title: The influence of EDTA and citrate anticoagulant addition to human plasma on information recovery from NMR-based metabolic profiling studies.
abstract: The widely-used blood anticoagulants citrate and EDTA give rise to prominent peaks in (1)H NMR spectra of plasma samples collected in epidemiological and clinical studies, and these cause varying levels of interference in recovering biochemical information on endogenous metabolites. To investigate both the potential metabolic information loss caused by these substances and any possible inter-molecular interactions between the anticoagulants and endogenous components, the (1)H NMR spectra of 40 split human plasma samples collected from 20 individuals into either citrate or EDTA have been analysed. Endogenous metabolite peaks were selectively obscured by large citrate peaks or those from free EDTA and its calcium and magnesium complexes. It is shown that the endogenous metabolites that give rise to peaks obscured by those from EDTA or citrate almost invariably also have other resonances that allow their identification and potential quantitation. Also, metabolic information recovery could be maximised by use of spectral editing techniques such as spin-echo, diffusion-editing and J-resolved experiments. The NMR spectral effects of any interactions between the added citrate or EDTA and endogenous components were found to be negligible. Finally, identification of split samples was feasible using simple multivariate statistical approaches such as principal components analysis. Thus even when legacy epidemiological plasma samples have been collected using the NMR-inappropriate citrate or EDTA anticoagulants, useful biochemical information can still be recovered effectively.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, South Kensington, London, UK.
authors.forename: Richard H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Barton
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Waterman
authors.forename: Frank W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Bonner
authors.forename: Elaine
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Holmes
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Clarke
authors.forename: Jeremy K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Nicholson
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Lindon
mesh_terms: D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019343:Citric Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004492:Edetic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D055442:Metabolome / Q000187:drug effects*; D010949:Plasma / Q000378:metabolism*; D025341:Principal Component Analysis
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D019343:Citric Acid; D004492:Edetic Acid