title: Intrinsic cellular defenses against virus infection by antiviral type I interferon.
abstract: Intrinsic cellular defenses are non-specific antiviral activities by recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Toll-like receptors (TLRs), one of the pathogen recognize receptor (PRR), sense various microbial ligands. Especially, TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR7, TLR8 and TLR9 recognize viral ligands such as glycoprotein, single- or double-stranded RNA and CpG nucleotides. The binding of viral ligands to TLRs transmits its signal to Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) to activate transcription factors via signal transduction pathway. Through activation of transcription factors, such as interferon regulatory factor-3, 5, and 7 (IRF-3, 5, 7) or nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB), type I interferons are induced, and antiviral proteins such as myxovirus-resistance protein (Mx) GTPase, RNA-dependent Protein Kinase (PKR), ribonuclease L (RNase L), Oligo-adenylate Synthetase (OAS) and Interferon Stimulated Gene (ISG) are further expressed. These antiviral proteins play an important role of antiviral resistancy against several viral pathogens in infected cells and further activate innate immune responses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Korea.
authors.forename: Kyung-Hyun
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Boo
authors.forename: Joo-Sung
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D050835:Interferon Regulatory Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D007370:Interferon Type I / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D008954:Models, Biological; D064547:Myxovirus Resistance Proteins; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors / Q000378:metabolism; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000821:virology; D019892:eIF-2 Kinase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D050835:Interferon Regulatory Factors; D007370:Interferon Type I; D064547:Myxovirus Resistance Proteins; D016328:NF-kappa B; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; D019892:eIF-2 Kinase; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins