title: Identification and dynamics of a beneficial mutation in a long-term evolution experiment with Escherichia coli.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Twelve populations of E. coli were serially propagated for 20,000 generations in a glucose-supplemented minimal medium in order to study the dynamics of evolution. We sought to find and characterize one of the beneficial mutations responsible for the adaptation and other phenotypic changes, including increased cell size, in one of these populations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We used transposon-tagging followed by P1-transduction into the ancestor, screening for increased cell size and fitness, co-transduction analysis, and DNA sequencing. We identified a 1-bp insertion in the BoxG1 region located upstream of glmUS, an operon involved in cell-wall biosynthesis. When transduced into the ancestor, this mutation increased competitive fitness by about 5%. This mutation spread through its population of origin between 500 and 1500 generations. Mutations in this region were not found in the other 11 evolving populations, even after 20,000 generations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The 1-bp insertion in the BoxG1 region near glmUS was demonstrably beneficial in the environment in which it arose. The absence of similar mutations in the other evolved populations suggests that they substituted other mutations that rendered this particular mutation unimportant. These results show the unpredictability of adaptive evolution, whereas parallel substitutions at other loci in these same populations reveal the predictability.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-4320, USA. mstanek@ltu.edu
authors.forename: Mark T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Stanek
authors.forename: Tim F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: Richard E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Lenski
mesh_terms: D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D005075:Biological Evolution; D004251:DNA Transposable Elements; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D056084:Genetic Fitness; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes / Q000235:genetics; D009154:Mutation; D009876:Operon; D005945:Glutamine-Fructose-6-Phosphate Transaminase (Isomerizing)
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D004251:DNA Transposable Elements; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes; C520333:GlmU protein, E coli; C000731191:component S, glutamate mutase protein, Bacteria; D005945:Glutamine-Fructose-6-Phosphate Transaminase (Isomerizing)