title: Prenatal alcohol exposure alters the patterns of facial asymmetry.
abstract: Directional asymmetry, the systematic differences between the left and right body sides, is widespread in human populations. Changes in directional asymmetry are associated with various disorders that affect craniofacial development. Because facial dysmorphology is a key criterion for diagnosing fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), the question arises whether in utero alcohol exposure alters directional asymmetry in the face. Data on the relative position of 17 morphologic landmarks were obtained from facial scans of children who were classified as either FAS or control. Shape data obtained from the landmarks were analyzed with the methods of geometric morphometrics. Our analyses showed significant directional asymmetry of facial shape, consisting primarily of a shift of midline landmarks to the right and a displacement of the landmarks around the eyes to the left. The asymmetry of FAS and control groups differed significantly and average directional asymmetry was increased in those individuals exposed to alcohol in utero. These results suggest that the developmental consequences of fetal alcohol exposure affect a wide range of craniofacial features in addition to those generally recognized and used for diagnosis of FAS.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Klingenberg
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wetherill
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Autti-Rämö
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fagerlund
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Jacobson
authors.forename: L K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: H E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Hoyme
authors.forename: S N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Mattson
authors.forename: T K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: E P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Riley
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Foroud
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019465:Craniofacial Abnormalities / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D063647:Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008297:Male; D008431:Maternal-Fetal Exchange; D011247:Pregnancy
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol