title: Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of azamacrocyclic C-X-C chemokine receptor 4 antagonists: analogues containing a single azamacrocyclic ring are potent inhibitors of T-cell tropic (X4) HIV-1 replication.
abstract: Bis-tetraazamacrocycles such as the bicyclam AMD3100 (1) are a class of potent and selective anti-HIV-1 agents that inhibit virus replication by binding to the chemokine receptor CXCR4, the coreceptor for entry of X4 viruses. By sequential replacement and/or deletion of the amino groups within the azamacrocyclic ring systems, we have determined the minimum structural features required for potent antiviral activity in this class of compounds. All eight amino groups are not required for activity, the critical amino groups on a per ring basis are nonidentical, and the overall charge at physiological pH can be reduced without compromising potency. This approach led to the identification of several single ring azamacrocyclic analogues such as AMD3465 (3d), 36, and 40, which exhibit EC(50)'s against the cytopathic effects of HIV-1 of 9.0, 1.0, and 4.0 nM, respectively, antiviral potencies that are comparable to 1 (EC(50) against HIV-1 of 4.0 nM). More importantly, however, the key structural elements of 1 required for antiviral activity may facilitate the design of nonmacrocyclic CXCR4 antagonists suitable for HIV treatment via oral administration.
authors.affiliation: AnorMED Inc. now Genzyme Corporation, 500 Kendall Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA. gary.bridger@genzyme.com
authors.forename: Gary J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Bridger
authors.forename: Renato T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Skerlj
authors.forename: Pedro E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Hernandez-Abad
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Bogucki
authors.forename: Zhongren
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Yuanxi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nan
authors.forename: Eva M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Boehringer
authors.forename: Trevor
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Crawford
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Metz
authors.forename: Sigrid
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hatse
authors.forename: Katrien
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Princen
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: De Clercq
authors.forename: Dominique
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schols
mesh_terms: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects*; D006571:Heterocyclic Compounds / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D008956:Models, Chemical; D015394:Molecular Structure; D011725:Pyridines / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D019718:Receptors, CXCR4 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D013601:T-Lymphocytes; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D006571:Heterocyclic Compounds; C503590:N-(1,4,8,11- tetraazacyclotetradecanyl-1,4-phenylenebis(methylene))-2-(aminomethyl)- pyridine; D011725:Pyridines; D019718:Receptors, CXCR4