title: Parenteral fish oil as monotherapy prevents essential fatty acid deficiency in parenteral nutrition-dependent patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The use of fish oil-based emulsions as the sole source of fat for patients receiving parenteral nutrition (PN) has raised concerns for the development of essential fatty acid deficiency (EFAD), hindering its adoption into clinical practice. The purpose of the present study was to examine fatty acid profiles of patients receiving no enteral energy, while completely dependent on PN and an intravenous fish oil-based lipid emulsion, for onset of EFAD and maintenance of growth.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospectively collected data from 10 patients were reviewed for evidence of EFAD, defined as a triene:tetraene ratio >0.2. Gestational age-adjusted z scores for length, growth, and head circumference at baseline were compared with the corresponding z scores at time of censoring. All of the patients received PN with a fish oil-based lipid emulsion at 1 g . kg . day as the sole source of fat energy for at least 1 month. The fish oil monotherapy was used under a compassionate use protocol.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median gestational age at the time of birth was 35 weeks, and median age at the start of treatment was 3.5 months. After a median time of 3.8 months on exclusive PN and fish oil-based lipid emulsion, none of the patients developed biochemical or clinical evidence of EFAD. z scores were not statistically different, indicating no growth impairment. Median direct bilirubin levels improved in 9 patients from 6.8 to 0.9 mg/dL (P = 0.009).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  : When dosed appropriately, fish oil-based lipid emulsions contain sufficient amounts of essential fatty acids to prevent EFAD and sustain growth in patients who are completely dependent on PN.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, and Vascular Biology Program, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Vincent E
authors.initials: VE
authors.lastname: de Meijer
authors.forename: Hau D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Le
authors.forename: Jonathan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Meisel
authors.forename: Kathleen M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Gura
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Puder
mesh_terms: D001663:Bilirubin / Q000097:blood*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood*; D005217:Fat Emulsions, Intravenous / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005228:Fatty Acids, Essential / Q000097:blood / Q000172:deficiency*; D005395:Fish Oils / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D010288:Parenteral Nutrition / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats; D005217:Fat Emulsions, Intravenous; D005228:Fatty Acids, Essential; D005395:Fish Oils; D001663:Bilirubin