title: National trends in psychotropic medication polypharmacy in office-based psychiatry.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Psychotropic medication polypharmacy is common in psychiatric outpatient settings and, in some patient groups, may have increased in recent years.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine patterns and recent trends in psychotropic polypharmacy among visits to office-based psychiatrists.
  
  
  METHODS
  Annual data from the 1996-2006 cross-sectional National Ambulatory Medical Care Surveys were analyzed to examine patterns and trends in psychotropic polypharmacy within nationally representative samples of 13 079 visits to office-based psychiatrists.
  
  
  METHODS
  Office-based psychiatry practices in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  Outpatients with mental disorder diagnoses visiting office-based psychiatrists.
  
  
  METHODS
  Number of medications prescribed in each visit and specific medication combinations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was an increase in the number of psychotropic medications prescribed across years; visits with 2 or more medications increased from 42.6% in 1996-1997 to 59.8% in 2005-2006; visits with 3 or more medications increased from 16.9% to 33.2% (both P < .001). The median number of medications prescribed in each visit increased from 1 in 1996-1997 to 2 in 2005-2006 (mean increase: 40.1%). The increasing trend of psychotropic polypharmacy was mostly similar across visits by different patient groups and persisted after controlling for background characteristics. Prescription for 2 or more antidepressants, antipsychotics, sedative-hypnotics, and antidepressant-antipsychotic combinations, but not other combinations, significantly increased across survey years. There was no increase in prescription of mood stabilizer combinations. In multivariate analyses, the odds of receiving 2 or more antidepressants were significantly associated with a diagnosis of major depression (odds ratio [OR], 3.44; 99% confidence interval [CI], 2.58-4.58); 2 or more antipsychotics, with schizophrenia (OR, 6.75; 99% CI, 3.52-12.92); 2 or more mood stabilizers, with bipolar disorder (OR, 15.46; 99% CI, 6.77-35.31); and 2 or more sedative-hypnotics, with anxiety disorders (OR, 2.13; 99% CI, 1.41-3.22).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There has been a recent significant increase in polypharmacy involving antidepressant and antipsychotic medications. While some of these combinations are supported by clinical trials, many are of unproven efficacy. These trends put patients at increased risk of drug-drug interactions with uncertain gains for quality of care and clinical outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 N Broadway, Room 797, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. rmojtaba@jhsph.edu
authors.forename: Ramin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mojtabai
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Olfson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy; D004363:Drug Utilization / Q000639:trends; D005260:Female; D006302:Health Services Research; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009819:Office Visits / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends; D019338:Polypharmacy; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000639:trends*; D055553:Prescription Drugs / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011570:Psychiatry / Q000639:trends*; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D055553:Prescription Drugs; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs