title: Medical students' professionalism narratives: a window on the informal and hidden curriculum.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to use medical students' critical incident narratives to deepen understanding of the informal and hidden curricula.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors conducted a thematic analysis of 272 stories of events recorded by 135 third-year medical students that "taught them something about professionalism and professional values." Students wrote these narratives in a "professionalism journal" during their internal medicine clerkships at Indiana University School of Medicine, June through November 2007.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The majority of students' recorded experiences involved witnessing positive embodiment of professional values, rather than breaches. Attending physicians and residents were the central figures in the incidents. Analyses revealed two main thematic categories. The first focused on medical-clinical interactions, especially on persons who were role models interacting with patients, families, coworkers, and colleagues. The second focused on events in the teaching-and-learning environment, particularly on students' experiences as learners in the clinical setting.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings strongly suggest that students' reflective narratives are a rich source of information about the elements of both the informal and hidden curricula, in which medical students learn to become physicians. Experiences with both positive and negative behaviors shaped the students' perceptions of the profession and its values. In particular, interactions that manifest respect and other qualities of good communication with patients, families, and colleagues taught powerfully.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Mental Health, Focus for Excellence in Patient-Professional Relationships in Health Care, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel. OritKM@gmail.com
authors.forename: Orit
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Karnieli-Miller
authors.forename: T Robert
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Vu
authors.forename: Matthew C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Holtman
authors.forename: Stephen G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Clyman
authors.forename: Thomas S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Inui
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002982:Clinical Clerkship; D003142:Communication; D003479:Curriculum; D004504:Education, Medical, Undergraduate; D005180:Faculty, Medical; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D006801:Humans; D007196:Indiana; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009014:Morals; D033262:Narration; D010819:Physician's Role; D036301:Qualitative Research; D012577:Schools, Medical; D013337:Students, Medical; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires