title: Setting of commercial glass ionomer cement Fuji IX by (27)Al and (19)F MAS-NMR.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the long term setting reaction in the glass ionomer restorative, Fuji IX, by monitoring the structural evolution of aluminium and fluorine species using (27)Al and (19)F MAS-NMR spectroscopy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fuji IX cements aged from 5min up to 3 months were prepared according to the manufacturer instructions from the commercial material. The (27)Al and (19)F MAS-NMR studies were carried out on powders made after terminating the setting reaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  (27)Al MAS-NMR results show conversion of aluminium from the glass phase, where it has coordination number four, Al(IV), into the cement matrix where it has a coordination number of six, Al(VI). At least two different Al(VI) species were detected at short ageing time cements. Assignment of these species is discussed and compared with the data from other sources. The possibility for a condensed aluminium species [Al(13)(OH)(24)(H(2)O)(12)](7+) to form is considered. The ratio of aluminium in the cement, Al(VI), to the remaining unreacted in glass has been evaluated by deconvolution of the spectra. Various theoretical ratios of aluminium species in the cement matrix to the unreacted ones remaining in glass have been estimated. The (19)F MAS-NMR spectra are identical for the glass and cements at the early times and contain a dominant signal assigned to Al-F-Sr(n).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data confirms that the conversion of aluminium is a diffusion-controlled process at early stage less than 1h and it is largely complete between 1 and 6h. The comparison with the experimental data shows that the majority of aluminium cations do not form tricarboxylates but are coordinated with one or two carboxylic groups and other ligands. Insufficient amount of water and excess of glass in this cement formulation affect glass degradation mechanism.
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
authors.forename: Tais
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Munhoz
authors.forename: Natalia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Karpukhina
authors.forename: Robert G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: Robert V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Law
authors.forename: L H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: De Almeida
mesh_terms: D000535:Aluminum / Q000737:chemistry; D000536:Aluminum Hydroxide / Q000737:chemistry; D002264:Carboxylic Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D005461:Fluorine / Q000737:chemistry; D005898:Glass / Q000737:chemistry; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008422:Materials Testing; D015394:Molecular Structure; D044367:Phase Transition; D011208:Powders; D013324:Strontium / Q000737:chemistry; D013997:Time Factors; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D002264:Carboxylic Acids; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements; D011208:Powders; C110713:fuji IX; D014867:Water; D005461:Fluorine; D000536:Aluminum Hydroxide; D000535:Aluminum; D013324:Strontium