title: Direct comparison of sensitivity encoding (SENSE) accelerated and conventional 3D contrast enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (CE-MRA) of renal arteries: effect of increasing spatial resolution.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effect of attaining higher spatial resolution in contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) of renal arteries using parallel imaging, sensitivity encoding (SENSE), by comparing the SENSE contrast-enhanced (CE) MRA against a conventional CE-MRA protocol with identical scan times, injection protocol, and other acquisition parameters.
  
  
  METHODS
  Numerical simulations and a direct comparison of SENSE-accelerated versus conventional acquisitions were performed. A total of 41 patients (18 male) were imaged using both protocols for a direct comparison. Both protocols used fluoroscopic triggering, centric encoding, breath-holding, equivalent injection protocol, and lasted approximately 30 seconds.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Simulated point-spread functions were narrower for the SENSE protocol compared to the conventional protocol. In the patient study, although the SENSE protocol produced images with lower signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), image quality was better for all segments of the renal arteries. In addition, ringing of kidney parenchyma and renal artery blurring were significantly reduced in the SENSE protocol. Finally, reader confidence improved with the SENSE protocol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite a reduction in SNR, the higher-resolution SENSE CE-MRA provided improved image quality, reduced artifacts, and increased reader confidence compared to the conventional protocol.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, St. Luke's Episcopal Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA. rmuthupillai@sleh.com
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Muthupillai
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Douglas
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Huber
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lambert
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pereyra
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Flamm
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D003287:Contrast Media; D005260:Female; D005682:Gadolinium; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D012077:Renal Artery / Q000473:pathology*; D012078:Renal Artery Obstruction / Q000175:diagnosis*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D005682:Gadolinium