title: Thyroid hormone responsive Spot 14 increases during differentiation of human adipocytes and its expression is down-regulated in obese subjects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Very limited information is available regarding the function of human thyroid hormone responsive Spot 14 (human S14, hS14) in adipogenesis and human adiposity.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate hS14 levels during differentiation of human pre-adipocytes, in human fat depots and isolated fat cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 161 omental (OM) and 87 subcutaneous (SC) adipose tissue samples obtained during elective surgical procedures from a population who varied widely in terms of obesity.
  
  
  METHODS
  hS14 gene expression and protein levels during adipogenesis were assessed by RT-PCR, western blot, and using an automated confocal imaging approach.
  
  
  RESULTS
  hS14 gene expression levels were decreased in OM adipose tissue from overweight (-42.0%) and obese subjects (-56.5%) compared with lean subjects (P<0.05 and P<0.0001, respectively). hS14 mRNA (but not hS14-related) was inversely associated with obesity measures such as body mass index (P=0.001), percent fat mass (P=0.001), waist-to-hip ratio (P=0.020), and systolic blood pressure (P=0.031). hS14 gene expression and protein levels were up-regulated at the early stages of differentiation of human pre-adipocytes as well as for 3T3-L1 cells. That observation was most prominent in those individual cells exhibiting the more marked differentiation features. hS14 gene expression levels increased by approximately 45 000-fold in mature adipocytes. Increased hS14 levels were also found in stromal-vascular cells/pre-adipocytes (3.8-fold, P<0.05) and in adipose tissue samples (1.9-fold, P<0.0001) from SC compared with OM fat depots.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that hS14 is involved in human adipogenesis, but inversely related to obesity and OM fat accumulation.
authors.affiliation: Service of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona, CIBEROBN (CB06/03/0010) and Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Girona, Spain.
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Ortega
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vazquez-Martin
authors.forename: J-M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Moreno-Navarrete
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bassols
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rodriguez-Hermosa
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gironés
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ricart
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Peral
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Tinahones
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fruhbeck
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Menendez
authors.forename: J-M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Fernández-Real
mesh_terms: D041721:3T3-L1 Cells; D017667:Adipocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D050156:Adipogenesis / Q000235:genetics; D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000235:genetics; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D015536:Down-Regulation; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D009765:Obesity / Q000378:metabolism*; D009852:Omentum / Q000378:metabolism; D050177:Overweight / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D050151:Subcutaneous Fat / Q000378:metabolism; D037021:Thyroid Hormone Receptors alpha / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D009687:Nuclear Proteins; C051065:THRSP protein, human; D037021:Thyroid Hormone Receptors alpha; D014157:Transcription Factors