title: The secreted and surface proteomes of the adult stage of the carcinogenic human liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini.
abstract: Infection with the human liver fluke, Opisthorchis viverrini, is a serious public health problem in Thailand, Laos and nearby locations in Southeast Asia. Both experimental and epidemiological evidence strongly implicate liver fluke infection in the etiology of one of the liver cancer subtypes, cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). To identify parasite proteins critical for liver fluke survival and the etiology of CCA, OFFGEL electrophoresis and multiple reaction monitoring were employed to characterize 300 parasite proteins from the O. viverrini excretory/secretory products and, utilizing selective labeling and sequential solubilization, from the host-exposed tegument. The excretory/secretory included a complex mixture of proteins that have been associated with cancers, including proteases of different mechanistic classes and orthologues of mammalian growth factors and anti-apoptotic proteins. Also identified was a cysteine protease inhibitor which, in other helminth pathogens, induces nitric oxide production by macrophages, and, hence may contribute to malignant transformation of inflamed cells. More than 160 tegumental proteins were identified using sequential solubilization of isolated teguments, and a subset of these was localized to the surface membrane of the tegument by labeling living flukes with biotin and confirming surface localization with fluorescence microscopy. These included annexins, which are potential immuno-modulators, and orthologues of the schistosomiasis vaccine antigens Sm29 and tetraspanin-2. Novel roles in pathogenesis were suggested for the tegument-host interface since more than ten surface proteins had no homologues in the public databases. The O. viverrini proteins identified here provide an extensive catalogue of novel leads for research on the pathogenesis of opisthorchiasis and the development of novel interventions for this disease and CCA, as well as providing a scaffold for sequencing the genome of this fluke.
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Qld, Australia. jason.mulvenna@qimr.edu.au
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mulvenna
authors.forename: Banchob
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sripa
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Brindley
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gorman
authors.forename: Malcolm K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Michelle L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Colgrave
authors.forename: Alun
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Sujeevi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nawaratna
authors.forename: Thewarach
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Laha
authors.forename: Sutas
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Suttiprapa
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Smout
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Loukas
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D019921:Biotinylation; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D006224:Cricetinae; D020224:Expressed Sequence Tags; D015801:Helminth Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008018:Life Cycle Stages; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009891:Opisthorchis / Q000166:cytology / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases / Q000378:metabolism; D010455:Peptides / Q000737:chemistry; D011230:Precancerous Conditions / Q000469:parasitology*; D020543:Proteome / Q000378:metabolism*; D040901:Proteomics; D012995:Solubility; D013194:Staining and Labeling
chemical_list: D015801:Helminth Proteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D010455:Peptides; D020543:Proteome; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases