title: The chicken Z chromosome is enriched for genes with preferential expression in ovarian somatic cells.
abstract: Theory predicts that sexually antagonistic mutations will be over- or under-represented on the X and Z chromosomes, depending on their average dominance coefficients. However, as little is known about the dominance coefficients for new mutations, the effect of sexually antagonistic selection is difficult to predict. To elucidate the role of sexually antagonistic selection in the evolution of Z chromosome gene content in chicken, we analyzed publicly available microarray data from several somatic tissues as well as somatic and germ cells of the ovary. We found that the Z chromosome is enriched for genes showing preferential expression in ovarian somatic cells, but not for genes with preferential expression in primary oocytes or non-sex-specific somatic tissues. Our results suggest that sexual antagonism leads to a higher abundance of female-benefit alleles on the Z chromosome. No bias toward Z-linkage for oocyte-enriched genes can be explained by lower intensity of sexually antagonistic selection in ovarian germ cells compared to ovarian somatic cells. An alternative explanation would be that meiotic Z chromosome inactivation hinders accumulation of oocyte-expressed genes on the Z chromosome. Our results are consistent with findings in mammals and indicate that recessive rather than dominant sexually antagonistic mutations shape the gene content of the X and Z chromosomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, Charles University in Prague, Vinicná 7, 128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Libor
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mořkovský
authors.forename: Radka
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Storchová
authors.forename: Jiří
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Plachý
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ivánek
authors.forename: Petr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Divina
authors.forename: Jiří
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hejnar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002645:Chickens / Q000235:genetics*; D030541:Databases, Genetic; D004303:Dosage Compensation, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D006107:Granulosa Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D016014:Linear Models; D008540:Meiosis; D009154:Mutation; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D009866:Oogenesis; D009928:Organ Specificity; D010053:Ovary / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D012641:Selection, Genetic; D012730:Sex Chromosomes / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism