title: Graduated driver licensing policy in the Great Lakes states: current benefits and future potential.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Motor vehicle crashes are the leading cause of teenage deaths in the United States. Graduated Driver Licensing (GDL) policies effectively decrease teenage crash deaths. Emerging research is identifying the most effective components of GDL. This study examines GDL policies across 6 Great Lakes states, describing the beneficial impact, and investigating how evidence-based policy modifications could further reduce teenage driving deaths and injuries.
  
  
  METHODS
  GDL policies were reviewed in 6 Great Lakes states (Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin). Incidence rate ratios for fatal and injury crashes for 16-year-old drivers were obtained from the Nationwide Review of GDL Study. Ratios were applied to the fatal and injury crashes reported from each state between 2002 and 2006 for 16-year-old drivers. The potential impact (crashes avoided) for each state was determined based on the state using a 3-phase GDL policy (a learner and intermediate stage prior to full licensure). In addition, the impact on crash reductions for each state if they had employed 5 of the recommended GDL components was determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All 6 states had a 3-phase GDL policy, resulting in potential avoidance of 124 fatal and more than 21,000 injury crashes. The 6 states had 1 to 3 of the qualifying GDL components. If these states had adopted 5 of the qualifying components, an additional 309 fatal and more than 27,000 injury crashes could have been avoided.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Three-phase GDL policy is effective at saving the lives of teenage drivers and vehicle occupants; evidence-based modification of GDL has the potential to further reduce teenage motor vehicle crash deaths and injuries.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wis, USA. tcorden@mcw.edu
authors.forename: Timothy E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Corden
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Tonellato
authors.forename: Keri B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Frisch
authors.forename: Purushottam W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Laud
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000401:mortality; D000293:Adolescent; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007087:Illinois / Q000453:epidemiology; D007196:Indiana / Q000453:epidemiology; D008004:Licensure / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D008297:Male; D008824:Michigan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008910:Minnesota / Q000453:epidemiology; D009820:Ohio / Q000453:epidemiology; D011640:Public Policy; D014922:Wisconsin / Q000453:epidemiology