title: Nanotechnology and in situ remediation: a review of the benefits and potential risks.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although industrial sectors involving semiconductors; memory and storage technologies; display, optical, and photonic technologies; energy; biotechnology; and health care produce the most products that contain nanomaterials, nanotechnology is also used as an environmental technology to protect the environment through pollution prevention, treatment, and cleanup. In this review, we focus on environmental cleanup and provide a background and overview of current practice; research findings; societal issues; potential environment, health, and safety implications; and future directions for nanoremediation. We do not present an exhaustive review of chemistry/engineering methods of the technology but rather an introduction and summary of the applications of nanotechnology in remediation. We also discuss nanoscale zerovalent iron in detail.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Web of Science for research studies and accessed recent publicly available reports from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and other agencies and organizations that addressed the applications and implications associated with nanoremediation techniques. We also conducted personal interviews with practitioners about specific site remediations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We aggregated information from 45 sites, a representative portion of the total projects under way, to show nanomaterials used, types of pollutants addressed, and organizations responsible for each site.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nanoremediation has the potential not only to reduce the overall costs of cleaning up large-scale contaminated sites but also to reduce cleanup time, eliminate the need for treatment and disposal of contaminated soil, and reduce some contaminant concentrations to near zero-all in situ. Proper evaluation of nanoremediation, particularly full-scale ecosystem-wide studies, needs to be conducted to prevent any potential adverse environmental impacts.
authors.affiliation: U.S. EPA, Office of Research and Development, NCER, 8722F, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20460, USA. karn.barbara@epa.gov
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Karn
authors.forename: Todd
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kuiken
authors.forename: Martha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Otto
mesh_terms: D017753:Ecosystem; D052918:Environmental Restoration and Remediation / Q000379:methods*; D006256:Hazardous Waste; D006801:Humans; D007501:Iron / Q000009:adverse effects; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000009:adverse effects*; D036103:Nanotechnology / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D006256:Hazardous Waste; D007501:Iron