title: Pregnancy with epilepsy: obstetric and neonatal outcome of a controlled study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the influence of epilepsy and its treatment on pregnancy and its outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Controlled, observational study.
  
  
  METHODS
  National Health Service maternity hospitals in Liverpool and Manchester regions.
  
  
  METHODS
  277 women with epilepsy (WWE) and 315 control women.
  
  
  METHODS
  WWE were recruited from antenatal clinics. Controls were matched for age and parity but not gestational age. Information was obtained by interview and from clinical records.
  
  
  METHODS
  Obstetric complications, mode of delivery, condition of newborn.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Distribution of epilepsy syndromes was similar to previous surveys. Most WWE (67%) received monotherapy with carbamazepine, sodium valproate or lamotrigine. Half WWE had no seizures during pregnancy but 34% had tonic clonic seizures. Seizure-related injuries were infrequent. Pregnancies with obstetric complications were increased in women with treated epilepsy (WWTE 45%, controls 33%; p=0.01). Most had normal vaginal delivery (WWTE 63%, controls 61%; p=0.65). Low birth weight was not increased (WWTE 6.2%, controls 5.2%; p=0.69). There were more major congenital malformations (MCM) (WWTE 6.6%, controls 2.1%; p=0.02) and fetal/infant deaths (WWTE 2.2%, controls 0.3%; p=0.09). Amongst monotherapies MCM prevalence was highest with valproate (11.3%; p=0.005). Lamotrigine (5.4%; p=0.23) and carbamazepine (3.0%; p=0.65) were closer to controls (2.1%). There was no association between MCM and dose of folic acid pre-conception.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MCM were more prevalent in the babies of WWTE particularly amongst those receiving sodium valproate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetic Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester M13 9WL, UK. gemawer@btinternet.com
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mawer
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Briggs
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bromley
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Coyle
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Eatock
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kerr
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Kini
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kuzmyshcheva
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Lucas
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wyatt
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Clayton-Smith
mesh_terms: D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000209:etiology; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D019370:Observation; D007744:Obstetric Labor Complications / Q000139:chemically induced*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000139:chemically induced*; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants