title: Social pressure-induced craving in patients with alcohol dependence: application of virtual reality to coping skill training.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was conducted to assess the interaction between alcohol cues and social pressure in the induction of alcohol craving.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen male patients with alcohol dependence and 14 age-matched social drinkers completed a virtual reality coping skill training program composed of four blocks according to the presence of alcohol cues (x2) and social pressure (x2). Before and after each block, the craving levels were measured using a visual analogue scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with alcohol dependence reported extremely high levels of craving immediately upon exposure to a virtual environment with alcohol cues, regardless of social pressure. In contrast, the craving levels of social drinkers were influenced by social pressure from virtual avatars.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings imply that an alcohol cue-laden environment should interfere with the ability to use coping skills against social pressure in real-life situations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Jung Suk
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Kee
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Namkoong
authors.forename: Jeonghun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ku
authors.forename: Sangwoo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Ji Yeon
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: You Kyong
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Jae-Jin
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: In Young
authors.initials: IY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Sun I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Young-Chul
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Jung