title: GBR 12909 administration as a mouse model of bipolar disorder mania: mimicking quantitative assessment of manic behavior.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mania is a core feature of bipolar disorder (BD) that traditionally is assessed using rating scales. Studies using a new human behavioral pattern monitor (BPM) recently demonstrated that manic BD patients exhibit a specific profile of behavior that differs from schizophrenia and is characterized by increased motor activity, increased specific exploration, and perseverative locomotor patterns as assessed by spatial d.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  It was hypothesized that disrupting dopaminergic homeostasis by inhibiting dopamine transporter (DAT) function would produce a BD mania-like phenotype in mice as assessed by the mouse BPM.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared the spontaneous locomotor and exploratory behavior of C57BL/6J mice treated with the catecholamine transporter inhibitor amphetamine or the selective DAT inhibitor GBR 12909 in the mouse BPM. We also assessed the duration of the effect of GBR 12909 by testing mice in the BPM for 3 h and its potential strain dependency by testing 129/SvJ mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Amphetamine produced hyperactivity and increased perseverative patterns of locomotion as reflected in reduced spatial d values but reduced exploratory activity in contrast to the increased exploration observed in BD patients. GBR 12909 increased activity and reduced spatial d in combination with increased exploratory behavior, irrespective of inbred strain. These effects persisted for at least 3 h.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thus, selectively inhibiting the DAT produced a long-lasting cross-strain behavioral profile in mice that was consistent with that observed in manic BD patients. These findings support the use of selective DAT inhibition in animal models of the impaired dopaminergic homeostasis putatively involved in the pathophysiology of BD mania.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804, USA.
authors.forename: Jared W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: Andrew K L
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Goey
authors.forename: Arpi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Minassian
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Perry
authors.forename: Martin P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Paulus
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Geyer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D003913:Dextroamphetamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D050483:Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D018765:Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005106:Exploratory Behavior / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects*; D010879:Piperazines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D050483:Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; D018765:Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors; D010879:Piperazines; C043425:vanoxerine; D003913:Dextroamphetamine