title: Postprandial metabolic and hormonal responses of obese dyslipidemic subjects with metabolic syndrome to test meals, rich in carbohydrate, fat or protein.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The metabolic syndrome (MS) is a cluster of heterogeneous abnormalities conferring increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. Few postprandial studies have been conducted in MS individuals.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to study MS subjects with the same abnormalities: abdominal obesity, hypertriglyceridemia and low plasma HDL. We assessed postprandial variations of metabolic parameters related to obesity, dyslipidemia and glucose homeostasis.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this randomized, double-blind, cross-over study, male MS and control subjects consumed, at separate occasions, a high carbohydrate (HC), high fat (HF) or high protein (HP) breakfast meal providing 30% of each subject's resting energy expenditure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Appetite hormones peptide YY and ghrelin did not differ between-subject groups. Interleukin-6 was two-fold higher in MS compared with control subjects, consistently with an inflammatory state. Hypertriglyceridemia of MS subjects was aggravated postprandially with the HF and HP meals and was lowest after the HC meal, arguing against increased hepatic VLDL production. HDL-cholesterol of MS subjects remained low postprandially, whereas apolipoprotein (apo) A-II was higher than in control subjects. Unexpectedly, postprandial insulin and glucose responses were higher in MS compared with control subjects, with the HP meal inducing the greater effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The sustained postprandial hypertriglyceridemia of MS subjects after all meals suggests defective catabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. The greater postprandial increases in plasma insulin and glucose in MS relatively to control subjects indicate decreased insulin sensitivity, not revealed in the fasted state.
authors.affiliation: INSERM, U872, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe 4, F-75006 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Dalia El
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Khoury
authors.forename: Nahla
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hwalla
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Frochot
authors.forename: Jean-Marc
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Lacorte
authors.forename: Michèle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chabert
authors.forename: Athina D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Kalopissis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016632:Apolipoprotein A-I / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000378:metabolism*; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000378:metabolism*; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000097:blood*; D054439:Ghrelin / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D015228:Hypertriglyceridemia / Q000378:metabolism; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood*; D056128:Obesity, Abdominal / Q000097:blood*; D019894:Peptide YY / Q000097:blood; D019518:Postprandial Period
chemical_list: D016632:Apolipoprotein A-I; D001786:Blood Glucose; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D054439:Ghrelin; D007328:Insulin; D015850:Interleukin-6; D019894:Peptide YY