Smoking, smoking cessation, and risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus: a cohort study.
BACKGROUND
Cigarette smoking is an established predictor of incident type 2 diabetes mellitus, but the effects of smoking cessation on diabetes risk are unknown.


OBJECTIVE
To test the hypothesis that smoking cessation increases diabetes risk in the short term, possibly owing to cessation-related weight gain.


METHODS
Prospective cohort study.


METHODS
The ARIC (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities) Study.


METHODS
10,892 middle-aged adults who initially did not have diabetes in 1987 to 1989.


METHODS
Smoking was assessed by interview at baseline and at subsequent follow-up. Incident diabetes was ascertained by fasting glucose assays through 1998 and self-report of physician diagnosis or use of diabetes medications through 2004.


RESULTS
During 9 years of follow-up, 1254 adults developed type 2 diabetes. Compared with adults who never smoked, the adjusted hazard ratio of incident diabetes in the highest tertile of pack-years was 1.42 (95% CI, 1.20 to 1.67). In the first 3 years of follow-up, 380 adults quit smoking. After adjustment for age, race, sex, education, adiposity, physical activity, lipid levels, blood pressure, and ARIC Study center, compared with adults who never smoked, the hazard ratios of diabetes among former smokers, new quitters, and continuing smokers were 1.22 (CI, 0.99 to 1.50), 1.73 (CI, 1.19 to 2.53), and 1.31 (CI, 1.04 to 1.65), respectively. Further adjustment for weight change and leukocyte count attenuated these risks substantially. In an analysis of long-term risk after quitting, the highest risk occurred in the first 3 years (hazard ratio, 1.91 [CI, 1.19 to 3.05]), then gradually decreased to 0 at 12 years.


CONCLUSIONS
Residual confounding is possible even with meticulous adjustment for established diabetes risk factors.


CONCLUSIONS
Cigarette smoking predicts incident type 2 diabetes, but smoking cessation leads to higher short-term risk. For smokers at risk for diabetes, smoking cessation should be coupled with strategies for diabetes prevention and early detection.
Yeh
Hsin-Chieh
HC
Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA. hyeh1@jhmi.edu
Duncan
Bruce B
BB
Schmidt
Maria Inês
MI
Wang
Nae-Yuh
NY
Brancati
Frederick L
FL
D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D013997:Time Factors; D015430:Weight Gain