title: Invariance, or Noninvariance: That Is the Question.
abstract: Nesselroade et al. developed a new, interesting way to enforce invariance at the second-order level in P-technique models, while letting first-order structure to stray from invariance. We discuss our concerns with this approach under the headings of falsifiability, the nature of manifest variables included in models, and differential emphasis on generators of behavior versus output behavior. We supply a modified idiographic model for P-technique analyses and discuss the utility of this new approach in comparison to the Nesselroade et al. procedure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology University of California at Davis.
authors.forename: Keith F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Widaman
authors.forename: Kevin J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Grimm