title: Effects of leadership and span of control on nurses' job satisfaction and patient satisfaction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hospital restructuring has resulted in nurse managers' having direct responsibility for a greatly expanded number of units and staff. However, very little research has examined the impact of these larger spans of control on nurse and patient outcomes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study examined the relationships between leadership style, span of control, nurses' job satisfaction and patient satisfaction, as well as the moderating effect of span of control on the relationship between leadership style and the two outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted at seven teaching and community hospitals with a sample of 51 units, 41 nurse managers, 717 nurses and 680 patients. Data analyses included multiple regression and hierarchical linear modelling.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study findings provided support for the theoretical relationships among leadership style, span of control, nurse job satisfaction and patient satisfaction. In addition, the results showed that higher spans of control decreased the positive effects of transformational and transactional leadership styles on job satisfaction and patient satisfaction, and increased the negative effects of management by exception and laissez-faire leadership styles on job satisfaction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Leadership matters, and certain leadership styles, particularly transformational, are better than others. Span of control also matters: the wider the span, the lower the nurses' job satisfaction and patient satisfaction. However, as spans of control increase in size, no leadership style, even transformational, can overcome the negative effects.
authors.affiliation: Vancouver Coastal Health, Vancouver, BC.
authors.forename: Amy Sanchez
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: McCutcheon
authors.forename: Diane
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Doran
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: Linda McGillis
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: Dorothy
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pringle
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002170:Canada; D015400:Clinical Nursing Research; D005260:Female; D006764:Hospitals, Community; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching; D006801:Humans; D007588:Job Satisfaction; D007857:Leadership; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009718:Nurse Administrators; D024802:Nurse's Role; D015401:Nursing Administration Research; D009741:Nursing Staff, Hospital; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires