title: Exploring referral systems for injured patients in low-income countries: a case study from Cambodia.
abstract: Injury is a growing public health concern worldwide. Since severe injuries require urgent treatment, involving smooth, timely patient referral between facilities, strengthening of the referral system would reduce injury mortality. Smooth referral consists of identification of severe cases, organization of transportation, communication between facilities and prompt care at the receiving facility. This study examined these components of referral of injured patients in a representative sample of health centres (HCs) and referral hospitals (RHs) in Cambodia. We analysed data from a survey carried out in 80 HCs and 17 RHs by interview or mailed questionnaire from December 2006 to April 2007. Collected information on referral included the presence of referral guidelines for injured patients, distance of referral, commonly used transportation and its cost, communication with receiving facilities, and fast-tracking at receiving facilities. Formal referral systems were not functioning well in some areas (insufficient communication and underutilization of ambulances), and informal systems were frequently involved (patient transfer by taxi or referral by community volunteers, and treatment by traditional healers) but were not fully integrated into the referral network (traditional healers seldom referred patients to public facilities). The referral distance was long for most of the surveyed facilities and transportation costs were high when transferring from remote areas, even by ambulance. This study identified the weaknesses and strengths of the emergency referral system in Cambodia. Streamlining referral mechanisms will require organization of each component of the referral mechanism by strengthening the existing system and mobilizing local resources, which would allow Cambodia to develop an efficient system at reasonable cost, though it may differ from Western models. Guidelines including these components along with training and supervision, and expansion of the system to cover other disease conditions, would strengthen the health care system as a whole in this country.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, St Marianna University School of Medicine, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Japan. snakahara@marianna-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Shinji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nakahara
authors.forename: Saly
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saint
authors.forename: Sary
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sann
authors.forename: Masao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ichikawa
authors.forename: Akio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kimura
authors.forename: Lycheng
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Eng
authors.forename: Katsumi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yoshida
mesh_terms: D002160:Cambodia; D003266:Continuity of Patient Care / Q000458:organization & administration*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003906:Developing Countries; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006801:Humans; D033183:Interdisciplinary Communication; D019982:Organizational Case Studies; D010360:Patient Transfer / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods; D012017:Referral and Consultation / Q000458:organization & administration*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D015599:Trauma Severity Indices; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000628:therapy*