title: Magnetic field alignable domains in phospholipid vesicle membranes containing lanthanides.
abstract: Magnetic fields were applied as a structuring force on phospholipid-based vesicular systems, using paramagnetic lanthanide ions as magnetic handles anchored to the vesicle membrane. Different vesicle formulations were investigated using small angle neutron scattering (SANS) in a magnetic field of up to 8 T, cryo-transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM), (31)P NMR spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and permeability measurements with a fluorescent water-soluble marker (calcein). The investigated vesicle formulations consisted usually of 80 mol % of the phospholipid 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) and 20 mol % of a chelator lipid (DMPE-DTPA; 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-diethylenetriaminepentaacetate) with complexed lanthanide ions (Tm(3+), Dy(3+), or La(3+)), and the total lipid concentration was 15 mM. Vesicles containing the paramagnetic lanthanide Tm(3+) or Dy(3+) exhibited a temperature-dependent response to magnetic fields, which can be explained by considering the formation of lipid domains, which upon reaching a critical size become alignable in a magnetic field. The features of this "magnetic field alignable domain model" are as follows: with decreasing temperature (from 30 to 2.5 degrees C) solid domains, consisting mainly of the higher melting phospholipid (DMPE-DTPA.lanthanide), begin to form and grow in size. The domains assemble the large magnetic moments conferred by the lanthanides and orient in magnetic fields. The direction of alignment depends on the type of lanthanide used. The domains orient with their normal parallel to the magnetic field with thulium (Tm(3+)) and perpendicular with dysprosium (Dy(3+)). No magnetic field alignable domains were observed if DMPE-DTPA is replaced either by POPE-DTPA (1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-diethylenetriamine-pentaacetate) or by DMPC (1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine).
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Food Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Beck
authors.forename: Marianne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Liebi
authors.forename: Joachim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kohlbrecher
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ishikawa
authors.forename: Heinz
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rüegger
authors.forename: Helmut
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zepik
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Walde
authors.forename: Erich
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Windhab
mesh_terms: D004134:Dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine / Q000737:chemistry; D028581:Lanthanoid Series Elements / Q000737:chemistry*; D008051:Lipid Bilayers / Q000737:chemistry*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008280:Magnetics; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D004369:Pentetic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D010539:Permeability; D010714:Phosphatidylethanolamines / Q000737:chemistry; D010743:Phospholipids / Q000737:chemistry*; D012542:Scattering, Radiation
chemical_list: D028581:Lanthanoid Series Elements; D008051:Lipid Bilayers; D010714:Phosphatidylethanolamines; D010743:Phospholipids; C057561:1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylethanolamine; D004369:Pentetic Acid; D004134:Dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine; C018525:1,2-dimyristoylphosphatidylethanolamine