title: Transcriptional profiling reveals divergent roles of PPARalpha and PPARbeta/delta in regulation of gene expression in mouse liver.
abstract: Little is known about the role of the transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) beta/delta in liver. Here we set out to better elucidate the function of PPARbeta/delta in liver by comparing the effect of PPARalpha and PPARbeta/delta deletion using whole genome transcriptional profiling and analysis of plasma and liver metabolites. In fed state, the number of genes altered by PPARalpha and PPARbeta/delta deletion was similar, whereas in fasted state the effect of PPARalpha deletion was much more pronounced, consistent with the pattern of gene expression of PPARalpha and PPARbeta/delta. Minor overlap was found between PPARalpha- and PPARbeta/delta-dependent gene regulation in liver. Pathways upregulated by PPARbeta/delta deletion were connected to innate immunity and inflammation. Pathways downregulated by PPARbeta/delta deletion included lipoprotein metabolism and various pathways related to glucose utilization, which correlated with elevated plasma glucose and triglycerides and reduced plasma cholesterol in PPARbeta/delta-/- mice. Downregulated genes that may underlie these metabolic alterations included Pklr, Fbp1, Apoa4, Vldlr, Lipg, and Pcsk9, which may represent novel PPARbeta/delta target genes. In contrast to PPARalpha-/- mice, no changes in plasma free fatty acid, plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate, liver triglycerides, and liver glycogen were observed in PPARbeta/delta-/- mice. Our data indicate that PPARbeta/delta governs glucose utilization and lipoprotein metabolism and has an important anti-inflammatory role in liver. Overall, our analysis reveals divergent roles of PPARalpha and PPARbeta/delta in regulation of gene expression in mouse liver.
authors.affiliation: Nutrigenomics Consortium, TI Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Linda M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Sanderson
authors.forename: Mark V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Boekschoten
authors.forename: Beatrice
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Desvergne
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: Sander
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kersten
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017353:Gene Deletion; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D007109:Immunity / Q000235:genetics; D007249:Inflammation / Q000235:genetics; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D055442:Metabolome / Q000235:genetics; D051379:Mice; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D047493:PPAR alpha / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D047494:PPAR delta / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D048068:PPAR-beta / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D047493:PPAR alpha; D047494:PPAR delta; D048068:PPAR-beta