title: Off-label use of cardiovascular medications in children hospitalized with congenital and acquired heart disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many barriers exist to conducting pediatric cardiovascular (CV) trials, and the majority of therapies used are not evidence based. Recent legislation has aimed to stimulate pediatric research and improve drug labeling. This study describes off-label use of CV medications in children hospitalized with congenital and acquired CV disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 2005 Pediatric Health Information System database was queried for patients with CV International Classification of Disease, Ninth Revision codes who received CV medications. Off-label use (patient younger than US Food and Drug Administration-approved age) was described. Multivariate analysis used Poisson regression to model the number of CV drugs received off-label. There were 31,432 patients included (median age, 10.4 months; interquartile range, 30 days to 6.8 years). Congenital heart disease (67%) was the most common diagnosis. Other diagnoses included hypertension, arrhythmia, myocarditis/cardiomyopathy, pulmonary hypertension, rheumatic fever/endocarditis, and heart transplant. Seventy-eight percent received > or = 1 CV medication off-label, and 31% received > or = 3 CV medications off-label. The most commonly used CV medications were furosemide, epinephrine, dopamine, lidocaine, and milrinone. The latter 3 (prescribed in 69% of patients) were used off-label in all cases. Medications studied under recent federal initiatives were prescribed in only 20% of patients, and were still used off-label 62% of the time. In multivariate analysis, heart transplant recipients (odds ratio 1.7; 95% CI 1.5 to 1.9) were most likely to receive a greater number of off-label CV medications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite recent legislation, off-label use of CV medications in the pediatric population is common. These data highlight the need for further study to determine which treatments should be used more frequently and which are unsafe or ineffective in children hospitalized with CV disease.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center and Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC 27715, USA. sara.pasquali@duke.edu
authors.forename: Sara K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Pasquali
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: Anthony D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Slonim
authors.forename: Kathy J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Jenkins
authors.forename: Bradley S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Marino
authors.forename: Meryl S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Samir S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Shah
mesh_terms: D000322:Adrenergic Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004298:Dopamine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D017277:Drug Approval; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D005665:Furosemide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D016027:Heart Transplantation; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D056687:Off-Label Use; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D049994:Sodium Potassium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000322:Adrenergic Agonists; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents; D049994:Sodium Potassium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors; D005665:Furosemide; D004298:Dopamine; D004837:Epinephrine