title: Emotional symptoms, quality of life and cytokine profile in hemodialysis patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mental disorders are frequent in hemodialysis (HD) patients. Depression and anxiety along with physical co-morbidity affect quality of life (QOL). Uremia is associated with inflammation and release of cytokines by lymphomonocytes. Inflammatory cytokines are relevant in depression. The aim of this study was to assess the psychological alterations and QOL in HD patients, and to correlate them with pattern of cytokine production.
  
  
  METHODS
  
  
  
  METHODS
  30 HD patients and 20 subjects with CKD Stage I-II K-DOQI. Psychometric tests were administered: 1) Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) composed of an anxiety subscale (HADS-A) and a depression subscale (HADS-D); 2) Kidney Disease Quality of Life (KDQOL) modified, including a cognitive function subscale (KDQOL-CF). Whole blood samples collected at beginning of HD session were diluted with RPMI/heparin and incubated for 24 h in presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). IL-1Gamma, IL-6, TNF-alpha and IL-10 were assayed on supernatants and results were normalized per number of lymphomonocytes (ng/106 cells).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A depressive mood was more frequent in HD patients (50%) than controls (20%, p < 0.0001). No difference for anxiety (HD = 43%, controls = 45%) was observed. QOL score was significantly lower in HD than controls (p = 0.006) and correlated inversely with HADS total, HADS-A and HADS-D (p < 0.0001). Albumin, Kt/V and phosphate were comparable in patients with or without anxiety or depression. Cytokine production was significantly higher in HD patients than controls (IL-1beta p = 0.05; IL-6 p = 0.010; TNF-alpha p < 0.0001; IL-10, p = 0.0019). HD patients with the HADS-A positive for anxiety showed higher IL-6 production (p = 0.026), while IL-1beta levels were not associated with symptoms of depression. KDQOL-CF correlated inversely with levels of IL-6, TNF-alpha and IL-10.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HD patients have symptoms of depression and anxiety that negatively affect QOL. These symptoms are independent of the efficiency of dialysis and nutritional status. On the contrary, IL-6 is linked to the presence of psychological discomfort in these patients.
authors.affiliation: Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Consorziale Policlinico, University of Bari, Italy. v.montiaro@nephro.uniba.it
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Montinaro
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Iaffaldano
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Granata
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Porcelli
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Todarello
authors.forename: F P
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Schena
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pertosa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001007:Anxiety / Q000097:blood / Q000523:psychology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D003863:Depression / Q000097:blood / Q000523:psychology; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood / Q000523:psychology; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000097:blood / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018579:Patient Selection; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000523:psychology*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines