title: Incorporating a generic model of subcutaneous insulin absorption into the AIDA v4 diabetes simulator. 3. Early plasma insulin determinations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  AIDA is an interactive educational diabetes simulator that has been available without charge via the Internet for over 12 years. Recent articles have described the incorporation of a novel generic model of insulin absorption into AIDA as a way of enhancing its capabilities. The basic model components to be integrated have been overviewed, with the aim being to provide simulations of regimens utilizing insulin analogues, as well as insulin doses greater than 40 IU (the current upper limit within the latest release of AIDA [v4.3a]). Some preliminary calculated insulin absorption results have also recently been described.
  
  
  METHODS
  This article presents the first simulated plasma insulin profiles from the integration of the generic subcutaneous insulin absorption model, and the currently implemented model in AIDA for insulin disposition. Insulin absorption has been described by the physiologically based model of Tarín and colleagues. A single compartment modeling approach has been used to specify how absorbed insulin is distributed in, and eliminated from, the human body. To enable a numerical solution of the absorption model, a spherical subcutaneous depot for the injected insulin dose has been assumed and spatially discretized into shell compartments with homogeneous concentrations, having as its center the injection site. The number of these compartments will depend on the dose and type of insulin. Insulin inflow arises as the sum of contributions to the different shells. For this report the first bench testing of plasma insulin determinations has been done.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Simulated plasma insulin profiles are provided for currently available insulin preparations, including a rapidly acting insulin analogue (e.g., lispro/Humalog or aspart/Novolog), a short-acting (regular) insulin preparation (e.g., Actrapid), intermediate-acting insulins (both Semilente and neutral protamine Hagedorn types), and a very long-acting insulin analogue (e.g., glargine/Lantus), as well as for insulin doses up to 50 IU.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The methodology to be adopted for implementing the generic absorption model within AIDA has been overviewed, and the first plasma insulin profiles based on this approach have been demonstrated. Ideas for future work and development are discussed. It is expected that an updated release of AIDA (v4.5), based on this collaborative approach, will become available for free--in due course--via the www.2aida.org Web site. Readers who wish to be informed when the new software is launched can join the very low volume AIDA announcement list by sending a blank email note to subscribe@2aida.org.
authors.affiliation: Department of Imaging (MRU), Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine (NHLI), Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom. correspondence@2aida.org
authors.forename: Eldon D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Lehmann
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tarín
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bondia
authors.forename: Edgar
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Teufel
authors.forename: Tibor
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Deutsch
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D020407:Internet
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin