title: The hemolytic and cytolytic activities of Serratia marcescens phospholipase A (PhlA) depend on lysophospholipid production by PhlA.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Serratia marcescens is a gram-negative bacterium and often causes nosocomial infections. There have been few studies of the virulence factors of this bacterium. The only S. marcescens hemolytic and cytotoxic factor reported, thus far, is the hemolysin ShlA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An S. marcescens shlAB deletion mutant was constructed and shown to have no contact hemolytic activity. However, the deletion mutant retained hemolytic activity on human blood agar plates, indicating the presence of another S. marcescens hemolytic factor. Functional cloning of S. marcescens identified a phospholipase A (PhlA) with hemolytic activity on human blood agar plates. A phlAB deletion mutant lost hemolytic activity on human blood agar plates. Purified recombinant PhlA hydrolyzed several types of phospholipids and exhibited phospholipase A1 (PLA1), but not phospholipase A2 (PLA2), activity. The cytotoxic and hemolytic activities of PhlA both required phospholipids as substrates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have shown that the S. marcescens phlA gene produces hemolysis on human blood agar plates. PhlA induces destabilization of target cell membranes in the presence of phospholipids. Our results indicated that the lysophospholipids produced by PhlA affected cell membranes resulting in hemolysis and cell death.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama 1-23-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan. shimuta@nih.go.jp
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shimuta
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ohnishi
authors.forename: Sunao
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Iyoda
authors.forename: Naomasa
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gotoh
authors.forename: Nobuo
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Koizumi
authors.forename: Haruo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Watanabe
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000382:microbiology; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006460:Hemolysin Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006461:Hemolysis; D006736:Horses; D006801:Humans; D008246:Lysophospholipids / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D010741:Phospholipases A / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D017384:Sequence Deletion; D012706:Serratia marcescens / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics; D012756:Sheep
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D006460:Hemolysin Proteins; D008246:Lysophospholipids; D010741:Phospholipases A