title: The use of antisense oligonucleotides in Xenopus oocytes.
abstract: The ability to manipulate gene expression in Xenopus oocytes and then generate fertilized embryos by transfer into host females has made it possible to rapidly characterize maternal signaling pathways in vertebrate development. Maternal mRNAs in particular can be efficiently depleted using antisense deoxyoligonucleotides (oligos), mediated by endogenous RNase-H activity. Since the microinjection of antisense reagents or mRNAs into eggs after fertilization often fails to affect maternal signaling pathways, mRNA depletion in the Xenopus oocyte is uniquely suited to assessing maternal functions. In this review, we highlight the advantages of using antisense in Xenopus oocytes and describe basic methods for designing and choosing effective oligos. We also summarize the procedures for fertilizing cultured oocytes by host-transfer and interpreting the specificity of antisense effects. Although these methods can be technically demanding, the use of antisense in oocytes can be used to address biological questions that are intractable in other experimental settings.
authors.affiliation: The University of Iowa, Department of Biology, 257 BB, Iowa City, IA 52242-1324, USA.
authors.forename: Alissa M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Hulstrand
authors.forename: Patricia N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: Douglas W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Houston
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003470:Culture Media / Q000378:metabolism; D004247:DNA / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005306:Fertilization; D008957:Models, Genetic; D009841:Oligonucleotides / Q000235:genetics; D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense / Q000235:genetics*; D009865:Oocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D010641:Phenotype; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D014981:Xenopus / Q000378:metabolism*; D014982:Xenopus laevis / Q000378:metabolism; D051176:beta Catenin / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media; D009841:Oligonucleotides; D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D051176:beta Catenin; D004247:DNA