title: The genome of the amoeba symbiont "Candidatus Amoebophilus asiaticus" reveals common mechanisms for host cell interaction among amoeba-associated bacteria.
abstract: Protozoa play host for many intracellular bacteria and are important for the adaptation of pathogenic bacteria to eukaryotic cells. We analyzed the genome sequence of "Candidatus Amoebophilus asiaticus," an obligate intracellular amoeba symbiont belonging to the Bacteroidetes. The genome has a size of 1.89 Mbp, encodes 1,557 proteins, and shows massive proliferation of IS elements (24% of all genes), although the genome seems to be evolutionarily relatively stable. The genome does not encode pathways for de novo biosynthesis of cofactors, nucleotides, and almost all amino acids. "Ca. Amoebophilus asiaticus" encodes a variety of proteins with predicted importance for host cell interaction; in particular, an arsenal of proteins with eukaryotic domains, including ankyrin-, TPR/SEL1-, and leucine-rich repeats, which is hitherto unmatched among prokaryotes, is remarkable. Unexpectedly, 26 proteins that can interfere with the host ubiquitin system were identified in the genome. These proteins include F- and U-box domain proteins and two ubiquitin-specific proteases of the CA clan C19 family, representing the first prokaryotic members of this protein family. Consequently, interference with the host ubiquitin system is an important host cell interaction mechanism of "Ca. Amoebophilus asiaticus". More generally, we show that the eukaryotic domains identified in "Ca. Amoebophilus asiaticus" are also significantly enriched in the genomes of other amoeba-associated bacteria (including chlamydiae, Legionella pneumophila, Rickettsia bellii, Francisella tularensis, and Mycobacterium avium). This indicates that phylogenetically and ecologically diverse bacteria which thrive inside amoebae exploit common mechanisms for interaction with their hosts, and it provides further evidence for the role of amoebae as training grounds for bacterial pathogens of humans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbial Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. schmitz-esser@microbial-ecology.net
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schmitz-Esser
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tischler
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Arnold
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Montanaro
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rattei
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Horn
mesh_terms: D000656:Amoeba / Q000382:microbiology*; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D041963:Bacteroidetes / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D053898:Biosynthetic Pathways / Q000235:genetics; D004251:DNA Transposable Elements; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D005604:Francisella tularensis / Q000235:genetics; D016680:Genome, Bacterial; D016952:Legionella pneumophila / Q000235:genetics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009162:Mycobacterium avium / Q000235:genetics; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D012281:Rickettsia / Q000235:genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013559:Symbiosis
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D004251:DNA Transposable Elements; D004269:DNA, Bacterial