title: Ischaemic preconditioning is related to decreasing levels of extracellular adenosine that may be metabolically useful in the at-risk myocardium: an experimental study in the pig.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  'Pre-treatment' with short repetitive periods of ischaemia (ischaemic preconditioning) has proved to be a powerful mechanism for modification of the extent of myocardial damage following acute coronary artery occlusion. The exact mechanism of protection induced by ischaemic preconditioning is not known. We herewith put forward a contributing component for protection with preconditioning involving a shift in the adenylate kinase (AK) equilibrium reaction in favour of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) formation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A coronary artery was occluded in anaesthetized thoracotomized pigs to induce ischaemic preconditioning as well as a longer period of ischaemia. Microdialysis probes were inserted in ischaemic and control myocardium and were infused with (14)C- adenosine with two different specific activities. (14)C-lactate was identified and measured in the effluent.
  
  
  RESULTS
  (14)C-adenosine was taken up by non-preconditioned and preconditioned myocardium during ischaemia. Significantly increased levels of (14)C-lactate were recovered in preconditioned myocardium. (14)C-adenosine with high specific activity resulted in a specific activity of lactate that was 2.7 times higher than that of lactate after administration of (14)C-adenosine with low specific activity. Mass spectrography verified the identity of (14)C-lactate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Preconditioning up-regulates a new metabolic pathway (starting with 5'-nucleotidase and ending up with lactate) resulting in ATP formation in the micromolar range on top of another effect terminating in a useful shift in the AK equilibrium reaction in favour of ATP generation in the millimolar range. Although the up-regulation of the purine nucleoside phosphorylase pathway is clearly demonstrated, its biological relevance remains to be proved.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Cardiology and Heart Centre, Umeå University, University Hospital of Umeå, Umeå, Sweden. anders.waldenstrom@medicin.umu.se
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Waldenström
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haney
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Biber
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kavianipour
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Moritz
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Strandén
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wikström
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ronquist
mesh_terms: D015720:5'-Nucleotidase / Q000378:metabolism; D000241:Adenosine / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019157:Ischemic Preconditioning, Myocardial; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D017551:Microdialysis / Q000379:methods; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism*; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D019344:Lactic Acid; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D015720:5'-Nucleotidase; D000241:Adenosine