title: Factors associated with preclinical disability and frailty among HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected women in the era of cART.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  HIV-associated immune injury is hypothesized to increase the risk of preclinical disability and frailty via inflammatory pathways. We investigated the role of CD4+ T cell depletion and clinical AIDS on preclinical disability and frailty in HIV-positive women with a history of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) and HIV-negative women.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a cross-sectional study nested within the Women's Interagency HIV Study (WIHS), a prospective cohort study initiated in 1994 across five U.S. cities. Questionnaires and tests were performed by 573 HIV-negative and 1206 HIV-positive women. Prevalence ratios were computed using regression models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Severe CD4+ cell depletion was an independent predictor of slowness, weakness, and frailty in HIV-positive women compared with HIV-negative women. Women with CD4+ counts<100 cells/mm3 were 0.13 seconds slower to complete 4 meters (95% CI 0.06-0.21), 1.25 kg weaker (95% CI -2.31--0.19), and had 2.7 times higher prevalence of frailty (95% CI 1.46-5.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study is one of the largest studies to administer performance-based tests to investigate disability and frailty in HIV-positive women. HIV-positive women with intact immune systems and without a history of clinical AIDS were no different from HIV-negative women on tests of slowness, weakness, and frailty phenotype.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.
authors.forename: Arpi S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Terzian
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Holman
authors.forename: Niyati
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nathwani
authors.forename: Esther
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Robison
authors.forename: Kathleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: Ruth M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Greenblatt
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Gange
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006233:Persons with Disabilities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents