title: Refractive and reflective image distortion during lower tract endoscopy--a potential cause of misdiagnosis.
abstract: Flexible cystoscopy is well established in urological practice. We present a unique image obtained during bladder inspection, illustrating visual refractive distortion, which highlights the potential difficulty in optical interpretation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom. mangeraaltaf@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Altaf
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mangera
authors.forename: Sampi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mehta
authors.forename: Bo T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Parys
mesh_terms: D016477:Artifacts; D020684:Cystoscopes; D003951:Diagnostic Errors; D006801:Humans; D018583:Pliability; D012029:Refraction, Ocular; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000473:pathology