title: Coexisting chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and heart failure: implications for treatment, course and mortality.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and heart failure are prevalent comorbidities affecting a huge proportion of the world population, responsible for significant morbidity and mortality. Their coexistence is more frequent than previously recognized and poses important diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Prognosis of patients with concurrent heart failure and COPD has not been comprehensively addressed. With this review, we intend to emphasize the diagnosis and prognosis implications of the two coexisting conditions and to highlight the therapeutic constraints posed by the combination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Progressively, more attention has been given to the interplay between COPD and heart failure. The combination is frequent, but largely unrecognized due to overlapping clinical manifestations. Patients presenting with both conditions seem to have an ominous course. Despite the overwhelming evidence supporting cardioselective beta-blockade safety and tolerability in COPD patients, beta-blockers are underprescribed to heart failure patients with concomitant COPD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  COPD and heart failure coexistence is often overlooked. COPD diagnosis can remain unsuspected in heart failure patients due to similar symptoms. Although beta-blockers are well tolerated in COPD patients, they are overall less prescribed in this challenging population. COPD, at least at severe degrees of airflow obstruction, predicts a worse prognosis in heart failure patients.
authors.affiliation: Serviço de Medicina Interna, Hospital S. João, Porto, Portugal. joanamaspinto@gmail.com
authors.forename: Joana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mascarenhas
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Azevedo
authors.forename: Paulo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bettencourt
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015897:Comorbidity; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D011379:Prognosis; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists