title: Characterization and classification of tumor lesions using computerized fractal-based texture analysis and support vector machines in digital mammograms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This paper presents a detailed study of fractal-based methods for texture characterization of mammographic mass lesions and architectural distortion. The purpose of this study is to explore the use of fractal and lacunarity analysis for the characterization and classification of both tumor lesions and normal breast parenchyma in mammography.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted comparative evaluations of five popular fractal dimension estimation methods for the characterization of the texture of mass lesions and architectural distortion. We applied the concept of lacunarity to the description of the spatial distribution of the pixel intensities in mammographic images. These methods were tested with a set of 57 breast masses and 60 normal breast parenchyma (dataset1), and with another set of 19 architectural distortions and 41 normal breast parenchyma (dataset2). Support vector machines (SVM) were used as a pattern classification method for tumor classification.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Experimental results showed that the fractal dimension of region of interest (ROIs) depicting mass lesions and architectural distortion was statistically significantly lower than that of normal breast parenchyma for all five methods. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis showed that fractional Brownian motion (FBM) method generated the highest area under ROC curve (A ( z ) = 0.839 for dataset1, 0.828 for dataset2, respectively) among five methods for both datasets. Lacunarity analysis showed that the ROIs depicting mass lesions and architectural distortion had higher lacunarities than those of ROIs depicting normal breast parenchyma. The combination of FBM fractal dimension and lacunarity yielded the highest A ( z ) value (0.903 and 0.875, respectively) than those based on single feature alone for both given datasets. The application of the SVM improved the performance of the fractal-based features in differentiating tumor lesions from normal breast parenchyma by generating higher A ( z ) value.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  FBM texture model is the most appropriate model for characterizing mammographic images due to self-affinity assumption of the method being a better approximation. Lacunarity is an effective counterpart measure of the fractal dimension in texture feature extraction in mammographic images. The classification results obtained in this work suggest that the SVM is an effective method with great potential for classification in mammographic image analysis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK. q.guo@imperial.ac.uk
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Jiaqing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shao
authors.forename: Virginie F
authors.initials: VF
authors.lastname: Ruiz
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology*; D002452:Cell Count; D003936:Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted; D005260:Female; D005583:Fourier Analysis; D017709:Fractals; D006801:Humans; D008327:Mammography; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013499:Surface Properties