title: Operative intervention for delayed symptomatic radionecrotic masses developing following stereotactic radiosurgery for cerebral arteriovenous malformations--case analysis and literature review.
abstract: METHODS
  We report two cases of operative intervention that was beneficial in the treatment of delayed symptomatic radionecrotic masses that had developed following stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) using the gamma knife (GK) for the treatment of cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVM).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Case 1 involved a small craniotomy for decompression of a large cerebral multiloculated cyst, which had become symptomatic 84 months following gamma knife treatment for a left frontal lobe AVM. Case 2 involved surgical excision of an occipital radionecrotic mass 72 months following GK treatment for an occipital AVM. This patient had suffered from longstanding symptomatic cerebral oedema, which on occasions had become life threatening. Case 2 is also the first report of a radionecrotic mass occurring post-SRS for an AVM, which conversely appeared to demonstrate increased uptake on single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) scan. The first literature review of such delayed symptomatic radionecrotic lesions is presented. There appears to be a late onset of symptoms (average 55 months, range 12-111 months) associated with such radionecrosis. Drainage of such cysts or excision of the mass lesion appears to be consistently beneficial to the patients and appears to be uncomplicated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We recommend early surgical intervention for such delayed symptomatic radionecrotic masses that do not resolve following non-operative management. We also recommend caution in interpretation of SPECT scan results when attempting to differentiate radionecrosis from neoplasia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Wales Cardiff, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK. mansoor.foroughi@yahoo.co.uk
authors.forename: Mansoor
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Foroughi
authors.forename: Andras A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Kemeny
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lehecka
authors.forename: Juliana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wons
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kajdi
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hatfield
authors.forename: Sidney
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Marks
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D020863:Central Nervous System Cysts / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D003399:Craniotomy / Q000379:methods; D019299:Decompression, Surgical / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D002538:Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009336:Necrosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D016634:Radiosurgery / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D012086:Reoperation; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome