title: Gonadal sex steroid status and bone health in middle-aged and elderly European men.
abstract: CONCLUSIONS
  The influence of sex steroids on calcaneal quantitative ultrasound (QUS) parameters was assessed in a population sample of middle-aged and elderly European men. Higher free and total E(2) though not testosterone, were independently associated with higher QUS parameters.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to investigate the association between QUS parameters and sex steroids in middle-aged and elderly European men.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three thousand one hundred forty-one men aged between 40 and 79 years were recruited from eight European centres for participation in a study of male ageing: the European Male Ageing Study. Subjects were invited by letter to attend for an interviewer-administered questionnaire, blood sample and QUS of the calcaneus (Hologic-SAHARA). Blood was assessed for sex steroids including oestradiol (E(2)), testosterone (T), free and bio-available E(2) and T and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serum total T was not associated with any of the QUS parameters. Free T and both free and total E(2) were positively related to all QUS readings, while SHBG concentrations were negatively associated. These relationships were observed in both older and younger (<60 years) men. In a multivariate model, after adjustment for age, centre, height, weight, physical activity levels and smoking, free E(2) and SHBG, though not free T, remained independently associated with the QUS parameters. After further adjustment for IGF-1, however, the association with SHBG became non-significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher free and total E(2) are associated with bone health not only among the elderly but also middle-aged European men.
authors.affiliation: Department of Andrology and Endocrinology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. dirk.vanderschueren@uz.kuleuven.ac.be
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vanderschueren
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Pye
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Venken
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Borghs
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gaytant
authors.forename: I T
authors.initials: IT
authors.lastname: Huhtaniemi
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bartfai
authors.forename: F F
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Casanueva
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Finn
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Forti
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Giwercman
authors.forename: T S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kula
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Labrie
authors.forename: M E J
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Lean
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pendleton
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Punab
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Silman
authors.forename: F C W
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: T W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: O'Neill
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Boonen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000097:blood / Q000502:physiology; D001827:Body Height / Q000502:physiology; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology; D002111:Calcaneus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology; D004958:Estradiol / Q000097:blood; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology; D012738:Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin / Q000378:metabolism; D012907:Smoking / Q000097:blood; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones; D012738:Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin; D013739:Testosterone; D004958:Estradiol