title: Bupivacaine inhibits glutamatergic transmission in spinal dorsal horn neurons.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The local anesthetic bupivacaine is thought not only to block sodium channels but also to interact with various receptors. Here, the authors focus on excitatory glutamatergic transmission in the superficial dorsal horn of the spinal cord with respect to its importance for nociceptive processing.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effects of bupivacaine on the response to exogenous administration of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor agonists were examined in lamina II neurons of adult rat spinal cord slices using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bupivacaine (0.5, 2 mm) dose-dependently reduced the peak amplitudes of exogenous NMDA-induced currents. However, this inhibitory effect of bupivacaine (2 mm) was not blocked by the presence of tetrodotoxin, a sodium channel blocker, or La(3+), a voltage-gated Ca+ channel blocker, and was unaffected by changes in pH conditions. Moreover, intrapipette guanosine-5'-O-(2-thiodiphosphate) (1 mm), a G-protein inhibitor, did not block the reduction of NMDA current amplitudes by bupivacaine. Similarly, lidocaine, ropivacaine, and mepivacaine also reduced the amplitudes of NMDA-induced currents.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings raise the possibility that the antinociceptive effect of bupivacaine may be due to direct modulation of NMDA receptors in the superficial dorsal horn. In addition to voltage-gated sodium channels, glutamate NMDA receptors are also important for analgesia induced by local anesthetics.
authors.affiliation: Division of Anesthesiology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8510 Japan.
authors.forename: Kenta
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Furutani
authors.forename: Miho
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ikoma
authors.forename: Hideaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ishii
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Baba
authors.forename: Tatsuro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kohno
mesh_terms: D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology; D019706:Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials / Q000187:drug effects; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D005971:Glutamates / Q000502:physiology*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007811:Lanthanum / Q000494:pharmacology; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques; D020671:Posterior Horn Cells / Q000187:drug effects*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000819:agonists / Q000187:drug effects; D026941:Sodium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000187:drug effects*; D013779:Tetrodotoxin / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D005971:Glutamates; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D026941:Sodium Channel Blockers; D013779:Tetrodotoxin; D007811:Lanthanum; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins; D002045:Bupivacaine