title: [Diagnosis and treatment of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in 21 children with non-hematologic diseases].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore diagnosis and treatments of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) in children with non-hematologic diseases.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty one patients without hematological malignancy were diagnosed with proven or possible IPA from July 2002 to June 2008. The risk factors, clinical manifestations, chest radiographic findings, microbiological and histopathological evidence, diagnostic procedures, treatment and prognosis were retrospectively reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five children had proven IPA, and 16 patients had possible IPA. Thirteen children were classified as having acute invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (AIPA), eight children as having chronic necrotizing pulmonary aspergillosis (CNPA). Definitive diagnosis of primary immunodeficiency (PID) was made in 6 children (4 with chronic granulomatous disease, 2 with cellular immunodeficiency); three children were suspected of having PID. Corticosteroids and multiple broad-spectrum antibiotics had been administered in 5 patients (3 of these 5 patients also had invasive mechanical ventilation). Two children had underlying pulmonary disease. Three patients had unknown risk factors. Among these three patients, two had history of environmental exposure. Fever and cough were present in all the children. Fine rales were found in nineteen children. Six children had hepatosplenomegaly. The common roentgenographic feature of AIPA in 13 patients was nodular or mass-like consolidation with multiple cavity. "air-crescent" was seen in 10 of patients with AIPA. Lobar consolidation with cavity and adjacent pleural thickening was found in all children with CNPA. The positive rate of sputum and/or BALF culture in AIPA and CNPA were 72.1% and 22.4%, respectively. A large number of septate hyphae on wet smear were found in all of the children whose sputum and/or BALF culture were positive. Lung biopsy was performed in 3 children with CNPA, and necrosis, granulomatous inflammation, as well as septate, branching hyphae were observed on histopathologic examination. Fifteen children were treated with anti-fungal therapy (amphotericin B, voriconazole, itraconazole and caspofungin used alone or in combination), symptoms and lung lesions resolved in 12 children. Three children died. Six children did not receive anti-fungal therapy and died. The side effects of amphotericin B include chill, fever, hypokalemia and transient increase in BUN, none of which needed discontinuation of the antifungal therapy. Children had a good tolerance to fluconazole and caspofungin, there were no apparent side effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most of the children without hematologic diseases who suffered from invasive pulmonary aspergillosis had risk factors or exposure history. Roentgenographic findings were relatively characteristic for invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Risk factors and roentgenographic findings were clues to consider clinically invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Sputum culture was the key point to clinical diagnosis. The patients in whom the antifungal therapy was initiated early had a good outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Internal Medicine, Beijing Children's Hospital Affiliated to the Capital Medical University, Beijing 100045, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-yan
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Shun-ying
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Su-yun
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Qian
authors.forename: Ying-hui
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Jin-jin
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.forename: Zai-fang
authors.initials: ZF
authors.lastname: Jiang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D055744:Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies