title: Argon: neuroprotection in in vitro models of cerebral ischemia and traumatic brain injury.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recently, it has been shown in several experimental settings that the noble gases xenon and helium have neuroprotective properties. In this study we tested the hypothesis that the noble gas argon has a neuroprotective potential as well. Since traumatic brain injury and stroke are widespread and generate an enormous economic and social burden, we investigated the possible neuroprotective effect in in vitro models of traumatic brain injury and cerebral ischemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Organotypic hippocampal slice cultures from mice pups were subjected to either oxygen-glucose deprivation or to a focal mechanical trauma and subsequently treated with three different concentrations (25, 50 and 74%) of argon immediately after trauma or with a two-or-three-hour delay. After 72 hours of incubation tissue injury assessment was performed using propidium iodide, a staining agent that becomes fluorescent when it diffuses into damaged cells via disintegrated cell membranes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We could show argon's neuroprotective effects at different concentrations when applied directly after oxygen-glucose deprivation or trauma. Even three hours after application, argon was still neuroprotective.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Argon showed a neuroprotective effect in both in vitro models of oxygen-glucose deprivation and traumatic brain injury. Our promising results justify further in vivo animal research.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital of the RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany. philiploetscher@gmx.de
authors.forename: Philip D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Loetscher
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rossaint
authors.forename: Rolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rossaint
authors.forename: Joachim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Weis
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fries
authors.forename: Astrid
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fahlenkamp
authors.forename: Yu-Mi
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Ryang
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Grottke
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Coburn
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001128:Argon / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques / Q000379:methods; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000293:injuries / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D001128:Argon