title: Diversity and evolution of the phenazine biosynthesis pathway.
abstract: Phenazines are versatile secondary metabolites of bacterial origin that function in biological control of plant pathogens and contribute to the ecological fitness and pathogenicity of the producing strains. In this study, we employed a collection of 94 strains having various geographic, environmental, and clinical origins to study the distribution and evolution of phenazine genes in members of the genera Pseudomonas, Burkholderia, Pectobacterium, Brevibacterium, and Streptomyces. Our results confirmed the diversity of phenazine producers and revealed that most of them appear to be soil-dwelling and/or plant-associated species. Genome analyses and comparisons of phylogenies inferred from sequences of the key phenazine biosynthesis (phzF) and housekeeping (rrs, recA, rpoB, atpD, and gyrB) genes revealed that the evolution and dispersal of phenazine genes are driven by mechanisms ranging from conservation in Pseudomonas spp. to horizontal gene transfer in Burkholderia spp. and Pectobacterium spp. DNA extracted from cereal crop rhizospheres and screened for the presence of phzF contained sequences consistent with the presence of a diverse population of phenazine producers in commercial farm fields located in central Washington state, which provided the first evidence of United States soils enriched in indigenous phenazine-producing bacteria.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6430, USA. mavrodi@mail.wsu.edu
authors.forename: Dmitri V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Mavrodi
authors.forename: Tobin L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Peever
authors.forename: Olga V
authors.initials: OV
authors.lastname: Mavrodi
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Parejko
authors.forename: Jos M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Raaijmakers
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lemanceau
authors.forename: Sylvie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mazurier
authors.forename: Lutz
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Heide
authors.forename: Wulf
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Blankenfeldt
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Weller
authors.forename: Linda S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Thomashow
mesh_terms: D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000378:metabolism; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D001483:Base Sequence; D053898:Biosynthetic Pathways / Q000235:genetics; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; D022761:Gene Transfer, Horizontal; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D005838:Genotype; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D005810:Multigene Family; D010619:Phenazines / Q000378:metabolism*; D010802:Phylogeny; D010944:Plants / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011549:Pseudomonas / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D014861:Washington
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D010619:Phenazines