title: Bifidobacteria inhibit the inflammatory response induced by gliadins in intestinal epithelial cells via modifications of toxic peptide generation during digestion.
abstract: Celiac disease (CD) is a chronic enteropathy triggered by intake of gliadin, the toxic component of gluten. This study aims at evaluating the capacity of different Bifidobacterium strains to counteract the inflammatory effects of gliadin-derived peptides in intestinal epithelial (Caco-2) cells. A commercial extract of several gliadin (Gld) types (alpha, beta, gamma, [symbol: see text] ) was subjected to in vitro gastrointestinal digestion (pepsin at pH 3, pancreatin-bile at pH 6), inoculated or not with cell suspensions (10(8) colony forming units/ml) of either B. animalis IATA-A2, B. longum IATA-ES1, or B. bifidum IATA-ES2, in a bicameral system. The generated gliadin-derived peptides were identified by reverse phase-HPLC-ESI-MS/MS. Caco-2 cell cultures were exposed to the different gliadin peptide digestions (0.25 mg protein/ml), and the mRNA expression of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-kappaB), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), and chemokine CXCR3 receptor were analyzed by semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in stimulated cells. The production of the pro-inflammatory markers NF-kappaB p50, TNF-alpha, and IL-1beta (interleukine 1beta) by Caco-2 cells was also determined by ELISA. The peptides from gliadin digestions inoculated with bifidobacteria did not exhibit the toxic amino acid sequences identified in those noninoculated (alpha/beta-Gld [158-164] and alpha/beta-Gld [122-141]). The RT-PCR analysis evidenced a down-regulation in mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory biomarkers. Consistent with these results the production of NF-kappaB, TNF-alpha, and IL-1beta was reduced (18.2-22.4%, 28.0-64.8%, and abolished, respectively) in cell cultures exposed to gliadin digestions inoculated with bifidobacteria. Therefore, bifidobacteria change the gliadin-derived peptide pattern and, thereby, attenuate their pro-inflammatory effects on Caco-2 cells.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (CSIC), Burjassot (Valencia), Spain.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Laparra
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sanz
mesh_terms: D001644:Bifidobacterium; D001691:Biological Therapy; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D002446:Celiac Disease; D004063:Digestion; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000473:pathology; D005903:Gliadin / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology*; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D005903:Gliadin