title: A novel monoclonal antibody for RAGE-directed imaging identifies accelerated atherosclerosis in diabetes.
abstract: Receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) binds advanced glycation end products and other inflammatory ligands and is expressed in atherosclerotic plaques in diabetic and nondiabetic subjects. The higher expression in diabetes mellitus corresponds to the accelerated course of the atherosclerosis. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that the level of RAGE expression in atherosclerosis can be detected by quantitative in vivo SPECT and that counts in the target will correlate with the strength of the biologic signal.
  
  
  METHODS
  A monoclonal murine antibody was developed against the V-domain of RAGE, fragmented into F(ab')(2) and labeled with (99m)Tc, and injected at a dose of 15.14 +/- 1.23 MBq into 24-wk-old male apolipoprotein E null (ApoE(-/-)) mice (n = 22), including mice with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus (n = 8), nondiabetic mice (n = 8), and control ApoE(-/-)/RAGE(-/-) double-knock-out mice (n = 6). Four hours later (allowing for blood-pool clearance), the mice were imaged and sacrificed, and the proximal aorta was removed and counted to calculate the percentage injected dose of RAGE per gram of tissue, followed by histologic and immunohistochemical characterization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Radiotracer uptake in the aortic lesions was clearly visualized noninvasively by SPECT. RAGE uptake as percentage injected dose in diabetic ApoE(-/-) mice (1.39 +/- 0.16 x 10(-2)) was significantly higher than that in nondiabetic ApoE(-/-) mice (0.48 +/- 0.27 x 10(-2)) (P < 0.0001). The radiotracer uptake was highly correlated with RAGE expression by quantitative immunohistomorphometry (r = 0.82, P = 0.002) and with percentage of macrophages (r = 0.86, P < 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study, (99m)Tc-labeled anti-RAGE F(ab')(2) SPECT successfully identified early accelerated disease in diabetes mellitus for age-matched ApoE(-/-) mice and quantified RAGE expression over a range of lesion severities.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA. yt2166@columbia.edu
authors.forename: Yared
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tekabe
authors.forename: Joane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Luma
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Einstein
authors.forename: Marija
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sedlar
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Ann Marie
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: Lynne L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D002614:Chelating Agents; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007140:Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments / Q000276:immunology; D007553:Isotope Labeling; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D004369:Pentetic Acid; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D000067759:Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic / Q000276:immunology*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D001057:Apolipoproteins E; D002614:Chelating Agents; D007140:Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D000067759:Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic; D004369:Pentetic Acid