title: Language-based measures of mindfulness: initial validity and clinical utility.
abstract: This study examined relationships among language use, mindfulness, and substance-use treatment outcomes in the context of an efficacy trial of mindfulness-based relapse prevention (MBRP) for adults with alcohol and other drug use (AOD) disorders. An expert panel generated two categories of mindfulness language (ML) describing the mindfulness state and the more encompassing "mindfulness journey," which included words describing challenges of developing a mindfulness practice. MBRP participants (n = 48) completed baseline sociodemographic and AOD measures, and participated in the 8-week MBRP program. AOD data were collected during the 4-month follow-up. A word count program assessed the frequency of ML and other linguistic markers in participants' responses to open-ended questions about their postintervention impressions of mindfulness practice and MBRP. Findings supported concurrent validity of ML categories: ML words appeared more frequently in the MBRP manual compared to the 12-step Big Book. Further, ML categories correlated with other linguistic variables related to the mindfulness construct. Finally, predictive validity was supported: greater use of ML predicted fewer AOD use days during the 4-month follow-up. This study provided initial support for ML as a valid, clinically useful mindfulness measure. If future studies replicate these findings, ML could be used in conjunction with self-report to provide a more complete picture of the mindfulness experience.
authors.affiliation: Addictive Behaviors Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. susan.collins@gmx.net
authors.forename: Susan E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.forename: Neharika
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chawla
authors.forename: Sharon H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: Joel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Grow
authors.forename: Jacqueline M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Otto
authors.forename: G Alan
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Marlatt
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019222:Mind-Body Relations, Metaphysical; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D055502:Secondary Prevention; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome