title: Concentration of trace elements in blood and feed of homebred animals in Southern Serbia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The paper presents concentrations of trace elements in blood of homebred animals (cows and sheep) from Southern Serbia (Bujanovac) and the contents of natural and anthropogenic radionuclides and some heavy metals in feed. The region of Southern Serbia was exposed to contamination by depleted uranium ammunition during NATO attacks in 1999 and therefore, is of great concern to environmental pollution and human and animal health.
  
  
  METHODS
  Conventional instrumental and epithermal neutron activation analyses are used to measure trace elements in cow and sheep blood samples collected randomly at six locations in the region of Bujanovac (village of Borovac) in the spring of 2005. Samples of feed (grass and crops: corn, wheat and oats), collected on the same locations (households), are analysed for the contents of radionuclides on an HPGe detector (Ortec, relative efficiency 23%) by standard gamma spectrometry. The content of Hg, Pb and Cd in feed is determined by standard atomic absorption spectrometry on the VarianSpectra220/ThermoSolar GFS97 spectrometer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Concentrations of 29 elements (Na, Al (P), Cl, K, Sc, Cr, Mn, Ni, Fe, Co, Zn, Se, As, Br, Sr, Rb, Sb, In, I, Ba, Cs, La, Nd, Eu, Sm, Tb, Hf, Ta and Th) are determined in blood of the examined animals. In feeds, natural (40)K is found in all of the samples, cosmogenic (7)Be and fission product (137)Cs are detected only in the grass samples, while heavy metals Hg, Cd and Pb are found in the range of 0.01-0.02, 0.84-1.15 and 0.74-7.34 mg/kg, respectively. Calculated soil-to-blood transfer factors are in a wide range of 8 x 10(-6) to 64, as a result of varying significance of the elements in animal metabolism and feeding habits.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of trace elements' concentrations in animal blood are in good agreement with available data for K, Ni, Zn, Se and Rb. Higher Br concentrations in animal blood are most probably caused by large biomass burning events during blood sampling. Very low concentration of Fe in cows and sheep confirms the results of previous biochemical studies on animal anaemia in the region. High concentration of As correlates with geochemical peculiarities of the Balkans and is also likely influenced by the use of pesticides in the agricultural production. For some of the elements (La, Nd, Eu, Sm, Tb, Sb, Hf, Ta, Th, In, Ba, Sr, Sc and Cs), there are few or no literature data. Therefore, some of the presented data are significant not only for the country and the region, but on a wider scale. Activities of natural radionuclides in feeds are within the average values reported for the region, while the activities of (210)Pb and (235/238)U are below the limit of detection. This is in accordance with previous investigations showing no widespread contamination by depleted uranium in the area. Contents of Hg and Pb in feeds are below the nationally permissible levels, unlike the content of Cd which exceeds it, probably caused by the use of phosphate fertilisers and fossil fuel combustion in the area.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In general, the concentrations of trace elements in blood of homebred cows and sheep are in good agreement with reference materials, available literature data and the results of previous studies in the area. The exceptions are Fe, As and Br. The contents of natural and anthropogenic radionuclides in feeds are within the expected levels, and there are no signs of contamination by depleted uranium or other fission products. Apart from Cd, there are no signs of pollution by heavy metals in feeds. The highly sensitive method of instrumental neutron activation analysis provides data on the concentration of some elements in animal blood not previously reported for the region and elsewhere.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presented study is a part of the long term ongoing project on the health risk assessment on animals and humans in the region. The collected data is intended to provide a base for the animal and human risk assessment as well as an estimate of the general pollution status of the environment in the region. Since some of the investigated elements are classified as important trace elements for livestock, the results could also be used to balance and improve the animal diet and thus, improve the growth and reproduction rate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Belgrade University, Bulevar Oslobodjenja 18, 11000, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia.
authors.forename: Dragana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Popovic
authors.forename: Tatjana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bozic
authors.forename: Jelka
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stevanovic
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Frontasyeva
authors.forename: Dragana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Todorovic
authors.forename: Jelena
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ajtic
authors.forename: Vesna Spasic
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Jokic
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis*; D000818:Animals; D000829:Animals, Domestic / Q000097:blood; D001608:Beryllium; D002417:Cattle / Q000097:blood*; D002587:Cesium Isotopes; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D005843:Geography; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood; D009501:Neutron Activation Analysis; D011194:Potassium Isotopes; D011868:Radioisotopes / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood; D055771:Serbia; D012756:Sheep / Q000097:blood*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D002587:Cesium Isotopes; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D011194:Potassium Isotopes; D011868:Radioisotopes; D001608:Beryllium