title: Dexamethasone with bupivacaine increases duration of analgesia in ultrasound-guided interscalene brachial plexus blockade.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Dexamethasone has been shown to prolong the duration of postoperative analgesia when given as an adjunct for peripheral nerve blocks. However, it has not been evaluated when given in conjunction with bupivacaine and clonidine to provide blockade of the brachial plexus at the interscalene level. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether the addition of dexamethasone to interscalene brachial plexus block would prolong the duration of sensory analgesia in a group of patients undergoing outpatient shoulder arthroscopy.
  
  
  METHODS
  This prospective, randomized, double-blind investigation was performed on 88 individuals undergoing shoulder arthroscopy. Patients received interscalene brachial plexus block using 20 ml of bupivacaine 5 mg ml(-1) with 1: 200,000 epinephrine and clonidine 75 microg. Patients were randomly assigned to receive either dexamethasone 8 mg or 0.9% NaCl as an adjuvant to the mixture. After discharge, patients recorded pain scores and analgesic consumption in a diary and estimated the time at which they perceived that the sensory block from the interscalene brachial plexus block resolved. This was based on pain, recovery of sensation and strength in the arm. Variables measured included demographics, timed pain intensity measurements, postoperative analgesic consumption, duration of analgesia and patient satisfaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dexamethasone prolonged median sensory (1457 vs. 833 min, P < 0.0001) and motor (1374 vs. 827 min, P < 0.0001) blockade compared with the control. At 24 h, the dexamethasone group had lower median verbal analogue scale scores compared with control (3.0 vs. 6.0). At 48 h, the two groups had similar median pain scores (4.0 vs. 5.0, dexamethasone vs. control, respectively). The opioid requirement in oxycodone equivalency was lower in the dexamethasone group than in the control group for the first 24 h, and similar thereafter. Median patient satisfaction scores were not significantly different between the two groups at 48 h (9.5 vs. 8.0, dexamethasone vs. control, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The addition of dexamethasone to a bupivacaine-epinephrine-clonidine interscalene block prolongs sensory block and reduces opioid use.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, Massachusetts 01199, USA.
authors.forename: Peter A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Vieira
authors.forename: Istvan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Pulai
authors.forename: George C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Tsao
authors.forename: Poornachandran
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Manikantan
authors.forename: Brunella
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Keller
authors.forename: Neil Roy
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Connelly
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000698:Analgesia / Q000379:methods*; D001917:Brachial Plexus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000601:surgery*; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000379:methods*; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D003907:Dexamethasone; D002045:Bupivacaine