title: Development and optimization of the SPE procedure for determination of pharmaceuticals in water samples by HPLC-diode array detection.
abstract: This paper focuses on the investigation of different types of SPE sorbents for the preconcentration of eight veterinary pharmaceuticals from water samples. The pharmaceuticals studied were sulfamethazine, sulfadiazine, sulfaguanidine, trimethoprim, oxytetracycline, enrofloxacin, norfloxacin and penicillin G/procaine. Five different SPE materials (Strata-X, Strata-X-C, Strata SDB-L, Strata C8 and Strata C18) from Phenomenex were compared with Oasis HLB with a view to obtaining the best cartridges for all pharmaceuticals investigated. Extraction efficiency was determined by HPLC with diode array detection (DAD). HPLC-DAD separation and quantification of the selected pharmaceuticals were carried out under gradient elution by a binary mixture of 0.01 M oxalic acid and ACN based on cyano modified column (LiChrosphere 100 CN) from Merck. Strata-X provided the best results in the preconcentration of 100 mL water samples, yielding average pharmaceutical recoveries of higher than 90%, except for sulfaguanidine (76.1%). The developed Strata-X-HLPC-DAD method was validated and applied, for the efficient investigation of reverse osmosis/nanofiltration membranes and for the removal of these eight pharmaceuticals from the production wastewater samples. NF90 and XLE membranes were shown to be the best for the rejection of all investigated pharmaceuticals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia. dmutavdz@fkit.hr
authors.forename: Dragana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mutavdzić Pavlović
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Babić
authors.forename: Davor
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dolar
authors.forename: Danijela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Asperger
authors.forename: Kresimir
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kosutić
authors.forename: Alka J M
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Horvat
authors.forename: Marija
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kastelan-Macan
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D015394:Molecular Structure; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction / Q000379:methods*; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; D014867:Water / Q000032:analysis*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D014867:Water