title: Lymph node mapping in patients with bladder cancer undergoing radical cystectomy and lymph node dissection to the level of the inferior mesenteric artery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate extended lymph node dissection (LND) as a nodal staging tool in the treatment of invasive carcinoma of the urinary bladder and to suggest a reasonable proximal limit of the dissection.
  
  
  METHODS
  In all, 170 patients underwent radical cystectomy with extended LND up to the level of the inferior mesenteric artery. Specimens were evaluated as 13 separate packages from pre-designated anatomical locations. The number of LNs and presence of positive LNs (LN+) at each location was prospectively registered.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median (range) number of LNs removed was 24 (6-62). In all, 25.3% of the patients had LN+. The median (range) number of LN+ was 2 (1-20). Advanced T-stage was correlated with a higher risk of LN+ but not to the specific location of the LN+. Two patients had LN+ above the common iliac bifurcation with no LN+ more distally located within the pelvic region. All other patients with LN+ above the common iliac bifurcation had more distally located LN+. There were no skip lesions to LNs above the aortic bifurcation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Extended LND above the common iliac bifurcation including the presacral area provides a more accurate LN staging compared with a standard pelvic LND. Extending the limits above the aortic bifurcation is not necessary from a staging perspective.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, Aarhus Sygehus NBG, Denmark. jb@skejby.net
authors.forename: Jørgen B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: Benedicte P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Ulhøi
authors.forename: Klaus M-E
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Jensen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015653:Cystectomy / Q000379:methods*; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008197:Lymph Node Excision / Q000379:methods*; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000473:pathology*; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D017537:Mesenteric Artery, Inferior; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery