title: Growth differentiation factor 15 and coronary collateral formation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The coronary collateral circulation can reduce sudden cardiac death,myocardial cell loss,and infarct size.Growth differentiation factor 15(GDF-15),a member of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily,has been reported to have a prognostic predicting value in coronary artery disease.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  GDF-15 can be related with the extent of collateral formation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15), a member of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily, has been reported to have a prognostic predicting value in coronary artery disease. We sought to investigate whether GDF-15 is related to coronary collateral development in patients with coronary heart disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study was performed in 201 patients, who were admitted for selective coronary angiography. Patients were divided into 3 groups based on Rentrop's classification of coronary collaterals. Group 1: patients with coronary collateral presence, which was defined by Rentrop's grade 1-3 collateral development. Group 2: patients with grade 0 collateral development. Group 3: control group were patients with a normal coronary angiogram. The levels of plasma GDF-15, asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), and soluble Fms-related tyrosine kinase-1 (sFLT-1) were compared among the 3 groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were significant statistical differences in plasma sFLT-1, ADMA, and GDF-15 concentrations among the different collateral groups. The correlations between Rentrop's grade and the cytokines were significant. A positive correlation was found between Rentrop's grade and GDF-15 (r = 0.187, P < 0.05). The correlations between the levels of plasma sFLT-1, ADMA, and Rentrop's grade were significant, with the correlation coefficient of r = 0.181, P < 0.05 (sFLT-1) and r = - 0.646, P < 0.001 (ADMA), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that GDF-15 levels increase with the extent of collateral formation. In that case, the patients with a higher level of GDF-15 may predict more severe coronary stenosis, which has a higher probability to develop collaterals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Yanbo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: M Ian
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: Xinping
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Haiming
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001120:Arginine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood; D003097:Collateral Circulation; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003326:Coronary Circulation; D023921:Coronary Stenosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D055436:Growth Differentiation Factor 15 / Q000097:blood* / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D040281:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1 / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D055436:Growth Differentiation Factor 15; C018524:N,N-dimethylarginine; D001120:Arginine; C501162:FLT1 protein, human; D040281:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1