title: Clinical outcomes of pulmonary arterial hypertension in patients carrying an ACVRL1 (ALK1) mutation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Activin A receptor type II-like kinase-1 (ACVRL1, also known as ALK1) mutation is a cause of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) and/or heritable pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe the characteristics of patients with PAH carrying an ACVRL1 mutation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed clinical, functional, and hemodynamic characteristics of 32 patients with PAH carrying an ACVRL1 mutation, corresponding to 9 patients from the French PAH Network and 23 from literature analysis. These cases were compared with 370 patients from the French PAH Network (93 with a bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 2 [BMPR2] mutation and 277 considered as idiopathic cases without identified mutation). Distribution of mutations in the ACVRL1 gene in patients with PAH was compared with the HHT Mutation Database.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At diagnosis, ACVRL1 mutation carriers were significantly younger (21.8 +/- 16.7 yr) than BMPR2 mutation carriers and noncarriers (35.7 +/- 14.9 and 47.6 +/- 16.3 yr, respectively; P < 0.0001). In seven of the nine patients from the French PAH Network, PAH diagnosis preceded manifestations of HHT. ACVRL1 mutation carriers had better hemodynamic status at diagnosis, but none responded to acute vasodilator challenge and they had shorter survival when compared with other patients with PAH despite similar use of specific therapies. ACVRL1 mutations in exon 10 were more frequently observed in patients with PAH, as compared with what was observed in the HHT Mutation Database (33.3 vs. 5%; P < 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ACVRL1 mutation carriers were characterized by a younger age at PAH diagnosis. Despite less severe initial hemodynamics and similar management, these patients had worse prognosis compared with other patients with PAH, suggesting more rapid disease progression.
authors.affiliation: Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de médecine, Kremlin Bicêtre, 92140 Clamart, France.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Girerd
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Montani
authors.forename: Florence
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Coulet
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sztrymf
authors.forename: Azzeddine
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yaici
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Jaïs
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tregouet
authors.forename: Abilio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Reis
authors.forename: Valérie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Drouin-Garraud
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fraisse
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Sitbon
authors.forename: Dermot S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: O'Callaghan
authors.forename: Gérald
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Simonneau
authors.forename: Florent
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Soubrier
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Humbert
mesh_terms: D030301:Activin Receptors, Type II / Q000235:genetics*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D001794:Blood Pressure; D052006:Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors, Type II / Q000235:genetics; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005080:Exercise Test / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D005602:France; D006801:Humans; D006976:Hypertension, Pulmonary / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D017354:Point Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D011651:Pulmonary Artery; D011669:Pulmonary Wedge Pressure; D012042:Registries; D017384:Sequence Deletion / Q000235:genetics; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014655:Vascular Resistance; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: C425364:ACVRL1 protein, human; D030301:Activin Receptors, Type II; C498218:BMPR2 protein, human; D052006:Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors, Type II; D010100:Oxygen