title: Iodine intake in a population of pregnant women: INMA mother and child cohort study, Spain.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Monitoring iodine status during pregnancy is essential to prevent iodine-related disorders. The objectives of this study are to estimate iodine intake and excretion, to assess their association and to evaluate the compliance of the recommendations in a multicentre cohort of pregnant women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional data on maternal iodine nutritional status, compiled between weeks 8 and 22 of gestation in three Spanish areas (Valencia, Gipuzkoa and Sabadell), were analysed. Information on iodine intake from diet, salt and supplements was estimated through questionnaires. Spot urine samples were analysed for urinary iodine concentration (UIC). Tobit regression analysis was used to assess the association between iodine intake and UIC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  1522 women were included in the study. Median UIC was 134 (IQR 80-218) μg/l in Valencia, 168 (IQR 108-272) μg/l in Gipuzkoa and 94 (IQR 57-151) μg/l in Sabadell. 48.9% of Valencian women consumed iodine supplements, 93.3% in Gipuzkoa and 11.0% in Sabadell. Prevalence of iodised salt consumption was 50.5% in the whole sample. UIC was associated with intake of supplements, iodised salt, dietary iodine and water. UIC levels were lower than expected according to the estimated iodine intake.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Median UIC reflected iodine deficiency according to WHO reference levels, except in Gipuzkoa where supplements are widely consumed. It is necessary to strengthen iodised salt consumption since it is already far from the objective proposed of coverage of 90% of households. More data would be valuable to assess the correspondence between iodine intake and excretion during pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain. murcia_mar@gva.es
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Murcia
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rebagliato
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Espada
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vioque
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Santa Marina
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alvarez-Pedrerol
authors.forename: M-J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Lopez-Espinosa
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: León
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Iñiguez
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Basterrechea
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guxens
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lertxundi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Perales
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ballester
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sunyer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003677:Deficiency Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000652:urine; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D006801:Humans; D007455:Iodine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000652:urine; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D009752:Nutritional Status; D011193:Potassium Iodide / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000652:urine; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000652:urine; D015995:Prevalence; D012016:Reference Values; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D011193:Potassium Iodide; D007455:Iodine