title: The effects of increased prosthetic ankle motions on the gait of persons with bilateral transtibial amputations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether the provision of prosthetic ankle motion improves walking performance in persons with bilateral transtibial amputations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Crossover experimental design in which 19 persons with bilateral transtibial amputations were fitted with Endolite Multiflex Ankles (flexion unit) and Otto Bock Torsion Adapters (torsion unit) to increase relative motion between the prosthetic foot and socket in the sagittal and transverse planes, respectively. Quantitative gait analyses were performed on subjects as they walked with four prosthetic configurations: baseline without flexion or torsion units, with only the flexion unit, with only the torsion unit, and with both the flexion and torsion units. Data were compared with a control group of 14 able-bodied subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The flexion unit increased ankle sagittal plane motion (6-7 degrees) and increased positive ankle power (about 0.17 W/kg). The torsion unit increased transverse plane ankle range of motion by 1-2 degrees. Responses from questionnaires indicated that 14 of the 19 subjects preferred the prosthetic configuration that included both the flexion and torsion units. Further, the subjects perceived that the increased prosthetic ankle motion was particularly beneficial for improving stability while they walked on uneven terrain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both the subjective and objective results suggest that prosthetic foot and ankle components that allow for greater sagittal and transverse plane rotations provide substantial benefit during walking and should be considered for persons with bilateral transtibial amputations. Nonetheless, clinicians should perform individual and appropriate assessments of patients to ensure that they are capable of using components that may improve mobility while possibly sacrificing some degree of stability.
authors.affiliation: Northwestern University Prosthetics Research Laboratory and Rehabilitation Engineering Research Program, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: Po-Fu
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: Steven A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Gard
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Lipschutz
authors.forename: Todd A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Kuiken
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000671:Amputation, Surgical / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D000842:Ankle / Q000502:physiology*; D001186:Artificial Limbs; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D005684:Gait; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D057240:Patient Preference; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D013977:Tibia / Q000601:surgery; D016138:Walking; D055815:Young Adult