title: Analysis of skeletal muscle metabolome: evaluation of extraction methods for targeted metabolite quantification using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.
abstract: Functional metabolomics of skeletal muscle involves the simultaneous identification and quantification of a large number of metabolites. For this purpose, the extraction of metabolites from animal tissues is a crucial technical step that needs to be optimized. In this work, five extraction methods for skeletal muscle metabolome analysis using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) were tested. Bird skeletal muscles sampled postmortem and quenched in liquid nitrogen were used. Three replicates of the same sample were extracted using the following solvent systems of varying polarity: boiling water (BW, +100 degrees C), cold pure methanol (CPM, -80 degrees C), methanol/chloroform/water (MCW, -20 degrees C), boiling ethanol (BE, +80 degrees C), and perchloric acid (PCA, -20 degrees C). Three injections by extraction were performed. The BW extraction showed the highest recovery of metabolites with the lowest variability (<10%) except for creatine-phosphate (creatine-P). Considering yield (area of the peaks), reproducibility, and ease, the current experiment drew a scale for the muscle metabolome extraction starting from the best to the least convenient: BW>MCW>CPM>PCABE. In addition, the semiquantification of metabolites in two muscles showing different metabolic and contractile properties was carried out after BW extraction and showed expected differences in metabolite contents, thereby validating the technique for biological investigations. In conclusion, the BW extraction is recommended for analysis of skeletal muscle metabolome except for creatine-P, which was poorly recovered with this technique.
authors.affiliation: Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR 1289 Tissus Animaux Nutrition Digestion Ecosystème et Métabolisme, Castanet-Tolosan, France.
authors.forename: Rabih
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: El Rammouz
authors.forename: Fabien
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Létisse
authors.forename: Stéphanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Durand
authors.forename: Jean-Charles
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Portais
authors.forename: Ziad Wadih
authors.initials: ZW
authors.lastname: Moussa
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Fernandez
mesh_terms: D053000:Analytic Sample Preparation Methods / Q000379:methods*; D000818:Animals; D005591:Chemical Fractionation / Q000379:methods*; D002645:Chickens; D002725:Chloroform / Q000737:chemistry; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D000431:Ethanol / Q000737:chemistry; D007267:Injections; D016014:Linear Models; D055442:Metabolome; D000432:Methanol / Q000737:chemistry; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism*; D010472:Perchlorates / Q000737:chemistry; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D010472:Perchlorates; D014867:Water; D000431:Ethanol; D002725:Chloroform; D000432:Methanol