title: Biologic width and morphologic characteristics of soft tissues around immediately loaded implants: studies performed on human autopsy specimens.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Esthetics and the health of oral implants are based upon the soft tissue reaction and biologic width (BW).
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve dental implants were placed in the maxilla and mandible of a patient who smoked. Permanent standard abutments and temporary restorations were immediately fixed in place during the surgery stage. The definitive restorations were placed 4 months after loading without removal of the original abutments. After 10 months, the patient died, and the implants were removed en block and processed for histology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The BW in the maxilla was 6.5 +/- 2.5 mm, whereas in the mandible, it was 4.8 +/- 1.3 mm (P = 0.017). The sulcular epithelium (SE) in the maxilla was 2.7 +/- 0.8 mm, whereas in the mandible, it was 1.7 +/- 0.4 mm (P <0.001). The junctional epithelium (JE) in the maxilla was 1.3 +/- 0.4 mm, whereas in the mandible, it was 1.5 +/- 0.5 mm (P = 0.164). The connective tissue (CT) in the maxilla was 2.5 +/- 1.3 mm, whereas in the mandible, it was 1.6 +/- 0.4 mm (P = 0.006). In the maxillary bone, the BW, SE, and CT were significantly longer than in the mandible, whereas for the JE, no statistically significant difference was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The soft tissue organization around dental implants was different for upper and lower jawbones.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Laser Dentistry, Division of Periodontology, Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
authors.forename: George E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Romanos
authors.forename: Tonino
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Traini
authors.forename: Carina B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Johansson
authors.forename: Adriano
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Piattelli
mesh_terms: D000539:Alveolar Process / Q000473:pathology*; D000044:Dental Abutments / Q000009:adverse effects; D003758:Dental Implantation, Endosseous / Q000379:methods; D015921:Dental Implants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019094:Dental Prosthesis, Implant-Supported; D003825:Denture, Complete, Immediate; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007575:Jaw, Edentulous / Q000473:pathology*; D008334:Mandible / Q000473:pathology; D008437:Maxilla / Q000473:pathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D016348:Osseointegration / Q000502:physiology*; D010519:Periodontium / Q000473:pathology*; D016474:Weight-Bearing; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants