title: Valproic acid: long-term effects on children exposed in utero.
abstract: (1) Numerous follow-up studies of pregnancies in women with epilepsy show that valproic acid is more teratogenic than other antiepileptics. The risk of malformations increases with doses above 1000 mg/day; (2) Malformations associated with valproic acid include neural tube defects in 1-2% of exposed children, as well as urogenital, craniofacial and digital abnormalities. Cardiac disorders and limb defects have also been reported; (3) Convergent results of several cohort studies show that exposure to valproic acid in utero has detrimental effects on intelligence, language and behavior, which appear in school-age children; (4) In practice, the use of valproic acid should be avoided throughout pregnancy, as well as by women of childbearing age not using effective contraception. If a woman is planning pregnancy, the choice of valproic acid should be reassessed with the patient. If valproic acid therapy is maintained, the minimum effective daily dose should be determined and folic acid supplementation initiated.
mesh_terms: D000014:Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002220:Carbamazepine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015331:Cohort Studies; D000075202:Contraindications; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D005632:Fructose / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007360:Intelligence / Q000187:drug effects; D000077213:Lamotrigine; D007805:Language Development Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced; D010672:Phenytoin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000139:chemically induced*; D011596:Psychomotor Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced; D000077236:Topiramate; D014227:Triazines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014635:Valproic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D014227:Triazines; D000077236:Topiramate; D005632:Fructose; D002220:Carbamazepine; D014635:Valproic Acid; D010672:Phenytoin; D000077213:Lamotrigine