title: Wound botulism in injection drug users: time to antitoxin correlates with intensive care unit length of stay.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to identify factors associated with need for mechanical ventilation (MV), length of intensive care unit (ICU) stay, length of hospital stay, and poor outcome in injection drug users (IDUs) with wound botulism (WB).
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a retrospective review of WB patients admitted between 1991-2005. IDUs were included if they had symptoms of WB and diagnostic confirmation. Primary outcome variables were the need for MV, length of ICU stay, length of hospital stay, hospital-related complications, and death.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-nine patients met inclusion criteria. Twenty-two (76%) admitted to heroin use only and seven (24%) admitted to heroin and methamphetamine use. Chief complaints on initial presentation included visual changes, 13 (45%); weakness, nine (31%); and difficulty swallowing, seven (24%). Skin wounds were documented in 22 (76%). Twenty-one (72%) patients underwent mechanical ventilation (MV). Antitoxin (AT) was administered to 26 (90%) patients but only two received antitoxin in the emergency department (ED). The time from ED presentation to AT administration was associated with increased length of ICU stay (Regression coefficient = 2.5; 95% CI 0.45, 4.5). The time from ED presentation to wound drainage was also associated with increased length of ICU stay (Regression coefficient = 13.7; 95% CI = 2.3, 25.2). There was no relationship between time to antibiotic administration and length of ICU stay.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MV and prolonged ICU stays are common in patients identified with WB. Early AT administration and wound drainage are recommended as these measures may decrease ICU length of stay.
authors.affiliation: Kaiser Permanente South Sacramento Medical Center, Department of Emergency Medicine, Sacramento, CA.
authors.forename: Steven R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Offerman
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schaefer
authors.forename: Joseph G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Thundiyil
authors.forename: Matthew D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: James F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Holmes