title: Impact of type 2 diabetes mellitus on prescription medication burden and out-of-pocket healthcare expenses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The number of prescription medications and out-of-pocket expenses of individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) were evaluated to assess the economic burden of diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The self-reported number of prescription medications and out-of-pocket healthcare expenses were evaluated from respondents of the United States SHIELD study with and without a diagnosis of T2DM. Medications included monotherapy and combination therapy; combination tablets were counted as one agent. Analysis of variance and multivariate linear regression models adjusted for age, gender, prescription insurance coverage, and household income.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the T2DM respondents (n=3551), 40% were on 1 prescription antidiabetic agent (7% insulin alone), 26% were on 2 agents, 8% were on >or=3 agents, with a mean of 1.3 antidiabetic agents. After adjusting for age, gender, insurance coverage, and income, respondents with T2DM had a significantly larger total number of prescriptions (6.2) and higher out-of-pocket expenses for both annual medical ($1158) and monthly prescription ($144) expenses, compared with respondents without T2DM (n=8686) (4.1 prescriptions, $925 annual medical, $118 monthly prescription) (p<0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased out-of-pocket medical and medication costs in T2DM are due to the use of both antidiabetic agents and other medications for treatment of comorbid conditions.
authors.affiliation: Endocrine and Metabolic Associates, Rockville, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Helena W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Rodbard
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: Kathleen M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Grandy
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics*; D005260:Female; D005382:Financing, Personal / Q000191:economics*; D005102:Health Expenditures; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007348:Insurance, Health / Q000191:economics; D007356:Insurance, Pharmaceutical Services / Q000191:economics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D055553:Prescription Drugs / Q000191:economics*; D011306:Prescription Fees; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D055553:Prescription Drugs