title: Development and validation of an instrument to measure nurse-patient bonding.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Most instruments on nurse-patient relationship determine the caring behavior of the nurse, but have minimal consideration of the patient's role in the interaction. Moreover, it is the patients that complete many of those instruments, thus leaving out the perspective of the nurse. There is then a need to account for the contributions that both the nurse and the patient bring into their encounter where bonding is formed.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to develop and validate an instrument that determines the degree of bonding between nurse and patient based on their openness to each other and their engagement in patient care.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected from nurses and patients in the wards of four public and private tertiary hospitals in Manila, Philippines, where most Filipino nurses render care to patients before getting employed in other countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 420 nurses and patients (i.e., 210 dyads) participated in this research conducted in 2008. Most of the nurses were young females with beginning clinical experience, while the patients had a wider age range with the majority having no college education and no employment.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Nurse-Patient Bonding Instrument (NPBI), which dimensions were generated from qualitative observations and interviews, and corroborated by literature, was validated at the bedside setting. To determine interrater reliability, two trained raters unobtrusively observed actual nurse-patient interactions and ticked on the NPBI behavioral indicators of openness and engagement. Construct validity was established using known-groups technique. Moreover, bonding score was correlated with patient satisfaction for predictive validity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Reliability ranged from r=.80 to .95 (p<.01). Factor analysis demonstrated that the subscale scores of patient openness, nurse openness, patient engagement, and nurse engagement all loaded on one factor, the bonding factor, demonstrating a unified structure of the NPBI. Nurses and patients had higher bonding scores in interactions of longer duration than shorter duration, controlling for number of previous encounters. This provided evidence for construct validity using known-groups technique. The NPBI was likewise shown to distinguish groups based on age, education, and civil status. Patient satisfaction correlated positively with bonding score, providing evidence suggestive of the predictive validity of the NPBI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The NPBI was shown to be a reliable and valid tool for assessing nurse-patient bonding, and can possibly predict patient satisfaction. The openness and engagement of nurse and patient were demonstrated to result in a structure, a nurse-patient dyad. This finding invites further investigations on the characteristics and development of this dyad.
authors.affiliation: College of Nursing, University of the Philippines Manila, Pedro Gil Street, Manila, Philippines. lmstejero@upm.edu.ph
authors.forename: Lourdes Marie S
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Tejero
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009723:Nurse-Patient Relations; D009726:Nurses / Q000523:psychology; D009769:Object Attachment; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D010361:Patients / Q000523:psychology; D010679:Philippines