title: The powdery mildew resistance gene REN1 co-segregates with an NBS-LRR gene cluster in two Central Asian grapevines.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Grape powdery mildew is caused by the North American native pathogen Erysiphe necator. Eurasian Vitis vinifera varieties were all believed to be susceptible. REN1 is the first resistance gene naturally found in cultivated plants of Vitis vinifera.
  
  
  RESULTS
  REN1 is present in 'Kishmish vatkana' and 'Dzhandzhal kara', two grapevines documented in Central Asia since the 1920's. These cultivars have a second-degree relationship (half sibs, grandparent-grandchild, or avuncular), and share by descent the chromosome on which the resistance allele REN1 is located. The REN1 interval was restricted to 1.4 cM using 38 SSR markers distributed across the locus and the segregation of the resistance phenotype in two progenies of collectively 461 offspring, derived from either resistant parent. The boundary markers delimit a 1.4-Mbp sequence in the PN40024 reference genome, which contains 27 genes with known functions, 2 full-length coiled-coil NBS-LRR genes, and 9 NBS-LRR pseudogenes. In the REN1 locus of PN40024, NBS genes have proliferated through a mixture of segmental duplications, tandem gene duplications, and intragenic recombination between paralogues, indicating that the REN1 locus has been inherently prone to producing genetic variation. Three SSR markers co-segregate with REN1, the outer ones confining the 908-kb array of NBS-LRR genes. Kinship and clustering analyses based on genetic distances with susceptible cultivars representative of Central Asian Vitis vinifera indicated that 'Kishmish vatkana' and 'Dzhandzhal kara' fit well into local germplasm. 'Kishmish vatkana' also has a parent-offspring relationship with the seedless table grape 'Sultanina'. In addition, the distant genetic relatedness to rootstocks, some of which are derived from North American species resistant to powdery mildew and have been used worldwide to guard against phylloxera since the late 1800's, argues against REN1 being infused into Vitis vinifera from a recent interspecific hybridisation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The REN1 gene resides in an NBS-LRR gene cluster tightly delimited by two flanking SSR markers, which can assist in the selection of this DNA block in breeding between Vitis vinifera cultivars. The REN1 locus has multiple layers of structural complexity compared with its two closely related paralogous NBS clusters, which are located some 5 Mbp upstream and 4 Mbp downstream of the REN1 interval on the same chromosome.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, University of Udine, via delle Scienze 208, 33100 Udine, Italy. courtney789@gmail.com
authors.forename: Courtney
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Coleman
authors.forename: Dario
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Copetti
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cipriani
authors.forename: Sarolta
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.forename: Pál
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kozma
authors.forename: László
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kovács
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Morgante
authors.forename: Raffaele
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Testolin
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Di Gaspero
mesh_terms: D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005819:Genetic Markers; D018745:Genome, Plant; D005810:Multigene Family; D010641:Phenotype; D010802:Phylogeny; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000382:microbiology; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D056916:Segmental Duplications, Genomic; D027843:Vitis / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D005819:Genetic Markers; D010940:Plant Proteins