Shiga toxins--from cell biology to biomedical applications.
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli is an emergent pathogen that can induce haemolytic uraemic syndrome. The toxin has received considerable attention not only from microbiologists but also in the field of cell biology, where it has become a powerful tool to study intracellular trafficking. In this Review, we summarize the Shiga toxin family members and their structures, receptors, trafficking pathways and cellular targets. We discuss how Shiga toxin affects cells not only by inhibiting protein biosynthesis but also through the induction of signalling cascades that lead to apoptosis. Finally, we discuss how Shiga toxins might be exploited in cancer therapy and immunotherapy.
Johannes
Ludger
L
Institut Curie - Centre de Recherche and CNRS UMR144, Traffic, Signalling and Delivery Laboratory, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France. ludger.johannes@curie.fr
Römer
Winfried
W
D000818:Animals; D015295:Antigens, Tumor-Associated, Carbohydrate / Q000378:metabolism; D017209:Apoptosis; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy*; D022603:Shiga Toxins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D054323:Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D015398:Signal Transduction
D015295:Antigens, Tumor-Associated, Carbohydrate; C472766:Gb3 antigen; D022603:Shiga Toxins