title: Causal symptom attributions in somatoform disorder and chronic pain.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Somatoform disorders (SFD) are defined by symptoms that lack medical explanation. This study examined the type and pattern of patients' causal attributions using a new semistructured interview technique
  
  
  METHODS
  The Causal Attributions Interview allows to assess and weigh 15 common explanations of physical symptoms. Attributions given by 79 patients with SFD were compared with those obtained from 187 chronic pain patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The test-retest reliabilities of the interview-elicited attributions were satisfactory to good. SFD patients attributed most of their symptoms to mental/emotional problems (46.9%) and somatic disease (41.1%), while the pain sample preferred physical overloading/exhaustion (56.1%), daily hastiness/time pressure (41.7%), somatic disease (39.6%), and weather influence (39.0%). On average, SFD patients chose 2.57 and pain patients 3.86 different attributions for each symptom. These numbers were substantially larger than those of initial spontaneous attributions. Correspondence analysis revealed underlying dimensions with three groups labeled "environmental," somatic," and "psychological/stress." While pure environmental attributions were rare (1.1%), somatic factors were chosen for 28.3% of the symptoms, psychological/stress for 22.1%, and the combination of both for 25.6%. Approximately 10% were attributed in a multicausal sense to all three groups. Depression was found to correlate positively with psychological/stress and negatively with somatic attributions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results do not support the perspective that SFDs generally result from poor acknowledgement of emotional factors. SFD and chronic pain showed distinguishable attributional patterns.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Mainz, Wallstrasse 3, Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hiller
authors.forename: Marian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cebulla
authors.forename: Hans-Jürgen
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Korn
authors.forename: Rolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Leibbrand
authors.forename: Bodo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Röers
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nilges
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000523:psychology; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013001:Somatoform Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires