title: Chronic fine and coarse particulate exposure, mortality, and coronary heart disease in the Nurses' Health Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The relationship of fine particulate matter < 2.5 microm in diameter (PM(2.5)) air pollution with mortality and cardiovascular disease is well established, with more recent long-term studies reporting larger effect sizes than earlier long-term studies. Some studies have suggested the coarse fraction, particles between 2.5 and 10 microm (PM(10-2.5)), may also be important. With respect to mortality and cardiovascular events, questions remain regarding the relative strength of effect sizes for chronic exposure to fine and coarse particles.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We examined the relationship of chronic PM(2.5) and PM(10-2.5) exposures with all-cause mortality and fatal and nonfatal incident coronary heart disease (CHD), adjusting for time-varying covariates.
  
  
  METHODS
  The current study included women from the Nurses' Health Study living in metropolitan areas of the northeastern and midwestern United States. Follow-up was from 1992 to 2002. We used geographic information systems-based spatial smoothing models to estimate monthly exposures at each participant's residence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found increased risk of all-cause mortality [hazard ratio (HR), 1.26; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.02-1.54] and fatal CHD (HR = 2.02; 95% CI, 1.07-3.78) associated with each 10-microg/m(3) increase in annual PM(2.5) exposure. The association between fatal CHD and PM(10-2.5) was weaker.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings contribute to growing evidence that chronic PM(2.5) exposure is associated with risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality.
authors.affiliation: South Carolina Cancer Prevention and Control Program and Department of Epidemiology, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29201, USA. rpuett@mailbox.sc.edu
authors.forename: Robin C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Puett
authors.forename: Jaime E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Hart
authors.forename: Jeff D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Yanosky
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Paciorek
authors.forename: Joel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Suh
authors.forename: Frank E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Speizer
authors.forename: Francine
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Laden
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D019570:Inhalation Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009726:Nurses / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010316:Particle Size; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000633:toxicity*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States; D014504:Urban Health
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D052638:Particulate Matter