title: Predictions of angle dependent tortuosity and elasticity effects on sound propagation in cancellous bone.
abstract: The anisotropic pore structure and elasticity of cancellous bone cause wave speeds and attenuation in cancellous bone to vary with angle. Previously published predictions of the variation in wave speed with angle are reviewed. Predictions that allow tortuosity to be angle dependent but assume isotropic elasticity compare well with available data on wave speeds at large angles but less well for small angles near the normal to the trabeculae. Claims for predictions that only include angle-dependence in elasticity are found to be misleading. Audio-frequency data obtained at audio-frequencies in air-filled bone replicas are used to derive an empirical expression for the angle-and porosity-dependence of tortuosity. Predictions that allow for either angle dependent tortuosity or angle dependent elasticity or both are compared with existing data for all angles and porosities.
authors.affiliation: Medical Physics, PGMI, The University of Hull, Cottingham Road, HU6 7RX Hull, United Kingdom. h.aygun@hull.ac.uk
authors.forename: Haydar
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Aygün
authors.forename: Keith
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Attenborough
authors.forename: Michiel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Postema
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lauriks
authors.forename: Christian M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Langton
mesh_terms: D000162:Acoustics; D000388:Air; D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D016880:Anisotropy; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000502:physiology*; D002417:Cattle; D004548:Elasticity; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D016062:Porosity; D013016:Sound