title: Biofilms and chronic otitis media: an initial exploration into the role of biofilms in the pathogenesis of chronic otitis media.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to compare the extent of biofilm infection in percentage of mucosal surface area of adenoids removed from children with otitis media with effusion (OME) vs those with recurrent acute otitis media (RAOM) and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Comparative microanatomical investigation of adenoid mucosa using scanning electron microscopy obtained from 30 children with OME, RAOM, and OSA was used in this study. Seventeen males and 13 females ranging in age from 9 months to 10 years were included in this study. Percentage of biofilm surface area involvement was the main measure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adenoids removed from patients with OME had moderately dense mature biofilms covering the mucosal surface with a mean of 27.7% of their mucosal surface covered with mature biofilms. These results were distinct from results obtained from patients diagnosed with RAOM and OSA with means of 97.6% and 0.10% of their mucosal surfaces covered with mature biofilms, respectively. These differences were statistically significant at P < .0001.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adenoids removed from patients with OME were characterized by distinctly different percentage of biofilm mucosal surface area coverage, with significantly more biofilm presence than OSA patients but significantly less biofilm presence than RAOM patients. Although previous investigations have supported a dominant role of nasopharyngeal biofilms in RAOM pathogenesis, these results suggest nasopharyngeal biofilms may play a different role in the pathogenesis of OME and that this clinical entity may be more multifactorial in nature.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hoa
authors.forename: Mausumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Syamal
authors.forename: Michele A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Schaeffer
authors.forename: Livjot
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sachdeva
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Berk
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Coticchia
mesh_terms: D000233:Adenoidectomy; D000234:Adenoids / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D018441:Biofilms / Q000254:growth & development*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010033:Otitis Media / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology; D012008:Recurrence; D020545:Respiratory Mucosa / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure