title: Denial of risk behavior does not exclude asymptomatic anorectal sexually transmitted infection in HIV-infected men.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Centers for Disease Control recommend screening for asymptomatic sexually transmitted infection (STI) among HIV-infected men when there is self-report of unprotected anal-receptive exposure. The study goals were: (1) to estimate the validity and usefulness for screening policies of self-reported unprotected anal-receptive exposure as a risk indicator for asymptomatic anorectal infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae (GC) and/or Chlamydia trachomatis (CT). (2) to estimate the number of infections that would be missed if anal diagnostic assays were not performed among patients who denied unprotected anorectal exposure in the preceding month.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Retrospective analysis in HIV primary care and high resolution anoscopy (HRA) clinics. HIV-infected adult men were screened for self-reported exposure during the previous month at all primary care and HRA appointments. Four sub-cohorts were defined based on microbiology methodology (GC culture and CT direct fluorescent antibody vs. GC/CT nucleic acid amplification test) and clinical setting (primary care vs. HRA). Screening question operating characteristics were estimated using contingency table methods and then pooled across subcohorts. Among 803 patients, the prevalence of anorectal GC/CT varied from 3.5-20.1% in the 4 sub-cohorts. The sensitivity of the screening question for self-reported exposure to predict anorectal STI was higher in the primary care than in the HRA clinic, 86-100% vs. 12-35%, respectively. The negative predictive value of the screening question to predict asymptomatic anorectal STI was > or = 90% in all sub-cohorts. In sensitivity analyses, the probability of being an unidentified case among those denying exposure increased from 0.4-8.1% in the primary care setting, and from 0.9-18.8% in the HRA setting as the prevalence varied from 1-20%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As STI prevalence increases, denial of unprotected anal-receptive exposure leads to an increasingly unacceptable proportion of unidentified asymptomatic anorectal STI if used as a criterion not to obtain microbiologic assays.
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Edward R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Cachay
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sitapati
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Caperna
authors.forename: Kellie
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Freeborn
authors.forename: Joseph T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Lonergan
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jocson
authors.forename: William C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Mathews
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001003:Anal Canal / Q000473:pathology*; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003717:Denial, Psychological; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D015233:Models, Statistical; D015995:Prevalence; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012749:Sexually Transmitted Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires