title: Impact of education, income and chronic disease risk factors on mortality of adults: does 'a pauper-rich paradox' exist in Latin American societies?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the hypothesis that an inverse association exists between socio-economic position and all-cause mortality in a developing country in Latin America.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort study carried out in Chile using data from a simple random sample of 920 apparently healthy subjects (weighted population 11,600 aged 30-89 years) followed for 8 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Education level (0-8 years, 9-12 years and > or = 13 years) and income quartiles were established at the outset of the study, along with behavioural and biological risk factors for chronic diseases: smoking, alcohol use, obesity, diabetes, hypertension, lipids and family history of death by cardiovascular disease. Relative risks of all-cause mortality were estimated using age-adjusted Cox regression models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the follow-up period, 46 deaths were observed. Adjusting for age, gender, and behavioural and biological risk factors, the mortality risk for increasing categories of education after controlling for income was 1.0, 0.76 and 0.33 (P for trend<0.01). In contrast, the relative risk for increasing levels of income after controlling for education was 1.0, 0.98, 1.33 and 1.17 (P for trend=0.07).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While education level had a protective effect on mortality risk of Chilean adults, income had a slightly unfavourable effect on survival. This finding is described as suggestive of a 'pauper-rich paradox', since the higher income quantiles in this study correspond with the lower income levels in most developed countries. Nevertheless, due to the small number of deaths, additional research is required to assess the validity of these findings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, San Miguel, Santiago, Chile. elardkoch@gmail.com
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Koch
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Romero
authors.forename: C X
authors.initials: CX
authors.lastname: Romero
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Akel
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Manríquez
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Paredes
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Román
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vargas
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kirschbaum
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002423:Cause of Death; D002677:Chile / Q000453:epidemiology; D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000401:mortality*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality; D015995:Prevalence; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution