title: Single-center phase II trial of transarterial chemoembolization with drug-eluting beads for patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: initial experience in the United States.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This prospective phase II pilot study evaluated safety and efficacy of transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) with drug-eluting beads (DEBs) loaded with doxorubicin in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty patients with unresectable HCC (75% Child's A, 95% Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status 0 to 1, 60% Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer C, tumor size 6.9 cm) underwent 34 DEB-TACE sessions. Primary endpoints were tumor response, assessed by contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging at 1 month after treatment, using size (response evaluation criteria in solid tumors [RECIST]), contrast-enhancement (European Association for the Study of the Liver) and apparent diffusion coefficient values, and safety assessed by National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (NCI CTCAE). Secondary endpoints included feasibility, progression-free survival, and overall survival.
  
  
  RESULTS
  DEB-TACE was successfully performed in 34 sessions and demonstrated a favorable safety profile. On initial (1 month) postprocedural magnetic resonance imaging, treated lesions had a mean decrease in size of 4% (P = 0.1129). Using RECIST, partial response was achieved in 2 patients (10%), and 18 patients (90%) had stable disease. Treated tumors demonstrated a mean decrease in contrast enhancement of 64% (P < 0.0001). By European Association for the Study of the Liver criteria, 12 patients (60%) had objective tumor response, and 8 (40%) had stable disease. No patients had progression of a treated lesion while undergoing treatment. At 6 months, the disease control rate was 95% using RECIST. Overall survival rates at 1 and 2 years were 65% and 55%, respectively; median overall survival was 26 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DEB-TACE is safe and effective in achieving local tumor control in patients with unresectable HCC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Diane K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Reyes
authors.forename: Josephina A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Vossen
authors.forename: Ihab R
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Kamel
authors.forename: Nilofer S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Azad
authors.forename: Tamara A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Wahlin
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Torbenson
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Choti
authors.forename: Jean-Francois H
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Geschwind
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D016461:Chemoembolization, Therapeutic / Q000379:methods; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D016014:Linear Models; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008863:Microspheres; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010865:Pilot Projects; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic; D004317:Doxorubicin