title: Psychological responses and coping strategies among patients with malignant melanoma: a systematic review of the literature.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To conduct a systematic review of the literature to identify the prevalence of, and demonstrated risk factors for, psychological distress among individuals affected by, or at high risk of developing, melanoma. For a substantial subset of patients, the diagnosis and/or treatment of cutaneous malignant melanoma may cause significant psychological distress.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using the MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and CINAHL databases, published studies (1988 to March 2008) of individuals affected by melanoma were included if they examined the demographic, clinical, psychological, and/or social correlates of emotional distress.
  
  
  METHODS
  Searches were restricted to publications in English and were supplemented by citation lists in retrieved articles and contact with researchers.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 356 articles were critically appraised by 2 reviewers to assess eligibility and clinical evidence level. A total of 44 studies met the inclusion criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Approximately 30% of patients with melanoma reported clinically relevant levels of psychological distress, as measured by a range of validated scales, with symptoms of anxiety more prevalent than depression. A number of empirically demonstrated risk factors for distress were identified, including female sex, younger age, lower education, visibility of affected body site, lack of social support, and negative appraisal of melanoma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Routine psychological screening of patients with melanoma is widely recommended as standard practice; however, standard screening measures may have limited sensitivity and specificity as demonstrated by the wide range of results reported in this review. Development of a brief screening tool that incorporates empirically supported risk factors is recommended to improve the timely identification and support of those patients most susceptible to adverse psychological outcomes.
authors.affiliation: School of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia. N.Kasparian@unsw.edu.au
authors.forename: Nadine A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Kasparian
authors.forename: Jordana K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: McLoone
authors.forename: Phyllis N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Butow
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008545:Melanoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D012307:Risk Factors; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy