title: Patellar height and posterior tibial slope after open- and closed-wedge high tibial osteotomy: a radiological study on 100 patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Valgus high tibial osteotomy (HTO) may be associated with changes in the patellar height and posterior tibial slope.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Patellar height increases and posterior tibial slope decreases after closed-wedge HTO, whereas patellar height decreases and tibial slope increases after open-wedge osteotomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.
  
  
  METHODS
  Lateral radiographs of 100 knees were assessed for patellar height (PH) (Insall-Salvati index [ISI], Caton-De Champ index [CDI], and Blackburne-Peel index [BPI]) as well as posterior tibial slope. Measurements were done before HTO (50 closed wedge [CW], 50 open wedge [OW]), direct postoperatively, and before removal of the hardware.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the CW group, all 3 PH indices were increased direct postoperatively and at removal of the hardware, with changes in CDI and BPI being significant (P<.05). The effect size (ES) for the direct postoperative PH increase was medium (ES = 0.48) according to CDI. In the OW group, all 3 indices showed a significant (P <.05) PH decrease direct postoperatively and at hardware removal. The ES for the direct postoperative PH decrease was large according to CDI (ES = 0.92) and BPI (ES = 0.80). There were no significant changes between the 2 follow-up measurements (P > .05) with a small ES each. Posterior tibial slope showed a significant (P <.05) decrease of 3.1 degrees +/- 3.4 degrees after CW HTO and a significant (P <.05) increase of 2.1 degrees +/- 3.6 degrees after OW HTO direct postoperatively. These changes did not change at the second follow-up. In CW HTO, the correlations between frontal plane correction and PH changes were moderate (CDI: r = .57; BPI: r = .64). In OW HTO, these correlations were weak (CDI: r = .44; BPI: r = .46). According to ISI, there was no correlation (CW: r = .11; OW: r = .16). There was no correlation between PH changes and slope changes (CDI) and no correlation between frontal plane HTO correction and slope changes in both CW and OW HTO.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results confirm our hypothesis for PH and posterior tibial slope changes after valgus HTO. However, there is no strong correlation between PH changes and the degree of frontal plane HTO correction. The incidence of patella infera increases after OW HTO, whereas the incidence of patella alta increases after CW HTO. Therefore, we recommend performing CW HTO or OW HTO with the tuberosity left at the proximal tibia in cases of patellofemoral complaints or patella infera. Neither technique leads to patellar lowering. It should be borne in mind that PH and posterior tibial slope may have been altered before planning total knee replacement after HTO.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Sports Medicine, Hospital Rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Connolly st 32, D-80809 Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Hosam
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: El-Azab
authors.forename: Parpakorn
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Glabgly
authors.forename: Jochen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Paul
authors.forename: Andreas B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Imhoff
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hinterwimmer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010027:Osteotomy / Q000379:methods* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D010329:Patella / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D011859:Radiography; D013977:Tibia / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome