Minireview: posttranscriptional regulation of the insulin and insulin-like growth factor systems.
Insulin and IGFs share structural similarities and regulate metabolic processes including glucose homeostasis. Acute alterations in glucose levels trigger rapid changes in insulin concentration and insulin signaling. These processes are tightly regulated by posttranscriptional mechanisms that alter the stability and translation of mRNAs encoding insulin and the insulin receptor. Long-term glucose homeostasis is also modulated by IGFs and IGF receptors, whose expression is likewise subject to changes in the stability and translation of the encoding mRNAs. The control of mRNA half-life and translation is governed by RNA-binding proteins and microRNAs that interact with target transcripts at the 3' and 5' untranslated regions. In this review, we describe the RNA-binding proteins and microRNAs that target the mRNAs encoding insulin, IGFs, and their receptors. We discuss how these mRNA-binding factors help to elicit timely, versatile, and tissue-specific changes in insulin and IGF function, thereby effecting critical control of energy metabolism.
Lee
Eun Kyung
EK
National Institute on Aging-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA.
Gorospe
Myriam
M
D000818:Animals; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012323:RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
D007328:Insulin; D035683:MicroRNAs; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I