title: Betaine protects chronic alcohol and omega-3 PUFA-mediated down-regulations of PON1 gene, serum PON1 and homocysteine thiolactonase activities with restoration of liver GSH.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Paraoxonase (PON1) is an antioxidant enzyme that prevents LDL oxidation as well as detoxifies homocysteine thiolactone (HCTL), both of which can cause atherosclerosis. Chronic alcohol (ETOH) and high omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 PUFA) consumption may affect PON1 status presumably via reactive oxygen species by depleting liver glutathione (GSH), whereas betaine may counter their effects. Therefore, we investigated the influence of ETOH, omega-3 PUFA, and betaine on liver GSH, PON1 expression, lipid score, as well as serum PON1 and HCTLase activities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Experimental rats belonging to various dietary groups were pair-fed with Lieber-DeCarli low (2.8% the dietary calories as omega3-fatty acids) and high (13.8% the dietary calories as omega3-fatty acids) menhaden fish alcohol-liquid diets with and without betaine (10 g/l diet) for 8 weeks after which liver PON1 mRNA, GSH, lipid score, and serum PON1, HCTLase, and ALT activities were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  High omega-3 PUFA decreased liver PON1 mRNA expression, serum PON1, and HCTLase activity by 23% (p < 0.01), 20% (p < 0.05), and 28% (p < 0.05), respectively compared to the low omega-3 PUFA group. ETOH decreased PON1 mRNA expression by 25 and 30% (p < 0.01) with concomitant 27% (p < 0.05) and 38% (p < 0.01), decrease in liver GSH levels in low and high omega-3 PUFA groups, respectively. Correspondingly, serum PON1 activity decreased by 23% (p < 0.05) and 58% (p < 0.01) while serum HCTLase activity decreased by 25% (p < 0.05) and 59% (p < 0.01) in the low and high omega-3 PUFA ETOH groups, respectively. Betaine restored liver PON1 mRNA expressions in low and high omega-3 PUFA ETOH groups with parallel restorations of PON1 activity and liver GSH. Concomitantly, betaine reduced hepatosteatosis accompanied by alleviation of liver injury caused by chronic alcohol and high omega-3 PUFA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on these results, we conclude that dietary betaine not only atheroprotective by restoring liver GSH that quenches free radicals, but also may alleviate liver injury by reducing hepatosteatosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Lipid Research Laboratory, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20422, USA.
authors.forename: Ravi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Varatharajalu
authors.forename: Mamatha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Garige
authors.forename: Leslie C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Leckey
authors.forename: Maokai
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gong
authors.forename: M Raj
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Lakshman
mesh_terms: D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D043303:Aryldialkylphosphatase / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics; D001622:Betaine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D000431:Ethanol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D050356:Lipid Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D009929:Organ Size / Q000187:drug effects; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D000431:Ethanol; D001622:Betaine; D000410:Alanine Transaminase; D043303:Aryldialkylphosphatase; D005978:Glutathione