title: Extension of the QuEChERS method for pesticide residues in cereals to flaxseeds, peanuts, and doughs.
abstract: A simple method was evaluated for the determination of pesticide residues in flaxseeds, doughs, and peanuts using gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOF) for analysis. A modified QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) method, which was previously optimized for cereal grain samples, was evaluated in these fatty matrices. This extraction method involves first mixing the sample with 1:1 water/acetonitrile for an hour to swell the matrix and permit the salt-out liquid-liquid partitioning step using anhydrous MgSO(4) and NaCl. After shaking and centrifugation, cleanup is done by dispersive solid-phase extraction (d-SPE) using 150 mg of anhydrous MgSO(4), 150 mg of PSA, and 50 mg of C-18 per milliliter of extract. This method gave efficient separation of pesticides from fat and removal of coextracted substances better than gel permeation chromatography or use of a freeze-out step, which involved excessive use of solvent and/or time. The optimized analytical conditions were evaluated in terms of recoveries, reproducibilities, limits of detection, and matrix effects for 34 representative pesticides using different types of flaxseeds, peanuts, and doughs. Use of matrix-matched standards provided acceptable results for most pesticides with overall average recoveries between 70 and 120% and consistent RSDs <20% for semipolar pesticides and <26% for lipophilic pesticides. The recoveries of these latter types of pesticides depended on the fat content in the matrices and partitioning factor between the lipids and acetonitrile. We believe that the consistency of the pesticide recoveries for different samples in multiple experiments and the physicochemical partitioning explanation for <70% recoveries of lipophilic pesticides justify compensation of results for the empirically determined recovery values. In any case, this method still meets 10 ng/g detection limit needs for lipophilic pesticides and may be used for qualitative screening applications, in which any identified pesticides can be quantified and confirmed by a more intensive method that achieves >70% recoveries for lipophilic pesticides.
authors.affiliation: Chromatography and Separation Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
authors.forename: Urairat
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Koesukwiwat
authors.forename: Steven J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Lehotay
authors.forename: Katerina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mastovska
authors.forename: Kelly J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Dorweiler
authors.forename: Natchanun
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Leepipatpiboon
mesh_terms: D000097:Acetonitriles; D010367:Arachis / Q000737:chemistry*; D001939:Bread / Q000032:analysis*; D005591:Chemical Fractionation / Q000379:methods*; D002523:Edible Grain / Q000737:chemistry*; D019597:Flax / Q000737:chemistry*; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D008055:Lipids / Q000737:chemistry; D008278:Magnesium Sulfate; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000032:analysis*; D011786:Quality Control; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012965:Sodium Chloride
chemical_list: D000097:Acetonitriles; D008055:Lipids; D010573:Pesticide Residues; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D008278:Magnesium Sulfate; C032159:acetonitrile