title: Electron transfer properties and hydrogen peroxide electrocatalysis of cytochrome c variants at positions 67 and 80.
abstract: Replacement of the axial Met80 heme ligand in electrode-immobilized cytochrome c with a noncoordinating Ala residue and alteration of the hydrogen bonding network in the region nearby following substitution of Tyr67 were investigated as effectors of the thermodynamics and kinetics of the protein-electrode electron transfer (ET) and the heme-mediated electrocatalytic reduction of H(2)O(2). To this end, the voltammetry of the Met80Ala, Met80Ala/Tyr67His, and Met80Ala/Tyr67Ala variants of yeast iso-1-cytochrome c chemisorbed on carboxyalkanethiol self-assembled monolayers was measured at varying temperature and hydrogen peroxide concentration. The thermodynamic study shows that insertion of His and Ala residues in place of Tyr67 results mainly in differences in protein-solvent interactions at the heme crevice with no relevant effects on the E degrees' values at pH 7, which for single and double variants range from approximately -0.200 to -0.220 V (vs SHE). On the contrary, both double variants show much lower ET rates compared to Met80Ala, most likely as a consequence of a change in the ET pathways. In the present nondenaturing immobilizing conditions, and with hydrogen peroxide concentrations in the micromolar range, the variants catalyze H(2)O(2) reduction at the electrode, whereas wild-type cytochrome c does not. H(2)O(2) electrocatalysis occurs with an efficient mechanism likely involving a fast catalase-like process followed by electrocatalytic reduction of the resulting dioxygen at the electrode. Comparison of Met80Ala/Tyr67His with Met80Ala/Tyr67Ala shows that the presence of a general acid-base residue for H(2)O(2) recognition and binding through H-bonding in the distal heme site is a key requisite for the reductive turnover of this substrate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 183, I-41100 Modena, Italy.
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Casalini
authors.forename: Gianantonio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Battistuzzi
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Borsari
authors.forename: Carlo Augusto
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Bortolotti
authors.forename: Giulia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Di Rocco
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ranieri
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sola
mesh_terms: D019943:Amino Acid Substitution; D002384:Catalysis; D045304:Cytochromes c / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics; D055664:Electrochemical Techniques; D004579:Electron Transport; D006418:Heme / Q000737:chemistry; D006860:Hydrogen Bonding; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000737:chemistry*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007700:Kinetics; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D013816:Thermodynamics
chemical_list: D006418:Heme; D045304:Cytochromes c; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide