title: Phylogenetic footprinting of non-coding RNA: hammerhead ribozyme sequences in a satellite DNA family of Dolichopoda cave crickets (Orthoptera, Rhaphidophoridae).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The great variety in sequence, length, complexity, and abundance of satellite DNA has made it difficult to ascribe any function to this genome component. Recent studies have shown that satellite DNA can be transcribed and be involved in regulation of chromatin structure and gene expression. Some satellite DNAs, such as the pDo500 sequence family in Dolichopoda cave crickets, have a catalytic hammerhead (HH) ribozyme structure and activity embedded within each repeat.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We assessed the phylogenetic footprints of the HH ribozyme within the pDo500 sequences from 38 different populations representing 12 species of Dolichopoda. The HH region was significantly more conserved than the non-hammerhead (NHH) region of the pDo500 repeat. In addition, stems were more conserved than loops. In stems, several compensatory mutations were detected that maintain base pairing. The core region of the HH ribozyme was affected by very few nucleotide substitutions and the cleavage position was altered only once among 198 sequences. RNA folding of the HH sequences revealed that a potentially active HH ribozyme can be found in most of the Dolichopoda populations and species.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The phylogenetic footprints suggest that the HH region of the pDo500 sequence family is selected for function in Dolichopoda cave crickets. However, the functional role of HH ribozymes in eukaryotic organisms is unclear. The possible functions have been related to trans cleavage of an RNA target by a ribonucleoprotein and regulation of gene expression. Whether the HH ribozyme in Dolichopoda is involved in similar functions remains to be investigated. Future studies need to demonstrate how the observed nucleotide changes and evolutionary constraint have affected the catalytic efficiency of the hammerhead.
authors.affiliation: Natural History Museum, Department for Research and Collections, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Lene
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Martinsen
authors.forename: Arild
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Johnsen
authors.forename: Federica
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Venanzetti
authors.forename: Lutz
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bachmann
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D006135:Gryllidae / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D016337:RNA, Catalytic / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D022661:RNA, Untranslated / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D016337:RNA, Catalytic; D022661:RNA, Untranslated; C427204:hammerhead ribozyme