title: Effect of the mechanical activation on size reduction of crystalline acetaminophen drug particles.
abstract: The decrease in particle size may offer new properties to drugs. In this study, we investigated the size reduction influence of the acetaminophen (C(8)H(9)O(2)N) particles by mechanical activation using a dry ball mill. The activated samples with the average size of 1 microm were then investigated in different time periods with the infrared (IR), inductively coupled plasma (ICP), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) methods. The results of the IR and XRD images showed no change in the drug structure after the mechanical activation of all samples. With the peak height at full width at half maximum from XRD and the Scherrer equation, the size of the activated crystallite samples illustrated that the AFM images were in sound agreement with the Scherrer equation. According to the peaks of the AFM images, the average size of the particles in 30 hours of activation was 24 nm with a normal particle distribution. The ICP analysis demonstrated the presence of tungsten carbide particle impurities after activation from the powder sample impacting with the ball and jar. The greatest reduction in size was after milling for 30 hours.
authors.affiliation: Chemistry Department, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon Branch, Mazandaran, Iran. e.biazar@srbiau.ac.ir
authors.forename: Esmaeil
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Biazar
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Beitollahi
authors.forename: S Mehdi
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Rezayat
authors.forename: Tahmineh
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Forati
authors.forename: Azadeh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Asefnejad
authors.forename: Mehdi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rahimi
authors.forename: Reza
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zeinali
authors.forename: Mahmoud
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ardeshir
authors.forename: Farhad
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hatamjafari
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sahebalzamani
authors.forename: Majid
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heidari
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000737:chemistry*; D003460:Crystallization / Q000379:methods*; D004339:Drug Compounding / Q000379:methods; D008422:Materials Testing; D008968:Molecular Conformation; D050997:Nanomedicine / Q000379:methods*; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D010316:Particle Size; D011208:Powders; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D011208:Powders; D000082:Acetaminophen