title: The impact of breast reduction surgery on low-back compressive forces and function in individuals with macromastia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Macromastia can be a morbid condition causing affected women to endure shoulder pain, back pain, intertrigo, and shoulder grooving from the bra straps. Subjective symptoms are effectively relieved by reduction mammaplasty surgery. Reliable objective evidence is limited in evaluating benefits for this patient population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven women undergoing reduction mammaplasty were evaluated before surgery and 3 months after surgery. Evaluation modeled maximal compressive forces at the low back during an unconstrained lifting task using inverse dynamics and measured the subjective level of disability using the Functional Rating Index.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The analysis of the kinematic and kinetic data demonstrated no significant difference in ankle, knee, and hip joint angles between pretests and posttests. In addition, the average maximum low-back compressive forces decreased 35 percent for the unconstrained lifting task, and the Functional Rating Index scores improved 76 percent following surgery. Greatest improvement was reported for the frequency of pain and travel.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reduction mammaplasty surgery produced objective improvement in low-back compressive forces and patients' reported level of functional disability.
authors.affiliation: Salt Lake City, Utah From the Division of Plastic Surgery and the Departments of Physical Therapy and Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah.
authors.forename: K Bo
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Foreman
authors.forename: Leland E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Dibble
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Droge
authors.forename: Randy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Carson
authors.forename: W Bradford
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Rockwell
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001415:Back / Q000503:physiopathology; D001416:Back Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001940:Breast / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D019245:Compressive Strength; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006984:Hypertrophy / Q000601:surgery; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000503:physiopathology; D016462:Mammaplasty; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011788:Quality of Life; D013131:Spine / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome