title: Within-neighborhood patterns and sources of particle pollution: mobile monitoring and geographic information system analysis in four communities in Accra, Ghana.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sources of air pollution in developing country cities include transportation and industrial pollution, biomass and coal fuel use, and resuspended dust from unpaved roads.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our goal was to understand within-neighborhood spatial variability of particulate matter (PM) in communities of varying socioeconomic status (SES) in Accra, Ghana, and to quantify the effects of nearby sources on local PM concentration.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted 1 week of morning and afternoon mobile and stationary air pollution measurements in four study neighborhoods. PM with aerodynamic diameters <or= 2.5 microm (PM2.5) and <or= 10 microm (PM10) was measured continuously, with matched global positioning system coordinates; detailed data on local sources were collected at periodic stops. The effects of nearby sources on local PM were estimated using linear mixed-effects models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In our measurement campaign, the geometric means of PM2.5 and PM10 along the mobile monitoring path were 21 and 49 microg/m3, respectively, in the neighborhood with highest SES and 39 and 96 microg/m3, respectively, in the neighborhood with lowest SES and highest population density. PM2.5 and PM10 were as high as 200 and 400 microg/m3, respectively, in some segments of the path. After adjusting for other factors, the factors that had the largest effects on local PM pollution were nearby wood and charcoal stoves, congested and heavy traffic, loose dirt road surface, and trash burning.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Biomass fuels, transportation, and unpaved roads may be important determinants of local PM variation in Accra neighborhoods. If confirmed by additional or supporting data, the results demonstrate the need for effective and equitable interventions and policies that reduce the impacts of traffic and biomass pollution.
authors.affiliation: Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Kathie L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Dionisio
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Rooney
authors.forename: Raphael E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Arku
authors.forename: Ari B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Friedman
authors.forename: Allison F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: Jose
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vallarino
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Agyei-Mensah
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Spengler
authors.forename: Majid
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ezzati
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000032:analysis*; D003906:Developing Countries; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D040362:Geographic Information Systems; D005869:Ghana; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis*; D012923:Social Class; D013997:Time Factors; D014186:Transportation; D014504:Urban Health; D014887:Weather
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D052638:Particulate Matter