title: Ethylene interacts with abscisic acid to regulate endosperm rupture during germination: a comparative approach using Lepidium sativum and Arabidopsis thaliana.
abstract: The micropylar endosperm cap covering the radicle in the mature seeds of most angiosperms acts as a constraint that regulates seed germination. Here, we report on a comparative seed biology study with the close Brassicaceae relatives Lepidium sativum and Arabidopsis thaliana showing that ethylene biosynthesis and signaling regulate seed germination by a mechanism that requires the coordinated action of the radicle and the endosperm cap. The larger seed size of Lepidium allows direct tissue-specific biomechanical, biochemical, and transcriptome analyses. We show that ethylene promotes endosperm cap weakening of Lepidium and endosperm rupture of both species and that it counteracts the inhibitory action of abscisic acid (ABA) on these two processes. Cross-species microarrays of the Lepidium micropylar endosperm cap and the radicle show that the ethylene-ABA antagonism involves both tissues and has the micropylar endosperm cap as a major target. Ethylene counteracts the ABA-induced inhibition without affecting seed ABA levels. The Arabidopsis loss-of-function mutants ACC oxidase2 (aco2; ethylene biosynthesis) and constitutive triple response1 (ethylene signaling) are impaired in the 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC)-mediated reversion of the ABA-induced inhibition of seed germination. Ethylene production by the ACC oxidase orthologs Lepidium ACO2 and Arabidopsis ACO2 appears to be a key regulatory step. Endosperm cap weakening and rupture are promoted by ethylene and inhibited by ABA to regulate germination in a process conserved across the Brassicaceae.
authors.affiliation: University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, Institute for Biology II, Botany/Plant Physiology, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Ada
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Linkies
authors.forename: Kerstin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: Veronika
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Turecková
authors.forename: Meike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wenk
authors.forename: Cassandra S C
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Cadman
authors.forename: Françoise
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Corbineau
authors.forename: Miroslav
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Strnad
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Lynn
authors.forename: William E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Finch-Savage
authors.forename: Gerhard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Leubner-Metzger
mesh_terms: D000040:Abscisic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000594:Amino Acid Oxidoreductases / Q000378:metabolism; D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D055028:Comparative Genomic Hybridization; D056625:Endosperm / Q000378:metabolism*; D005030:Ethylenes / Q000378:metabolism*; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D018525:Germination / Q000187:drug effects*; D031220:Lepidium sativum / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009154:Mutation; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D010802:Phylogeny; D010937:Plant Growth Regulators / Q000494:pharmacology; D018749:RNA, Plant / Q000235:genetics; D016415:Sequence Alignment
chemical_list: D005030:Ethylenes; D010937:Plant Growth Regulators; D018749:RNA, Plant; D000040:Abscisic Acid; C036216:ethylene; D000594:Amino Acid Oxidoreductases; C059460:1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase