title: Systematic review: the effects of carbonated beverages on gastro-oesophageal reflux disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Carbonated beverages have unique properties that may potentially exacerbate gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GERD), such as high acidity and carbonation. Cessation of carbonated beverage consumption is commonly recommended as part of lifestyle modifications for patients with GERD.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the relationship of carbonated beverages with oesophageal pH, oesophageal motility, oesophageal damage, GERD symptoms and GERD complications.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Carbonated beverage consumption results in a very short decline in intra-oesophageal pH. In addition, carbonated beverages may lead to a transient reduction in lower oesophageal sphincter basal pressure. There is no evidence that carbonated beverages directly cause oesophageal damage. Carbonated beverages have not been consistently shown to cause GERD-related symptoms. Furthermore, there is no evidence that these popular drinks lead to GERD complications or oesophageal cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on the currently available literature, it appears that there is no direct evidence that carbonated beverages promote or exacerbate GERD.
authors.affiliation: The Neuroenteric Clinical Research Group, Southern Arizona VA Health Care System, Tucson, AZ, USA.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gerson
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hershcovici
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stave
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fass
mesh_terms: D002253:Carbonated Beverages / Q000009:adverse effects; D005746:Gastric Emptying / Q000502:physiology*; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008365:Manometry