title: The determination of nitrogen dioxide in ambient air with free hanging filters as passive samplers, and a new calibration method using fritted bubblers.
abstract: This paper describes two new methods for the determination of NO(2) in the ambient air. The first method consists of free hanging filters with a diameter of 2.5 cm as passive samplers. The filters are impregnated with triethanolamine to bind NO(2). With standard colorimetrical analysis, the amount of NO(2) on the filters is determined. The second method is performed with fritted bubblers filled with Saltzman reagent, where, with a special procedure the absorption efficiencies of the bubblers are determined using ambient air, without the use of standard gases and electronic analytical instruments. The results of the bubblers are used to calibrate the free hanging filters. The two methods were applied simultaneously in the city of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The methods are inexpensive and very well suited for use in low-budget situations. A characteristic of the free filter is the Sampling Volume, SV. This is the ratio of the amount of NO(2) on the filter and the ambient concentration. With the filter used in this study, the amount of triethanolamine and exposure time, the SV is 0.0166 m(3). The sampling rate (SR) of the filter, 4.6 cm(3)/s, is high. Hourly averaged measurements are performed for 15 hours per day in four busy streets. The measured amounts of NO(2) on the filters varied between 0.57 and 2.02 microg NO(2), at ambient air concentrations of 32 to 141 microg/m(3) NO(2). During the experiments the wind velocity was between 0.2 and 2.0 m/s, the relative humidity between 24 and 83 % and the temperature between 295 K and 311 K. These variations in weather conditions have no influence on the uptake of NO(2).
authors.affiliation: Meteorology and Air Quality, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 4, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Heeres
authors.forename: Rineksa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Setiawan
authors.forename: Maarten Cornelis
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Krol
authors.forename: Eduard Hilbrand
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Adema
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D001272:Atmosphere / Q000737:chemistry*; D002138:Calibration; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000295:instrumentation*; D005374:Filtration / Q000379:methods*; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide