title: Body image, disordered eating, and anabolic steroids in male bodybuilders: current versus former users.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine body image, disordered eating, and psychological characteristics typically observed in people with eating disorders in current, former, and nonsteroid-using male bodybuilders.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty bodybuilders recruited from local gymnasia completed anonymous questionnaires designed to assess eating attitudes, body image, weight and shape preoccupation, and general psychological characteristics. Ten subjects were classified as currently using anabolic-androgenic steroids, 12 were former users, and 28 had never used steroids.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with former users and non-users, current steroid users reported higher scores on weight and shape preoccupation, body dissatisfaction, drive for increased muscle tone, depression, ineffectiveness, perfectionism, and interpersonal distrust. No differences emerged between former users and non-users.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Current but not previous anabolic-androgenic steroids use is associated with considerable body image disturbance, eating-related psychopathology, and poorer psychological adjustment. Theoretical and clinical implications of these findings are discussed.
authors.affiliation: CHEO Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. ggoldfield@cheo.on.ca
authors.forename: Gary S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Goldfield
authors.forename: D Blake
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Woodside
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D045930:Anabolic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001827:Body Height; D001828:Body Image; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D004300:Doping in Sports / Q000523:psychology; D015444:Exercise / Q000523:psychology*; D001068:Feeding and Eating Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009864:Ontario / Q000453:epidemiology; D013256:Steroids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014891:Weight Lifting / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: D045930:Anabolic Agents; D013256:Steroids