title: Controversies in the treatment of high-risk prostate cancer--what is the optimal combination of hormonal therapy and radiotherapy: a review of literature.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In high-risk prostate carcinoma, there is controversy whether these patients should be treated with escalated-dose (> or =74 Gy) or conventional-dose radiotherapy (<74 Gy) combined with hormonal therapy. Furthermore, the issue of the optimal duration and timing of hormonal therapy are not well crystallized.
  
  
  METHODS
  A search for evidence from randomized- and large non-randomized studies in order to address these issues, was therefore initiated. For this purpose, MedLine, EMbase, and PubMed and the data base of the Dutch randomized dose-escalation trial, were consulted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  From this search it was concluded that the benefit of hormonal therapy in combination with conventional-dose radiotherapy (<74 Gy) in high-risk prostate cancer is evident (Level 2 evidence); Levels 2 and 3 evidence were provided by several studies supporting the use of escalated-dose radiotherapy in high-risk prostate cancer. For the combination of hormonal therapy with escalated-dose radiotherapy in these patients, there is Level 2 evidence for moderately escalated dose (74 Gy) and high escalated dose (> or =78 Gy). The optimal duration and timing of hormonal therapy are not well defined. More randomized-controlled trials and meta-analyses are therefore needed to clearly determine the independent role of dose-escalation in high-risk patients treated with hormonal therapy and the optimal duration and timing of hormonal therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Erasmus MC-Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. a.al-mamgani@erasmusmc.nl
authors.forename: Abrahim
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Al-Mamgani
authors.forename: Joos V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Lebesque
authors.forename: Wilma D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Heemsbergen
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tans
authors.forename: Wim J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Kirkels
authors.forename: Peter C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Levendag
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Incrocci
mesh_terms: D000726:Androgen Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage
chemical_list: D000726:Androgen Antagonists