title: A review of acupuncture for menopausal problems.
abstract: Acupuncture is one of the complementary therapies that are increasingly used by women with menopausal hot flushes. Acupuncture can be understood as a form of neurological stimulation. Clinical trials of acupuncture use different control groups according to whether they wish to provide practical information on the role of acupuncture in health care, or theoretical information on the specific needle effect. Controls for the latter research question are highly problematic, and no convincingly inert 'placebo' needle has yet been designed. For natural menopause, one large study has shown acupuncture to be superior to self-care alone in reducing the number of hot flushes and improving the quality of life; five small studies have been unable to demonstrate that the effect of acupuncture is limited to any particular points, as traditional theory would suggest; and one study showed acupuncture was superior to blunt needle for flash frequency but not intensity. For flushes associated with induced menopause, clearly acupuncture is useful for reducing flushes in clinical practice, but there is mixed evidence on the nature of the effect: one trial found genuine acupuncture superior to control needling, but another showed no significant difference between acupuncture and blunt needle. The possible mechanisms of acupuncture for hot flushes are discussed. Current evidence clearly justifies further research into the most cost effective form of acupuncture for treating hot flushes.
authors.affiliation: The National Research Center in Complementary and Alternative Medicine, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway. Einar.Borud@fagmed.uit.no
authors.forename: Einar
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Borud
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: White
mesh_terms: D015670:Acupuncture Therapy; D005260:Female; D019584:Hot Flashes / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008593:Menopause