title: Influence of fines on the surface energy heterogeneity of lactose for pulmonary drug delivery.
abstract: The effects of the blending of lactose fines to the overall adhesion property of coarse alpha-lactose monohydrate carrier particles were investigated. Five samples, three of them commercial samples from DOMO (Lactohale) LH100, LH210, and LH250) whilst the other two are blends of LH210 and LH250, were studied. Characterisation included particle sizing, SEM, PXRD and IGC. Dispersive surface energy gamma(SV)(d) was determined using a finite concentration IGC method to obtain a distribution profile. The gamma(SV)(d) distribution of lactose crystals was found to vary from 40 to 48mJ/m(2). The unmilled coarse crystalline lactose sample (LH100) gamma(SV)(d) was lowest and showed less heterogeneity than the milled sample (LH250). Fines (LH210) were found to have the highest gamma(SV)(d) value. The samples with loaded LH210 were found to have a higher energy than LH100. The amount of LH210 in Blend 1 was not able to decrease surface energy heterogeneity, whereas sample Blend 2 showed adequate loading of fines to obtain a relatively homogeneous surface. Addition of fines resulted in an increase in gamma(SV)(d), suggesting that coarse lactose surfaces were replaced by surfaces of the fines. Increasing the loading of fines may result in a more homogeneous surface energy of lactose particles.
authors.affiliation: Surfaces and Particle Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Raimundo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: Adrian S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Muresan
authors.forename: Gerald A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Hebbink
authors.forename: Jerry Y Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Heng
mesh_terms: D000268:Adhesiveness; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods; D002849:Chromatography, Gas / Q000379:methods; D003460:Crystallization; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000737:chemistry*; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D007785:Lactose / Q000737:chemistry*; D008168:Lung / Q000378:metabolism; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010316:Particle Size; D033362:Powder Diffraction
chemical_list: D004337:Drug Carriers; D007785:Lactose