title: Economic impact of angina after an acute coronary syndrome: insights from the MERLIN-TIMI 36 trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Angina in patients with coronary artery disease is associated with worse quality of life; however, the relationship between angina frequency and resource utilization is unknown.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using data from the MERLIN-TIMI 36 trial, we assessed the association between the extent of angina after an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and subsequent cardiovascular resource utilization among 5460 stable outpatients who completed the Seattle Angina Questionnaire at 4 months after an ACS and who were then followed for an additional 8 months. Angina frequency was categorized as none (score, 100; 2739 patients), monthly (score, 61 to 99; 1608 patients), weekly (score, 31 to 60; 854 patients), and daily (score, 0 to 30; 259 patients). Multivariable regression models evaluated the association between angina frequency and overall costs attributable to cardiovascular hospitalizations, outpatient visits and procedures, and medications. As compared with no angina, overall costs increased in a graded fashion with higher angina frequency-no angina, $2928 (reference); monthly angina, $3909 (adjusted relative cost ratio, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.21 to 1.39); weekly angina, $4558 (adjusted relative cost ratio, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.48 to 1.67); and daily angina, $6949 (adjusted relative cost ratio, 2.32; 95% CI, 2.01 to 2.69; P for trend <0.001). Differences in costs were attributable primarily to higher rates of ACS hospitalization and coronary revascularization among patients with more severe angina.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among stable outpatients after ACS, a direct graded relationship was found between higher angina frequency and healthcare costs. As compared with patients without angina, patients with daily angina had a >2-fold increase in resource utilization and incremental costs of $4000 after 8 months of follow-up.
authors.affiliation: Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, MO 64111, USA.
authors.forename: Suzanne V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Arnold
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Morrow
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lei
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Elizabeth M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Mahoney
authors.forename: Eugene
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Braunwald
authors.forename: Paul S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Chan
mesh_terms: D000083:Acetanilides / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D054058:Acute Coronary Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology; D000368:Aged; D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000787:Angina Pectoris / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006304:Health Status; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010879:Piperazines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011788:Quality of Life; D000069458:Ranolazine; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D000083:Acetanilides; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D010879:Piperazines; D000069458:Ranolazine