title: Up-regulation of Wnt5a gene expression in the nitrofen-induced hypoplastic lung.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The pathogenesis of pulmonary hypoplasia in nitrofen-induced congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) still remains unclear. Wnt signaling pathways play a critical role in lung development. Whereas canonical Wnt signaling regulates branching morphogenesis during early lung development, the noncanonical Wnt5a controls late lung morphogenesis, including patterning of distal airway and vascular tubulogenesis (alveolarization). Overexpression of Wnt5a in transgenic mice and in the chick has been reported to result in severe pulmonary hypoplasia. We designed this study to test the hypothesis that the pulmonary Wnt5a gene expression is up-regulated in late stages of lung morphogenesis in CDH.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pregnant rats were exposed to either olive oil or nitrofen on day 9 of gestation (D9). Fetal lungs were harvested on D15, D18, and D21 and divided into 3 groups: control; nitrofen without CDH, CDH(-); and nitrofen with CDH, CDH(+) (n = 8 at each time-point, respectively). Wnt5a pulmonary gene expression was analyzed by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Immunohistochemistry was performed to evaluate Wnt5a protein expression at each time-point.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pulmonary relative mRNA expression levels of Wnt5a were significantly increased in CDH(-) and CDH(+) at D18 (1.61 +/- 0.92 and 1.81 +/- 1.20, respectively) and D21 (2.40 +/- 0.74* and 2.65 +/- 0.35*, respectively) compared to controls at D18 and D21 (0.90 +/- 0.17* and 1.69 +/- 0.53**, respectively) (*P < .05, **P < .001 vs control ). Strong Wnt5a immunoreactivity was seen in the distal epithelium at D18 and D21 in nitrofen-induced hypoplastic lung compared to controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Up-regulation of pulmonary Wnt5a gene expression in the late lung morphogenesis may interfere with patterning of alveolarization, causing pulmonary hypoplasia in the nitrofen-induced CDH.
authors.affiliation: The Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Dublin 12, Ireland.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Doi
authors.forename: Prem
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Puri
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D006548:Hernia, Diaphragmatic / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008168:Lung / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D010647:Phenyl Ethers; D011247:Pregnancy; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D051153:Wnt Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D000071818:Wnt-5a Protein
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D010647:Phenyl Ethers; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D051153:Wnt Proteins; D000071818:Wnt-5a Protein; C491837:Wnt5a protein, rat; C007350:nitrofen