title: Culture modulates eye-movements to visual novelty.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  When viewing complex scenes, East Asians attend more to contexts whereas Westerners attend more to objects, reflecting cultural differences in holistic and analytic visual processing styles respectively. This eye-tracking study investigated more specific mechanisms and the robustness of these cultural biases in visual processing when salient changes in the objects and backgrounds occur in complex pictures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Chinese Singaporean (East Asian) and Caucasian US (Western) participants passively viewed pictures containing selectively changing objects and background scenes that strongly captured participants' attention in a data-driven manner. We found that although participants from both groups responded to object changes in the pictures, there was still evidence for cultural divergence in eye-movements. The number of object fixations in the US participants was more affected by object change than in the Singapore participants. Additionally, despite the picture manipulations, US participants consistently maintained longer durations for both object and background fixations, with eye-movements that generally remained within the focal objects. In contrast, Singapore participants had shorter fixation durations with eye-movements that alternated more between objects and backgrounds.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results demonstrate a robust cultural bias in visual processing even when external stimuli draw attention in an opposite manner to the cultural bias. These findings also extend previous studies by revealing more specific, but consistent, effects of culture on the different aspects of visual attention as measured by fixation duration, number of fixations, and saccades between objects and backgrounds.
authors.affiliation: Beckman Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA. jogoh2@uiuc.edu
authors.forename: Joshua O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Goh
authors.forename: Jiat Chow
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Denise C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003469:Culture; D005133:Eye Movements / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005403:Fixation, Ocular / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012438:Saccades / Q000502:physiology; D012846:Singapore; D014481:United States; D014785:Vision, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult