title: Childhood onset diagnoses in a case series of teens at clinical high risk for psychosis.
abstract: REASONS: Schizophrenia is typically an adult neurodevelopmental disorder that has its antecedents in childhood and adolescence. Little is known about disorders "usually first diagnosed in infancy, childhood and adolescence" (e.g., childhood-onset disorders) in "prodromal" teens at heightened clinical risk for psychotic disorder.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Childhood-onset disorders were prevalent in putatively prodromal teens, including anxiety and disruptive disorders, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and, surprisingly, elimination disorders. These may reflect developmental antecedents in psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia.
  A case series of 9 teens (ages 13-17) identified as prodromal to psychosis were evaluated with the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL). Childhood-onset diagnoses commonly endorsed (threshold or subthreshold) included ADHD (5/9), oppositional defiant disorder (5/9), enuresis or encopresis (4/9), conduct disorder (2/9), separation anxiety (3/9), and transient tic disorder (2/9). Enuresis was identified in 3 of the 4 older teens (ages 15-17).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An understanding of the childhood-onset disorders that occur in teens at risk for psychotic illnesses, such as schizophrenia, can shed light on the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and potentially inform early identification and intervention.
authors.affiliation: Center of Prevention and Evaluation, New York State Psychiatric Institute at Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA.
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mazzoni
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kimhy
authors.forename: Shamir
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Kelly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Posner
authors.forename: Lawrence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Maayan
authors.forename: Mara
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eilenberg
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Messinger
authors.forename: Clarice
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kestenbaum
authors.forename: Cheryl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Corcoran
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017668:Age of Onset; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis; D019958:Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis; D019955:Conduct Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis; D019960:Elimination Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis; D004775:Enuresis / Q000175:diagnosis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013981:Tic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis