title: Commensal microbiota and CD8+ T cells shape the formation of invariant NKT cells.
abstract: Commensal bacteria play an important role in formation of the immune system, but the mechanisms involved are incompletely understood. In this study, we analyze CD1d-restricted invariant NKT (iNKT) cells in germfree mice and in two colonies of C57BL/6 mice termed conventional flora and restricted flora (RF), stably bearing commensal microbial communities of diverse but distinct composition. In germfree mice, iNKT cells were moderately reduced, suggesting that commensal microbiota were partially required for the antigenic drive in maintaining systemic iNKT cells. Surprisingly, even greater depletion of iNKT cell population occurred in RF mice. This was in part attributable to reduced RF levels of intestinal microbial taxa (Sphingomonas spp.) known to express antigenic glycosphingolipid products. However, memory and activated CD8(+) T cells were also expanded in RF mice, prompting us to test whether CD8(+) T cell activity might be further depleting iNKT cells. Indeed, iNKT cell numbers were restored in RF mice bearing the CD8alpha(-/-) genotype or in adult wild-type RF mice acutely depleted with anti-CD8 Ab. Moreover, iNKT cells were restored in RF mice bearing the Prf1(-/-) phenotype, a key component of cytolytic function. These findings indicate that commensal microbiota, through positive (antigenic drive) and negative (cytolytic depletion by CD8(+) T cells) mechanisms, profoundly shape the iNKT cell compartment. Because individuals greatly vary in the composition of their microbial communities, enteric microbiota may play an important epigenetic role in the striking differences in iNKT cell abundance in humans and therefore in their potential contribution to host immune status.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: Gerhard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wingender
authors.forename: Daisuke
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fujiwara
authors.forename: Diana YuHui
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McPherson
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brewer
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Borneman
authors.forename: Mitchell
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kronenberg
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Braun
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016827:CD8 Antigens / Q000096:biosynthesis; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000637:transplantation; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D003602:Cytotoxicity, Immunologic / Q000235:genetics; D005856:Germ-Free Life / Q000276:immunology; D007156:Immunologic Memory / Q000235:genetics; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D055611:Natural Killer T-Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D054353:Perforin / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D016827:CD8 Antigens; C431698:CD8alpha antigen; D054353:Perforin