title: Endoscopic anatomy of the oculomotor nerve: defining the blind spot during endoscopic skull base surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study is to define the endoscopic anatomy of the oculomotor nerve (CN III) and its neurovascular relations in order to facilitate surgical procedures and avoid injury to this nerve during endoscopic endonasal approach to the skull base.
  
  
  METHODS
  Endoscopic anatomy of the cavernous sinus was studied in seven fresh adult cadavers bilaterally and the basal cisterns in five fresh adult cadavers. Extended endoscopic endonasal suprasellar approach was performed to expose the oculomotor nerve in the interpeduncular cistern and the endoscopic endonasal transethmoidopterygoidosphenoidal approach to expose the oculomotor nerve within the cavernous sinus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The extraorbital part of the oculomotor nerve can be divided into three segments in regard to the cisterns and venous spaces that are being transected: the interpeduncular segment, the cisternal segment, and the intercavernous segment. Of these segments, only the cisternal segment could not be exposed since this segment was located at the initial part of the roof of the cavernous sinus, anterolateral to the posterior clinoid, and posteroinferior to the anterior clinoid processes. Thus, cisternal segment of the oculomotor nerve was considered a blind spot during endoscopic approaches to the skull base.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We defined the endoscopic anatomy of the CN III and the related neurovascular structures and proposed a new segmental classification of extraorbital oculomotor nerve. Awareness of the endoscopic anatomy and the new segmental classification of the CN III may prove helpful in avoiding the risk of nerve injury during endoscopic endonasal surgery for skull base pathologies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Eflatun sok Leylak Sitesi No 12, B Blok, Kat 2, Fenerbahce, Istanbul 34728, Turkey.
authors.forename: Bashar
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Abuzayed
authors.forename: Necmettin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tanriover
authors.forename: Nurperi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gazioglu
authors.forename: Ali Metin
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kafadar
authors.forename: Ziya
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Akar
mesh_terms: D002102:Cadaver; D002426:Cavernous Sinus / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D004724:Endoscopy; D006801:Humans; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures; D009802:Oculomotor Nerve / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D019291:Skull Base / Q000033:anatomy & histology*