title: Gender differences in clinical characteristics in a naturalistic sample of depressive outpatients: the Leiden Routine Outcome Monitoring Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  No previous large scale studies have assessed gender differences in naturalistic samples of major depressive disorder (MDD) outpatients. We therefore determined gender differences in comorbidity, symptom patterns and subjective health status in these outpatients in a mental healthcare setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  Of 3798 consecutive adult patients (age range: 18-65), 1131 (65.1% women) fulfilled DSM-IV criteria of current MDD on the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI-Plus). Patients were routinely assessed with Routine Outcome Monitoring (ROM), including the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II), Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) and Short Form-36 (SF-36).
  
  
  RESULTS
  No gender differences were found in disease severity using the clinician-rated MADRS. However, women showed a significant higher depression severity measured with the self-report BDI-II. Also, psychopathological symptoms self-reported with the BSI were higher, and reported health status on the SF-36 was lower in women. In men with MDD, social phobia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and alcohol and drug misconduct were more common comorbid disorders, while in women with MDD posttraumatic stress disorder and bulimia nervosa were more common, as well as atypical features of depression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of retrospective reports of lifetime psychopathology might have led to recall bias. 20% of subjects were excluded from ROM due to language problems or logistical reasons.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although women self-reported higher depression severity, more severe general psychopathological symptoms and lower health status, no differences in disease severity were found on interviewer ratings. These findings could have implications for clinical decision making and treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands. m.s.van_noorden@lumc.nl
authors.forename: Martijn S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: van Noorden
authors.forename: Erik J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Giltay
authors.forename: Margien E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: den Hollander-Gijsman
authors.forename: Nic J A
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: van der Wee
authors.forename: Tineke
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: van Veen
authors.forename: Frans G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Zitman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010555:Personality Inventory / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011594:Psychometrics; D012008:Recurrence; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D055815:Young Adult