title: A decision support tool for identifying abuse of controlled substances by ForwardHealth Medicaid members.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our objective was to use Wisconsin's Medicaid Evaluation and Decision Support (MEDS) data warehouse to develop and validate a decision support tool (DST) that (1) identifies Wisconsin Medicaid fee-for-service recipients who are abusing controlled substances, (2) effectively replicates clinical pharmacist recommendations for interventions intended to curb abuse of physician and pharmacy services, and (3) automates data extraction, profile generation and tracking of recommendations and interventions.
  
  
  METHODS
  From pharmacist manual reviews of medication profiles, seven measures of overutilization of controlled substances were developed, including (1-2) 6-month and 2-month "shopping" scores, (3-4) 6-month and 2-month forgery scores, (5) duplicate/same day prescriptions, (6) count of controlled substance claims, and the (7) shopping 6-month score for the individual therapeutic class with the highest score. The pattern analysis logic for the measures was encoded into SQL and applied to the medication profiles of 190 recipients who had already undergone manual review. The scores for each measure and numbers of providers were analyzed by exhaustive chi-squared automatic interaction detection (CHAID) to determine significant thresholds and combinations of predictors of pharmacist recommendations, resulting in a decision tree to classify recipients by pharmacist recommendations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall correct classification rate of the decision tree was 95.3%, with a 2.4% false positive rate and 4.0% false negative rate for lock-in versus prescriber-alert letter recommendations. Measures used by the decision tree include the 2-month and 6-month shopping scores, and the number of pharmacies and prescribers. The number of pharmacies was the best predictor of abuse of controlled substances. When a Medicaid recipient receives prescriptions for controlled substances at 8 or more pharmacies, the likelihood of a lock-in recommendation is 90%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The availability of the Wisconsin MEDS data warehouse has enabled development and application of a decision tree for detecting recipient fraud and abuse of controlled substance medications. Using standard pharmacy claims data, the decision tree effectively replicates pharmacist manual review recommendations. The DST has automated extraction and evaluation of pharmacy claims data for creating recommendations for guiding pharmacists in the selection of profiles for manual review. The DST is now the primary method used by the Wisconsin Medicaid program to detect fraud and abuse of physician and pharmacy services committed by recipients.
authors.affiliation: APS Healthcare, Madison, Wisconsin 53701, USA. Maillat@dhfs.state.wi.us
authors.forename: Allan T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Mailloux
authors.forename: Stephen W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Cummings
authors.forename: Mrinal
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mugdh
mesh_terms: D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003663:Decision Trees; D005607:Fraud; D006801:Humans; D008484:Medicaid; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*; D014481:United States; D014922:Wisconsin
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations