title: Inhibition of apoptosis through localized delivery of rapamycin-loaded nanoparticles prevented neointimal hyperplasia and reendothelialized injured artery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A significant fraction of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) undergo rapid apoptosis after balloon angioplasty. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that protecting VSMCs from undergoing apoptosis prevents the cascade of events that lead to intimal hyperplasia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rapamycin-loaded gel-like nanoparticles (mean diameter, 54+/-5 nm) were infused locally in a rat carotid artery model of vascular injury. The drug has both antiapoptotic and antiproliferative effects on VSMCs and hence was selected for the current study. Localized delivery of nanoparticles sustained the drug level in the target artery for >2 weeks; demonstrated significant inhibition of hyperplasia (intima/media ratio, 1.5+/-0.02 versus 2.7+/-0.6; P<0.01); and most importantly, re-endothelialized the injured artery (endothelium coverage: treated 82% versus control 28%). We also demonstrated inhibition of activation of caspase-3/7 enzymes in the treated artery, preventing VSMCs from undergoing apoptosis and subsequent infiltration of macrophages.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It may be postulated that the localized delivery of rapamycin inhibited apoptosis of VSMCs, minimizing the inflammatory response to the injury and, thus, creating conditions conducive to vascular repair (re-endothelialization). Unlike stenting, which can lead to thrombosis and increased risk for in-stent restenosis, our approach could eliminate or minimize long-term complications because the injured artery undergoes a natural process of re-endothelialization.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
authors.forename: Maram K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Reddy
authors.forename: Jaspreet K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Vasir
authors.forename: Sanjeeb K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Sahoo
authors.forename: Tapan K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Jain
authors.forename: Murali M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Yallapu
authors.forename: Vinod
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Labhasetwar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000473:pathology; D061945:Caspase Inhibitors; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects*; D006965:Hyperplasia / Q000517:prevention & control; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D053758:Nanoparticles; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D020123:Sirolimus / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D002317:Cardiovascular Agents; D061945:Caspase Inhibitors; D020123:Sirolimus