title: [Release of nickel from orthodontic appliances].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The increase of orthodontic treatments in the last few years has drawn the attention of operators on the possible side effects connected with the application of fixed orthodontic appliances. These effects include allergic reactions and cytotoxic phenomena caused by orthodontic materials on tissues of the oral cavity. The introduction of high nickel content materials has received considerable attention for the high incidence of nickel sensitization. Cases of patients who developed hypersensitivity reaction after the application of orthodontic appliances are reported in the literature. These allergic reactions are the consequence of the electrochemical breakdown which the metallic alloys undergo in oral fluids.
  
  
  METHODS
  Therefore this study evaluates the quantity of nickel ions released from the orthodontic appliances in aqueous solutions at different pH during a period of 28 days. The solutions have been analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results indicate that the quantities of nickel released are higher in the solutions with a lower pH and in the first days of the experiment. The cumulative values obtained after 28 days in the solutions at lower pH can be considered negligible compared to nickel dietetic daily intake.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Therefore the results are reassuring to the application of orthodontic appliances, but do not exclude that little quantities of nickel may cause a state of sensitization and allergic reaction on sensitized patients.
authors.affiliation: Università degli Studi-Perugia, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Corso di Laurea in Odontoiatria e Protesi Dentaria.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Belcastro
mesh_terms: D000143:Acids; D002412:Cations; D003343:Corrosion; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D009532:Nickel / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D009967:Orthodontic Appliances; D012995:Solubility; D012996:Solutions; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic; D013997:Time Factors; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D000143:Acids; D002412:Cations; D012996:Solutions; D014867:Water; D009532:Nickel