title: Influences on transfer of selected synthetic pyrethroids from treated Formica to foods.
abstract: Children's unstructured eating habits and activities may lead to excess dietary exposures not traditionally measured by the US Environmental Protection Agency. Influence of these activities on transfer of pesticides from treated Formica to foods was studied. The objective was to perform simulation experiments using four foods (bread, apple slices, bologna, and sugar cookies) exposed to treated Formica after varied time intervals between surface contamination and contact (1, 6, and 24 h) and frequency of contact with and without recontamination. Pesticides investigated included permethrin, bifenthrin, cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, and deltamethrin. Data will be used as input parameters for transfer efficiencies (TEs) within the Children's Dietary Intake Model (CDIM), which predicts total dietary exposure of a child. Pesticide transfer from surfaces to bologna and apples was more efficient than to bread and cookies. For the bread and cookies, all pyrethroids had a TE that ranged from below detectible levels to ≤ 4%. A combined average of 32-64% and 19-43% was transferred to bologna and apples, respectively, for the three contact times for all pyrethroids. The TEs of the varied time intervals indicated that increased time between contamination and contact showed little difference for bologna, bread, and cookies, but a significant difference for apples. As long as pesticide levels are measureable on surfaces in children's eating environment, it can be concluded that transfer of pesticides to foods will take place. Foods' characteristics had an important function in the transfer of pesticides when multiple contacts occurred. Regardless of recontamination, pesticides were efficiently transferred from the treated surface to bologna. The bologna did not reach a saturation point during the contacts. Pesticides were also efficiently transferred to apples, but reached a maximum TE during the second contact. The distribution of activity factors within CDIM needs to reflect the differences in the characteristics of the foods.
authors.affiliation: US Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268, USA. melnyk.lisa@epa.gov
authors.forename: Lisa Jo
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Melnyk
authors.forename: Thomas E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Hieber
authors.forename: Tracy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Turbeville
authors.forename: Anne P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Vonderheide
authors.forename: Jeffrey N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Morgan
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D005430:Floors and Floorcoverings; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D010575:Pesticides / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D010575:Pesticides; D011722:Pyrethrins