title: Reduction of spasticity with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with spinal cord injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Spasticity with increased tone and spasms is frequent in patients after spinal cord injury (SCI). Damage to descending corticospinal pathways that normally exert spinal segmental control is thought to play an important causal role in spasticity. The authors examined whether the modulation of excitability of the primary motor cortex with high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) could modify lower limb spasticity in patients with incomplete SCI.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were assessed by the Modified Ashworth Scale, Visual Analogue Scale, and the Spinal Cord Injury Spasticity Evaluation Tool (SCI-SET) and neurophysiologically with measures of corticospinal and segmental excitability by the H(max)/M(max), T reflex, and withdrawal reflex. Fifteen patients received 5 days of daily sessions of active (n = 14) or sham (n = 7) rTMS to the leg motor area (20 trains of 40 pulses at 20 Hz and an intensity of 90% of resting motor threshold for the biceps brachii muscle).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant clinical improvement in lower limb spasticity was observed in patients following active rTMS but not after sham stimulation.This improvement lasted for at least 1 week following the intervention. Neurophysiological studies did not change.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High-frequency rTMS over the leg motor area can improve aspects of spasticity in patients with incomplete SCI.
authors.affiliation: Hospital de Neurorehabilitación Institut Guttmann, Barcelona, Spain. hkumru@guttmann.com
authors.forename: Hatice
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kumru
authors.forename: Narda
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Murillo
authors.forename: Joan Vidal
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Samso
authors.forename: Josep
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Valls-Sole
authors.forename: Dylan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: Raul
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pelayo
authors.forename: Antoni
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Valero-Cabre
authors.forename: Josep Maria
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Tormos
authors.forename: Alvaro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pascual-Leone
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007866:Leg / Q000294:innervation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009128:Muscle Spasticity / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000503:physiopathology; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011712:Pyramidal Tracts / Q000503:physiopathology; D012018:Reflex / Q000502:physiology; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000150:complications*; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult