title: RalA-exocyst complex regulates integrin-dependent membrane raft exocytosis and growth signaling.
abstract: Anchorage dependence of cell growth is a key metastasis-suppression mechanism that is mediated by effects of integrins on growth signaling pathways. The small GTPase RalA is activated in metastatic cancers through multiple mechanisms and specifically induces anchorage independence. Loss of integrin-mediated adhesion triggers caveolin-dependent internalization of cholesterol- and sphingolipid-rich lipid raft microdomains to the recycling endosomes; these domains serve as platforms for many signaling pathways, and their clearance from the plasma membrane (PM) after cell detachment suppresses growth signaling. Conversely, readhesion triggers their return to the PM and restores growth signaling. Activation of Arf6 by integrins mediates exit of raft markers from the recycling endosomes but is not sufficient for return to the PM. We now show that RalA but not RalB mediates integrin-dependent membrane raft exocytosis through the exocyst complex. Constitutively active RalA restores membrane raft targeting to promote anchorage-independent growth signaling. Ras-transformed pancreatic cancer cells also show RalA-dependent constitutive PM raft targeting. These results identify RalA as a key determinant of integrin-dependent membrane raft trafficking and regulation of growth signaling. They therefore define a mechanism by which RalA regulates anchorage dependence and provide a new link between integrin signaling and cancer.
authors.affiliation: Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA. nb5z@virginia.edu
authors.forename: Nagaraj
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Balasubramanian
authors.forename: Jeremy A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Meier
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: Andrés
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Norambuena
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Martin Alexander
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Schwartz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D051242:Caveolin 1 / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000502:physiology; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005089:Exocytosis / Q000502:physiology*; D016023:Integrins / Q000378:metabolism*; D021962:Membrane Microdomains / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D009154:Mutation; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000235:genetics; D015398:Signal Transduction; D020725:ral GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D051242:Caveolin 1; D016023:Integrins; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; C118120:Rala protein, mouse; C535173:RalB protein, mouse; D020725:ral GTP-Binding Proteins