title: Differentially expressed alternatively spliced genes in malignant pleural mesothelioma identified using massively parallel transcriptome sequencing.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Analyses of Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs) databases suggest that most human genes have multiple alternative splice variants. The alternative splicing of pre-mRNA is tightly regulated during development and in different tissue types. Changes in splicing patterns have been described in disease states. Recently, we used whole-transcriptome shotgun pryrosequencing to characterize 4 malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) tumors, 1 lung adenocarcinoma and 1 normal lung. We hypothesized that alternative splicing profiles might be detected in the sequencing data for the expressed genes in these samples.
  
  
  METHODS
  We developed a software pipeline to map the transcriptome read sequences of the 4 MPM samples and 1 normal lung sample onto known exon junction sequences in the comprehensive AceView database of expressed sequences and to count how many reads map to each junction. 13,274,187 transcriptome reads generated by the Roche/454 sequencing platform for 5 samples were compared with 151,486 exon junctions from the AceView database. The exon junction expression index (EJEI) was calculated for each exon junction in each sample to measure the differential expression of alternative splicing events. Top ten exon junctions with the largest EJEI difference between the 4 mesothelioma and the normal lung sample were then examined for differential expression using Quantitative Real Time PCR (qRT-PCR) in the 5 sequenced samples. Two of the differentially expressed exon junctions (ACTG2.aAug05 and CDK4.aAug05) were further examined with qRT-PCR in additional 18 MPM and 18 normal lung specimens.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found 70,953 exon junctions covered by at least one sequence read in at least one of the 5 samples. All 10 identified most differentially expressed exon junctions were validated as present by RT-PCR, and 8 were differentially expressed exactly as predicted by the sequence analysis. The differential expression of the AceView exon junctions for the ACTG2 and CDK4 genes were also observed to be statistically significant in an additional 18 MPM and 18 normal lung samples examined using qRT-PCR. The differential expression of these two junctions was shown to successfully classify these mesothelioma and normal lung specimens with high sensitivity (89% and 78%, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Whole-transcriptome shotgun sequencing, combined with a downstream bioinformatics pipeline, provides powerful tools for the identification of differentially expressed exon junctions resulting from alternative splice variants. The alternatively spliced genes discovered in the study could serve as useful diagnostic markers as well as potential therapeutic targets for MPM.
authors.affiliation: The Thoracic Surgery Oncology Laboratory and Division of Thoracic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. ldong@partners.org
authors.forename: Lingsheng
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.forename: Roderick V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: Assunta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: De Rienzo
authors.forename: Gavin J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.forename: Yanlong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Sugarbaker
authors.forename: Raphael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bueno
mesh_terms: D017398:Alternative Splicing; D030541:Databases, Genetic; D020224:Expressed Sequence Tags; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000379:methods*; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D008654:Mesothelioma / Q000235:genetics*; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D010997:Pleural Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*; D012322:RNA Precursors / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017423:Sequence Analysis, RNA
chemical_list: D012322:RNA Precursors