title: Prediction of breast self-examination in a sample of Iranian women: an application of the Health Belief Model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Iranian women, many of whom live in small cities, have limited access to mammography and clinical breast examinations. Thus, breast self examination (BSE) becomes an important and necessary approach to detecting this disease in its early stages in order to limit its resultant morbidity and mortality. This study examined constructs arising from the Health Belief Model as predictors of breast self examination behavior in a sample of women living in Bandar Abbas, Iran.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was conducted in eight health centers located in Bandar Abbas, Iran. The sample consisted of 240 eligible women who were selected from referrals to the centers. The inclusion criteria were as follows: aged 30 years and over; and able to read and write Farsi. Women with breast cancer, who were pregnant, or breast feeding, were excluded from the study. Data were collected by using a self administered questionnaire which included demographic characteristics and Champion's Health Belief Model Scale. This instrument measures the concepts of disease susceptibility (3 items), seriousness (6 items), benefits (4 items), barriers (8 items) and self-efficacy (10 items).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The subjects' mean age was 37.2 (SD = 6.1) years. Just under a third of the subjects (31.7%) had performed BSE in the past and 7.1% of them performed it at least monthly. Perceived benefits and perceived self-efficacy of the women who performed BSE were significantly higher compared with women who did not practice BSE (p < 0.03). Furthermore, perceived barriers were lower among those who had performed BSE (p < 0.001). Logistic regression analysis indicated that women who perceived fewer barriers (OR: 0.70, 95% CI: 0.63-0.77, p < 0.001) and had higher self-efficacy (OR: 1.08, 95% CI: 1.02-1.13, p = 0.003) were more likely to perform BSE (R2 = 0.52).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings from this study indicated that perceived barriers and perceived self-efficacy could be predictors of BSE behavior among the sample of women. Therefore, BSE training programs that emphasize self-efficacy and address perceived barriers are recommended.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, School of Health, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran. stavafian@ihsr.ac.ir
authors.forename: Sedigheh Sadat
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Tavafian
authors.forename: Laleh
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hasani
authors.forename: Teamur
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Aghamolaei
authors.forename: Shahram
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zare
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gregory
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D016504:Breast Self-Examination / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D007492:Iran / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D008960:Models, Psychological; D011379:Prognosis; D020377:Self Efficacy; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016387:Women's Health; D055815:Young Adult