title: Determination of water pollutants by direct-immersion solid-phase microextraction using polymeric ionic liquid coatings.
abstract: The determination of a group of eighteen pollutants in waters, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and substituted phenols, is conducted in direct-immersion solid-phase microextraction (SPME) using the polymeric ionic liquid (PIL) poly(1-vinyl-3-hexadecylimidazolium) bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]imide as a novel coating material. The performance of the PIL fiber coating in the developed IL-SPME-gas chromatography (GC)-mass spectrometry (MS) method is characterized by average relative recoveries of 92.5% for deionized waters and 90.8% for well waters, average precision values (as relative standard deviations, RSD%) of 11% for deionized waters and 12% for well waters, using a spiked level of 5 ng mL(-1). The detection limits oscillate from 0.005 ng mL(-1) for fluoranthene to 4.4 ng mL(-1) for 4-chloro-3-methylphenol, when using an extraction time of 60 min with 20 mL of aqueous sample. The extraction capabilities of the PIL fiber have been compared with the commercial SPME coatings: polydimethylsyloxane (PDMS) 30 microm, PDMS 100 microm and polyacrylate (PA) 85 microm. The PIL fiber is superior to the PDMS 30 microm for all analytes studied. A qualitative study was also carried out to compare among the nature of the coating materials by normalizing the coating thickness. The PIL material was shown to be more efficient than the PDMS material for all analytes studied. The PIL coating was also adequate for nonpolar analytes whereas the PA material was more sensitive for polar compounds.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife 38206, Spain.
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: López-Darias
authors.forename: Verónica
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pino
authors.forename: Jared L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Christa M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.forename: Ana M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Afonso
mesh_terms: D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D052578:Ionic Liquids / Q000737:chemistry*; D057230:Limit of Detection; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis*; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis*; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry; D052617:Solid Phase Microextraction / Q000379:methods*; D014867:Water / Q000032:analysis; D014873:Water Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D052578:Ionic Liquids; D010636:Phenols; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D011108:Polymers; D014873:Water Pollutants; D014867:Water