title: St. John's Wort reduces neuropathic pain through a hypericin-mediated inhibition of the protein kinase Cgamma and epsilon activity.
abstract: Current pharmacological treatments for neuropathic pain have limited efficacy and severe side-effect limitations. St. John's Wort (SJW) is a medicinal plant, mainly used as antidepressant, with a favourable side-effect profile. We here demonstrate the ability of SJW to relieve neuropathic pain in rat models. The antihyperalgesic profile and mechanism of action of SJW and its main components were studied in two rat models of neuropathic pain: the chronic constriction injury and the repeated administration of oxaliplatin. SJW, acutely administered at low doses (30-60 mg kg(-1) p.o.), reversed mechanical hyperalgesia with a prolonged effect, being effective up to 180 min after injection. Further examinations of the SJW main components revealed that hyperforin and hypericin were responsible for the antihyperalgesic properties whereas flavonoids were ineffective. The effect of SJW on the PKC expression and activation was investigated in the periaqueductal grey (PAG) area by immunoblotting experiments. Mechanistic studies showed a robust over-expression and hyperphosphorylation of the PKCgamma (227.0+/-15.0% of control) and PKCepsilon (213.9+/-17.0) isoforms in the rat PAG area. A single oral administration of SJW produced a significant decrease of the PKCgamma (131.8+/-10.0) and PKCepsilon (105.2+/-12.0) phosphorylation in the PAG area due to the presence of hypericin. Furthermore, SJW showed a dual mechanism of action since hyperforin antinociception involves an opioid-dependent pathway. Rats undergoing treatment with SJW and purified components did not show any behavioural side effects or signs of altered locomotor activity. Our results indicate SJW as a prolonged antihyperalgesic treatment through inhibition of PKC isoforms and their phosphorylation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preclinical and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Florence, Viale G. Pieraccini 6, I-50139 Florence, Italy. nicoletta.galeotti@unifi.it
authors.forename: Nicoletta
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Galeotti
authors.forename: Elisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vivoli
authors.forename: Anna Rita
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Bilia
authors.forename: Franco Francesco
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Vincieri
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ghelardini
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D000873:Anthracenes; D020902:Hypericum; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010569:Perylene / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D051744:Protein Kinase C-epsilon / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000873:Anthracenes; D010936:Plant Extracts; D010569:Perylene; C004965:hypericin; C087857:protein kinase C gamma; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D051744:Protein Kinase C-epsilon