title: Two instillations of epirubicin as prophylaxis for recurrence after transurethral resection of Ta and T1 transitional cell bladder cancer: a prospective, randomized controlled study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although transurethral resection (TUR) is the standard treatment for non-muscle-invasive bladder tumors, 40-80% of tumors recur in spite of complete resection.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the efficacy, dose effectiveness and safety of early short-duration intravesical instillation therapy using epirubicin (EPI) administered immediately after TUR and on the next day following TUR.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1995 and 2001, 303 patients with Ta and T1 non-muscle-invasive bladder carcinoma were enrolled in this study. Patients were randomized into three groups. Group A patients were treated with two intravesical infusions of EPI 20 mg/40 ml saline immediately after TUR and within 24 h. Group B patients were treated with EPI 50 mg/100 ml on the same schedule as group A. Group C patients were treated by TUR alone as a control group. The primary endpoint was a duration to the first recurrence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 303 patients, 79 in Group A, 84 in Group B, and 77 in Group C could be evaluated for recurrence. Median follow-up was 44 months. Median recurrence-free survival durations for Groups A, B, and C were 24, 38, and 13 months, respectively. The difference between Groups B and C was statistically significant (p = 0.04). Adverse reactions related to instillation were observed in about 30% of the patients. These reactions included micturition pain and frequency. These toxicities were mild and transient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intravesical instillation of EPI 50 mg twice within 24 h after TUR was effective as prophylactic therapy for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer with tolerable toxicity problems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan. saika@cc.okayama-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Saika
authors.forename: Tomoyasu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tsushima
authors.forename: Yasutomo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nasu
authors.forename: Yoshiyuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Miyaji
authors.forename: Michihisa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saegusa
authors.forename: Katsuji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takeda
authors.forename: Hiromi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kumon
mesh_terms: D000283:Administration, Intravesical; D000368:Aged; D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000601:surgery*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D015251:Epirubicin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000601:surgery*; D013520:Urologic Surgical Procedures
chemical_list: D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic; D015251:Epirubicin