title: Melatonin treatment for eastward and westward travel preparation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Melatonin is recommended for hastening adaptation to phase shift, but there is little information on appropriate formulations.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated the efficacy of three melatonin formulations for circadian phase advance and delay: (a) 3 mg regular release (RR), (b) 3 mg sustained release (SR), and (c) 3 mg surge-sustained release (SSR; consisting of 1 mg RR and 2 mg SR). Circadian phase was assessed by salivary melatonin dim light melatonin onset (DLMO) or offset (MelOff) using thresholds of (1) 1.0 pg/ml and (2) mean baseline + 2 standard deviations (BL + 2SD). Subjects spent from Tuesday evenings until Thursday in the laboratory. Melatonin (or placebo) was administered at 1600 hours (phase advance) Wednesday, with DLMO assessment on Tuesday and Thursday and at 0600 hours (phase delay) Wednesday, with DLMO assessment Tuesday, Wednesday, and MelOff Thursday morning. Phase advances using the 1.0 pg/ml DLMO were as follows: placebo, 0.73 h; RR, 1.23 h (p < 0.003); SR, 1.44 h (p < 0.0002); SSR, 1.16 h (p < 0.012), with no difference between formulations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Similar but smaller phase advances were found with BL + 2SD. Using MelOff, posttreatment phase position for the RR formulation was delayed compared to placebo by 1.12 h (p < 0.012), 1.0 pg/ml, and 0.75 h (p < 0.036), BL+2SD. Phase shifts for the SR and SSR conditions could not be determined due to persistent high melatonin levels during sampling times. Similar phase advances were induced by all formulations, and slow clearance of slow release preparations impeded the determination of phase delays.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Appropriately timed 0.5 mg melatonin doses may avoid these problems.
authors.affiliation: Defence Research & Development Canada, 1133 Sheppard Ave. West, P.O. Box 2000, Toronto, ON M3M3B9, Canada. michel.paul@drdc-rddc.gc.ca
authors.forename: Michel A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Paul
authors.forename: James C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Gary W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: Ryan J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Love
authors.forename: Harris R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Lieberman
authors.forename: Josephine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Arendt
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001683:Biological Clocks / Q000187:drug effects*; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D006801:Humans; D020179:Jet Lag Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology; D008027:Light; D008297:Male; D008550:Melatonin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012463:Saliva / Q000187:drug effects; D014195:Travel
chemical_list: D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D008550:Melatonin