title: Extracorporeal cardiac mechanical stimulation: precordial thump and precordial percussion.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  External cardiac mechanical stimulation is one of the fastest resuscitative manoeuvres possible in the emergency setting. Precordial thump (PT), initially reported for treatment of atrio-ventricular block, has been subsequently described to cardiovert also ventricular tachycardia (VT) and fibrillation (VF). PT efficacy, mechanics and mechanisms remain poorly characterized.
  
  
  METHODS
  Appropriate MESH and free terms were searched on PubMed, Embase and the Cochrane Library. Cross-referencing from articles and reviews, and forward search using SCOPUS and Google scholar have also been performed. Pre-set inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied to retrieved references on PT, which were then reviewed, summarized and interpreted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PT is not effective in treating VF, and of limited use for VT, although it has a very good safety profile (97% no changed/improved rhythm). If delivered, PT should be applied as early as possible after cardiac arrest, and cardio-pulmonary resuscitation (CPR) should begin with no delay if not effective.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A relatively large fraction of reported positive outcomes (both for PT and the less forceful but serially applied precordial percussion) in witnessed asystole should be considered when critically reviewing present CPR recommendations. In addition, mechanisms, energy requirements and timing are analysed and discussed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The 2005 ALS guidelines recommend PT delivery only by healthcare professionals trained in the technique. The use of training aids should therefore be explored, regardless of whether they are based on stand-alone devices or integrated within resuscitation mannequins.
authors.affiliation: Emergency Medical Service, Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Santa Maria degli Angeli Hospital, Via Monterale 24, Pordenone, Italy. thomas.pellis@gmail.com
authors.forename: Tommaso
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pellis
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kohl
mesh_terms: D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D022062:Electrophysiologic Techniques, Cardiac; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000628:therapy*; D006336:Heart Massage / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D010812:Physical Stimulation / Q000379:methods