title: Increased prevalence of myopia in the United States between 1971-1972 and 1999-2004.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare US population prevalence estimates for myopia in 1971-1972 and 1999-2004.
  
  
  METHODS
  The 1971-1972 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey provided the earliest nationally representative estimates for US myopia prevalence; myopia was diagnosed by an algorithm using either lensometry, pinhole visual acuity, and presenting visual acuity (for presenting visual acuity > or =20/40) or retinoscopy (for presenting visual acuity < or =20/50). Using a similar method for diagnosing myopia, we examined data from the 1999-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey to determine whether myopia prevalence had changed during the 30 years between the 2 surveys.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using the 1971-1972 method, the estimated prevalence of myopia in persons aged 12 to 54 years was significantly higher in 1999-2004 than in 1971-1972 (41.6% vs 25.0%, respectively; P < .001). Prevalence estimates were higher in 1999-2004 than in 1971-1972 for black individuals (33.5% vs 13.0%, respectively; P < .001) and white individuals (43.0% vs 26.3%, respectively; P < .001) and for all levels of myopia severity (>-2.0 diopters [D]: 17.5% vs 13.4%, respectively [P < .001]; < or =-2.0 to >-7.9 D: 22.4% vs 11.4%, respectively [P < .001]; < or =-7.9 D: 1.6% vs 0.2%, respectively [P < .001]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When using similar methods for each period, the prevalence of myopia in the United States appears to be substantially higher in 1999-2004 than 30 years earlier. Identifying modifiable risk factors for myopia could lead to the development of cost-effective interventional strategies.
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Applications, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Dr, Room 10D45, Mail Stop 1863, Bethesda, MD 20892-1863, USA. sev@nei.nih.gov
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vitale
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Sperduto
authors.forename: Frederick L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Ferris
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D044383:Black People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002648:Child; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009216:Myopia / Q000145:classification / Q000453:epidemiology*; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014792:Visual Acuity; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult; D001741:Black or African American