title: Intrathecal huperzine A increases thermal escape latency and decreases flinching behavior in the formalin test in rats.
abstract: Huperzine A (HupA) is an alkaloid isolated from the Chinese club moss Huperzia serrata and has been used for improving memory, cognitive and behavioral function in patients with Alzheimer's disease in China. It has NMDA antagonist and anticholinesterase activity and has shown anticonvulsant and antinociceptive effects in preliminary studies when administered intraperitoneally to mice. To better characterize the antinociceptive effects of HupA at the spinal level, Holtzman rats were implanted with intrathecal catheters to measure thermal escape latency using Hargreaves thermal escape testing system and flinching behavior using the formalin test. Intrathecal (IT) administration of HupA showed a dose-dependent increase in thermal escape latency with an ED50 of 0.57 microg. Atropine reversed the increase in thermal escape latency produced by 10 microg HupA, indicating an antinociceptive mechanism through muscarinic cholinergic receptors. The formalin test showed that HupA decreased flinching behavior in a dose-dependent manner. Atropine also reversed the decrease in flinching behavior caused by 10 microg HupA. A dose-dependent increase of side effects including scratching, biting, and chewing tails was observed, although antinociceptive effects were observed in doses that did not produce any adverse effects.
authors.affiliation: Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
authors.forename: Paula
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schachter
authors.forename: Tony
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yaksh
mesh_terms: D000470:Alkaloids; D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001285:Atropine / Q000494:pharmacology; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D002404:Catheterization; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006358:Hot Temperature; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D008297:Male; D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012717:Sesquiterpenes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000470:Alkaloids; D000700:Analgesics; D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists; D012717:Sesquiterpenes; C050426:huperzine A; D001285:Atropine