title: Cardiotrophin-1 and TNF-alpha circulating levels at rest and during cardiopulmonary exercise test in athletes and healthy individuals.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is a growing body of evidence that physical training exerts its potential benefits on the individual health status by modulating the immune system and the whole body metabolism. A better knowledge of the physiologic immune response to exercise may help to understand the benefits of physical exercise in healthy individuals and elite athletes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study aims to analyse cardiotrophin-1 (CT-1) and Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) plasma levels at rest and during exercise in elite athletes and healthy controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 20 triathletes (TA) and 20 matched controls (CG). Chambers dimensions, left ventricular mass and left ventricular mass index were analysed by echocardiography. VO2 peak and VE/VCO2 were calculated by metabolic stress test. Blood samples were collected before the exercise session, at the exercise peak, and after the end of exercise. ELISA assays were used to measure CT-1 and TNF-alpha plasma levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among TA and CG, no significant differences were found for CT-1 (0.25+/-0.14 vs 0.20+/-0.14 fm/l; p=0.29) and TNF-alpha (10.8+/-2.7 vs 9.7+/-4.0 pm/l; p=0.29) basal levels. In the TA, plasma levels of CT-1 were significantly different at rest and during exercise (basal 0.25+/-0.13 pm/l; peak 1.07+/-1.5 pm/l; post-exercise 0.67+/-0.77 pm/l; p=0.04). Conversely, no significant differences were found between basal, peak and post-exercise plasma values of TNF-alpha (basal 10.8+/-2.7 pm/l; peak 11.7+/-2.1 pm/l; post-exercise 11.4+/-2.5 pm/l; p=0.78) in TA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study gives novel insights on the behavior of inflammatory cytokines during physical exercise in athletes and healthy individuals.
authors.affiliation: Cardiology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy. limongelligiuseppe@libero.it
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Limongelli
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Calabrò
authors.forename: Valeria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Maddaloni
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Russo
authors.forename: Daniele
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Masarone
authors.forename: Antonello
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: D'Aponte
authors.forename: Teo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Roselli
authors.forename: Rosa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bonauro
authors.forename: Raffaella
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: D'Alessandro
authors.forename: Antonello
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: D'Andrea
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pacileo
authors.forename: Francesco Mario
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Limongelli
authors.forename: Raffaele
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Calabrò
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D056352:Athletes; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D005080:Exercise Test; D006262:Health; D006321:Heart / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D012146:Rest / Q000502:physiology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C092073:cardiotrophin 1