title: Different faces of gastroparesis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the hypothesis that pain and affect rather than impaired emptying determine symptom severity in patients with gastroparesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult patients with documented gastroparesis were enrolled prospectively in a single center and asked to complete the Gastroparesis Cardinal Symptom Index (GCSI), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), the Short Form 12 (SF-12) as quality of life index, rate pain severity and answer 10 open-ended questions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 55 patients (44 women) participated. Idiopathic (n = 29) or diabetic (n = 11) gastroparesis and connective tissue disease (n = 8) were the most common underlying causes. Antiemetics (n = 30) and prokinetics (n = 32) were most often prescribed. Seventeen patients used opioids on a daily basis. Nausea and/or vomiting (n = 28), pain (n = 24) and bloating (n = 14) were most commonly listed as dominant symptoms. Patients subjectively attributed symptom improvement to nutritional and dietary therapy (n = 11), prokinetics (n = 11), antiemetics (n = 10) or analgesic agents (n = 3). In univariate analyses, the physical subscore of the SF-12 and HADS, but not gastric emptying delay or symptom duration significantly correlated with disease severity as measured by the GCSI. In multivariate analyses, the combination of vomiting, bloating and depression best predicted the overall impact on quality of life.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study confirms the importance of pain and affect in gastroparesis, which requires novel approaches to improve more effectively the quality of life in patients with this disorder.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 200 Lothrop St., Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States. bielefeldtk@upmc.edu
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bielefeldt
authors.forename: Naeem
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Raza
authors.forename: Susan L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Zickmund
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D018589:Gastroparesis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology; D011788:Quality of Life