title: Vitamin D intake needed to maintain target serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in participants with low sun exposure and dark skin pigmentation is substantially higher than current recommendations.
abstract: Cutaneous cholecalciferol synthesis has not been considered in making recommendations for vitamin D intake. Our objective was to model the effects of sun exposure, vitamin D intake, and skin reflectance (pigmentation) on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) in young adults with a wide range of skin reflectance and sun exposure. Four cohorts of participants (n = 72 total) were studied for 7-8 wk in the fall, winter, spring, and summer in Davis, CA [38.5 degrees N, 121.7 degrees W, Elev. 49 ft (15 m)]. Skin reflectance was measured using a spectrophotometer, vitamin D intake using food records, and sun exposure using polysulfone dosimeter badges. A multiple regression model (R(2) = 0.55; P < 0.0001) was developed and used to predict the serum 25(OH)D concentration for participants with low [median for African ancestry (AA)] and high [median for European ancestry (EA)] skin reflectance and with low [20th percentile, approximately 20 min/d, approximately 18% body surface area (BSA) exposed] and high (80th percentile, approximately 90 min/d, approximately 35% BSA exposed) sun exposure, assuming an intake of 200 iu/d (5 ug/d). Predicted serum 25(OH)D concentrations for AA individuals with low and high sun exposure in the winter were 24 and 42 nmol/L and in the summer were 40 and 60 nmol/L. Corresponding values for EA individuals were 35 and 60 nmol/L in the winter and in the summer were 58 and 85 nmol/L. To achieve 25(OH)D > or =75 nmol/L, we estimate that EA individuals with high sun exposure need 1300 iu/d vitamin D intake in the winter and AA individuals with low sun exposure need 2100-3100 iu/d year-round.
authors.affiliation: Nutrition Department, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA. lauhall@calpoly.edu
authors.forename: Laura M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Kimlin
authors.forename: Pavel A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Aronov
authors.forename: Bruce D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Hammock
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Slusser
authors.forename: Leslie R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Woodhouse
authors.forename: Charles B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Stephensen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D002140:California; D015930:Diet Records; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D012621:Seasons; D012880:Skin Pigmentation / Q000502:physiology*; D013472:Sunlight; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D044465:White People; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D