title: Incidence of left ventricular hypertrophy in children with kidney disease: impact of method of indexation of left ventricular mass.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Patients with chronic kidney disease are at high risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Increased left ventricular mass (LVM) has been shown to be an adverse prognostic factor. LVM may be indexed for body size by different methods related to height, weight, or body surface area (BSA). Our Null hypothesis was that different methods of indexation would not influence categorization as to whether LVM was within normal limits or increased.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prospective study in children with renal disease. M-mode echocardiography assessed by single investigator blinded to medical therapy. Three different partition values and two different published z-scores were used: Method 1: indexation of LVM to the allometric height in metres raised to the power of 2.7 (m(2.7)), value of 38.6 g/m(2.7) denotes 95th percentile. Method 2: indexation of LVM by body weight, ratio of LVM in gm/kg of >3.0 indicating LVH. Method 3: indexation by BSA, 88.9 g/m(2) represents 95th percentile. Z-score based methods from recent studies with z-score >1.65 denoting LVH, Method 4: z-score indexed either for BSA or Method 5, z-score indexed for height(2.7). One hundred and twenty-three echocardiograms were performed in 80 patients with a mean +/- SD age of 13.1 +/- 3.1 years, height 147.2 +/- 15.3 cm, weight 46.4 +/- 15.8 kg, and body mass index 20.8 +/- 4.1 kg/m(2). Method 1, LVH was observed in 68 (55.3%) studies. Method 2, 32 (26%) studies had LVM/kg >3.0. Method 3, 51 studies (41.5%) demonstrated LVH. Method 4, 22 (17.9%) studies demonstrated LVH and Method 5, 25 studies (20%) demonstrated LVH (chi(2) test, P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Different methods of indexation have a profound influence on the categorization of children with respect to LVH. This will have a major impact on the number of patients who are treated as per current guidelines especially in high-risk groups.
authors.affiliation: Department of Congenital Heart Disease, Evelina Children's Hospital, Guys and St Thomas NHS Foundation Trust, Westminster Bridge Road, London SE1 7EH, UK. john.simpson@gstt.nhs.uk
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Simpson
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Savis
authors.forename: Debbie
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rawlins
authors.forename: Shakeel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Qureshi
authors.forename: Manish D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Sinha
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D001827:Body Height / Q000502:physiology; D001830:Body Surface Area; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology; D002648:Child; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017379:Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D015994:Incidence; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000150:complications*; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012107:Research Design; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016037:Single-Blind Method