title: Depression and symptomatic response among HIV-infected drug users enrolled in a randomized controlled trial of directly administered antiretroviral therapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Depression is highly prevalent among HIV-infected injection drug users (IDUs) and has been associated with poor adherence to antiretroviral therapy and increased morbidity and mortality. Factors associated with changes in depressive symptoms among this group receiving antiretroviral treatment that have not been extensively evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  This post-hoc analysis of prospective clinical trial analyzes the factors associated with changes in depressive symptomatology using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies of Depression Scale (CES-D) among HIV-infected IDUs enrolled in a prospective, six months randomized controlled trial of directly administered antiretroviral therapy (DAART) versus self-administered therapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 127 evaluable IDUs enrolled in the study, 89 subjects (70%) had complete six-month follow-up data. Of these, 58 (63%) met baseline criteria for severe or major depressive disorder (MDD) using the CES-D. CES-D scores improved significantly from baseline to six months overall for the 89 subjects (p=0.01) and for the 58 who had MDD with six-month data (p=0.001). Using multiple regression, an improvement in CES-D score was independently associated with: (1) increase in CD4 count; (2) increase in adherence; (3) non-Caucasian race; and (4) older age. Worsening in CES-D score was associated with: (1) increase in HIV-1 RNA levels; (2) homelessness; (3) poor self-efficacy; (4) active drug use; and (5) male gender. Factors not correlated with changes in CES-D were receipt of DAART, engagement in drug treatment, use of antidepressant medication, and employment. Using generalized estimating equation modeling, factors that remained positively associated with improvements in CES-D score were absence of drug use at six months, having housing, higher self-efficacy, increase in CD4 count and increases in adherence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Improvements in depressive symptoms could occur with improvement of alterable factors that are associated with strengthening adherence such as linkages to case management, mental health and substance abuse treatment services as well as through enhancement of social stabilization factors through social support and supportive housing.
authors.affiliation: Yale School of Medicine, Yale University AIDS Program, New Haven, CT, USA. Sandra.springer@yale.edu
authors.forename: Sandra A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Springer
authors.forename: Shu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Frederick
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Altice
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000209:etiology*; D023801:Directly Observed Therapy; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology*; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents