title: The transcriptome of the fetal inflammatory response syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The fetal inflammatory response syndrome (FIRS) is considered the counterpart of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), but similarities in their regulatory mechanisms are unclear. This study characterizes the fetal mRNA transcriptome of peripheral leukocytes to identify key biological processes and pathways involved in FIRS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Umbilical cord blood from preterm neonates with FIRS (funisitis, plasma IL-6 >11 pg/mL; n = 10) and neonates with no evidence of inflammation (n = 10) was collected at birth. Results Microarray analysis of leukocyte RNA revealed differential expression of 541 unique genes, changes confirmed by qRT-PCR for 41 or 44 genes tested. Similar to SIRS and sepsis, ontological and pathway analyses yielded significant enrichment of biological processes including antigen processing and presentation, immune response, and processes critical to cellular metabolism.
  
  
  RESULTS
  are comparable with microarray studies of endotoxin challenge models and pediatric sepsis, identifying 25 genes across all studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study is the first to profile genome-wide expression in FIRS, which demonstrates a substantial degree of similarity with SIRS despite differences in fetal and adult immune systems.
authors.affiliation: Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Sally A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Madsen-Bouterse
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Romero
authors.forename: Adi L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Tarca
authors.forename: Juan Pedro
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Kusanovic
authors.forename: Jimmy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Espinoza
authors.forename: Chong Jai
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Jung-Sun
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Samuel S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Edwin
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gomez
authors.forename: Sorin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Draghici
mesh_terms: D002821:Chorioamnionitis / Q000235:genetics; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000276:immunology; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D046228:Microarray Analysis; D011247:Pregnancy; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D018746:Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D012333:RNA, Messenger