title: Identification of spermatozoa in archived testicular cancer specimens: implications for bench side sperm retrieval at orchiectomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the patterns of spermatogenesis in the normal testicular parenchyma of primary testicular cancers and estimate the feasibility of sperm retrieval at the time of radical orchiectomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed the archived histologic sections of 39 consecutive patients who had undergone radical orchiectomy for primary testicular cancer at 3 university-affiliated hospitals. We examined all areas of normal (noncancerous) testicular parenchyma to evaluate the level of spermatogenesis and presence of mature spermatozoa in these sections. A minimum of 100 seminiferous tubules were scored per case. We also evaluated the epididymal tubules for the presence of mature spermatozoa. A review of the clinical chart was performed to evaluate the relationship between clinical data and histologic findings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In nearly 40% of the cases evaluated (15/38), the predominant histologic pattern was full spermatogenesis. Mature spermatozoa were identified in nearly 80% (30/38) of the testicular histologic sections and in 50% (14/28) of the evaluable epididymal sections. Clinical stage (presence of extranodal disease) and tumor marker levels were related to the probability of identifying mature spermatozoa in the testis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data suggest that sperm retrieval at the time of radical orchiectomy is a feasible fertility option, with a 40% probability of recovering spermatozoa by random biopsy of the noncancerous testicular parenchyma and an 80% probability of recovering spermatozoa with a more extensive dissection. In 50% men, spermatozoa may be recovered by epididymal aspiration alone.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Universite de Montréal, and Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Guila
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Delouya
authors.forename: Abdulaziz
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Baazeem
authors.forename: Jason M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Boman
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Violette
authors.forename: Fred
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Saad
authors.forename: Armand
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zini
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015925:Cryopreservation; D004822:Epididymis / Q000473:pathology; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006785:Hospitals, University; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009919:Orchiectomy / Q000379:methods*; D011336:Probability; D012042:Registries; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012662:Semen Preservation; D053625:Sperm Retrieval; D013091:Spermatogenesis / Q000502:physiology*; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000473:pathology*; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D055815:Young Adult