title: Uncoupling the coupled calcium and zinc dyshomeostasis in cardiac myocytes and mitochondria seen in aldosteronism.
abstract: Intracellular [Ca2+]i overloading in cardiomyocytes is a fundamental pathogenic event associated with chronic aldosterone/salt treatment (ALDOST) and accounts for an induction of oxidative stress that leads to necrotic cell death and consequent myocardial scarring. This prooxidant response to Ca2+ overloading in cardiac myocytes and mitochondria is intrinsically coupled to simultaneous increased Zn2+ entry serving as an antioxidant. Herein, we investigated whether Ca2+ and Zn2+ dyshomeostasis and prooxidant to antioxidant dysequilibrium seen at 4 weeks, the pathologic stage of ALDOST, could be uncoupled in favor of antioxidants, using cotreatment with a ZnSO4 supplement; pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), a Zn2+ ionophore; or ZnSO4 in combination with amlodipine (Amlod), a Ca2+ channel blocker. We monitored and compared responses in cardiomyocyte free [Ca2+]i and [Zn2+]i together with biomarkers of oxidative stress in cardiac myocytes and mitochondria. At week 4 of ALDOST and compared with controls, we found (1) an elevation in [Ca2+]i coupled with [Zn2+]i and (2) increased mitochondrial H2O2 production and increased mitochondrial and cardiac 8-isoprostane levels. Cotreatment with the ZnSO4 supplement alone, PDTC, or ZnSO4+Amlod augmented the rise in cardiomyocyte [Zn2+]i beyond that seen with ALDOST alone, whereas attenuating the rise in [Ca2+]i, which together served to reduce oxidative stress. Thus, a coupled dyshomeostasis of intracellular Ca2+ and Zn2+ was demonstrated in cardiac myocytes and mitochondria during 4-week ALDOST, where prooxidants overwhelm antioxidant defenses. This intrinsically coupled Ca2+ and Zn2+ dyshomeostasis could be uncoupled in favor of antioxidant defenses by selectively increasing free [Zn2+]i and/or reducing [Ca2+]i using cotreatment with ZnSO4 or PDTC alone or ZnSO4+Amlod in combination.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
authors.forename: German
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kamalov
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Ahokas
authors.forename: Wenyuan
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Tieqiang
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Atta U
authors.initials: AU
authors.lastname: Shahbaz
authors.forename: Patti L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Syamal K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Bhattacharya
authors.forename: Yao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Ivan C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Gerling
authors.forename: Karl T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Weber
mesh_terms: D017311:Amlodipine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D006706:Homeostasis; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000378:metabolism; D006929:Hyperaldosteronism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008929:Mitochondria, Heart / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D016877:Oxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D011759:Pyrrolidines / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013859:Thiocarbamates / Q000494:pharmacology; D015032:Zinc / Q000378:metabolism*; D019287:Zinc Sulfate / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D016877:Oxidants; D011759:Pyrrolidines; D013859:Thiocarbamates; D017311:Amlodipine; C020972:pyrrolidine dithiocarbamic acid; D019287:Zinc Sulfate; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D015032:Zinc; D002118:Calcium