title: Revisiting the supernumerary: the epidemiological and molecular basis of extra teeth.
abstract: Supernumerary teeth are a common clinical and radiographic finding and may produce occlusal and dental problems. The aetiological basis of extra teeth is poorly understood in human populations; however, the mouse provides a useful model system to investigate the complex genetics of tooth development. This article describes recent advances in our understanding of the genetic basis of supernumerary teeth. We have reviewed biological evidence that provides insight into why supernumerary tooth formation may occur. Indeed, many of the molecular signalling pathways known to be involved in normal development of the tooth germ can also give rise to additional teeth if inappropriately regulated. These include components of the Hedgehog, FGF, Wnt, TNF and BMP families, which provide a useful resource of candidate genes that may potentially play a role in human supernumerary tooth formation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, East Kent Hospitals NHS Trust, London.
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Fleming
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Xavier
authors.forename: A T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: DiBiase
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Cobourne
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors / Q000235:genetics; D053823:Hedgehog Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D009805:Odontogenesis / Q000235:genetics; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics; D014096:Tooth, Supernumerary / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D048069:Tumor Necrosis Factors / Q000235:genetics; D051153:Wnt Proteins / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D053823:Hedgehog Proteins; D048069:Tumor Necrosis Factors; D051153:Wnt Proteins; D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors