title: Economic evaluation of nurse practitioners versus GPs in treating common conditions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  As studies evaluating substitution of care have revealed only limited evidence on cost-effectiveness, a trial was conducted to evaluate nurse practitioners as a first point of contact in Dutch general practices.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To estimate costs of GP versus nurse practitioner consultations from practice and societal perspectives.
  
  
  METHODS
  An economic evaluation was conducted alongside a randomised controlled trial between May and October 2006, wherein 12 nurse practitioners and 50 GPs working in 15 general practices (study practices) participated. Consultations by study practices were also compared with an external reference group, with 17 GPs working in five general practices without the involvement of nurse practitioners.
  
  
  METHODS
  Direct costs within the healthcare sector included resource use, follow-up consultations, length of consultations, and salary costs. Costs outside the healthcare sector were productivity losses. Sensitivity analyses were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Direct costs were lower for nurse practitioner consultations than for GP consultations at study practices. This was also the case for direct costs plus costs from a societal perspective for patients aged <65 years. Direct costs of consultations at study practices were lower than those of reference practices, while practices did not differ for direct costs plus costs from a societal perspective for patients aged <65 years. Cost differences are mainly caused by the differences in salary.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  By involving nurse practitioners, substantial economic 'savings' could be used for redesigning primary care, to optimise the best skill mix, and to cover the full range of primary care activities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrated Care, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands. angeliquedierick@orange.nl
authors.forename: Angelique T M
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Dierick-van Daele
authors.forename: Lotte M G
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Steuten
authors.forename: Job F M
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Metsemakers
authors.forename: Emmy W C C
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Derckx
authors.forename: Cor
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Spreeuwenberg
authors.forename: Hubertus J M
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Vrijhoef
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D011307:Drug Prescriptions / Q000191:economics; D005194:Family Practice / Q000191:economics* / Q000458:organization & administration; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009722:Nurse Practitioners / Q000191:economics*; D012017:Referral and Consultation / Q000191:economics; D012456:Salaries and Fringe Benefits