title: Relationship between lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor 1 expression and preoperative echogenic findings of vulnerable carotid plaque.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein 1 (LOX1) is an important cell surface receptor for the progression of atherosclerosis. Our purpose is to clarify the relationships of LOX1 and atherosclerotic factors for the vulnerability of carotid plaque and preoperative echogenic findings.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined LOX1 expression, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2,9, and tissue inhibitor of MMP (TIMP)-2 by immunohistochemical analysis using carotid endarterectomy specimens obtained from 14 patients. Groups were divided into stable plaque group A and vulnerable plaque group B by preoperative echogenic findings of carotid plaques. Endothelial immunoreactivity was calculated, and the immunohistochemical findings were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  LOX1 was remarkably expressed, especially in smooth muscle cells in vulnerable plaque and colocalized in MMP-9 positive cells and apoptotic cells. All LOX1, MMP-2,9, and TIMP2 were remarkably expressed in the subendothelial layer in group B compared with group A. The endothelial LOX1 index was 63.75 +/- 4.92 in group A and 83.0 +/- 5.02 in group B (p = 0.02). The endothelial MMP-2 index was 24.38 +/- 5.50 in group A and 32.83 +/- 6.79 in group B (p = 0.01). The endothelial MMP-9 index was 46.13 +/- 6.31 in group A and 59.17 +/- 2.14 in group B (p = 0.002). The endothelial TIMP-2 index had no significant difference between two groups (p = 0.14).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LOX-1 may play an important role in the progression of vulnerable carotid plaque and might regulate vulnerable plaque formation in cooperation with MMPs and TIMP-2. Endothelial MMP-2 might suppress TIMP-2 activation in vulnerable plaques.
authors.affiliation: Tohoku University Hospital Emergency Center, Konan Hospital, Sendai, Japan. satsushi2002@yahoo.co.jp
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.forename: Miki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fujimura
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: Hiroaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.forename: Teiji
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tominaga
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology; D002341:Carotid Artery Thrombosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D002343:Carotid Artery, Internal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D018450:Disease Progression; D016894:Endarterectomy, Carotid; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000032:analysis; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000032:analysis; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D008875:Middle Aged; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000473:pathology; D011379:Prognosis; D051127:Scavenger Receptors, Class E / Q000032:analysis*; D019716:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2 / Q000032:analysis; D017585:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial
chemical_list: D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; C495137:OLR1 protein, human; D051127:Scavenger Receptors, Class E; C099252:oxidized low density lipoprotein; D019716:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2; C522361:MMP2 protein, human; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9