title: Moonlight avoidance in gerbils reveals a sophisticated interplay among time allocation, vigilance and state-dependent foraging.
abstract: Foraging animals have several tools for managing the risk of predation, and the foraging games between them and their predators. Among these, time allocation is foremost, followed by vigilance and apprehension. Together, their use influences a forager's time allocation and giving-up density (GUD) in depletable resource patches. We examined Allenby's gerbils (Gerbilus andersoni allenbyi) exploiting seed resource patches in a large vivarium under varying moon phases in the presence of a red fox (Vulpes vulpes). We measured time allocated to foraging patches electronically and GUDs from seeds left behind in resource patches. From these, we estimated handling times, attack rates and quitting harvest rates (QHRs). Gerbils displayed greater vigilance (lower attack rates) at brighter moon phases (full < wane < wax < new). Similarly, they displayed higher GUDs at brighter moon phases (wax > full > new > wane). Finally, gerbils displayed higher QHRs at new and waxing moon phases. Differences across moon phases not only reflect changing time allocation and vigilance, but changes in the state of the foragers and their marginal value of energy. Early in the lunar cycle, gerbils rely on vigilance and sacrifice state to avoid risk; later they defend state at the cost of increased time allocation; finally their state can recover as safe opportunities expand. In the predator-prey foraging game, foxes may contribute to these patterns of behaviours by modulating their own activity in response to the opportunities presented in each moon phase.
authors.affiliation: Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel. kotler@bgu.ac.il
authors.forename: Burt P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Kotler
authors.forename: Joel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Shomen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mukherjee
authors.forename: Oded
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Berger-Tal
authors.forename: Amos
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bouskila
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D005589:Foxes / Q000502:physiology*; D005849:Gerbillinae / Q000502:physiology*; D016081:Moon; D008897:Panicum; D011235:Predatory Behavior; D012307:Risk Factors; D012639:Seeds; D013997:Time Factors