title: Integrating magnetic resonance imaging postprocessing results into neuronavigation for electrode implantation and resection of subtle focal cortical dysplasia in previously cryptogenic epilepsy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Focal cortical dysplasias (FCDs) are highly epileptogenic lesions. Surgical removal is frequently the best treatment option for pharmacoresistant epilepsy. However, subtle FCDs may remain undetected even after high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Morphometric MRI analysis, which compares the individual brain with a normal database, can facilitate the detection of FCDs. We describe how the results of normal database-based MRI postprocessing can be used to guide stereotactic electrode implantation and subsequent resection of lesions that are suspected to be FCDs.
  
  
  METHODS
  A presurgical evaluation was conducted on a 19-year-old woman with pharmacoresistant hypermotor seizures. Conventional high-resolution MRI was classified as negative for epileptogenic lesions. However, morphometric analysis of the spatially normalized MRI revealed abnormal gyration and blurring of the gray-white matter junction, which was suggestive of a small and deeply seated FCD in the left frontal lobe.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The brain region highlighted by morphometric analysis was marked as a region of interest, transferred back to the original dimension of the individual MRI, and imported into a neuronavigation system. This allowed the region of interest-targeted stereotactic implantation of 2 depth electrodes, by which seizure onset was confirmed in the lesion. The electrodes also guided the final resection, which rendered the patient seizure-free. The lesion was histologically classified as FCD Palmini and Lüders IIB.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transferring normal database-based MRI postprocessing results into a neuronavigation system is a new and worthwhile extension of multimodal neuronavigation. The combination of resulting regions of interest with functional and anatomic data may facilitate planning of electrode implantation for invasive electroencephalographic recordings and the final resection of small or deeply seated FCDs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epileptology, University Hospital-Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany. j.wellmer@gmx.de
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wellmer
authors.forename: Yaroslav
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Parpaley
authors.forename: Marec
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: von Lehe
authors.forename: Hans-Jürgen
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Huppertz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001931:Brain Mapping; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D054220:Malformations of Cortical Development / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D038361:Neuronavigation / Q000379:methods*; D009716:Numerical Analysis, Computer-Assisted; D012189:Retrospective Studies