title: Surgical outcomes and prognostic factors for T2 gallbladder cancer following surgical resection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Depth of tumor invasion is an important prognostic factor for gallbladder cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinicopathological prognostic factors of T2 gallbladder cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed the clinicopathological data and survival for 83 patients with T2 gallbladder cancers who underwent surgical resection between January 1995 and December 2007.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall survival rates were 48.9% at 3 years and 29.3% at 5 years. Univariate analysis revealed that R0 resection (P < 0.001), extended surgery (P = 0.028), lymph node dissection (P = 0.024), non-infiltrative tumors (P = 0.001), well differentiation (P = 0.001), absence of lymphatic (P = 0.025), perineural (P = 0.001), and vascular (P = 0.025) invasion, absence of lymph node metastasis (P = 0.001), negative resection margin (P = 0.016), and stage (P = 0.002) were significantly better predictors for survival. A significant difference in survival between Rx and R1 was not found. R0 resection, lymph node dissection, well differentiation, and absence of perineural and vascular invasion were significantly independent prognostic factors for overall survival. Recurrence occurred in 48 patients (57.8%). Age older than 65 years, R0 resection, non-infiltrative tumors, and good differentiation were significant independent predictors of disease-free survival by multivariate analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For T2 tumors, radical surgery including lymph node dissection should be performed to achieve R0 resection. Tumors with infiltrative types and suspicious lymph node metastasis in the intraoperative findings were candidates for aggressive surgical management to improve patient survival.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, 80 Gurodong, Guro-gu, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Sae Byeol
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Hyung Joon
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Chung Yun
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Wan Bae
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Tae-Jin
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Sung Ock
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Suh
authors.forename: Young Chul
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Sang Yong
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Choi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002763:Cholecystectomy / Q000379:methods*; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D005706:Gallbladder Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008197:Lymph Node Excision; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome