title: Trends in 10-year predicted risk of cardiovascular disease in the United States, 1976 to 2004.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There have been significant bidirectional changes in the prevalence of cardiovascular (CV) risk factors over time in the United States, making the net trend in risk for incident CV disease unknown. We assessed these trends by applying the Framingham Heart Study prediction model to national data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) II (1976-1980), NHANES III (1988-1994), and NHANES 1999-2004 are cross-sectional representative samples of the noninstitutionalized population of the United States. We excluded people with a history of CV disease, pregnant women, participants with missing CV risk factors data, and individuals outside the Framingham age range of 30 to 74 years. The Framingham risk function was used to estimate the 10-year risk for incident symptomatic CV disease. We calculated the slope of change or rate of change per year between NHANES II and III, and between NHANES III and 1999-2004. The difference between slopes was calculated and compared to zero. The average age-adjusted 10-year CV risk between NHANES II and III decreased from 10.0% to 7.9% between NHANES II and III, with a statistically significant slope (P<0.001). However, the average age-adjusted CV risk decreased at a lesser magnitude between NHANES III and NHANES 1999-2004 from 7.9% to 7.4% (P<0.001). These slopes were significantly different (P<0.0001). In women and middle-aged participants, CV risk did not change between NHANES III and NHANES 1999-2004 (P=0.40).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The estimated net risk for CV disease in the US population decreased from 1976-1980 to 1988-1994 but has changed minimally from 1988-1994 to 1999-2004, particularly in women and middle-aged people.
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA. lopez@mayo.edu
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lopez-Jimenez
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Batsis
authors.forename: Véronique L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Roger
authors.forename: Lee
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Brekke
authors.forename: Henry H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Ting
authors.forename: Virend K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Somers
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000453:epidemiology; D006949:Hyperlipidemias / Q000453:epidemiology; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology