title: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors are altered in pathologies of the human placenta: gestational diabetes mellitus, intrauterine growth restriction and preeclampsia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Common complications of pregnancy arise in part from dysfunctional placental development, and include gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and preeclampsia (PE). Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), and their partner retinoid X receptor a (RXRalpha), mediate trophoblast differentiation and thus may offer insight into the pathophysiology of these diseases.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human placentae were obtained from women at term with GDM and were compared to uncomplicated term placentae. Placentae from women who delivered preterm with IUGR, PE or co-existing PE and IUGR were compared to matched controls. Quantitative RT-PCR and Western blotting were used to examine mRNA and protein expression of PPARalpha, PPARdelta, PPARgamma and RXRalpha. DNA binding activity of PPAR isoforms were measured in nuclear protein extracts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  GDM was associated with significantly lower placental PPARgamma mRNA and protein, PPARalpha protein and RXRalpha protein expression, while PPAR DNA binding activity remained unchanged. Placentae from women with PE did not demonstrate any changes in mRNA or protein expression or PPAR DNA binding activity, while IUGR/PE placenta showed significant increases in PPARalpha protein, PPARgamma mRNA and protein and RXRalpha mRNA and protein expression. Significantly elevated protein expression of PPARalpha and RXRalpha were associated with IUGR placentae. IUGR and IUGR/PE placentae had significantly higher PPARgamma DNA binding activity compared to controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data presented herein suggest that PPARs may be involved in the pathophysiology of GDM, PE and IUGR.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Mercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Holdsworth-Carson
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mitton
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Whitehead
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Rice
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Permezel
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lappas
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015153:Blotting, Western; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005317:Fetal Growth Retardation / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D047492:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D010920:Placenta / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D011225:Pre-Eclampsia / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000469:parasitology; D011247:Pregnancy; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D047488:Retinoid X Receptors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D047492:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D047488:Retinoid X Receptors