title: Measurement of soluble inflammatory mediators in cerebrospinal fluid of human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients at distinct stages of infection by solid-phase protein array.
abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate immune cytokine expression in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1)-associated dementia (HAD) using a novel cytokine array assay. HIV-1 induces a condition resembling classical subcortical dementia, known as HAD. The immune mechanisms contributing to HAD have not been elucidated. Cytokine expression in CSF was determined by solid-phase protein array in 33 neurologically asymptomatic HIV-positive male patients and were compared to levels in non-HIV controls and patients with HAD. Neurological examinations and lumbar and venous punctures were conducted in all patients and controls. Interleukin (IL)-1, IL-4, and IL-10, were up-regulated in all treated acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients independent of neurological status compared to controls. In contrast, interferon gamma (IFN-gamma), IL-1alpha, IL-15, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) were highly expressed in patients with HAD compared to undemented HIV-positive patients. These results show that solid-phase protein array can detect immunological changes in patients infected with HIV. Cytokine expression levels differ in different disease stages and in patients on different treatment paradigms. Pending further validation on a larger number of patients, this method may be a useful tool in CSF diagnostics and the longitudinal evaluation of patient with HAD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Duesseldorf, Germany. thorsten.nolting@uni-duesseldorf.de
authors.forename: Thorsten
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nolting
authors.forename: Antje
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lindecke
authors.forename: Eleni
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Koutsilieri
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maschke
authors.forename: Ingo-W
authors.initials: IW
authors.lastname: Husstedt
authors.forename: Sieghart
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sopper
authors.forename: Olaf
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Stüve
authors.forename: Hans-Peter
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Hartung
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Arendt
mesh_terms: D015526:AIDS Dementia Complex / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology*; D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D016207:Cytokines / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D019409:Interleukin-15 / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D053582:Interleukin-1alpha / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D040081:Protein Array Analysis / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012307:Risk Factors; D050378:T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines; C508609:IL10 protein, human; C508598:IL4 protein, human; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D019409:Interleukin-15; D053582:Interleukin-1alpha; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10; D015847:Interleukin-4; D007371:Interferon-gamma