title: Epicatechin induces NF-kappaB, activator protein-1 (AP-1) and nuclear transcription factor erythroid 2p45-related factor-2 (Nrf2) via phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) and extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) signalling in HepG2 cells.
abstract: The dietary flavonoid epicatechin has been reported to exhibit a wide range of biological activities. The objective of the present study was to investigate the time-dependent regulation by epicatechin on the activity of the main transcription factors (NF-kappaB, activator protein-1 (AP-1) and nuclear transcription factor erythroid 2p45-related factor (Nrf2)) related to antioxidant defence and survival and proliferation pathways in HepG2 cells. Treatment of cells with 10 microm-epicatechin induced the NF-kappaB pathway in a time-dependent manner characterised by increased levels of IkappaB kinase (IKK) and phosphorylated inhibitor of kappaB subunit-alpha (p-IkappaBalpha) and proteolytic degradation of IkappaB, which was consistent with an up-regulation of the NF-kappaB-binding activity. Time-dependent activation of the AP-1 pathway, in concert with enhanced c-Jun nuclear levels and induction of Nrf2 translocation and phosphorylation were also demonstrated. Additionally, epicatechin-induced NF-kappaB and Nrf2 were connected to reactive oxygen species intracellular levels and to the activation of cell survival and proliferation pathways, being phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) and extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) associated to Nrf2 modulation and ERK to NF-kappaB induction. These data suggest that the epicatechin-induced survival effect occurs by the induction of redox-sensitive transcription factors through a tight regulation of survival and proliferation pathways.
authors.affiliation: Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Instituto del Frío-ICTAN, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), José Antonio Novais 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Ana Belén
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Granado-Serrano
authors.forename: María Angeles
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Martín
authors.forename: Guy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Haegeman
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Goya
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bravo
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ramos
mesh_terms: D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D002392:Catechin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology; D056945:Hep G2 Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D051267:NF-E2-Related Factor 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D015345:Oligonucleotide Probes; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism*; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1 / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D005419:Flavonoids; D051267:NF-E2-Related Factor 2; D016328:NF-kappa B; C495635:NFE2L2 protein, human; D015345:Oligonucleotide Probes; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1; D002392:Catechin; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases; C093973:2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one