title: Microbubble Generation in Phase-Shift Nanoemulsions used as Anticancer Drug Carriers.
abstract: The paper describes droplet-to-bubble transition in block copolymer stabilized perfluoropentane nanoemulsions. Three physical factors that trigger droplet-to-bubble transition in liquid emulsions and gels were evaluated, namely heat, ultrasound, and injections through fine-gauge needles. Among those listed, ultrasound irradiation was found the most efficient factor. Possible mechanisms of bubble generation and growth discussed in the paper include liquid-to-gas transition inside the individual bubble; bubble coalescence; and diffusion of dissolved air and/or perfluoropentane from small bubbles into larger bubbles (i.e., Oswald ripening). The last two factors result in irreversibility of the droplet-to-bubble transition. In gel matrices, ultrasound-induced droplet-to-bubble transition was substantially inhibited but was catalyzed by large (hundred micron) pre-existing bubbles irradiated by low frequency (hundred kilohertz) ultrasound. The dependence of the droplet-to-bubble transition on initial bubble size is theoretically treated and the role of increase of surface area in promoting bubble coalescence is discussed. Therapeutic implications of observed effects are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
authors.forename: Natalya Y
authors.initials: NY
authors.lastname: Rapoport
authors.forename: Alexey L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Efros
authors.forename: Douglas A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.forename: Anne M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.forename: Kweon-Ho
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Nam