title: Opiate-induced oesophageal dysmotility.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Opiates have well characterized (troublesome) untoward effects on the gastrointestinal tract. Opioid bowel dysfunction has been a subject of research and even drug design, but surprisingly little is known with regard to clinical effects of opiates on the oesophagus.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To characterize opiate effects on motor function of the oesophagus in patients presenting with dysphagia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective review of 15 patients with dysphagia referred for oesophageal manometry while on chronic opiates. Manometry was completed during opiate use and in three cases, after opiates were discontinued.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All patients demonstrated motility abnormalities. Incomplete lower oesophageal sphincter (LOS) relaxation (11.5 +/- 1.6 mmHg) was seen in most cases. Ten patients demonstrated nonperistaltic contractions in > or =3 of 10 swallows. Additional abnormalities included high amplitude contractions; triple peaked contractions; and increased velocity. The average resting lower oesophageal sphincter (LOSP) met criteria for hypertensive LOS in three patients. These features were suggestive of spasm or achalasia. Repeat manometry off opiates was performed in three cases. LOS relaxation was noted to be complete upon repeat manometry in these cases. There was also improved peristalsis and normal velocity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A range of manometric abnormalities were seen in patients with dysphagia in the setting of opiate use: impaired LOS relaxation, high amplitude/velocity and simultaneous oesophageal waves. These data suggest that the oesophagus is susceptible to the effects of opiates and care must be taken before ascribing dysphagia to a primary oesophageal motility disorder in patients taking opiates.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA. kraichely.robert@mayo.edu
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Kraichely
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Arora
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Murray
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003679:Deglutition / Q000187:drug effects; D004931:Esophageal Achalasia / Q000139:chemically induced; D015154:Esophageal Motility Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000503:physiopathology; D049630:Esophageal Sphincter, Lower / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D004947:Esophagus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008365:Manometry / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010528:Peristalsis / Q000187:drug effects; D011312:Pressure; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid