title: Chest radiograph reading and recording system: evaluation for tuberculosis screening in patients with advanced HIV.
abstract: METHODS
  An antiretroviral treatment (ART) service in Gugulethu township, Cape Town, South Africa.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the inter-observer agreement when using the chest radiographic reading and reporting system (CRRS) to detect radiographic abnormalities in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) associated immunodeficiency being actively screened for tuberculosis (TB). Second, to assess the associated performance characteristics of radiology as a routine screening test for detection of culture-confirmed pulmonary TB.
  
  
  METHODS
  Radiographs from a study in which patients were actively screened for TB just before starting ART were independently reported by two CRRS-certified readers blinded to clinical status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Good kappa statistic agreements between observers were found when reporting any radiological abnormality consistent with TB among all patients (n = 203, kappa = 0.63, 95%CI 0.52-0.73) and among those with culture-confirmed TB (n = 53, kappa = 0.61, 95%CI 0.40-0.83). However, in comparison with sputum culture, the sensitivity (0.68, 95%CI 0.54-0.79) and specificity (0.53, 95%CI 0.45-0.61) of radiology in this patient group were low.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides evidence of the good inter-observer agreement using the CRRS standardised reporting methodology when used among patients with advanced HIV-associated immunodeficiency and a high prevalence of culture-proven pulmonary TB. The utility of radiology as a screening test for TB in this patient group, however, remains limited.
authors.affiliation: University of Cape Town Lung Institute, Division of Pulmonology & E16 Respiratory Clinic, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dawson
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Masuka
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: E D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Bateman
authors.forename: L-G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Bekker
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Lawn
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods*; D015588:Observer Variation; D013902:Radiography, Thoracic / Q000379:methods; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D013019:South Africa / Q000453:epidemiology; D013183:Sputum / Q000382:microbiology; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology