title: Anterior cingulate volumetric alterations in treatment-naïve adults with ADHD: a pilot study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to examine preliminary results of brain alterations in anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in treatment-naïve adults with ADHD. The ACC is a central brain node for the integration of cognitive control and allocation of attention, affect and drive. Thus its anatomical alteration may give rise to impulsivity, hyperactivity and inattention, which are cardinal behavioral manifestations of ADHD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Segmentation and parcellation of the ACC was performed on controls (n = 22), treated (n = 13) and treatment-naïve adults with ADHD (n = 13).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a 21% volume reduction in the left ACC of the treatment-naïve group relative to the control group. Also, there was a 23% volume reduction in the right ACC of the treated group relative to the control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results raise the possibility that in ADHD there are volumetric deficits persistent into adulthood, that are independent of medical treatment.
authors.affiliation: Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA. nikos@cma.mgh.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Nikos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Makris
authors.forename: Larry J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Seidman
authors.forename: Eve M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Valera
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Biederman
authors.forename: Michael C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Monuteaux
authors.forename: David N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.forename: Verne S
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Caviness
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bush
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Crum
authors.forename: Ariel B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Stephen V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Faraone
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D006179:Gyrus Cinguli / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009929:Organ Size; D018579:Patient Selection; D010865:Pilot Projects