title: Morbidity and mortality on combination versus monotherapy: a posthoc analysis of the Systolic Hypertension in Europe trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The current literature supports the immediate use of combinations of antihypertensive drugs in terms of ease of use and adherence, but the key issue whether combination therapy is more effective than monotherapy in the prevention of cardiovascular complications remains unproven.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analysed the double-blind (median follow-up 2.0 years) and open follow-up (6.0 years) phases of the Systolic Hypertension in Europe trial. Patients were 60 years or more with an entry systolic/diastolic blood pressure (BP) of 160-219/less than 95 mmHg. Antihypertensive treatment started immediately after randomization in the active-treatment group, but only after completion of the double-blind trial in control patients. Treatment consisted of nitrendipine (10-40 mg/day) with the possible addition of enalapril (5-20 mg/day). We adjusted our analyses for sex, age, history of cardiovascular complications, baseline systolic BP and previous antihypertensive treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the double-blind trial, adding enalapril to nitrendipine (n = 515), compared with the equivalent combination of placebos (n = 559), decreased systolic BP by a further 9.5 mmHg and reduced all cardiovascular events by 51% (P = 0.0035) and heart failure by 66% (P = 0.032), with similar trends for stroke (-51%; P = 0.066) and cardiac events (-44%; P = 0.075). Over the whole duration of follow-up, combination therapy (n = 871), compared with nitrendipine monotherapy (n = 1552), decreased systolic BP by 3.1 mmHg and reduced total mortality (-32%; P = 0.023), with similar trends for all cardiovascular events (-23%; P = 0.081) and stroke (-42%; P = 0.054).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite the limitations of a posthoc analysis, but congruent with the stronger BP reduction, our results suggest that combination therapy with nitrendipine plus enalapril might improve outcome over and beyond the benefits seen with nitrendipine monotherapy.
authors.affiliation: Division of Hypertension and Cardiovascular Rehabilitation, Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Leuven, Studies Coordinating Centre, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Lutgarde
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Thijs
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Richart
authors.forename: Peter W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: de Leeuw
authors.forename: Tatiana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kuznetsova
authors.forename: Tomasz
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Grodzicki
authors.forename: Kalina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kawecka-Jaszcz
authors.forename: Eoin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: O'Brien
authors.forename: Josep
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Redón
authors.forename: Willem H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Birkenhäger
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fagard
authors.forename: Jan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Staessen
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004656:Enalapril / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009568:Nitrendipine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D020521:Stroke / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D004656:Enalapril; D009568:Nitrendipine