title: Ames dwarf (Prop1(df)/Prop1(df)) mice display increased sensitivity of the major GH-signaling pathways in liver and skeletal muscle.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Growth hormone (GH) is an anabolic hormone that regulates growth and metabolism. Ames dwarf mice are natural mutants for Prop1, with impaired development of anterior pituitary and undetectable levels of circulating GH, prolactin and TSH. They constitute an endocrine model of life-long GH-deficiency. The main signaling cascades activated by GH binding to its receptor are the JAK2/STATs, PI-3K/Akt and the MAPK Erk1/2 pathways.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We have previously reported that GH-induced STAT5 activation was higher in Ames dwarf mice liver compared to non-dwarf controls. The aim of this study was to evaluate the principal components of the main GH-signaling pathways under GH-deficiency in liver and skeletal muscle, another GH-target tissue.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ames dwarf mice and their non-dwarf siblings were assessed. Animals were injected i.p. with GH or saline 15min before tissue removal. Protein content and phosphorylation of signaling mediators were determined by immunoblotting of tissue solubilizates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  GH was able to induce STAT5 and STAT3 tyrosine phosphorylation in both liver and muscle, but the response was higher for Ames dwarf mice than for non-dwarf controls. When Erk1/2 activation was assessed in liver, only dwarf mice showed GH-induced phosphorylation, while in muscle no response to the hormone was found in either genotype. GH-induced Akt phosphorylation at Ser473 in liver was only detected in dwarf mice. In skeletal muscle, both normal and dwarf mice responded to a GH stimulus, although dwarf mice presented higher GH activation levels. The phosphorylation of GSK-3, a substrate of Akt, increased upon hormone stimulation only in dwarf mice in both tissues. In contrast, no differences in the phosphorylation of mTOR, another substrate of Akt, were observed after GH stimulus, either in normal or dwarf mice in liver, while we were unable to determine mTOR in muscle. Protein content of GH-receptor and of the signaling mediators studied did not vary between normal and dwarf animals in the assessed tissues.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results show that several components of the main GH-signaling pathways exhibit enhanced sensitivity to the hormone in liver and muscle of Ames dwarf mice.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, 1113 Caba, Argentina.
authors.forename: Johanna G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Miquet
authors.forename: Marina C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Muñoz
authors.forename: Jorge F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Giani
authors.forename: Lorena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: González
authors.forename: Fernando P
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Dominici
authors.forename: Andrzej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bartke
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Turyn
authors.forename: Ana I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Sotelo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004351:Drug Resistance / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D004393:Dwarfism, Pituitary / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D013006:Growth Hormone / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism; D011986:Receptors, Somatotropin / Q000819:agonists / Q000378:metabolism; D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D050799:STAT5 Transcription Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases
chemical_list: D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; C102134:Prophet of Pit-1 protein; D011986:Receptors, Somatotropin; D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor; D050799:STAT5 Transcription Factor; C494087:Stat3 protein, mouse; D013006:Growth Hormone; C546843:mTOR protein, mouse; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3