title: The natural history of epilepsy in tuberous sclerosis complex.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although epilepsy affects most patients with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), little is known about the natural history of epilepsy in this genetic disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective chart review of all patients with TSC seen between January 2002 and October 2008. Charts were reviewed for a history of infantile spasms (IS), seizure other than IS, refractory epilepsy, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS), anticonvulsant medication use, ages of seizure onset, last seizure, last clinic visit, clinical seizure phenotype(s), cognitive impairment, and genetic mutation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two hundred ninety-one patients were included. Among these patients, 37.8% had a history of IS; 85.2% had a history of seizure; 54.1% developed multiple seizure types, not including IS; 63.2% had seizure onset in the first year of life; and 12.1% of adults without a seizure history developed epilepsy. Of epilepsy patients, 62.5% developed refractory epilepsy and 33.5% achieved epilepsy remission; 37.5% of these patients achieved medication freedom. IS was a risk factor for refractory epilepsy (p<0.0001) and LGS (p<0.0001). History of seizure, IS, age at seizure onset, and refractory epilepsy each correlated with poor cognitive outcome (p<0.0001). Epilepsy remission correlated with better cognitive outcome (p<0.0001). TSC2 was a risk factor for IS and epilepsy; patients without an identified mutation were more likely to achieve remission.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most patients with TSC develop epilepsy and most develop multiple seizure types. Onset typically occurs in the first year of life; however, adults remain at risk. Although refractory epilepsy is common, many patients achieve seizure control. Many features of seizure history are predictive of cognitive and epilepsy outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Catherine J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Chu-Shore
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Major
authors.forename: Susana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Camposano
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Muzykewicz
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Thiele
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014402:Tuberous Sclerosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D055815:Young Adult