title: Fractures in infants and toddlers with rickets.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rickets affects young infants and toddlers. However, there is a paucity of literature regarding the types of fractures that occur in rachitic patients.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the age of patients at which radiographically evident rickets occurs, and to characterize the age incidence and fractures that are observed in infants and toddlers with radiographically evident rickets.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective study of children younger than 24 months was performed. Clinical data and radiographs were reviewed. Radiographs obtained within 1 month of the diagnosis were evaluated for the presence or absence of osteopenia, presence or absence of fraying-cupping, and presence and characterization of fractures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After exclusion criteria were applied, 45 children were included in the study. Children with rickets evident by radiograph were in the age range of 2-24 months. Fractures were present in 17.5% of the study group, exclusively in mobile infants and toddlers. Fracture types included transverse long bone fractures, anterior and anterior-lateral rib fractures, and metaphyseal fractures. All fractures occurred exclusively in patients with severe, overtly evident rickets.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fractures occur in older infants and toddlers with overt rickets and can be seen by radiograph. Fractures do not resemble high-risk non-accidental trauma fractures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Seattle Children's Hospital, MS R-5417, 4800 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98105, USA. Teresa.chapman@seattlechildrens.org
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chapman
authors.forename: Naomi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sugar
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Done
authors.forename: Joanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Marasigan
authors.forename: Nicolle
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wambold
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Feldman
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D011859:Radiography; D012279:Rickets / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D014861:Washington / Q000453:epidemiology