Differences in TMS-evoked responses between schizophrenia patients and healthy controls can be observed without a dedicated EEG system.
OBJECTIVE
The combination of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and electroencephalography (EEG) has been hampered by the large artifact that the TMS generates in the EEG. Using TMS with EEG necessitates a sophisticated artifact-resistant EEG system that can acquire reliable signals in the crucial several tens of milliseconds immediately following the TMS pulse. Here, we demonstrate the use of a novel artifact removal algorithm together with a 24-bit EEG system to achieve similar recordings as those obtained with the dedicated TMS-compatible EEG system.


METHODS
This setup was used to compare TMS-evoked responses between a group of healthy controls and a group of patients with schizophrenia, a condition in which effective neural connectivity is thought to be compromised.


RESULTS
We observe differences in TMS-evoked responses between the two groups, similar to those recently reported in a study that used a dedicated TMS-compatible EEG system.


CONCLUSIONS
The standard 24-bit EEG system combined with an artifact removal algorithm produces results similar to the dedicated TMS-compatible system.


CONCLUSIONS
This paves the way for more researchers and clinicians to use TMS-evoked responses for research and diagnosis of a wide spectrum of disorders.
Levit-Binnun
Nava
N
Department of Physics of Complex Systems, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel. navalb@idc.ac.il
Litvak
Vladimir
V
Pratt
Hillel
H
Moses
Elisha
E
Zaroor
Menashe
M
Peled
Avi
A
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D016477:Artifacts; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods*; D005071:Evoked Potentials / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012016:Reference Values; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult