title: Bioavailability of procyanidin dimers and trimers and matrix food effects in in vitro and in vivo models.
abstract: Among procyanidins (PC), monomers, such as catechin and epicatechin, have been widely studied, whereas dimer and trimer oligomers have received much less attention, despite their abundance in our diet. Recent studies have showed that as dimers and trimers could be important in determining the biological effects of procyanidin-rich food, understanding their bioavailability and metabolism is fundamental. The purpose of the present work is to study the stability of PC under digestion conditions, the metabolism and the bioavailability by using a combination of in vitro and in vivo models. Simultaneously, the matrix effect of a carbohydrate-rich food on the digestibility and bioavailability of PC is investigated. The results show a high level of stability of PC under gastric and duodenal digestion conditions. However, the pharmacokinetic study revealed limited absorption. Free forms of dimers and trimers have been detected in rat plasma, reaching the maximum concentration 1 h after oral intake of a grape seed extract.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Technology, XeRTA-UTPV, Escola Tècnica Superior d'Enginyeria Agrària, Universitat de Lleida, Avda/Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain.
authors.forename: Aida
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Serra
authors.forename: Alba
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Macià
authors.forename: Maria-Paz
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Romero
authors.forename: Josep
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Valls
authors.forename: Cinta
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bladé
authors.forename: Lluís
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Arola
authors.forename: Maria-José
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Motilva
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001682:Biological Availability; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004063:Digestion; D019281:Dimerization; D004386:Duodenum / Q000378:metabolism; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism; D056604:Grape Seed Extract / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D007408:Intestinal Absorption; D008297:Male; D044945:Proanthocyanidins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D056604:Grape Seed Extract; D044945:Proanthocyanidins