title: Disgust affects TNF-alpha, IL-6 and noradrenalin levels in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder.
abstract: Neurobiological research of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has rarely taken in account the context dependent evocation of obsessive-compulsive symptoms. To bypass this obstacle, this study investigated neurobiological parameters during a standardized disgust provocation paradigm in patients with OCD and healthy controls. Ten OCD patients and 10 healthy controls were exposed to 9 disgust related items using a standardized provocation paradigm. Catecholamines and cortisol in plasma and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated levels of TNF-alpha and IL-6 by peripheral leucocytes were assessed along with severity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms, disgust, and anxiety levels using Visual Analogue Scales prior, during and after a provocation paradigm. Noradrenalin levels increased, while LPS stimulated TNF-alpha and IL-6 by peripheral leucocytes decreased during exposure to disgust related objects in OCD patients but not in healthy controls. Cortisol levels were not affected by exposure neither in patients nor in controls, but overall cortisol levels of OCD patients were increased compared to controls. In conclusion, our data suggests that symptom provocation in OCD patients with contamination fear is accompanied by alterations in the immune and neuroendocrine systems but does not affect cortisol levels.
authors.affiliation: The Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands. s.fluitman@umcutrecht.nl
authors.forename: Sjoerd B A H A
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Fluitman
authors.forename: Damiaan A J P
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Denys
authors.forename: Cobi J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Heijnen
authors.forename: Herman G M
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Westenberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004644:Emotions; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000097:blood*; D009771:Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder / Q000097:blood*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D006854:Hydrocortisone; D009638:Norepinephrine; D004837:Epinephrine