title: Survival of North American genotypes of Trichinella in frozen pork.
abstract: North American genotypes of Trichinella spiralis (T-1), Trichinella nativa (T-2), Trichinella pseudospiralis (T-4), Trichinella murrelli (T-5), and Trichinella T-6 were examined for susceptibility to freezing in pork using time-temperature combinations that have been proven to inactivate T. spiralis. Infections were established in 3-month-old pigs of mixed sex and breed by oral inoculation of 10,000 muscle larvae (ML) (all genotypes, rodent-derived ML), 20,000 ML (T-1, T-4, and T-5; cat-derived ML), or 30,000 ML (T-2 and T-6; cat-derived ML). Pigs were euthanized 60 days postinoculation. Muscles from the tongue, masseter muscles, diaphragm, triceps, hams, neck, rump, and loins were ground, pooled, and mixed to ensure even distribution of larvae. Samples (20 g) containing each Trichinella species, genotype, and source combination were placed in heat-sealable pouches, transferred to a constant temperature refrigerant bath, and maintained according to defined time and temperature combinations. Larvae recovered from cold-treated pork samples were inoculated into mice to determine infectivity. Results indicated that the time-temperature combinations known to render pork safe for T. spiralis are sufficient to inactivate T. nativa and T-6 (the freeze-resistant isolates), T. murrelli (the most common sylvatic species in the United States excluding Alaska), and T. pseudospiralis (a species that lacks a muscle nurse cell). These data close a gap in knowledge about the effectiveness of freezing for inactivating these parasites in pork and should alleviate concern about the safety of frozen pork products from the United States.
authors.affiliation: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Animal and Natural Resources Institute, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, BARC-East, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA. dolores.hill@ars.usda.gov
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Forbes
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Zarlenga
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Urban
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Gajadhar
authors.forename: H R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Gamble
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002371:Cat Diseases / Q000469:parasitology; D002415:Cats; D005519:Food Preservation; D005615:Freezing; D005838:Genotype; D008460:Meat / Q000469:parasitology*; D051379:Mice; D009656:North America; D013552:Swine; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000469:parasitology; D014234:Trichinella / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics*; D014235:Trichinellosis / Q000469:parasitology / Q000662:veterinary