title: The chromatin remodeller ACF acts as a dimeric motor to space nucleosomes.
abstract: Evenly spaced nucleosomes directly correlate with condensed chromatin and gene silencing. The ATP-dependent chromatin assembly factor (ACF) forms such structures in vitro and is required for silencing in vivo. ACF generates and maintains nucleosome spacing by constantly moving a nucleosome towards the longer flanking DNA faster than the shorter flanking DNA. How the enzyme rapidly moves back and forth between both sides of a nucleosome to accomplish bidirectional movement is unknown. Here we show that nucleosome movement depends cooperatively on two ACF molecules, indicating that ACF functions as a dimer of ATPases. Further, the nucleotide state determines whether the dimer closely engages one or both sides of the nucleosome. Three-dimensional reconstruction by single-particle electron microscopy of the ATPase-nucleosome complex in an activated ATP state reveals a dimer architecture in which the two ATPases face each other. Our results indicate a model in which the two ATPases work in a coordinated manner, taking turns to engage either side of a nucleosome, thereby allowing processive bidirectional movement. This novel dimeric motor mechanism differs from that of dimeric motors such as kinesin and dimeric helicases that processively translocate unidirectionally and reflects the unique challenges faced by motors that move nucleosomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, USA.
authors.forename: Lisa R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Racki
authors.forename: Janet G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Nariman
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Naber
authors.forename: Peretz D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Partensky
authors.forename: Ashley
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Acevedo
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Purcell
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cooke
authors.forename: Yifan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Geeta J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Narlikar
mesh_terms: D000251:Adenosine Triphosphatases / Q000378:metabolism; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D042002:Chromatin Assembly and Disassembly / Q000502:physiology*; D002868:Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone; D019281:Dimerization; D020868:Gene Silencing / Q000502:physiology; D006657:Histones / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D008958:Models, Molecular; D046912:Multiprotein Complexes / Q000378:metabolism*; D009707:Nucleosomes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D011485:Protein Binding; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D000092468:Bromodomain Containing Proteins
chemical_list: D000251:Adenosine Triphosphatases; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D002868:Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone; D006657:Histones; D046912:Multiprotein Complexes; D009707:Nucleosomes; D014157:Transcription Factors; C492319:BAZ1A protein, human; D000092468:Bromodomain Containing Proteins