title: Outcome assessment in traumatic brain injury clinical trials and prognostic studies.
abstract: Large numbers of investigations have sought to evaluate prediction of outcome after traumatic brain injury (TBI) and the effectiveness of interventions designed to address post-TBI deficits. Unfortunately, failure to attend to key issues in experimental design regarding outcome assessment has limited the utility of these investigations. Increased attention to 5 issues in outcome assessment will increase the evidence base for TBI prognosis and treatment and increase the relevance of findings to end users of research such as other investigators, rehabilitation providers, policy makers, persons with TBI, and family members of persons with TBI. These 5 issues are (1) masking of outcome examiners, (2) retention of study participants, (3) use of surrogate informants to capture data from a wider range of study participants, (4) relevance of study outcomes to stakeholders, and (5) cultural considerations in outcome assessment.
authors.affiliation: TIRR Memorial Hermann Brain Injury Research Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA. mark.sherer@memorialhermann.org
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sherer
authors.forename: Tresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Roebuck-Spencer
authors.forename: Lynne Cole
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Davis
mesh_terms: D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic / Q000592:standards; D003469:Culture; D006801:Humans; D015588:Observer Variation; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000379:methods*; D010349:Patient Compliance; D010352:Patient Dropouts; D012107:Research Design; D015983:Selection Bias