title: Apraxia in Parkinson's disease and multiple system atrophy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine praxis function in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and multiple system atrophy (MSA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Nineteen patients with PD and 16 patients with probable MSA were recruited into study. Twenty-five age-matched, healthy subjects were included as controls. The Mayo Clinic praxis test battery was applied. Pantomime tasks, including oral/facial, trunk, and upper extremity movement, were used to evaluate ideomotor apraxia (IMA). Sequential tasks, including Luria test for ideational apraxia (IDA) and use of actual objects, were also tested. In addition, Standardized Mini Mental Test (MMSE), Hamilton Depression (HAM-D), and Anxiety (HAM-A) Scales were used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean ages of the study participants were 66 +/- 7, 68 +/- 5, and 65 +/- 7 years in PD, MSA, and control groups, respectively. Mean total praxis score was significantly lower for patients with PD (92.4 +/- 4) and MSA (75.9 +/- 18) than for controls (97.4 +/- 2) (P = 0.000). Transitive performances of upper extremities and sequential tasks were significantly impaired in patients with PD compared to control subjects (P < 0.05). There was no correlation between total praxis scores and sum scores of tremor, bradykinesia, and rigidity of both of the upper limbs of patients with PD. Subgroup praxis scores were substantially worse in MSA group (P < 0.0001). Compared to control subjects, mean scores for MMSE, HAM-D, and HAM-A tests were significantly worse in MSA group, but, for PD patient group, only HAM-A scores were worse.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that although not a presenting symptom, IMA and IDA may be features of MSA and, to a lesser degree, of PD. Also, it seems to be unrelated to the motor features of patients with PD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Uluduz
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ertürk
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kenangil
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ozekmekçi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ertan
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Apaydin
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Erginöz
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001072:Apraxias / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D020820:Dyskinesias / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019578:Multiple System Atrophy / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012720:Severity of Illness Index