Cardio-renal syndromes: report from the consensus conference of the acute dialysis quality initiative.
A consensus conference on cardio-renal syndromes (CRS) was held in Venice Italy, in September 2008 under the auspices of the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI). The following topics were matter of discussion after a systematic literature review and the appraisal of the best available evidence: definition/classification system; epidemiology; diagnostic criteria and biomarkers; prevention/protection strategies; management and therapy. The umbrella term CRS was used to identify a disorder of the heart and kidneys whereby acute or chronic dysfunction in one organ may induce acute or chronic dysfunction in the other organ. Different syndromes were identified and classified into five subtypes. Acute CRS (type 1): acute worsening of heart function (AHF-ACS) leading to kidney injury and/or dysfunction. Chronic cardio-renal syndrome (type 2): chronic abnormalities in heart function (CHF-CHD) leading to kidney injury and/or dysfunction. Acute reno-cardiac syndrome (type 3): acute worsening of kidney function (AKI) leading to heart injury and/or dysfunction. Chronic reno-cardiac syndrome (type 4): chronic kidney disease leading to heart injury, disease, and/or dysfunction. Secondary CRS (type 5): systemic conditions leading to simultaneous injury and/or dysfunction of heart and kidney. Consensus statements concerning epidemiology, diagnosis, prevention, and management strategies are discussed in the paper for each of the syndromes.
Ronco
Claudio
C
Department of Nephrology, San Bortolo Hospital, Viale Rodolfi 37, Vicenza 36100, Italy. cronco@goldnet.it
McCullough
Peter
P
Anker
Stefan D
SD
Anand
Inder
I
Aspromonte
Nadia
N
Bagshaw
Sean M
SM
Bellomo
Rinaldo
R
Berl
Tomas
T
Bobek
Ilona
I
Cruz
Dinna N
DN
Daliento
Luciano
L
Davenport
Andrew
A
Haapio
Mikko
M
Hillege
Hans
H
House
Andrew A
AA
Katz
Nevin
N
Maisel
Alan
A
Mankad
Sunil
S
Zanco
Pierluigi
P
Mebazaa
Alexandre
A
Palazzuoli
Alberto
A
Ronco
Federico
F
Shaw
Andrew
A
Sheinfeld
Geoff
G
Soni
Sachin
S
Vescovo
Giorgio
G
Zamperetti
Nereo
N
Ponikowski
Piotr
P
D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000145:classification* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000379:methods; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000145:classification* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000145:classification* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control; D013577:Syndrome
D015415:Biomarkers