title: Dynamic microfunnel culture enhances mouse embryo development and pregnancy rates.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite advances in in vitro manipulation of preimplantation embryos, there is still a reduction in the quality of embryos produced leading to lower pregnancy rates compared with embryos produced in vivo. We hypothesized that a dynamic microfunnel embryo culture system would enhance outcomes by better mimicking the fluid-mechanical and biochemical stimulation embryos experience in vivo from ciliary currents and oviductal contractions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mouse embryos were cultured in microdrop-static control, microfunnel-static control or microfunnel-dynamic conditions with microfluidics. All groups tested had greater than 90% total blastocyst development from zygotes after 96 h culture. Blastocyst developmental stage was significantly enhanced (P < 0.01) under dynamic microfunnel culture conditions as evidenced by an increased percentage of hatching or hatched blastocysts (Microdrop-control 31%; Microfunnel-control 23%; Microfunnel-pulsatile 71%) and significantly higher (P < 0.01) average number of cells per blastocyst (Microdrop-control 67 +/- 3; Microfunnel-control 60 +/- 3; Microfunnel-pulsatile 109 +/- 5). Blastocyst cell numbers in dynamic microfunnel cultures (109 +/- 5) more closely matched numbers obtained from in vivo grown blastocysts (144 +/- 9). Importantly, dynamic microfunnel culture significantly improved embryo implantation and ongoing pregnancy rates over static culture to levels approaching that of in utero derived preimplantation embryos.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The improved pregnancy outcomes along with the simple and user-friendly design of the microfluidic/microfunnel system has potential to alleviate many inefficiencies in embryo production for biomedical research, genetic gain in domestic species and assisted reproductive technologies in humans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
authors.forename: Y S
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Heo
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Cabrera
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Bormann
authors.forename: C T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takayama
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D046149:Embryo Culture Techniques / Q000662:veterinary*; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D051379:Mice; D044085:Microfluidics; D011247:Pregnancy; D018873:Pregnancy Rate