title: Genome wide association (GWA) predictors of anti-TNFalpha therapeutic responsiveness in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Interindividual variation in response to anti-TNFalpha therapy may be explained by genetic variability in disease pathogenesis or mechanism of action. Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have increased our understanding of the genetic susceptibility to IBD. The aim was to test associations of known IBD susceptibility loci and novel "pharmacogenetic" GWAS identified loci with primary nonresponse to anti-TNFalpha in pediatric IBD patients and develop a predictive model of primary nonresponse.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary nonresponse was defined using the Harvey Bradshaw Index (HBI) for Crohn's disease (CD) and partial Mayo score for ulcerative colitis (UC). Genotyping was performed using the Illumina Infinium platform. Chi-square analysis tested associations of phenotype and genotype with primary nonresponse. Genetic associations were identified by testing known IBD susceptibility loci and by performing a GWAS for primary nonresponse. Stepwise multiple logistic regression was performed to build predictive models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nonresponse occurred in 22 of 94 subjects. Six known susceptibility loci were associated with primary nonresponse (P < 0.05). Only the 21q22.2/BRWDI loci remained significant in the predictive model. The most predictive model included 3 novel "pharmacogenetic" GWAS loci, the previously identified BRWD1, pANCA, and a UC diagnosis (R(2) = 0.82 and area under the curve [AUC] = 0.98%). The relative risk of nonresponse increased 15-fold when number of risk factors increased from 0-2 to > or =3.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of phenotype and genotype is most predictive of primary nonresponse to anti-TNFalpha in pediatric IBD. Defining predictors of response to anti-TNFalpha may allow the identification of patients who will not benefit from this class of therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Program, Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA. Marla.dubinsky@cshs.org
authors.forename: Marla C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Dubinsky
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mei
authors.forename: Madison
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Friedman
authors.forename: Tanvi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dhere
authors.forename: Talin
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Haritunians
authors.forename: Hakon
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hakonarson
authors.forename: Cecilia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Glessner
authors.forename: Stephan R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Targan
authors.forename: Dermot P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: McGovern
authors.forename: Kent D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Jerome I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Rotter
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D056426:Genetic Loci; D014644:Genetic Variation; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study; D006801:Humans; D015212:Inflammatory Bowel Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics*; D000069285:Infliximab; D008297:Male; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000069285:Infliximab