title: What additional factors beyond state-of-the-art analytical methods are needed for optimal generation and interpretation of biomonitoring data?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The routine use of biomonitoring (i.e., measurement of environmental chemicals, their metabolites, or specific reaction products in human biological specimens) to assess internal exposure (i.e., body burden) has gained importance in exposure assessment.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Selection and validation of biomarkers of exposure are critical factors in interpreting biomonitoring data. Moreover, the strong relation between quality of the analytical methods used for biomonitoring and quality of the resulting data is well understood. However, the relevance of collecting, storing, processing, and transporting the samples to the laboratory to the overall biomonitoring process has received limited attention, especially for organic chemicals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We present examples to illustrate potential sources of unintended contamination of the biological specimen during collection or processing procedures. The examples also highlight the importance of ensuring that the biological specimen analyzed both represents the sample collected for biomonitoring purposes and reflects the exposure of interest.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Besides using high-quality analytical methods and good laboratory practices for biomonitoring, evaluation of the collection and handling of biological samples should be emphasized, because these procedures can affect the samples integrity and representativeness. Biomonitoring programs would be strengthened with the inclusion of field blanks.
authors.affiliation: Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. Acalafat@cdc.gov
authors.forename: Antonia M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Calafat
authors.forename: Larry L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Needham
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis*; D001896:Boron Compounds / Q000032:analysis; D004051:Diethylhexyl Phthalate / Q000032:analysis; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D010649:Phenylalanine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: C436045:4-dihydroxyborylphenylalanine; D015415:Biomarkers; D001896:Boron Compounds; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D010649:Phenylalanine; D004051:Diethylhexyl Phthalate