title: C-reactive protein concentration and risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, and mortality: an individual participant meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Associations of C-reactive protein (CRP) concentration with risk of major diseases can best be assessed by long-term prospective follow-up of large numbers of people. We assessed the associations of CRP concentration with risk of vascular and non-vascular outcomes under different circumstances.
  
  
  METHODS
  We meta-analysed individual records of 160 309 people without a history of vascular disease (ie, 1.31 million person-years at risk, 27 769 fatal or non-fatal disease outcomes) from 54 long-term prospective studies. Within-study regression analyses were adjusted for within-person variation in risk factor levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Log(e) CRP concentration was linearly associated with several conventional risk factors and inflammatory markers, and nearly log-linearly with the risk of ischaemic vascular disease and non-vascular mortality. Risk ratios (RRs) for coronary heart disease per 1-SD higher log(e) CRP concentration (three-fold higher) were 1.63 (95% CI 1.51-1.76) when initially adjusted for age and sex only, and 1.37 (1.27-1.48) when adjusted further for conventional risk factors; 1.44 (1.32-1.57) and 1.27 (1.15-1.40) for ischaemic stroke; 1.71 (1.53-1.91) and 1.55 (1.37-1.76) for vascular mortality; and 1.55 (1.41-1.69) and 1.54 (1.40-1.68) for non-vascular mortality. RRs were largely unchanged after exclusion of smokers or initial follow-up. After further adjustment for fibrinogen, the corresponding RRs were 1.23 (1.07-1.42) for coronary heart disease; 1.32 (1.18-1.49) for ischaemic stroke; 1.34 (1.18-1.52) for vascular mortality; and 1.34 (1.20-1.50) for non-vascular mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CRP concentration has continuous associations with the risk of coronary heart disease, ischaemic stroke, vascular mortality, and death from several cancers and lung disease that are each of broadly similar size. The relevance of CRP to such a range of disorders is unclear. Associations with ischaemic vascular disease depend considerably on conventional risk factors and other markers of inflammation.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  British Heart Foundation, UK Medical Research Council, BUPA Foundation, and GlaxoSmithKline.
authors.affiliation: Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration Coordinating Centre, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK.
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaptoge
authors.forename: Emanuele
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Di Angelantonio
authors.forename: Gordon
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lowe
authors.forename: Mark B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Pepys
authors.forename: Simon G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: Rory
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Danesh
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis*; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000097:blood* / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control; D016208:Databases, Factual; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005340:Fibrinogen / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000401:mortality; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000401:mortality; D012044:Regression Analysis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012709:Serum Albumin; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology; D020521:Stroke / Q000097:blood* / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D015850:Interleukin-6; D012709:Serum Albumin; D014280:Triglycerides; D005340:Fibrinogen; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D002784:Cholesterol