title: HIF-1alpha links beta-adrenoceptor agonists and pancreatic cancer cells under normoxic condition.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine whether beta-adrenoceptor (beta-AR) agonists can induce hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1alpha accumulation which then up-regulate the expression of its target genes in pancreatic cancer cells at normoxia, and to further elucidate the mechanism involved.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pulse-chase assay, RT-PCR, and Western blot were employed to detect the effects of beta-AR agonists and antagonists, siRNA as well as several inhibitors of signal transduction pathways on MIA PaCa2 and BxPC-3 pancreatic cancer cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Treatment of pancreatic cancer cell lines with beta-AR agonists led to accumulation of HIF-1alpha and then up-regulated expression of its target genes independently of oxygen levels. The induction was partly or completely inhibited not only by beta-AR antagonists but also by inhibitors of PKA transduction pathways and by siHIF-1alpha. Both beta1-AR and beta2-AR agonists produced the above-mentioned effects, but beta2-AR agonist was more potent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Activation of beta-AR receptor transactivates epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and then elicits Akt and ERK1/2 in a PKA-dependent manner, which together up-regulate levels of HIF-1alpha and downstream target genes independently of oxygen level. Our data suggest a novel mechanism in pancreatic cancer cells that links beta-AR and HIF-1alpha signaling under normoxic conditions, with implications for the control of glucose transport, angiogenesis and metastasis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
authors.forename: Heng-tong
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Qing-yong
authors.initials: QY
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Dong
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Su-gang
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Ya-dong
authors.initials: YD
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Ruo-fei
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Ke-ping
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Xie
mesh_terms: D058665:Adrenergic beta-1 Receptor Agonists; D058666:Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Agonists; D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D058665:Adrenergic beta-1 Receptor Agonists; D058666:Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Agonists; D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists; C497442:HIF1A protein, human; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D066246:ErbB Receptors; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3