title: Regulation of Sox9 by Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) is essential for patterning and formation of tracheal cartilage.
abstract: We report that Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) regulates both formation and patterning of tracheal cartilage by controlling the expression pattern and level of the chondrogenic gene, Sox9. In Shh(-/-) tracheo-esophageal tubes, Sox9 expression is transient and not restricted ventrally to the site of chondrogenesis, and is absent at the time of chondrogenesis, resulting in the failure of tracheal cartilage formation. Inhibition of Hedgehog signalling with cyclopamine in tracheal cultures prevents tracheal cartilage formation, while treatment of Shh(-/-) tracheal explant with exogenous Shh peptide rescues cartilage formation. Both exogenous Bmp4 and Noggin rescue cartilage phenotype in Shh(-/-) tracheal culture, while promoting excessive cartilage development in wild-type trachea through induction of Sox9 expression. The ventral and segmented expression of Sox9 in tracheal primordia under Shh modulated by Bmp4 and Noggin thus determine where and when tracheal cartilage develops. These results indicate that Shh signalling is a critical determinant in tracheal cartilage development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada. jinhyung.park@utoronto.ca
authors.forename: Jinhyung
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Jennifer J R
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moro
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kushida
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wegner
authors.forename: Peter C W
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D055415:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4 / Q000378:metabolism; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D020219:Chondrogenesis; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D053823:Hedgehog Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D051741:Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D007817:Laryngeal Cartilages / Q000196:embryology*; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D055758:SOX9 Transcription Factor / Q000378:metabolism*; D000071676:Zinc Finger Protein GLI1; D000099176:Noggin Protein
chemical_list: D055415:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D053823:Hedgehog Proteins; D051741:Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors; D055758:SOX9 Transcription Factor; D000071676:Zinc Finger Protein GLI1; D000099176:Noggin Protein; C525810:Bmp4 protein, mouse; C498520:Gli1 protein, mouse; C465570:Shh protein, mouse; C527933:Sox9 protein, mouse