title: Noninvasive brain stimulation with high-frequency and low-intensity repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to investigate the efficacy of 20 Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of either right or left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) as compared to sham rTMS for the relief of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)-associated symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this double-blind, placebo-controlled phase II trial conducted between October 2005 and July 2008, 30 patients with DSM-IV-diagnosed PTSD were randomly assigned to receive 1 of the following treatments: active 20 Hz rTMS of the right DLPFC, active 20 Hz rTMS of the left DLPFC, or sham rTMS. Treatments were administered in 10 daily sessions over 2 weeks. A blinded rater assessed severity of core PTSD symptoms, depression, and anxiety before, during, and after completion of the treatment protocol. In addition, a battery of neuropsychological tests was measured before and after treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results show that both active conditions-20 Hz rTMS of left and right DLPFC-induced a significant decrease in PTSD symptoms as indexed by the PTSD Checklist and Treatment Outcome PTSD Scale; however, right rTMS induced a larger effect as compared to left rTMS. In addition, there was a significant improvement of mood after left rTMS and a significant reduction of anxiety following right rTMS. Improvements in PTSD symptoms were long lasting; effects were still significant at the 3-month follow-up. Finally, neuropsychological evaluation showed that active 20 Hz rTMS is not associated with cognitive worsening and is safe for use in patients with PTSD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results support the notion that modulation of prefrontal cortex can alleviate the core symptoms of PTSD and suggest that high-frequency rTMS of right DLPFC might be the optimal treatment strategy.
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Distúrbios do Desenvolvimento e Núcleo de Neurociências do Comportamento, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Paulo Sergio
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Boggio
authors.forename: Martha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rocha
authors.forename: Maira Okada
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.forename: Shirley
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fecteau
authors.forename: Roni B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Camila
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Campanhã
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ferreira-Santos
authors.forename: Alexandrina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Meleiro
authors.forename: Felipe
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Corchs
authors.forename: Soroush
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zaghi
authors.forename: Alvaro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pascual-Leone
authors.forename: Felipe
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fregni
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D057189:Checklist / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000502:physiology; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011594:Psychometrics; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D011619:Psychotropic Drugs