title: Distinguishing features of cuban children referred for professional help because of ADHD: looking beyond the symptoms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To distinguish Cuban children clinically referred because of ADHD from an at-risk community sample and a community control group in terms of symptoms, associated difficulties and impairment of family and peer relations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Parents and teachers of 1,036 children (6-8 years old) completed an established ADHD rating scale and a behavioral screening measure, including peer functioning.We also administered a structured clinical interview and measures of family impairment to the clinical sample and to an at-risk community-based subsample.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although both clinical and at-risk groups displayed more externalizing and internalizing symptoms than controls, referred children were not only characterized by higher levels of ADHD symptoms, but also by greater impairment of family and peer relations than at-risk community children or community controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings suggest that ADHD has major consequences on the family and peer functioning of Cuban children, which may lead to their referral for treatment.
authors.affiliation: University of Ottawa, Canada. barry@uottawa.ca
authors.forename: Barry H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: Sébastien
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Normand
authors.forename: Maria Del Pilar
authors.initials: Mdel P
authors.lastname: Soteras de Toro
authors.forename: Yorkys
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Santana Gonzalez
authors.forename: Jorge Antonio
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Guilarte Téllez
authors.forename: Migdalia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Carbonell Naranjo
authors.forename: Miriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Musle
authors.forename: Félix Javier
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Díaz Socarras
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Robaey
mesh_terms: D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D002677:Chile; D003462:Cuba / Q000208:ethnology; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D010379:Peer Group; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D012919:Social Behavior