title: Personal Guidance System for People with Visual Impairment: A Comparison of Spatial Displays for Route Guidance.
abstract: This article reports on a study of route guidance using a navigation system that receives location information from a Global Positioning System receiver. Fifteen visually impaired participants traveled along 50-meter (about 164-foot) paths in each of five conditions that were defined by the type of display interface used. One of the virtual displays-virtual speech-led to the shortest travel times and the highest subjective ratings, despite concerns about the use of headphones.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106; loomis@psych.ucsb.edu .
authors.forename: Jack M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Loomis
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Marston
authors.forename: Reginald G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Golledge
authors.forename: Roberta L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Klatzky