title: Comparing three short questionnaires to detect psychosocial dysfunction among primary school children: a randomized method.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Good questionnaires are essential to support the early identification of children with psychosocial dysfunction in community based settings. Our aim was to assess which of three short questionnaires was most suitable for this identification among school-aged children
  
  
  METHODS
  A community-based sample of 2,066 parents of children aged 7-12 years (85% of those eligible) filled out the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and - randomly determined - one of three questionnaires to be compared: the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire with Impact Supplement (SDQ), the Pediatric Symptom Checklist (PSC) and the PSYBOBA, a Dutch-origin questionnaire. Preventive Child Healthcare professionals assessed children's psychosocial functioning during routine health examinations. We assessed the scale structure (by means of Structural Equation Modelling), validity (correlation coefficients, sensitivity and specificity) and usability (ratings by parents and professionals) of each questionnaire and the degree to which they could improve the identification based only on clinical assessment (logistic regression).
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the three questionnaires, Cronbach's alphas varied between 0.80 and 0.89. Sensitivities for a clinical CBCL at a cut off point with specificity = 0.90 varied between 0.78 and 0.86 for the three questionnaires. Areas under the Receiver Operating Curve, using the CBCL as criterion, varied between 0.93 and 0.96. No differences were statistically significant. All three questionnaires added information to the clinical assessment. Odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for added information were PSC: 29.3 (14.4-59.8), SDQ: 55.0 (23.1-131.2) and PSYBOBA: 68.5 (28.3-165.6). Parents preferred the SDQ and PSYBOBA. Preventive Child Health Care professionals preferred the SDQ.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This randomized comparison of three questionnaires shows that each of the three questionnaires can improve the detection of psychosocial dysfunction among children substantially.
authors.affiliation: Prevention and Healthcare, TNO (Netherlands Organisation of Applied Scientific Research) Quality of Life, PO Box 2215, 2301 CE Leiden, The Netherlands. ton.vogels@tno.nl
authors.forename: Antonius G C
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Vogels
authors.forename: Matty R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Crone
authors.forename: Femke
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hoekstra
authors.forename: Sijmen A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Reijneveld
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods; D009426:Netherlands; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000379:methods*; D012572:School Health Services; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires