title: Persistent and transient hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections in children born to HBV-infected mothers despite active and passive vaccination.
abstract: Combined passive and active immunization for newborns very effectively prevents perinatal hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections. In the Netherlands, babies born to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive women receive passive immunization with hepatitis B and at least three active HBsAg vaccinations. Serological testing for the presence of HBV markers was offered for all infants born to HBsAg-positive mothers between January 2003 and July 2007, after completion of their vaccination schedule. About 75% of the infants (n = 1743) completed their HB-vaccination schedule and participated in the serologic evaluation. Twelve of them (0.7%) were found to be HBV infected. Furthermore, we identified three older children with high levels of anti-HBc, anti-HBs and anti-HBe, while they were HBsAg and HBV DNA negative. This serologic profile is evidence for a resolved HBV infection. In the group of older children (1.5-5 years of age, n = 728), about half of the HBV-infected children (3 of 7) had already cleared their infection at the time of sampling. For a proper evaluation of the efficacy of a new intervention programme to prevent vertical HBV transmission, it is also important to analyse the HBV markers in serum collected when the children are older than 1.5 years. In a programmatic setting, all children born to HBV-infected mothers should be tested not only for the level of anti-HBs but also for the absence of HBsAg, because 2 of the 12 HBV-infected children (17%) had a high level of anti-HBs.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Infectious Diseases and Perinatal Screening, Dutch Centre for Infectious Diseases Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands. Hein.Boot@RIVM.NL
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Boot
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hahné
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cremer
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Boland
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: van Loon
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission* / Q000821:virology; D006510:Hepatitis B Antibodies / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D006514:Hepatitis B Surface Antigens / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D017325:Hepatitis B Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000276:immunology; D006515:Hepatitis B virus / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007112:Immunity, Maternally-Acquired / Q000276:immunology*; D007116:Immunization, Passive; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; D009426:Netherlands; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000821:virology*; D014611:Vaccination
chemical_list: D006510:Hepatitis B Antibodies; D006514:Hepatitis B Surface Antigens; D017325:Hepatitis B Vaccines