title: Dynamic regulation of spinal pro-inflammatory cytokine release in the rat in vivo following peripheral nerve injury.
abstract: Spinal release of cytokines may play a critical role in the maladapted nociceptive signaling underlying chronic pain states. In order to investigate this biology, we have developed a novel 'high flux' intrathecal microdialysis approach in combination with multiplex bead-based immunoassay technology to concurrently monitor the spinal release of interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)alpha in rats with unilateral sciatic nerve chronic constriction injury (CCI). Intrathecal microdialysis was performed under isoflurane/N(2)O anaesthesia in rats with confirmed mechanical hypersensitivity. In a first study, C-fiber strength electrical stimulation of the operated nerve in neuropathic rats was found to evoke a dramatic increase in IL-1beta efflux ( approximately 15-fold) that was significantly greater than that observed in the sham-operated group. Spinal IL-6 efflux was also responsive to primary afferent stimulation, whereas TNFalpha was not. In a second study, treatment with the glial inhibitor propentofylline for 7days normalized CCI-induced mechanical hypersensitivity. In the same animals, this treatment also significantly reduced intrathecal IL-1beta, IL-6 and TNFalpha and prevented afferent stimulation-evoked cytokine release of both IL-1beta and IL-6. These results provide support for glia as the source of the majority of intrathecal IL-1beta, IL-6 and TNFalpha that accompanies mechanical hypersensitivity in the CCI rat. Moreover, our studies demonstrate the ability of a neurone-glia signaling mechanism to dynamically modulate this release and support a role of spinal IL-1beta in the phasic transmission of abnormal pain signals.
authors.affiliation: Pain Signalling Group, Neuropharmacology and Neurobiology Section, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK. k.j.whitehead@bham.ac.uk
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Whitehead
authors.forename: C G S
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: S-A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Delaney
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Curnow
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Salmon
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: I P
authors.initials: IP
authors.lastname: Chessell
mesh_terms: D000344:Afferent Pathways; D000818:Animals; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D017551:Microdialysis / Q000379:methods; D009457:Neuroglia / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012584:Sciatic Nerve / Q000293:injuries; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D020196:Trauma, Nervous System / Q000276:immunology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism*; D014970:Xanthines / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D015850:Interleukin-6; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D014970:Xanthines; C032114:propentofylline