title: Gender differences in cardiac rehabilitation outcomes: do women benefit equally in psychological health?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Psychological factors are important in the etiology and prognosis of coronary heart disease (CHD). Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) aims to reduce psychological distress, besides other somatic risk factors. Studies have shown that CR is effective in reducing psychological distress, but little is known about gender-specific outcome differences. Our objective was to examine whether women and men benefit equally from outpatient CR in terms of reduction in psychological distress and whether women show more impaired psychological health at baseline of CR than do men.
  
  
  METHODS
  We enrolled 441 CHD patients (mean age 58+/-11 years, 79.8% men) who underwent a 12-week outpatient CR program. Psychological dimensions, namely, anxiety, depression, vital exhaustion, social inhibition, and negative affect, were assessed at baseline and post-CR. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), controlling for age, disease severity, and exercise capacity, was applied to test for gender-specific differences at baseline and change between baseline and post-CR. In addition, gender-specific effect sizes were calculated for the change on psychological dimensions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women and men did not differ on any psychological measure at baseline of CR. The effect sizes show small to moderate treatment effects on the psychological dimensions assessed. Gender had a significant impact on change on the dimensions vital exhaustion (F=5.040(df=1), p<0.05) and social inhibition (F=5.74(df=1), p<0.05). Women showed larger change on social inhibition and smaller change on vital exhaustion than men.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Women and men do not differ in the extent of psychological distress at baseline of CR, which could be explained also by the exclusion of highly distressed women from treatment. CR is less effective among women with regard to vital exhaustion and more effective with regard to social inhibition compared with men in a sample of low distressed patients.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Division of Social and Behavioural Health Research, University of Bern, and Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland. jbarth@ispm.unibe.ch
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Barth
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Volz
authors.forename: Jean-Paul
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Schmid
authors.forename: Sonja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kohls
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: von Kanel
authors.forename: Hansjörg
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Znoj
authors.forename: Hugo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Saner
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001007:Anxiety / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D006233:Persons with Disabilities / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006304:Health Status; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008603:Mental Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D013557:Switzerland; D016387:Women's Health