title: Gene variations in the cholecystokinin system in patients with panic disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Panic disorder (PD) is a common psychiatric disease occurring more frequently in women than men. Multiple common and/or rare variants in the genome contribute to the complex etiology of the disorder. The neuropeptide cholecystokinin (CCK) and its receptors (the CCK system) have been suggested to be involved in the pathogenesis of PD.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined the promoter, exon, and exon-intron boundaries of the genes encoding CCK and its receptors (CCKAR and CCKBR) for variations in 187 patients with PD and 277 screened control individuals. Up to 1342 additional healthy population controls were examined for some of the variations. One CCK gene intron variation was analyzed for alternative splicing using an exon-trapping assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The promoter variant (-36C > T; rs1799923) and an intron 1 polymorphism (IVS1-7C > G; rs754635) in the CCK gene were found to protect against PD (P<0.05). The intron 1 variation did not seem to alter the splicing of the gene. None of the other variations found were associated with PD, but a 2-marker haplotype (rs1800855/rs1800857) in the CCKAR gene protected women against PD (P=0.004). In addition, we found two novel rare missense variations in the CCKBR gene (Lys329Asn and Pro446Leu) in two and one patient, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that the CCK system may play a role in the pathogenesis of PD, with susceptibility alleles both protecting and contributing to the disease. Both common and rare variants seem to be involved. The involvement of the CCK system may also contribute to the increased prevalence of PD in women.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. pkoefoed@sund.ku.dk
authors.forename: Pernille
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Koefoed
authors.forename: David P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Woldbye
authors.forename: Thomas O
authors.initials: TO
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: Elsebeth S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: Gitte M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Knudsen
authors.forename: Tom G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Bolwig
authors.forename: Jens F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Rehfeld
mesh_terms: D017398:Alternative Splicing; D002766:Cholecystokinin / Q000235:genetics*; D005091:Exons; D005260:Female; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006801:Humans; D007438:Introns; D008297:Male; D016584:Panic Disorder / Q000235:genetics*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011949:Receptors, Cholecystokinin / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D011949:Receptors, Cholecystokinin; D002766:Cholecystokinin