title: Dynamic maps: a visual-analytic methodology for exploring spatio-temporal disease patterns.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Epidemiologic studies are often confounded by the human and environmental interactions that are complex and dynamic spatio-temporal processes. Hence, it is difficult to discover nuances in the data and generate pertinent hypotheses. Dynamic mapping, a method to simultaneously visualize temporal and spatial information, was introduced to elucidate such complexities. A conceptual framework for dynamic mapping regarding principles and implementation methods was proposed.
  
  
  METHODS
  The spatio-temporal dynamics of Salmonella infections for 2002 in the U.S. elderly were depicted via dynamic mapping. Hospitalization records were obtained from the Centers of Medicare and Medicaid Services. To visualize the spatial relationship, hospitalization rates were computed and superimposed onto maps of environmental exposure factors including livestock densities and ambient temperatures. To visualize the temporal relationship, the resultant maps were composed into a movie.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The dynamic maps revealed that the Salmonella infections peaked at specific spatio-temporal loci: more clusters were observed in the summer months and higher density of such clusters in the South. The peaks were reached when the average temperatures were greater than 83.4 degrees F (28.6 degrees C). Although the relationship of salmonellosis rates and occurrence of temperature anomalies was non-uniform, a strong synchronization was found between high broiler chicken sales and dense clusters of cases in the summer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dynamic mapping is a practical visual-analytic technique for public health practitioners and has an outstanding potential in providing insights into spatio-temporal processes such as revealing outbreak origins, percolation and travelling waves of the diseases, peak timing of seasonal outbreaks, and persistence of disease clusters.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. denise@mappingsustainability.com
authors.forename: Denise A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Castronovo
authors.forename: Kenneth K H
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Chui
authors.forename: Elena N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Naumova
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008377:Maps as Topic; D012480:Salmonella Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012621:Seasons; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology