title: Detecting gene-by-smoking interactions in a genome-wide association study of early-onset coronary heart disease using random forests.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Genome-wide association studies are often limited in their ability to attain their full potential due to the sheer volume of information created. We sought to use the random forest algorithm to identify single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that may be involved in gene-by-smoking interactions related to the early-onset of coronary heart disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using data from the Framingham Heart Study, our analysis used a case-only design in which the outcome of interest was age of onset of early coronary heart disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Smoking status was dichotomized as ever versus never. The single SNP with the highest importance score assigned by random forests was rs2011345. This SNP was not associated with age alone in the control subjects. Using generalized estimating equations to adjust for sex and account for familial correlation, there was evidence of an interaction between rs2011345 and smoking status.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this analysis suggest that random forests may be a useful tool for identifying SNPs taking part in gene-by-environment interactions in genome-wide association studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 610 Walnut Street, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA. maenner@waisman.wisc.edu.
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Maenner
authors.forename: Loren C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Denlinger
authors.forename: Asher
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Langton
authors.forename: Kristin J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Meyers
authors.forename: Corinne D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Engelman
authors.forename: Halcyon G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Skinner