title: Out-of-pocket prices of opioid analgesics in the United States, 1999-2004.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the out-of-pocket prices of common opioid analgesics by medication, drug coverage, region, and year.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective cohort study using 1999-2004 data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey and the Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  U.S. civilian noninstitutionalized population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adults not enrolled in Medicaid who filled prescriptions for opioid analgesics between 1999 and 2004.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prices of prescribed analgesics were collected from receipts, medication containers, patient recall, and administrative records (N = 20,926 and 31,500, respectively).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Average out-of-pocket price of an opioid analgesic prescription was around $10, but the estimate is potentially misleading: A typical adult patient without drug coverage paid $12.86-$61.60 to fill his or her analgesic prescription, depending on medication. The extended-release formulations cost more than double the immediate release prices. For the analgesics studied, drug coverage lowered out-of-pocket prices by 50-85%, while market prices increased at a rate of 5.7-9% per year with little regional variation. Data did not include prices for medications not prescribed or prescribed, but not acquired.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Independent of the diagnosis, patients' out-of-pocket price for prescribed analgesics fluctuated freely in the United States across time, region, and coverage status. These fluctuations potentially distort the delivery of effective pain management and further burden an already afflicted population.
authors.affiliation: Health Outcomes & Behavior Program, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida 33612-9416, USA. benjamin.craig@moffitt.org
authors.forename: Benjamin M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Craig
authors.forename: Scott A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Strassels
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000191:economics*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016527:Drug Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011307:Drug Prescriptions / Q000191:economics; D005260:Female; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007348:Insurance, Health / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008484:Medicaid / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006278:Medicare / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008875:Middle Aged; D018803:Models, Economic; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid