title: Efficacy of smoking prevention program 'Smoke-free Kids': study protocol of a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A strong increase in smoking is noted especially among adolescents. In the Netherlands, about 5% of all 10-year olds, 25% of all 13-year olds and 62% of all 17-year olds report ever smoking. In the U.S., an intervention program called 'Smoke-free Kids' was developed to prevent children from smoking. The present study aims to assess the effects of this home-based smoking prevention program in the Netherlands.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomized controlled trial is conducted among 9 to 11-year old children of primary schools. Participants are randomly assigned to the intervention and control conditions. The intervention program consists of five printed activity modules designed to improve parenting skills specific to smoking prevention and parent-child communication regarding smoking. These modules will include additional sheets with communication tips. The modules for the control condition will include solely information on smoking and tobacco use.Initiation of cigarette smoking (first instance of puffing on a lighted cigarette), susceptibility to cigarette smoking, smoking-related cognitions, and anti-smoking socialization will be the outcome measures. To collect the data, telephone interviews with mothers as well as with their child will be conducted at baseline. Only the children will be examined at post-intervention follow-ups (6, 12, 24, and 36 months after the baseline).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study protocol describes the design of a randomized controlled trial that will evaluate the effectiveness of a home-based smoking prevention program. We expect that a significantly lower number of children will start smoking in the intervention condition compared to control condition as a direct result of this intervention. If the program is effective, it is applicable in daily live, which will facilitate implementation of the prevention protocol.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Netherlands Trial Register NTR1465.
authors.affiliation: Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen,. The Netherlands. m.hiemstra@pwo.ru.nl
authors.forename: Marieke
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hiemstra
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ringlever
authors.forename: Roy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Otten
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: Onno C P
authors.initials: OC
authors.lastname: van Schayck
authors.forename: Rutger C M E
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Engels
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006293:Health Promotion; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D009034:Mother-Child Relations; D009426:Netherlands; D016487:Parenting; D015397:Program Evaluation; D012572:School Health Services; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires