title: Retroviral vectors encoding ADA regulatory locus control region provide enhanced T-cell-specific transgene expression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Murine retroviral vectors have been used in several hundred gene therapy clinical trials, but have fallen out of favor for a number of reasons. One issue is that gene expression from viral or internal promoters is highly variable and essentially unregulated. Moreover, with retroviral vectors, gene expression is usually silenced over time. Mammalian genes, in contrast, are characterized by highly regulated, precise levels of expression in both a temporal and a cell-specific manner. To ascertain if recapitulation of endogenous adenosine deaminase (ADA) expression can be achieved in a vector construct we created a new series of Moloney murine leukemia virus (MuLV) based retroviral vector that carry human regulatory elements including combinations of the ADA promoter, the ADA locus control region (LCR), ADA introns and human polyadenylation sequences in a self-inactivating vector backbone.
  
  
  METHODS
  A MuLV-based retroviral vector with a self-inactivating (SIN) backbone, the phosphoglycerate kinase promoter (PGK) and the enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP), as a reporter gene, was generated. Subsequent vectors were constructed from this basic vector by deletion or addition of certain elements. The added elements that were assessed are the human ADA promoter, human ADA locus control region (LCR), introns 7, 8, and 11 from the human ADA gene, and human growth hormone polyadenylation signal. Retroviral vector particles were produced by transient three-plasmid transfection of 293T cells. Retroviral vectors encoding eGFP were titered by transducing 293A cells, and then the proportion of GFP-positive cells was determined using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). Non T-cell and T-cell lines were transduced at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 0.1 and the yield of eGFP transgene expression was evaluated by FACS analysis using mean fluorescent intensity (MFI) detection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Vectors that contained the ADA LCR were preferentially expressed in T-cell lines. Further improvements in T-cell specific gene expression were observed with the incorporation of additional cis-regulatory elements, such as a human polyadenylation signal and intron 7 from the human ADA gene.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These studies suggest that the combination of an authentically regulated ADA gene in a murine retroviral vector, together with additional locus-specific regulatory refinements, will yield a vector with a safer profile and greater efficacy in terms of high-level, therapeutic, regulated gene expression for the treatment of ADA-deficient severe combined immunodeficiency.
authors.affiliation: Neumedicines Inc, Pasadena, California 91107, USA. atrinh@neumedicines.com
authors.forename: Alice T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Trinh
authors.forename: Bret G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Ball
authors.forename: Erin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.forename: Timothy K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Gallaher
authors.forename: Zoya
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Gluzman-Poltorak
authors.forename: French
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Lena A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Basile