title: Gradients of Eph-A6 expression in primate retina suggest roles in both vascular and axon guidance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recently we identified high levels of expression of Eph-A6 in the macula of developing human retina and showed localization of Eph-A6 to ganglion cells (GC). In the present study we investigated the expression of some members of the ephrin family in developing primate retina, including the topography of Eph-A6 expression, and its ligands, in developing macaque retinas.
  
  
  METHODS
  We extracted RNA from human fetal retinas and probed for Eph-A5-A7, Eph-B1, ephrin-B2, and ephrin-A1-A5 by RT-PCR, then prepared riboprobes for Eph-A5-A7, Eph-B1 and ephrin-A1, -A4 and -B2. Paraffin sections of fetal macaque retinas were used to localize expression of Ephs and ephrins by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified prominent gradients of Eph-A6 mRNA expression in the ganglion cell layer (GCL) of fetal macaque retinas of different ages. The gradient of Eph-A6 expression was high near the optic disc and low at the developing macula at fetal day (Fd) 55. At Fd 70 and 80, the gradient of Eph-A6 expression was reversed, being higher temporal to the macula, and low at the disc. By Fd 110, when the fovea begins to form, a pattern of expression was established that persisted into the postnatal period, in which the highest levels of expression were detected at the developing fovea, and progressively lower levels of expression were detected at increasing distance from the fovea. Beginning at Fd 70, we also detected a gradient of Eph-A6 expression running perpendicular to the retinal surface within the GCL of central retina that was high in the inner GCL and low in the outer GCL. This second pattern persisted into the neonatal period. We found the two ligands for Eph-A6, ephrin-A1 and ephrin-A4, expressed by Pax2-immunoreactive astrocytes, in the optic nerve head and in the retina, by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. We propose that during development of the retinal vasculature, migration of ligand-bearing astrocytes is slowed along this Eph-A6 expression gradient through repellent Eph-A6 - ephrin-A1 and -A4 signaling.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patterns of Eph-A6 expression in the developing macaque retina suggest that Eph-A6 - ephrin-A1 and -A4 repellent signaling has a role in retinal vascular patterning, and in the postnatal maintenance of projections from macular and foveal GC.
authors.affiliation: ARC Centre of Excellence in Vision Science and Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kozulin
authors.forename: Riccardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Natoli
authors.forename: Michele C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Madigan
authors.forename: Keely M Bumsted
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: O'Brien
authors.forename: Jan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Provis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001369:Axons / Q000378:metabolism*; D003720:Densitometry; D036382:Ephrin-A1 / Q000378:metabolism; D036385:Ephrin-A4 / Q000378:metabolism; D005333:Fetus / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D008251:Macaca / Q000378:metabolism*; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D021381:Protein Transport; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012160:Retina / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D012165:Retinal Ganglion Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D012171:Retinal Vessels / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D036382:Ephrin-A1; D036385:Ephrin-A4; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C422065:ephrin-A6