title: Topical delivery of silymarin constituents via the skin route.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Silibinin (SB), silydianin (SD), and silychristin (SC) are components of silymarin. These compounds can be used to protect the skin from oxidative stress induced by ultraviolet (UV) irradiation and treat it. To this end, the absorption of silymarin constituents via the skin was examined in the present report.
  
  
  METHODS
  Transport of SB, SD, and SC under the same thermodynamic activity through and into the skin and the effects of pH were studied in vitro using a Franz diffusion assembly.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The lipophilicity increased in the order of SC<SD<SB. Increased lipophilicity of a compound resulted in higher skin deposition but had a minor effect on permeation across the skin in the less-ionized form (pH 8). It is apparent that compounds in the less-ionized form showed higher skin uptake compared to the more-ionized form. Hyperproliferative skin produced by UVB exposure showed increased permeation of silymarin constituents in the less-ionized form, but it did not affect deposition within the skin. With in vivo topical application for 4 and 8 h, the skin deposition of SB was higher than those of SD and SC by 3.5 approximately 4.0- and 30 approximately 40-fold, respectively. The skin disruption and erythema test demonstrated that the topical application of these compounds for up to 24 h caused no apparent skin irritation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The basic profiles of silymarin permeation via skin route were established.
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei County, Taiwan, China.
authors.forename: Chi-feng
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Hung
authors.forename: Yin-ku
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Li-wen
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Ching-hsien
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Jia-you
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Fang
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity; D015194:Diffusion Chambers, Culture; D005260:Female; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D010539:Permeability; D000077385:Silybin; D012838:Silymarin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000633:toxicity; D012869:Skin Absorption; D023422:Skin Irritancy Tests; D013816:Thermodynamics; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D012838:Silymarin; D000077385:Silybin; C015505:silidianin; C015504:silychristin