title: Development and validation of a postoperative nausea and vomiting intensity scale.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is common and of concern to patients and clinicians. The effect of PONV can range from trivial and transient to major clinical importance, and it is unclear which of its characteristics lead to discomfort and distress.
  
  
  METHODS
  We first enrolled 180 participants (patients, family members, nurses, doctors) to identify the characteristics of clinically important PONV, and from these data developed a measurement scale. We then evaluated the scale in a further 163 patients reporting PONV. Validity, reliability, and responsiveness of the PONV Intensity Scale were tested using psychometric techniques.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most participants agreed that three or more vomits, and greater nausea severity and duration, were key factors in defining clinically important PONV. These data were used to derive a PONV Intensity Scale and a score to define clinically important PONV. The scale identified 29 patients (18%) as having clinically important PONV. Patients with clinically important PONV had a poorer quality of recovery (P<0.0005) and needed twice as much antiemetic treatment (P<0.0005). The scale was strongly associated with PONV consequences and complications, with odds ratios ranging from 6.0 to 31 (all P<0.0005). The scale had excellent reproducibility (intraclass correlation 0.99, P<0.0005). The scale could reliably reflect a clinically important change in health status (effect size 0.82, P<0.0005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The PONV Intensity Scale is a valid, reliable, and responsive measure of clinically important PONV.
authors.affiliation: Academic Board of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wengritzky
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mettho
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Myles
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Burke
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kakos
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000932:Antiemetics / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020250:Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D011184:Postoperative Period; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D000932:Antiemetics