title: Prevalence and correlates of auditory vocal hallucinations in middle childhood.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hearing voices occurs in middle childhood, but little is known about prevalence, aetiology and immediate consequences.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate prevalence, developmental risk factors and behavioural correlates of auditory vocal hallucinations in 7- and 8-year-olds.
  
  
  METHODS
  Auditory vocal hallucinations were assessed with the Auditory Vocal Hallucination Rating Scale in 3870 children. Prospectively recorded data on pre- and perinatal complications, early development and current problem behaviour were analysed in children with auditory vocal hallucinations and matched controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 1-year prevalence of auditory vocal hallucinations was 9%, with substantial suffering and problem behaviour reported in 15% of those affected. Prevalence was higher in rural areas but auditory vocal hallucinations were more severe and had greater functional impact in the urban environment. There was little evidence for associations with developmental variables.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Auditory vocal hallucinations in 7- and 8-year-olds are prevalent but mostly of limited functional impact. Nevertheless, there may be continuity with more severe psychotic outcomes given the serious suffering in a subgroup of children and there is evidence for a poorer prognosis in an urban environment.
authors.affiliation: University Medical Center Groningen, University Center for Psychiatry, University of Groningen, PO Box 30.001 (CC72), 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands. a.a.bartels@med.umcg.nl
authors.forename: Agna A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Bartels-Velthuis
authors.forename: Jack A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Jenner
authors.forename: Gerard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: van de Willige
authors.forename: Jim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van Os
authors.forename: Durk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wiersma
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006212:Hallucinations / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012307:Risk Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology*