title: In vivo imaging of free radicals and oxygen.
abstract: Free radicals are highly reactive compounds that play an essential role in many biological processes, both beneficial and deleterious. Detection and quantification of these species is critical to develop a better understanding of normal and pathophysiological functions at the cellular and tissue levels. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy is the technique most commonly used for this purpose through the detection of exogenous probes or spin traps that interact with the free radical species of interest. Over the past several years, the spatial and temporal distribution of free radicals within cells and tissues has been of particular interest. This chapter briefly explains the principles and challenges in the use of EPR for biological samples and introduces the concept of EPR for free radical imaging purposes. In addition, specific examples are given for the use of EPR imaging in four principal areas: free radical probes, nitric oxide (NO), redox state, and oxygen (O(2)) concentration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Biomedical EPR Spectroscopy and Imaging, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Deepti S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Vikram
authors.forename: Brian K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Rivera
authors.forename: Periannan
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kuppusamy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D019328:Buthionine Sulfoximine / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000378:metabolism; D004578:Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005609:Free Radicals / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000378:metabolism; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D015394:Molecular Structure; D009200:Myocardial Contraction; D015428:Myocardial Reperfusion Injury / Q000378:metabolism; D009206:Myocardium / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000737:chemistry; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010092:Oximetry / Q000379:methods; D010100:Oxygen / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; D005609:Free Radicals; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D019328:Buthionine Sulfoximine; C011700:carbogen; D010100:Oxygen