title: Orbital cysticercosis: clinical manifestations, diagnosis, management, and outcome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the clinical manifestations, diagnosis, management, and outcome of orbital cysticercosis in a tertiary eye care center in Southern India.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective observational case series.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 171 patients with orbital cysticercosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective case series involving consecutive patients with orbital cysticercosis from March 1990 to December 2001.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical resolution and significant residual deficit.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median age at presentation was 13 years (range 2-65 years), and 93 patients (54.4%) were male. The 3 main symptoms at presentation were periocular swelling (38%), proptosis (24%), and ptosis (14%) with a median duration of 2 (range 0-24) months. The 3 main signs at presentation included ocular motility restriction (64.3%), proptosis (44.4%), and diplopia (36.8%). The cyst locations in the decreasing order of frequency were anterior orbit (69%), subconjunctival space (24.6%), posterior orbit (5.8%), and the eyelid (0.6%). In all, 80.7% of patients had cysts in relation to an extraocular muscle. The superior rectus (33.3%) was the most commonly involved extraocular muscle. Contact B-scan ultrasonography was diagnostic of cysticercosis in 84.4% of patients. Orbital cysticercosis was managed medically in 158 of 166 patients. Although 149 patients received a combination of oral albendazole and prednisolone, 1 patient received oral albendazole alone, 7 patients received oral prednisolone alone, and 1 patient received oral praziquantel. Surgery was performed in 8 patients. Clinical resolution was seen in 128 of 138 patients (92.8%) at 1 month and 81 of 85 patients (95.3%) at 3 months. A significant residual deficit was present in 29 of 138 patients (21.0%) at the final follow-up and included proptosis in 7 patients, ptosis in 6 patients, ocular motility restriction in 3 patients, diplopia in 2 patients, strabismus in 2 patients, and a combination of the above in 9 patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Orbital cysticercosis is a common clinical condition in the developing world. It typically affects young individuals and has a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations. Both B-scan ultrasonography and computed tomography scan are useful in confirming the diagnosis. Despite resolution of cysticercosis with medical management, a significant proportion of patients may have residual functional deficits.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery, Orbit and Ocular Oncology, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, India.
authors.forename: Suryasnata
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rath
authors.forename: Santosh G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Honavar
authors.forename: Milind
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Naik
authors.forename: Raj
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Anand
authors.forename: Bhartendu
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Agarwal
authors.forename: Sannapaneni
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Krishnaiah
authors.forename: G Chandra
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Sekhar
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents; D001763:Blepharoptosis / Q000175:diagnosis; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003551:Cysticercosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005094:Exophthalmos / Q000175:diagnosis; D015822:Eye Infections, Parasitic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013508:Ophthalmologic Surgical Procedures; D054517:Orbital Cellulitis / Q000175:diagnosis; D009916:Orbital Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents; D005938:Glucocorticoids