Predictors of female urinary incontinence at midlife and beyond.
Urinary incontinence (UI) is an important middle age health issue and approximately 20% of women over 40 years of age have problems with continence. Urinary incontinence poses a significant negative impact on social functioning and quality of life to many individuals. It is estimated that around three million people are regularly incontinent in the UK with a prevalence of about 40 per 1000 adults. There are various factors which can cause incontinence such as pregnancy, childbirth, obesity, menopause, or just inherent connective-tissue weakness. All of these factors can cause pathophysiology changes in the muscular and fascial structures of the pelvic floor and lead to pelvic support defects and possibly pelvic floor dysfunction. We aim with this review article to highlight predictors or predisposing factors of incontinence; in order to help clinicians during their decisions and put in place a policy of a preventive strategy to decrease the incontinence rate in the general population.
Menezes
M
M
Department of Urogynaecology, St Albans City Hospital, Waverley Road, St Albans, Hertfordshire AL3 5PN, United Kingdom. mmenezes@doctors.org.uk
Pereira
M
M
Hextall
A
A
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003238:Connective Tissue / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008593:Menopause; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications; D036801:Parturition; D011247:Pregnancy; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology