title: Impact of social and economic characteristics on orthodontic treatment among children and teenagers in France.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of orthodontic treatment in France among children and teenagers aged 8-18 years, by sex and by age, and to investigate the specific role of social and economic characteristics on use of orthodontic treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed data from the cross-sectional national health survey conducted in France in 2002-2003, which included a sample of 5988 children aged 8-18 years. All data were collected by interview including the question on orthodontic treatment. Other data used in our study were family social status and income, maternal educational attainment and place of birth, whether the child was covered by a supplementary health insurance and whether the residence was urban or rural. We also calculated the density of orthodontists in the district. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to study the relationships between these social and economic factors and orthodontic treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of orthodontic treatment was 14% of all children aged 8-18, 15% for girls, and 13% for boys, and 23% in the 12 to 15-year age group. Children were less likely to have orthodontic treatment when parents were service or sales workers compared with children whose parents were managers or professionals (aOR = 0.50; 95%CI: [0.34;0.76]), when family income was in the lowest, compared with highest quartile (aOR = 0,62; 95% CI: [0.45;0.85]), when children had no supplementary insurance compared with children covered by private insurance (aOR = 0.53; 95% CI: [0.34; 0.81]), or when they lived in rural compared with urban areas (aOR = 0.70; 95% CI: [0.54; 0.91]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There are social inequalities in orthodontic treatment in France, associated mainly with social status, annual income, supplementary insurance, and the residence area.
authors.affiliation: Inserm UMR 953 Epidemiological Research Unit on Perinatal Health and Women's and Children's Health, Villejuif, France. alicegerma@inserm.fr
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Germa
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kaminski
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nabet
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017677:Age Distribution; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D005602:France; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D054625:Healthcare Disparities; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D007347:Insurance, Dental; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009971:Orthodontics, Corrective / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012424:Rural Population; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012923:Social Class; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014505:Urban Population