title: Planning and simulation of microsurgical laser bone ablation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Laser ablation of hard tissue is not completely understood until now and not modeled for computer-assisted microsurgery. A precise planning and simulation is an essential step toward the usage of microsurgical laser bone ablation in the operating room.
  
  
  METHODS
  Planning the volume for laser bone ablation is based on geometrical definitions. Shape and volume of the removed bone by single laser pulses were measured with a confocal microscope for modeling the microsurgical ablation. To remove the planned volume and to achieve smooth surfaces, a simulation of the laser pulse distribution is developed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The confocal measurements show a clear dependency from laser energy and resulting depth. Two-dimensional Gaussian functions are fitting in these craters. Exemplarily three ablation layers were planned, simulated, executed and verified.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To model laser bone ablation in microsurgery the volume and shape of each laser pulse should be known and considered in the process of ablation planning and simulation.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Process Control and Robotics, Universität Karlsruhe (TH), Engler-Bunte-Ring 8, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany. lueder.kahrs@med.uniduesseldorf.de
authors.forename: Lüder Alexander
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Kahrs
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Burgner
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Klenzner
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Raczkowsky
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schipper
authors.forename: Heinz
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wörn
mesh_terms: D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D053685:Laser Therapy; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008866:Microsurgery / Q000379:methods*; D010027:Osteotomy / Q000379:methods; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted