title: Climate impacts on environmental risks evaluated from space: a conceptual approach to the case of Rift Valley Fever in Senegal.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Climate and environment vary across many spatio-temporal scales, including the concept of climate change, which impact on ecosystems, vector-borne diseases and public health worldwide.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To develop a conceptual approach by mapping climatic and environmental conditions from space and studying their linkages with Rift Valley Fever (RVF) epidemics in Senegal.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ponds in which mosquitoes could thrive were identified from remote sensing using high-resolution SPOT-5 satellite images. Additional data on pond dynamics and rainfall events (obtained from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission) were combined with hydrological in-situ data. Localisation of vulnerable hosts such as penned cattle (from QuickBird satellite) were also used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dynamic spatio-temporal distribution of Aedes vexans density (one of the main RVF vectors) is based on the total rainfall amount and ponds' dynamics. While Zones Potentially Occupied by Mosquitoes are mapped, detailed risk areas, i.e. zones where hazards and vulnerability occur, are expressed in percentages of areas where cattle are potentially exposed to mosquitoes' bites.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This new conceptual approach, using precise remote-sensing techniques, simply relies upon rainfall distribution also evaluated from space. It is meant to contribute to the implementation of operational early warning systems for RVF based on both natural and anthropogenic climatic and environmental changes. In a climate change context, this approach could also be applied to other vector-borne diseases and places worldwide.
authors.affiliation: METEO-France, Direction de la Climatologie, Toulouse, France.
authors.forename: Yves M
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Tourre
authors.forename: Jean-Pierre
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Lacaux
authors.forename: Cécile
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vignolles
authors.forename: Murielle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lafaye