title: Quantifying recirculation in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a new technique validated.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The efficacy of veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation is limited by the phenomenon of recirculation, which is difficult to quantify. Existing measurement techniques using readily available equipment are unsatisfactory.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  1) To compare the accuracy of measurements of recirculation made using equations comparing blood oxygen content or saturation alone at different points in an ex vivo circuit; 2) to validate a new step-change technique for quantifying recirculation in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  anesthetized greyhound dogs cannulated for veno-arterial support were connected to a circuit that allowed the creation of a known level of recirculation ex vivo and blood oxygen content/saturation monitoring. In two dogs, the accuracy of measurements derived from oxygen content and oxygen saturation were compared. The potential of a new technique for measuring recirculation in vivo by comparing the oxygen content of blood sampled during oxygenator bypass to that following a step-change in circuit oxygenation was demonstrated in a veno-venous pilot study and validated in a three-dog veno-arterial study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Measurements made using oxygen content versus oxygen saturation showed superior correlation with true recirculation (r(2)=0.87 vs. 0.64, p<0.0001) and less proportional measurement bias (10.3% vs. 49.8%, p=0.0045). Measurements of recirculation made using a step-change in circuit oxygenation and comparing oxygen content as is required for measuring in vivo recirculation overestimated by only 18.6% (95% Cl: 3.9-33.2%) and had excellent correlation with true values (r(2)=0.89).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  1) Measurement of recirculation using oxygen content is superior to that using oxygen saturation alone, which demonstrates significant measurement bias; 2) the novel step-change technique is a sufficiently accurate technique for the measurement of recirculation in animal models.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Victoria, Australia. s.lindstrom@alfred.org.au
authors.forename: Steven J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Lindstrom
authors.forename: Mark T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Mennen
authors.forename: Franklin L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Rosenfeldt
authors.forename: Robert F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Salamonsen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D004285:Dogs; D015199:Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation / Q000379:methods*; D005263:Femoral Artery; D005268:Femoral Vein; D023421:Models, Animal; D008954:Models, Biological; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D010100:Oxygen