title: Viscoelasticity of the alar and transverse ligaments.
abstract: The occipito-atlanto-axial joint is the most complex one of the human spine. Traumatic or inflammatory lesions in this region may lead to instability and neurological symptoms of clinical importance. This study reports the results of anatomical and biomechanical examination of 13 human upper cervical spine specimens and focuses on the viscoelastic behavior of the alar and transverse ligaments. Non-destructive tensile testing was performed on a uniaxial testing machine with 25 alar and 11 transverse ligaments at three different load rates of 0.1 mm/s, 1.0 mm/s, and 10.0 mm/s. The ligaments were further tested for relaxation over 300s. Each ligament exhibited an initial neutral zone in which no tensile force could be measured during cyclic testing. This neutral zone was more significant in the alar ligaments than in the transverse ligaments with respect to the measured in situ length of the ligaments (11.2 vs 18.1 mm on average). Increasing axial deformation led to increased load in all ligaments. Hysteresis, i.e., the energy loss exhibited by viscoelastic material subjected to loading and unloading cycles, increased with higher displacement rates and higher tensile forces. In neutral position the alar ligaments were lax in all specimens. During axial rotation both alars tightened. Ligamentous resistance increased as the end of the range of motion (ROM) was approchaed during rotation. The neutral zone explains the laxity of the ligaments in midposition and allows mobility of the upper cervical spine with minimum expenditure of muscular energy. The ligaments become stiffer under higher loads and therefore contribute to a limitation of the ROM in the occipitio-atlanto-axial joint.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Federal Republic of Germany.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Möller
authors.forename: L P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Nolte
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Visarius
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Willburger
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Crisco
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Panjabi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001268:Atlanto-Axial Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D001269:Atlanto-Occipital Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D001368:Axis, Cervical Vertebra / Q000502:physiology; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001270:Cervical Atlas / Q000502:physiology; D004548:Elasticity / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008023:Ligaments, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular