title: Longitudinal mercury monitoring within the Japanese and Korean communities (United States): implications for exposure determination and public health protection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Estimates of exposure to toxicants are predominantly obtained from single time-point data. Fish consumption guidance based on these data may be incomplete, as recommendations are unlikely to consider impact from factors such as intraindividual variability, seasonal differences in consumption behavior, and species consumed.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We studied populations of Korean (n = 108) and Japanese (n = 106) women living in the Puget Sound area in Washington State to estimate mercury exposure based on fish intake and hair Hg levels at two and three time points, respectively. Our goals were to examine changes in hair Hg levels, fish intake behavior, and Hg body burden over time; and to determine if data from multiple time points could improve guidance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  More than 50 fish species were consumed, with eight species representing approximately three-fourths of fish consumed by the Japanese and 10 species representing approximately four-fifths of fish intake by the Koreans. Fish species responsible for most Hg intake did not change over time; < 10 species accounted for most of the Hg body burden in each population. Longitudinal variability of hair Hg levels changed slowly across the study period. Japanese with hair Hg levels > 1.2 ppm (mean, 2.2 ppm) consumed approximately 150% more fish than those with levels < or = 1.2 ppm (mean, 0.7 ppm). However, because many participants consumed substantial amounts of fish while having hair-Hg levels < or = 1.2 ppm, the nutritional benefits offered from fish consumption should be obtainable without exceeding the RfD. We observed a 100% difference in fish intake between open-ended and 2-week recall fish consumption surveys. Open-ended survey data better represent Hg intake as determined from hair Hg levels. Single time-point fish intake data appear to be adequate for deriving guidance, but caution is warranted, as study is required to determine the significance of the different outcomes observed using the two survey time frames.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
authors.forename: Ami
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tsuchiya
authors.forename: Thomas A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Hinners
authors.forename: Finn
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Krogstad
authors.forename: Jim W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Thomas M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Burbacher
authors.forename: Elaine M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Faustman
authors.forename: Koenraad
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mariën
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D001213:Asian; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003625:Data Collection; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D062665:Epidemiological Monitoring; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005399:Fishes; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis; D006197:Hair / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000208:ethnology; D007723:Korea / Q000208:ethnology; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008628:Mercury / Q000032:analysis*; D008875:Middle Aged; D017747:Seafood / Q000032:analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D014861:Washington / Q000453:epidemiology; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D008628:Mercury