title: Symptoms, personality traits, and stress in people with mobile phone-related symptoms and electromagnetic hypersensitivity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Some people report symptoms that they associate with electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure. These symptoms may be related to specific EMF sources or to electrical equipment in general (perceived electromagnetic hypersensitivity, EHS). Research and clinical observations suggest a difference between mobile phone (MP)-related symptoms and EHS with respect to symptom prevalence, psychological factors, and health prognosis. This study assessed prevalence of EMF-related and EMF-nonrelated symptoms, anxiety, depression, somatization, exhaustion, and stress in people with MP-related symptoms or EHS versus a population-based sample and a control sample without EMF-related symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-five participants with MP-related symptoms and 71 with EHS were compared with a population-based sample (n=106) and a control group (n=63) using self-report questionnaires.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The EHS group reported more symptoms than the MP group, both EMF-related and EMF-nonrelated. The MP group reported a high prevalence of somatosensory symptoms, whereas the EHS group reported more neurasthenic symptoms. As to self-reported personality traits and stress, the case groups differed only on somatization and listlessness in a direct comparison. In comparison with the reference groups, the MP group showed increased levels of exhaustion and depression but not of anxiety, somatization, and stress; the EHS group showed increased levels for all of the conditions except for stress.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings support the idea of a difference between people with symptoms related to specific EMF sources and people with general EHS with respect to symptoms and anxiety, depression, somatization, exhaustion, and stress. The differences are likely to be important in the management of patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden. amanda.johansson@envmed.umu.se
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Johansson
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nordin
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heiden
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sandström
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology; D040421:Cell Phone; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005221:Fatigue / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D010551:Personality / Q000502:physiology*; D010555:Personality Inventory; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013001:Somatoform Disorders / Q000523:psychology; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires