title: In situ investigations of vault paintings in the Antwerp cathedral.
abstract: X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) and Raman spectroscopy have been used to examine 15th century mediaeval and 16th century renaissance vault paintings in the Our Lady's Cathedral (Antwerp, Belgium) in view of their restoration. The use of mobile instruments made it possible to work totally non-destructively. This complementary approach yields information on the elemental (XRF) and on the molecular composition (Raman) of the pigments. For the 15th century vault painting the pigments lead-tin yellow (Pb(2)SnO(4)), lead white (2PbCO(3)xPb(OH)(2)), vermilion (HgS), massicot (PbO) and azurite (2CuCO(3).Cu(OH)(2)) could be identified. The pigments used for the 16th century vault painting could be identified as red lead (Pb(3)O(4)), hematite (Fe(2)O(3)), lead white (2PbCO(3)xPb(OH)(2)) and azurite (2CuCO(3)xCu(OH)(2)). For both paintings the presence of the strong Raman scatterer calcite (CaCO(3)) resulted in a difficult identification of the pigments by Raman spectroscopy. The presence of gypsum (CaSO(4)x2H(2)O) on the mediaeval vault painting probably indicates that degradation took place.
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium. Raman@UGent.be
authors.forename: Annelien
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Deneckere
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schudel
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Van Bos
authors.forename: Helena
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wouters
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bergmans
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vandenabeele
authors.forename: Luc
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Moens
mesh_terms: D001530:Belgium; D002119:Calcium Carbonate / Q000737:chemistry; D002133:Calcium Sulfate / Q000737:chemistry; D002516:Ceramics; D002835:Christianity; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000032:analysis*; D003252:Construction Materials / Q000032:analysis*; D049668:History, 15th Century; D049669:History, 16th Century; D007854:Lead / Q000737:chemistry; D010151:Paintings / Q000266:history*; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D007854:Lead; D002119:Calcium Carbonate; D002133:Calcium Sulfate