title: Prospective cardiopulmonary screening program to detect chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension in patients after acute pulmonary embolism.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension after pulmonary embolism is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Understanding the incidence of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension after pulmonary embolism is important for evaluating the need for screening but is also a subject of debate because of different inclusion criteria among previous studies. We determined the incidence of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension after acute pulmonary embolism and the utility of a screening program for this disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a cohort screening study in an unselected series of consecutive patients (n=866) diagnosed with acute pulmonary embolism between January 2001 and July 2007. All patients who had not been previously diagnosed with pulmonary hypertension (PH) and had survived until study inclusion were invited for echocardiography. Patients with echocardiographic suspicion of PH underwent complete work-up for chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension, including ventilation-perfusion scintigraphy and right heart catheterization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After an average follow-up of 34 months of all 866 patients, PH was diagnosed in 19 patients by routine clinical care and in 10 by our screening program; 4 patients had chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension, all diagnosed by routine clinical care. The cumulative incidence of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension after all cause pulmonary embolism was 0.57% (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.02-1.2%) and after unprovoked pulmonary embolism 1.5% (95% CI 0.08-3.1%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because of the low incidence of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension after pulmonary embolism and the very low yield of the echocardiography based screening program, wide scale implementation of prolonged follow-up including echocardiography of all patients with pulmonary embolism to detect chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension does not seem to be warranted.
authors.affiliation: Section of Vascular Medicine, Department of General Internal Medicine-Endocrinology, LUMC, Leiden, the Netherlands. F.A.Klok@LUMC.nl
authors.forename: Frederikus A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Klok
authors.forename: Klaas W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: van Kralingen
authors.forename: Arie P J
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: van Dijk
authors.forename: Fenna H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Heyning
authors.forename: Hubert W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Vliegen
authors.forename: Menno V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Huisman
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002908:Chronic Disease; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006976:Hypertension, Pulmonary / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011655:Pulmonary Embolism / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome