title: Influence of cobalamin on arsenic metabolism in Bangladesh.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Arsenic is a carcinogen to which 35 million people in Bangladesh are chronically exposed. The enzymatic transfer of methyl groups to inorganic As (iAs) generates monomethylarsonic (MMA) and dimethylarsinic acids (DMA) and facilitates urinary As (uAs) elimination. This process is dependent on one-carbon metabolism, a pathway in which folate and cobalamin have essential roles in the recruitment and transfer of methyl groups. Although DMA(V) is the least toxic metabolite, increasing evidence suggests that MMA(III) may be the most cytotoxic and genotoxic As intermediary metabolite.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We examined the associations between plasma cobalamin and uAs metabolites.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a cross-sectional study of 778 Bangladeshi adults in which we over-sampled cobalamin-deficient participants. Participants provided blood samples for the measurement of plasma cobalamin and urine specimens for As measurements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cobalamin was inversely associated with the proportion of total uAs excreted as iAs (%iAs) [unstandardized regression coefficient (b) = -0.10; 95% confidence interval (CI), -0.17 to -0.02; p = 0.01] and positively associated with %MMA (b = 0.12; 95% CI, 0.05 to 0.20; p = 0.001). Both of these associations were stronger among folate-sufficient participants (%iAs: b = -0.17; 95% CI, -0.30 to -0.03; p = 0.02. %MMA: b = 0.20; 95% CI, 0.11 to 0.30; p < 0.0001), and the differences by folate status were statistically significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this group of Bangladeshi adults, cobalamin appeared to facilitate the first As methylation step among folate-sufficient individuals. Given the toxicity of MMA(III), our findings suggest that in contrast to folate, cobalamin may not favorably influence As metabolism.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA.
authors.forename: Megan N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: Xinhua
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Vesna
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Slavkovich
authors.forename: Vesna
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ilievski
authors.forename: Zhongyuan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Mi
authors.forename: Shafiul
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Alam
authors.forename: Pam
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Factor-Litvak
authors.forename: Habibul
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ahsan
authors.forename: Joseph H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Graziano
authors.forename: Mary V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Gamble
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001151:Arsenic / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine; D001152:Arsenicals / Q000652:urine; D001459:Bangladesh; D002101:Cacodylic Acid / Q000652:urine; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005260:Female; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014805:Vitamin B 12 / Q000097:blood*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000378:metabolism*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001152:Arsenicals; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D005492:Folic Acid; D002101:Cacodylic Acid; C020300:monomethylarsonic acid; D001151:Arsenic; D014805:Vitamin B 12