title: Adverse reactions to methylphenidate treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: structure and associations with clinical characteristics and symptom control.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Methylphenidate (MPH)-related adverse events are well characterized. Their predictors and their relationship with therapeutic effects are less well understood. Here we examine these issues in relation to two long-acting formulations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Comparison of Methylphenidates in the Analog Classroom Setting (COMACS) was made in a large (n = 184) placebo-controlled trial comparing Equasym XL/Metadate CD, Concerta, and placebo (PLA) using a Laboratory School protocol. Therapeutic effects were measured using direct observation, scores on a simple math productivity task and parent ratings. Parents also completed the Barkley Stimulant Side Effect Rating Scale (BSSERS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The BSSERS had six factors: Emotionality, sleep/appetite, disengaged, dizzy, uninterested, and aches. Treatment effects were seen only for emotionality (which improved) and sleep and appetite (which worsened). Adverse events were not predictable from personal and clinical characteristics of patients. Sleep/appetite adverse events were not associated with therapeutic effects. Improvements in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and emotionality were correlated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results support a narrow conceptualization of MPH adverse events with problems restricted to appetite and sleep. These effects were not predictable on the basis of available information and may be due to an underlying mechanism rather distinct from those determining therapeutic effects.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Disorders of Impulse and Attention, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, UK. ejb3@soton.ac.uk
authors.forename: Edmund J S
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Sonuga-Barke
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Coghill
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wigal
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: DeBacker
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Swanson
mesh_terms: D001066:Appetite / Q000187:drug effects; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002648:Child; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D019260:Expressed Emotion / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008774:Methylphenidate / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012890:Sleep / Q000187:drug effects; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D008774:Methylphenidate