title: Origins of and solutions for neonatal medication-dispensing errors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Five cases of sound-alike, look-alike, neonatal medication-dispensing errors and their resolution are reviewed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In 2008, there were five cases in which look-alike or sound-alike neonatal medication-dispensing errors occurred at our institution. A mix-up between neonatal and adult or pediatric products occurred in four of the five cases. Three of the five errors resulted in near misses with the potential to cause harm. The other two errors reached the patients but did not cause harm. The medication mix-ups involved adult and neonatal phytonadione injectable emulsion, sodium citrate injection and vancomycin-heparin combination injection, adult tetanus-diphtheria-acellular pertussis and infant diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis (DTaP) vaccines, Haemophilus B and DTaP vaccines, and cisatracurium and vecuronium. Each error exposed weaknesses in the system of neonatal medication storage, labeling, delivery, knowledge, and administration documentation at our institution. Resolution of system problems was made possible by a collaborative approach and involved reorganizing shelving used to store neonatal medications; using a differently colored labeling scheme for products whose syringes were nearly identical; implementing changes to the infant vaccine ordering, storage, dispensing, and documentation systems; and instituting centralized and decentralized pharmacist review of pharmacy technician automated dispensing cabinet-filling activities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An institution providing services to both neonatal and adult patients experienced five cases of medication-dispensing errors with look-alike or sound-alike medications. Multidisciplinary collaboration within the system helped the pharmacy identify, resolve, and prevent errors related to medication storage, labeling, delivery, knowledge, and administration documentation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, University of California San Diego Medical Center, 200 West Arbor Drive, MC8765, San Diego, CA 92103, USA. jsauberan@ucsd.edu
authors.forename: Jason B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Sauberan
authors.forename: Linda M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Dean
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fiedelak
authors.forename: Julie A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Abraham
mesh_terms: D002951:Citrates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D022681:Diphtheria-Tetanus-acellular Pertussis Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage; D018073:Haemophilus Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006493:Heparin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D007363:Intensive Care Units, Neonatal / Q000458:organization & administration*; D008508:Medication Errors; D008510:Medication Systems, Hospital / Q000458:organization & administration*; D017751:Safety Management / Q000458:organization & administration*; D000077559:Sodium Citrate; D014640:Vancomycin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D010837:Vitamin K 1 / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D002951:Citrates; D022681:Diphtheria-Tetanus-acellular Pertussis Vaccines; D018073:Haemophilus Vaccines; D000077559:Sodium Citrate; D014640:Vancomycin; D010837:Vitamin K 1; D006493:Heparin