title: Factor structure of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale in unipolar depression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In clinical practice patients with unipolar depression present with a variety of symptom clusters that may combine together in many different ways. However, only few factor analytic studies used general psychopathology scales to investigate the symptom structure of unipolar depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 163 consecutive inpatients with an ICD-10 diagnosis of depressive disorder (ICD-10 codes F32 to F33). All patients were assessed with the 18-item version of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) within 3days from admission. Exploratory factor analysis with Varimax rotation was performed on BPRS items.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four factors were extracted, explaining 52% of total variance. They were interpreted as Apathy, Dysphoria, Depression and Psychoticism. The distribution of factor scores was approximately normal for Apathy, while it displayed a slight negative skewness for Depression, a slight positive skewness for Dysphoria, and a marked positive skewness for Psychoticism. Patient sex, family history of depression, lifetime history of suicide attempt, and recent serious family conflict were not associated with any factor. Occupational status, age, and age at onset displayed a positive correlation with Apathy. Duration of illness and number of previous admissions were positively correlated with Dysphoria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients were not administered a structured diagnostic interview, and no detailed assessment of personality disorders was performed; also, patients were recruited only at a single site, which reduces the generalizability of the results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that in depressive disorders there are psychopathological dimensions other than depressed mood that are worthy of greater clinical attention and research. Dimensions such as apathy and dysphoria may play an important part in the clinical phenomenology of unipolar depression and deserve systematic and careful assessment in order to provide patients with the best possible treatment and improve clinical outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Section of Psychiatry, Department of Medical Sciences of Communication and Behaviour, University of Ferrara, 44100 Ferrara, Italy.
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Biancosino
authors.forename: Angelo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Picardi
authors.forename: Luciana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Marmai
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Biondi
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Grassi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D010054:Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011567:Psychiatric Department, Hospital; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015203:Reproducibility of Results