title: Amyloid beta oligomers induce Ca2+ dysregulation and neuronal death through activation of ionotropic glutamate receptors.
abstract: Amyloid beta (Abeta) oligomers accumulate in brain tissue of Alzheimer disease patients and are related to pathogenesis. The precise mechanisms by which Abeta oligomers cause neurotoxicity remain unresolved. In this study, we investigated the role of ionotropic glutamate receptors on the intracellular Ca2+ overload caused by Abeta. Using rat cortical neurons in culture and entorhinal-hippocampal organotypic slices, we found that Abeta oligomers significantly induced inward currents, intracellular Ca2+ increases and apoptotic cell death through a mechanism requiring NMDA and AMPA receptor activation. The massive entry of Ca2+ through NMDA and AMPA receptors induced by Abeta oligomers caused mitochondrial dysfunction as indicated by mitochondrial Ca2+ overload, oxidative stress and mitochondrial membrane depolarization. Importantly, chronic treatment with nanomolar concentration of Abeta oligomers also induced NMDA- and AMPA receptor-dependent cell death in entorhinal cortex and hippocampal slice cultures. Together, these results indicate that overactivation of NMDA and AMPA receptor, mitochondrial Ca2+ overload and mitochondrial damage underlie the neurotoxicity induced by Abeta oligomers. Hence, drugs that modulate these events can prevent from Abeta damage to neurons in Alzheimer's disease.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Departamento de Neurociencias, Universidad del País Vasco, E-48940 Leioa, Spain.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Alberdi
authors.forename: M Victoria
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Gómez
authors.forename: Fabio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cavaliere
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pérez-Samartín
authors.forename: José Luis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Zugaza
authors.forename: Ramón
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Trullas
authors.forename: María
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Domercq
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Matute
mesh_terms: D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D020013:Calcium Signaling / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D018728:Entorhinal Cortex / Q000378:metabolism; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000378:metabolism; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial / Q000502:physiology; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism; D009410:Nerve Degeneration / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D018091:Receptors, AMPA / Q000378:metabolism; D017470:Receptors, Glutamate / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides; D018091:Receptors, AMPA; D017470:Receptors, Glutamate; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D002118:Calcium