title: The effect of perceived racial discrimination on bodily pain among older African American men.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined the extent to which experiences of racial discrimination are associated with bodily pain reported by African American men.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study sample consisted of 393 African American male veterans who responded to a national survey of patients aged 50-75 who received care from the Veterans Health Administration (VHA). Veterans were surveyed by mail, with a telephone follow-up. The response rate for African Americans in the sample was 60.5%. Pain (assessed using the bodily pain subscale of the 36-item short-form health survey), experiences of discrimination, employment, education, and income were obtained through the survey. Age, race, and mental health comorbidities were obtained from VA administrative data. Multiple regression analysis adjusting for item non-response (via imputation) and unit non-response (via propensity scores and weighting) was used to assess the association between racial discrimination and likelihood of experiencing moderate or severe pain over the past 4 weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Experiences of racial discrimination were associated with greater bodily pain (beta = -0.25, P < 0.0001), even after controlling for socioeconomic and health-related characteristics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Perceived racial discrimination was associated with greater pain among a sample of older African American male patients in the VA. Additional research is needed to replicate this finding among other populations of African Americans.
authors.affiliation: Center for Chronic Disease Outcomes Research, Minneapolis VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA. diana.burgess@va.gov
authors.forename: Diana J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Burgess
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Grill
authors.forename: Siamak
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Noorbaloochi
authors.forename: Joan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Griffin
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ricards
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van Ryn
authors.forename: Melissa R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Partin
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D001294:Attitude to Health / Q000208:ethnology; D044383:Black People / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015897:Comorbidity; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004522:Educational Status; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006304:Health Status; D006306:Health Surveys; D006787:Hospitals, Veterans; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008603:Mental Health; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods*; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D011287:Prejudice; D015995:Prevalence; D057216:Propensity Score; D011594:Psychometrics; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012737:Sex Factors; D012938:Social Perception; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology; D014493:United States Department of Veterans Affairs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014728:Veterans / Q000523:psychology