title: Validation of a high fidelity adult ureteroscopy and renoscopy simulator.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Surgical simulation technology may efficiently train and accurately assess the acquisition of many skills. Surgical simulators often lack realism and can be expensive at $3,000 to more than $60,000. We assessed the face, content and construct validity of a newly developed, anatomically accurate, reasonably priced high fidelity ureteroscopy and renoscopy trainer.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 46 participants, including attending urologists, urology residents, medical students and industry representatives, assessed the face and content validity of the simulator using a standard questionnaire. Ten experienced ureteroscopists with greater than 30 procedures per year and 10 novice ureteroscopists with 0 were assessed on the ability to perform flexible ureteroscopy, renoscopy and intrarenal basket extraction of a lower pole calculus using the adult ureteroscopy trainer (Ideal Anatomic Modeling, Holt, Michigan). Subject performance was assessed by an experienced ureteroscopist using a checklist, global rating scale and time to task completion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of participants 100% rated the trainer as realistic and easy to use, and thought it was a good training tool, 98% thought that it would serve as a good training format and 96% would recommend it to urology trainees. All participants recommended it for use in residency programs and 96% would or would have used it during residency. Only 37.5% vs 100% of experienced vs novice ureteroscopists would use it to practice. Of participants 9% foresaw a problem with the trainer. On the trainer experienced ureteroscopists scored significantly higher on the global rating scale (mean +/- SD 33.1 +/- 1.3 vs 15.0 +/- 2.7, p <0.0001) and checklist (4.1 +/- 1.0 vs 2.4 +/- 1.1, p = 0.004), and required less time to complete the task (141.2 +/- 40.1 vs 447.2 +/- 301.7 seconds, p = 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our preliminary study suggests the face, content and construct validity of the adult ureteroscopy trainer as a high fidelity ureteroscopy and renoscopy trainer.
authors.affiliation: Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine Urologic Consortium, Metro Health Hospital, Wyoming, Michigan 49519, USA. mikeawhite@sbcglobal.net
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Alexander P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Dehaan
authors.forename: Doyle D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Stephens
authors.forename: Andrew A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Maes
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Maatman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003194:Computer-Assisted Instruction; D004501:Education, Medical / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney; D018666:Ureteroscopy