title: A broadly conserved pathway generates 3'UTR-directed primary piRNAs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) are approximately 24-30 nucleotide regulatory RNAs that are abundant in animal gonads and early embryos. The best-characterized piRNAs mediate a conserved pathway that restricts transposable elements, and these frequently engage a "ping-pong" amplification loop. Certain stages of mammalian testis also accumulate abundant piRNAs of unknown function, which derive from noncoding RNAs that are depleted in transposable element content and do not engage in ping-pong.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We report that the 3' untranslated regions (3'UTRs) of an extensive set of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) are processed into piRNAs in Drosophila ovaries, murine testes, and Xenopus eggs. Analysis of different mutants and Piwi-class immunoprecipitates indicates that their biogenesis depends on primary piRNA components, but not most ping-pong components. Several observations suggest that mRNAs are actively selected for piRNA production for regulatory purposes. First, genic piRNAs do not accumulate in proportion to the level of their host transcripts, and many highly expressed transcripts lack piRNAs. Second, piRNA-producing mRNAs in Drosophila and mouse are enriched for specific gene ontology categories distinct from those of simply abundant transcripts. Third, the protein output of traffic jam, whose 3'UTR generates abundant piRNAs, is increased in piwi mutant follicle clones.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We reveal a conserved primary piRNA pathway that selects and metabolizes the 3'UTRs of a broad set of cellular transcripts, probably for regulatory purposes. These findings strongly increase the breadth of Argonaute-mediated small RNA systems in metazoans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Developmental Biology, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA.
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Robine
authors.forename: Nelson C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.forename: Sudha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Balla
authors.forename: Zhigang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Katsutomo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Okamura
authors.forename: Satomi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kuramochi-Miyagawa
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Blower
authors.forename: Eric C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Lai
mesh_terms: D020413:3' Untranslated Regions / Q000235:genetics*; D000818:Animals; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D004330:Drosophila; D029721:Drosophila Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D006066:Gonads / Q000378:metabolism*; D047468:Immunoprecipitation; D051473:Maf Transcription Factors, Large / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D014981:Xenopus
chemical_list: D020413:3' Untranslated Regions; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D051473:Maf Transcription Factors, Large; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; C480048:tj protein, Drosophila