title: Clinical course and outcome of cocaine-induced pneumomediastinum.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cocaine inhalation has been linked to the development of pneumomediastinum. The aim of this review was to identify the clinical course and outcome of spontaneous pneumomediastinum caused by cocaine use.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a literature search in English language using PubMed. We included all case reports and case series of spontaneous pneumomediastinum caused by cocaine use. Twenty-three case reports and 7 case series describing 40 patients were identified. In addition, 2 young adults who were admitted to our teaching hospital with cocaine-induced pneumomediastinum were included in this review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 42 patients, 93% were presented with chest pain and 64% had subcutaneous emphysema. Symptoms subsided after a median of 24 hours, and radiological abnormalities abated after 2 to 30 days, with a median of 4.5 days. Pneumothorax was present in 19% of patients, and only 1 required chest tube placement. Patients were discharged with full recovery after 1 to 6 days, with a median of 2 days.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cocaine-induced pneumomediastinum is a benign condition. A short observation period with outpatient follow-up is appropriate in the majority of patients. Invasive procedures have a low yield and should be based on a high degree of clinical suspicion for esophageal rupture or bronchial tree laceration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia 25701, USA. majdalnas@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Majd
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alnas
authors.forename: Abdullah
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Altayeh
authors.forename: Mumtaz
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zaman
mesh_terms: D003042:Cocaine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D008478:Mediastinal Emphysema / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D003042:Cocaine