title: Systematic review on the association between calcification in carotid plaques and clinical ischemic symptoms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The association between carotid plaque calcification and clinical ischemic events is unclear. The aim of this study was to systematically review published studies comparing degree of calcification between clinically symptomatic and asymptomatic plaques.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic search for relevant studies was performed in the PubMed/MEDLINE and Embase databases. For studies reporting a rating scale or a continuous measure of calcification, study-specific and pooled standardized mean differences (SMDs) between symptomatic and asymptomatic plaques were calculated. For studies reporting a dichotomous measure, study-specific and pooled odds ratios (ORs) were calculated. If no significant heterogeneity was present (I(2) <or=50%), a fixed-effects pooling model was used. If significant heterogeneity was present (I(2) >50%), a random-effects pooling model was used, and sources of heterogeneity were explored by subgroup analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 24 studies included in this systematic review used a wide range of methodologies to quantify degree of calcification and a wide range of definitions to define clinically symptomatic and asymptomatic carotid plaques. Pooled fixed-effects SMD of calcification volume or weight between symptomatic and asymptomatic plaques was -0.425 (95% confidence interval [CI], -0.608 to -0.241); I(2) = 39.3%. Pooled random-effects SMD of calcification percentage was -0.997 (95% CI, -1.793 to -0.200); I(2) = 93.8. Subgroup analyses did not reveal homogeneous subgroups. Pooled fixed-effects OR for the association between high degree of plaque calcification and symptoms was 0.696 (95% CI, 0.528 to 0.918); I(2) = 21.1%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this systematic review suggest that clinically symptomatic plaques have a lower degree of calcification than asymptomatic plaques. Assessment of degree of carotid plaque calcification may be useful to predict which plaques will cause cerebrovascular ischemic events.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands. rmkwee@gmail.com
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Kwee
mesh_terms: D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology; D018450:Disease Progression; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D016017:Odds Ratio; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index