title: Anti-inflammatory properties of phenolic compounds and crude extract from Porphyra dentata.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Porphyra dentata, a red edible seaweed, has long been used worldwide in folk medicine for the treatment of inflammatory diseases such as hypersensitivity, lymphadenitis, bronchitis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To clarify the anti-inflammatory role of Porphyra dentata crude extract and its identified phenolic compounds by investigating their effect on the nitric oxide (NO)/inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) transcription pathway in macrophage RAW 264.7 cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Porphyra dentata crude extract was prepared with methanol. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) hyphenated to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and UV detection were utilized to analyze the extract fingerprints. Nitrite measurement, iNOS promoter activity and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) enhancer activity were used to assess the anti-inflammatory effect in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenged mouse RAW 264.7 cell line.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Phenolic compounds (catechol, rutin and hesperidin) were identified in the crude extract of Porphyra dentata. The crude extract and the phenolic compounds inhibited the production of NO in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Catechol was a more potent suppressor of the up-regulation of iNOS promoter and NF-kappaB enhancer than rutin and yet, hesperidin alone failed to inhibit either activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that catechol and rutin, but not hesperidin, are primary bioactive phenolic compounds in the crude extract to suppress NO production in LPS-stimulated macrophages via NF-kappaB-dependent iNOS gene transcription. The data also explain the anti-inflammatory use and possible mechanism of Porphyra dentata in iNOS implicated diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, 2 Pei-Ning Road, Keelung 20224, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Katarzyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kazłowska
authors.forename: Todd
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: Chia-Chung
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.forename: Wen-Chin
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Guo-Jane
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Tsai
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002396:Catechols / Q000494:pharmacology; D002460:Cell Line; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000235:genetics; D010636:Phenols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D044664:Porphyra / Q000737:chemistry*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D012431:Rutin / Q000494:pharmacology; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D002396:Catechols; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D016328:NF-kappa B; D010636:Phenols; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012431:Rutin; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C034221:catechol