title: Toxicity of octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) in three vertebrate species.
abstract: The explosive, octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine or high-melting explosive (HMX), has been found in soils in areas used for testing and training by the military. Many of these areas contain habitat for valued wildlife species. In an effort to better understand the environmental consequences from exposure, a reptilian (western fence lizard [Sceloporus occidentalis]), an amphibian (red-backed salamander [Plethodon cinereus]), and a mammalian species (rabbit [Oryctolagus cuniculus]) were exposed to HMX under controlled laboratory conditions. Lizards and rabbits were exposed to HMX by way of corn oil through gavage, and salamanders were exposed to HMX in soil. Two deaths occurred from acute oral exposures to lizards to 5000 mg HMX/kg BW. Histological and gross pathologic assessment suggested gut impaction as a possible cause of death. Salamanders exposed to concentrations of HMX in soil < or = 1970 mg HMX/kg soil for 10 days did not show adverse effects. Rabbits, however, showed neurologic effects manifested as hyperkinetic events with convulsions at > 24 h after oral exposures. An LD(50) for rabbits was calculated as 93 mg/kg (95% confidence interval 76-117). A subacute 14-day testing regime found a lowest observed effect level of 10 mg/kg-d and a no observed adverse effect level of 5 mg/kg-d based on hyperkinesia and seizure incidence, although changes suggesting functional hepatic alterations were also found. These data suggest that physiologic differences between species, particularly in gastrointestinal structure and function, can affect the absorption of HMX and hence lead to marked differences in toxicity from exposure to the same compound.
authors.affiliation: United States Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Aberdeen, MD 21010, USA. mark.s.johnson@us.army.mil
authors.forename: Mark S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Craig A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: McFarland
authors.forename: Matthew A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Bazar
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Quinn
authors.forename: Emily May
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: LaFiandra
authors.forename: Larry G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Talent
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001392:Azocines / Q000633:toxicity*; D053834:Explosive Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D005260:Female; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D008116:Lizards; D008297:Male; D011817:Rabbits; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D014562:Caudata
chemical_list: D001392:Azocines; D053834:Explosive Agents; D012989:Soil Pollutants; C007950:octogen