title: Global MYCN transcription factor binding analysis in neuroblastoma reveals association with distinct E-box motifs and regions of DNA hypermethylation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Neuroblastoma, a cancer derived from precursor cells of the sympathetic nervous system, is a major cause of childhood cancer related deaths. The single most important prognostic indicator of poor clinical outcome in this disease is genomic amplification of MYCN, a member of a family of oncogenic transcription factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  We applied MYCN chromatin immunoprecipitation to microarrays (ChIP-chip) using MYCN amplified/non-amplified cell lines as well as a conditional knockdown cell line to determine the distribution of MYCN binding sites within all annotated promoter regions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Assessment of E-box usage within consistently positive MYCN binding sites revealed a predominance for the CATGTG motif (p<0.0016), with significant enrichment of additional motifs CATTTG, CATCTG, CAACTG in the MYCN amplified state. For cell lines over-expressing MYCN, gene ontology analysis revealed enrichment for the binding of MYCN at promoter regions of numerous molecular functional groups including DNA helicases and mRNA transcriptional regulation. In order to evaluate MYCN binding with respect to other genomic features, we determined the methylation status of all annotated CpG islands and promoter sequences using methylated DNA immunoprecipitation (MeDIP). The integration of MYCN ChIP-chip and MeDIP data revealed a highly significant positive correlation between MYCN binding and DNA hypermethylation. This association was also detected in regions of hemizygous loss, indicating that the observed association occurs on the same homologue. In summary, these findings suggest that MYCN binding occurs more commonly at CATGTG as opposed to the classic CACGTG E-box motif, and that disease associated over expression of MYCN leads to aberrant binding to additional weaker affinity E-box motifs in neuroblastoma. The co-localization of MYCN binding and DNA hypermethylation further supports the dual role of MYCN, namely that of a classical transcription factor affecting the activity of individual genes, and that of a mediator of global chromatin structure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cancer Genetics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: Derek M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: Patrick G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Buckley
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bryan
authors.forename: Sudipto
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Das
authors.forename: Leah
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Alcock
authors.forename: Niamh H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Foley
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Prenter
authors.forename: Isabella
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bray
authors.forename: Karen M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Watters
authors.forename: Desmond
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Higgins
authors.forename: Raymond L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Stallings
mesh_terms: D001665:Binding Sites; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D047369:Chromatin Immunoprecipitation; D019175:DNA Methylation / Q000235:genetics*; D021901:DNA, Intergenic / Q000235:genetics; D024721:E-Box Elements / Q000235:genetics*; D056426:Genetic Loci / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000235:genetics; D000071447:N-Myc Proto-Oncogene Protein; D009447:Neuroblastoma / Q000235:genetics*; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015513:Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D011485:Protein Binding; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D021901:DNA, Intergenic; C544965:MIRN135 microRNA, human; C459801:MYCN protein, human; D035683:MicroRNAs; D000071447:N-Myc Proto-Oncogene Protein; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D015513:Oncogene Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors