title: Endoscopic submucosal dissection and preoperative assessment with endoscopic ultrasonography for the treatment of rectal carcinoid tumors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rectal carcinoid tumors 10 mm in diameter or smaller located within the submucosal layer can be cured by local excision including endoscopic treatment. But complete resection of these tumors with endoscopic polypectomy is difficult. This study aimed to evaluate the usefulness of endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) and endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) for the treatment of rectal carcinoid tumors.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, 22 rectal carcinoid tumors in 21 patients were evaluated with EUS and treated using ESD from January 2004 to December 2008.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean size of the resected tumors was 6.1 mm (range, 2.0-10 mm) on histopathologic evaluations. When the sizes of the tumors shown by EUS and histopathologic evaluation were compared, the mean values were not significantly different. All the tumors were located within the submucosal layer, and the accuracy of the preoperative depth determination with EUS was 100% (22/22). The mean duration of the ESD procedure was 37 min (range, 20-71 min). The overall rate of en bloc resection with ESD was 100% (22/22). Although postoperative bleeding occurred in two cases (9%), both cases were successfully managed by endoscopic hemostasis. No perforation or recurrence was observed during the mean follow-up period of 30 months (range, 7-66 months).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endoscopic submucosal dissection and preoperative assessment with EUS are effective for treating rectal carcinoid tumors and enabling en bloc resection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, St Luke's International Hospital, 9-1 Akashi-cho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan. naoishi@luke.or.jp
authors.forename: Naoki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ishii
authors.forename: Noriyuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Horiki
authors.forename: Toshiyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Itoh
authors.forename: Masataka
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maruyama
authors.forename: Michitaka
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Matsuda
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Setoyama
authors.forename: Shoko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Shino
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Uchida
authors.forename: Masayo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Uemura
authors.forename: Yusuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Iizuka
authors.forename: Katsuyuki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fukuda
authors.forename: Koyu
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Yoshiyuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fujita
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002276:Carcinoid Tumor / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D003082:Colectomy / Q000379:methods; D004210:Dissection / Q000379:methods*; D016099:Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal / Q000379:methods*; D019160:Endosonography / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011300:Preoperative Care / Q000379:methods*; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome