title: Household exposures to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in a Wisconsin Cohort.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) is virtually universal in the United States. Although the uses of these chemicals as flame retardants in fabrics, foams, and plastics are well defined, human exposure pathways are not well understood.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to assess current PBDE body burdens and identify residential sources of exposure among 29 men and 15 women in 38 households.
  
  
  METHODS
  Portable X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyzers were used to measure bromine levels in upholstered furnishings, bedding, vehicle interiors, and electronic devices. Vacuum cleaner contents, indoor air samples, and blood sera were analyzed for PBDE congeners using conventional gas chromatograph methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bromine levels varied widely within similar household items. The greatest range for upholstered items was found among vehicle seat cushions (7-30,600 ppm). For electronic devices, television sets ranged from 4 ppm to 128,300 ppm. Based on mixed effects modeling, adjusting for couple households, the bromine content in the participants' sleeping pillows and primary vehicle seat cushions were the strongest predictors of log lipid-adjusted blood serum PBDE concentrations (p-values = 0.005 and 0.03, respectively). The total pentaBDE congener levels found in dust samples and in passive air samples were not significant predictors of blood sera levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates the usefulness of the portable XRF analyzer in identifying household items that may contribute to human exposure to PBDEs.
authors.affiliation: Wisconsin Department of Health Services, Madison, Wisconsin, USA. pamela.imm@wi.gov
authors.forename: Pamela
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Imm
authors.forename: Lynda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Knobeloch
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Buelow
authors.forename: Henry A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Anderson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor; D001822:Body Burden; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004391:Dust / Q000032:analysis; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D004391:Dust; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers