title: Epac1 mediates protein kinase A-independent mechanism of forskolin-activated intestinal chloride secretion.
abstract: Intestinal Cl- secretion is stimulated by cyclic AMP (cAMP) and intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i). Recent studies show that protein kinase A (PKA) and the exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (Epac) are downstream targets of cAMP. Therefore, we tested whether both PKA and Epac are involved in forskolin (FSK)/cAMP-stimulated Cl- secretion. Human intestinal T84 cells and mouse small intestine were used for short circuit current (I(sc)) measurement in response to agonist-stimulated Cl- secretion. FSK-stimulated Cl- secretion was completely inhibited by the additive effects of the PKA inhibitor, H89 (1 microM), and the [Ca2+]i chelator, 1,2-bis-(o-aminophenoxy)-ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid, tetraacetoxymethyl ester (BAPTA-AM; 25 microM). Both FSK and the Epac activator 8-pCPT-2'-O-Me-cAMP (50 microM) elevated [Ca2+]i, activated Ras-related protein 2, and induced Cl- secretion in intact or basolateral membrane-permeabilized T84 cells and mouse ileal sheets. The effects of 8-pCPT-2'-O-Me-cAMP were completely abolished by BAPTA-AM, but not by H89. In contrast, T84 cells with silenced Epac1 had a reduced I(sc) response to FSK, and this response was completely inhibited by H89, but not by the phospholipase C inhibitor U73122 or BAPTA-AM. The stimulatory effect of 8-pCPT-2'-O-Me-cAMP on Cl- secretion was not abolished by cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance (CFTR) inhibitor 172 or glibenclamide, suggesting that CFTR channels are not involved. This was confirmed by lack of effect of 8-pCPT-2'-O-Me-cAMP on whole cell patch clamp recordings of CFTR currents in Chinese hamster ovary cells transiently expressing the human CFTR channel. Furthermore, biophysical characterization of the Epac1-dependent Cl- conductance of T84 cells mounted in Ussing chambers suggested that this conductance was hyperpolarization activated, inwardly rectifying, and displayed a Cl->Br->I- permeability sequence. These results led us to conclude that the Epac-Rap-PLC-[Ca2+]i signaling pathway is involved in cAMP-stimulated Cl- secretion, which is carried by a novel, previously undescribed Cl- channel.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, GI Division, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
authors.forename: Kazi Mirajul
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Hoque
authors.forename: Owen M
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Woodward
authors.forename: Damian B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: van Rossum
authors.forename: Nicholas C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Zachos
authors.forename: Linxi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: George P H
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.forename: William B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Guggino
authors.forename: Sandra E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Guggino
authors.forename: Chung-Ming
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Tse
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002713:Chlorine / Q000378:metabolism*; D005576:Colforsin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D020662:Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice
chemical_list: C482601:Epac protein, mouse; D020662:Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors; C116122:RAPGEF3 protein, human; D005576:Colforsin; D002713:Chlorine; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases