title: Endothelin, hypertension and chronic kidney disease: new insights.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Endothelin is important in the development of cardiorenal disease. This review discusses recent developments in understanding endothelin's role in hypertension and chronic kidney disease (CKD).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Endothelin-1 production is increased in hypertension and CKD. Endothelin-1 stimulates vasoconstriction, inflammation and fibrosis, thereby promoting hypertension, atherosclerosis and CKD. These effects are closely linked to angiotensin II and reactive oxygen species. In preclinical studies, endothelin receptor antagonists were effective in treating hypertension (particularly with endothelial dysfunction) and CKD. In preclinical studies, endothelin A-selective, as opposed to combined endothelin A and B, receptor blockers have generally been more efficacious. Few clinical trials have been conducted in hypertension and/or kidney disease, partly due to concerns over side effects of testicular toxicity and fluid retention. Endothelin blockade reduces blood pressure in patients with resistant hypertension, with additional beneficial metabolic effects. Endothelin antagonism improves proteinuria in CKD (diabetic or not), particularly in patients taking inhibitors of angiotensin II action.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endothelin is a promising target in the treatment of resistant hypertension and CKD, with additional potential benefits on atherosclerosis and the metabolic syndrome. The nature and mechanisms of drug side effects require elucidation before the potential of this new class of drugs can be fully realized.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA. donald.kohan@hsc.utah.edu
authors.forename: Donald E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Kohan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000150:complications; D016232:Endothelins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000503:physiopathology*; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000150:complications
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D016232:Endothelins