title: Diagnostic performance of urine dipstick testing in children with suspected UTI: a systematic review of relationship with age and comparison with microscopy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prompt diagnosis of urinary tract infection (UTI) in children is needed to initiate treatment but is difficult to establish without urine testing, and reliance on culture leads to delay. Urine dipsticks are often used as an alternative to microscopy, although the diagnostic performance of dipsticks at different ages has not been established systematically.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies comparing urine dipstick testing in infants versus older children and urine dipstick versus microscopy were systematically searched and reviewed. Meta-analysis of available studies was conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six studies addressed these questions. The results of meta-analysis showed that the performance of urine dipstick testing was significantly less in the younger children when compared with older children (p < 0.01). Positive likelihood ratio (LR) of both nitrite and leucocyte positive 38.54 [95% confidence interval (CI) 22.49-65.31], negative LR for both negative 0.13 (95% CI 0.07-0.25) are reasonably good, and those for young infants are less reliable [positive LR 7.62 (95% CI 0.95-51.85) and negative LR 0.34 (95% CI 0.66-0.15)]. Comparing microscopy and urine dipstick testing, using bacterial colony count on urine culture showed no significant difference between the two methods.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Urine dipstick testing is more effective for diagnosis of UTI in children over 2 years than for younger children.
authors.affiliation: Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Osaka, Japan. rintaromori@gmail.com
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mori
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yonemoto
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fitzgerald
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tullus
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Verrier-Jones
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lakhanpaul
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D011934:Reagent Strips; D016482:Urinalysis / Q000379:methods*; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000652:urine*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D011934:Reagent Strips