title: Influence of maternal educational level on the association between the rs3809508 neuromedin B gene polymorphism and the risk of obesity in the HELENA study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Neuromedin B (NMB) is a bombesin-like peptide, which inhibits food intake and modulates stress-related behaviour. An NMB gene polymorphism (P73T) has been earlier associated with obesity and abnormal eating behaviour in adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  The association between four NMB polymorphisms and obesity-related phenotypes was investigated in the Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence cross-sectional study (n=1144, 12-17-year-old European adolescents). This population was genotyped for the NMB rs1107179, rs17598561, rs3809508 and rs1051168 (P73T) polymorphisms. Obesity was defined according to Cole et al. (BMJ 2000; 320:1240-1243) criteria; eating behaviour was assessed by the Eating Behaviour and Weight Problems Inventory for Children (EWI-C) and the food choices and preferences questionnaires. Familial socioeconomic status (SES) was assessed through the parents' educational level.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only the genotype distribution of rs3809508 differed according to obesity status, as the TT genotype was more frequent in obese than in non-obese adolescents (8.6% vs 3.1%, P=0.05; adjusted odds ratio for obesity (95% confidence interval): 2.85 (1.11-7.31), P=0.03). Moreover, TT subjects had higher body mass index (22.8+/-4.4 kg m(-2) vs 21.3+/-3.7 kg m(-2), P=0.02), waist circumference (75.8+/-9.7 cm vs 72.2+/-9.3 cm, P=0.006), waist-to-hip ratio (0.84+/-0.14 vs 0.79+/-0.07, P<0.0001) and waist-to-height ratio (0.47+/-0.06 vs 0.44+/-0.55, P=0.002) than C allele carriers. The effects of this single nucleotide polymorphism on all anthropometric values were influenced by the maternal SES, in that a low maternal educational level aggravated the phenotype of adolescents carrying the TT genotype (interactions: P<0.02). No association with EWI-C scores was found, although sweet craving was a more frequent cause of between-meal food intake in TT subjects than in C allele carriers (24.3% vs 9.2%, P=0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In European adolescents, the TT genotype of the NMB rs3809508 polymorphism was associated with a higher risk of obesity. Moreover, the effects of this polymorphism on anthropometric values were influenced by the maternal educational level.
authors.affiliation: INSERM, U744, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université Nord de France, UDSL, Lille, France. marie.pigeyre-2@univ-lille2.fr
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pigeyre
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bokor
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Romon
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gottrand
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Gilbert
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Valtueña
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gómez-Martínez
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Moreno
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Amouyel
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dallongeville
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Meirhaeghe
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001823:Body Composition / Q000235:genetics*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004522:Educational Status; D005060:Europe; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015287:Neurokinin B / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000235:genetics; D009765:Obesity / Q000235:genetics*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D015287:Neurokinin B; C038393:neuromedin B