title: [Calcium antagonists: current and future applications based on new evidence. Calcium channel blockers and autonomic nervous system].
abstract: Calcium channel blockers are widely used for the treatment of hypertension. Although they are effective for their strong vasodilator action, there are concerns regarding related baroreflex-mediated activation of sympathetic nervous system. However, long-acting calcium channel blockers, such as amlodipine, are now known safe for the treatment of hypertension. Furthermore, the new type of calcium channel blockers, such as cilnidipine with N-type calcium channel blocking action, or azelnidipine that has sympatho-inhibitory action with anti-oxidant effect, provide a new insight for the future use of calcium channel blockers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshitaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hirooka
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sunagawa
mesh_terms: D017311:Amlodipine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000975:Antioxidants; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000187:drug effects*; D001383:Azetidinecarboxylic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000494:pharmacology; D004095:Dihydropyridines / Q000494:pharmacology; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D004095:Dihydropyridines; D017311:Amlodipine; D001383:Azetidinecarboxylic Acid; C065927:cilnidipine; C061679:azelnidipine