title: A toolkit for the characterization of CCD cameras for transmission electron microscopy.
abstract: Charge-coupled devices (CCD) are nowadays commonly utilized in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for applications in life sciences. Direct access to digitized images has revolutionized the use of electron microscopy, sparking developments such as automated collection of tomographic data, focal series, random conical tilt pairs and ultralarge single-particle data sets. Nevertheless, for ultrahigh-resolution work photographic plates are often still preferred. In the ideal case, the quality of the recorded image of a vitrified biological sample would solely be determined by the counting statistics of the limited electron dose the sample can withstand before beam-induced alterations dominate. Unfortunately, the image is degraded by the non-ideal point-spread function of the detector, as a result of a scintillator coupled by fibre optics to a CCD, and the addition of several inherent noise components. Different detector manufacturers provide different types of figures of merit when advertising the quality of their detector. It is hard for most laboratories to verify whether all of the anticipated specifications are met. In this report, a set of algorithms is presented to characterize on-axis slow-scan large-area CCD-based TEM detectors. These tools have been added to a publicly available image-processing toolbox for MATLAB. Three in-house CCD cameras were carefully characterized, yielding, among others, statistics for hot and bad pixels, the modulation transfer function, the conversion factor, the effective gain and the detective quantum efficiency. These statistics will aid data-collection strategy programs and provide prior information for quantitative imaging. The relative performance of the characterized detectors is discussed and a comparison is made with similar detectors that are used in the field of X-ray crystallography.
authors.affiliation: Section Electron Microscopy, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vulovic
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rieger
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: van Vliet
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Koster
authors.forename: R B G
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Ravelli
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001331:Automation; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D003625:Data Collection; D015902:Gamma Cameras / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission / Q000295:instrumentation*; D012984:Software