title: Changes in subthalamic activity during movement observation in Parkinson's disease: is the mirror system mirrored in the basal ganglia?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The observation of a voluntary movement executed by another person is associated with an alpha and beta EEG desynchronization over the motor cortex, thought to reflect activity from the human "mirror neuron" system. The aim of our work was to study the changes in local field potentials (LFP) recorded from the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and their relationship with cortical activity, during movement observation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bilateral EEG and STN LFP recordings were acquired in 18 patients with Parkinson's disease, through surgically implanted electrodes for deep brain stimulation. Oscillatory changes during movement execution and movement observation were compared with two different control conditions (simple stimulus and rotating stimulus observation), in "off" and "on" motor states. Time-frequency transforms and event-related coherence were used for the analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Movement observation was accompanied by bilateral beta reduction in subthalamic power and cortico-STN coherence, which was smaller than the decrease observed during movement execution, but significant when compared with the two control conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Movement observation is accompanied by changes in the beta oscillatory activity of the STN, similar to those observed in the EEG.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These changes suggest that the basal ganglia might be engaged by the activity of the human mirror system.
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Area, CIMA, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain. malegre@unav.es
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alegre
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Oroz
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Valencia
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pérez-Alcázar
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Guridi
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Iriarte
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Obeso
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Artieda
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001479:Basal Ganglia / Q000502:physiology*; D001611:Beta Rhythm; D001683:Biological Clocks / Q000502:physiology; D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004594:Electrophysiology; D019054:Evoked Potentials, Motor / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007100:Imitative Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000502:physiology; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology; D020531:Subthalamic Nucleus / Q000502:physiology*