Energetic frustration of apomyoglobin folding: role of the B helix.
Apomyoglobin folds by a sequential mechanism in which the A, G, and H helix regions undergo rapid collapse to form a compact intermediate onto which the central portion of the B helix subsequently docks. To investigate the factors that frustrate folding, we have made mutations in the N-terminus of the B helix to stabilize helical structure (in the mutant G23A/G25A) and to promote native-like hydrophobic packing interactions with helix G (in the mutant H24L/H119F). The kinetic and equilibrium intermediates of G23A/G25A and H24L/H119F were studied by hydrogen exchange pulse labeling and interrupted hydrogen/deuterium exchange combined with NMR. For both mutants, stabilization of helical structure in the N-terminal region of the B helix is confirmed by increased exchange protection in the equilibrium molten globule states near pH 4. Increased protection is also observed in the GH turn region in the G23A/G25A mutant, suggesting that stabilization of the B helix facilitates native-like interactions with the C-terminal region of helix G. These interactions are further enhanced in H24L/H119F. The kinetic burst phase intermediates of both mutants show increased protection, relative to wild-type protein, of amides in the N-terminus of the B helix and in part of the E helix. Stabilization of the E helix in the intermediate is attributed to direct interactions between E helix residues and the newly stabilized N-terminus of helix B. Stabilization of native packing between the B and G helices in H24L/H119F also favors formation of native-like interactions in the GH turn and between the G and H helices in the ensemble of burst phase intermediates. We conclude that instability at the N-terminus of the B helix of apomyoglobin contributes to the energetic frustration of folding by preventing docking and stabilization of the E helix.
Nishimura
Chiaki
C
Department of Molecular Biology and Skaggs Institute of Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
Dyson
H Jane
HJ
Wright
Peter E
PE
D019943:Amino Acid Substitution; D000818:Animals; D001059:Apoproteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007700:Kinetics; D008958:Models, Molecular; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D009211:Myoglobin / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics; D019906:Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular; D017510:Protein Folding; D055550:Protein Stability; D017433:Protein Structure, Secondary; D011522:Protons; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D050661:Sperm Whale; D013816:Thermodynamics
D001059:Apoproteins; D009211:Myoglobin; D011522:Protons; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; C010857:apomyoglobin