title: Artificial intelligence for diagnostic purposes: principles, procedures and limitations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Back propagation (BP) artificial neural networks are a distribution-free method for data analysis based on layers of artificial neurons that transduce imputed information. It has been recognized as having a number of advantages compared to traditional methods including the possibility to process imperfect data, and complex non-linear data. The objective of this study was to review the principles, procedures, and limitations of BP artificial neural networks for a non-mathematical readership.
  
  
  METHODS
  A real data sample of weight, height and measured body surface area from 90 individuals was used as an example. SPSS 17.0 with neural network add-on was used for the analysis. The predicted body surface from a two hidden layer BP neural network was compared to the body surface calculated by the Haycock equation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both the predicted values from the neural network and from the Haycock equation were close to the measured values. A linear regression analysis with neural network as predictor produced an r(2)-value of 0.983, while the Haycock equation produced an r(2)-value of 0.995 (r(2)>0.95 is a criterion for accurate diagnostic testing).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BP neural networks may, sometimes, predict clinical diagnoses with accuracies similar to those of other methods. However, traditional statistical procedures, such as regression analyses need to be added for testing their accuracies against alternative methods. Nonetheless, BP neural networks have great potential through their ability to learn by example instead of learning by theory.
authors.affiliation: European College Pharmaceutical Medicine, Lyon, France. ajm.cleophas@wxs.nl
authors.forename: Ton J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Cleophas
authors.forename: Toine F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Cleophas
mesh_terms: D001185:Artificial Intelligence; D019937:Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures; D016571:Neural Networks, Computer; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D012044:Regression Analysis