title: Glimepiride reduces the expression of PrPc, prevents PrPSc formation and protects against prion mediated neurotoxicity in cell lines.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A hallmark of the prion diseases is the conversion of the host-encoded cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) into a disease related, alternatively folded isoform (PrP(Sc)). The accumulation of PrP(Sc) within the brain is associated with synapse loss and ultimately neuronal death. Novel therapeutics are desperately required to treat neurodegenerative diseases including the prion diseases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Treatment with glimepiride, a sulphonylurea approved for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, induced the release of PrP(C) from the surface of prion-infected neuronal cells. The cell surface is a site where PrP(C) molecules may be converted to PrP(Sc) and glimepiride treatment reduced PrP(Sc) formation in three prion infected neuronal cell lines (ScN2a, SMB and ScGT1 cells). Glimepiride also protected cortical and hippocampal neurones against the toxic effects of the prion-derived peptide PrP82-146. Glimepiride treatment significantly reduce both the amount of PrP82-146 that bound to neurones and PrP82-146 induced activation of cytoplasmic phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2)) and the production of prostaglandin E(2) that is associated with neuronal injury in prion diseases. Our results are consistent with reports that glimepiride activates an endogenous glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-phospholipase C which reduced PrP(C) expression at the surface of neuronal cells. The effects of glimepiride were reproduced by treatment of cells with phosphatidylinositol-phospholipase C (PI-PLC) and were reversed by co-incubation with p-chloromercuriphenylsulphonate, an inhibitor of endogenous GPI-PLC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Collectively, these results indicate that glimepiride may be a novel treatment to reduce PrP(Sc) formation and neuronal damage in prion diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, United Kingdom. cbate@rvc.ac.uk
authors.forename: Clive
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bate
authors.forename: Mourad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tayebi
authors.forename: Luisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Diomede
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Salmona
authors.forename: Alun
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Williams
mesh_terms: D002731:4-Chloromercuribenzenesulfonate / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D019610:Cytoprotection / Q000187:drug effects*; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D054800:Glycosylphosphatidylinositol Diacylglycerol-Lyase / Q000378:metabolism; D054513:Group IV Phospholipases A2 / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D009498:Neurotoxins / Q000633:toxicity*; D010455:Peptides / Q000633:toxicity*; D018621:PrPC Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D018620:PrPSc Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D011485:Protein Binding / Q000187:drug effects; D013453:Sulfonylurea Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D009498:Neurotoxins; D010455:Peptides; D018621:PrPC Proteins; D018620:PrPSc Proteins; D013453:Sulfonylurea Compounds; D002731:4-Chloromercuribenzenesulfonate; C057619:glimepiride; D054513:Group IV Phospholipases A2; D054800:Glycosylphosphatidylinositol Diacylglycerol-Lyase