title: Pharmacokinetic interaction between oral lovastatin and verapamil in healthy subjects: role of P-glycoprotein inhibition by lovastatin.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lovastatin is an inhibitor of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and is metabolized by the cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 isoenzyme. Verapamil is a substrate of both P-gp and CYP3A4. It is therefore likely that lovastatin can alter the absorption and metabolism of verapamil.
  
  
  METHODS
  The pharmacokinetic parameters of verapamil and one of its metabolites, norverapamil, were compared in 14 healthy male Korean volunteers (age range 22-28 years) who had been administered verapamil (60 mg) orally in the presence or absence of oral lovastatin (20 mg). The design of the experiment was a standard 2 x 2 crossover model in random order.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The pharmacokinetic parameters of verapamil were significantly altered by the co-administration of lovastatin compared to the control. The area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC (0-infinity)) and the peak plasma concentration of verapamil were significantly increased by 62.8 and 32.1%, respectively. Consequently, the relative bioavailability of verapamil was also significantly increased (by 76.5%). The (AUC (0-infinity)) of norverapamil and the terminal half-life of verapamil did not significantly changed with lovastatin coadministration. The metabolite-parent ratio was significantly reduced (29.2%) in the presence of lovastatin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lovastatin increased the absorption of verapamil by inhibiting P-gp and inhibited the first-pass metabolism of verapamil by inhibiting CYP3A4 in the intestine and/or liver in humans.
authors.affiliation: Chosun University, Dong-Gu, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Dong-Hyun
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Joong-Hwa
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Jun-Shik
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Choi
mesh_terms: D018435:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B; D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D019540:Area Under Curve; D044466:Asian People; D001682:Biological Availability; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D051544:Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A / Q000378:metabolism; D065692:Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Inhibitors; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006207:Half-Life; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007408:Intestinal Absorption / Q000187:drug effects; D007723:Korea; D008148:Lovastatin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D014700:Verapamil / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: C513055:ABCB1 protein, human; D018435:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B; D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D065692:Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Inhibitors; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; C016904:norverapamil; D008148:Lovastatin; D014700:Verapamil; D051544:Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A; C510163:CYP3A4 protein, human