title: Giant Marseillevirus highlights the role of amoebae as a melting pot in emergence of chimeric microorganisms.
abstract: Giant viruses such as Mimivirus isolated from amoeba found in aquatic habitats show biological sophistication comparable to that of simple cellular life forms and seem to evolve by similar mechanisms, including extensive gene duplication and horizontal gene transfer (HGT), possibly in part through a viral parasite, the virophage. We report here the isolation of "Marseille" virus, a previously uncharacterized giant virus of amoeba. The virions of Marseillevirus encompass a 368-kb genome, a minimum of 49 proteins, and some messenger RNAs. Phylogenetic analysis of core genes indicates that Marseillevirus is the prototype of a family of nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses (NCLDV) of eukaryotes. The genome repertoire of the virus is composed of typical NCLDV core genes and genes apparently obtained from eukaryotic hosts and their parasites or symbionts, both bacterial and viral. We propose that amoebae are "melting pots" of microbial evolution where diverse forms emerge, including giant viruses with complex gene repertoires of various origins.
authors.affiliation: Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement 6236, Faculté de Médecine, Université de la Méditerranée, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France.
authors.forename: Mickaël
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boyer
authors.forename: Natalya
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yutin
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Pagnier
authors.forename: Lina
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Barrassi
authors.forename: Ghislain
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fournous
authors.forename: Leon
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Espinosa
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Robert
authors.forename: Saïd
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Azza
authors.forename: Siyang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Rossmann
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Suzan-Monti
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: La Scola
authors.forename: Eugene V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Koonin
authors.forename: Didier
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Raoult
mesh_terms: D000656:Amoeba / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D002678:Chimera; D016679:Genome, Viral; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D056686:Mimiviridae / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny