title: Open heart surgery in patients with sickle cell hemoglobinopathy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In patients with sickle cell trait or disease, reduced life expectancy and a tendency for complications are believed to negatively affect likelihood of survival after open heart surgery. The aim of this study was to review retrospectively the perioperative results of patients undergoing cardiac surgery at our institution.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between January 1995 and December 2006, 47 patients with either sickle cell disease or sickle cell trait underwent open heart surgery at our institution. The average age of the 29 male and 18 female patients was 20 years. Patient outcomes were analyzed through the use of the institutional database. Clinical and echocardiographic follow-up was complete in all patients except 3, with a mean follow-up period of 46 months. Current status could be confirmed in 32 patients. The most common operations included the treatment of congenital and valvular heart diseases. There were no coronary artery bypass grafting procedures. Average weight of the patients was 45 kg. Exchange transfusion was performed both preoperatively and during surgery. Mean preoperative hemoglobin S concentration was 30.4 + or - 3.2% and decreased to 8.1 + or - 2.6% while on pump. Average on-pump hematocrit value was 25.4 + or - 3.7%; in the postoperative period, it increased to 32.7 + or - 4.9%. Mean cardiopulmonary bypass and cross-clamp times were 95 and 69 minutes, respectively. None of the patients had sickling crisis or acidosis. Postoperative complications included exploration for hemorrhage in 3 patients (6.4%), stroke in 2 patients (4.3%), renal failure in 2 patients (4.3%), and prolonged ventilation in 1 patient (2.1%). Average hospital stay was 8.3 days (range, 4 to 27 days). Early in-hospital death occurred in 1 patient (2.1%); currently, 31 patients (66%) remain alive and free of cardiac symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Heart valve surgery and surgery for congenital heart diseases can be performed safely in patients with sickle cell disease or sickle cell trait with acceptable outcome and survival rates.
authors.affiliation: King Faisal Heart Institute, MBC-16, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, PO Box 3354, Riyadh 11211, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Sajjad M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Yousafzai
authors.forename: Murat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ugurlucan
authors.forename: Omar A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Al Radhwan
authors.forename: Amal L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Al Otaibi
authors.forename: Charles C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Canver
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000755:Anemia, Sickle Cell / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005078:Exchange Transfusion, Whole Blood; D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000150:complications* / Q000601:surgery*; D006349:Heart Valve Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000601:surgery*; D006400:Hematocrit; D006451:Hemoglobin, Sickle / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D006451:Hemoglobin, Sickle