title: Effect of dystrophin deficiency on selected intrinsic laryngeal muscles of the mdx mouse.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intrinsic laryngeal muscles (ILM) show biological differences from the broader class of skeletal muscles. Yet most research regarding ILM specialization has been completed on a few muscles, most notably the thyroarytenoid and posterior cricoarytenoid. Little information exists regarding the biology of other ILM. Early evidence suggests that the interarytenoid (IA) and cricothyroid (CT) may be more similar to classic skeletal muscle than their associated laryngeal muscles. Knowledge of the IA and CT's similarity or dissimilarity to typical skeletal muscle may hold implications for the treatment of dysphonia.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to further define IA and CT biology by examining their response to the biological challenge of dystrophin deficiency.
  
  
  METHODS
  Control and dystrophin-deficient superior cricoarytenoid (SCA; mouse counterpart of IA) and CT muscles were examined for fiber morphology, sarcolemmal integrity, and immunohistochemical detection of dystrophin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Despite the absence of dystrophin, experimental muscles did not show disease markers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The SCA and the CT appear spared in dystrophin-deficient mouse models. These laryngeal muscles possess specializations that separate them from typical skeletal muscle. Considered in light of previous research, the CT and IA may represent transitional form of muscle, evidencing properties of typical and specialized skeletal muscle.
authors.affiliation: Department of Communication Disorders, Marshall University, 1 John Marshall Drive, Huntington, WV 25755, USA. thomasl@marshall.edu
authors.forename: Lisa T
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Fry
authors.forename: Joseph C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Stemple
authors.forename: Richard D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Andreatta
authors.forename: Anne L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Harrison
authors.forename: Francisco H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Andrade
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016189:Dystrophin / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000378:metabolism; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007821:Laryngeal Muscles / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D007830:Larynx / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018101:Mice, Inbred mdx; D008954:Models, Biological; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D009136:Muscular Dystrophies / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D012508:Sarcolemma / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D016189:Dystrophin