title: New light on molecular and materials complexity: 4D electron imaging.
abstract: In this Perspective, 4D electron imaging is highlighted, after introducing some concepts, with an overview of selected applications that span chemical reactions, molecular interfaces, phase transitions, and nano(micro)mechanical systems. With the added dimension of time in microscopy, diffraction, and electron-energy-loss spectroscopy, the focus is on direct visualization of structural dynamics with atomic and nanoscale resolution in the four dimensions of space and time. This contribution provides an expose of emerging developments and an outlook on future applications in materials and biological sciences.
authors.affiliation: Physical Biology Center for Ultrafast Science and Technology, Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory for Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA.
authors.forename: Dmitry
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Shorokhov
authors.forename: Ahmed H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Zewail
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D007422:Intestines / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008854:Microscopy, Electron / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D008956:Models, Chemical; D008968:Molecular Conformation; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000737:chemistry / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D009930:Organic Chemicals / Q000737:chemistry*; D044367:Phase Transition; D051381:Rats; D046590:Spectroscopy, Electron Energy-Loss; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D009930:Organic Chemicals