title: The sedative effects of low-dose medetomidine and butorphanol alone and in combination intravenously in dogs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the sedative effects of intravenous (IV) medetomidine (1 microg kg(-1)) and butorphanol (0.1 mg kg(-1)) alone and in combination in dogs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, blinded, randomized clinical trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty healthy (American Society of Anesthesiologists I) dogs, aged 6.2 +/- 3.2 years and body mass 26 +/- 12.5 kg.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dogs were assigned to four groups: Group S (sodium chloride 0.9% IV), Group B (butorphanol IV), Group M (medetomidine IV) and Group MB (medetomidine and butorphanol IV). The same clinician assessed sedation before and 12 minutes after administration using a numerical scoring system in which 19 represented maximum sedation. Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate, pulse quality, capillary refill time and rectal temperature were recorded after each sedation score assessment. Sedation scores, sedation score difference (score after minus score before administration) and patient variables were compared using one-way anova for normally distributed variables and Kruskal-Wallis test for variables with skewed distributions and/or unequal variances. Where significance was found, further evaluation used Bonferroni multiple comparisons for pair-wise testing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Breed, sex, neuter status, age and body mass did not differ between groups. Sedation scores before substance administration were similar between groups (p = 0.2). Sedation scores after sedation were significantly higher in Group MB (mean 9.5 +/- SD 5.5) than in group S (2.5 +/- 1.8) (p < 0.001), group M (3.1 +/- 2.5) (p < 0.001) and group B (3.7 +/- 2.0) (p = 0.003). Sedation score difference was significantly higher in Group MB [7 (0-13)] than in Group S [0 (-1 to 4)] (p < 0.001) and Group M [0 (0-6)] (p < 0.001). HR decreased significantly in Groups M and MB compared with Group S (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low-dose medetomidine 1 microg kg(-1) IV combined with butorphanol 0.1 mg kg(-1) IV produced more sedation than medetomidine or butorphanol alone. HR was significantly decreased in both medetomidine groups.
authors.affiliation: Dick White Referrals, Station Farm, London Road, Six Mile Bottom, Newmarket, Suffolk, UK. nicogirard@yahoo.fr
authors.forename: Nicolas M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Girard
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Leece
authors.forename: Jm
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cardwell
authors.forename: Vicki J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.forename: Jacqueline C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Brearley
mesh_terms: D000771:Anesthesia, Intravenous / Q000662:veterinary*; D019162:Anesthetics, Combined / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000187:drug effects; D002077:Butorphanol / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D016292:Procedural Sedation / Q000662:veterinary; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous / Q000662:veterinary; D008297:Male; D020926:Medetomidine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D056152:Respiratory Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D016037:Single-Blind Method
chemical_list: D019162:Anesthetics, Combined; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D020926:Medetomidine; D002077:Butorphanol