title: Selection of suitable operating conditions to minimize the gradient equilibration time in the separation of drugs by Ultra-High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography with volatile (mass spectrometry-compatible) buffers.
abstract: Reversed phase gradient elution is the method of choice for pharmaceuticals analysis since it allows reducing the analysis time while improving both the quality of the separation and the detection limits. The current trends are towards faster separations which can be achieved thanks to equipments withstanding ultra-high pressures and/or high temperatures. Under such conditions, gradient separations can be carried out within a few minutes or even a few tens of seconds. A long equilibration time in addition to the gradient time can be therefore very detrimental. In this work, we investigated the extent to which the gradient equilibration time can be reduced and which parameters mainly affect the retention variability of ionizable compounds when using volatile buffers. We first found out an excellent repeatability between run-to-run experiments whatever the equilibration time and the operating conditions. We then pointed out the key operating parameters which allow achieving reproducible runs when varying the equilibration time between runs. With a view of reducing the equilibration time, the effects of various conditions were examined. The latter include the type of additive for mobile phase pH adjustment, the initial eluent composition, the type of stationary phase, the temperature and the flow-rate. Although much remains to be understood about the equilibration process, our study allows making progress in the knowledge of this phenomenon. Based on the present results, a beneficial effect of both temperature and flow-rate was highlighted and operating conditions leading to faster column equilibration are suggested.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire des Sciences Analytiques, UMR CNRS 5180, Université de Lyon, 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Candice
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Grivel
authors.forename: Jean-Louis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Rocca
authors.forename: Davy
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Guillarme
authors.forename: Jean-Luc
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Veuthey
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Heinisch
mesh_terms: D000097:Acetonitriles; D002021:Buffers; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D014835:Volatilization
chemical_list: D000097:Acetonitriles; D002021:Buffers; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; C032159:acetonitrile