title: Waist to height ratio is a simple and effective obesity screening tool for cardiovascular risk factors: Analysis of data from the British National Diet And Nutrition Survey of adults aged 19-64 years.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyse data from the nationally representative National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) collected in 2000/2001 and to investigate how the BMI and two proxy indicators of central fat distribution, namely the waist circumference and the waist to height ratio (WHtR), are associated with each other and with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Screening health risk by BMI alone would 'miss' 35% of men and 14% of women who are within the normal BMI range (18.5-25 kg/m(2)) but have central fat distribution, defined by WHtR > 0.5. In the total population this equates to 17% of all men and 6% of all women who would be inadequately screened by BMI alone. Compared to BMI, WHtR was more closely associated with CVD risk factors among both men and women. Furthermore, in a combined analysis of men and women, central fat distribution with a normal BMI was associated with higher levels of CVD risk factors than being overweight without central fat distribution.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  WHtR is a simple and effective, non-invasive screening tool for CVD risk factors. Our proposed boundary value of 0.5 translates into a simple public health message: 'Keep your waist circumference to less than half your height'.
authors.affiliation: Ashwell Associates Ltd, Ashwell, UK. margaret@ashwell.uk.com
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ashwell
authors.forename: Sigrid
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gibson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000886:Anthropometry / Q000379:methods; D001794:Blood Pressure; D050218:Body Fat Distribution / Q000379:methods; D001827:Body Height; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D009765:Obesity / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012307:Risk Factors; D055105:Waist Circumference; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL