title: Neuromuscular control adaptations in elite athletes: the case of top level karateka.
abstract: This paper aimed at investigating the neuromuscular response of knee flexor and extensor muscles in elite karateka and karate amateurs (Amateurs) during isokinetic knee flexion/extensions and during the execution of a front kick (FK). Surface electromyograms (sEMG) were recorded from the right vastus lateralis (VL) and biceps femoris (BF) muscles with a four-array electrode during maximal isometric knee flexion and extension (maximal voluntary contraction), during isokinetic contractions (30 degrees , 90 degrees , 180 degrees , 270 degrees , 340 degrees , 400 degrees /s), and during the FK. The level of VL and BF agonist (ago) and antagonist (ant) activation during the isokinetic and FK protocols was quantified through normalized sEMG root mean square value (%RMS(ago/ant-ISOK/FK)). VL and BF average muscle fiber conduction velocity (CV) was computed for isokinetic and FK. Isokinetic flexion and extension torques and knee angular velocity during FK were also assessed. Analysis of variance was used to test the effect of group, angular velocity, and task on the assessed variables (P < 0.05). Elite karateka showed higher isokinetic knee flexion torque when compared with Amateurs. For all angular velocities, VL and BF %RMS(ant-isokinetic) were lower in elite karateka, while their BF-CV(isokinetic) BF-CV(front kick) and BF %RMS(ant-front kick) values were higher. For VL and BF, %RMS(ago-front kick) was lower than %RMS(ago-isokinetic) in both groups. Elite karateka demonstrated a typical neuromuscular activation strategy that seems task and skill level dependent. Knee flexion torque and CV results suggest the presence of an improved ability of elite karateka to recruit fast MUs as a part of training induced neuromuscular adaptation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Movement and Sport Sciences, Faculty for Movement Sciences, Study University of Rome "Foro Italico", Piazza Lauro de Bosis 6, Rome 00135, Italy. paola.sbriccoli@iusm.it
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sbriccoli
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Camomilla
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Di Mario
authors.forename: Federico
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Quinzi
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Figura
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Felici
mesh_terms: D025461:Feedback, Physiological / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D016139:Martial Arts / Q000502:physiology*; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology*; D010807:Physical Endurance / Q000502:physiology*; D005082:Physical Exertion / Q000502:physiology*; D010809:Physical Fitness / Q000502:physiology*; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D055815:Young Adult