title: Arabidopsis formin3 directs the formation of actin cables and polarized growth in pollen tubes.
abstract: Cytoplasmic actin cables are the most prominent actin structures in plant cells, but the molecular mechanism underlying their formation is unknown. The function of these actin cables, which are proposed to modulate cytoplasmic streaming and intracellular movement of many organelles in plants, has not been studied by genetic means. Here, we show that Arabidopsis thaliana formin3 (AFH3) is an actin nucleation factor responsible for the formation of longitudinal actin cables in pollen tubes. The Arabidopsis AFH3 gene encodes a 785-amino acid polypeptide, which contains a formin homology 1 (FH1) and a FH2 domain. In vitro analysis revealed that the AFH3 FH1FH2 domains interact with the barbed end of actin filaments and have actin nucleation activity in the presence of G-actin or G actin-profilin. Overexpression of AFH3 in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) pollen tubes induced excessive actin cables, which extended into the tubes' apices. Specific downregulation of AFH3 eliminated actin cables in Arabidopsis pollen tubes and reduced the level of actin polymers in pollen grains. This led to the disruption of the reverse fountain streaming pattern in pollen tubes, confirming a role for actin cables in the regulation of cytoplasmic streaming. Furthermore, these tubes became wide and short and swelled at their tips, suggesting that actin cables may regulate growth polarity in pollen tubes. Thus, AFH3 regulates the formation of actin cables, which are important for cytoplasmic streaming and polarized growth in pollen tubes.
authors.affiliation: College of Biological Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
authors.forename: Jianrong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.forename: Yiyan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: An
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: Naizhi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Zhangkui
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Shanjin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Zhenbiao
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D008841:Actin Cytoskeleton / Q000378:metabolism*; D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000166:cytology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D003595:Cytoplasmic Streaming; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000235:genetics; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified / Q000166:cytology / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D053205:Pollen Tube / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism; D018749:RNA, Plant / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D018749:RNA, Plant