title: Particle length-dependent titanium dioxide nanomaterials toxicity and bioactivity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Titanium dioxide (TiO(2)) nanomaterials have considerable beneficial uses as photocatalysts and solar cells. It has been established for many years that pigment-grade TiO(2 )(200 nm sphere) is relatively inert when internalized into a biological model system (in vivo or in vitro). For this reason, TiO(2 )nanomaterials are considered an attractive alternative in applications where biological exposures will occur. Unfortunately, metal oxides on the nanoscale (one dimension < 100 nm) may or may not exhibit the same toxic potential as the original material. A further complicating issue is the effect of modifying or engineering of the nanomaterial to be structurally and geometrically different from the original material.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TiO(2 )nanospheres, short (< 5 mum) and long (> 15 mum) nanobelts were synthesized, characterized and tested for biological activity using primary murine alveolar macrophages and in vivo in mice. This study demonstrates that alteration of anatase TiO(2 )nanomaterial into a fibre structure of greater than 15 mum creates a highly toxic particle and initiates an inflammatory response by alveolar macrophages. These fibre-shaped nanomaterials induced inflammasome activation and release of inflammatory cytokines through a cathepsin B-mediated mechanism. Consequently, long TiO(2 )nanobelts interact with lung macrophages in a manner very similar to asbestos or silica.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These observations suggest that any modification of a nanomaterial, resulting in a wire, fibre, belt or tube, be tested for pathogenic potential. As this study demonstrates, toxicity and pathogenic potential change dramatically as the shape of the material is altered into one that a phagocytic cell has difficulty processing, resulting in lysosomal disruption.
authors.affiliation: Center for Environmental Health Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula MT, USA.
authors.forename: Raymond F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Hamilton
authors.forename: Nianqiang
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Dale
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Porter
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Buford
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wolfarth
authors.forename: Andrij
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Holian