title: Occurrence of microscopic fungi and mycotoxins in conserved high moisture corn from Slovakia.
abstract: Contamination by microscopic fungi and mycotoxins in high moisture corn (HMC) silages conserved by chemical additives was investigated. The samples were examined for the concentration and identification of microscopic fungi able to grow on Malt and Czapek-Dox agar and for mycotoxins content (deoxynivalenol, T-2 toxin, zearalenone and total aflatoxins, fumonisins, ochratoxins) by direct competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The average fungal counts were 3.37 +- 2.52 log cfu/g in control HMC silages, 2.91 +- 0.51 log cfu/g in HMC silages treated by organic salts and inorganic salt, 3.62 +- 1.46 log cfu/g in HMC ensiled with organic acids and 3.49 +- 1.12 log cfu/g of HMC silages treated by organic acids along with organic salt. In this study, 740 isolates belonging to 10 fungal species representing 9 genera were recovered. The genera of microscopic fungi most frequently found in HMC were Penicillium (56.49 percentages) and Paecilomyces (32.16 percentages). T-2 toxin was the secondary metabolite with the highest concentration ranging from 179.13 +- 3.04 to 249.40 +- 24.69 micrograms/kg, followed by deoxynivalenol and total fumonisins. The highest mean of deoxynivalenol level was 0.13 +- 0.02 mg/kg and concentration of total fumonisins ranged from 20.13 +- 2.53 to 90.33 +- 10.35 micrograms/kg. This study indicated that application of chemical additives containing organic acids, organic salts and inorganic salt was sufficient to inhibit mycotoxins formation. The use of calcium formiate, sodium benzoate and sodium nitrite resulted in high hygienic quality of HMC silages and significantly reduced the concentration of zearalenone, deoxynivalenol and total ochratoxins and fumonisins.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Slovak University of Agriculture, Trieda Andreja Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovak Republic.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Biro
authors.forename: Miroslav
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Juracek
authors.forename: Miroslava
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kacaniova
authors.forename: Milan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Simko
authors.forename: Branislav
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Galik
authors.forename: Jaroslava
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Michalkova
authors.forename: Erika
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gyongyova
mesh_terms: D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D005503:Food Additives / Q000494:pharmacology; D037341:Fumonisins / Q000032:analysis; D005658:Fungi / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D009183:Mycotoxins / Q000032:analysis*; D014255:Trichothecenes / Q000032:analysis; D003313:Zea mays / Q000382:microbiology*; D015025:Zearalenone / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D005503:Food Additives; D037341:Fumonisins; D009183:Mycotoxins; D014255:Trichothecenes; D015025:Zearalenone; C007262:deoxynivalenol