title: Life-course weight characteristics and the risk of gestational diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We prospectively determined the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus in association with life-course weight characteristics and adult abdominal adiposity.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated the joint and independent impact of birthweight, childhood size by somatotypes, adolescent and adult BMI, and abdominal adiposity on gestational diabetes mellitus risk among the 21,647 women in the Nurses' Health Study II who reported a singleton pregnancy between 1989 and 2001. A total of 1,386 incident cases of gestational diabetes mellitus were reported. Relative risk was estimated by pooled logistic regression adjusting for age, prematurity, race, smoking status, parental history of diabetes, age of first birth, parity and physical activity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Birthweight was inversely associated with gestational diabetes mellitus risk (p = 0.02 for trend). Childhood somatotypes at ages 5 and 10 years were not associated with risk. U-shaped associations were found for BMI at age 18 years and somatotype at age 20 years. Weight gain between adolescence and adulthood, pre-gravid BMI and abdominal adiposity were positively associated with risk (p < 0.01 for all trends). Multivariate adjusted RRs for gestational diabetes from lowest to highest quintile of WHR were 1.00, 1.50, 1.51, 2.03, 2.12 (p = 0.0003 for trend). Lower birthweight (<7 lb) without adulthood overweight (BMI > 25 kg/m(2)) was associated with a 20% increased risk (95% CI 1.02-1.41). However, adulthood overweight alone was related to a 2.36 times greater risk (95% CI 2.12-3.77).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although lower birthweight is an independent risk factor for gestational diabetes mellitus, weight gain since early adulthood, and overall and central obesity in adulthood were more strongly associated with elevated risk of the condition independently of other known risk factors.
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Branch, Division of Epidemiology, Statistics, and Prevention Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 6100 Executive Blvd, 7B03, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. yeungedw@mail.nih.gov
authors.forename: E H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Yeung
authors.forename: F B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: C G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Solomon
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Louis
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schisterman
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Willett
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001724:Birth Weight / Q000502:physiology; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology*; D001942:Breast Feeding; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D008297:Male; D008487:Medical History Taking; D008572:Menarche / Q000502:physiology; D010298:Parity; D011247:Pregnancy; D012307:Risk Factors; D049629:Waist-Hip Ratio; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000502:physiology*