title: Circulating mononuclear cells nuclear factor-kappa B activity, plasma xanthine oxidase, and low grade inflammatory markers in adult patients with familial hypercholesterolaemia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Few data are available on circulating mononuclear cells nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB) activity and plasma xanthine oxidase (XO) activity in heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH). The goal of the study was to analyse circulating mononuclear cells NF-kB and plasma XO activities in FH patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty FH index patients and 30 normoglycaemic normocholesterolaemic controls matched by age, gender, body mass index, abdominal circumference and homeostasis model assessment index were studied. Plasma XO and inflammatory markers were measured by standard methods. NF-kB was assayed in circulating mononuclear cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Familial hypercholesterolaemia patients showed a significantly higher NF-kB (75.0 +/- 20.7 vs. 42.7 +/- 16.8 relative luminiscence units) and XO (0.44 +/- 0.13 vs. 0.32 +/- 0.09 mU mL(-1)) activities than controls. In addition, interleukin-1, interleukin-6, high sensitivity C reactive protein (hsCRP) and oxidized LDL (LDL-ox) were also significantly higher in FH patients. In the total group (FH and controls), XO was significantly associated with LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C), apolipoprotein B (apoB), NF-kB and hsCPR, and NF-kB activity was significantly associated with XO, hsCPR, LDL-ox, LDL-C and apoB plasma values. Using multiple regression analysis, XO was independently associated with hsCPR and NF-kB, and NF-kB activity in circulating mononuclear cells was independently associated with apoB and LDL-ox plasma values.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Familial hypercholesterolaemia patients show increased activities of NF-kB and XO, and higher values of low grade inflammatory markers related to atherosclerosis. NF-kB activity was independently associated with apoB plasma values. These data could explain in part the high cardiovascular disease risk present in these patients.
authors.affiliation: University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain. jtreal@uv.es
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Real
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Martínez-Hervás
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: García-García
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Civera
authors.forename: F V
authors.initials: FV
authors.lastname: Pallardó
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Ascaso
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Viña
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Chaves
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Carmena
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006938:Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008074:Lipoproteins / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009000:Monocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012306:Risk; D014969:Xanthine Oxidase / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D007375:Interleukin-1; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008074:Lipoproteins; D016328:NF-kappa B; D014969:Xanthine Oxidase