title: Thyroid hormone regulation of gene expression in the developing rat fetal cerebral cortex: prominent role of the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV pathway.
abstract: Thyroid hormones influence brain development through regulation of gene expression mediated by nuclear receptors. Nuclear receptor concentration increases rapidly in the human fetus during the second trimester, a period of high sensitivity of the brain to thyroid hormones. In the rat, the equivalent period is the last quarter of pregnancy. However, little is known about thyroid hormone action in the fetal brain, and in rodents, most thyroid hormone-regulated genes have been identified during the postnatal period. To identify potential targets of thyroid hormone in the fetal brain, we induced maternal and fetal hypothyroidism by maternal thyroidectomy followed by antithyroid drug (2-mercapto-1-methylimidazole) treatment. Microarray analysis identified differentially expressed genes in the cerebral cortex of hypothyroid fetuses on d 21 after conception. Gene function analysis revealed genes involved in the biogenesis of the cytoskeleton, neuronal migration and growth, and branching of neurites. Twenty percent of the differentially expressed genes were related to each other centered on the Ca(2+) and calmodulin-activated kinase (Camk4) pathway. Camk4 was regulated directly by T(3) in primary cultured neurons from fetal cortex, and the Camk4 protein was also induced by thyroid hormone. No differentially expressed genes were recovered when euthyroid fetuses from hypothyroid mothers were compared with fetuses from normal mothers. Although the results do not rule out a specific contribution from the mother, especially at earlier stages of pregnancy, they indicate that the main regulators of thyroid hormone-dependent, fetal brain gene expression near term are the fetal thyroid hormones.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Beatriz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Morte
authors.forename: Diego
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Díez
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ausó
authors.forename: Mónica M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Belinchón
authors.forename: Pilar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gil-Ibáñez
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Grijota-Martínez
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Navarro
authors.forename: Gabriella Morreale
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: de Escobar
authors.forename: Pere
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Berbel
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bernal
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D054734:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 4 / Q000235:genetics*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000187:drug effects / Q000196:embryology* / Q000201:enzymology; D017931:DNA Primers; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007037:Hypothyroidism / Q000196:embryology / Q000235:genetics*; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D009693:Nucleic Acid Hybridization; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012313:RNA / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D051876:Sex-Determining Region Y Protein / Q000235:genetics; D013965:Thyroidectomy; D013972:Thyrotropin / Q000097:blood; D014284:Triiodothyronine / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: C107674:2-mercapto-1-methylimidazole; D017931:DNA Primers; D007093:Imidazoles; D051876:Sex-Determining Region Y Protein; C497747:Sry protein, rat; D014284:Triiodothyronine; D012313:RNA; D013972:Thyrotropin; D054734:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 4