title: Dietary-induced hyperparathyroidism affects serum and gingival proinflammatory cytokine levels in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Poor diet and inadequate nutrition are suggested to affect the periodontium as well as impair the systemic health. This study investigated the systemic and periodontal effects of dietary-induced hyperparathyroidism (dHPT) by evaluating serum and gingival proinflammatory cytokine levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four Sprague-Dawley rats were used in the study. dHPT was induced in 12 rats by calcium/phosphorus imbalance, and 12 rats were fed a standard diet (SD). Afterward, endotoxin-induced periodontitis was induced on the right mandibular molar teeth (mmt). Four study groups were created: dHPT + mmt without periodontitis (group 1), dHPT + mmt with periodontitis (group 2), SD + mmt with periodontitis (group 3), and SD + mmt without periodontitis (group 4). Interleukin (IL)-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to evaluate the proinflammatory cytokine profiles. Serum cytokines were analyzed in the blood samples collected prior to periodontitis induction, whereas gingival cytokines were analyzed in the gingival supernatants of the four groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serum cytokines were higher in dHPT rats than in SD rats (P <0.001), with a positive correlation between parathormone and the cytokines (P <0.001). Gingival cytokines were highest in group 2 and lowest in group 4 (group 2 > group 3 > group 1) (P <0.001). There was a positive correlation between parathormone and the gingival cytokines in group 1 (P <0.001 for IL-1beta; P <0.01 for TNF-alpha).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggested that increased serum proinflammatory cytokine production may be a complication of dHPT, and this may affect healthy and diseased periodontia by increasing gingival proinflammatory cytokine levels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Ondokuz Mayis University, 55139/Kurupelit, Samsun, Turkey. mugelutfioglu@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Müge
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lütfioğlu
authors.forename: Umur
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Sakallioğlu
authors.forename: E Eser
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Sakallioğlu
authors.forename: Emine
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Diraman
authors.forename: Gülay
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ciftçi
authors.forename: Ferda
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tutkun
mesh_terms: D016301:Alveolar Bone Loss / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005881:Gingiva / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D006961:Hyperparathyroidism / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone / Q000097:blood; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha