title: Neuropsychological functioning of children treated with intensive chemotherapy followed by myeloablative consolidation chemotherapy and autologous hematopoietic cell rescue for newly diagnosed CNS tumors: an analysis of the Head Start II survivors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To evaluate the neuropsychological late effects amongst survivors treated on the Head Start II protocol between 1997 and 2003.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-nine patients (mean age 2.9 years) diagnosed with a malignant brain tumor underwent baseline neuropsychological assessment prior to autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation (AuHCT). Twenty-six survivors were retested after 3 years of follow-up as 20 patients did not survive. Patients were evaluated for intelligence, academic achievement, receptive language, visual-motor integration (VMI), learning/memory, social-emotional and behavioral functioning based upon age at testing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall intelligence and VMI at baseline were low average while verbal and non-verbal intelligence, academic achievement, and receptive vocabulary were in average range. Parents reported social-emotional and behavioral functioning within normal limits. Serial testing revealed Full Scale (FSIQ)/Mental Development Index (MDI), Verbal (VIQ), and Performance (PIQ) Intelligence to be generally stable over 3-year follow-up. Group-average analysis at follow-up demonstrated low average intelligence, academic achievement, receptive language, and VMI. Age at diagnosis was positively correlated with internalizing symptoms and visual immediate memory, while time since diagnosis was inversely correlated with FSIQ, VIQ, PIQ, reading and delayed verbal memory. Craniospinal irradiation (CSI) was avoided in two-thirds of patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Induction, with or without intensification using intravenous methotrexate, followed by myeloablative consolidation chemotherapy with AuHCT, may avoid or delay CSI, with possible stabilization of neuropsychological functioning, including those younger at diagnosis. Continued follow-up is necessary to determine the preservation of neuropsychological, academic, social-emotional and behavioral functioning.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA. ss231@columbia.edu
authors.forename: Stephen A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Sands
authors.forename: Jennifer A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Oberg
authors.forename: Sharon L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Gardner
authors.forename: Jennifer A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Whiteley
authors.forename: Julia L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Glade-Bender
authors.forename: Jonathan L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Finlay
mesh_terms: D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology* / Q000532:radiotherapy; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D016371:Cranial Irradiation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D018380:Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation; D006801:Humans; D007360:Intelligence / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D008727:Methotrexate / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000187:drug effects; D017741:Survivors
chemical_list: D008727:Methotrexate