title: A survey of elephant husbandry and foot health in North American zoos.
abstract: The foot health of elephants in human care is a longstanding concern. In 2001, the AZA Standards for Elephant Management and Care were published recommending husbandry to improve foot health. This article reports the results of a 2006 survey: basic statistics describing facility, husbandry, and foot health attributes are reported and relationships among variables are investigated. Median area available to elephants exceeded Standard recommendations (755 ft(2) per elephant indoor and 10,000 ft(2) outdoor). Concrete makes up 69% of indoor area and natural substrates account for 85% of outdzoor area. Elephants in AZA facilities received an average of 45.5 min/day of exercise, and facilities with a structured exercise plan provided significantly more exercise than did facilities without a structured exercise plan (z=-2.522, P=0.012). Enrichment is important to psychological health and may also stimulate activity beneficial to foot health; 95% of institutions had a structured enrichment program. Preventative foot care was nearly universal, and 100% of facilities performed routine nail and pad trimming. However, foot pathology has not been eradicated; 33% of institutions reported at least one pathology in the previous year. This study found a strong inverse relationship between foot pathology and exercise (chi(2)(3)=24.34, P<0.001). Younger herds were less likely to have a member diagnosed with arthritis (chi(2)(1)=8.90, P=0.003). Lameness was unrelated to age or pathology, and only the presence of arthritis explained lameness (z=-7.81, P<0.001). African elephants seemed to experience lower rates of foot pathology and arthritis than Asian elephants; however, this was explained by differences in age.
authors.affiliation: Oregon Zoo, Portland, Oregon 97221-2799, USA. karen.lewis@oregonzoo.org
authors.forename: Karen D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Shepherdson
authors.forename: Terrah M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Owens
authors.forename: Mike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Keele
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000592:standards*; D000818:Animals; D000836:Animals, Zoo; D001168:Arthritis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000662:veterinary; D004606:Elephants; D005260:Female; D005534:Foot Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D006799:Housing, Animal; D007794:Lameness, Animal; D008297:Male; D009656:North America / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies