title: Traditional postpartum practices and rituals: clinical implications.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In many cultures, postpartum rituals are observed because they are believed to have beneficial mental health effects. Our systematic review examines the research literature investigating the effects of postpartum rituals on postpartum depression (PPD) to determine if the rituals protect against PPD.
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library were searched (from 1966 to October 31, 2008). Reference lists of relevant articles and links to related articles were also examined. Both qualitative and quantitative studies that focused on traditional practices and rituals in the postpartum period (that is, within the first year following childbirth) and their relation to PPD or mood were included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy-two studies were considered, with 12 meeting the inclusion criteria. The data were summarized according to the type of ritual including: organized support, diet, and other or multiple postpartum practices, and evidence for or against a protective effect on PPD. Although limited, not all studies suggested that the rituals prevent PPD. Overall, there is some evidence that postpartum rituals dictating appropriate and wanted social support may be of some protective value, depending on numerous contextual factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This area needs more culturally sensitive and systematic research. Current studies suggest that the key protective element may be the presence of welcome support rather than the specific ritual.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario. sophie.grigoriadis@uhn.on.ca
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Grigoriadis
authors.forename: Gail
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Erlick Robinson
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fung
authors.forename: Lori E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: Cornelia Yin Ing
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Chee
authors.forename: Cindy-Lee
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Dennis
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Romans
mesh_terms: D002562:Ceremonial Behavior; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D019052:Depression, Postpartum / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology; D005195:Family Relations; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008519:Medicine, Traditional; D012307:Risk Factors; D012944:Social Support; D013001:Somatoform Disorders / Q000208:ethnology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology; D013609:Taboo