title: The evolution of flexible behavioral repertoires in cephalopod molluscs.
abstract: Cephalopods are a large and ancient group of marine animals with complex brains. Forms extant today are equipped with brains, sensors, and effectors that allow them not to just exist beside modern vertebrates as predators and prey; they compete fiercely with marine vertebrates at every scale from small crustaceans to sperm whales. We review the evolution of this group's brains, learning ability and complex behavior. We outline evidence that although competition with vertebrates has left a deep impression on the brains and behavior of cephalopods, the original reorganization of their complex brains from their molluscan ancestors might have been forged in ancient seas millions of years before the advent of bony fishes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology and the CUNY Graduate Center, Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior, Program in Cognition, Brain and Behavior, Brooklyn College, CUNY, Brooklyn, N.Y. 11210, USA. fgrasso@brooklyn.cuny.edu
authors.forename: Frank W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Grasso
authors.forename: Jennifer A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Basil
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D005075:Biological Evolution; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D049830:Cephalopoda / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D005580:Fossils; D007858:Learning / Q000502:physiology; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology