title: Epstein-Barr virus-encoded EBNA1 inhibits the canonical NF-kappaB pathway in carcinoma cells by inhibiting IKK phosphorylation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-encoded EBNA1 protein is expressed in all EBV-associated tumours, including undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), where it is indispensable for viral replication, genome maintenance and viral gene expression. EBNA1's transcription factor-like functions also extend to influencing the expression of cellular genes involved in pathways commonly dysregulated during oncogenesis, including elevation of AP-1 activity in NPC cell lines resulting in enhancement of angiogenesis in vitro. In this study we sought to extend these observations by examining the role of EBNA1 upon another pathway commonly deregulated during carcinogenesis; namely NF-kappaB.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this report we demonstrate that EBNA1 inhibits the canonical NF-kappaB pathway in carcinoma lines by inhibiting the phosphorylation of IKKalpha/beta. In agreement with this observation we find a reduction in the phosphorylation of IkappaBalpha and reduced phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of p65, resulting in a reduction in the amount of p65 in nuclear NF-kappaB complexes. Similar effects were also found in carcinoma lines infected with recombinant EBV and in the EBV-positive NPC-derived cell line C666-1. Inhibition of NF-kappaB was dependent upon regions of EBNA1 essential for gene transactivation whilst the interaction with the deubiquitinating enzyme, USP7, was entirely dispensable. Furthermore, in agreement with EBNA1 inhibiting p65 NF-kappaB we demonstrate that p65 was exclusively cytoplasmic in 11 out of 11 NPC tumours studied.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inhibition of p65 NF-kappaB in murine and human epidermis results in tissue hyperplasia and the development of squamous cell carcinoma. In line with this, p65 knockout fibroblasts have a transformed phenotype. Inhibition of p65 NF-kappaB by EBNA1 may therefore contribute to the development of NPC by inducing tissue hyperplasia. Furthermore, inhibition of NF-kappaB is employed by viruses as an immune evasion strategy which is also closely linked to oncogenesis during persistent viral infection. Our findings therefore further implicate EBNA1 in playing an important role in the pathogenesis of NPC.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research UK Cancer Centre, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Valentine
authors.forename: Christopher W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Dawson
authors.forename: Chunfang
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Khilan M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Owen
authors.forename: Kathryn L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Date
authors.forename: Sonia P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Maia
authors.forename: Jianyong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shao
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Arrand
authors.forename: Lawrence S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: O'Neil
mesh_terms: D022782:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Protein-beta / Q000235:genetics; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000378:metabolism; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000235:genetics; D019309:Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigens / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D015967:Gene Expression Regulation, Viral; D005814:Genes, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D004854:Herpesvirus 4, Human / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D051550:I-kappa B Kinase / Q000378:metabolism*; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism*; D009303:Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D021381:Protein Transport; D017472:Receptors, Interleukin-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017384:Sequence Deletion; D015398:Signal Transduction; D051996:Transcription Factor RelA / Q000378:metabolism; D015533:Transcriptional Activation / Q000235:genetics; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D022782:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Protein-beta; D019309:Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigens; D016328:NF-kappa B; D017472:Receptors, Interleukin-1; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor; D051996:Transcription Factor RelA; D051550:I-kappa B Kinase; C417029:EBV-encoded nuclear antigen 1