title: CO(2), Er: YAG and Nd:YAG lasers in endodontic surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  CO(2), Er:YAG and Nd:YAG lasers have been used in endodontic surgery. This in vitro study evaluated 1% Rhodamine B dye penetration using computer-assisted morphometry (ImageTool Software) of 108 endodontically treated human permanent canines.
  
  
  METHODS
  Teeth were divided into 9 groups according to the technique used: A: 90-degree apicoectomy with bur, root-end cavity preparation with ultrasound and filled with MTA; B: 90-degree apicoectomy with bur, root-end cavity prepared with ultrasound and filled with MTA, and treatment of apical surface with CO(2) laser (1 W, CW/CW); C: 90-degree apicoectomy with bur, and treatment of apical surface with Nd:YAG laser (150 mJ, 10 Hz); D: 90-degree apicoectomy with bur, and treatment of apical surface with CO(2) laser,(1 W, CW/CW); E: apicoectomy with Er:YAG laser (400 mJ, 10 Hz), root-end cavity prepared with ultrasound and filled with MTA; F: apicoectomy with Er:YAG laser (400 mJ, 10 Hz) and treatment of apical surface with Nd:YAG laser (150 mJ, 10Hz); G: apicoectomy with CO(2) laser (5W, CW/SP), root-end cavity prepared with ultrasound and filled with MTA; H: irradiation of apical end with CO(2) laser (1 W, CW/CW); I: irradiation of apical end with Nd:YAG laser (150 mJ, 10 Hz).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dye penetration was found in all specimens at different rates, the lowest penetration occurring in groups C (16.20%), B (17.24%) and F (17.84%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Groups B, C and F represent the best technical sequences to perform endodontic surgery.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Histology and Embryology, University of Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Daniel Humberto
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Pozza
authors.forename: Patrícia Wehmeyer
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Fregapani
authors.forename: Cristina Braga
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Xavier
authors.forename: João Batista Blessmann
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.forename: Marília Gerhardt de
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Oliveira
mesh_terms: D017607:Aluminum Compounds / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001047:Apicoectomy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D017610:Calcium Compounds / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003481:Cuspid / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D003763:Dental Leakage / Q000145:classification; D003804:Dentin / Q000473:pathology; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D053685:Laser Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D054020:Lasers, Gas / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D053844:Lasers, Solid-State / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010087:Oxides / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012184:Retrograde Obturation / Q000379:methods; D012235:Rhodamines; D012387:Root Canal Filling Materials / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018915:Root Canal Preparation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D017640:Silicates / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019227:Tooth Apex / Q000473:pathology*; D014464:Ultrasonic Therapy / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D017607:Aluminum Compounds; D017610:Calcium Compounds; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D010087:Oxides; D012235:Rhodamines; D012387:Root Canal Filling Materials; D017640:Silicates; C086631:mineral trioxide aggregate; C029773:rhodamine B