title: A comparison of laparoscopic and robotic assisted suturing performance by experts and novices.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Surgical robotics has been promoted as an enabling technology. This study tests the hypothesis that use of the robotic surgical system can significantly improve technical ability by comparing the performance of both experts and novices on a complex laparoscopic task and a robotically assisted task.
  
  
  METHODS
  Laparoscopic experts (LE) with substantial laparoscopic and robotic experience (n = 9) and laparoscopic novices (LN) (n = 20) without any robotic experience performed sequentially 10 trials of a suturing task using either robotic or standard laparoscopic instrumentation fitted to the ProMIS surgical simulator. Objective performance metrics provided by ProMIS (total task time, instrument pathlength, and smoothness) and an assessment of learning curves were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with LNs, the LEs demonstrated significantly better performance on all assessment measures. Within the LE group, there was no difference in smoothness (328 +/- 159 vs 355 +/- 174; P = .09) between robot-assisted and standard laparoscopic tasks. An improvement was noted in total task time (113 +/- 41 vs 132 +/- 55 sec; P < .05) and instrument pathlengths (371 +/- 163 vs 645 +/- 269 cm; P < .05) when using the robot. This advantage in terms of total task time, however, was lost among the LEs by the last 3 trials (114 +/- 40 vs 118 +/- 49 s; P = .84), while instrument pathlength remained better consistently throughout all the trials. For the LNs, performance was significantly better in the robotic trials on all 3 measures throughout all the trials.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ProMIS surgical simulator was able to distinguish between skill levels (expert versus novice) on robotic suturing tasks, suggesting that the ProMIS is a valid tool for measuring skill in robot-assisted surgery. For all the ProMIS metrics, novices demonstrated consistently better performance on a suturing task using robotics as compared to a standard laparoscopic setup. This effect was less evident for experts who demonstrated improvements only in their economy of movement (pathlength), but not in the speed or smoothness of performance. Robotics eliminated the early learning curve for novices, which was present when they used standard laparoscopic tools. Overall, this study suggests that, when performing complex tasks such as knot tying, surgical robotics is most useful for inexperienced laparoscopists who experience an early and persistent enabling effect. For experts, robotics is most useful for improving economy of motion, which may have implications for the highly complex procedures in limited workspaces (eg, prostatectomy).
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Venita
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Chandra
authors.forename: Deepika
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nehra
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Parent
authors.forename: Russell
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Woo
authors.forename: Rosette
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Reyes
authors.forename: Tina
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hernandez-Boussard
authors.forename: Sanjeev
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dutta
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D011361:Professional Competence / Q000592:standards; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012371:Robotics; D013537:Sutures / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis