title: Difference in insulin usage patterns with pubertal development in children with type 1 diabetes during transition from multiple daily injections to continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) and through the CSII treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study analyzed the changes in insulin requirement in the transition from multiple daily injections (MDI) to continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) and the differences through the CSII treatment in pediatric patients in different pubertal developmental stages.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed, through a longitudinal retrospective study, the insulin usage patterns and glycemic control of 40 patients with type 1 diabetes on CSII treatment for 12 months. The patients were subdivided in three groups: group A, 13 prepubertal subjects (Tanner stage I); group B, 15 pubertal subjects (Tanner stage II-IV); and group C, 12 postpubertal subjects (Tanner stage V).
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the transition from MDI to CSII, the insulin requirements decreased significantly by 21 +/- 5% (0.89 +/- 0.26 U/kg/day vs. 0.70 +/- 0.11 U/kg/day). Through the CSII treatment the percentage of total daily insulin delivered as the basal rate in groups A, B, and C was 54-60%, 52-54%, and 52-54%, respectively. The number of basal rates per day was significantly higher in groups A and B. The overall profile of basal rate differed among the groups. During the night, prepubertal patients required more insulin from 12 p.m. to 2 a.m., whereas pubertal and postpubertal patients required more insulin between 2-3 a.m. to 7 a.m. Prepubertal patients had a maximum basal rate between 9 a.m. to 12 a.m. and 2 p.m. to 4 p.m., in contrast to pubertal and postpubertal patients between 2 p.m. to 3 p.m. and 5 p.m. to 6 p.m. The number of "extra" boluses per day was significantly higher in groups B and C compared to group A.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Age-related differences exist in insulin usage patterns of pediatric patients on pump treatment. A greater knowledge of these variations may help to obtain optimum conditions in the CSII treatment in pediatric patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Diabetes Center, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy. shblegina@hotmail.com
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Shashaj
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sulli
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D001786:Blood Glucose; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism; D055104:Infusions, Subcutaneous; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism; D007332:Insulin Infusion Systems; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D011627:Puberty / Q000378:metabolism*; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin