title: Langerhans cell histiocytosis of the cervical spine: a single Chinese institution experience with thirty cases.
abstract: METHODS
  A retrospective study of cervical Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the safety and efficiency of the present diagnosis and treatment strategy.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The diagnosis and treatment protocols are still controversial for the rarity of cervical LCH.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty patients with cervical LCH were diagnosed in the past 10 years. Biopsy was routinely performed to establish the final diagnosis before treatment. Immobilization was usually the first choice. Low-dose radiotherapy was suggested for cases with solitary marked bony erosion and/or soft tissue extension, and chemotherapy for cases with multiple lesions. Surgery was preserved for suspected malignancy, neurologic deficits, severe deformity, and/or instability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age at diagnosis was 14.2 (range: 1.5-41) years old. Neck pain (96.7%) was the most common symptom, followed by restricted motion (70%), neurologic symptoms (36.7%), and torticollis (30%). Four cases had multiple lesions. Fourteen cases had atlantoaxial lesion and 16 cases were subaxial. The lesion extended to paravertebral soft tissue in 40% cases, to epidural space in 30%, to pedicle and/or transverse process in 56.3%. One case had endplate destruction. The accuracy of percutaneous needle biopsy under CT guidance was 91.2%. Eighteen patients had conservative treatment and 12 underwent operation. Three cases involving C2 vertebral body had fixed atlantoaxial anterior dislocation. Another 3 cases with atlantoaxial lateral mass destruction had spontaneous fusion. Eighteen patients had conservative treatment (1 only by immobilization, 13 by radiotherapy, 2 by chemotherapy, and 2 by combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy) and 12 underwent operation. All the initial symptoms were resolved, and there was no recurrence. From retrospective view, the surgical procedure might be avoided in 60% cases. Twenty-five cases had an average 61.6-month follow-up. In cases with severe bony collapse, the vertebral height ratio increased from 20.0% to 44.9% and the lateral mass height ratio from 22.2% to 56.8%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cervical LCH lesions often extend to paravertebral soft tissue, epidural space, pedicles, and even to the endplate and lamina. Needle biopsy under CT guidance is safe and effective. The prognosis of cervical LCH is generally fair. Conservative treatment is usually enough and surgery should be reserved for major neurologic defects like myelopathy or monoparesis.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Orthopaedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Zhong Jun
authors.initials: ZJ
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Xiao Guang
authors.initials: XG
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Wo Quan
authors.initials: WQ
authors.lastname: Zhong
authors.forename: Qing Jun
authors.initials: QJ
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: Geng Ting
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Dang
authors.forename: Hui Shu
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Yuan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D006646:Histiocytosis, Langerhans-Cell / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008499:Medical Records; D019547:Neck Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D011379:Prognosis; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors; D013122:Spinal Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*; D014103:Torticollis / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D016896:Treatment Outcome