title: Predicting long-term recovery from depression in community settings in Western Europe: evidence from ODIN.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the impact of socio-economic and psychological adversity and healthcare on long-term recovery from depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  A community sample of 347 people with depressive disorders was followed up after 9 years. Baseline socio-economic adversity, social support, healthcare use, and psychiatric history were identified. Respondents completed self-report instruments on current depressive status (Beck depression inventory) and longstanding psychosocial adversity (sexual, physical or emotional abuse). Univariate analyses tested for association between recovery and respondent characteristics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Follow-up was achieved for 182 (52%) of the sample, of whom 75 (41%) indicated recovery from depression. Psychological adversity definitely and socio-economic adversity probably were associated with lack of recovery. Baseline healthcare had no apparent impact on outcome. Rurality and support after life events were associated with recovery. History of depression was associated with non-recovery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Psychological adversity is, and socio-economic adversity may be, associated with long-term non-recovery from depression in community settings.
authors.affiliation: School of Population, Community and Behavioural Sciences, University of Liverpool, Whelan Building, Liverpool, L69 3GB, UK. cfd@liv.ac.uk
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dowrick
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Shiels
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Page
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Ayuso-Mateos
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Casey
authors.forename: O S
authors.initials: OS
authors.lastname: Dalgard
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dunn
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Lehtinen
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Salmon
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Whitehead
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015897:Comorbidity; D003289:Convalescence / Q000523:psychology*; D003625:Data Collection; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006296:Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010554:Personality Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011610:Psychosocial Deprivation; D012307:Risk Factors; D012944:Social Support; D016896:Treatment Outcome