title: Nipple discharge screening.
abstract: Nipple discharge is a common complaint among women. It is classified as normal or abnormal depending on features such as laterality, cycle variation, quantity, color or presentation (i.e., induced vs spontaneous). It can be related to benign conditions, such as intraductal papilloma, duct ectasia, plasma cell mastitis or galactorrhea; or to malignant conditions such as ductal, lobular or papillary carcinoma. Techniques used in nipple discharge evaluation include mammography, ultrasound, cytology (which could be assisted by a mammary pump), duct endoscopy, ductography, immunochemical methods and at least surgical excision of the pathological ducts for diagnosis and treatment in the same procedure.
authors.affiliation: Lito Hospital, Department of Mastology, Athens, Greece and Technological Educational Institution of Athens, Athens, Greece and Universiry of Ioannina, Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology, Breast Unit, Ioannina, Greece. szervoud@otenet.gr
authors.forename: Stefanos
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zervoudis
authors.forename: Georgos
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Iatrakis
authors.forename: Panagiotis
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Economides
authors.forename: Demetrios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Polyzos
authors.forename: Iordanis
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Navrozoglou
mesh_terms: D001941:Breast Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D005687:Galactorrhea / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D008327:Mammography; D055966:Nipple Aspirate Fluid; D009558:Nipples / Q000473:pathology*; D018300:Papilloma, Intraductal / Q000175:diagnosis