title: Transcervical hysteroscopic sterilization using cyanoacrylate: a long-term experimental study on sheep.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the transcervical hysteroscopy application of n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate in the uterine tube lumen of a non-rodent animals (sheep) with fallopian tube dimensions similar those in humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  Standard hysteroscopic procedures were performed on female Texel sheep (n = 26). The right and left ostia were identified. For each ewe, a urethral catheter (5Fr) was used for the delivery of 0.5 mL of saline or an equal volume of n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate into the uterine tube. Following the procedure, ewes were housed with males of proven fertility for 90 days (equivalent to 5.5 estrous cycles). Postmortem (dye and burst pressure) and in vivo (hysterosalpingogram) testing for tube patency were both performed 90 days and 180 days following the procedure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All animals receiving the saline treatment became pregnant. Gross inspection of uterine tubes following n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate treatment revealed no visceral adhesions or fibrosis. However, postmortem testing revealed total obstruction within the fallopian tubes. This was confirmed by hysterosalpingogram, in that iodine contrast did not escape into the abdominal cavity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The cyanoacrylate promoted a reliable fallopian tube obstruction without fibrosis in an animal model exhibiting a similar tube diameter to that found in women. The technique can be evaluated for efficacy in vivo using hysterosalpingography.
authors.affiliation: São Paulo Federal University, Paulista Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bigolin
authors.forename: Djalma José
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Fagundes
authors.forename: Henri Chaplin
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Rivoire
authors.forename: Anna Tereza Negrini
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Fagundes
authors.forename: Anna Luiza Negrini
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Fagundes
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004659:Enbucrilate / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005187:Fallopian Tubes / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D007047:Hysterosalpingography / Q000662:veterinary; D015907:Hysteroscopy / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011897:Random Allocation; D012756:Sheep / Q000601:surgery*; D013245:Sterilization, Reproductive / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D014014:Tissue Adhesives / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D014014:Tissue Adhesives; D004659:Enbucrilate