title: Income-related differences in mortality among people with diabetes mellitus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mortality has declined substantially among people with diabetes mellitus over the last decade. Whether all income groups have benefited equally, however, is unclear. We examined the impact of income on mortality trends among people with diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this population-based, retrospective cohort study, we compared changes in mortality from Apr. 1, 1994, to Mar. 31, 2005, by neighbourhood income strata among people with diabetes aged 30 years or more in the province of Ontario, Canada.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, the annual age- and sex-adjusted mortality declined, from 4.05% in 1994/95 (95% confidence interval [CI] 3.98%-4.11%) to 2.69% in 2005/06 (95% CI 2.66%-2.73%). The decrease was significantly greater in the highest income group (by 36%) than in the lowest income group (by 31%; p < 0.001). This trend was most pronounced in the younger group (age 30-64 years): the mortality rate ratio widened by more than 40% between the lowest and highest income groups, from 1.12 to 1.59 among women and from 1.14 to 1.60 among men. Income had a much smaller effect on mortality trends in the older group, whose drug costs are subsidized: the income-related difference rose by only 0.9% over the study period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mortality declined overall among people with diabetes from 1994 to 2005; however, the decrease was substantially greater in the highest income group than in the lowest, particularly among those aged 30-64 years. These findings illustrate the increasing impact of income on the health of people with diabetes even in a publicly funded health care setting. Further studies are needed to explore factors responsible for these income-related differences in mortality.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ont. orraine.lipscombe@wchospital.ca
authors.forename: Lorraine L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Lipscombe
authors.forename: Peter C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Austin
authors.forename: Douglas G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Manuel
authors.forename: Baiju R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Janet E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Hux
authors.forename: Gillian L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Booth
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000191:economics* / Q000401:mortality*; D005260:Female; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009864:Ontario / Q000453:epidemiology; D016012:Poisson Distribution; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012923:Social Class