title: First report on a series of HIV patients undergoing rapamycin monotherapy after liver transplantation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Some experimental trials have demonstrated that rapamycin (RAPA) is able to inhibit HIV-1 progression in three different ways: (1) reducing CCR5-gene transcription, (2) blocking interleukin-2 intracellular secondary messenger (mammalian target of rapamycin), and (3) up-regulating the beta-chemokine macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP; MIP-1alpha and MIP-1beta). We present the preliminary results of a prospective nonrandomized trial concerning the first HIV patient series receiving RAPA monotherapy after liver transplantation (LT).
  
  
  METHODS
  Since June 2003, 14 HIV patients have received cadaveric donor LT due to end-stage liver disease (ESLD) associated or not associated with hepatocellular carcinoma, scored by the model for ESLD system. Patients were assessed using the following criteria for HIV characterization: CD4 T-cell count more than 100/mL and HIV-RNA levels less than 50 copies/mL. Primary immunosuppression was based on calcineurin inhibitors (CI), whereas switch to RAPA monotherapy occurred in cases of CI complications or Kaposi's sarcoma.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean overall post-LT follow-up was 14.8 months (range: 0.5-52.6). Six of 14 patients were administered RAPA monotherapy. Mean preswitch period from CI to RAPA was 67 days (range: 10-225 days). Mean postswitch follow-up was 11.9 months (range: 2-31 months). All patients were affected by ESLD, which was associated with hepatocellular carcinoma in seven patients. ESLD occurred due to hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related hepatopathy for nine patients, hepatitis B virus-related hepatopathy for one patient, and hepatitis B virus-HCV hepatopathy for four patients. Significantly better control of HIV and HCV replication was found among patients taking RAPA monotherapy (P=0.0001 and 0.03, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After in vitro and in vivo experimental evidence of RAPA antiviral proprieties, to our knowledge, this is the first clinical report of several significant benefits in long-term immunosuppression maintenance and HIV-1 control among HIV positive patients who underwent LT.
authors.affiliation: Liver and Multivisceral Transplant Center, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy. f.diben@virgilio.it
authors.forename: Fabrizio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Di Benedetto
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Di Sandro
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: De Ruvo
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Montalti
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ballarin
authors.forename: Gian Piero
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Guerrini
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Spaggiari
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Guaraldi
authors.forename: Giorgio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gerunda
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D005260:Female; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D006085:Graft Survival; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000401:mortality / Q000821:virology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development; D016174:Hepacivirus / Q000235:genetics; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D006515:Hepatitis B virus / Q000235:genetics; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D016031:Liver Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000097:blood; D020123:Sirolimus / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D012367:RNA, Viral; D020123:Sirolimus