title: Prevention of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis infestation in goldfish (Carassius auratus) by potassium ferrate(VI) treatment.
abstract: Ichthyophthirius multifiliis is an important freshwater teleost pathogen that often leads to significant economic losses to the aquaculture industry. The purpose of this study was to assess the acute toxicity of potassium ferrate(VI) to I. multifiliis theront and the concentration needed to prevent I. multifiliis infestation in goldfish, Carassius auratus. Five hundred theronts were exposed to concentrations of potassium ferrate(VI) in each well of a 96-well microtiter plate and observed for 4h to determine the acute toxicity. Results showed that the exposure of I. multifiliis theronts to potassium ferrate(VI) at concentrations of 4.80mg/L or more resulted in 100% mortality by 4h; the LC(50) value was estimated to be 1.71mg/L. Aqueous static renewal 96-h bioassays were carried out to determine the acute toxicity of potassium ferrate(VI) to goldfish. The LC(50) value for potassium ferrate(VI) in goldfish was 42.51mg/L. Goldfish were exposed to 4000 theronts/fish in aerated tap water (a dose previously shown to result in consistent infestation) and treated with a single dose of potassium ferrate(VI) after 30min contact with theronts. Infection level and prevalence were recorded everyday after exposure. The results revealed that potassium ferrate(VI) at the 4.80mg/L or more concentrations can significantly reduce not only the number of trophonts on the fin of goldfish on day 3 (P<0.05), but also the prevalence of ichthyophthiriasis (P<0.05). Potassium ferrate(VI) at a concentration of 4.80mg/L was considered to be the lowest effective dose to prevent infestation of I. multifiliis in goldfish.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Healthy Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, PR China.
authors.forename: Fei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ling
authors.forename: Jian-Guo
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Qian-Fu
authors.initials: QF
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Ling-Tong
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.forename: Xiao-Ning
authors.initials: XN
authors.lastname: Gong
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000977:Antiparasitic Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D016770:Ciliophora Infections / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D005393:Fish Diseases / Q000469:parasitology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006054:Goldfish / Q000469:parasitology / Q000502:physiology*; D016803:Hymenostomatida / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D058085:Iron Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D017680:Potassium Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000977:Antiparasitic Agents; D058085:Iron Compounds; D017680:Potassium Compounds; C044384:potassium ferrate