title: Changes in cytokine levels during acute hyperinsulinemia in offspring of type 2 diabetic subjects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the changes in the levels of cytokines and adhesion molecules in response to acute hyperinsulinemia in the offspring of type 2 diabetic subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty healthy offspring of type 2 diabetic subjects and 19 control offspring of healthy parents were included in the study. Twenty offspring had normal glucose tolerance (NGT) and twenty offspring impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). Insulin sensitivity was determined by the hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp and insulin secretion with the intravenous glucose tolerance test. The levels of cytokines and adhesion molecules were measured before and at the end of the clamp.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Acute hyperinsulinemia induced by the euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp reduced the levels of TNF-alpha, IL-8, IL-10 and IL-18 in healthy controls but not in the offspring of type 2 diabetic subjects having NGT or IGT. In response to insulin, levels of hs-CRP decreased and levels of IL-6 increased significantly in all study groups. The levels of adhesion molecules (ICAM-1, VCAM-1, E-Selectin) remained unchanged in response to hyperinsulinemia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The suppression of cytokine levels (particularly proinflammatory cytokines) during acute hyperinsulinemia observed in healthy controls was not present in offspring of type 2 diabetic patients. This emphasizes the crucial role of low-grade inflammation in insulin resistance in subjects with high risk of developing diabetes.
authors.affiliation: University of Kuopio, Department of Medicine, Kuopio, Finland. Eija.Ruotsalainen@kuh.fi
authors.forename: Eija
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ruotsalainen
authors.forename: Alena
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stancáková
authors.forename: Ilkka
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Vauhkonen
authors.forename: Urpu
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Salmenniemi
authors.forename: Jussi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pihlajamäki
authors.forename: Kari
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Punnonen
authors.forename: Markku
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Laakso
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006801:Humans; D006946:Hyperinsulinism / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D007249:Inflammation; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008297:Male; D010290:Parents
chemical_list: D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; D016207:Cytokines; D007328:Insulin