title: Pre-ICD illness beliefs affect postimplant perceptions of control and patient quality of life.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) is a device used in the treatment of ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death. However, the ICD has been associated with negative psychological outcomes such as anxiety, depression, panic, and poor quality of life (QoL). Recent studies suggest that the preimplantation psychology of patients, combined with their postimplantation perceptions about their cardiac condition, are greater contributory factors than their medical status to a poor outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Our study employed an interview-based qualitative grounded theory methodology to explore whether medical history hetereogeneity and illness beliefs impact on the QoL of 13 ICD patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Perceived control emerged as the core category related to QoL with three subsystem themes related to control: (1) illness beliefs, attributions, and appraisals; (2) coping resources and strategies; and (3) the social world. Patients at risk for the poorest adaptation were younger (<45), unemployed, and with an acute onset cardiac history. These patients interpreted their illness as severe, utilized emotion-focused coping (e.g., avoidance of situations), and believed themselves to be socially excluded. Adjusted patients used proactive problem-focused coping (e.g., normalizing) and minimized consequences of the device.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data developed a theoretical model of QoL, which identified perceived control, illness beliefs, and coping impacting on adjustment. From our study, we have a wider understanding of the combination psychological issues relevant to ICD patients and are able to treat those at risk with interventions to promote adjustment in the context of a society that values health and well-being.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation and Therapies, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Trust, London, UK. ch372@squ.edu.om
authors.forename: Claire N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Hallas
authors.forename: Julie L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Burke
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Derek T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Connelly
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D016757:Death, Sudden, Cardiac / Q000517:prevention & control; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D036301:Qualitative Research; D011788:Quality of Life; D012307:Risk Factors