title: Phonological awareness, vocabulary, and reading in deaf children with cochlear implants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the phonological awareness skills of deaf children with cochlear implants (CIs) and relationships with vocabulary and reading development.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-three deaf children with implants who were between 5 and 15 years of age were tested; 21 had been implanted at around 2.5 years of age (Early CI group), and 22 had been implanted at around 5 years of age (Late CI group). Two control groups-a deaf hearing aided group (16 children) and a typically developing group of hearing children (19 children)-were also tested. All children received a battery of phonological processing tasks along with measures of reading, vocabulary, and speechreading. Analyses focus on deaf children within the normal IQ range (n = 53).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Age at cochlear implantation had a significant effect on vocabulary and reading outcomes when quotient scores were calculated. Individual differences in age at implant, duration of fit, phonological development, vocabulary development, auditory memory, visual memory, and speech intelligibility were all strongly associated with progress in reading for the deaf implanted children. Patterns differed somewhat depending on whether quotient scores or standard scores were used.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cochlear implantation is associated with development of the oral language, auditory memory, and phonological awareness skills necessary for developing efficient word recognition skills. There is a benefit of earlier implantation.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Neuroscience in Education, University of Cambridge, 184 Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 8PQ, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Usha
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Goswami
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D002663:Child Language; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003054:Cochlear Implants; D003638:Deafness / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007360:Intelligence; D007361:Intelligence Tests; D007807:Language Tests; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010700:Phonetics; D011594:Psychometrics; D011932:Reading; D014825:Vocabulary