title: Exploring barriers to pain management in newborn intensive care units: a pilot survey of NICU nurses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore barriers that NICU nurses face when attempting to optimally manage newborn pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety California NICU nurses with current membership in the National Association of Neonatal Nurses (NANN) voluntarily participated.
  
  
  METHODS
  A descriptive survey study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A researcher-developed survey consisting of 37 questions was mailed to 300 NICU nurses; 102 were returned and 90 were usable. Probability sampling from a listing of California registered nurses with current membership in the NANN was used to obtain the study's sampling frame.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Less than half of the nurses felt that newborn pain is well managed within the NICUs where they are employed. Barriers identified related to physicians' pain management practices, lack of evidence-based pain management protocols, nurses' and physicians' resistance to change practice, infant pain assessment tools, and inadequate staff training regarding pain assessment and management.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A knowledge-practice gap still exists within newborn pain management. Increased caregiver education remains a necessity, but strategies that address resistance to change practice within healthcare settings must also be considered.
authors.affiliation: Intensive Care Nursery, Kaiser Permanente Hayward Medical Center, Hayward, California 94545, USA. LadybyrdRN@comcast.net
authors.forename: Patricia J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Byrd
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gonzales
authors.forename: Virgil
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Parsons
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002140:California; D003144:Communication Barriers; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007232:Infant, Newborn, Diseases / Q000451:nursing; D007363:Intensive Care Units, Neonatal; D015931:Intensive Care, Neonatal / Q000379:methods*; D007400:Interprofessional Relations; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017283:Neonatal Nursing / Q000379:methods*; D010146:Pain / Q000451:nursing*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000451:nursing; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires