title: Host restriction of HIV-1 by APOBEC3 and viral evasion through Vif.
abstract: The arms race between virus and host is a constant battle. APOBEC3 proteins are known to be potent innate cellular defenses against both endogenous retroelements and diverse retroviruses. However, retroviruses have developed their own methods to launch counter-strikes. Most primate lentiviruses encode a protein called the viral infectivity factor (Vif). Vif induces targeted destruction of APOBEC3 proteins by hijacking the cellular ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Here we review the research that led up to the identification of A3G, the mechanisms by which APOBEC3 proteins can inhibit retroelements, and the counter-mechanisms that HIV-1 Vif has developed to evade its antiviral activities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
authors.forename: Anna Maria
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Niewiadomska
authors.forename: Xiao-Fang
authors.initials: XF
authors.lastname: Yu
mesh_terms: D000071478:APOBEC Deaminases; D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002453:Cell Cycle; D003564:Cytidine Deaminase; D043525:Cytosine Deaminase / Q000502:physiology*; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D057131:Immune Evasion; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex / Q000502:physiology; D054320:vif Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D054320:vif Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus; C514847:vif protein, Human immunodeficiency virus 1; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex; D043525:Cytosine Deaminase; D000071478:APOBEC Deaminases; C502889:APOBEC3 proteins, human; D003564:Cytidine Deaminase