title: Biomarker candidate discovery in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) continuously exposed to North Sea produced water from egg to fry.
abstract: In this study Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) were exposed to different levels of North Sea produced water (PW) and 17beta-oestradiol (E(2)), a natural oestrogen, from egg to fry stage (90 days). By comparing changes in protein expression following E(2) exposure to changes induced by PW treatment, we were able to compare the induced changes by PW to the mode of action of oestrogens. Changes in the proteome in response to exposure in whole cod fry (approximately 80 days post-hatching, dph) were detected by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and image analysis and identified by MALDI-ToF-ToF mass spectrometry, using a newly developed cod EST database and the NCBI database. Many of the protein changes occurred at low levels (0.01% and 0.1% PW) of exposure, indicating putative biological responses at lower levels than previously detected. Using discriminant analysis, we identified a set of protein changes that may be useful as biomarker candidates of produced water (PW) and oestradiol exposure in Atlantic cod fry. The biomarker candidates discovered in this study may, following validation, prove effective as diagnostic tools in monitoring exposure and effects of discharges from the petroleum industry offshore, aiding future environmental risk analysis and risk management.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, PB 7800, N-5020 Bergen, Norway. anneli@bohnekjersem.net
authors.forename: Anneli
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bohne-Kjersem
authors.forename: Nicolai
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bache
authors.forename: Sonnich
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Meier
authors.forename: Gunnar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nyhammer
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Roepstorff
authors.forename: Oystein
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Saele
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Goksøyr
authors.forename: Bjørn Einar
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Grøsvik
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D004958:Estradiol / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D005260:Female; D029941:Fish Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D048389:Gadus morhua / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D009659:North Sea; D010063:Ovum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D010578:Petroleum / Q000633:toxicity; D020543:Proteome / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D014873:Water Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D029941:Fish Proteins; D010578:Petroleum; D020543:Proteome; D014873:Water Pollutants; D004958:Estradiol