title: Laser Doppler vibrometry of the middle ear in humans: derivation dependence, variability, and bilateral differences.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Derivation dependence, inter- and intrasubject/intertest variability, bilateral differences of the eardrum vibration characteristics have been investigated using laser Doppler vibrometry (LDV).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 31 normally hearing adults were examined. In each subject, both ears were consecutively stimulated by the chirp acoustic stimulus that covered 500-3700-Hz frequencies. The laser beam was directed to and the reflection was consecutively picked up from the tympanic membrane surface.
  
  
  RESULTS
  LDV curves derived from different eardrum loci possessed dissimilar characteristics. The derivation area dependence was particularly apparent for the stimulus frequency constituents above 1500 Hz. The intersubject variability of LDV parameters exceeded the intrasubject/intertest one. The intersubject divergences looked selectively distinct for the frequencies over 2000 Hz. Under repeated recordings, LDV parameters remained stable. The intertest differences, if appeared, concerned predominantly the magnitudes of separate frequency bands. LDV waveforms registered by experienced and beginner investigators were alike. Bilaterally derived LDV curves regularly differed from each other. In individual cases, the bilateral divergences approximated the intersubject deviation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The derivation area on the eardrum should be taken into account when estimating the actual LDV recording. Over repeated recordings in separate individuals, LDV waveforms are stable while the experience of investigator has slight if any influence on the principal LDV characteristics. Due to bilateral differences in the middle ear transfer function, in LDV testing of the ear suspected to the pathology, LDV recording from the opposite healthy ear could hardly be taken as an appropriate reference sample.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ear, Nose, and Throat Diseases, Vilnius University Emergency Hospital, Vilnius, Lithuania. arechvo@dtiltas.lt
authors.forename: Irina
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Arechvo
authors.forename: Nikoloz
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lasurashvili
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bornitz
authors.forename: Zurab
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Kevanishvili
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zahnert
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000328:Adult; D001299:Audiometry; D004432:Ear, Middle / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006314:Hearing Loss, Conductive / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D017078:Laser-Doppler Flowmetry; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D014432:Tympanic Membrane / Q000502:physiology*; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014732:Vibration