title: Kaizen: a method of process improvement in the emergency department.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent position statements from health care organizations have placed a strong emphasis on continuous quality improvement (CQI). CQI finds many of its roots in kaizen, which emphasizes small, low-cost, low-risk improvements. Based on the successful Kaizen Programs at organizations such as Toyota, the authors thought the emergency department (ED) would be an ideal environment to benefit from such a program.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The authors sought to create a CQI program using a suggestion-based model that did not require a large time commitment, was easy to implement, and had the potential to empower all physicians in the department. It would not take the place of other improvement efforts, but instead augment them. The hypothesis was that such a program would foster sustainable engagement of emergency physicians in system improvement efforts and lead to a continuous stream of low-cost implementable system improvement interventions.
  
  
  METHODS
  A CQI program was created for the physician staff of the Department of Emergency Medicine at Vanderbilt University Medical Center, focusing on a suggestion-based model using kaizen philosophy. Lectures teaching kaizen philosophy were presented. Over the past 4 years, a methodology was developed utilizing a Web-based application, the Kaizen Tracker, which aids in the submission and implementation of suggestions that are called kaizen initiatives (KIs). The characteristics of the KIs submitted, details regarding resident and faculty participation, and the effectiveness of the Kaizen Tracker were retrospectively reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 169, 105, and 101 KIs placed in the postimplementation calendar years 2006, 2007, and 2008, respectively. Seventy-six percent of KIs submitted thus far have identified a "process problem." Fifty-three percent of KIs submitted have led to operational changes within the ED. Ninety-three percent of the resident physicians entered at least one KI, and 73% of these residents submitted more than one KI. Sixty-nine percent of the attendings entered at least one KI, and 89% of these attendings submitted more than one KI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Over the past 4 years, the Kaizen Program at Vanderbilt has been widely and frequently used within the ED. It has resulted in over 400 changes in our adult ED system and has met the challenge of using CQI to drive ED improvements. There are limitations to this study, including the fact that its impact on patient outcomes remains unknown. However, this Kaizen Program may be an excellent tool for other departments to assist with quality improvement and should be studied with a multicenter prospective approach.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center (GHJ, NSM, RL, SR, CMS), Nashville, TN.
authors.forename: Gregory H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Jacobson
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center (GHJ, NSM, RL, SR, CMS), Nashville, TN.
authors.forename: Nicole Streiff
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: McCoin
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center (GHJ, NSM, RL, SR, CMS), Nashville, TN.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lescallette
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center (GHJ, NSM, RL, SR, CMS), Nashville, TN.
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Russ
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center (GHJ, NSM, RL, SR, CMS), Nashville, TN.
authors.forename: Corey M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Slovis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006801:Humans; D017146:Models, Organizational; D019982:Organizational Case Studies; D016730:Program Development / Q000379:methods*; D015397:Program Evaluation / Q000379:methods; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013714:Tennessee; D017749:Total Quality Management / Q000379:methods*