title: Mechanisms of action and medicinal applications of abscisic Acid.
abstract: Since its discovery in the early 1960's, abscisic acid (ABA) has received considerable attention as an important phytohormone, and more recently, as a candidate medicinal in humans. In plants it has been shown to regulate important physiological processes such as response to drought stress, and dormancy. The discovery of ABA synthesis in animal cells has generated interest in the possible parallels between its role in plant and animal systems. The importance of this molecule has prompted the development of several methods for the chemical synthesis of ABA, which differ significantly from the biosynthesis of ABA in plants through the mevalonic acid pathway. ABA recognition in plants has been shown to occur at both the intra- and extracellularly but little is known about the perception of ABA by animal cells. A few ABA molecular targets have been identified in vitro (e.g., calcium signaling, G protein-coupled receptors) in both plant and animal systems. A unique finding in mammalian systems, however, is that the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor, PPAR gamma, is upregulated by ABA in both in vitro and in vivo studies. Comparison of the human PPAR gamma gene network with Arabidopsis ABA-related genes reveal important orthologs between these groups. Also, ABA can ameliorate the symptoms of type II diabetes, targeting PPAR gamma in a similar manner as the thiazolidinediones class of anti-diabetic drugs. The use of ABA in the treatment of type II diabetes, offers encouragement for further studies concerning the biomedical applications of ABA.
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Immunology and Molecular Nutrition Group, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA. jbassaga@vt.edu
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bassaganya-Riera
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Skoneczka
authors.forename: D G J
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Kingston
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Krishnan
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Misyak
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Guri
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Carter
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Minorsky
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tumarkin
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hontecillas
mesh_terms: D000040:Abscisic Acid / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020013:Calcium Signaling; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000378:metabolism; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D047495:PPAR gamma; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; D000040:Abscisic Acid