title: Microvascular retinal changes in patients presenting with acute coronary syndromes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Retinal microvascular changes predict cardiovascular morbidity and mortality independent of classical risk factors. However, it is unclear which retinal changes characterize patients with established coronary artery disease (CAD), and in particular, with acute coronary syndromes (ACS). The aim of the present preliminary study was to assess retinopathy in these patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  43 consecutive patients with ACS and 19 consecutive patients with stable CAD were investigated. Among the patient group with ACS, 20 patients presented with ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) and 23 patients presented with Non-STEMI (NSTEMI). Standardized protocols were used and retinal fundus photography was taken within 48 h post-coronary angiography to assess retinopathy and general arteriolar narrowing as arterio-venous ratio (AVR). Clinical and laboratory cardiovascular risk factors were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Despite comparable age and comparable frequency of diabetes and hypertension, patients with ACS had a much higher likelihood for retinal microaneurysms and dot bleedings than patients with stable CAD (17 (40%) vs. 1 (5%) patients, OR 11.77; 95%CI 1.43-96.59; p=0.006). Performing multivariate analysis, this association remains significant (OR 20.5, 95%CI 1.6-255, p=0.019). CAD patients presented more often with focal signs of arteriovenous nicking / focal vasoconstriction (10 (53%) vs. 9 (21%) patients, OR 4.2; 95%CI 1.31-13.4; p=0.018), however after multivariate analysis this association lost significance. The AVR was comparably low in both groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with ACS present more often with dot bleedings and microaneurysms. These findings provide preliminary evidence that retinal fundus examination may be useful to contribute to the risk profile of patients, enabling a more intensive survey and care.
authors.affiliation: 1(st) Medical Department, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany. stefan.kralev@umm.de
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kralev
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zimmerer
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Buchholz
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Economopoulou
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lang
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kälsch
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Süselbeck
authors.forename: H-P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Hammes
mesh_terms: D054058:Acute Coronary Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D000368:Aged; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008833:Microcirculation; D055806:Microvessels / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012171:Retinal Vessels / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology