title: Evidence of reduced complexity in self-report data from patients with medically unexplained symptoms.
abstract: Physical symptoms which cannot be adequately explained by organic disease are a common problem in all fields of medicine. Reduced complexity, shown using nonlinear dynamic analysis, has been found to be associated with a wide range of illnesses. These methods have been applied to short time series of mood but not to self-rated physical symptoms. We tested the hypothesis that self-reported medically unexplained physical symptoms display reduced complexity by measuring the approximate entropy of self-reported emotions and physical symptoms collected twice daily over 12 weeks and comparing the results with series-specific surrogate data. We found that approximate entropy (ApEn) was lower for actual data series than for surrogate data. There was no significant difference in entropy between different types of symptoms and no significant correlation between entropy and the diurnal variation of the data series. Future studies should concentrate on specific symptoms and conditions, and evaluate the effect of treatment on the entropy of symptom patterns.
authors.affiliation: University of Edingurgh, General Practice Section.
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Burton
authors.forename: Rachel A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Heath
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Weller
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sharpe
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D034201:Computers, Handheld; D004644:Emotions; D019277:Entropy; D005221:Fatigue / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D055809:Illness Behavior; D008297:Male; D008499:Medical Records; D008875:Middle Aged; D017711:Nonlinear Dynamics; D010146:Pain / Q000523:psychology; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010555:Personality Inventory / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011594:Psychometrics; D013001:Somatoform Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult