title: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of armodafinil for excessive sleepiness in patients with treated obstructive sleep apnea and comorbid depression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Treatment of excessive sleepiness in the context of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) may be particularly difficult in those with depression because depression and/or antidepressant medications may cause sleepiness and fatigue in addition to that due to the OSA. This study evaluating armodafinil, a nonamphetamine wakefulness-promoting medication, is the first trial for treatment of excessive sleepiness in patients with treated OSA and comorbid depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Men and women with OSA diagnosed using International Classification of Sleep Disorders criteria being treated with continuous positive airway pressure and comorbid major depressive disorder or dysthymic disorder according to DSM-IV-TR criteria were enrolled into a 12-week, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study between September 2007 and March 2009 at 60 outpatient sites. Patients maintained on stable monotherapy with a serotonergic antidepressant and with a 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale score < 17 received placebo or armodafinil (target dose: 200 mg once daily). Coprimary outcomes were the proportion of patients with at least minimal improvement on the Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGI-C) as related to excessive sleepiness and mean change from baseline in Maintenance of Wakefulness Test mean sleep latency at final visit; the key secondary outcome was mean change in the Epworth Sleepiness Scale score.
  
  
  RESULTS
  249 patients were enrolled: 125 in the armodafinil group and 124 in the placebo group. The proportion of patients with at least minimal improvement on the CGI-C was statistically significantly greater in the armodafinil group (69%) compared with the placebo group (53%, P = .012). Mean (SD) increase in Maintenance of Wakefulness Test sleep latency was numerically but not significantly greater following armodafinil (2.6 [7.1] min) versus placebo (1.1 [7.6] min, P = .30) treatment. Mean decrease in Epworth Sleepiness Scale score was greater in the armodafinil group (-6.3 [4.8]) than in the placebo group (-4.8 [4.9], nominal P = .003). Headache, dry mouth, and insomnia were the most common adverse events occurring with armodafinil treatment. There was no clinically significant effect on depression in either group as measured by the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Self-Report 16.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Armodafinil significantly improved overall clinical condition related to excessive sleepiness as rated by the CGI-C and was well tolerated in patients with treated OSA and comorbid depression.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00518986.
authors.affiliation: Duke University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke Clinic, 200 Trent Dr, 4th Fl, White Zone, Durham, NC 27710, USA. kryst001@mc.duke.edu
authors.forename: Andrew D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Krystal
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Harsh
authors.forename: Ronghua
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Ronghua R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Gregory A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Rippon
authors.forename: D Alan
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Lankford
mesh_terms: D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D045422:Continuous Positive Airway Pressure; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006970:Disorders of Excessive Somnolence / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D019263:Dysthymic Disorder / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D000077408:Modafinil; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012891:Sleep Apnea Syndromes / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D000077408:Modafinil