title: Efficacy of linaclotide for patients with chronic constipation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Linaclotide is a minimally absorbed peptide agonist of the guanylate cyclase-C receptor that stimulates intestinal fluid secretion and transit and reduces pain in animal models. We assessed the safety and efficacy of a range of linaclotide doses in patients with chronic constipation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study of 310 patients with chronic constipation. Patients were randomly assigned to groups given 75, 150, 300, or 600 microg oral linaclotide or placebo once daily for 4 weeks. Symptom assessments included spontaneous bowel movements (SBMs), complete SBMs, stool consistency, straining, abdominal discomfort, and bloating. Severity of constipation, adequate relief of constipation, global relief of constipation, treatment satisfaction, quality of life, adverse events, clinical laboratory data, and electrocardiogram results were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All doses of linaclotide improved the weekly rate of SBM (primary end point) compared with placebo; the increases in overall weekly number of SBMs from baseline were 2.6, 3.3, 3.6, and 4.3 for linaclotide doses of 75, 150, 300, and 600 microg, respectively, compared with 1.5 for placebo (P < or = .05 for each pair-wise comparison of a linaclotide dose to placebo). Likewise, linaclotide significantly improved the weekly rate of complete SBM, stool consistency, straining, abdominal discomfort, bloating, global assessments, and quality of life. The most common and only dose-related adverse event was diarrhea (only 6 patients discontinued treatment because of diarrhea).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Linaclotide therapy was associated with few adverse events and produced rapid and sustained improvement of bowel habits, abdominal symptoms, global relief, and quality of life in patients with chronic constipation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Anthony J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Lembo
authors.forename: Caroline B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Kurtz
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Macdougall
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Lavins
authors.forename: Mark G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Currie
authors.forename: Donald A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Fitch
authors.forename: Brenda I
authors.initials: BI
authors.lastname: Jeglinski
authors.forename: Jeffrey M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Johnston
mesh_terms: D015746:Abdominal Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003248:Constipation / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003672:Defecation / Q000187:drug effects*; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000139:chemically induced; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D010455:Peptides / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D011788:Quality of Life; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents; D010455:Peptides; C523483:linaclotide