title: Indices of obesity and cardiovascular risk factors in British women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Obesity increases cardiovascular risk through effects on blood pressure, lipoproteins, coagulation factors and inflammatory cytokines, but in women variation in fat distribution complicates these relationships. Central (male-type or visceral) obesity confers greater risk than the more generalised (female) type. This is recognised by the metabolic syndrome which employs waist circumference rather than body mass index (BMI). We examined the relationships of several indices of fat distribution with cardiovascular risk factors in a large cohort of UK women.
  
  
  METHODS
  13,389 female department store employees aged 30-65 years not receiving exogenous hormones completed a health questionnaire. Their blood pressure, weight, height, waist and hip circumference, serum cholesterol low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides, C-reactive protein (CRP) and plasma fibrinogen were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a progressive rise in blood pressure, total cholesterol, LDL-C, triglycerides, fibrinogen and CRP with age. After adjustment for these age effects, BMI was most closely related to blood pressure, whereas the waist to height ratio (WHTR) correlated more closely with the other risk factors than BMI, waist circumference or waist to hip ratio (WHPR).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inclusion of height in the definition of metabolic syndrome will produce a clearer association between waist circumference and cardiovascular risk factors. Hypertension may be linked to the metabolic syndrome by its association with general obesity rather than specifically by central obesity.
authors.affiliation: School of Clinical and Laboratory Sciences, University of Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: See
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kwok
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: McElduff
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Ashton
authors.forename: Gordon D O
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Lowe
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: Stephen E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Humphries
authors.forename: Valentine
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Charlton-Menys
authors.forename: Paul N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Durrington
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D005340:Fibrinogen / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000097:blood; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology; D049629:Waist-Hip Ratio
chemical_list: D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; D014280:Triglycerides; D005340:Fibrinogen; D002097:C-Reactive Protein