title: Economic consequences of overweight and obesity in infertility: a framework for evaluating the costs and outcomes of fertility care.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Overweight and obesity are an epidemic in Western society, and have a strong impact on fertility. We studied the consequences of overweight and obesity with respect to fecundity, costs of fertility treatment and pregnancy outcome in subfertile women.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the literature for systematic reviews and large studies reporting on the effect of weight on both fecundity and pregnancy outcome in subfertile women. We collected data on costs of treatment with ovulation induction, intrauterine insemination and in vitro fertilization, as well as costs of pregnancy complications. We calculated, for ovulatory and anovulatory women separately, the number of expected pregnancies, complications and costs in a hypothetical cohort of 1000 normal weight, overweight and obese women each.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In our hypothetical cohort of 1000 women, compared with women with normal weight, live birth was decreased by 14 and 15% (from 806 live births to 692 and 687 live births) in overweight and obese anovulatory women, respectively, for ovulatory women it was decreased by 22 and 24% (from 698 live births to 546 and 531 live births), respectively. These outcomes were associated with an increase in the number of complications and associated costs leading to cost per live birth in anovulatory overweight and obese women were 54 and 100% higher than their normal weight counterparts, for ovulatory women they were 44 and 70% higher, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overweight and obese subfertile women have a reduced probability of successful fertility treatment and their pregnancies are associated with more complications and higher costs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Meander Medical Centre, Ringweg Randenbroek 110, Amersfoort, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: A M H
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Koning
authors.forename: W K H
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Kuchenbecker
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Groen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hoek
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Land
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: B W J
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Mol
mesh_terms: D000858:Anovulation; D015992:Body Mass Index; D017281:Cost of Illness; D005260:Female; D005298:Fertility; D005307:Fertilization in Vitro / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D007247:Infertility, Female / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy*; D007315:Insemination, Artificial / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods; D018803:Models, Economic; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications / Q000191:economics*; D050177:Overweight / Q000150:complications / Q000191:economics*; D010062:Ovulation Induction / Q000191:economics; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000191:economics; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D027724:Reproductive Techniques, Assisted / Q000191:economics*