Surgical "buy-in": the contractual relationship between surgeons and patients that influences decisions regarding life-supporting therapy.
OBJECTIVE
There is a general consensus by intensivists and nonsurgical providers that surgeons hesitate to withdraw life-sustaining therapy on their operative patients despite a patient's or surrogate's request to do so. The objective of this study was to examine the culture and practice of surgeons to assess attitudes and concerns regarding advance directives for their patients who have high-risk surgical procedures.


METHODS
A qualitative investigation using one-on-one, in-person interviews with open-ended questions about the use of advance directives during perioperative planning. Consensus coding was performed using a grounded theory approach. Data accrual continued until theoretical saturation was achieved. Modeling identified themes and trends, ensuring maximal fit and faithful data representation.


METHODS
Surgical practices in Madison and Milwaukee, WI.


METHODS
Physicians involved in the performance of high-risk surgical procedures.


METHODS
None.


RESULTS
We describe the concept of surgical "buy-in," a complex process by which surgeons negotiate with patients a commitment to postoperative care before undertaking high-risk surgical procedures. Surgeons describe seeking a commitment from the patient to abide by prescribed postoperative care, "This is a package deal, this is what this operation entails," or a specific number of postoperative days, "I will contract with them and say, 'look, if we are going to do this, I am going to need 30 days to get you through this operation.'" "Buy-in" is grounded in a surgeon's strong sense of responsibility for surgical outcomes and can lead to surgeon unwillingness to operate or surgeon reticence to withdraw life-sustaining therapy postoperatively. If negotiations regarding life-sustaining interventions result in treatment limitation, a surgeon may shift responsibility for unanticipated outcomes to the patient.


CONCLUSIONS
A complicated relationship exists between the surgeon and patient that begins in the preoperative setting. It reflects a bidirectional contract that is assumed by the surgeon with distinct implications and consequences for surgeon behavior and patient care.
Schwarze
Margaret L
ML
Division of Vascular Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA. schwarze@surgery.wisc.edu
Bradley
Ciaran T
CT
Brasel
Karen J
KJ
D024362:Advance Directive Adherence / Q000941:ethics; D016223:Advance Directives / Q000941:ethics*; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D017028:Caregivers; D032982:Contracts / Q000941:ethics*; D004644:Emotions; D004992:Ethics, Medical; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000941:ethics*; D008020:Life Support Care / Q000941:ethics; D017008:Negotiating; D010358:Patient Participation; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations / Q000941:ethics; D011182:Postoperative Care / Q000941:ethics*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000628:therapy*; D011368:Professional-Family Relations; D012941:Social Responsibility; D017211:Treatment Failure; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D028761:Withholding Treatment / Q000941:ethics