title: Dream-enacting behaviors in a normal population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Determine the prevalence and gender distributions of behaviors enacted during dreaming ("dream-enacting [DE] behaviors") in a normal population; the independence of such behaviors from other parasomnias; and the influence of different question wordings, socially desirable responding and personality on prevalence.
  
  
  METHODS
  3-group questionnaire study.
  
  
  METHODS
  University classrooms
  
  
  METHODS
  Three undergraduate samples (Ns = 443, 201, 496; mean ages = 19.9 +/- 3.2 y; 20.1 +/- 3.4 y; 19.1 +/- 1.6 y).
  
  
  METHODS
  N/A.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subjects completed questionnaires about DE behaviors and Social Desirability. Study 1 employed a nonspecific question about the behaviors, Study 2 employed the same question with examples, and Study 3 employed 7 questions describing specific behavior subtypes (speaking, crying, smiling/laughing, fear, anger, movement, sexual arousal). Somnambulism, somniloquy, nightmares, dream recall, alexithymia, and absorption were also assessed. Factor analyses were conducted to determine relationships among DE behaviors and their independence from other parasomnias. Prevalence increased with increasing question specificity (35.9%, 76.7%, and 98.2% for the 3 samples). No gender difference obtained for the nonspecific question, but robust differences occurred for more specific questions. Females reported more speaking, crying, fear and smiling/laughing than did males; males reported more sexual arousal. When controlling other parasomnias and dream recall frequency, these differences persisted. Factor solutions revealed that DE behaviors were independent of other parasomnias and of dream recall frequency, except for an association between dream-talking and somniloquy. Sexual arousal was related only to age. Behaviors were independent of alexithymia but moderately related to absorption.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dream-enacting behaviors are prevalent in healthy subjects and sensitive to question wording but not social desirability. Subtypes are related, differ with gender and occur independently of other parasomnias.
authors.affiliation: Dream Nightmare Laboratory, Sacré-Coeur Hospital of Montreal, Montreal, Canada. tore.nielsen@umontreal.ca
authors.forename: Tore
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.forename: Connie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Svob
authors.forename: Don
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kuiken
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D001519:Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D004325:Dreams / Q000523:psychology*; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall / Q000502:physiology; D020447:Parasomnias / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D010551:Personality / Q000502:physiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012016:Reference Values; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012725:Sexual Behavior / Q000523:psychology; D012928:Social Desirability; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult