title: The in chemico-in silico interface: challenges for integrating experimental and computational chemistry to identify toxicity.
abstract: A number of toxic effects are brought about by the covalent interaction between the toxicant and biological macromolecules. In chemico assays are available that attempt to identify reactive compounds. These approaches have been developed independently for pharmaceuticals and for other nonpharmaceutical compounds. The assays vary widely in terms of the macromolecule (typically a peptide) and the analytical technique utilised. For both sets of methods, there are great opportunities to capture in chemico information by using in silico methods to provide computational tools for screening purposes. In order to use these in chemico and in silico methods, integrated testing strategies are required for individual toxicity endpoints. The potential for the use of these approaches is described, and a number of recommendations to improve this extremely useful technique, in terms of implementing the Three Rs in toxicity testing, are presented.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Liverpool John Moores University, UK.
authors.forename: Mark T D
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Cronin
authors.forename: Fania
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bajot
authors.forename: Steven J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Enoch
authors.forename: Judith C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Madden
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schwöbel
mesh_terms: D000826:Animal Testing Alternatives / Q000379:methods*; D019295:Computational Biology / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D009930:Organic Chemicals / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity*; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000737:chemistry*; D018675:Toxicity Tests / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D009930:Organic Chemicals; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations