title: The effect of photodynamic therapy for periodontitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this review was to evaluate the effectiveness of photodynamic therapy (PDT) for periodontitis in adults as a primary mode of treatment or as an adjunct to non-surgical treatment of scaling and root planing (SRP) compared to a conventional non-surgical SRP treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, other relevant databases, and the International Pharmaceutical Abstracts were searched from their inception until May 2009 for randomized controlled trials of PDT compared to a placebo, no intervention, or non-surgical treatment in an adult population. Data on changes in clinical attachment level (CAL), probing depth, gingival recession, and full-mouth plaque or bleeding scores were extracted and meta-analyzed, and the pooled mean difference (MD) was reported.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five studies were included in this review. These studies had a small sample size for some of the performed analysis with a moderate to high risk of biases. There were clinical heterogeneities among included studies. PDT as an independent treatment or as an adjunct to SRP versus a control group of SRP did not demonstrate statistically or clinically significant advantages. Combined therapy of PDT + SRP indicated a probable efficacy in CAL gain (MD: 0.34; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.05 to 0.63) or probing depth reduction (MD: 0.25 mm; 95% CI: 0.04 to 0.45 mm).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PDT as an independent treatment or as an adjunct to SRP was not superior to control treatment of SRP. Therefore, the routine use of PDT for clinical management of periodontitis cannot be recommended. Well-designed clinical trials are needed for proper evaluation of this therapy.
authors.affiliation: Community Dental Health Services Research Unit and Division of Endodontics, University of Toronto, 124 Edward St., Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada. amir.azarpazhooh@dentistry.utoronto.ca
authors.forename: Amir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Azarpazhooh
authors.forename: Prakesh S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Howard C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Tenenbaum
authors.forename: Michael B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Goldberg
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010512:Periodontal Index; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010778:Photochemotherapy; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult