title: Transesophageal endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration for the mediastinal staging of extrathoracic tumors: a new perspective.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several extrathoracic tumors metastasize to the mediastinum. Mediastinoscopy is the standard method to obtain tissue proof of mediastinal spread, but drawbacks are its invasiveness, requirement for general anesthesia and costs. Transesophageal endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) is indicated in lung cancer staging guidelines as a minimally invasive alternative for surgical staging. The diagnostic values in patients with suspected mediastinal metastases and various (previous) extrathoracic malignancies were assessed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutive patients with suspected mediastinal metastases (on computed tomography or positron emission tomography) and an (previous) extrathoracic malignancy underwent EUS-FNA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy-five patients with current (n = 14) or previously diagnosed (n = 61) extrathoracic malignancies were evaluated. EUS-FNA detected mediastinal malignancies in 43 patients (57%) [metastases of extrathoracic tumors, n = 36 (48%); second malignancy (lung cancer), n = 7 (9%)]. Mediastinal metastases were found at subsequent surgical staging in seven patients or during follow-up (one patient). In seven patients, an alternative diagnosis was established. Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy and negative predictive value of EUS-FNA for mediastinal staging were 86%, 100%, 91% and 72%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EUS-FNA is a minimally invasive mediastinal staging method for patients with extrathoracic malignancies to confirm nodal metastatic spread and therefore may qualify as an alternative for surgical staging.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Peric
authors.affiliation: Department of Pulmonology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center.
authors.forename: O C J
authors.initials: OCJ
authors.lastname: Schuurbiers
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Veseliç
authors.affiliation: Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center.
authors.forename: K F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Rabe
authors.affiliation: Department of Pulmonology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center.
authors.forename: H F M
authors.initials: HFM
authors.lastname: van der Heijden
authors.affiliation: Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center. Electronic address: j.t.annema@lumc.nl.
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Annema
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D044963:Biopsy, Fine-Needle; D019160:Endosonography; D004947:Esophagus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008479:Mediastinal Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000556:secondary*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology*; D011379:Prognosis; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional; D055815:Young Adult