Giant Marseillevirus highlights the role of amoebae as a melting pot in emergence of chimeric microorganisms.
Giant viruses such as Mimivirus isolated from amoeba found in aquatic habitats show biological sophistication comparable to that of simple cellular life forms and seem to evolve by similar mechanisms, including extensive gene duplication and horizontal gene transfer (HGT), possibly in part through a viral parasite, the virophage. We report here the isolation of "Marseille" virus, a previously uncharacterized giant virus of amoeba. The virions of Marseillevirus encompass a 368-kb genome, a minimum of 49 proteins, and some messenger RNAs. Phylogenetic analysis of core genes indicates that Marseillevirus is the prototype of a family of nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses (NCLDV) of eukaryotes. The genome repertoire of the virus is composed of typical NCLDV core genes and genes apparently obtained from eukaryotic hosts and their parasites or symbionts, both bacterial and viral. We propose that amoebae are "melting pots" of microbial evolution where diverse forms emerge, including giant viruses with complex gene repertoires of various origins.
Boyer
Mickaël
M
Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement 6236, Faculté de Médecine, Université de la Méditerranée, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France.
Yutin
Natalya
N
Pagnier
Isabelle
I
Barrassi
Lina
L
Fournous
Ghislain
G
Espinosa
Leon
L
Robert
Catherine
C
Azza
Saïd
S
Sun
Siyang
S
Rossmann
Michael G
MG
Suzan-Monti
Marie
M
La Scola
Bernard
B
Koonin
Eugene V
EV
Raoult
Didier
D
D000656:Amoeba / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D002678:Chimera; D016679:Genome, Viral; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D056686:Mimiviridae / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny