title: Induction of Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 under different growth conditions can affect Salmonella-host cell interactions in vitro.
abstract: Salmonella invade non-phagocytic cells by inducing massive actin rearrangements, resulting in membrane ruffle formation and phagocytosis of the bacteria. This process is mediated by a cohort of effector proteins translocated into the host cell by type III secretion system 1, which is encoded by genes in the Salmonella pathogenicity island (SPI) 1 regulon. This network is precisely regulated and must be induced outside of host cells. In vitro invasive Salmonella are prepared by growth in synthetic media although the details vary. Here, we show that culture conditions affect the frequency, and therefore invasion efficiency, of SPI1-induced bacteria and also can affect the ability of Salmonella to adapt to its intracellular niche following invasion. Aerobically grown late-exponential-phase bacteria were more invasive and this was associated with a greater frequency of SPI1-induced, motile bacteria, as revealed by single-cell analysis of gene expression. Culture conditions also affected the ability of Salmonella to adapt to the intracellular environment, since they caused marked differences in intracellular replication. These findings show that induction of SPI1 under different pre-invasion growth conditions can affect the ability of Salmonella to interact with eukaryotic host cells.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Intracellular Parasites, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA.
authors.forename: J Antonio
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Ibarra
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Intracellular Parasites, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA.
authors.forename: Leigh A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Knodler
authors.affiliation: Genomics Unit, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Sturdevant
authors.affiliation: Genomics Unit, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA.
authors.forename: Kimmo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Virtaneva
authors.affiliation: Flow Cytometry Unit, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA.
authors.forename: Aaron B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Carmody
authors.affiliation: Microscopy Unit, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA.
authors.forename: Elizabeth R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.affiliation: Genomics Unit, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA.
authors.forename: Stephen F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Porcella
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Intracellular Parasites, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA.
authors.forename: Olivia
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Steele-Mortimer
mesh_terms: D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D003470:Culture Media / Q000378:metabolism*; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; D044404:Genomic Islands; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D006801:Humans; D012475:Salmonella / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D012480:Salmonella Infections / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D003470:Culture Media