title: Atrial fibrillation ablation: importance of cavotricuspid isthmus block.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Maintenance of atrial fibrillation (AF) depends on the presence of multiple reentrant circuits in the atria. In AF ablation, after pulmonary vein (PV) isolation, substrate modification can be increased by performing linear lesions in the left atrium that reduce the fibrillatory surface. A cavotricuspid isthmus (CTI) block may be an easier and safer alternative to left atrial lines for this purpose. Non-inducibility after AF ablation is associated with a higher success rate. The aim of this study is to assess whether CTI ablation after PV isolation reduces inducibility of atrial arrhythmias, particularly AF.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 29 consecutive patients (23 male, mean age 54.6+/-11.4 years, 11 (38%) with hypertension and four (14%) with structural heart disease, mean left atrial dimension 43+/-6 mm) undergoing PV isolation for paroxysmal or persistent AF, atrial arrhythmia inducibility was tested before and after CTI ablation. The procedure was performed using a CARTO-Merge mapping system, one or two Lasso catheters, an irrigated ablation catheter and radiofrequency energy. Atrial arrhythmia inducibility was tested with burst pacing down to 150 ms or atrial refractoriness from the proximal coronary sinus. Atrial arrhythmias were considered inducible if they persisted for more than 60 seconds. Of the 29 patients, 26 (90%) had an inducible arrhythmia before CTI ablation--AF in 16, typical atrial flutter (AFL) in seven and atypical AFL in three. Three (10%) were non-inducible. After CTI ablation, only 11 patients (38%) maintained arrhythmia inducibility (p<0.001)--AF in nine and atypical AFL in two. There was a significant reduction of AF inducibility (16 vs. 9/29, p=0.016) and of combined AF and atypical AFL inducibility (19 vs. 11/29, p=0.021). After one year of follow-up, 23 patients (79%) had no recurrence of arrhythmia. Success rates were 83% in patients without and 73% in patients with inducible arrhythmias at the end of the procedure (p=NS).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CTI ablation, in addition to PV isolation, significantly reduced the number of patients with inducible atrial arrhythmias and inducible AF.
authors.affiliation: Serviço de Cardiologia, Hospital Santa Cruz, Carnaxide, Portugal. candeias_rui@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Candeias
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Adragcão
authors.forename: Diogo
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cavaco
authors.forename: Katya
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Reis-Santos
authors.forename: Pinheiro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vieira
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Morgado
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bonhorst
authors.forename: Aniceto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Silva
mesh_terms: D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000601:surgery*; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged