title: Circulating tumour cells demonstrate an altered response to hypoxia and an aggressive phenotype.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tumours contain hypoxic regions that select for an aggressive cell phenotype; tumour hypoxia induces metastasis-associated genes. Treatment refractory patients with metastatic cancer show increased numbers of circulating tumour cells (CTCs), which are also associated with disease progression. The aim of this study was to examine the as yet unknown relationship between hypoxia and CTCs.
  
  
  METHODS
  We generated human MDA-MB-231 orthotopic xenografts and, using a new technology, isolated viable human CTCs from murine blood. The CTCs and parental MDA-MB-231 cells were incubated at 21 and 0.2% (hypoxia) oxygen, respectively. Colony formation was assayed and levels of hypoxia- and anoxia-inducible factors were measured. Xenografts generated from CTCs and parental cells were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MDA-MB-231 xenografts used to generate CTCs were hypoxic, expressing hypoxia factors: hypoxia-inducible factor1 alpha (HIF1alpha) and glucose transporter protein type 1 (GLUT1), and anoxia-induced factors: activating transcription factor 3 and 4 (ATF3 and ATF4). Parental MDA-MB-231 cells induced ATF3 in hypoxia, whereas CTCs expressed it constitutively. Asparagine synthetase (ASNS) expression was also higher in CTCs. Hypoxia induced ATF4 and the HIF1alpha target gene apelin in CTCs, but not in parental cells. Hypoxia induced lower levels of carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX), GLUT1 and BCL2/adenovirus E1B 19-KD protein-interacting protein 3 (BNIP3) proteins in CTCs than in parental cells, supporting an altered hypoxia response. In chronic hypoxia, CTCs demonstrated greater colony formation than parental cells. Xenografts generated from CTCs were larger and heavier, and metastasised faster than MDA-MB-231 xenografts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CTCs show an altered hypoxia response and an enhanced aggressive phenotype in vitro and in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5494, USA. kurosh.ameri@gmail.com
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ameri
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Luong
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Powell
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Montgomery
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Espinosa
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Bouley
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Jeffrey
mesh_terms: D051700:Activating Transcription Factor 3 / Q000235:genetics; D051701:Activating Transcription Factor 4 / Q000235:genetics; D000818:Animals; D015687:Cell Hypoxia; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000556:secondary; D051379:Mice; D016688:Mice, Inbred NOD; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D009360:Neoplastic Cells, Circulating / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D010641:Phenotype; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous
chemical_list: C490449:ATF3 protein, human; C497109:ATF4 protein, human; D051700:Activating Transcription Factor 3; D051701:Activating Transcription Factor 4