title: The role of public health in addressing racial and ethnic disparities in mental health and mental illness.
abstract: Racial/ethnic minority populations are underserved in the American mental health care system. Disparity in treatment between whites and African Americans has increased substantially since the 1990s. Racial/ethnic minorities may be disproportionately affected by limited English proficiency, remote geographic settings, stigma, fragmented services, cost, comorbidity of mental illness and chronic diseases, cultural understanding of health care services, and incarceration. We present a model that illustrates how social determinants of health, interventions, and outcomes interact to affect mental health and mental illness. Public health approaches to these concerns include preventive strategies and federal agency collaborations that optimize the resilience of racial/ethnic minorities. We recommend strategies such as enhanced surveillance, research, evidence-based practice, and public policies that set standards for tracking and reducing disparities.
authors.affiliation: Minority and National Affairs, American Psychiatric Association, Arlington, VA 21287-7180, USA. aprimm@psych.org
authors.forename: Annelle B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Primm
authors.forename: Melba J T
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Vasquez
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Mays
authors.forename: Doreleena
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sammons-Posey
authors.forename: Lela R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: McKnight-Eily
authors.forename: Letitia R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Presley-Cantrell
authors.forename: Lisa C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: McGuire
authors.forename: Daniel P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Chapman
authors.forename: Geraldine S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Perry
mesh_terms: D005006:Ethnicity / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D054625:Healthcare Disparities; D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology*; D008603:Mental Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011635:Public Health Administration / Q000379:methods*; D044469:Racial Groups / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*