title: Hot topic: Enhancing omega-3 fatty acids in milk fat of dairy cows by using stearidonic acid-enriched soybean oil from genetically modified soybeans.
abstract: Very long chain n-3 fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) are important in human cardiac health and the prevention of chronic diseases, but food sources are limited. Stearidonic acid (SDA; 18:4n-3) is an n-3 fatty acid that humans are able to convert to EPA. In utilizing SDA-enhanced soybean oil (SBO) derived from genetically modified soybeans, our objectives were to examine the potential to increase the n-3 fatty acid content of milk fat and to determine the efficiency of SDA uptake from the digestive tract and transfer to milk fat. Three multiparous, rumen-fistulated Holstein cows were assigned randomly in a 3 x 3 Latin square design to the following treatments: 1) control (no oil infusion); 2) abomasal infusion of SDA-enhanced SBO (SDA-abo); and 3) ruminal infusion of SDA-enhanced SBO (SDA-rum). The SDA-enhanced SBO contained 27.1% SDA, 10.4% alpha-linolenic acid, and 7.2% gamma-linolenic acid. Oil infusions provided 57 g/d of SDA with equal amounts of oil infused into either the rumen or abomasum at 6-h intervals over a 7-d infusion period. Cow numbers were limited and no treatment differences were detected for DMI or milk production (22.9+/-0.5 kg/d and 32.3+/-0.9 kg/d, respectively; least squares means +/- SE), milk protein percentage and yield (3.24+/-0.04% and 1.03+/-0.02 kg/d), or lactose percentage and yield (4.88+/-0.05% and 1.55+/-0.05 kg/d). Treatment also had no effect on milk fat yield (1.36+/-0.03 kg/d), but milk fat percentage was lower for the SDA-rum treatment (4.04+/-0.04% vs. 4.30+/-0.04% for control and 4.41+/-0.05% for SDA-abo). The SDA-abo treatment increased n-3 fatty acids to 3.9% of total milk fatty acids, a value more than 5-fold greater than that for the control. Expressed as a percentage of total milk fatty acids, values (least squares means +/- SE) for the SDA-abo treatment were 1.55+/-0.03% for alpha-linolenic acid (18:3n-3), 1.86+/-0.02 for SDA, 0.23 +/- <0.01 for eicosatetraenoic acid (20:4n-3), and 0.18+/-0.01 for EPA. Transfer efficiency of SDA to milk fat represented 39.3% (range=36.8 to 41.9%) of the abomasally infused SDA and 47.3% (range=45.0 to 49.6%) when the n-3 fatty acids downstream from SDA were included. In contrast, transfer of ruminally infused SDA to milk fat averaged only 1.7% (range=1.3 to 2.1%), indicating extensive rumen biohydrogenation. Overall, results demonstrate the potential to use SDA-enhanced SBO from genetically modified soybeans combined with proper ruminal protection to achieve impressive increases in the milk fat content of SDA and other n-3 fatty acids that are beneficial for human health.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bernal-Santos
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: O'Donnell
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Vicini
authors.forename: G F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Hartnell
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Bauman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D003612:Dairying / Q000379:methods*; D005223:Fats / Q000737:chemistry*; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry*; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified / Q000737:chemistry*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011897:Random Allocation; D013024:Soybean Oil / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D005223:Fats; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D013024:Soybean Oil; C062895:stearidonic acid