title: Increased occurrence of dental anomalies associated with infraocclusion of deciduous molars.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the null hypothesis that there is no relationship between infraocclusion and the occurrence of other dental anomalies in subjects selected for clear-cut infraocclusion of one or more deciduous molars.
  
  
  METHODS
  The experimental sample consisted of 99 orthodontic patients (43 from Boston, Mass, United States; 56 from Jerusalem, Israel) with at least one deciduous molar in infraocclusion greater than 1 mm vertical discrepancy, measured from the mesial marginal ridge of the first permanent molar. Panoramic radiographs and dental casts were used to determine the presence of other dental anomalies, including agenesis of permanent teeth, microdontia of maxillary lateral incisors, palatally displaced canines (PDC), and distal angulation of the mandibular second premolars (MnP2-DA). Comparative prevalence reference values were utilized and statistical testing was performed using the chi-square test (P < .05) and odds ratio.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The studied dental anomalies showed two to seven times greater prevalence in the infraocclusion samples, compared with reported prevalence in reference samples. In most cases, the infraoccluded deciduous molar exfoliated eventually and the underlying premolar erupted spontaneously. In some severe phenotypes (10%), the infraoccluded deciduous molar was extracted and space was regained to allow uncomplicated eruption of the associated premolar.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Statistically significant associations were observed between the presence of infraocclusion and the occurrence of tooth agenesis, microdontia of maxillary lateral incisors, PDC, and MnP2-DA. These associations support a hypothesis favoring shared causal genetic factors. Clinically, infraocclusion may be considered an early marker for the development of later appearing dental anomalies, such as tooth agenesis and PDC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel. mshalish@hadassah.org.il
authors.forename: Miriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shalish
authors.forename: Sheldon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Peck
authors.forename: Atalia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wasserstein
authors.forename: Leena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Peck
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000848:Anodontia / Q000453:epidemiology; D001641:Bicuspid / Q000473:pathology; D001900:Boston / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D003481:Cuspid / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007180:Incisor / Q000002:abnormalities; D007557:Israel / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008310:Malocclusion / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003765:Models, Dental; D008963:Molar / Q000473:pathology*; D010641:Phenotype; D015995:Prevalence; D011862:Radiography, Panoramic; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014071:Tooth Abnormalities / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014078:Tooth Eruption / Q000502:physiology; D014079:Tooth Eruption, Ectopic / Q000453:epidemiology; D014094:Tooth, Deciduous / Q000473:pathology*