title: Objective and subjective evaluation of adaptive speech enhancement methods for functional MRI.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To recover speech corrupted by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) acoustic noise using two-channel adaptive speech enhancement techniques.
  
  
  METHODS
  Speech corrupted by noise generated from a 3 T MRI scanner was recorded using diffuse-field microphones and a data acquisition board. Multiband and subband adaptive speech enhancement methods are used to recover the speech signal from the recordings. Normalized least mean squares (NLMS) algorithm was used for updating the filter coefficients in each band.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The methods are successful in enhancing the speech quality. They are successful in improving the convergence rate of the adaptive filter. Multiband and subband methods have a similar performance in terms of noise reduction and in the subjective tests. The subband method introduces less speech distortion compared to the multiband method. The subband method requires a lower number of computations per sample.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adaptive speech enhancement techniques are effective in reducing fMRI background noise in the recordings. Based on the analysis, we conclude that subband-based methods are more suited for enhancing speech corrupted by fMRI noise.
authors.affiliation: Starkey Laboratories, Eden Prairie, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Venkat R
authors.initials: VR
authors.lastname: Ramachandran
authors.forename: Issa M S
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Panahi
authors.forename: Ali A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Milani
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D016477:Artifacts; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D009622:Noise; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D013018:Sound Spectrography / Q000379:methods*; D013068:Speech Production Measurement / Q000379:methods*; D049250:Speech Recognition Software