title: Ether oxygenate additives in gasoline reduce toxicity of exhausts.
abstract: Fuel additives can improve combustion and knock resistance of gasoline engines. Common additives in commercial fuels are "short-chain, oxygen containing hydrocarbons" such as methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE). Since these additives change the combustion characteristics, this may as well influence toxic effects of the resulting emissions. Therefore we compared toxicity and BTEX emissions of gasoline engine exhaust regarding addition of MTBE or ETBE. Non-reformulated gasoline served as basic fuel. This fuel was supplemented with 10%, 20%, 25% and 30% ETBE or 15% MTBE. The fuels were combusted in a gasoline engine at idling, part load and rated power. Condensates and particulate matter (PM) were collected and PM samples extracted with dichloromethane. Cytotoxic effects were investigated in murine fibroblasts (L929) using the neutral red uptake assay and mutagenicity using the bacterial reverse mutation assay. BTEX emissions were analyzed by gas chromatography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PM-extracts showed mutagenicity with and without metabolic activation. Mutagenicity was reduced by the addition of MTBE and ETBE, 10% ETBE being most effective. The condensates produced no significant mutagenic response. The cytotoxicity of the condensates from ETBE- and MTBE-reformulated fuels was reduced as well. The BTEX content in the exhaust was lowered by the addition of MTBE and ETBE. This effect was significantly related to the ETBE content at rated power and part load.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Addition of MTBE and ETBE to fuels can improve combustion and leads to decreased toxicity and BTEX content of the exhaust. Reduction of mutagenicity in the PM-extracts is most probably caused by a lower content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance - Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany. westphal@ipa-dguv.de
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Westphal
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Krahl
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Brüning
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hallier
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bünger
mesh_terms: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004396:Coloring Agents; D005019:Ethyl Ethers / Q000737:chemistry*; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects; D005742:Gasoline / Q000633:toxicity*; D008738:Methyl Ethers / Q000737:chemistry*; D051379:Mice; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D009154:Mutation / Q000187:drug effects; D009499:Neutral Red; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D004396:Coloring Agents; D005019:Ethyl Ethers; D005742:Gasoline; D008738:Methyl Ethers; D052638:Particulate Matter; D001335:Vehicle Emissions; D009499:Neutral Red; C043243:methyl tert-butyl ether; C098546:ethyl tert-butyl ether