title: Follow-up of neck and shoulder pain among sewing machine operators: The Los Angeles garment study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of the present study is to explore factors affecting or modifying self-reported neck/shoulder pain in sewing machine operators.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated self-report neck/shoulder pain in 247 workers who participated in a 4-month prospective intervention study for musculoskeletal disorders. All participants were immigrants. We examine the influence of individual and work-related factors on changes in neck/shoulder pain during follow-up employing linear mixed models with time-spline functions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed a dramatic decline (72%) in self-reported pain intensity in the first month of follow-up, followed by a small increase from the first to fourth month (4% per month). Workers who perceived and reported their physical workload as high or worked overtime experienced less overall pain reduction. Higher baseline pain intensity, being of Hispanic ethnicity (vs. Asian), and taking cumulative daily rest time during work of 35 min or more allowing for muscles to rest were associated with a larger pain reduction in the first month, but not thereafter.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings indicate that some work-related factors may be of clinical relevance for reducing neck/shoulder pain. Having lower physical workloads and less overtime work should be considered when treating patients or planning workplace interventions for managing work-related musculoskeletal disorders in this underserved immigrant population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1772, USA.
authors.forename: Pin-Chieh
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Harrison
authors.forename: Fei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Rempel
authors.forename: Beate R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Ritz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003020:Clothing; D054242:Emigrants and Immigrants; D006804:Ergonomics; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D015141:Los Angeles; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D019547:Neck Pain / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D020069:Shoulder Pain / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult