title: The efficacy of self-assembled cationic antimicrobial peptide nanoparticles against Cryptococcus neoformans for the treatment of meningitis.
abstract: Cationic antimicrobial peptides have received considerable interest as new therapeutics with the potential for treatment of multiple-drug resistant infections. We recently reported that cholesterol-conjugated G(3)R(6)TAT (CG(3)R(6)TAT) formed cationic nanoparticles via self-assembly, which demonstrated strong antimicrobial activities against various types of microbes in vitro. In this study, the possibility of using these nanoparticles for treatment of Cryptococcus neoformans (yeast)-induced brain infections was studied. The antimicrobial activity of the nanoparticles was tested against 12 clinical isolates of C. neoformans in comparison with conventional antifungal agents amphotericin B and fluconazole. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the nanoparticles were determined to be much lower than those of fluconazole in all the isolates, but slightly higher than those of amphotericin B in some isolates. At a concentration three times higher than the MIC, the nanoparticles completely sterilized C. neoformans after 3.5 h. Cell wall disruption and release of cytoplasmic content were observed under TEM. The biodistribution studies of FITC-loaded nanoparticles in rabbits revealed that the nanoparticles were able to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The efficacy of nanoparticles was further evaluated in a C. neoformans meningitis rabbit model. The nanoparticles crossed the BBB and suppressed the yeast growth in the brain tissues with similar efficiency as amphotericin B did. In addition, unlike amphotericin B, they neither caused significant damage to the liver and kidney functions nor interfered with the balance of electrolytes in the blood. CG(3)R(6)TAT nanoparticles can be a promising antimicrobial agent for treatment of brain infections caused by C. neoformans.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, China.
authors.forename: Huaying
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Kaijin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Lihong
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Jeremy P K
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Yunbo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Yongtao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Weimin
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.forename: Zeqing
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: Jifang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sheng
authors.forename: Yi-Yan
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Lanjuan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000666:Amphotericin B / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D023181:Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D003455:Cryptococcus neoformans / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D015725:Fluconazole / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016650:Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate / Q000378:metabolism; D016919:Meningitis, Cryptococcal / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011817:Rabbits; D014018:Tissue Distribution / Q000187:drug effects; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D023181:Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides; D000666:Amphotericin B; D015725:Fluconazole; D016650:Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate