title: Detecting volume responders prior to implantation of a cardiac resynchronization therapy device via minithoracotomy: the septal flash as a predictor of immediate left ventricular reverse remodeling.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is well established as an adjunctive heart failure treatment, a 30% rate of nonresponders poses a challenge to improve the detection of potential responders prior to device implantation. A previously proposed mechanism-based approach to patient selection suggests in part that the septal flash is a sign of intraventricular dyssynchrony, which is predictive of CRT responsiveness.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this pilot study, data from 5 consecutive patients (2 women and 3 men; mean + or - SD age, 62 + or - 9 years) referred for CRT device implantation via a minithoracotomy were analyzed. Intraoperative transthoracic and/or transesophageal echocardiography data, as well as Doppler myocardial imaging data, were acquired before and after CRT device activation. The septal flash was defined as an early ventricular inward and outward septal motion within the isovolumic contraction period and was imaged with grayscale imaging or tissue Doppler color M-mode. Reverse remodeling was defined as a reduction in the left ventricular end-systolic volume (LVESV) of > or =10%. The right atrial and right ventricular leads were placed transvenously, and the LV screw-in lead was positioned epicardially on the lateral wall.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The septal flash was detected preoperatively in all patients and resolved immediately after the onset of biventricular pacing. Immediately following pacemaker activation, we measured a significant reduction in the LVESV (248 + or - 99 mL versus 190 + or - 100 mL, P = .01) and an increase in the ejection fraction (19% + or - 5% versus 28% + or - 5%, P = .01) in all patients. Likewise, a significant increase in the postactivation dP/dt (rate of LV pressure change) measured noninvasively from the mitral regurgitation trace was noted in all patients (298.6 + or - 58.0 mm Hg/s versus 601.7 + or - 111.2 mm Hg/s, P = .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The preoperative presence of the septal flash is a valid predictor of the response to CRT. Immediately after CRT device activation, the septal flash disappears, and LV reverse remodeling and an increase in contractility are observed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Kispaticeva 12, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia. maja_cikes@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Maja
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cikes
authors.forename: Bart
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bijnens
authors.forename: Zeljko
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Durić
authors.forename: Martina Lovrić
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Bencic
authors.forename: Igor
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gosev
authors.forename: Vedran
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Velagić
authors.forename: Hrvoje
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gasparović
authors.forename: Davor
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Milicić
authors.forename: Bojan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Biocina
mesh_terms: D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006346:Heart Septum / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011379:Prognosis; D019919:Prosthesis Implantation / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013908:Thoracotomy / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014463:Ultrasonography; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D020257:Ventricular Remodeling