title: p38-{gamma}-dependent gene silencing restricts entry into the myogenic differentiation program.
abstract: The mitogen-activated protein kinase p38-gamma is highly expressed in skeletal muscle and is associated with the dystrophin glycoprotein complex; however, its function remains unclear. After induced damage, muscle in mice lacking p38-gamma generated significantly fewer myofibers than wild-type muscle. Notably, p38-gamma-deficient muscle contained 50% fewer satellite cells that exhibited premature Myogenin expression and markedly reduced proliferation. We determined that p38-gamma directly phosphorylated MyoD on Ser199 and Ser200, which results in enhanced occupancy of MyoD on the promoter of myogenin together with markedly decreased transcriptional activity. This repression is associated with extensive methylation of histone H3K9 together with recruitment of the KMT1A methyltransferase to the myogenin promoter. Notably, a MyoD S199A/S200A mutant exhibits markedly reduced binding to KMT1A. Therefore, p38-gamma signaling directly induces the assembly of a repressive MyoD transcriptional complex. Together, these results establish a hitherto unappreciated and essential role for p38-gamma signaling in positively regulating the expansion of transient amplifying myogenic precursor cells during muscle growth and regeneration.
authors.affiliation: The Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research, Ottawa Health Research Institute, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Gillespie
authors.forename: Fabien
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Le Grand
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Scimè
authors.forename: Shihuan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kuang
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: von Maltzahn
authors.forename: Vanessa
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Seale
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cuenda
authors.forename: Jeffrey A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Ranish
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Rudnicki
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000235:genetics*; D002460:Cell Line; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D020868:Gene Silencing; D006657:Histones / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D048291:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 12 / Q000502:physiology*; D024510:Muscle Development / Q000235:genetics*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D017570:MyoD Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D018008:Myogenin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D012038:Regeneration; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D006657:Histones; D017570:MyoD Protein; C057363:MyoD1 myogenic differentiation protein; D018008:Myogenin; D048291:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 12