title: Resistance considerations in sequencing of antiretroviral therapy in low-middle income countries with currently available options.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) has been scaled-up in low-middle income countries (LMICs), where the majority of the world's HIV-1-infected population is living. Concerns towards the emergence and spread of HIV-1 drug resistance exist, given the lack of virological monitoring which may give rise to accumulation of resistance as well as the use of suboptimal ART in pregnant women with the aim to reduce perinatal transmission. Knowledge of the prevalence of transmitted and emerging drug resistance as well as its specific patterns is of help in guiding the selection of appropriate ART types and sequencing strategies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Whereas transmitted drug resistance in LMIC is still limited, resistance in pregnant women as a consequence of suboptimal ART for the prevention of vertical transmission is frequent and dependent on viral subtype and load. Accumulation of drug resistance during first-line ART depends on the frequency of monitoring, whereas mutational patterns are influenced by type of ART and, partly, viral subtype.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Optimized ART for prevention of mother-to-child transmission and closer monitoring of ART programs with the inclusion of viral load may help reducing unnecessary development of HIV drug resistance in LMIC and preserve the limited available treatment options.
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Clinica delle Malattie Infettive, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy. andrea.deluca@rm.unicatt.it
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: De Luca
authors.forename: Mattia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Prosperi
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bracciale
mesh_terms: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003906:Developing Countries; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000821:virology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical / Q000517:prevention & control; D011203:Poverty; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000821:virology; D015995:Prevalence; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors