title: Nutritional stimulation of milk protein yield of cows is associated with changes in phosphorylation of mammary eukaryotic initiation factor 2 and ribosomal s6 kinase 1.
abstract: Production of protein by the lactating mammary gland is stimulated by intake of dietary energy and protein. Mass-action effects of essential amino acids (EAA) cannot explain all of the nutritional response. Protein synthesis in tissues of growing animals is regulated by nutrients through the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and integrated stress response (ISR) networks. To explore if nutrients signal through the mTOR and ISR networks in the mammary gland in vivo, lactating cows were feed-deprived for 22 h and then infused i.v. for 9 h with EAA+ glucose (Glc), Glc only, l-Met+l-Lys, l-His, or l-Leu. Milk protein yield was increased 33 and 27% by EAA+Glc and Glc infusions, respectively. Infusions of Met+Lys and His generated 35 and 41%, respectively, of the EAA+Glc response. Infusion of EAA+Glc reduced phosphorylation of the ISR target, eukaryotic initiation factor(eIF) 2, in mammary tissue and increased phosphorylation of the mTOR targets, ribosomal S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) and S6. Both responses are stimulatory to protein synthesis. Glucose did not significantly increase mammary S6K1 phosphorylation but reduced eIF2 phosphorylation by 62%, which implicates the ISR network in the stimulation of milk protein yield. In contrast, the EAA infusions increased (P < 0.05) or tended to increase (P < 0.1) mammary mTOR activity and only His, like Glc, decreased eIF2 phosphorylation by 62%. Despite activation of these protein synthesis signals to between 83 and 127% of the EAA+Glc response, EAA infusions produced less than one-half of the milk protein yield response generated by EAA+Glc, indicating that ISR and mTOR networks exert only a portion of the control over protein yield.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal and Poultry Science and; 5Department of Clinical Studies, University of Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1 Canada.
authors.forename: Chanelle A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Toerien
authors.forename: Donald R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Trout
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Cant
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D004032:Diet; D015852:Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005947:Glucose / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism*; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D007774:Lactation / Q000378:metabolism*; D053858:Metabolic Networks and Pathways; D008894:Milk Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D038601:Ribosomal Protein S6 / Q000378:metabolism; D038744:Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 90-kDa / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D015852:Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-2; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008894:Milk Proteins; D038601:Ribosomal Protein S6; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D038744:Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 90-kDa; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; D005947:Glucose