title: Experiences of being diagnosed with tuberculosis among immigrants in Norway--factors associated with diagnostic delay: a qualitative study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this paper is to explore experiences of being diagnosed with tuberculosis (TB) among immigrants in Norway, with a view to factors associated with diagnostic delay.
  
  
  METHODS
  A qualitative study was conducted among 22 participants diagnosed with TB who originated from Somalia or Ethiopia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One-third of the participants reported less than 2 months from onset of symptoms to treatment were initiated. The factors associated with little delay included a medical history that gave suspicion of TB, presenting with typical TB symptoms, or being screened for TB at arrival. Two-thirds of the participants told about extensive diagnostic processes. Persistent cough not accompanied by symptoms such as: weight loss and weakness; mild, diffuse, atypical, and/or intermittent symptoms; and a sense of not being a likely victim of TB could delay patients' first initiative to seek help. Participants experienced that the diagnostic process in the health services could endure for months, even years. The diagnosis could be difficult to confirm, but health professionals appeared to have difficulties with associating their symptoms with TB. This resulted in delays in initiating diagnostic tests for TB, especially in cases of extra-pulmonary TB.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Public health efforts to increase awareness about TB transmission, its diversity in manifestations, and its progression from latent to active disease, may decrease patient delay. An increased awareness among health professionals about typical and atypical symptoms of TB, aspects of the patient's history, and being aware and sensitive to patients' own interpretation of symptoms may reduce diagnostic delay in the health services.
authors.affiliation: Institute of General Practice and Community Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. mette.sagbakken@medisin.uio.no
authors.forename: Mette
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sagbakken
authors.forename: Gunnar A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Bjune
authors.forename: Jan C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Frich
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001294:Attitude to Health; D057210:Delayed Diagnosis; D054242:Emigrants and Immigrants; D005002:Ethiopia / Q000208:ethnology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D055985:Latent Tuberculosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology; D012998:Somalia / Q000208:ethnology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult