title: Resting state default-mode network connectivity in early depression using a seed region-of-interest analysis: decreased connectivity with caudate nucleus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Reports on resting brain activity in healthy controls have described a default-mode network (DMN) and important differences in DMN connectivity have emerged for several psychiatric conditions. No study to date, however, has investigated resting-state DMN in relatively early depression before years of medication treatment. The objective of the present study was, therefore, to investigate the DMN in patients seeking help from specialized mental health services for the first time for symptoms of depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen depressed subjects and 15 matched controls were scanned using 4-T functional magnetic resonance imaging while resting with eyes closed. All but one subject was medication free. A precuneus/posterior cingulate cortex (P/PCC) seed-region connectivity analysis was used to identify the DMN and compare study groups in regions of relevance to depression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The P/PCC analysis identified the DMN well in both study groups, consistent with prior literature. Direct comparison showed significantly reduced correlation between the P/PCC and the bilateral caudate in depression compared with controls and no areas of increased connectivity in the depressed group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study is the first to investigate resting-state DMN in the early stages of treatment-seeking for depression. Depressed subjects had decreased connectivity between the P/PCC and the bilateral caudate, regions known to be involved in motivation and reward processing. Deficits in DMN connectivity with the caudate may be an early manifestation of major depressive disorder.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Western Ontario, Ontario N6A 3H8, Canada.
authors.forename: Robyn
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bluhm
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Williamson
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lanius
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Théberge
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Densmore
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bartha
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Neufeld
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Osuch
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000523:psychology; D002421:Caudate Nucleus / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000503:physiopathology*