title: (13)C/(12)C analysis of ultra-trace amounts of volatile organic contaminants in groundwater by vacuum extraction.
abstract: We developed a method for the vacuum extraction (VacEx) of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from water samples for ultratrace determinations of carbon isotopic signatures. Our method permits compound-specific stable carbon isotope analysis (CSIA) at VOC concentrations as low as 0.03-1.34 microg/L. VacEx was developed to extract and preconcentrate VOCs for subsequent carbon-CSIA by the standard technique purge-and-trap (P&T) coupled to an isotope-ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS). Even without complete extraction, the delta(13)C signatures of VOCs determined by VacEx-P&T-IRMS were in good agreement (deviation <1 per thousand) with signatures determined by P&T-IRMS. This indicates that VacEx does not cause isotopic discrimination. Limits of quantification (LOQs) for delta(13)C analysis were: 0.03-0.06 microg/L for benzene, toluene, o-xylene, m-p-xylene and ethylbenzene, 0.09 microg/L for methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), and 0.18-0.27 microg/L for trans-DCE, cis-DCE, TCE and PCE. These are the lowest LOQs reported to date for continuous-flow isotope-ratio determinations using a commercially available and automated system. To our knowledge, analytical protocols adopted from noble gas analysis in water were applied for the first time to determine the isotope composition of organic contaminants. We applied VacEx in a field study to illustrate how the determination of VOC isotopic signatures at very low concentrations opens new avenues in the in situ assessment of these priority groundwater pollutants.
authors.affiliation: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland. Helena.Amaral@ineti.pt
authors.forename: Helena I F
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Amaral
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Berg
authors.forename: Matthias S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Brennwald
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hofer
authors.forename: Rolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kipfer
mesh_terms: D002244:Carbon / Q000737:chemistry; D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D009930:Organic Chemicals / Q000737:chemistry*; D014618:Vacuum; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D009930:Organic Chemicals; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D014867:Water; D002244:Carbon