title: Comparison of kinematic responses of the head and spine for children and adults in low-speed frontal sled tests.
abstract: Previous research has suggested that the pediatric ATD spine, developed from scaling the adult ATD spine, may not adequately represent a child's spine and thus may lead to important differences in the ATD head trajectory relative to a human. To gain further insight into this issue, the objectives of this study were, through non-injurious frontal sled tests on human volunteers, to 1) quantify the kinematic responses of the restrained child's head and spine and 2) compare pediatric kinematic responses to those of the adult. Low-speed frontal sled tests were conducted using male human volunteers (20 subjects: 6-14 years old, 10 subjects: 18-40 years old), in which the safety envelope was defined from an amusement park bumper-car impact. Each subject was restrained by a custom-fit lap and shoulder belt system and photo-reflective targets were attached to a tight-fitting cap worn on the head or adhered to the skin overlying skeletal landmarks on the head, spine, shoulders, sternum, and legs. A 3-D near-infrared target tracking system quantified the position of the following markers: head top, external auditory meatus, nasion, opisthocranion, C4, T1, T4, and T8. Trajectory data were normalized by subject seated height and head and spine rotations were calculated. The Generalized Estimating Equations method was used to determine the effect of age and key anthropometric measures on marker excursion. For all markers, the normalized forward excursion significantly decreased with age and all spinal markers moved upward due to a combination of rigid body rotation and spinal flexion with lesser upward movement with age. The majority of the spine flexion occurred at the base of the neck not in the upper cervical spine and the magnitude of flexion was greatest for the youngest subjects. Additional flexion occurred in the thoracic spine as well. Our findings indicate that the primary factor governing the differences in normalized head and spinal trajectories between the various age groups was decreasing head-to-neck girth ratio with increasing age. Other factors, such as muscle response and cervical vertebral structural properties, may also contribute to the differences, but were not evaluated in this paper. These results can serve as a data set for validating the responses of restrained ATDs and computational human models to low severity frontal collisions.
authors.affiliation: Center for Injury Research and Prevention, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 34th and Civic Center Blvd, Suite 1150, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. arbogast@email.chop.edu
authors.forename: Kristy B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Arbogast
authors.forename: Sriram
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Balasubramanian
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Seacrist
authors.forename: Matthew R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Maltese
authors.forename: J Felipe
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: García-España
authors.forename: Terrence
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hopely
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Constans
authors.forename: Francisco J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Lopez-Valdes
authors.forename: Richard W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Kent
authors.forename: Hiromasa
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tanji
authors.forename: Kazuo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Higuchi
mesh_terms: D000054:Acceleration; D000293:Adolescent; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002648:Child; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006257:Head / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008954:Models, Biological; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D013131:Spine / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult