title: Infectious disease and reproductive health: a review.
abstract: Human reproduction provides unique opportunities for the transmission of infectious agents. Furthermore, the mother and her offspring have distinct susceptibilities to infection at each stage of reproduction, from conception and gestation to parturition and the neonatal period. The impact of pathogens on reproduction can be mitigated or exacerbated depending on timing of acquisition during pregnancy. Similarly, factors such as maternal immune response, nutritional status, or concurrent infection may modify the effect of an infectious agent. In this review, we discuss the evidence--or lack thereof--for associations between infectious agents and reproductive problems at each stage of reproduction. We focus on well-substantiated associations, and consider several emerging or controversial associations. We discuss the challenges, limitations, and opportunities related to epidemiologic research on infectious disease and reproductive outcomes.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Obstetricians & Gynecologists, Family Physicians.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  After completion of this article, the reader will be able to describe the potential mechanisms by which infectious agents may impact productive health, explain the public health impact of infectious diseases on reproductive health, and summarize the perinatal risks of infectious disease and relate this to treatment and prevention strategies in practice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. lbaecherlind@tuftsmedicalcenter.org
authors.forename: Laura E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Baecher-Lind
authors.forename: William C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Allen J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Wilcox
mesh_terms: D003141:Communicable Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000635:transmission; D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; D007246:Infertility / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000503:physiopathology; D012098:Reproduction; D018456:Reproductive Medicine; D012749:Sexually Transmitted Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology