title: Pitfalls in the use of voxel-based morphometry as a biomarker: examples from huntington disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  VBM is increasingly used in the study of neurodegeneration, and recently there has been interest in its potential as a biomarker. However, although it is largely "automated," VBM is rarely implemented consistently across studies, and changing user-specified options can alter the results in a way similar to the very biologic differences under investigation.
  
  
  METHODS
  This work uses data from patients with HD to demonstrate the effects of several user-specified VBM parameters and analyses: type and level of statistical correction, modulation, smoothing kernel size, adjustment for brain size, subgroup analysis, and software version.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results demonstrate that changing these options can alter results in a way similar to the biologic differences under investigation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  If VBM is to be useful clinically or considered for use as a biomarker, there is a need for greater recognition of these issues and more uniformity in its application for the method to be both reproducible and valid.
authors.affiliation: Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: S M D
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Henley
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Ridgway
authors.forename: R I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Scahill
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Klöppel
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Tabrizi
authors.forename: N C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kassubek
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006580:Genetic Carrier Screening; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D006816:Huntington Disease / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics*; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009929:Organ Size / Q000502:physiology; D012016:Reference Values; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012984:Software; D018911:Trinucleotide Repeats / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers