title: Histamine H3-receptor inverse agonists as novel antipsychotics.
abstract: Schizophrenia (SZ) that is resistant to treatment with dopamine (DA) D2 antagonists may involve changes other than those in the dopaminergic system. Recently, histamine (HA), which regulates arousal and cognitive functions, has been suggested to act as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. Four HA receptors-H1, H2, H3, and H4-have been identified. Our recent basic and clinical studies revealed that brain HA improved the symptoms of SZ. The H3 receptor is primarily localized in the central nervous system, and it acts not only as a presynaptic autoreceptor that modulates the HA release but also as a presynaptic heteroreceptor that regulates the release of other neurotransmitters such as monoamines and amino acids. H3-receptor inverse agonists have been considered to improve cognitive functions. Many atypical antipsychotics are H3-receptor antagonists. Imidazole-containing H3-receptor inverse agonists inhibit not only cytochrome P450 but also hERG potassium channels (encoded by the human ether-a-go-go-related gene). Several imidazole H3-receptor inverse agonists also have high affinity for H4 receptors, which are expressed at high levels in mast cells and leukocytes. Clozapine is an H4-receptor agonist; this agonist activity may be related to the serious side effect of agranulocytosis caused by clozapine. Therefore, selective non-imidazole H3-receptor inverse agonists can be considered as novel antipsychotics that may improve refractory SZ.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan. cito@m.tains.tohoku.ac.jp
authors.forename: Chihiro
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ito
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001143:Arousal / Q000187:drug effects; D017660:Autoreceptors / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001362:Avoidance Learning / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D001667:Binding, Competitive; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects; D003024:Clozapine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy; D017277:Drug Approval; D006632:Histamine / Q000378:metabolism; D017442:Histamine Agonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D054828:Histamine H3 Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects; D011485:Protein Binding; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D011969:Receptors, Histamine H1 / Q000378:metabolism; D018100:Receptors, Histamine H3 / Q000378:metabolism; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D013462:Sulfur Radioisotopes / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D017660:Autoreceptors; D017442:Histamine Agonists; D054828:Histamine H3 Antagonists; D007093:Imidazoles; D011969:Receptors, Histamine H1; D018100:Receptors, Histamine H3; D013462:Sulfur Radioisotopes; D006632:Histamine; D003024:Clozapine