title: Nigella sativa thymoquinone-rich fraction greatly improves plasma antioxidant capacity and expression of antioxidant genes in hypercholesterolemic rats.
abstract: The antioxidant activities of the thymoquinone-rich fraction (TQRF) extracted from Nigella sativa and its bioactive compound, thymoquinone (TQ), in rats with induced hypercholesterolemia were investigated. Rats were fed a semipurified diet supplemented with 1% (w/w) cholesterol and were treated with TQRF and TQ at dosages ranging from 0.5 to 1.5 g/kg and 20 to 100 mg/kg body wt, respectively, for 8 weeks. The hydroxyl radical (OH(.))-scavenging activity of plasma samples collected from experimental rats was measured by electron spin resonance. The GenomeLab Genetic Analysis System was used to study the molecular mechanism that mediates the antioxidative properties of TQRF and TQ. Plasma total cholesterol and low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol levels were significantly decreased in the TQRF- and TQ-treated rats compared to untreated rats. Feeding rats a 1% cholesterol diet for 8 weeks resulted in a significant decrease in plasma antioxidant capacity, as measured by the capacity to scavenge hydroxyl radicals. However, rats treated with TQRF and TQ at various doses showed significant inhibitory activity toward the formation of OH(.) compared to untreated rats. Upon examination of liver RNA expression levels, treatment with TQRF and TQ caused the up-regulation of the superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), catalase, and glutathione peroxidase 2 (GPX) genes compared to untreated rats (P<0.05). In support of this, liver antioxidant enzyme levels, including SOD1 and GPX, were also apparently increased in the TQRF- and TQ-treated rats compared to untreated rats (P<0.05). In conclusion, TQRF and TQ effectively improved the plasma and liver antioxidant capacity and enhanced the expression of liver antioxidant genes of hypercholesterolemic rats.
authors.affiliation: Nutrigenomics Program, Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Bioscience, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia. maznah@medic.upm.edu.my
authors.forename: Maznah
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ismail
authors.forename: Ghanya
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Al-Naqeep
authors.forename: Kim Wei
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Chan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016227:Benzoquinones / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002374:Catalase / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000009:adverse effects; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D031881:Nigella sativa; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D000072105:Superoxide Dismutase-1
chemical_list: D016227:Benzoquinones; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; D002784:Cholesterol; D002374:Catalase; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; C525844:glutathione peroxidase 2, rat; C000606292:Sod1 protein, rat; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D000072105:Superoxide Dismutase-1; C003466:thymoquinone