title: Evolution of surface-based deformable image registration for adaptive radiotherapy of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To evaluate the performance of surface-based deformable image registration (DR) for adaptive radiotherapy of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Based on 13 patients with locally advanced NSCLC, CT images acquired at treatment planning, midway and the end of the radio- (n = 1) or radiochemotherapy (n = 12) course were used for evaluation of DR. All CT images were manually [gross tumor volume (GTV)] and automatically [organs-at-risk (OAR) lung, spinal cord, vertebral spine, trachea, aorta, outline] segmented. Contours were transformed into 3D meshes using the Pinnacle treatment planning system and corresponding mesh points defined control points for DR with interpolation within the structures. Using these deformation maps, follow-up CT images were transformed into the planning images and compared with the original planning CT images.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A progressive tumor shrinkage was observed with median GTV volumes of 170 cm(3) (range 42 cm(3) - 353 cm(3)), 124 cm(3) (19 cm(3) - 325 cm(3)) and 100 cm(3) (10 cm(3) - 270 cm(3)) at treatment planning, mid-way and at the end of treatment. Without DR, correlation coefficients (CC) were 0.76 +/- 0.11 and 0.74 +/- 0.10 for comparison of the planning CT and the CT images acquired mid-way and at the end of treatment, respectively; DR significantly improved the CC to 0.88 +/- 0.03 and 0.86 +/- 0.05 (p = 0.001), respectively. With manual landmark registration as reference, DR reduced uncertainties on the GTV surface from 11.8 mm +/- 5.1 mm to 2.9 mm +/- 1.2 mm. Regarding the carina and intrapulmonary vessel bifurcations, DR reduced uncertainties by about 40% with residual errors of 4 mm to 6 mm on average. Severe deformation artefacts were observed in patients with resolving atelectasis and pleural effusion, in one patient, where the tumor was located around large bronchi and separate segmentation of the GTV and OARs was not possible, and in one patient, where no clear shrinkage but more a decay of the tumor was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The surface-based DR performed accurately for the majority of the patients with locally advanced NSCLC. However, morphological response patterns were identified, where results of the surface-based DR are uncertain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany. Guckenberger_M@klinik.uni-wuerzburg.de
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guckenberger
authors.forename: Kurt
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Baier
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Richter
authors.forename: Juergen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wilbert
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Flentje
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000465:Algorithms; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011857:Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*