title: Effect of prolonged administration of bovine lactoferrin in neuropathic pain: involvement of opioid receptors, nitric oxide and TNF-alpha.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to investigate the effect of prolonged administration of bovine milk lactoferrin (bLF) on hyperalgesia and allodynia in a rat model of neuropathic pain and to determine the involvement of c-Fos, TNF-alpha, nitric oxide and opioidergic systems in this effect.
  
  
  METHODS
  Neuropathic pain was induced in rats by loose ligation of the right sciatic nerve and evaluated by tests measuring the mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia and allodynia. bLF (50, 100, and 200mg/kg) alone or in combination with opioidergic antagonists were administered intraperitoneally to the rats with neuropathic pain. c-Fos and NADPH-d immunocytochemistry and Western blotting for TNF-alpha, iNOS and nNOS were performed in the lumbar spinal cord of rats. Plasma TNF-alpha levels were determined with ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prolonged, but not single, administration of bLF produced antihyperalgesic and antiallodynic effects in neuropathic rats. Pretreatment with opioidergic antagonists significantly decreased this effect. Prolonged administration of bLF decreased c-Fos and NADPH-d immunoreactivity and TNF-alpha and iNOS expressions at 50 and 100mg/kg and nNOS expression at 100mg/kg in the lumbar spinal cord of neuropathic rats. Plasma TNF-alpha levels remained unchanged after bLF treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prolonged administration of bLF exerts antihyperalgesic and antiallodynic effect in neuropathic rats; down-regulation of both TNF-alpha and iNOS expressions and potentiation of opioidergic system in the lumbar spinal cord can contribute to this effect.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey. aytul.onal@ege.edu.tr
authors.forename: Aytül
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Onal
authors.forename: Gülgün
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kayalioğlu
authors.forename: Ayşe
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Parlar
authors.forename: Ayşegül
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Keser
authors.forename: Sibel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ulker
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D016762:Genes, fos; D007781:Lactoferrin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000096:biosynthesis; D010146:Pain / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D011957:Receptors, Opioid / Q000378:metabolism*; D013997:Time Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D011957:Receptors, Opioid; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496318:Nos2 protein, rat; D007781:Lactoferrin