title: Evaluation of gadolinium pre-treatment with or without splenectomy in the setting of renal ischemia reperfusion injury in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study aims to investigate gadolinium chloride (Gd) pre-treatment with/without splenectomy (Splx) in the setting of renal ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Under anesthesia, male Wistar albino rats with or without splenectomized (Splx) were right nephrectomized and subjected to 45 min of renal pedicle occlusion followed by 3 h of reperfusion. Gadolinium chloride (10 mg kg(-1)) or saline was administered 24 hours prior to ischemia via penile vein. Right nephrectomy and intravenous saline administration was performed in the control group. At the end of the reperfusion period, following decapitation, kidney samples were taken for histological examination or determination of renal malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) levels and myeloperoxidase (MPO) and Na(+)-K(+) ATPase activities. Creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), TNF-alpha, and IL-1 beta were assayed in the serum samples.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ischemia/reperfusion caused significant increases in the serum TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta, BUN, creatinine, AST, ALT, LDH, and tissue MDA levels and MPO activity, while either Gd pre-treatment or Splx decreased these parameters significantly. On the other hand, IR induced a decrease in the tissue GSH, and Na(+)-K(+) ATPase activity was restored by both gadolinium and Splx. Furthermore, histopathological alterations induced by IR were also reversed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The extent of renal IR injury depends on the pro-inflammatory cytokine response. Gd pre-treatment decreases macrophage-derived cytokine secretion and thereby effectively limits the extent of renal IR injury in rats similar to Splx. Further studies needed to define an optimal way of decreasing macrophage-derived cytokine release due to the clinical limitations of Gd.
authors.affiliation: Haydarpasa Numune Research and Training Hospital, 1st General Surgery Clinic, Istanbul, Turkey. drvmelihkara@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Melih
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kara
authors.forename: Gurkan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tellioglu
authors.forename: Ozer
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Sehirli
authors.forename: Murat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yildar
authors.forename: Osman
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Krand
authors.forename: Ibrahim
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Berber
authors.forename: Sule
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cetinel
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Eren
authors.forename: Göksel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sener
authors.forename: Izzet
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Titiz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005682:Gadolinium / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013156:Splenectomy
chemical_list: D005682:Gadolinium