title: Ganoderma lucidum induced apoptosis in NB4 human leukemia cells: involvement of Akt and Erk.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The final goal of this work was to study the toxic and apoptosis effects induced by fractions from Ganoderma lucidum [Ganoderma lucidum (Curtis) P. Karst.; Ganodermataceae Donk] on NB4 human leukemia cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two aqueous extracts and a methanol-extracted column-chromatography semipurified fraction were obtained from Ganoderma lucidum fruiting body. Flow cytometry analyses were used to measure cell viability, cell cycle and DNA fragmentation and to quantify apoptosis. Western-blot analyses were used to quantify changes in apoptosis proteins and intracellular kinases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Aqueous extracts slightly reduce cell viability and induce DNA fragmentation in NB4 cells. Methanol-extracted semipurified fraction at dilutions down to 15% or 40% of the initial fraction concentration reduced significantly the viability of these leukemia cells (treated for 19h) with induction of DNA fragmentation and induction of apoptosis. Overmore, the dilution down to 15% of the initial E3 concentration induced a reduction of p53 levels, of the Bcl2/Bax relationship as well as reduced levels of both unphosphorylated and phosphorylated Akt (Protein kinase Akt, protein kinase B) and Erk (Erk1 and 2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Induction of apoptosis and alterations in signal transduction kinases (Akt and Erk) are produced by active fractions from Ganoderma lucidum on human leukemia cells. These data could be of important relevance from the viewpoint of antitumor actions of compounds from Ganoderma lucidum. Eventual therapy applications in leukemia cells might be developed.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus Universitario, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Calviño
authors.forename: José Luis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Manjón
authors.forename: Pilar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sancho
authors.forename: M Cristina
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Tejedor
authors.forename: Angel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Herráez
authors.forename: José C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Diez
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D053938:DNA Fragmentation / Q000187:drug effects; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D015473:Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute / Q000473:pathology*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism*; D020940:Reishi / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases