title: Cardio-renal syndromes: report from the consensus conference of the acute dialysis quality initiative.
abstract: A consensus conference on cardio-renal syndromes (CRS) was held in Venice Italy, in September 2008 under the auspices of the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI). The following topics were matter of discussion after a systematic literature review and the appraisal of the best available evidence: definition/classification system; epidemiology; diagnostic criteria and biomarkers; prevention/protection strategies; management and therapy. The umbrella term CRS was used to identify a disorder of the heart and kidneys whereby acute or chronic dysfunction in one organ may induce acute or chronic dysfunction in the other organ. Different syndromes were identified and classified into five subtypes. Acute CRS (type 1): acute worsening of heart function (AHF-ACS) leading to kidney injury and/or dysfunction. Chronic cardio-renal syndrome (type 2): chronic abnormalities in heart function (CHF-CHD) leading to kidney injury and/or dysfunction. Acute reno-cardiac syndrome (type 3): acute worsening of kidney function (AKI) leading to heart injury and/or dysfunction. Chronic reno-cardiac syndrome (type 4): chronic kidney disease leading to heart injury, disease, and/or dysfunction. Secondary CRS (type 5): systemic conditions leading to simultaneous injury and/or dysfunction of heart and kidney. Consensus statements concerning epidemiology, diagnosis, prevention, and management strategies are discussed in the paper for each of the syndromes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, San Bortolo Hospital, Viale Rodolfi 37, Vicenza 36100, Italy. cronco@goldnet.it
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ronco
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: McCullough
authors.forename: Stefan D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Anker
authors.forename: Inder
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Anand
authors.forename: Nadia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Aspromonte
authors.forename: Sean M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Bagshaw
authors.forename: Rinaldo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bellomo
authors.forename: Tomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Berl
authors.forename: Ilona
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bobek
authors.forename: Dinna N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Cruz
authors.forename: Luciano
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Daliento
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Davenport
authors.forename: Mikko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haapio
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hillege
authors.forename: Andrew A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: House
authors.forename: Nevin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Katz
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maisel
authors.forename: Sunil
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mankad
authors.forename: Pierluigi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zanco
authors.forename: Alexandre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mebazaa
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Palazzuoli
authors.forename: Federico
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ronco
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.forename: Geoff
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sheinfeld
authors.forename: Sachin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Soni
authors.forename: Giorgio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vescovo
authors.forename: Nereo
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zamperetti
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ponikowski
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000145:classification* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000379:methods; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000145:classification* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000145:classification* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control; D013577:Syndrome
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers