title: Embryogenesis of bladder exstrophy: A new hypothesis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To postulate a hypothesis to explain the embryogenesis of exstrophy bladder based on our clinical observations.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 27 cases of exstrophy, we measured the distance between the lowermost inguinal skin crease to the root of the penis (clitoris) (B) and the distance between the penis (clitoris) and the scrotum (labia majora) (C). These were compared with age, height and XP distance (distance between xiphisternum and symphysis pubis) matched control group of normal children. The distance between the lowermost inguinal skin crease and the penis (clitoris) (A) was measured in control group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The observation was A = B + C. This implies that in exstrophy bladder, the position of the penis (clitoris) has moved cephalad from the lower border of A to the junction of B and C.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on the observations, we postulate that abnormal origin of genital tubercle may be the cause of exstrophy bladder. The abnormal origin of primordia of the genital tubercle in more cephalad direction than normal causes wedge effect, which will interfere with the medial migration of the mesoderm as well as the midline approximation of mesodermal structures in the lower abdominal wall, thereby resulting in the exstrophy of bladder.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Surgery, Lokmanya Tilak Municipal General Hospital, Sion, Mumbai - 400 022, India.
authors.forename: Bharati
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kulkarni
authors.forename: Navin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chaudhari