title: Racial disparities in revascularization rates among patients with similar insurance coverage.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Racial disparities in coronary revascularization--percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)--have been extensively documented. However, it is unclear whether disparities are consistent among patients with similar health insurance coverage. Our objective was to assess racial disparities in coronary revascularization among white, black, and Hispanic patients with similar insurance coverage hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction (AMI).
  
  
  METHODS
  We used 2000-2005 state inpatient data for 9 states to identify white, black, and Hispanic patients hospitalized with AMI. Patients were grouped into 3 health insurance cohorts: (1) Medicare, (2) private insurance, and (3) Medicaid/uninsured. We examined use of revascularization (PCI or CABG) among blacks and Hispanics as compared to whites in each of the 3 insurance cohorts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 418 study hospitals admitted 430509 AMI patients with Medicare, 238956 with private insurance, and 74926 patients who were uninsured/Medicaid. In unadjusted analyses, black and Hispanic patients were significantly less likely to receive in-hospital revascularization among the Medicare cohort (38.9% vs 44.9% vs 47.3%, P < .001), privately insured cohort (62.9% vs 69.7% vs 74.2%, P < .001), and uninsured/Medicaid cohort (55.2% vs 61.0% vs 68.4%, P <.001). In Cox models adjusting for patient demographics, comorbidity, and clustering of patients within hospitals, blacks were approximately 25% less likely and Hispanics 5% less likely to receive revascularization as compared to whites with similar insurance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Blacks hospitalized with AMI are significantly less likely to receive revascularization when compared to whites and Hispanics with similar health insurance. Our data suggest that patients' ability to pay for costly procedures is unlikely to explain racial disparities.
authors.affiliation: Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA. peter-cram@uiowa.edu
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cram
authors.forename: Levent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bayman
authors.forename: Ioana
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Popescu
authors.forename: Mary S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Vaughan-Sarrazin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015906:Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D044383:Black People; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D054625:Healthcare Disparities; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D007348:Insurance, Health; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000208:ethnology / Q000628:therapy*; D044465:White People