title: Monoketone analogs of curcumin, a new class of Fanconi anemia pathway inhibitors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Fanconi anemia (FA) pathway is a multigene DNA damage response network implicated in the repair of DNA lesions that arise during replication or after exogenous DNA damage. The FA pathway displays synthetic lethal relationship with certain DNA repair genes such as ATM (Ataxia Telangectasia Mutated) that are frequently mutated in tumors. Thus, inhibition of FANCD2 monoubiquitylation (FANCD2-Ub), a key step in the FA pathway, might target tumor cells defective in ATM through synthetic lethal interaction. Curcumin was previously identified as a weak inhibitor of FANCD2-Ub. The aim of this study is to identify derivatives of curcumin with better activity and specificity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using a replication-free assay in Xenopus extracts, we screened monoketone analogs of curcumin for inhibition of FANCD2-Ub and identified analog EF24 as a strong inhibitor. Mechanistic studies suggest that EF24 targets the FA pathway through inhibition of the NF-kB pathway kinase IKK. In HeLa cells, nanomolar concentrations of EF24 inhibited hydroxyurea (HU)-induced FANCD2-Ub and foci in a cell-cycle independent manner. Survival assays revealed that EF24 specifically sensitizes FA-competent cells to the DNA crosslinking agent mitomycin C (MMC). In addition, in contrast with curcumin, ATM-deficient cells are twofold more sensitive to EF24 than matched wild-type cells, consistent with a synthetic lethal effect between FA pathway inhibition and ATM deficiency. An independent screen identified 4H-TTD, a compound structurally related to EF24 that displays similar activity in egg extracts and in cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that monoketone analogs of curcumin are potent inhibitors of the FA pathway and constitute a promising new class of targeted anticancer compounds.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, USA. landaisi@ohsu.edu
authors.forename: Igor
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Landais
authors.forename: Sanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hiddingh
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McCarroll
authors.forename: Chao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Aiming
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Mitchell S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Turker
authors.forename: James P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Snyder
authors.forename: Maureen E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Hoatlin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D064007:Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D003474:Curcumin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D004357:Drug Synergism; D005199:Fanconi Anemia / Q000378:metabolism*; D052236:Fanconi Anemia Complementation Group D2 Protein / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D007659:Ketones / Q000737:chemistry*; D016685:Mitomycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D014981:Xenopus
chemical_list: D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C499905:FANCD2 protein, human; D052236:Fanconi Anemia Complementation Group D2 Protein; D007659:Ketones; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D016685:Mitomycin; C576324:ATM protein, human; D064007:Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D003474:Curcumin