title: Fiber intake, not dietary energy density, is associated with subsequent change in BMI z-score among sub-groups of children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Results from short-term studies demonstrate that energy density influences energy intake, but in children and adolescents the long-term effects of energy density and obesity development are sparse. We examined the longitudinal relationship between dietary energy density, fiber intake, and body weight change over 3 years among Danish children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multiple regression analyses were performed using anthropometric and dietary data of 398 boys and girls (8-10 years) who were enrolled in 1997/1998 and followed up in 2000/2001. Validated 24-hour recall interviews were conducted in order to collect dietary energy intake. Overweight was defined as 1.05 SD, equivalent to the 85th percentile, of age- and sex-specific BMI z-score reference values.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An inverse association between fiber intake and subsequent excess weight gain was observed among the normal weight boys. In overweight boys, there was a direct association with excess weight gain. A high energy intake was associated with a higher weight gain among overweight than among normal-weight boys. No significant association between dietary energy density and subsequent excess weight change was seen. The prevalence of overweight increased from 27.1 to 29.9%. Mean Deltaz-score was +0.1 and +0.4 for boys and girls, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dietary energy density was not associated with 3-year weight gain in boys and girls. Only energy and fiber intakes were related to weight gain, but in different ways for subgroups of normal-weight and overweight boys.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Preventive Medicine, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Sofia I Iqbal
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Kring
authors.forename: Berit L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Heitmann
mesh_terms: D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D003718:Denmark / Q000453:epidemiology; D004032:Diet; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002149:Energy Intake; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology; D050177:Overweight / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015430:Weight Gain
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats; D004043:Dietary Fiber