title: Cardioprotection by GSK-3 inhibition: role of enhanced glycogen synthesis and attenuation of calcium overload.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a multi-functional kinase that regulates signalling pathways affecting glycogen metabolism, protein synthesis, mitosis, and apoptosis. GSK-3 inhibition limits cardiac ischaemia-reperfusion (IR) injury, but mechanisms are not clearly defined. This study tested the hypothesis that acute GSK-3 inhibition stimulates glycogen synthesis, repartitions glucose away from glycolysis, reduces proton (H+) production from glucose metabolism, and attenuates intracellular Ca2+ (Ca2+(i)) overload.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In isolated perfused working rat hearts subjected to global ischaemia and reperfusion, the selective GSK-3 inhibitor, SB-216763 (SB, 3 micromol/L), when added either prior to ischaemia or at the onset of reperfusion, improved recovery of left-ventricular (LV) work. SB increased glycogen synthesis during reperfusion while glycolysis and H+ production were reduced. Rates of glucose and palmitate oxidation were improved by SB. Measurement of Ca2+(i) concentration by rapid acquisition indo-1 fluorescence imaging showed that SB, when added either prior to ischaemia or at the onset of reperfusion, reduced diastolic Ca2+(i) overload during reperfusion. In aerobic hearts depleted of glycogen by substrate-free perfusion to a level similar to that measured at the onset of reperfusion, SB accelerated glycogen synthesis and reduced glycolysis and H+ production independent of changes in LV work.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study indicates that reduction in H+ production by GSK-3 inhibition is an early and upstream event that lessens Ca2+(i) overload during ischaemia and early reperfusion independent of LV work which enhances the recovery of post-ischaemic LV function and that may ultimately contribute to previously observed reductions in cell death and infarction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 9-70 Medical Sciences Building, Edmonton, Alberta T6G2H7, Canada.
authors.forename: Mohamed A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Omar
authors.forename: Lianguo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Alexander S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Clanachan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D015536:Down-Regulation; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D006003:Glycogen / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D006019:Glycolysis / Q000187:drug effects; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007211:Indoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008301:Maleimides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015428:Myocardial Reperfusion Injury / Q000201:enzymology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000201:enzymology*; D019308:Palmitic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D010477:Perfusion; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D020127:Recovery of Function; D019831:Sodium-Calcium Exchanger / Q000378:metabolism; D017923:Sodium-Hydrogen Exchangers / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D015854:Up-Regulation; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D002316:Cardiotonic Agents; D007211:Indoles; D008301:Maleimides; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; C417521:SB 216763; D019831:Sodium-Calcium Exchanger; D017923:Sodium-Hydrogen Exchangers; D019308:Palmitic Acid; D006003:Glycogen; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3; D005947:Glucose; D002118:Calcium