title: Global transcriptional, physiological, and metabolite analyses of the responses of Desulfovibrio vulgaris hildenborough to salt adaptation.
abstract: The response of Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough to salt adaptation (long-term NaCl exposure) was examined by performing physiological, global transcriptional, and metabolite analyses. Salt adaptation was reflected by increased expression of genes involved in amino acid biosynthesis and transport, electron transfer, hydrogen oxidation, and general stress responses (e.g., heat shock proteins, phage shock proteins, and oxidative stress response proteins). The expression of genes involved in carbon metabolism, cell growth, and phage structures was decreased. Transcriptome profiles of D. vulgaris responses to salt adaptation were compared with transcriptome profiles of D. vulgaris responses to salt shock (short-term NaCl exposure). Metabolite assays showed that glutamate and alanine accumulated under salt adaptation conditions, suggesting that these amino acids may be used as osmoprotectants in D. vulgaris. Addition of amino acids (glutamate, alanine, and tryptophan) or yeast extract to the growth medium relieved salt-related growth inhibition. A conceptual model that links the observed results to currently available knowledge is proposed to increase our understanding of the mechanisms of D. vulgaris adaptation to elevated NaCl levels.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Environmental Genomics and Department of Botany and Microbiology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA.
authors.forename: Zhili
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Aifen
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Baidoo
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Marcin P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Joachimiak
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Benke
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Phan
authors.forename: Aindrila
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mukhopadhyay
authors.forename: Christopher L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Hemme
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Eric J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Alm
authors.forename: Matthew W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Fields
authors.forename: Judy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wall
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Stahl
authors.forename: Terry C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Hazen
authors.forename: Jay D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Keasling
authors.forename: Adam P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Arkin
authors.forename: Jizhong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhou
mesh_terms: D016969:Desulfovibrio vulgaris / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; D055442:Metabolome; D008954:Models, Biological; D012492:Salts / Q000378:metabolism*; D013312:Stress, Physiological
chemical_list: D012492:Salts