title: Adherence to antiretroviral therapy: the more you look, the more you see.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is evolving understanding of adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) and the consequences of nonadherence. The present review aims to discuss recent research findings that illuminate lingering clinical questions or contribute to the contextual framework for future research.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although some patients can achieve undetectable viral load at moderate adherence levels, studies confirmed that achieving very high adherence optimizes virological and clinical outcomes. In computer modeling, earlier initiation of ART despite suboptimal adherence was associated with improved survival and quality-adjusted life years. Better adherence and virological outcomes occurred when ART was initiated during hospitalization versus outpatient setting, and when depressed patients were treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Differential adherence to individual drugs in an antiretroviral regimen appears to be common. Preliminary data from randomized studies designed to evaluate patient-selected treatment partners showed no clear benefit on long-term viral suppression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Earlier initiation of ART may be desirable even in some patients with suboptimal adherence. Adherence should be reinforced during periods of viral suppression, maximum adherence should be targeted, and attention paid to differential adherence and treatment of depression.
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases Division, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60045, USA. b-taiwo@northwestern.edu
authors.forename: Babafemi
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Taiwo
mesh_terms: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D010349:Patient Compliance; D016879:Salvage Therapy; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents