The sequence and de novo assembly of the giant panda genome.
Using next-generation sequencing technology alone, we have successfully generated and assembled a draft sequence of the giant panda genome. The assembled contigs (2.25 gigabases (Gb)) cover approximately 94% of the whole genome, and the remaining gaps (0.05 Gb) seem to contain carnivore-specific repeats and tandem repeats. Comparisons with the dog and human showed that the panda genome has a lower divergence rate. The assessment of panda genes potentially underlying some of its unique traits indicated that its bamboo diet might be more dependent on its gut microbiome than its own genetic composition. We also identified more than 2.7 million heterozygous single nucleotide polymorphisms in the diploid genome. Our data and analyses provide a foundation for promoting mammalian genetic research, and demonstrate the feasibility for using next-generation sequencing technologies for accurate, cost-effective and rapid de novo assembly of large eukaryotic genomes.
Li
Ruiqiang
R
BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.
Fan
Wei
W
Tian
Geng
G
Zhu
Hongmei
H
He
Lin
L
Cai
Jing
J
Huang
Quanfei
Q
Cai
Qingle
Q
Li
Bo
B
Bai
Yinqi
Y
Zhang
Zhihe
Z
Zhang
Yaping
Y
Wang
Wen
W
Li
Jun
J
Wei
Fuwen
F
Li
Heng
H
Jian
Min
M
Li
Jianwen
J
Zhang
Zhaolei
Z
Nielsen
Rasmus
R
Li
Dawei
D
Gu
Wanjun
W
Yang
Zhentao
Z
Xuan
Zhaoling
Z
Ryder
Oliver A
OA
Leung
Frederick Chi-Ching
FC
Zhou
Yan
Y
Cao
Jianjun
J
Sun
Xiao
X
Fu
Yonggui
Y
Fang
Xiaodong
X
Guo
Xiaosen
X
Wang
Bo
B
Hou
Rong
R
Shen
Fujun
F
Mu
Bo
B
Ni
Peixiang
P
Lin
Runmao
R
Qian
Wubin
W
Wang
Guodong
G
Yu
Chang
C
Nie
Wenhui
W
Wang
Jinhuan
J
Wu
Zhigang
Z
Liang
Huiqing
H
Min
Jiumeng
J
Wu
Qi
Q
Cheng
Shifeng
S
Ruan
Jue
J
Wang
Mingwei
M
Shi
Zhongbin
Z
Wen
Ming
M
Liu
Binghang
B
Ren
Xiaoli
X
Zheng
Huisong
H
Dong
Dong
D
Cook
Kathleen
K
Shan
Gao
G
Zhang
Hao
H
Kosiol
Carolin
C
Xie
Xueying
X
Lu
Zuhong
Z
Zheng
Hancheng
H
Li
Yingrui
Y
Steiner
Cynthia C
CC
Lam
Tommy Tsan-Yuk
TT
Lin
Siyuan
S
Zhang
Qinghui
Q
Li
Guoqing
G
Tian
Jing
J
Gong
Timing
T
Liu
Hongde
H
Zhang
Dejin
D
Fang
Lin
L
Ye
Chen
C
Zhang
Juanbin
J
Hu
Wenbo
W
Xu
Anlong
A
Ren
Yuanyuan
Y
Zhang
Guojie
G
Bruford
Michael W
MW
Li
Qibin
Q
Ma
Lijia
L
Guo
Yiran
Y
An
Na
N
Hu
Yujie
Y
Zheng
Yang
Y
Shi
Yongyong
Y
Li
Zhiqiang
Z
Liu
Qing
Q
Chen
Yanling
Y
Zhao
Jing
J
Qu
Ning
N
Zhao
Shancen
S
Tian
Feng
F
Wang
Xiaoling
X
Wang
Haiyin
H
Xu
Lizhi
L
Liu
Xiao
X
Vinar
Tomas
T
Wang
Yajun
Y
Lam
Tak-Wah
TW
Yiu
Siu-Ming
SM
Liu
Shiping
S
Zhang
Hemin
H
Li
Desheng
D
Huang
Yan
Y
Wang
Xia
X
Yang
Guohua
G
Jiang
Zhi
Z
Wang
Junyi
J
Qin
Nan
N
Li
Li
L
Li
Jingxiang
J
Bolund
Lars
L
Kristiansen
Karsten
K
Wong
Gane Ka-Shu
GK
Olson
Maynard
M
Zhang
Xiuqing
X
Li
Songgang
S
Yang
Huanming
H
Wang
Jian
J
Wang
Jun
J
D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D002681:China; D017124:Conserved Sequence / Q000235:genetics; D020451:Contig Mapping; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary; D004285:Dogs; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005260:Female; D005298:Fertility / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D016678:Genome / Q000235:genetics*; D023281:Genomics; D006579:Heterozygote; D006801:Humans; D005810:Multigene Family / Q000235:genetics; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / Q000235:genetics; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D026801:Synteny / Q000235:genetics; D001503:Ursidae / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology
D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; C431926:taste receptors, type 1