title: Differential effects of atomoxetine on executive functioning and lexical decision in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and reading disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The effects of a promising pharmacological treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), atomoxetine, were studied on executive functions in both ADHD and reading disorder (RD) because earlier research demonstrated an overlap in executive functioning deficits in both disorders. In addition, the effects of atomoxetine were explored on lexical decision.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen children with ADHD, 20 children with ADHD + RD, 21 children with RD, and 26 normal controls were enrolled in a randomized placebo-controlled crossover study. Children were measured on visuospatial working memory, inhibition, and lexical decision on the day of randomization and following two 28-day medication periods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children with ADHD + RD showed improved visuospatial working memory performance and, to a lesser extent, improved inhibition following atomoxetine treatment compared to placebo. No differential effects of atomoxetine were found for lexical decision in comparison to placebo. In addition, no effects of atomoxetine were demonstrated in the ADHD and RD groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Atomoxetine improved visuospatial working memory and to a lesser degree inhibition in children with ADHD + RD, which suggests differential developmental pathways for co-morbid ADHD + RD as compared to ADHD and RD alone.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  B4Z-MC-LYCK, NCT00191906; http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00191906.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. cgw.de.jong@psy.vu.nl
authors.forename: Christien G W
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: de Jong
authors.forename: Séverine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Van De Voorde
authors.forename: Herbert
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Roeyers
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Raymaekers
authors.forename: Albert J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: Simone
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Knijff
authors.forename: Helene
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Verhelst
authors.forename: Alfons H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Temmink
authors.forename: Leo M E
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Smit
authors.forename: Rob
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rodriques-Pereira
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vandenberghe
authors.forename: Inge
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: van Welsen
authors.forename: Liesbeth
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: ter Schuren
authors.forename: Mazim
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Al-Hakim
authors.forename: Azad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Amin
authors.forename: Laurens
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vlasveld
authors.forename: Jaap
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Oosterlaan
authors.forename: Joseph A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Sergeant
mesh_terms: D018759:Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000069445:Atomoxetine Hydrochloride; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003657:Decision Making / Q000187:drug effects*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004410:Dyslexia / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D056344:Executive Function / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007266:Inhibition, Psychological; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011437:Propylamines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011932:Reading; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018759:Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors; D011437:Propylamines; D000069445:Atomoxetine Hydrochloride