title: Difference in outcome of botulinum toxin treatment of essential palatal tremor in children and adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this clinical study was to investigate the history and clinical findings in 10 patients having an essential palatal tremor. Furthermore, a botulinum toxin A (BTA) therapy in 5 cases was carried out, and the outcome was analyzed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven adult and 3 pediatric patients with essential palatal tremor were examined at presentation, before and after start of treatment, and every 3 months or when symptoms recurred. Findings were documented by endoscopic video recordings, electromyography, tympanometry, and ear canal microphone recording. The BTA injections were performed in local or general anesthesia, under elecromyographic guidance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The BTA therapy in all 5 patients was successful. Surprisingly, 2 of these patients, aged 10 and 6 years, remained in remission for several years after a single successful injection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Botulinum toxin therapy is a safe and effective treatment of essential palatal tremor and seems to be especially useful in pediatric patients. The long lasting effect in children hints toward a pathophysiologic difference between pediatric and adult essential palatal tremor.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Grosshadern, Marchioninistrasse 15, Munich, Germany. eike.krause@med.uni-muenchen.de
authors.forename: Eike
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Krause
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Heinen
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gürkov
mesh_terms: D000158:Acoustic Impedance Tests; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D004424:Ear Canal / Q000502:physiology; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009207:Myoclonus / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010156:Palatal Muscles; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014741:Video Recording
chemical_list: D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A