In vitro effects of dichloroacetate and CO2 on hypoxic HeLa cells.
HeLa and PANC-1 cells were exposed to conflicting signals promoting anaerobic or aerobic energy-generating processes and their viability, cell numbers and the ability of HeLa cells to form colonies were assessed. Under conventional aerobic cell culture with 5% CO(2), dichloroacetate (DCA), an inhibitor of the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogense kinase with subsequent stimulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase that redirects energy metabolism toward the Kreb cycle, reduced HeLa and PANC-1 cellular proliferation and viability. With nitrogen-induced hypoxia, the number of control cells and cells cultured with 12.5 mM DCA paradoxically was greater than that of normoxic controls under similar conditions. A higher medium pH of cells cultured under nitrogen contributed to these differences. In 96-well experiments, 95% nitrogen with 5% CO(2) reduced the numbers of hypoxic cells and medium pH toward that of the aerobic controls, with retention of the DCA-induced hypoxic compared to normoxic cell numbers. The media of these cells cultured with DCA still exhibited an increased pH. Increased hypoxia-inducible factor 1, alpha subunit (HIF1A) mRNA expression in hypoxic HeLa cells and their greater reliance on D-glucose for metabolic energy confirmed the reliability of the incubation conditions. Compared with normoxic cells, hypoxic cells initially increased their synthesis of ATP, but once proliferation ceased, this no longer closely correlated with cell numbers. Type 1 apoptosis, which was somewhat greater in hypoxic than normoxic cells, contributed to hypoxia and DCA-induced cell death. Colony counts of hypoxic, DCA-inhibited cells subsequently switched to normoxia exceeded those of similarly treated normoxic DCA cells. Despite inhibition in certain hypoxic environments of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase by DCA and its contribution to increased cellular apoptosis and necrosis, hypoxic cells generally outnumbered normoxic control cells, as did hypoxic DCA-treated cells compared with comparable DCA-treated normoxic cells. Since in vivo hypoxic cells are considered a major factor contributing to therapeutic failure, and as DCA redirects energy metabolism toward the more energy efficient Kreb citric acid cycle, associated with increased medium (and inferred cellular) pH, similar circumstances in vivo could promote proliferation and survival of hypoxic cell clones with the potential for developing unwanted properties.
Anderson
K M
KM
Hektoen Institute LLC, Chicago, IL, USA. Kanderso427@sbcglobal.net
Jajeh
J
J
Guinan
P
P
Rubenstein
M
M
D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D048708:Cell Growth Processes / Q000187:drug effects; D015687:Cell Hypoxia / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D003847:Deoxyglucose / Q000494:pharmacology; D003999:Dichloroacetic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006019:Glycolysis / Q000187:drug effects; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics
C497442:HIF1A protein, human; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D003847:Deoxyglucose; D003999:Dichloroacetic Acid