title: Individualizing hypertension treatment with impedance cardiography: a meta-analysis of published trials.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hypertension affects 73 million Americans and costs the US healthcare system over $73 billion annually. Despite increasing awareness of the consequences of uncontrolled hypertension, numerous antihypertensive pharmacologic clinical studies and consistent updates to hypertension guidelines, control rates are suboptimal and have not met national goals. Among treated hypertensives, only 45% of women and 51% of men have reached blood pressure (BP) levels below 140/90 mmHg. Individualization of antihypertensive regimens with hemodynamic information from impedance cardiography (ICG) has been advocated to further improve hypertension control rates. We therefore undertook a quantitative analysis of the trials evaluating the role of ICG as an adjunct to therapeutic decision-making in the treatment of hypertension and the attainment of BP control.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five studies comprising a total population of 759 patients met the inclusion criteria. Two randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving a total of 268 patients and three single-arm prospective trials with 491 patients were evaluated using ICG data to guide therapeutic decision-making in the treatment of hypertensive patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant benefit was found in both RCTs for ICG-guided BP treatment. The combined odds ratio for the two trials was 2.41 (95% CI = 1.44-4.05, p = 0.0008), in favor of ICG treatment, meaning that it was more than twice as likely to achieve BP success when using ICG than if ICG was not used. Success attainment of goal BP of <140/90 mmHg was 67% in the ICG-guided arms of the combined randomized trials. Overall success in the single-arm prospective trials of ICG-guided BP treatment was a similar 68%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this meta-analysis confirm the value of using ICG-derived hemodynamic data as an adjunct to therapeutic decision-making in the treatment of hypertension. The data reviewed here demonstrate that ICG-based approaches are in keeping with previously advocated strategies incorporating patient-individualized drug regimens, evidence-based medicine, and practical, easy to apply, cost-effective principles to further improve hypertension control rates.
authors.affiliation: Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest University Medical Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA. cferrari@wfubmc.edu
authors.forename: Carlos M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Ferrario
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Flack
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Strobeck
authors.forename: Gerard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Smits
authors.forename: Celine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Peters
mesh_terms: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects*; D002307:Cardiography, Impedance / Q000379:methods; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003657:Decision Making; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents