title: Risk of bleeding in patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with different combinations of aspirin, clopidogrel, and vitamin K antagonists in Denmark: a retrospective analysis of nationwide registry data.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Combinations of aspirin, clopidogrel, and vitamin K antagonists are widely used in patients after myocardial infarction. However, data for the safety of combinations are sparse. We examined the risk of hospital admission for bleeding associated with different antithrombotic regimens.
  
  
  METHODS
  By use of nationwide registers from Denmark, we identified 40 812 patients aged 30 years or older who had been admitted to hospital with first-time myocardial infarction between 2000 and 2005. Claimed prescriptions starting at hospital discharge were used to determine the regimen prescribed according to the following groups: monotherapy with aspirin, clopidogrel, or vitamin K antagonist; dual therapy with aspirin plus clopidogrel, aspirin plus vitamin K antagonist, or clopidogrel plus vitamin K antagonist; or triple therapy including all three drugs. Risk of hospital admission for bleeding, recurrent myocardial infarction, and death were assessed by Cox proportional hazards models with the drug exposure groups as time-varying covariates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During a mean follow-up of 476.5 days (SD 142.0), 1891 (4.6%) patients were admitted to hospital with bleeding. The yearly incidence of bleeding was 2.6% for the aspirin group, 4.6% for clopidogrel, 4.3% for vitamin K antagonist, 3.7% for aspirin plus clopidogrel, 5.1% for aspirin plus vitamin K antagonist, 12.3% for clopidogrel plus vitamin K antagonist, and 12.0% for triple therapy. With aspirin as reference, adjusted hazard ratios for bleeding were 1.33 (95% CI 1.11-1.59) for clopidogrel, 1.23 (0.94-1.61) for vitamin K antagonist, 1.47 (1.28-1.69) for aspirin plus clopidogrel, 1.84 (1.51-2.23) for aspirin plus vitamin K antagonist, 3.52 (2.42-5.11) for clopidogrel plus vitamin K antagonist, and 4.05 (3.08-5.33) for triple therapy. Numbers needed to harm were 81.2 for aspirin plus clopidogrel, 45.4 for aspirin plus vitamin K antagonist, 15.2 for clopidogrel plus vitamin K antagonist, and 12.5 for triple therapy. 702 (37.9%) of 1852 patients with non-fatal bleeding had recurrent myocardial infarction or died during the study period compared with 7178 (18.4%) of 38 960 patients without non-fatal bleeding (HR 3.00, 2.75-3.27, p<0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients with myocardial infarction, risk of hospital admission for bleeding increased with the number of antithrombotic drugs used. Treatment with triple therapy or dual therapy with clopidogrel plus vitamin K antagonist should be prescribed only after thorough individual risk assessment.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Danish Heart Foundation and the Danish Medical Research Council.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark. rs@heart.dk
authors.forename: Rikke
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sørensen
authors.forename: Morten L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: Steen Z
authors.initials: SZ
authors.lastname: Abildstrom
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hvelplund
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Andersson
authors.forename: Casper
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jørgensen
authors.forename: Jan K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Madsen
authors.forename: Peter R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Køber
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Torp-Pedersen
authors.forename: Gunnar H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Gislason
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001241:Aspirin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000077144:Clopidogrel; D003718:Denmark / Q000453:epidemiology; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D010343:Patient Admission / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012008:Recurrence; D012042:Registries; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013988:Ticlopidine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014812:Vitamin K / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*
chemical_list: D014812:Vitamin K; D000077144:Clopidogrel; D013988:Ticlopidine; D001241:Aspirin