Menopause management: a cardiovascular risk-based approach.
Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) remains the gold standard for the management of menopausal symptoms; however, HRT use has declined due to concerns over possible adverse side-effects. Approaches to menopause management are continually being revised and these extend beyond the control of recognized menopausal symptoms to encompass wider aspects of menopausal women's health. Hypertension and associated cardiovascular risk are particularly important unmet needs in postmenopausal women, especially in the Asia-Pacific region which has a rapidly aging population and bears around half of the global burden of cardiovascular disease, two-thirds of which has been attributed to elevated blood pressure. As first point of contact for women with menopausal symptoms, gynecologists play a gatekeeper role in assessing women's health, providing appropriate lifestyle counseling, and, where appropriate, implementing treatment or referral to relevant specialists. This paper, with contributions by gynecologists and cardiologists from Asia Pacific and beyond, summarizes available evidence and provides a treatment algorithm that employs a flexible blood pressure classification strategy to assist physicians in their decision-making for the individualized management of menopausal symptoms in women with low, moderate and high cardiovascular risk, and also for women with diabetes. Individualized HRT according to cardiovascular risk may yield improvements in cardiovascular health, as well as managing menopausal symptoms.
Haines
C J
CJ
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong.
Farrell
E
E
D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D001208:Asia / Q000453:epidemiology; D002309:Cardiology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D032921:Consensus; D003245:Consensus Statements as Topic; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006176:Gynecology; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D008593:Menopause / Q000502:physiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D010139:Pacific Islands / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D016387:Women's Health