title: Analysis of humoral immune responses in rhesus macaques vaccinated with attenuated SIVmac239Deltanef and challenged with pathogenic SIVmac251.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To determine the correlation between protection and humoral immune response against simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVmac251), 11 macaques were immunized with live-attenuated SIVmac239Deltanef either intravenously or via the tonsils and exposed to SIVmac251 after either 6 or 15 months along with unvaccinated controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Independent of the route of vaccine application, viremia was significantly reduced in vaccinees compared with controls 2 weeks post-challenge. Concomitantly, viremia correlated inversely with SIV-specific IgG, complement-mediated lysis and neutralizing antibodies and these parameters seemed to contribute to reduced viremia. During chronic infection, six monkeys controlled viremia in the circulation (two or fewer infectious units per 10(6) PBMCs) and showed no signs of trapping in lymphatic tissues (Appendix S1).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As no significant differences were observed throughout the study, with respect to the humoral immune response and viremia control, between the two vaccinated cohorts, mucosal immunization strategies are recommended due to more simplified application.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Social Medicine, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria.
authors.forename: Doris
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Freissmuth
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hiltgartner
authors.forename: Christiane
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stahl-Hennig
authors.forename: Dietmar
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fuchs
authors.forename: Klara
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tenner-Racz
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Racz
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Uberla
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Strasak
authors.forename: Manfred P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Dierich
authors.forename: Heribert
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Stoiber
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Falkensammer
mesh_terms: D000286:Administration, Sublingual; D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005434:Flow Cytometry / Q000662:veterinary; D056724:Immunity, Humoral / Q000276:immunology; D017403:In Situ Hybridization / Q000662:veterinary; D007275:Injections, Intravenous / Q000662:veterinary; D008253:Macaca mulatta / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology; D009500:Neutralization Tests / Q000662:veterinary; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000097:blood; D018449:SAIDS Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology*; D016097:Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000276:immunology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000821:virology; D015302:Simian Immunodeficiency Virus / Q000276:immunology*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014611:Vaccination / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology; D014766:Viremia / Q000276:immunology / Q000662:veterinary / Q000821:virology
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D012367:RNA, Viral; D018449:SAIDS Vaccines; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated