title: Cutaneous lupus erythematosus: clinical and immunological study of 308 patients stratified by gender.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Numerous studies involving systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have attempted to identify gender differences in patients with lupus erythematosus (LE). However, few reports on cutaneous lupus erythematous (CLE) have identified gender differences.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To analyse and compare the prevalence and characteristics of the main clinical and immunological features of male and female patients with CLE.
  
  
  METHODS
  The medical records of 103 (33.4%) male and 205 (66.6%) female patients with CLE who were treated as inpatients or outpatients between January 1985 and December 2000 were retrospectively studied. All patients were reviewed in detail stratified by a predefined protocol.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Female patients had a higher prevalence of Raynaud's phenomenon (P < 0.01), chilblain lupus (P = 0.005), arthralgias (P = 0.001) and SLE (P < 0.01). Female patients were also more likely to have an increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate (P < 0.005), higher levels of antinuclear antibodies (P < 0.001) and decreased levels of C3 (P < 0.001), C4 (P < 0.01) and CH50 (P < 0.01). There was a higher prevalence of clinical and laboratory abnormalities in female patients who had both SLE and CLE than in male patients with both conditions. Conclusions.  In our series, differences in the expression of CLE existed between male and female patients with respect to the type of lesions, systemic features, and immunological findings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. mavera@aedv.es
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Vera-Recabarren
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: García-Carrasco
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ramos-Casals
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Herrero
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000974:Antibodies, Antinuclear / Q000097:blood; D018771:Arthralgia / Q000209:etiology; D001799:Blood Sedimentation; D002647:Chilblains / Q000209:etiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003165:Complement System Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008178:Lupus Erythematosus, Cutaneous / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000150:complications; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011928:Raynaud Disease / Q000209:etiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000974:Antibodies, Antinuclear; D003165:Complement System Proteins