title: CX3CR1 is expressed by human B lymphocytes and mediates [corrected] CX3CL1 driven chemotaxis of tonsil centrocytes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fractalkine/CX(3)CL1, a surface chemokine, binds to CX(3)CR1 expressed by different lymphocyte subsets. Since CX(3)CL1 has been detected in the germinal centres of secondary lymphoid tissue, in this study we have investigated CX(3)CR1 expression and function in human naïve, germinal centre and memory B cells isolated from tonsil or peripheral blood.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We demonstrate unambiguously that highly purified human B cells from tonsil and peripheral blood expressed CX(3)CR1 at mRNA and protein levels as assessed by quantitative PCR, flow cytometry and competition binding assays. In particular, naïve, germinal centre and memory B cells expressed CX(3)CR1 but only germinal centre B cells were attracted by soluble CX(3)CL1 in a transwell assay. CX(3)CL1 signalling in germinal centre B cells involved PI3K, Erk1/2, p38, and Src phosphorylation, as assessed by Western blot experiments. CX(3)CR1(+) germinal centre B cells were devoid of centroblasts and enriched for centrocytes that migrated to soluble CX(3)CL1. ELISA assay showed that soluble CX(3)CL1 was secreted constitutively by follicular dendritic cells and T follicular helper cells, two cell populations homing in the germinal centre light zone as centrocytes. At variance with that observed in humans, soluble CX(3)CL1 did not attract spleen B cells from wild type mice. OVA immunized CX(3)CR1(-/-) or CX(3)CL1(-/-) mice showed significantly decreased specific IgG production compared to wild type mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We propose a model whereby human follicular dendritic cells and T follicular helper cells release in the light zone of germinal centre soluble CX(3)CL1 that attracts centrocytes. The functional implications of these results warrant further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Oncology, IRCCS G. Gaslini, Genova, Italy. annacorcione@ospedale-gaslini.ge.it
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Corcione
authors.forename: Elisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ferretti
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bertolotto
authors.forename: Franco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fais
authors.forename: Lizzia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Raffaghello
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gregorio
authors.forename: Claudya
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tenca
authors.forename: Luciano
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ottonello
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gambini
authors.forename: Glaucia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Furtado
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lira
authors.forename: Vito
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pistoia
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000918:Antibody Specificity / Q000276:immunology; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D000073883:CX3C Chemokine Receptor 1; D054428:Chemokine CX3CL1 / Q000172:deficiency / Q000378:metabolism*; D002633:Chemotaxis; D002675:Child, Preschool; D018858:Germinal Center / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007114:Immunization; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000378:metabolism; D016130:Immunophenotyping; D016131:Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000166:cytology; D051379:Mice; D010047:Ovalbumin / Q000276:immunology; D014066:Palatine Tonsil / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D019707:Receptors, Chemokine / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D000073883:CX3C Chemokine Receptor 1; C095235:CX3CR1 protein, human; D054428:Chemokine CX3CL1; C471885:Cx3cr1 protein, mouse; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D019707:Receptors, Chemokine; D010047:Ovalbumin