title: Association between birth outcomes and aflatoxin B1 biomarker blood levels in pregnant women in Kumasi, Ghana.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the association between birth outcomes and blood levels of aflatoxin B(1) (AFB1)-lysine adduct in pregnant women in Kumasi, Ghana.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study of 785 pregnant women attending antenatal clinic was conducted. Aflatoxin B(1) (AFB(1))-lysine adduct levels were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on blood taken after delivery. The birth outcomes considered were small for gestation age, low birthweight, preterm delivery and stillbirth. Participants were divided into quartiles based on the distribution of aflatoxin B(1)-lysine adducts in pg/mg albumin ('low': <or=2.67, 'moderate': >2.67 to <or=4.97, 'high': >4.97 to <or=11.34, 'very high': >11.34). Statistical analysis involved models that included socio-demographic variables and other potential confounders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average AFB(1)-lysine adduct level in maternal serum was 10.9 +/- 19.00 pg/mg albumin (range = 0.44-268.73 pg/mg). After adjusting for socio-demographic variables and potential confounding factors, participants in the highest AFB(1)-lysine quartile with 'very high' AFB(1)-lysine level (>11.34 pg/mg) were more likely to have low birthweight babies (OR, 2.09; 95% CI, 1.19-3.68), and showed a trend of increasing risk for low birthweight (P(trend) = 0.007) compared to participants in the lowest quartile.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study adds to the growing body of evidence that aflatoxins may increase the risk of adverse birth outcomes. The findings have implications for targeted nutritional education of pregnant women in areas with high levels of aflatoxin contamination of foods.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Ryals School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA.
authors.forename: Faisal M B
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Shuaib
authors.forename: Pauline E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Jolly
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Ehiri
authors.forename: Nelly
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yatich
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Funkhouser
authors.forename: Sharina D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Person
authors.forename: Craig
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: William O
authors.initials: WO
authors.lastname: Ellis
authors.forename: Jia-Sheng
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Jonathan H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Williams
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016604:Aflatoxin B1 / Q000097:blood*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D007236:Infant, Small for Gestational Age; D011042:Poisons / Q000097:blood*; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000097:blood*; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D050497:Stillbirth; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D011042:Poisons; D016604:Aflatoxin B1