title: Current indications and results for thoracoplasty and intrathoracic muscle transposition.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Thoracoplasty has lost much of its popularity and is being supplanted by space-reduction operations using muscle flaps. Our purpose is to retrospectively study the remaining indications and the evolving modifications of this ancient technique in our current surgical practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 1994 to 2008, 35 patients underwent a thoracoplasty procedure in a single thoracic surgery centre for treatment of infectious complications of previous thoracic surgery. The number and length of ribs excised were dictated by the size and location of the thoracic cavity to obliterate. Muscle flaps were used to buttress bronchial fistulas and to fill out residual spaces. We reviewed the immediate and long-term results concerning infection control and procedure tolerance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The infectious complications of previous thoracic surgery were related to cancer in 25, tuberculosis in six, oesophageo-pleural fistula in two, ruptured lung abscess and pleural thickening in one each. The thoracoplasty procedure was performed for: (1) post-pneumonectomy empyema, n=20 (bronchial fistula, n=11; open window thoracostomy, n=14; mean number of resected ribs, n=7.5; associated intrathoracic muscle transposition, n=12; postoperative death, n=3); (2) post-lobectomy empyema, n=8 (bronchial fistula n=8; open window thoracostomy n=1; mean number of resected ribs n=3.6; associated intrathoracic muscle transposition n=7; no death); (3) other indications, n=7 (mean number of resected ribs n=4.8; associated intrathoracic muscle transposition n=3; no death). All patients discharged from the hospital except one were cured and did not complain of symptoms of secondary lung function and shoulder impairment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although thoracoplasty is rarely indicated nowadays, this does not imply that the procedure should be avoided. Thoracoplasty may be associated with myoplasty, which permits achieving complete space obliteration by combining resection of a few rib segments and limited intrathoracic muscle transposition.
authors.affiliation: Thoracic Surgery Department, Georges Pompidou European Hospital and Paris Descartes University, 20-40 rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Athanase
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Krassas
authors.forename: Renaud
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Grima
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bagan
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Badia
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Arame
authors.forename: Françoise Le Pimpec
authors.initials: Fle P
authors.lastname: Barthes
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Riquet
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001419:Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000637:transplantation*; D011859:Radiography; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013524:Surgical Flaps; D013530:Surgical Wound Infection / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000382:microbiology / Q000601:surgery*; D013899:Thoracic Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery; D013905:Thoracoplasty / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000601:surgery