title: Application of Raman microscopy to biodegradable double-walled microspheres.
abstract: Raman mapping measurements were performed on the cross section of the ternary-phase biodegradable double-walled microsphere (DWMS) of poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (50:50) (PLGA), poly(L-lactide) (PLLA), and poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL), which was fabricated by a one-step solvent evaporation method. The collected Raman spectra were subjected to a band-target entropy minimization (BTEM) algorithm in order to reconstruct the pure component spectra of the species observed in this sample. Seven pure component spectral estimates were recovered, and their spatial distributions within DWMS were determined. The first three spectral estimates were identified as PLLA, PLGA 50:50, and PCL, which were the main components in DWMS. The last four spectral estimates were identified as semicrystalline polyglycolic acid (PGA), dichloromethane (DCM), copper-phthalocyanine blue, and calcite, which were the minor components in DWMS. PGA was the decomposition product of PLGA. DCM was the solvent used in DWMS fabrication. Copper-phthalocyanine blue and calcite were the unexpected contaminants. The current result showed that combined Raman microscopy and BTEM analysis can provide a sensitive characterization tool to DWMS, as it can give more specific information on the chemical species present as well as the spatial distributions. This novel analytical method for microsphere characterization can serve as a complementary tool to other more established analytical techniques, such as scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopy.
authors.affiliation: Process Science and Modeling, Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), 1 Pesek Rd, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833. effendi_widjaja@ices.a-star.edu.sg
authors.forename: Effendi
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Widjaja
authors.forename: Wei Li
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Say Chye Joachim
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Loo
mesh_terms: D001704:Biopolymers / Q000737:chemistry; D019277:Entropy; D008853:Microscopy; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008863:Microspheres; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman
chemical_list: D001704:Biopolymers; D012997:Solvents