title: Social cost of heavy drinking and alcohol dependence in high-income countries.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A comprehensive review of cost drivers associated with alcohol abuse, heavy drinking, and alcohol dependence for high-income countries was conducted.
  
  
  METHODS
  The data from 14 identified cost studies were tabulated according to the potential direct and indirect cost drivers. The costs associated with alcohol abuse, alcohol dependence, and heavy drinking were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The weighted average of the total societal cost due to alcohol abuse as percent gross domestic product (GDP)--purchasing power parity (PPP)--was 1.58%. The cost due to heavy drinking and/or alcohol dependence as percent GDP (PPP) was estimated to be 0.96%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  On average, the alcohol-attributable indirect cost due to loss of productivity is more than the alcohol-attributable direct cost. Most of the countries seem to incur 1% or more of their GDP (PPP) as alcohol-attributable costs, which is a high toll for a single factor and an enormous burden on public health. The majority of alcohol-attributable costs incurred as a consequence of heavy drinking and/or alcohol dependence. Effective prevention and treatment measures should be implemented to reduce these costs.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada. satyacamh@gmail.com
authors.forename: Satya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mohapatra
authors.forename: Jayadeep
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Patra
authors.forename: Svetlana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Popova
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Duhig
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rehm
mesh_terms: D000437:Alcoholism / Q000191:economics*; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D019049:Developed Countries / Q000191:economics*; D006801:Humans; D012923:Social Class