title: Neglecting the importance of the decision making and care regimes of personal support workers: a critique of standardization of care planning through the RAI/MDS.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The Resident Assessment Instrument-Minimum Data Set (RAI/MDS) is an interdisciplinary standardized process that informs care plan development in nursing homes. This standardized process has failed to consistently result in individualized care planning, which may suggest problems with content and planning integrity. We examined the decision making and care practices of personal support workers (PSWs) in relation to the RAI/MDS standardized process.
  
  
  METHODS
  This qualitative study utilized focus groups and semi-structured interviews with PSWs (n = 26) and supervisors (n = 9) in two nursing homes in central Canada.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PSWs evidenced unique occupational contributions to assessment via proximal familiarity and biographical information as well as to individualizing care by empathetically linking their own bodily experiences and forging bonds of fictive kinship with residents. These contributions were neither captured by RAI/MDS categories nor relayed to the interdisciplinary team. Causal factors for PSW exclusion included computerized records, low status, and poor interprofessional collaboration. Intraprofessional collaboration by PSWs aimed to compensate for exclusion and to individualize care.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exclusive institutional reliance on the RAI/MDS undermines quality care because it fails to capture residents' preferences and excludes input by PSWs. Recommendations include incorporating PSW knowledge in care planning and documentation and examining PSWs' nascent occupational identity and their role as interprofessional brokers in long-term care.
authors.affiliation: Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, 11035-550 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2A2. kontos.pia@torontorehab.on.ca
authors.forename: Pia C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Kontos
authors.forename: Karen-Lee
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Gail J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Mitchell
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003657:Decision Making; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D015577:Geriatric Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009735:Nursing Homes; D009864:Ontario; D010346:Patient Care Management / Q000592:standards*; D010348:Patient Care Team