title: Can graphene be used as a substrate for Raman enhancement?
abstract: Graphene is a monolayer of carbon atoms packed into a two-dimensional (2D) honeycomb crystal structure, which is a special material with many excellent properties. In the present study, we will discuss the possibility that graphene can be used as a substrate for enhancing Raman signals of adsorbed molecules. Here, phthalocyanine (Pc), rhodamine 6G (R6G), protoporphyin IX (PPP), and crystal violet (CV), which are popular molecules widely used as a Raman probe, are deposited equally on graphene and a SiO(2)/Si substrate using vacuum evaporation or solution soaking. By comparing the Raman signals of molecules on monolayer graphene and on a SiO(2)/Si substrate, we observed that the intensities of the Raman signals on monolayer graphene are much stronger than on a SiO(2)/Si substrate, indicating a clear Raman enhancement effect on the surface of monolayer graphene. For solution soaking, the Raman signals of the molecules are visible even though the concentration is low to 10(-8) mol/L or less. What's more interesting, the enhanced efficiencies are quite different on monolayer, few-layer, multilayer graphene, graphite, and highly ordered pyrolytic graphite (HOPG). The Raman signals of molecules on multilayer graphene are even weaker than on a SiO(2)/Si substrate, and the signals are even invisible on graphite and HOPG. Taking the Raman signals on the SiO(2)/Si substrate as a reference, Raman enhancement factors on the surface of monolayer graphene can be obtained using Raman intensity ratios. The Raman enhancement factors are quite different for different peaks, changing from 2 to 17. Furthermore, we found that the Raman enhancement factors can be distinguished through three classes that correspond to the symmetry of vibrations of the molecule. We attribute this enhancement to the charge transfer between graphene and the molecules, which result in a chemical enhancement. This is a new phenomenon for graphene that will expand the application of graphene to microanalysis and is good for studying the basic properties of both graphene and SERS.
authors.affiliation: Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
authors.forename: Xi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ling
authors.forename: Liming
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.forename: Hua
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Haoli
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kong
authors.forename: Mildred S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Dresselhaus
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Zhongfan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D002244:Carbon / Q000737:chemistry*; D006108:Graphite / Q000737:chemistry*; D007834:Lasers; D008422:Materials Testing; D049329:Nanostructures; D036103:Nanotechnology / Q000379:methods*; D012825:Silicon / Q000737:chemistry; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman / Q000379:methods; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D002244:Carbon; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; D006108:Graphite; D012825:Silicon