title: Effectiveness of an aspiration risk-reduction protocol.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Aspiration of gastric contents is a serious problem in critically ill, mechanically ventilated patients receiving tube feedings.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a three-pronged intervention to reduce aspiration risk in a group of critically ill, mechanically ventilated patients receiving tube feedings.
  
  
  METHODS
  A two-group quasi-experimental design was used to compare outcomes of a usual care group (December 2002-September 2004) with those of an Aspiration Risk-Reduction Protocol (ARRP) group (January 2007-April 2008). The incidence of aspiration and pneumonia was compared between the usual care group (n = 329) and the ARRP group (n = 145). The ARRP had three components: maintaining head-of-bed elevation at 30 degrees or higher, unless contraindicated; inserting feeding tubes into distal small bowel, when indicated; and using an algorithmic approach for high gastric residual volumes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two of the three ARRP components were implemented successfully. Almost 90% of the ARRP group had mean head-of-bed elevations of 30 degrees or higher as compared to 38% in the usual care group. Almost three fourths of the ARRP group had feeding tubes placed in the small bowel as compared with less than 50% in the usual care group. Only three patients met the criteria for the high gastric residual volume algorithm. Aspiration was much lower in the ARRP group than that in the usual care group (39% vs. 88%, respectively). Similarly, pneumonia was much lower in the ARRP group than that in the usual care group (19% vs. 48%, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings from this study suggest that a combination of a head-of-bed position elevated to at least 30 degrees and use of a small-bowel feeding site can reduce the incidence of aspiration and aspiration-related pneumonia dramatically in critically ill, tube-fed patients.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA. methenna@slu.edu
authors.forename: Norma A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Metheny
authors.forename: Jami
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Davis-Jackson
authors.forename: Barbara J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Stewart
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015400:Clinical Nursing Research; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D003422:Critical Care / Q000379:methods; D016638:Critical Illness; D004750:Enteral Nutrition / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000451:nursing*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007441:Intubation, Gastrointestinal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000451:nursing*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011015:Pneumonia, Aspiration / Q000209:etiology; D053120:Respiratory Aspiration / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior