title: Immunological memory transferred with CD4 T cells specific for tuberculosis antigens Ag85B-TB10.4: persisting antigen enhances protection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  High levels of death and morbidity worldwide caused by tuberculosis has stimulated efforts to develop a new vaccine to replace BCG. A number of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)-specific antigens have been synthesised as recombinant subunit vaccines for clinical evaluation. Recently a fusion protein of TB antigen Ag85B combined with a second immunodominant TB antigen TB10.4 was emulsified with a novel non-phospholipid-based liposomal adjuvant to produce a new subunit vaccine, investigated here. Currently, there is no consensus as to whether or not long-term T cell memory depends on a source of persisting antigen. To explore this and questions regarding lifespan, phenotype and cytokine patterns of CD4 memory T cells, we developed an animal model in which vaccine-induced CD4 memory T cells could transfer immunity to irradiated recipients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The transfer of protective immunity using Ag85B-TB10.4-specific, CD45RB(low) CD62L(low) CD4 T cells was assessed in sub-lethally irradiated recipients following challenge with live BCG, used here as a surrogate for virulent Mtb. Donor T cells also carried an allotype marker allowing us to monitor numbers of antigen-specific, cytokine-producing CD4 T cells in recipients. The results showed that both Ag85B-TB10.4 and BCG vaccination induced immunity that could be transferred with a single injection of 3x10(6) CD4 T cells. Ten times fewer numbers of CD4 T cells (0.3x10(6)) from donors immunised with Ag85B-TB10.4 vaccine alone, transferred equivalent protection. CD4 T cells from donors primed by BCG and boosted with the vaccine similarly transferred protective immunity. When BCG challenge was delayed for 1 or 2 months after transfer (a test of memory T cell survival) recipients remained protected. Importantly, recipients that contained persisting antigen, either live BCG or inert vaccine, showed significantly higher levels of protection (p<0.01). Overall the numbers of IFN-gamma-producing CD4 T cells were poorly correlated with levels of protection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Ag85B-TB10.4 vaccine, with or without BCG-priming, generated TB-specific CD4 T cells that transferred protective immunity in mice challenged with BCG. The level of protection was enhanced in recipients containing a residual source of specific antigen that could be either viable or inert.
authors.affiliation: Immunology Section, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Darragh
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Duffy
authors.forename: Amina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dawoodji
authors.forename: Else Marie
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Agger
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Westermann
authors.forename: Eric B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Bell
mesh_terms: D019264:Adoptive Transfer; D000818:Animals; D000942:Antigens, Bacterial / Q000276:immunology*; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D045142:Cross-Priming / Q000276:immunology; D007156:Immunologic Memory / Q000276:immunology*; D007700:Kinetics; D051379:Mice; D018448:Models, Immunological; D009163:Mycobacterium bovis / Q000276:immunology; D013997:Time Factors; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D000942:Antigens, Bacterial; C072681:Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens