title: Smoking, an additional risk factor in elder women with primary open-angle glaucoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Smoking is a serious public health problem worldwide. Some authors refer to it as the "silent epidemic of the 20th century." It constitutes an important risk factor for ocular pathologies such as age-related macular degeneration (ARMD), diabetic retinopathy, and neuropathy because the toxic effects of tobacco play a key role in the deterioration of eye tissue. Damage to trabecular meshwork cells (TMC) and retinal ganglion cells (RGC), involving inflammation and apoptosis mechanisms, has been proved in glaucoma. The aim of this study was to determine whether smoking influences the progression of primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) in women.
  
  
  METHODS
  This experimental study involved a sampling of consecutive cases of smokers, ex-smokers and non-smokers women with POAG. One hundred and twenty women with POAG, aged 40-90 years, were enrolled (40 smokers, 40 ex-smokers and 40 non-smokers). Samples of aqueous humor (AH) and plasma from each subject were obtained at the beginning of the surgical procedures. Both inflammation and apoptosis processes in the subjects were studied by means of enzyme immunoassay and western blot procedures respectively. We analyzed the interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels as an inflammation marker and the expression of caspase-3 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1) as apoptosis markers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  IL-6, caspase-3, and PARP-1 levels were significantly higher in the smoker women who smoked than in the ex-smoker and non-smoker glaucomatous groups of the same gender (p<0,05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inflammation and apoptosis marker levels increase with smoking in the aqueous humor and plasma samples of POAG women. Smoking could be an important additional risk factor for glaucoma progression in elderly women.
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Research Center, Dr. Peset University Hospital, Valencia, Spain. zanon_vicmor@gva.es
authors.forename: Vicente
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Zanon-Moreno
authors.forename: Jose J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Garcia-Medina
authors.forename: Vicente
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Zanon-Viguer
authors.forename: Maria A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Moreno-Nadal
authors.forename: Maria D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Pinazo-Duran
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001082:Aqueous Humor / Q000201:enzymology; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000097:blood; D003710:Demography; D005260:Female; D005902:Glaucoma, Open-Angle / Q000097:blood / Q000201:enzymology / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases / Q000097:blood; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D015850:Interleukin-6; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases; D053148:Caspase 3