title: Association of glycemic load with cardiovascular disease risk factors: the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Associations between dietary glycemic load (GL) and cardiovascular disease risk factors, including plasma lipoprotein/lipid levels, blood pressure, and glucose metabolism factors, in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study were examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  A random sample of 878 Observational Study participants (postmenopausal women 50-79 y of age) with baseline blood measurements (647 white, 104 black, 127 Hispanic) was included. Dietary GL was estimated from baseline food-frequency questionnaires, which assessed dietary intake over the previous 3 mo. At the baseline visit, participants completed demographic and health habit questionnaires, fasting blood samples were collected, anthropometric measurements were completed, and blood pressure was assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all participants combined, GL was inversely associated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P for trend = 0.004) and positively associated with log(10)-transformed triacylglycerols (P = 0.008). Although there were no statistically significant interactions of race/ethnicity with associations between GL and cardiovascular disease risk factors, stratified results were suggestive, showing that GL was positively associated with total cholesterol (P = 0.018) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P = 0.038) in Hispanics. In white subjects, there was a trend of reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol with higher GL (P = 0.003), whereas GL was positively associated with log(10)-transformed triacylglycerols (P = 0.015). Associations between GL and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and between GL and triacylglycerols also differed by body mass index, although the interactions were not statistically significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among these generally healthy postmenopausal women, GL was associated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triacylglycerols. Suggestive effects of race/ethnicity and body mass index on these associations need to be confirmed in larger studies.
authors.affiliation: Division of Preventive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, USA. jshikany@dopm.uab.edu
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Shikany
authors.forename: Lesley F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Tinker
authors.forename: Marian L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Neuhouser
authors.forename: Yunsheng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Ruth E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Patterson
authors.forename: Lawrence S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: Simin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: David T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Redden
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood*; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D004034:Diet Surveys; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D038321:Glycemic Index; D006801:Humans; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000097:blood; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D014280:Triglycerides; D002784:Cholesterol