title: Blood pressure, blood flow, and oxygenation in the clipped kidney of chronic 2-kidney, 1-clip rats: effects of tempol and Angiotensin blockade.
abstract: Angiotensin II maintains renal cortical blood flow and renal oxygenation in the clipped kidney of early 2-kidney, 1-clip Goldblatt hypertensive (2K,1C) rats. The involvement of Ang II is believed to decline, whereas oxidative stress increases during the progression of 2K,1C hypertension. We investigated the hypothesis that the acute administration of drugs to inhibit reactive oxygen species (Tempol), angiotensin II type 1 receptors (candesartan), or angiotensin-converting enzyme (enalaprilat) lowers mean arterial pressure and increases kidney blood flow and oxygenation in the clipped kidney of chronic 2K,1C rats in contrast to sham controls. Twelve months after left renal artery clipping or sham, mean arterial pressure, renal cortical blood flow, and renal cortical and medullary oxygen tension were measured after acute administration of Tempol followed by enalaprilat or candesartan followed by enalaprilat. The mean arterial pressure of the 2K,1C rat was reduced by candesartan (-9%) and, more effectively, by Tempol (-35%). All of the applied treatments had similar blood pressure-lowering effects in sham rats (average: -21%). Only Tempol increased cortical blood flow (+35%) and cortical and medullary oxygen tensions (+17% and +94%, respectively) in clipped kidneys of 2K,1C rats. Administration of enalaprilat had no additional effect, except for a modest reduction in cortical blood flow in the clipped kidney of 2K,1C rats when coadministered with candesartan (-10%). In conclusion, acute administration of Tempol is more effective than candesartan in reducing the mean arterial blood pressure and improving renal blood perfusion and oxygenation in the clipped kidney of chronic 2K,1C rats.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Hypertension, Kidney, and Vascular Center, and Angiogenesis Program of the Lombardi Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, USA.
authors.forename: Fredrik
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Palm
authors.forename: Maristela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Onozato
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Welch
authors.forename: Christopher S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Wilcox
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001562:Benzimidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D003497:Cyclic N-Oxides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D015773:Enalaprilat / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006978:Hypertension, Renovascular / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D009929:Organ Size; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology*; D011336:Probability; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012079:Renal Circulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D013113:Spin Labels; D013777:Tetrazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014655:Vascular Resistance / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D001562:Benzimidazoles; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D003497:Cyclic N-Oxides; D013113:Spin Labels; D013777:Tetrazoles; D015773:Enalaprilat; C081643:candesartan; C001803:tempol