title: Inflammasomes bridge signaling between pathogen identification and the immune response.
abstract: Microbial organisms express pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that can stimulate expression of proinflammatory mediators following ligation of pathogen recognition receptors. However, both commensal organisms and pathogens can express PAMPs. The immune system can distinguish between commensals and pathogens in part through secretion of the key inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1beta and IL-18. A PAMP such as lipopolysaccharide can induce production of intracellular pro-IL-1beta and pro-IL-18, but not their secretion. A second "danger signal", derived from host-cell molecules that are released from stressed or infected cells, or detected as a PAMP that is present in the cytosol, can stimulate assembly of an inflammasome that activates the protease caspase-1. Caspase-1, in turn, is responsible for processing and secretion of the mature IL-1beta and IL-18. Many diverse ligands leading to inflammasome activation have been identified, but the cell signaling pathways initiated by the ligands tend to converge on a small set of common mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Health Sciences Research Institute and School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, California 95343, USA.
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Abdul-Sater
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Saïd-Sadier
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Ojcius
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Yilmaz
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Kelly
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000276:immunology*; D053468:CARD Signaling Adaptor Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D006801:Humans; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000096:biosynthesis; D000071199:NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein; D000070576:NLR Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D011188:Potassium / Q000378:metabolism; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: C410167:AIM2 protein, human; D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D053468:CARD Signaling Adaptor Proteins; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D000071199:NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein; D000070576:NLR Proteins; C435692:NLRC4 protein, human; C427903:NLRP1 protein, human; C453881:NLRP3 protein, human; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D011188:Potassium