title: Use of midlevel providers in US EDs, 1993 to 2005: implications for the workforce.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to evaluate use of physician assistants (PAs) and nurse practitioners (NPs) in US emergency departments (EDs).
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed visits from the 1993 to 2005 National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, seen by midlevel provider (MLP), and compared characteristics of MLP visits to those seen by physicians only.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From 1993 to 2005, 5.2% (95% CI, 4.6%-5.8%) of US ED visits were seen by PAs and 1.7% (95% CI, 1.5%-2.0%) by NPs. During the study period, PA visits rose from 2.9% to 9.1%, whereas NP visits rose from 1.1% to 3.8% (both P(trend) < .001). Compared to physician only visits, those seen only by MLPs arrived by ambulance less frequently (6.0% vs 15%), had lower urgent acuity (37% vs 59%), and were admitted less often (3.0% vs 13%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Midlevel provider use has increased in US EDs. Their involvement in some urgent visits and those requiring admission suggests that the role of MLPs extends beyond minor presentations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA. adit.ginde@ucdenver.edu
authors.forename: Adit A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Ginde
authors.forename: Janice A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Espinola
authors.forename: Ashley F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Sullivan
authors.forename: Frederick C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Blum
authors.forename: Carlos A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Camargo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D005260:Female; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009722:Nurse Practitioners / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010823:Physician Assistants / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D000078329:Workforce; D055815:Young Adult