title: Lipopolysaccharide pre-conditioning is protective in lung ischemia-reperfusion injury.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The availability of suitable lung donors has remained a significant barrier to lung transplantation. The clinical relevance of an isolated positive Gram stain in potential donor lungs, which occurs in >80%, is unclear. Low doses of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) have been protective in several models of ischemia-reperfusion injury through a pre-conditioning response. We sought to demonstrate that low-dose LPS is protective against subsequent lung ischemia-reperfusion injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pathogen-free Long-Evans rats were pre-treated with vehicle or LPS 24 hours before 90 minutes of ischemia and up to 4 hours of reperfusion. Lungs were assessed for vascular permeability, myeloperoxidase content, bronchoalveolar lavage inflammatory cell and cytokine/chemokine content, as well as nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappaB (NFkappaB) and activator protein-1 (AP-1), and interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase-1 (IRAK-1) and stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) activation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with positive controls, LPS pre-treatment resulted in reductions in vascular permeability (70%, p < 0.001), myeloperoxidase content (93%, p < 0.001), bronchoalveolar lavage inflammatory cells (91%, p < 0.001), and inflammatory cytokine/chemokine content (cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant, 99%, p = 0.003; interleukin-1beta, 72%, p < 0.0001; tumor necrosis factor-alpha, 76%, p < 0.0001), NFkappaB (86%, p < 0.001) and AP-1 (97%, p < 0.001) nuclear translocation, and IRAK-1 (87%, p < 0.001) and SAPK (80%, p < 0.001) phosphorylation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lipopolysaccharide pre-treatment reduced lung injury and inflammatory mediator production after subsequent exposure to ischemia-reperfusion. Understanding the clinical significance of lipopolysaccharide in donor lungs has the potential to expand and clarify donor inclusion criteria.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.
authors.forename: Heather E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Merry
authors.forename: Patrick S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fitzsullivan
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Keech
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Mulligan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D053592:Interleukin-1 Receptor-Associated Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism; D019194:Ischemic Preconditioning / Q000379:methods*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008168:Lung / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D055370:Lung Injury / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016040:Lung Transplantation / Q000379:methods*; D048055:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 8 / Q000378:metabolism; D023421:Models, Animal; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D020318:Rats, Long-Evans; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D016328:NF-kappa B; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D009195:Peroxidase; D053592:Interleukin-1 Receptor-Associated Kinases; D048055:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 8