A new look at children's understanding of mind and emotion: the case of prayer.
Multiple methods were used to examine children's awareness of connections between emotion and prayer. Four-, 6-, and 8-year-olds and adults (N = 100) predicted whether people would pray when feeling different emotions, explained why characters in different situations decided to pray, and predicted whether characters' emotions would change after praying. Four- and 6-year-olds exclusively judged that positive emotions motivate prayer, whereas 8-year-olds and adults most often predicted that negative emotions would cause people to pray and that praying could improve emotions. There was also a significant increase between 4 and 8 years in explaining prayer as motivated by need for assistance, for thanksgiving, and for conversation, as well as for explaining postprayer emotions in relation to God or prayer. Religious background predicted individual differences in reasoning only for 4-year-olds.
Bamford
Christi
C
Department of Psychology and Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
Lagattuta
Kristin Hansen
KH
D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001364:Awareness / Q000502:physiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D032882:Comprehension / Q000502:physiology*; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019222:Mind-Body Relations, Metaphysical; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012067:Religion