title: Evidence for dose-additive effects of pyrethroids on motor activity in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pyrethroids are neurotoxic insecticides used in a variety of indoor and outdoor applications. Previous research characterized the acute dose-effect functions for 11 pyrethroids administered orally in corn oil (1 mL/kg) based on assessment of motor activity.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We used a mixture of these 11 pyrethroids and the same testing paradigm used in single-compound assays to test the hypothesis that cumulative neurotoxic effects of pyrethroid mixtures can be predicted using the default dose-addition theory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mixing ratios of the 11 pyrethroids in the tested mixture were based on the ED30 (effective dose that produces a 30% decrease in response) of the individual chemical (i.e., the mixture comprised equipotent amounts of each pyrethroid). The highest concentration of each individual chemical in the mixture was less than the threshold for inducing behavioral effects. Adult male rats received acute oral exposure to corn oil (control) or dilutions of the stock mixture solution. The mixture of 11 pyrethroids was administered either simultaneously (2 hr before testing) or after a sequence based on times of peak effect for the individual chemicals (4, 2, and 1 hr before testing). A threshold additivity model was fit to the single-chemical data to predict the theoretical dose-effect relationship for the mixture under the assumption of dose additivity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When subthreshold doses of individual chemicals were combined in the mixtures, we found significant dose-related decreases in motor activity. Further, we found no departure from the predicted dose-additive curve regardless of the mixture dosing protocol used.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this article we present the first in vivo evidence on pyrethroid cumulative effects supporting the default assumption of dose addition.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Química Biológica (Area Toxicología), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Marcelo J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Wolansky
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gennings
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: DeVito
authors.forename: Kevin M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Crofton
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D007306:Insecticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects*; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000633:toxicity*; D051381:Rats; D020318:Rats, Long-Evans
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D011722:Pyrethrins