title: Percentages of gutta-percha-filled canal area observed after increased apical enlargement.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Increased apical enlargement might be achieved with S-ApeX files. However, S-ApeX preparations exhibit a small taper, which might hinder the performance of the root filling. The aim of this study was to compare the percentage of gutta-percha-filled canal areas (PGCA) in root canals after preparation with GT and S-ApeX instruments.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four groups of maxillary lateral incisors (n = 20) were root canal treated. Canals were prepared with S-ApeX files to size 60 in 2 groups or with a GT system to size 30 taper 0.06 in other groups. Canals were filled with gutta-percha and AH26 by using a lateral compaction (LC) technique or a combined lateral and vertical compaction (LCVC) technique. Roots were then sectioned 2, 4, 6, and 8 mm from the apex. The area of the canal and gutta-percha was measured in each section, and the PGCA was calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall PGCA in the S-ApeX/LC group was significantly lower than that in other groups (analysis of variance, P = .001). The average PGCA values were 97.6%, 99.3%, and 98.5% for the GT/LC, S-ApeX/LCVC, and GT/LCVC groups, respectively. The differences between these groups were not statistically significant (analysis of variance, P = .21).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A combined lateral and vertical compaction technique achieved comparable PGCA in canals prepared in maxillary lateral incisors by using S-ApeX or GT instruments.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontology, Academic Centre of Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. w.vd.borden@acta.nl
authors.forename: Wim Gerard
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: van der Borden
authors.forename: Min-Kai
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Paul Rudolf
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Wesselink
mesh_terms: D003762:Dental Instruments; D004867:Equipment Design; D006171:Gutta-Percha; D006801:Humans; D007180:Incisor; D012389:Root Canal Obturation / Q000379:methods*; D018915:Root Canal Preparation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D019227:Tooth Apex
chemical_list: D006171:Gutta-Percha