title: The metabolic fate of red wine and grape juice polyphenols in humans assessed by metabolomics.
abstract: The metabolic impact of polyphenol-rich red wine and grape juice consumption in humans was studied using a metabolomics approach. Fifty-eight men and women participated in a placebo-controlled, double-crossover study in which they consumed during a period of 4 wk, either a polyphenol-rich 2:1 dry mix of red wine and red grape juice extracts (MIX) or only a grape juice extract (GJX). Twenty-four-hour urine samples were collected after each intervention. (1)H NMR spectroscopy was applied for global metabolite profiling, while GC-MS was used for focused profiling of urinary phenolic acids. Urine metabolic profiles after intake of both polyphenol-rich extracts were significantly differentiated from placebo using multilevel partial least squares discriminant analysis. A significant 35% increase in hippuric acid excretion (p<0.001) in urine was measured after the MIX consumption as) or only a red grape juice dry extract (GJX). 24-h urine samples were collected after each intervention. 1H-NMR spectroscopy was applied for global metabolite profiling, while gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used for focused profiling of urinary phenolic acids. Urine metabolic profiles after intake of both polyphenol-rich extracts were significantly differentiated from placebo using multilevel partial least squares discriminant analysis (ML-PLS-DA). A significant 35% increase in hippuric acid excretion (p<0.001) in urine was measured after the MIX consumption compared with placebo, whereas no change was found after GJX consumption. GC-MS-based metabolomics of urine allowed identification of 18 different phenolic acids, which were significantly elevated following intake of either extract. Syringic acid, 3- and 4-hydroxyhippuric acid and 4-hydroxymandelic acid were the strongest urinary markers for both extracts. MIX and GJX consumption had a slightly different effect on the excreted phenolic acid profile and on endogenous metabolite excretion, possibly reflecting their different polyphenol composition.
authors.affiliation: Unilever R&D Vlaardingen, NL-3130 AC Vlaardingen, The Netherlands. ferdi-van.dorsten@unilever.com
authors.forename: Ferdinand A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: van Dorsten
authors.forename: Christian H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Grün
authors.forename: Ewoud J J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: van Velzen
authors.forename: Doris M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Draijer
authors.forename: John P M
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: van Duynhoven
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001565:Benzoates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000652:urine; D001628:Beverages / Q000032:analysis*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000737:chemistry / Q000652:urine; D001711:Biotransformation; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000652:urine; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000652:urine; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D008333:Mandelic Acids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000652:urine; D055432:Metabolomics / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010636:Phenols / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000652:urine; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D059808:Polyphenols; D027843:Vitis / Q000737:chemistry*; D014920:Wine / Q000032:analysis*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001565:Benzoates; D015415:Biomarkers; D005419:Flavonoids; D008333:Mandelic Acids; D010636:Phenols; D010936:Plant Extracts; D059808:Polyphenols