title: Operative findings in the frontal recess at time of revision surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Endoscopic sinus surgery is the gold standard for the treatment of medically refractory chronic rhinosinusitis. There is, however, a population of patients for whom persistent disease is a problem. Of all the sinuses, the frontal sinus is the most likely to have recurrent obstruction. We evaluated the findings causing frontal recess obstruction at the time of revision surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review was performed in a tertiary care academic otolaryngology department.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Findings obstructing the frontal recess at the time of revision sinus surgery were reviewed. Two hundred eighty-nine frontal sinuses were included. Seven findings were identified: mucosal disease (67%), retained ethmoid cells (53%), lateralized middle turbinates (30%), retained agger nasi cells (13%), scar (12%), retained frontal cells (8%), and neoosteogenesis (7%). Most frontal recesses had multiple etiologies for failure listed above, with an average of 1.6.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Multiple findings can be identified that contribute to frontal recess obstruction requiring revision sinus surgery. A comprehensive approach to address all factors is necessary to prevent surgical failure among patients presenting for endoscopic frontal sinus surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Emory Clinic, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
authors.forename: Kristen J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Otto
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: DelGaudio
mesh_terms: D004724:Endoscopy; D005260:Female; D005626:Frontal Sinus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D015522:Frontal Sinusitis / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015508:Nasal Obstruction / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery; D013517:Otorhinolaryngologic Surgical Procedures; D012086:Reoperation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D017211:Treatment Failure