title: Visual outcome in 879 children treated for strabismus: insufficient accommodation and vision deprivation, deficient emmetropisation and anisometropia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify the effect of infant hypermetropia on residual amblyopia in children remaining after treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  879 strabismic children had cycloplegic retinoscopy at the age of 6 months and later when strabismus was diagnosed. A total of 26 hypermetropes consistently wore glasses from the age of 6 months, and 305 other hypermetropes had their accommodation periodically assessed by dynamic retinoscopy before strabismus was diagnosed. The relation between the last known visual acuity after treatment and all other clinical findings was analysed using t-tests and regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Vision less than 6/12 in nonfixing eyes was associated with infantile hypermetropia > +5.0D, and in rare instances in excess of -3.0D of myopia. In hypermetropes only, anisometropia was associated with worse amblyopia. Astigmatism was associated with myopia and low levels of hypermetropia but not with worse vision. The vision of fixing eyes that were hypermetropic was significantly worse than that of emmetropic or myopic eyes. Wearing spectacles from the age of 6 months was associated with better vision in the nonfixing eye. Vision in the nonfixing eye of 19 hypermetropic heterotropes who started wearing glasses between 6 and 18 months of age also was better than that of those who started wearing glasses after 18 months of age. Insufficiency of accommodation was related to the degree of infantile hypermetropia, to worse vision and to failure to emmetropise. Difference in amplitude of accommodation between the eyes was largest in hypermetropes with anisometropia > +1.50 D and was marginally associated with worse vision in microtropes who became anisometropic after infancy. Hypermetropia decreased more in fixing eyes than in nonfixing eyes, thereby causing anisohypermetropia to increase after infancy. This change was most pronounced in hypermetropic microtropes. Conversely, failure of fixing eyes to emmetropise was associated with an increase in their inability to accommodate and heterotropia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  On the basis of these findings, severe residual amblyopia in children remaining after treatment could be explained by additional vision deprivation. It can be reduced by starting spectacle correction of hypermetropia before the age of 18 months. Anisometropia seemed the result of deficient emmetropisation.
authors.affiliation: Kettering General Hospital, Northants, United Kingdom. robertingram@tiscali.co.uk
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Ingram
authors.forename: Trevor W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Lambert
authors.forename: Leicester E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Gill
mesh_terms: D000065:Accommodation, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*; D015858:Anisometropia / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D005133:Eye Movements / Q000502:physiology*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006956:Hyperopia / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D007223:Infant; D012029:Refraction, Ocular; D012683:Sensory Deprivation; D013285:Strabismus / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014792:Visual Acuity