title: [Epidemiological, clinical and sociodemographic characteristics of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) in and around Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite efforts to control human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) in the field, this infection remains prevalent in endemic or epidemic form in most of its traditional habitats. In the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), HAT has extended beyond rural areas to reach large cities such as Kinshasa. The objective of this study was to analyse the characteristics of trypanosomiasis patients (cases) in Kinshasa and to compare them to those of healthy controls. METHODS AND POPULATION OF STUDY: This case-control study allowed us to compare case patients and controls for some epidemiologic, clinical and sociodemographic characteristics. In all, 1764 people (588 case-patients and 1176 controls) were interviewed according to a structured questionnaire. Case-patients were infected with trypanosomiasis and entered the National Human African Trypanosomiasis Program (PNLTHA-DRC) from January 2004 through December 2005. Controls were matched for sex, age and residence to the corresponding case-patient, but had negative results from the Card Agglutination Trypanosomiasis Test (CATT-Test) whole-blood serologic analysis. Each patient was matched with two controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cases were identified in all 24 districts of Kinshasa, but were concentrated in the outskirts (outlying areas and southern expansion) and in rural areas. Overall, 25% (144/588) of case-patients lived in urbanized areas. People in the labour market (aged 20-49 years) were affected more often than others. HAT affected men and women equally. It also affected at higher rates people who moved around a lot and those who worked in rural or domestic activities, especially those in close contact with watercourses. Sleep disorders were the primary clinical sign (85%). Cervical adenopathies were observed frequently (66%). Fever was reported in 68% of case-patients. Most (73.5%) were diagnosed at a very advanced stage of infection (meningoencephalitic or neurological stage).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results highlight several modifiable or avoidable characteristics associated with HAT. Interventions on them might make it possible to reduce the morbidity and mortality rates associated with HAT and prevent wider extension of this disease.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de microbiologie médicale, Université de Liège, CHU Sart-Tilman (B23), 4000 Liège, Belgique. ftshimungu@yahoo.fr
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tshimungu
authors.forename: L N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Okenge
authors.forename: J N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Mukeba
authors.forename: V B K
authors.initials: VB
authors.lastname: Kande
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: De Mol
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000372:Agglutination Tests; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D015023:Democratic Republic of the Congo / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014353:Trypanosomiasis, African / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D014507:Urbanization