title: Detailed investigation of the role of common and low-frequency WFS1 variants in type 2 diabetes risk.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Wolfram syndrome 1 (WFS1) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are associated with risk of type 2 diabetes. In this study we aimed to refine this association and investigate the role of low-frequency WFS1 variants in type 2 diabetes risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  For fine-mapping, we sequenced WFS1 exons, splice junctions, and conserved noncoding sequences in samples from 24 type 2 diabetic case and 68 control subjects, selected tagging SNPs, and genotyped these in 959 U.K. type 2 diabetic case and 1,386 control subjects. The same genomic regions were sequenced in samples from 1,235 type 2 diabetic case and 1,668 control subjects to compare the frequency of rarer variants between case and control subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 31 tagging SNPs, the strongest associated was the previously untested 3' untranslated region rs1046320 (P = 0.008); odds ratio 0.84 and P = 6.59 x 10(-7) on further replication in 3,753 case and 4,198 control subjects. High correlation between rs1046320 and the original strongest SNP (rs10010131) (r2 = 0.92) meant that we could not differentiate between their effects in our samples. There was no difference in the cumulative frequency of 82 rare (minor allele frequency [MAF] <0.01) nonsynonymous variants between type 2 diabetic case and control subjects (P = 0.79). Two intermediate frequency (MAF 0.01-0.05) nonsynonymous changes also showed no statistical association with type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We identified six highly correlated SNPs that show strong and comparable associations with risk of type 2 diabetes, but further refinement of these associations will require large sample sizes (>100,000) or studies in ethnically diverse populations. Low frequency variants in WFS1 are unlikely to have a large impact on type 2 diabetes risk in white U.K. populations, highlighting the complexities of undertaking association studies with low-frequency variants identified by resequencing.
authors.affiliation: Metabolic Disease Group, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK.
authors.forename: Katherine A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Fawcett
authors.forename: Eleanor
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wheeler
authors.forename: Andrew P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: Sally L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Ricketts
authors.forename: Göran
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hallmans
authors.forename: Olov
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Rolandsson
authors.forename: Allan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Daly
authors.forename: Jon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wasson
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Permutt
authors.forename: Andrew T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Hattersley
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Glaser
authors.forename: Paul W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Franks
authors.forename: Mark I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: McCarthy
authors.forename: Nicholas J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Wareham
authors.forename: Manjinder S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Sandhu
authors.forename: Inês
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Barroso
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics*; D005091:Exons / Q000235:genetics; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006239:Haplotypes; D006579:Heterozygote; D006801:Humans; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D022821:RNA Splice Sites / Q000235:genetics; D012307:Risk Factors; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D008565:Membrane Proteins; D022821:RNA Splice Sites; C114987:wolframin protein