title: Genomic characterization of the Yersinia genus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  New DNA sequencing technologies have enabled detailed comparative genomic analyses of entire genera of bacterial pathogens. Prior to this study, three species of the enterobacterial genus Yersinia that cause invasive human diseases (Yersinia pestis, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, and Yersinia enterocolitica) had been sequenced. However, there were no genomic data on the Yersinia species with more limited virulence potential, frequently found in soil and water environments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We used high-throughput sequencing-by-synthesis instruments to obtain 25- to 42-fold average redundancy, whole-genome shotgun data from the type strains of eight species: Y. aldovae, Y. bercovieri, Y. frederiksenii, Y. kristensenii, Y. intermedia, Y. mollaretii, Y. rohdei, and Y. ruckeri. The deepest branching species in the genus, Y. ruckeri, causative agent of red mouth disease in fish, has the smallest genome (3.7 Mb), although it shares the same core set of approximately 2,500 genes as the other members of the species, whose genomes range in size from 4.3 to 4.8 Mb. Yersinia genomes had a similar global partition of protein functions, as measured by the distribution of Cluster of Orthologous Groups families. Genome to genome variation in islands with genes encoding functions such as ureases, hydrogenases and B-12 cofactor metabolite reactions may reflect adaptations to colonizing specific host habitats.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rapid high-quality draft sequencing was used successfully to compare pathogenic and non-pathogenic members of the Yersinia genus. This work underscores the importance of the acquisition of horizontally transferred genes in the evolution of Y. pestis and points to virulence determinants that have been gained and lost on multiple occasions in the history of the genus.
authors.affiliation: Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, USA. peter.chen@med.navy.mil
authors.forename: Peter E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: Andrew C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.forename: Niranjan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nagarajan
authors.forename: Dan D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Sommer
authors.forename: Mihai
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pop
authors.forename: Brendan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Thomason
authors.forename: Maureen P Kiley
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Thomason
authors.forename: Shannon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lentz
authors.forename: Nichole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nolan
authors.forename: Shanmuga
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sozhamannan
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sulakvelidze
authors.forename: Alfred
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mateczun
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Du
authors.forename: Michael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Zwick
authors.forename: Timothy D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Read
mesh_terms: D002874:Chromosome Mapping / Q000379:methods; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D005821:Genetic Techniques; D014644:Genetic Variation; D016680:Genome, Bacterial; D005810:Multigene Family; D010802:Phylogeny; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013045:Species Specificity; D014774:Virulence; D015007:Yersinia / Q000235:genetics*; D015008:Yersinia enterocolitica / Q000235:genetics; D015010:Yersinia pestis / Q000235:genetics