title: Hypertonic environment elicits cyclooxygenase-2-driven prostaglandin E2 generation by colon cancer cells: role of cytosolic phospholipase A2-alpha and kinase signaling pathways.
abstract: Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2-derived prostaglandin (PG)E(2) controls many aspects of colon cancer development, modulating from apoptosis resistance and cell proliferation to angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. Here, we investigated the role of different phospholipases (PL)A(2) in supplying arachidonic acid (AA) for COX-2-dependent PGE(2) generation and signaling pathways involved in activation of colon cancer cells by a physiologically relevant stimulus. To emulate the hypertonic environment found physiologically in colon, the human colon cancer cell line Caco-2 was maintained in hypertonic complete DMEM medium. Human colon cancer cell line Caco-2 exposed to a hypertonic environment responded with marked AA release, COX-2 induction and PGE(2) generation. Selective secretory (s)PLA(2) and calcium-independent (i)PLA(2) inhibitors did not modify PGE(2) generation, while either COX-2 or cytosolic (c)PLA(2) inhibitors completely inhibited PGE(2) generation. cPLA(2)-alpha was responsible for AA supply for PGE(2) generation, but had no role in COX-2 induction. Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases, ERK 1/2, p38, and JNK, participated in the signaling events that lead to PGE(2) generation by modulating AA release, but only ERK 1/2 was involved in COX-2 upregulation. Our results indicate that hypertonic stress activates PGE(2) generation by Caco-2 cells through a mechanism dependent on MAP kinase-regulated AA mobilization, increased cPLA(2)-alpha activity, and COX-2 induction.
authors.affiliation: Divisão de Biologia Celular, Coordenação de Pesquisa, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20231-050, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luciana B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Gentile
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Piva
authors.forename: Bianca C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Capizzani
authors.forename: Luiz G B
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Furlaneto
authors.forename: Luciana S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Moreira
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zamith-Miranda
authors.forename: Bruno L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Diaz
mesh_terms: D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000378:metabolism*; D054513:Group IV Phospholipases A2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D006982:Hypertonic Solutions / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015151:Immunoblotting; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D006982:Hypertonic Solutions; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D054513:Group IV Phospholipases A2; D015232:Dinoprostone