title: Carbonic anhydrases are upstream regulators of CO2-controlled stomatal movements in guard cells.
abstract: The continuing rise in atmospheric CO2 causes stomatal pores in leaves to close and thus globally affects CO2 influx into plants, water use efficiency and leaf heat stress. However, the CO2-binding proteins that control this response remain unknown. Moreover, which cell type responds to CO2, mesophyll or guard cells, and whether photosynthesis mediates this response are matters of debate. We demonstrate that Arabidopsis thaliana double-mutant plants in the beta-carbonic anhydrases betaCA1 and betaCA4 show impaired CO2-regulation of stomatal movements and increased stomatal density, but retain functional abscisic-acid and blue-light responses. betaCA-mediated CO2-triggered stomatal movements are not, in first-order, linked to whole leaf photosynthesis and can function in guard cells. Furthermore, guard cell betaca-overexpressing plants exhibit instantaneous enhanced water use efficiency. Guard cell expression of mammalian alphaCAII complements the reduced sensitivity of ca1 ca4 plants, showing that carbonic anhydrase-mediated catalysis is an important mechanism for betaCA-mediated CO2-induced stomatal closure and patch clamp analyses indicate that CO2/HCO3- transfers the signal to anion channel regulation. These findings, together with ht1-2 (ref. 9) epistasis analysis demonstrate that carbonic anhydrases function early in the CO2 signalling pathway, which controls gas-exchange between plants and the atmosphere.
authors.affiliation: Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA.
authors.forename: Honghong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Aurélien
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Boisson-Dernier
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Israelsson-Nordström
authors.forename: Maik
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Böhmer
authors.forename: Shaowu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.forename: Amber
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ries
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Godoski
authors.forename: Josef M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kuhn
authors.forename: Julian I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Schroeder
mesh_terms: D000040:Abscisic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D024401:Carbonic Anhydrase I / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D030741:Carbonic Anhydrase IV / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005816:Genetic Complementation Test; D015640:Ion Channel Gating; D007473:Ion Channels / Q000378:metabolism*; D008027:Light; D010788:Photosynthesis; D010937:Plant Growth Regulators / Q000494:pharmacology; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D054046:Plant Stomata / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014867:Water / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D007473:Ion Channels; D010937:Plant Growth Regulators; D014867:Water; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D000040:Abscisic Acid; D024401:Carbonic Anhydrase I; D030741:Carbonic Anhydrase IV