title: ARMS test for diagnosis of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 mutation in patients with pulmonary embolism in Han Chinese.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  VKORC1 and CYP2C9 are important genetic factors affecting warfarin dose requirement. Our aim is to establish a simple, rapid and economical method to detect SNPs in the two genes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primer Premier 5 was used and a normal primer, a mutational primer and a common primer have been designed using the amplification refractory mutation system for VKORC1 c.-1639G>A (rs9923231), CYP2C9*3 c.1075A>C (rs1057910) and CYP2C9*13 c.269T>C substitutions. The amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS) assay was validated by the restriction enzyme cleavage method of reference or direct sequencing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ARMS primers designed can distinguish between heterozygotes and homozygotes successfully. In the Han Chinese population, patients with pulmonary embolism allele frequencies of CYP2C9*3 c.1075A>C (rs1057910), *13 c.269T>C and VKORC1 -1639G>A (rs9923231) are 4.3, 0.7 and 8.6%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ARMS-PCR method is a simple, economical method that can be used for the rapid detection of SNPs in VKORC1 and CYP2C9.
authors.affiliation: Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital affiliated with Beijing Capital Medical University, 8 Gongtinanlu Street, Beijing, MA100020, China.
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Weijuan
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Yanyan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Heyao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Wenjie
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Chen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases / Q000235:genetics*; D044466:Asian People / Q000235:genetics; D002681:China; D065729:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9; D005787:Gene Frequency / Q000235:genetics; D005820:Genetic Testing / Q000379:methods*; D005838:Genotype; D006579:Heterozygote; D006720:Homozygote; D006801:Humans; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases / Q000235:genetics*; D021141:Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics*; D011655:Pulmonary Embolism / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics*; D064417:Vitamin K Epoxide Reductases; D014859:Warfarin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D014859:Warfarin; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases; C450260:CYP2C9 protein, human; D065729:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases; C578523:VKORC1 protein, human; D064417:Vitamin K Epoxide Reductases