title: Pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE).
abstract: Pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE) has become a popular green extraction method for different classes of compounds present in numerous kinds of matrices such as environmental, food and botanical samples. PHWE is also used in sample preparation to extract organic contaminants from foodstuff for food safety analysis and soils/sediments for environmental monitoring purposes. The main parameters which influence its extraction efficiency are namely the temperature, extraction time, flow rates and addition of modifiers/additives. Among these different parameters studied, temperature is described as the most important one. It is reported that the extraction of certain compounds is rather dependent on pressurized water with different applied temperature. Thus, the stability and reduced solubilities of certain compounds at elevated temperatures are highlighted in this review. With some modifications, a scaled-up PHWE could extract a higher amount of desirable compounds from solid and powdered samples such as plant and food materials. The PHWE extracts from plants are rich in chemical compounds or metabolites which can be a potential lead for drug discovery or development of disease-resistant food crops.
authors.affiliation: Natural Sciences and Science Education Academic Group, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Nanyang Walk, Singapore 637616, Singapore.
authors.forename: Chin Chye
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Teo
authors.forename: Swee Ngin
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Jean Wan Hong
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Yong
authors.forename: Choy Sin
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Hew
authors.forename: Eng Shi
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Ong
mesh_terms: D005591:Chemical Fractionation / Q000379:methods*; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000737:chemistry; D006358:Hot Temperature; D010575:Pesticides / Q000737:chemistry; D011312:Pressure; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D010575:Pesticides; D014867:Water