title: Gasless balloon laparoscopy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The concept of balloon laparoscopy (B-LSC) pursues the simplification of conventional diagnostic laparoscopy (LSC). The pneumoperitoneum is replaced by a transparent balloon, which is positioned in front of the optical system. It shall be shown that with this arrangement diagnostic LSC can be performed outside of the operating room without requiring general anesthesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  An inflatable balloon was developed for a 30 degrees /3.5-mm rod lens. Intra-abdominally the balloon was expanded to a diameter of 30 mm by air insufflation, and B-LSC was performed. Twelve patients were examined in general anesthesia before laparoscopic surgery. Twelve patients were subjected to B-LSC fully awake or with sedation (midazolam or propofol/S-ketamine) as a "second-look" procedure by way of a flexible trocar (port) left in the abdominal wall at the end of previous operation. Eight patients have been first provided with a trocar under sedation (midazolam or propofol/S-ketamine) combined with local anesthesia, and B-LSC was performed before laparoscopic surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On a scale of 1-5, the general impression was rated 1.9, the navigability to the different abdominal organs 2.5, the resolution 1.5, the stability of the system optic/trocar 2.1, the suitability of the balloon format 1.9, and the stability of the balloon against lateral shear forces 2.4. The degree of painfulness of the examination was rated 2.8, the tolerance of the port 1.4, and the degree of painfulness of trocar placement at 2.5. On a scale of 1 to 3, the strain of the abdominal musculature was rated 1.4 and the obstruction by adhesions 1.7.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  B-LSC is technically practicable with good imaging qualities and without requiring pneumoperitoneum. It is tolerated in great extent under slight sedation and particularly well under deep sedation. The procedure is suitable for diagnostics of unclear abdominal conditions, as a second-look LSC and also as a staging LSC.
authors.affiliation: Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Sana-Hospital Gerresheim, Düsseldorf, Germany. michel.volland@web.de
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Volland
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lienert
authors.forename: Olaf
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Horstmann
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000772:Anesthesia, Local; D002404:Catheterization; D016292:Procedural Sedation; D004066:Digestive System Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005740:Gases; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D005740:Gases