title: Statin-triggered cell death in primary human lung mesenchymal cells involves p53-PUMA and release of Smac and Omi but not cytochrome c.
abstract: Statins inhibit 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutarylcoenzyme CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase, the proximal enzyme for cholesterol biosynthesis. They exhibit pleiotropic effects and are linked to health benefits for diseases including cancer and lung disease. Understanding their mechanism of action could point to new therapies, thus we investigated the response of primary cultured human airway mesenchymal cells, which play an effector role in asthma and chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD), to simvastatin exposure. Simvastatin induced apoptosis involving caspase-9, -3 and -7, but not caspase-8 in airway smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts. HMG-CoA inhibition did not alter cellular cholesterol content but did abrogate de novo cholesterol synthesis. Pro-apoptotic effects were prevented by exogenous mevalonate, geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate and farnesyl pyrophosphate, downstream products of HMG-CoA. Simvastatin increased expression of Bax, oligomerization of Bax and Bak, and expression of BH3-only p53-dependent genes, PUMA and NOXA. Inhibition of p53 and silencing of p53 unregulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA) expression partly counteracted simvastatin-induced cell death, suggesting a role for p53-independent mechanisms. Simvastatin did not induce mitochondrial release of cytochrome c, but did promote release of inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins, Smac and Omi. Simvastatin also inhibited mitochondrial fission with the loss of mitochondrial Drp1, an essential component of mitochondrial fission machinery. Thus, simvastatin activates novel apoptosis pathways in lung mesenchymal cells involving p53, IAP inhibitor release, and disruption of mitochondrial fission.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
authors.forename: Saeid
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ghavami
authors.forename: Mark M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Mutawe
authors.forename: Kristin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hauff
authors.forename: Gerald L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Stelmack
authors.forename: Dedmer
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schaafsma
authors.forename: Pawan
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: Karol D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: McNeill
authors.forename: Tyler S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Hynes
authors.forename: Sam K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Kung
authors.forename: Helmut
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Unruh
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Klonisch
authors.forename: Grant M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Hatch
authors.forename: Marek
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Los
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Halayko
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D053181:Caspase 8 / Q000378:metabolism; D053453:Caspase 9 / Q000378:metabolism; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000378:metabolism; D045304:Cytochromes c / Q000378:metabolism*; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects; D000074923:High-Temperature Requirement A Serine Peptidase 2; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D008168:Lung / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D008648:Mesoderm / Q000166:cytology; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012697:Serine Endopeptidases / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D019821:Simvastatin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000378:metabolism*; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; C438378:BBC3 protein, human; C412403:DIABLO protein, human; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C495901:TP53 protein, human; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D045304:Cytochromes c; D002784:Cholesterol; D019821:Simvastatin; D012697:Serine Endopeptidases; C000615914:HTRA2 protein, human; D000074923:High-Temperature Requirement A Serine Peptidase 2; D053181:Caspase 8; D053453:Caspase 9