title: An in vivo biosensor for neurotransmitter release and in situ receptor activity.
abstract: Tools from molecular biology, combined with in vivo optical imaging techniques, provide new mechanisms for noninvasively observing brain processes. Current approaches primarily probe cell-based variables, such as cytosolic calcium or membrane potential, but not cell-to-cell signaling. We devised cell-based neurotransmitter fluorescent engineered reporters (CNiFERs) to address this challenge and monitor in situ neurotransmitter receptor activation. CNiFERs are cultured cells that are engineered to express a chosen metabotropic receptor, use the G(q) protein-coupled receptor cascade to transform receptor activity into a rise in cytosolic [Ca(2+)] and report [Ca(2+)] with a genetically encoded fluorescent Ca(2+) sensor. The initial realization of CNiFERs detected acetylcholine release via activation of M1 muscarinic receptors. We used chronic implantation of M1-CNiFERs in frontal cortex of the adult rat to elucidate the muscarinic action of the atypical neuroleptics clozapine and olanzapine. We found that these drugs potently inhibited in situ muscarinic receptor activity.
authors.affiliation: Physics Department, UCSD, La Jolla, CA.
authors.forename: Quoc-Thang
authors.initials: QT
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.affiliation: Medical Scientist Training Program, UCSD, La Jolla, CA.|Graduate Program in Neurosciences, UCSD, La Jolla, CA.
authors.forename: Lee F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Schroeder
authors.affiliation: Max-Planck Institut für Neurobiologie, Martinsried, Germany.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mank
authors.affiliation: Physics Department, UCSD, La Jolla, CA.
authors.forename: Arnaud
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Muller
authors.affiliation: Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSD, La Jolla, CA.
authors.forename: Palmer
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.affiliation: Max-Planck Institut für Neurobiologie, Martinsried, Germany.
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Griesbeck
authors.affiliation: Physics Department, UCSD, La Jolla, CA.|Graduate Program in Neurosciences, UCSD, La Jolla, CA.|Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, UCSD, La Jolla, CA.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kleinfeld
mesh_terms: D000109:Acetylcholine / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000494:pharmacology; D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002461:Cell Line, Transformed; D003024:Clozapine / Q000494:pharmacology; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008164:Luminescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D017551:Microdialysis / Q000379:methods; D000077152:Olanzapine; D019919:Prosthesis Implantation / Q000379:methods; D051381:Rats; D043643:Receptor, Muscarinic M1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014162:Transfection / Q000379:methods; D014981:Xenopus
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D043643:Receptor, Muscarinic M1; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D003024:Clozapine; D000077152:Olanzapine; D000109:Acetylcholine; D002118:Calcium