title: Unexpected neurological sequelae following propofol anesthesia in infants: Three case reports.
abstract: Propofol is a widely used hypnotic agent for induction and maintenance of pediatric anesthesia with a well known safety profile. Experimental in vitro studies suggest that propofol may be toxic to developing neurons. We report the cases of three infants who underwent surgery before 2 months of age for different benign pathologies. Propofol was used for induction and maintenance of anesthesia in all cases. The three patients developed convulsions with similar clinical characteristics (cluster of recurrent clinical and subclinical seizures) between the 23th and 30th hours following anesthesia. Clinical and electroencephalographic improvement was obtained between the third and fourth day of management in pediatric intensive care unit. The seizures never recurred, and the three patients underwent further uneventful general anesthesia without propofol. Follow-up of the three patients disclosed unexpected neurological dysfunction: progressive microcephaly (head circumferences were normal at birth), developmental impairment with cognitive and behavioural disturbances in two cases, and bilateral symmetrical white-matter abnormalities on cerebral magnetic resonance imaging.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The causal relationship between propofol anesthesia and the neurological symptoms of our patients remains difficult to ascertain, but we believe that pediatricians, anesthetists and intensive care-givers should be aware of this possible adverse reaction that has never been described before.
authors.affiliation: CHU Montpellier, Service de Neuropédiatrie, Hôpital Gui de Chauliac, Montpellier F-34000, France.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Langlois
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Soëte
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Leydet
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Echenne
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rivier
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bonafé
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Roubertie
mesh_terms: D000771:Anesthesia, Intravenous / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology; D002386:Cataract / Q000151:congenital; D002387:Cataract Extraction; D003392:Cranial Sinuses / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000601:surgery; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000139:chemically induced; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004830:Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006257:Head / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D006552:Hernia, Inguinal / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007805:Language Development Disorders; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008831:Microcephaly / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D020258:Neurotoxicity Syndromes / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015742:Propofol / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012640:Seizures / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy
chemical_list: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D000927:Anticonvulsants; D015742:Propofol