title: Structural differences in adult orbital and ventromedial prefrontal cortex predicted by infant temperament at 4 months of age.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The term temperament refers to a biologically based predilection for a distinctive pattern of emotions, cognitions, and behaviors first observed in infancy or early childhood. High-reactive infants are characterized at age 4 months by vigorous motor activity and crying in response to unfamiliar visual, auditory, and olfactory stimuli, whereas low-reactive infants show low motor activity and low vocal distress to the same stimuli. High-reactive infants are biased to become behaviorally inhibited in the second year of life, defined by timidity with unfamiliar people, objects, and situations. In contrast, low-reactive infants are biased to develop into uninhibited children who spontaneously approach novel situations.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine whether differences in the structure of the ventromedial or orbitofrontal cerebral cortex at age 18 years are associated with high or low reactivity at 4 months of age.
  
  
  METHODS
  Structural magnetic resonance imaging in a cohort of 18-year-olds enrolled in a longitudinal study. Temperament was determined at 4 months of age by direct observation in the laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-six subjects who were high-reactive or low-reactive infants at 4 months of age.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cortical thickness.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adults with a low-reactive infant temperament, compared with those categorized as high reactive, showed greater thickness in the left orbitofrontal cortex. Subjects categorized as high reactive in infancy, compared with those previously categorized as low reactive, showed greater thickness in the right ventromedial prefrontal cortex.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration that temperamental differences measured at 4 months of age have implications for the architecture of human cerebral cortex lasting into adulthood. Understanding the developmental mechanisms that shape these differences may offer new ways to understand mood and anxiety disorders as well as the formation of adult personality.
authors.affiliation: Developmental Neuroimaging and Psychopathology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Psychiatric Neuroscience Program, Bldg 149, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA. carl_schwartz@hms.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Carl E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: Pratap S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Kunwar
authors.forename: Douglas N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Greve
authors.forename: Lyndsey R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Moran
authors.forename: Jane C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Viner
authors.forename: Jennifer M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Covino
authors.forename: Jerome
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kagan
authors.forename: S Evelyn
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.forename: Nancy C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Snidman
authors.forename: Mark G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Vangel
authors.forename: Stuart R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Wallace
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D015415:Biomarkers; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D007223:Infant; D018730:Infant Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D013694:Temperament / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers