title: Effectiveness of electronic guideline-based implementation systems in ambulatory care settings - a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Electronic guideline-based decision support systems have been suggested to successfully deliver the knowledge embedded in clinical practice guidelines. A number of studies have already shown positive findings for decision support systems such as drug-dosing systems and computer-generated reminder systems for preventive care services.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic literature search (1990 to December 2008) of the English literature indexed in the Medline database, Embase, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and CRD (DARE, HTA and NHS EED databases) was conducted to identify evaluation studies of electronic multi-step guideline implementation systems in ambulatory care settings. Important inclusion criterions were the multidimensionality of the guideline (the guideline needed to consist of several aspects or steps) and real-time interaction with the system during consultation. Clinical decision support systems such as one-time reminders for preventive care for which positive findings were shown in earlier reviews were excluded. Two comparisons were considered: electronic multidimensional guidelines versus usual care (comparison one) and electronic multidimensional guidelines versus other guideline implementation methods (comparison two).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-seven publications were selected for analysis in this systematic review. Most designs were cluster randomized controlled trials investigating process outcomes more than patient outcomes. With success defined as at least 50% of the outcome variables being significant, none of the studies were successful in improving patient outcomes. Only seven of seventeen studies that investigated process outcomes showed improvements in process of care variables compared with the usual care group (comparison one). No incremental effect of the electronic implementation over the distribution of paper versions of the guideline was found, neither for the patient outcomes nor for the process outcomes (comparison two).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is little evidence at the moment for the effectiveness of an increasingly used and commercialized instrument such as electronic multidimensional guidelines. After more than a decade of development of numerous electronic systems, research on the most effective implementation strategy for this kind of guideline-based decision support systems is still lacking. This conclusion implies a considerable risk towards inappropriate investments in ineffective implementation interventions and in suboptimal care.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 35 blok d, 3000 Leuven, Belgium. annemie.heselmans@med.kuleuven.be
authors.forename: Annemie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Heselmans
authors.forename: Stijn
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Van de Velde
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Donceel
authors.forename: Bert
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Aertgeerts
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ramaekers