title: Comparison of tuberculin skin testing reactivity in opioid-dependent patients seeking treatment with methadone versus buprenorphine: policy implications for tuberculosis screening.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Buprenorphine's availability in primary care settings offers increased access to treatment and linkage to primary care for opioid-dependent patients. Currently, tuberculin skin testing (TST) is recommended for patients enrolling in methadone maintenance treatment (MMT), but not for those enrolling in buprenorphine maintenance treatment (BMT).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare TST screening results in enrollees in BMT and MMT programs and assess the correlates of TST positivity among these subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional analysis of a retrospective cohort study was conducted to compare concurrent TST results among contemporaneously matched groups of MMT and BMT patients in the same community.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TST positivity was approximately 9% in both MMT and BMT settings (p = .27). Increased TST positivity was associated with being Black (AOR = 3.53, CI = 1.28-9.77), Hispanic (AOR = 3.11, CI = 1.12-8.60), and having higher education (AOR = 3.01, CI = 1.20-7.53).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results confirm a similar high prevalence of TST positivity in opioid-dependent patients enrolling in MMT and BMT programs. Racial and ethnic health disparities remain associated with TST positivity, yet a relationship between higher education and tuberculosis requires further investigation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest the importance of incorporating TST screening in emerging BMT programs as a mechanism to provide increased detection and treatment of tuberculosis infection in opioid-dependent patient populations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, AIDS Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
authors.forename: Ryan K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Schwarz
authors.forename: R Douglas
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Bruce
authors.forename: Samuel A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Ball
authors.forename: Maua
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Herme
authors.forename: Frederick L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Altice
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002047:Buprenorphine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008691:Methadone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D011050:Policy Making; D015995:Prevalence; D014374:Tuberculin Test; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D002047:Buprenorphine; D008691:Methadone