title: Photodynamic therapy induces selective extravasation of macromolecules: Insights using intravital microscopy.
abstract: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) with Visudyne acts by direct cellular phototoxicity and/or by an indirect vascular-mediated effect. Here, we demonstrate that the vessel integrity interruption by PDT can promote the extravasation of a macromolecular agent in normal tissue. To obtain extravasation in normal tissue PDT conditions were one order of magnitude more intensive than the ones in tissue containing neovessels reported in the literature. Fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran (FITC-D, 2000 kDa), a macromolecular agent, was intravenously injected 10 min before (LK0 group, n=14) or 2h (LK2 group, n=16) after Visudyne-mediated PDT in nude mice bearing a dorsal skin fold chamber. Control animals had no PDT (CTRL group, n=8). The extravasation of FITC-D from blood vessels in striated muscle tissue was observed in both groups in real-time for up to 2500 s after injection. We also monitored PDT-induced leukocyte rolling in vivo and assessed, by histology, the corresponding inflammatory reaction score in the dorsal skin fold chambers. In all animals, at the applied PDT conditions, FITC-D extravasation was significantly enhanced in the PDT-treated areas as compared to the surrounding non-treated areas (p<0.0001). There was no FITC-D leakage in the control animals. Animals from the LK0 group had significantly less FITC-D extravasation than those from the LK2 group (p=0.0002). In the LK0 group FITC-D leakage correlated significantly with the inflammation (p<0.001). At the selected conditions, Visudyne-mediated PDT promotes vascular leakage and FITC-D extravasation into the interstitial space of normal tissue. The intensity of vascular leakage depends on the time interval between PDT and FITC-D injection. This concept could be used to locally modulate the delivery of macromolecules in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Medical Photonics Group, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Debefve
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Schaefer
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: J-P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Ballini
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: van den Bergh
authors.forename: H-A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Lehr
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ruffieux
authors.forename: H-B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Ris
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Krueger
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D003911:Dextrans / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism*; D005119:Extravasation of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Materials; D016650:Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism*; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000528:radiation effects; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D010778:Photochemotherapy; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D011166:Porphyrins / Q000494:pharmacology; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D000077362:Verteporfin
chemical_list: D003911:Dextrans; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents; D011166:Porphyrins; C015219:fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran; D000077362:Verteporfin; D016650:Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate