title: Kinematics of sagittal spine and lower limb movement in healthy older adults during sit-to-stand from two seat heights.
abstract: METHODS
  A cross-sectional study to examine the sagittal kinematics of spine and lower limb movement during sit-to-stand (STS).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe the sagittal kinematics of the spine and lower limb in healthy older adults during STS from 2 seat heights.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Older adults with age-related changes in the neuromusculoskeletal system are likely to have difficulty in STS. However, little is known about movement of the spinal regions and their interaction with the lower limb during STS, and the effect of seat height.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-two healthy older adults aged over 60 years were videotaped performing STS from 2 seat heights. A 2-dimensional video motion analysis system with a revised sagittal model was used to measure angular displacement and velocity for the cervical, thoracic, lumbar spine, and the lower limb joints.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Concurrent flexion in the hip joint and lumbar spine was accompanied by extension in the thoracic, lower, and upper cervical spine as the trunk leaned forward. After the buttocks lifted off (LO) the chair, the movement interaction in the spine and hip joint was reversed. Some significant age-related changes during STS included downward head tilt at LO, decreased lumbar range of motion, and a large between-participant variation in the movement ratios. Statistically significant differences in the temporal parameters, angular displacement, and velocity were also found when standing from a lower chair.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides a detailed description of STS in healthy older adults, which has implications for rehabilitation of elderly patients who have difficulty with this activity. Clinicians need to be aware of the concurrent contribution of the hip joint and lumbar spine to trunk forward lean, the importance of thoracic extension during the pre-LO phase and the downward gaze at LO in healthy older adults.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yi-Liang
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Kuo
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Tully
authors.forename: Mary P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Galea
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006621:Hip Joint / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D013131:Spine / Q000502:physiology*; D014741:Video Recording; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology