title: Effects of combined exposure to dichlorvos and monocrotophos on blood and brain biochemical variables in rats.
abstract: Dichlorvos (DDVP) and monocrotophos (MC) are systemic insecticides and known to produce cholinergic and non-cholinergic effects. Individual toxic effects of these chemicals are known but their combined effects have not been studied. We studied the effect of concomitant exposure to DDVP and MC on selected biochemical variables suggestive of liver damage, changes in whole brain biogenic amines levels, acetylcholinesterase (AchE) and monoamine oxidase (MAO) activities in rats. Female rats were exposed to DDVP (2.5 mg/kg subcutaneously) and MC (1.8 mg/kg oral) either individually or in combination for 4 weeks. We observed significant decrease in more pronounced depletion in norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) levels during co-exposure to DDVP and MC. Brain AChE activity increased and activity of MAO showed significant depletion on co-exposure to DDVP and MC. Brain glutathione (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) ratio decreased significantly during exposure to DDVP or MC while co-exposure to these toxicants led to a more pronounced depletion of GSH: GSSG ratio. Serum aspartate amino transferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities increased significantly on exposure to MC suggesting liver injury, while DDVP alone had no effect on these variables. There were no effects of DDVP and MC exposure on haematological biochemical variables except for depletion in serum glucose level after MC exposure which was more pronounced DDVP + MC during co-exposure. It can be concluded that only moderate synergistic effects occur between MC and DDVP during co-exposure. A more detailed study with variable doses, prolonged exposure and alterations in different brain regions is recommended.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, India.
authors.forename: Nidhi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dwivedi
authors.forename: Yangchen D
authors.initials: YD
authors.lastname: Bhutia
authors.forename: Vinesh
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Preeti
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Yadav
authors.forename: Pramod
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kushwaha
authors.forename: Harimohan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Swarnkar
authors.forename: S J S
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Flora
mesh_terms: D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001772:Blood Cell Count; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D001923:Brain Chemistry / Q000187:drug effects*; D056486:Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury / Q000097:blood; D018678:Cholinergic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D004006:Dichlorvos / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D005260:Female; D005978:Glutathione / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D055104:Infusions, Subcutaneous; D007306:Insecticides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced; D008995:Monoamine Oxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D008999:Monocrotophos / Q000633:toxicity*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D018678:Cholinergic Agents; D007306:Insecticides; D008999:Monocrotophos; D004006:Dichlorvos; D008995:Monoamine Oxidase; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase; D005978:Glutathione