title: Evidence of impaired neurocognitive functioning in school-age children awaiting cardiac surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Children with congenital heart disease (CHD) are at risk of developing neurocognitive problems. However, as these problems are usually identified after cardiac surgery, it is unclear whether they resulted from the surgery or whether they pre-existed and hence might be explained by complications and events associated with the heart disease itself. The purpose of this study was to examine whether neurocognitive deficits commonly reported after cardiac surgery are present before surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-five children (22 males, 23 females; mean age 11 y 6 mo, SD 3 y 0 mo) with cyanotic and acyanotic heart diseases scheduled for elective cardiac surgery were compared with 41 healthy peers (17 males, 24 females; mean age 11 y 10 mo, SD 2 y 10 mo) for attention and processing speed, construction, motor speed, motor planning and fluency, and visual memory. Twenty-three children in the patient group were awaiting their first cardiac surgery and 22 were awaiting follow-up surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The patients showed manifest neurocognitive difficulties. Their performance was inferior to that of the healthy comparison group for motor planning (p=0.02) and visual memory (p=0.01). The same neurocognitive profile was found in the group of patients awaiting their first cardiac operation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  School-age children with various forms of CHD are at risk of neurocognitive impairments before cardiac surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Psychology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands. r.vanderrijken@mps.umcn.nl
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: van der Rijken
authors.forename: Gerdine
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hulstijn-Dirkmaat
authors.forename: Floris
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kraaimaat
authors.forename: Lida
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nabuurs-Kohrman
authors.forename: Otto
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Daniëls
authors.forename: Ben
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Maassen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002648:Child; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000150:complications*; D017558:Elective Surgical Procedures; D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D013997:Time Factors