title: Sucking patterns in fullterm infants between birth and 10 weeks of age.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Coordinating sucking, swallowing and breathing to achieve effective sucking is a complex process and even though sucking is essential for nutrition, little is known about sucking patterns after birth. Our objective was to study sucking patterns in healthy fullterm infants and to describe the age-specific variations.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied the sucking patterns of 30 healthy, fullterm infants longitudinally from 2 or 3 days after birth to 10 weeks of age. During this time we recorded five to seven feeding episodes that we assessed off-line with the Neonatal Oral-Motor Assessment Scale (NOMAS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found a normal sucking pattern on the second or third day after birth in 27 out of 30 infants. During the following weeks we found abnormal sucking patterns in 23 out of 171 feeding episodes (14%) and normal patterns in 148 episodes (86%). Altogether, between 38 and 50 weeks' postmenstrual age (10 weeks after birth), 10 infants displayed a deviating, arrhythmical sucking pattern. Dysfunctional sucking patterns and problems of coordinating sucking, swallowing and breathing did not occur. Birth weight, gestational age, type of labour and gender did not influence sucking patterns. Arrhythmical sucking was seen more often in bottle-fed infants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study demonstrated that practically all healthy fullterm infants started off with a normal sucking pattern soon after birth. One-third of the infants displayed one or more deviating episodes up to the age of 10 weeks. Apart from bottle-feeding, no other factors were found that influenced sucking patterns.
authors.affiliation: Research and Innovation Group in Health Care and Nursing, Hanze University, Applied Sciences, Groningen, The Netherlands. s.p.da.costa@pl.hanze.nl
authors.forename: Saakje P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: da Costa
authors.forename: Cees P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: van der Schans
authors.forename: Sarai R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Boelema
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: van der Meij
authors.forename: Mieke A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Boerman
authors.forename: Arend F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Bos
mesh_terms: D001903:Bottle Feeding; D001942:Breast Feeding; D002657:Child Development; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000145:classification*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D013391:Sucking Behavior / Q000145:classification*