title: Factors associated with serious adverse reactions to cholinesterase inhibitors: a study of spontaneous reporting.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cholinesterase inhibitors are used in Alzheimer's disease, mostly in elderly persons with co-morbidities and receiving co-medications that could increase the risk of serious adverse reactions.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To identify factors associated with serious adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in patients treated with cholinesterase inhibitors.
  
  
  METHODS
  All ADRs associated with donepezil, rivastigmine or galantamine were identified in the French pharmacovigilance database, from the launching of these drugs to January 2007. Serious ADRs (SADRs) were those that led to death, hospitalization or prolongation of hospitalization, or that were life threatening. A multiple logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with seriousness in the reported adverse reactions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 773 reports of ADRs related to cholinesterase inhibitor use, among which 438 (57%) concerned SADRs. The median age of patients was 80 years (interquartile range: 75-84 years); 65.1% were women. The most represented ADRs were those responsible for CNS disorders (17.0%), gastrointestinal disorders (16.2%) and cardiac rhythm disorders (11.2%). Factors associated with an increased risk of SADRs were: age (odds ratio [OR] 1.92; 95% CI 1.22, 3.02 for subjects aged 85 years and over), use of atypical antipsychotics (OR 2.15; 95% CI 1.04, 4.46), use of conventional antipsychotics (OR 2.06, 95% CI 1.10, 3.85), use of antihypertensive drugs (OR 2.11; 95% CI 1.47, 3.02) and use of drugs targeting the alimentary tract and metabolism (OR 1.62; 95% CI 1.06, 2.46). The use of benzodiazepines (long-acting or others), antidepressants (tricyclic or others) or antiarrhythmic drugs was not associated with the reporting of SADRs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An increased risk of SADRs related to cholinesterase inhibitors was associated with the use of antipsychotics (with no difference between conventional and atypical antipsychotics), drugs targeting the alimentary tract/metabolism and antihypertensive drugs. It was not associated with the use of other psychotropic drugs, other non-psychotropic CNS drugs or with the use of antiarrhythmic agents. The association with drugs targeting the alimentary tract and metabolism could result from a protopathic bias or reflect the particular sensitivity to serious nausea and vomiting in patients already treated for gastrointestinal disorders. These results confirm that attention needs to be paid to patients receiving both cholinesterase inhibitors and antipsychotics.
authors.affiliation: Service de Pharmacologie, INSERM U657, BP 36, Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France. antoine.pariente@pharmaco.u-bordeaux2.fr
authors.forename: Antoine
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pariente
authors.forename: Dina Joseph-Reinette
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Sanctussy
authors.forename: Ghada
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Miremont-Salamé
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Françoise
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Haramburu
authors.forename: Annie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fourrier-Réglat
mesh_terms: D016907:Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000188:drug therapy*; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016208:Databases, Factual; D004347:Drug Interactions; D005260:Female; D005602:France; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors