title: The antiandrogen flutamide perturbs inguinoscrotal testicular descent in the rat and suggests a link with mammary development.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Inadequate androgen activity is a likely cause of cryptorchidism in humans, affecting inguinoscrotal testicular descent. Flutamide, a nonsteroidal antiandrogen, produces cryptorchidism in rats. We aimed to determine the anatomical and histologic effects of flutamide.
  
  
  METHODS
  Time-mated Sprague-Dawley female rats were injected subcutaneously with flutamide (75 mg/kg in sunflower oil) on days 16 to 19 of pregnancy. Embryonic (E) and postnatal (P) male offspring were collected (E16, E19, P0, P2, P4, P8) in control and flutamide-treated groups (n = 5-10). Samples were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde. Five-micrometer-thick sections were prepared for hematoxylin and eosin, trichrome and immunohistochemical stains (Desmin, TuJ1, Ki67). This identified muscle and neural cells and areas of cell proliferation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Postnatally, the gubernaculum in flutamide-treated rats had more mesenchyme and muscle than controls. Gubernacular eversion failed, and mammary tissue persisted around the gubernaculum in flutamide-treated rats. Flutamide had no effect on embryonic gubernacular anatomy and histology.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prenatal androgens altered postnatal gubernacular anatomy and histology in the postnatal period. Our findings indicate that the failure of gubernacular differentiation and migration may be because of the ongoing presence of mammary tissue in the region of the external inguinal ring.
authors.affiliation: Douglas Stephens Surgical Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Tamara
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nation
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Balic
authors.forename: Silverton
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Buraundi
authors.forename: Pamela
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Farmer
authors.forename: Don
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Newgreen
authors.forename: Bridget
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Southwell
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hutson
mesh_terms: D000726:Androgen Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D003456:Cryptorchidism / Q000139:chemically induced*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D047108:Embryonic Development; D005260:Female; D005485:Flutamide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007264:Inguinal Canal / Q000196:embryology / Q000254:growth & development; D008297:Male; D042361:Mammary Glands, Human / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000187:drug effects / Q000196:embryology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012611:Scrotum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D013737:Testis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000196:embryology / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000726:Androgen Antagonists; D005485:Flutamide