title: Viral sanctuaries during highly active antiretroviral therapy in a nonhuman primate model for AIDS.
abstract: Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) enables long-term suppression of plasma HIV-1 loads in infected persons, but low-level virus persists and rebounds following cessation of therapy. During HAART, this virus resides in latently infected cells, such as resting CD4(+) T cells, and in other cell types that may support residual virus replication. Therapeutic eradication will require elimination of virus from all reservoirs. We report here a comprehensive analysis of these reservoirs in fluids, cells, and tissues in a rhesus macaque model that mimics HAART in HIV-infected humans. This nonhuman primate model uses RT-SHIV, a chimera of simian immunodeficiency virus containing the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT). Methods were developed for extraction, preamplification, and real-time PCR analyses of viral DNA (vDNA) and viral RNA (vRNA) in tissues from RT-SHIV-infected macaques. These methods were used to identify viral reservoirs in RT-SHIV-infected macaques treated with a potent HAART regimen consisting of efavirenz, emtricitabine, and tenofovir. Plasma virus loads at necropsy ranged from 11 to 28 copies of vRNA per ml. Viral RNA and DNA were detected during HAART, in tissues from numerous anatomical locations. Additional analysis provided evidence for full-length viral RNA in tissues of animals with virus suppressed by HAART. The highest levels of vDNA and vRNA in HAART-treated macaques were in lymphoid tissues, particularly the spleen, lymph nodes, and gastrointestinal tract tissues. This study is the first comprehensive analysis of the tissue and organ distribution of a primate AIDS virus during HAART. These data demonstrate widespread persistence of residual virus in tissues during HAART.
authors.affiliation: Center for Comparative Medicine, Department of Veterinary Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA. twnorth@ucdavis.edu
authors.forename: Thomas W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: North
authors.forename: Joanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Higgins
authors.forename: Jesse D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Deere
authors.forename: Timothy L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Hayes
authors.forename: Andradi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Villalobos
authors.forename: Lourdes
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Adamson
authors.forename: Barbara L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Shacklett
authors.forename: Raymond F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Schinazi
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Luciw
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology / Q000821:virology; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000378:metabolism; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015302:Simian Immunodeficiency Virus / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D019562:Viral Load; D017735:Virus Latency / Q000187:drug effects*; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D004279:DNA, Viral; D012367:RNA, Viral; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; C514824:reverse transcriptase, Human immunodeficiency virus 1; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase