title: Medication-overuse headache and personality: a controlled study by means of the MMPI-2.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The main aim of this study involves comparing the personality profiles of patients with medication-overuse headache (MOH) and episodic headaches, in order to elucidate the role of personality characteristics, according to one of the most widely used and validated personality assessment tool: Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Many studies have assessed the personality of headache patients by means of MMPI-2 only using clinical and content scales. In this study the supplementary scales were also used as they evaluate different aspects of personality, particularly broad personality characteristics, generalized emotional distress and behavioral dyscontrol.
  
  
  METHODS
  We recruited 219 subjects (151 women and 68 men) who were grouped in the following categories: MOH group (n = 82); episodic headache group (n = 82; 58 migraine aura; 6 migraine with aura; 6 frequent episodic tension-type headache; 12 migraine+infrequent episodic tension-type headache) and 1 group of 55 healthy controls. MMPI-2 was employed. Data were computed with one-way anova and post hoc analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Medication-overuse headache and episodic headache patients (EH) showed a very similar pattern, differentiating each other only in the Hypochondriasis (Hs) (P = .007; MOH: mean 14.18 [SD 5.53]; EH: mean 11.93 [SD 5.88] and Health Concerns [HEA]) (P = .005; MOH: mean 14.06 [SD 5.38]; EH: mean 11.81 [SD 5.59]) scales. Surprisingly, no differences were found between the 3 groups in the scales measuring dependence-related behavior such as Addiction Potential Scale (Aps) and Addiction Admission Scale (Aas). MOH and episodic headache patients scored significantly higher in the so-called neurotic scales Hs (P < .0001; MOH: mean 14.18 [SD 5.53]; EH: mean 11.93 [SD 5.88];
  
  
  METHODS
  mean 5.91 [SD 3.57]), Depression (D) (P < .0001; MOH: mean 26.44 [SD 7.01]; EH: mean 26.09 [SD 5.85];
  
  
  METHODS
  mean 21.47 [SD 4.90]), and Hysteria (Hy) (P < .0001; MOH: mean 27.33 [SD 5.51]; EH: mean 26.81 [SD 5.68];
  
  
  METHODS
  mean 21.95 [3.85]) and in many other scales such as Paranoia (Pa), Psychasthenia (Pt), Schizophrenia (Sc) while they scored significantly lower on Ego Strength (Es) and Dominance (Do) scales when compared with controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with MOH and episodic headache showed very similar patterns, differentiating only in the Hypochondriasis and Health Concerns scales. Surprisingly, there were no significant differences in the scores of the scales measuring dependence-related behavior. The clinical role of MMPI-2 in discriminating MOH patients with dependency from drugs is discussed, in order to implement a complete tests' battery for headache patients' assessment.
authors.affiliation: Headache Unit, IRCCS C. Mondino Institute of Neurology Foundation, Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: Grazia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sances
authors.forename: Federica
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Galli
authors.forename: Serena
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Anastasi
authors.forename: Natascia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ghiotto
authors.forename: Giuseppina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: De Giorgio
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Guidetti
authors.forename: Caterina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Firenze
authors.forename: Stefania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pazzi
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Quartesan
authors.forename: Marcello
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gallucci
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nappi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015897:Comorbidity; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D051271:Headache Disorders, Secondary / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D006998:Hypochondriasis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008950:MMPI / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009497:Neurotic Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D010551:Personality / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D010552:Personality Assessment / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015995:Prevalence; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D018781:Tension-Type Headache / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology