title: Microsatellite loci to recognize species for the cheese starter and contaminating strains associated with cheese manufacturing.
abstract: We report the development of 17 microsatellite markers in the cheese fungi Penicillium camemberti and P. roqueforti, using an enrichment protocol. Polymorphism and cross-amplification were explored using 23 isolates of P. camemberti, 26 isolates of P. roqueforti, and 2 isolates of each of the P. chrysogenum and P. nalgiovense species, used to produce meat fermented products. The markers appeared useful for differentiating species, both using their amplification sizes and the sequences of their flanking regions. The microsatellite locus PC4 was particularly suitable for distinguishing contaminant species closely related to P. camemberti and for clarifying the phylogenetic relationship of this species with its supposed ancestral form, P. commune. We analyzed 22 isolates from different culture collections assigned to the morphospecies P. commune, most of them occurring as food spoilers, mainly from the cheese environment. None of them exhibited identical sequences with the ex-type isolate of the species P. commune. They were instead distributed into two other distinct lineages, corresponding to the old species P. fuscoglaucum and P. biforme, previously synonymized respectively with P. commune and P. camemberti. The ex-type isolate of P. commune was strictly identical to P. camemberti at all the loci examined. P. caseifulvum, a non toxinogenic species described as a new candidate for cheese fermentation, also exhibited sequences identical to P. camemberti. The microsatellite locus PC4 may therefore be considered as a useful candidate for the barcode of these economically important species.
authors.affiliation: Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Département Systématique et Evolution, UMR OSEB 7205, CP 39, 57 rue Cuvier, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France.
authors.forename: Frédéric
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Giraud
authors.forename: Tatiana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Giraud
authors.forename: Gabriela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Aguileta
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fournier
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Samson
authors.forename: Corine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cruaud
authors.forename: Sandrine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lacoste
authors.forename: Jeanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ropars
authors.forename: Aurélien
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tellier
authors.forename: Joëlle
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dupont
mesh_terms: D002611:Cheese / Q000382:microbiology*; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D016172:DNA Fingerprinting / Q000379:methods*; D004271:DNA, Fungal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D005838:Genotype; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016533:Mycological Typing Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D010407:Penicillium / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics*; D010802:Phylogeny; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D004271:DNA, Fungal