title: Genetic variants in SLC9A9 are associated with measures of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in families.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A family was previously identified that cosegregates a pericentric inversion, inv(3)(p14 : q21), with an early-onset developmental condition, characterized by impulsive behavior and intellectual deficit. The inversion breakpoints lie within DOCK3 and SLC9A9 at the p-arm and q-arm, respectively. Based on this report, these genes were selected to be evaluated in a family-based attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD) association study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Conners' Parent (CPRS) and Teacher (CTRS) Rating Scales of AD/HD symptoms and Conners' Continuous Performance Test (CPT) measures were collected and a minimal number of tagging single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in each gene were selected for analysis. Analyses were performed on families who met research criteria for AD/HD. Using the program, QTDT, each tagging SNP was tested for association with T-scores from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM-IV) subscales according to the CTRS and CPRS, and five CPT measures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjusting for multiple testing, a SNP in the 3' UTR of SLC9A9, rs1046706, remained significantly associated (false discovery rate, q value <0.05) with scores on the DSM-IV hyperactive-impulsive and total symptom subscales according to the CTRS and errors of commission on the CPT. In addition, an intronic SLC9A9 SNP, rs2360867, remained significantly associated with errors of commission.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that SLC9A9 may be related to hyperactive-impulsive symptoms in AD/HD and the disruption of SLC9A9 may be responsible for the behavioral phenotype observed in the inversion family. The association with SLC9A9 is particularly interesting as it was recently implicated in a genome-wide association study for AD/HD. Further investigation of the role of SLC9A9 in AD/HD and other behavioral disorders is warranted.
authors.affiliation: Center for Human Genetics, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
authors.forename: Christina A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Markunas
authors.forename: Kaia S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Quinn
authors.forename: Ann L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.forename: Melanie E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Garrett
authors.forename: Ave M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Lachiewicz
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Sommer
authors.forename: Erin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Morrissey-Kane
authors.forename: Scott H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kollins
authors.forename: Arthur D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Anastopoulos
authors.forename: Allison E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Ashley-Koch
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017923:Sodium-Hydrogen Exchangers / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: C478541:SLC9A9 protein, human; D017923:Sodium-Hydrogen Exchangers