title: Cerebral microbleeds in predialysis patients with chronic kidney disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gradient-echo T2*-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (T2*-weighted MRI) is highly sensitive for detecting cerebral microbleeds (CMBs). CMBs have been reported to be a risk factor for future cerebrovascular events and a marker of cerebral small vessel disease in the general population. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The relationship between CKD and CMBs, which has not been clarified to date, is examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this cross-sectional study, T2*-weighted MRI of brain was performed with a 1.5-T MRI system in 162 CKD patients (CKD stages 1-5, excluding CKD stage 5(D)) and 24 normal subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CMBs were found in 35 CKD patients (25.6%), but not in control subjects. CMBs were more prevalent in male patients, in those with higher blood pressure, advanced age and poor kidney function. There was a significant association between the prevalence of CMBs and the CKD stage, with higher prevalence of CMBs as the CKD stages advanced (P < 0.01). Estimated glomerular filtration rate was a significant factor associated with the prevalence of CMBs, independent of age, gender and hypertension. There was no significant relationship between CMBs and the presence of diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Decreased renal function is a significant risk factor for CMBs, independent of the presence of hypertension. Poor kidney function could be associated with future cerebrovascular events.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Hideaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shima
authors.forename: Eiji
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ishimura
authors.forename: Toshihide
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Naganuma
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamazaki
authors.forename: Ikue
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: Kaori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shidara
authors.forename: Katsuhito
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mori
authors.forename: Yoshiaki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takemoto
authors.forename: Tetsuo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shoji
authors.forename: Masaaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Inaba
authors.forename: Mikio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Okamura
authors.forename: Tatsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakatani
authors.forename: Yoshiki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nishizawa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000009:adverse effects; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000150:complications*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D006435:Renal Dialysis
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants