title: Diagnosis and treatment of vein of Galen aneurysmal malformations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vein of Galen aneurysmal malformations (VGAM) are rare but clinically significant intracranial arteriovenous shunt lesions that most often present in neonates and infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective clinical data were collected for patients evaluated with a diagnosis of VGAM from 1994 to 2007.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirteen patients with VGAM were evaluated from 1994 to 2007. Seven patients presented emergently with medically intractable cardiac failure, and six were treated in the first 2 weeks of life. Five children treated after this period (1.5-31 months of age) manifested enlarging head circumference, abnormal development, or subarachnoid hemorrhage. Eleven patients were managed endovascularly. Four disease or procedure-related complications occurred. Two complications were associated with poor outcome, both of which occurred in patients treated at less than 2 weeks of age. Two other patients experienced transient neurological deficits with no evidence of permanent sequelae. Outcome in the six patients treated emergently in the first 2 weeks of life included two patients who developed normally, one with mild to moderate neurological deficits, one with severe neurological deficits, and two deaths. Outcome in the five older patients (treated between 1.5 and 31 months) was considerably better than in the group treated early and included three with normal outcome and two with mild neurological deficits.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Contemporary endovascular techniques remain the preferred treatment for VGAM in all age groups. Early diagnosis and multimodality treatment are essential for the best management and treatment of the complex constellation of clinical problems often arising from this disorder.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA. gregory.heuer@uphs.upenn.edu
authors.forename: Gregory G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Heuer
authors.forename: Brandon
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gabel
authors.forename: Lauren A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Beslow
authors.forename: Michael F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Stiefel
authors.forename: Erin S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: Phillip B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Storm
authors.forename: Rebecca N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Ichord
authors.forename: Robert W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Hurst
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002533:Cerebral Angiography; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000150:complications; D006561:Herpes Simplex / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D002532:Intracranial Aneurysm / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery*; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures; D011247:Pregnancy; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014656:Vascular Surgical Procedures; D054080:Vein of Galen Malformations / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery*