title: Evolution of the coronary care unit: clinical characteristics and temporal trends in healthcare delivery and outcomes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe long-term temporal trends in patient characteristics, processes of care, and in-hospital outcomes among unselected admissions within the contemporary coronary care unit.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hospital administrative database that records both payment and operation data.
  
  
  METHODS
  Coronary care unit of a large, academic, tertiary-care medical institution.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 29,275 patients admitted from January 1, 1989 through December 31, 2006.
  
  
  METHODS
  Unadjusted time-trend plots were created for all variables of interest, and multivariable modeling of coronary care unit death was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Temporal trends in Coronary Care Unit and in-hospital mortality, length-of-stay, demographic characteristics, discharge diagnoses, Coronary Care Unit procedures, and Charlson comorbidity scores were evaluated. Admission severity increased significantly over time (p < .001), but hospital length-of-stay decreased (p < .001). The proportion of coronary care unit admissions with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction increased (p < .001), whereas ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction decreased (p < .001). The prevalence of non-cardiovascular diagnoses increased, with the rate greatest for comorbid critical illnesses, including sepsis, acute kidney injury, and respiratory failure (all p < .001). The use of non-cardiac procedures, such as mechanical ventilation and central venous catheterization, also increased over time (p < .001). Unadjusted coronary care unit and in-hospital mortality did not change during the study period, although death did decrease in the adjusted setting.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Substantial changes have occurred over time in patient characteristics, diagnoses, and procedures within the coronary care unit of a large, academic medical center. In particular, there have been significant increases in noncardiovascular critical illness, the results of which may be influencing patient outcomes. These findings underscore an existing need to clarify the role of the coronary care unit in contemporary cardiovascular care and to develop strategies for optimal training, staffing, and clinical investigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology and Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. Jason_Katz@med.unc.edu
authors.forename: Jason N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Katz
authors.forename: Bimal R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Elizabeth M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Volz
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Horton
authors.forename: Linda K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.forename: L Kristin
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Newby
authors.forename: Christopher B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Granger
authors.forename: Daniel B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Mark
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Califf
authors.forename: Richard C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Becker
mesh_terms: D000046:Academic Medical Centers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends; D000368:Aged; D003325:Coronary Care Units / Q000706:statistics & numerical data* / Q000639:trends; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D017052:Hospital Mortality / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000453:epidemiology; D009657:North Carolina / Q000453:epidemiology; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends; D012720:Severity of Illness Index