title: Occupation and the risk of hearing impairment--results from the Nord-Trøndelag study on hearing loss.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We studied the effect of occupation on hearing and if it remained after adjustment for noise exposure, education, income, and other risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Audiometry and a questionnaire concerning exposure was administered to a general adult population sample in Norway (N=49,948). Information on occupation, education, and income was obtained from population census registers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Occupation had marked effects on hearing loss. Occupation explained 2-3% of the variance in hearing loss among men > or =45 years in addition to the hearing loss due to age (10-19%). Occupation explained < or =1% of hearing loss among women of all ages and young men. Controlling for self-reported occupational noise exposure reduced the occupational effect by 20-40% in men > or =45 years. Controlling for leisure-time noise, ear infections, and head injuries did not change the effect of occupation, which was slightly reduced after controlling for education and income. The most elevated hearing thresholds in men were observed among: wood workers; miners; linemen and cable jointers; construction carpenters and workers; seamen; and workshop mechanics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was a moderate association between occupation and hearing loss. Unbiased estimates of occupational hearing loss may help identify high-risk occupations, for which interventions are needed, and identify individuals with hearing loss.
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Mental Health, N-0403 Oslo, Norway. bo.engdahl@fhi.no
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Engdahl
authors.forename: Kristian
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tambs
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001301:Audiometry, Pure-Tone; D005260:Female; D034381:Hearing Loss / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D006317:Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009623:Noise, Occupational / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D009790:Occupations / Q000145:classification / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult