title: The role of oxidative stress in Sudan IV-induced DNA damage in human liver-derived HepG2 cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated the role of oxidative stress in Sudan IV-induced DNA damage, using human liver-derived HepG2 cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  The DNA damaging effects of Sudan IV in HepG2 cells were evaluated by alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis assay and micronucleus test (MNT). To clarify the underlying mechanisms, we monitored the intracellular generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by 2, 7-dichlorofluorescein diacetate assay and the level of oxidative DNA damage by immunoperoxidase staining for 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG). Furthermore, the intracellular glutathione (GSH) level was moderated by pretreatment with buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine (BSO), a specific GSH synthesis inhibitor.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant dose-dependent increment in DNA migration was detected at all tested concentrations (25-100 μM) of Sudan IV. And in the MNT, a significant increase of the frequency of micronuclei was found at higher tested concentrations (50-100 μM). The data suggested that Sudan IV caused DNA strand breaks and chromosome breaks. In addition, significantly increased levels of ROS, 8-OHdG formation were observed in HepG2 cells. It was also found that depletion of GSH in HepG2 cells with BSO dramatically increased the susceptibility of HepG2 cells to Sudan IV-induced DNA damage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on these data we believe that Sudan IV exerts toxic effects in HepG2 cells, probably through oxidative DNA damage induced by intracellular ROS and depletion of GSH.
authors.affiliation: Department of Toxicology, Dalian Medical University, No. 9, West Segment of South Lvshun Road, Dalian 116044, Liaoning, China.
authors.forename: Yue
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: An
authors.forename: Liping
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Chengyan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Geng
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: Lijie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Laifu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhong
mesh_terms: D000080242:8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine; D001391:Azo Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D020552:Comet Assay; D003603:Cytotoxins / Q000633:toxicity*; D004249:DNA Damage; D003849:Deoxyguanosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D056945:Hep G2 Cells; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D015162:Micronucleus Tests; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001391:Azo Compounds; D004396:Coloring Agents; D003603:Cytotoxins; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D000080242:8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine; D003849:Deoxyguanosine; D005978:Glutathione; C009213:Scarlet Red