title: Role of growth factors on human parathyroid adenoma cell proliferation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT) is caused by a single monoclonal adenoma in more than 80% of patients. Biomolecular mechanisms causing pHPT are still not completely known, even if a great amount of studies have been developed recently, mainly regarding angiogenesis and growth factors. Among the latter, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), basic fibroblastic growth factor (bFGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-beta1) and their effects have been extensively evaluated in different kinds of endocrine disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Parathyroid cell cultures were prepared from six human adenomatous parathyroid glands that were surgically removed. After 7 days of culture, the cells were refed with DMEM supplemented with 2% FCS alone (control group), or containing hrTGFbeta1, or hrIGF-I, or hrbFGF, or hrVEGF. Then, after 48-hour incubation, cell count was performed by a particle count and size analyzer, and prevalence of cell cycle was analyzed by using a flow cytometer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cell count (x10000) in the control group was 3.73 +/- 0.32. Low-dose TGF-beta1 stimulation resulted in 5.25 +/- 0.38 cells, and high-dose TGF-beta1 stimulation resulted in 2.35 +/- 0.37 cells. IGF-1 stimulation resulted in 5.4 +/- 0.65 cells, bFGF stimulation in 5.68 +/- 0.86 cells, and VEGF stimulation resulted in 6.03 +/- 1.03 cells. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences in the control group compared with the growth factor-stimulated groups. Cytometry showed different results in the percentage of cells in S-phase, in particular 22.65 +/- 4.98% of IGF-1-stimulated cells were found in S-phase compared with 7.55 +/- 3.2% of control group cells (p < 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Growth factors seem to play an important role in parathyroid adenoma cell proliferation; IGF-1, bFGF, VEGF, and low-dose TGF-beta1 promote cell proliferation, whereas high-dose TGF-beta1 inhibits these phenomena.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery P. Valdoni, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University, Viale del Policlinico, Rome, Italy. giuseppe.cavallaro@uniroma1.it
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cavallaro
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cucina
authors.forename: Pierpaolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Coluccia
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Petramala
authors.forename: Dario
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cotesta
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Polistena
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zinnamosca
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Letizia
authors.forename: Lodovico
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rosato
authors.forename: Antonino
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cavallaro
authors.forename: Giorgio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: De Toma
mesh_terms: D000236:Adenoma / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005260:Female; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010282:Parathyroid Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1 / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I