title: A pilot study of architectural distortion detection in mammograms based on characteristics of line shadows.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We present herein a novel algorithm for architectural distortion detection that utilizes the point convergence index with the likelihood of lines (e.g., spiculations) relating to architectural distortion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Validation was performed using 25 computed radiography (CR) mammograms, each of which has an architectural distortion with radiating spiculations. The proposed method comprises five steps. First, the lines were extracted on mammograms, such as spiculations of architectural distortion as well as lines in the mammary gland. Second, the likelihood of spiculation for each extracted line was calculated. In the third step, point convergence index weighted by this likelihood was evaluated at each pixel to enhance distortion only. Fourth, local maxima of the index were extracted as candidates for the distortion, then classified based on nine features in the last step.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Point convergence index without the proposed likelihood generated 84.48/image false-positives (FPs) on average. Conversely, the proposed index succeeded in decreasing this number to 12.48/image on average when sensitivity was 100%. After the classification step, number of FPs was reduced to 0.80/image with 80.0% sensitivity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Combination of the likelihood of lines with point convergence index is effective in extracting architectural distortion with radiating spiculations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan. mnemo-tky@umin.net
authors.forename: Mitsutaka
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nemoto
authors.forename: Soshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Honmura
authors.forename: Akinobu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.forename: Daisuke
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Furukawa
authors.forename: Hidefumi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kobatake
authors.forename: Shigeru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nawano
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D016477:Artifacts; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology*; D003936:Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008327:Mammography; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012372:ROC Curve; D012189:Retrospective Studies