title: Gender, symptom experience, and use of complementary and alternative medicine practices among cancer survivors in the U.S. cancer population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify relationships among gender, physical and psychological symptoms (pain, insomnia, fatigue, and depression), and use of specific complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) practices among survivors in the U.S. cancer population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Secondary analysis of the 2002 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). The CAM Healthcare Model, an extension of the Behavioral Model for Health Services Use, guided the study.
  
  
  METHODS
  United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  2,262 adults (aged 18 years and older) diagnosed with cancer representing more than 14.3 million cancer survivors in the United States .
  
  
  METHODS
  NHIS interview data on use of CAM practices (diet, yoga, tai chi, qigong, meditation, guided imagery, relaxation, and deep breathing) were examined in relationship to gender and symptoms. Analysis was conducted using Stata 9.2 software for population estimation. Binary logistic regression, the primary statistical model employed in the analysis, focused on between-subject differences in practice use.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dichotomous outcome variables included use of at least one CAM practice and use of specific individual CAM practices. Independent variables included gender, age, education, race, provider contact, cancer diagnosis, pain, insomnia, fatigue, depression, and health status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CAM practice use was more prevalent among female, middle-aged, Caucasian, and well-educated subjects. Pain, depression, and insomnia were strong predictors of practice use, with differences noted by gender and practice type.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CAM practices are widely used in the U.S. cancer population, especially among women. Symptom experience influences likelihood of use, with increased odds when men report symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Study findings inform oncology nurses on the benefits of integrating self-care CAM practices in relationship to gender into the symptom management care plan for cancer survivors. Findings reported in this study will help guide future CAM practice intervention studies.
authors.affiliation: College of Nursing, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA. Dr.J@wayne.edu
authors.forename: Judith M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Fouladbakhsh
authors.forename: Manfred
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stommel
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000529:Complementary Therapies / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology; D005221:Fatigue / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008571:Men / Q000523:psychology; D008875:Middle Aged; D008960:Models, Psychological; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology; D015404:Nursing Methodology Research; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012737:Sex Factors; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D017741:Survivors / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014481:United States; D014930:Women / Q000523:psychology