title: Opposing cardiac effects of autoantibody activation of β-adrenergic and M2 muscarinic receptors in cardiac-related diseases.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Activating autoantibodies to β-adrenergic receptors (AAβ1/2AR) and M2 muscarinic receptors (AAM2R) have been reported in several cardiac diseases and may have pathophysiologic relevance. However, the interactions and relative effects of AAβ1AR, AAβ2AR and AAM2R on contractile function have not been characterized.
  
  
  METHODS
  The inotropic effects of IgG from 18 selected patients with cardiomyopathy and/or atrial tachyarrhythmias positive by ELISA for antibodies to β1/2AR were studied using an isolated canine Purkinje fiber contractility assay. M2R-blockade was tested using atropine while selective β1AR and β2AR blockade used CGP-20712A and ICI-118551 respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifteen of the 18 anti-β1/2AR ELISA-positive samples demonstrated evidence for negative inotropic muscarinic effects which were blocked using atropine. Atropine failed to uncover a positive inotropic response in 2 of the 18 IgG samples (false positive ELISA for AAβAR). In the remaining 16 AAβAR true-positive subjects, the β1AR-induced increase in contractility (concurrent M2/β2 blockade) was augmented to 140.5±12.2% of baseline compared to 127.4±7.2% of baseline with M2 blockade (atropine) only (p<0.001, n=16). The β2AR-induced increase in contractility (concurrent M2/β1 blockade) was only 114.5±4.3% of baseline (p<0.001, n=16). Combined M2 and β1/β2 blockade eliminated any increase in contractility.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The inherently positive inotropic effect of AAβ1AR was negatively modulated by AAM2R and AAβ2AR. These opposing effects of receptor-activating autoantibodies may alter cardiac performance and influence clinical outcome depending on their receptor type and relative contractile activity.
authors.affiliation: Cardiology and the Heart Rhythm Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center and VA Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA.
authors.forename: Stavros
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stavrakis
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Kem
authors.forename: Eugene
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Patterson
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lozano
authors.forename: Shijun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Bela
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Szabo
authors.forename: Madeleine W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Cunningham
authors.forename: Ralph
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lazzara
authors.forename: Xichun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yu
mesh_terms: D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology*; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011690:Purkinje Fibers / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D043585:Receptor, Muscarinic M2 / Q000819:agonists / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology*; D011943:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta / Q000502:physiology; D018342:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1 / Q000502:physiology*; D018343:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2 / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists; D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D001323:Autoantibodies; D043585:Receptor, Muscarinic M2; D011943:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta; D018342:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1; D018343:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2