title: PGFM (13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGF(2alpha)) in pregnant and pseudo-pregnant Iberian lynx: a new noninvasive pregnancy marker for felid species.
abstract: In mammals, uterine and placental prostaglandin F(2alpha) is involved in the regulation of reproduction-related processes such as embryonic development, initiation of parturition, and resumption of ovarian activity. Prostaglandin F(2alpha) (PGF(2alpha)) is rapidly metabolized to its plasma metabolite PGFM (13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGF(2alpha)), which has also been detected in urine. Therefore, the current study aimed to develop and validate an efficient, quick, and inexpensive enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for PGFM estimation in urine of the Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus) for pregnancy monitoring and for differentiation between pregnancy and pseudo-pregnancy. Urine samples collected from captive Iberian lynx (11 pregnant and 4 pseudo-pregnant cycles) were subjected directly to a PGFM EIA. The assay was validated for parallelism, precision, and stability of urinary PGFM. In addition, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) immunograms and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LCMS) were performed to identify PGFM within urine samples. Urinary PGFM levels before mating and after parturition were about 1.5 ng/mL. After Day 20 postmating, both pregnant and pseudo-pregnant females showed slight increase of hormone levels; in pseudo-pregnant females, this elevation did not exceed 7 ng/mL. A significant increase in pregnant females was observed after Day 45 postmating; urinary PGFM increased from 10 ng/mL at Day 45 toward a peak of 46.0+/-19.3 ng/mL around parturition. First results show that PGFM is detectable in feces as well and follows similar courses as shown for urine. In conclusion, the presented and validated PGFM assay is an easy and reliable method for noninvasive pregnancy diagnosis in the Iberian lynx (and probably other felids) if applied approximately 20 d prior parturition in pure urine or fecal extracts. High PGFM levels in urine or fecal samples may allow a pregnancy diagnosis without knowledge of mating time, making the PGFM test applicable to free-ranging animals.
authors.affiliation: Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Finkenwirth
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jewgenow
authors.forename: H H D
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vargas
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dehnhard
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources / Q000379:methods*; D015237:Dinoprost / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000652:urine; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D046008:Lynx / Q000652:urine*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011270:Pregnancy, Animal / Q000652:urine*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C008228:15-keto-13,14-dihydroprostaglandin F2alpha; D015237:Dinoprost