title: Association of paternal age and risk for major congenital anomalies from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 1997 to 2004.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to examine the associations between paternal age and birth defects of unknown etiologies while carefully controlling for maternal age.
  
  
  METHODS
  By using 1997 to 2004 data from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, we fit logistic regression models with paternal and maternal age as continuous variables while adjusting for demographic and other factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Elevated odds ratios (ORs) for each year increase in paternal age were found for cleft palate (OR. 1.02, 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.00-1.04), diaphragmatic hernia (OR, 1.04; 95% CI, 1.02-1.06), right ventricular outflow tract obstruction (OR, 1.03; 95% CI, 1.01-1.04), and pulmonary valve stenosis (OR, 1.02, 95% CI, 1.01-1.04). At younger paternal ages, each year increase in paternal age correlated with increased odds of having offspring with encephalocele, cataract, esophageal atresia, anomalous pulmonary venous return, and coarctation of the aorta, but these increased odds were not observed at older paternal ages. The effect of paternal age was modified by maternal age for gastroschisis, omphalocele, spina bifida, all orofacial clefts, and septal heart defects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that paternal age may be a risk factor for some multifactorial birth defects.
authors.affiliation: National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA30333, USA. grf1@cdc.gov
authors.forename: Ridgely Fisk
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: Owen
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Devine
authors.forename: Krista S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Crider
authors.forename: Richard S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Olney
authors.forename: Natalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Archer
authors.forename: Andrew F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Olshan
authors.forename: Stuart K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Shapira
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002869:Chromosome Aberrations; D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000517:prevention & control; D004249:DNA Damage; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008423:Maternal Age; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010331:Paternal Age; D012042:Registries; D012307:Risk Factors; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000473:pathology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult