yields of both the phospholipid fatty acids and their precursor molecules at high concentrations of silver, suggesting that the structural integrity of the cellular membrane was compromised at high silver concentrations, which was a result of intracellular accumulation of the toxic metal.
authors.affiliation: School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Williamson Research Centre of Molecular Environmental Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Law
authors.forename: Geraldine
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pearson
authors.forename: Bart E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: van Dongen
authors.forename: Roger M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Jarvis
authors.forename: Royston
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Goodacre
authors.forename: Jonathan R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Lloyd
mesh_terms: D000577:Amides / Q000378:metabolism; D002473:Cell Wall / Q000648:ultrastructure; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000648:ultrastructure; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D008660:Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects*; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000648:ultrastructure; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D009696:Nucleic Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D020592:Shewanella / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D012834:Silver / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared
chemical_list: D000577:Amides; D009696:Nucleic Acids; D012834:Silver