title: Generalized integrating-sphere theory.
abstract: A general equation is developed for the efficiency of an integrating sphere with a nonuniform coating. The only assumptions are that the interior is a perfect sphere and that all areas reflect perfectly diffusely. Three special cases of the general equation are examined for the basic applications of integrating spheres as mixing mechanisms in hemispherical reflectance measurements and in absolute reflectance techniques.
authors.affiliation: Colorimetry and Spectrophotometry Section, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, DC 20234, USA.
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Goebel