title: Do hospitals provide lower quality of care to black patients for pneumonia?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recent studies reported lower quality of care for black vs. white patients with community-acquired pneumonia and suggested that disparities persist at the individual hospital level. We examined racial differences in emergency department and intensive care unit care processes to determine whether differences persist after adjusting for case-mix and variation in care across hospitals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, observational cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-eight U.S. hospitals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with community-acquired pneumonia: 1738 white and 352 black patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  None.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared care quality based on antibiotic receipt within 4 hrs and adherence to American Thoracic Society antibiotic guidelines, and intensity based on intensive care unit admission and mechanical ventilation use. Using random effects and generalized estimating equations models, we adjusted for case-mix and clustering of racial groups within hospitals and estimated odds ratios for differences in care within and across hospitals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Black patients were less likely to receive antibiotics within 4 hrs (odds ratio, 0.55; 95% confidence interval, 0.43-0.70; p < .001) and less likely to receive guideline-adherent antibiotics (odds ratio, 0.72; 95% confidence interval, 0.57-0.91; p = .006). These differences were attenuated after adjusting for casemix (odds ratio, 0.59; 95% confidence interval; 0.46-0.76 and 0.84; 95% confidence interval, 0.66 -1.09). Within hospitals, black and white patients received similar care quality (odds ratio, 1; 95% confidence interval, 0.97-1.04 and 1; 95% confidence interval, 0.97-1.03). However, hospitals that served a greater proportion of black patients were less likely to provide timely antibiotics (odds ratio, 0.84; 95% confidence interval, 0.78-0.90). Black patients were more likely to receive mechanical ventilation (odds ratio, 1.57; 95% confidence interval, 1.02-2.42; p = .042). Again, within hospitals, black and white subjects were equally likely to receive mechanical ventilation (odds ratio, 1; 95% confidence interval, .94-1.06) and hospitals that served a greater proportion of black patients were more likely to institute mechanical ventilation (odds ratio, 1.13; 95% confidence interval, 1.02-1.25).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Black patients appear to receive lower quality and higher intensity of care in crude analyses. However, these differences were explained by different case-mix and variation in care across hospitals. Within the same hospital, no racial differences in care were observed.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness Laboratory, Department of Critical Care Medicine, Graduate School of Pubic Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Florian B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Mayr
authors.forename: Sachin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yende
authors.forename: Gina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: D'Angelo
authors.forename: Amber E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Barnato
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Kellum
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Weissfeld
authors.forename: Donald M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Yealy
authors.forename: Michael C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Reade
authors.forename: Eric B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Milbrandt
authors.forename: Derek C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Angus
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D044383:Black People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D017714:Community-Acquired Infections / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D003953:Diagnosis-Related Groups / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D019983:Guideline Adherence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D054625:Healthcare Disparities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010343:Patient Admission / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D018410:Pneumonia, Bacterial / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011787:Quality of Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D018805:Sepsis / Q000208:ethnology / Q000628:therapy; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014481:United States; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001741:Black or African American
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents