title: Integrated methodology for the evaluation of cleaning effectiveness in two Russian icons (16th-17th centuries).
abstract: This article covers a methodology for evaluating the effectiveness of cleaning two Russian icons. The icons belong to a group of five from the same iconographic school, dating from the 16th to 17th centuries. An integrated and complementary approach to varnish and overpaint removal involved microscopic techniques (optical and scanning electron microscopy) and colorimetry (CIE L*a*b* system). The materials and techniques used in these icons have been characterized previously. Cleaning revealed extensive overpainting that had not only dramatically changed the original appearance, but also the meaning and attribution of one of the two icons. The analyses carried out were useful in determining the extent of the overpainting and led to a better assessment of the results and effectiveness of the restoration.
authors.affiliation: REQUIMTE e Núcleo do Departamento de Conservação e Restauro, Faculdade de Ciéncias e Tecnologia, FCT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.
authors.forename: Irina Crina Anca
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Sandu
authors.forename: Susanna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bracci
authors.forename: Mariella
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lobefaro
authors.forename: Ion
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sandu
mesh_terms: D003124:Colorimetry; D003343:Corrosion; D049669:History, 16th Century; D049670:History, 17th Century; D008422:Materials Testing / Q000379:methods*; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010150:Paint / Q000032:analysis; D010151:Paintings / Q000266:history*; D012425:Russia (Pre-1917)