N-acetylcysteine attenuates glycerol-induced acute kidney injury by regulating MAPKs and Bcl-2 family proteins.
BACKGROUND
Rhabdomyolysis-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) accounts for about 10 to 40% of all cases of AKI. It is known that N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is effective in various experimental renal injury models; however, little information is available about the rat model of glycerol-induced rhabdomyolysis. In this study, we hypothesize that NAC plays a renoprotective role via the anti-apoptotic pathway.


METHODS
Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups: (i) saline control group, (ii) NAC-treated group (N-acetylcysteine) (150 mg/kg), (iii) glycerol-treated group (50%, 8 ml/kg, IM) and (iv) NAC plus glycerol-treated group. Rats were sacrificed at 24 h after glycerol injection, and the blood and renal tissues were harvested.


RESULTS
Glycerol administration caused severe renal dysfunction, which included marked renal oxidative stress, significantly increased blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine levels. Histopathological findings, such as cast formation and tubular necrosis, confirmed renal impairment. We noted a marked activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), but not p-38, in the glycerol-treated group. We also observed high expression of Bax and Bad but only weak expression of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL in the glycerol-treated group. However, NAC pretreatment significantly improved renal function and decreased the activation of ERK, JNK, Bax and Bad, whereas it increased Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL.


CONCLUSIONS
These results demonstrate that NAC protects against renal dysfunction, morphological damage and biochemical changes via the anti-apoptotic pathway in the glycerol-induced rhabdomyolysis model in rats.
Kim
Jin Hyun
JH
Clinical Research Institute, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea.
Lee
Sang Soo
SS
Jung
Myeong Hee
MH
Yeo
Hee Dong
HD
Kim
Hyun-Jung
HJ
Yang
Jung Ill
JI
Roh
Gu Seob
GS
Chang
Se-Ho
SH
Park
Dong Jun
DJ
D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000502:physiology*; D005978:Glutathione / Q000032:analysis; D005990:Glycerol / Q000633:toxicity*; D006419:Heme Oxygenase (Decyclizing) / Q000032:analysis; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000502:physiology*; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000032:analysis*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein / Q000032:analysis; D051020:bcl-X Protein / Q000032:analysis
C494828:Bax protein, rat; C494813:Bcl2l1 protein, rat; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D051020:bcl-X Protein; D006419:Heme Oxygenase (Decyclizing); C491523:Hmox1 protein, rat; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D005978:Glutathione; D005990:Glycerol; D000111:Acetylcysteine