Refractive and reflective image distortion during lower tract endoscopy--a potential cause of misdiagnosis.
Flexible cystoscopy is well established in urological practice. We present a unique image obtained during bladder inspection, illustrating visual refractive distortion, which highlights the potential difficulty in optical interpretation.
Mangera
Altaf
A
Department of Urology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom. mangeraaltaf@hotmail.com
Mehta
Sampi
S
Parys
Bo T
BT
D016477:Artifacts; D020684:Cystoscopes; D003951:Diagnostic Errors; D006801:Humans; D018583:Pliability; D012029:Refraction, Ocular; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000473:pathology