title: A case of polymicrogyria in macaque monkey: impact on anatomy and function of the motor system.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Polymicrogyria is a malformation of the cerebral cortex often resulting in epilepsy or mental retardation. It remains unclear whether this pathology affects the structure and function of the corticospinal (CS) system. The anatomy and histology of the brain of one macaque monkey exhibiting a spontaneous polymicrogyria (PMG monkey) were examined and compared to the brain of normal monkeys. The CS tract was labelled by injecting a neuronal tracer (BDA) unilaterally in a region where low intensity electrical microstimulation elicited contralateral hand movements (presumably the primary motor cortex in the PMG monkey).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The examination of the brain showed a large number of microgyri at macro- and microscopic levels, covering mainly the frontoparietal regions. The layered cortical organization was locally disrupted and the number of SMI-32 stained pyramidal neurons in the cortical layer III of the presumed motor cortex was reduced. We compared the distribution of labelled CS axons in the PMG monkey at spinal cervical level C5. The cumulated length of CS axon arbors in the spinal grey matter was not significantly different in the PMG monkey. In the red nucleus, numerous neurons presented large vesicles. We also assessed its motor performances by comparing its capacity to execute a complex reach and grasp behavioral task. The PMG monkey exhibited an increase of reaction time without any modification of other motor parameters, an observation in line with a normal CS tract organisation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In spite of substantial cortical malformations in the frontal and parietal lobes, the PMG monkey exhibits surprisingly normal structure and function of the corticospinal system.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Physiology and Program in Neurosciences, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Sciences, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 5, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland. eric.schmidlin@unifr.ch
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schmidlin
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jouffrais
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Freund
authors.forename: Patrizia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wannier-Morino
authors.forename: Marie-Laure
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Beaud
authors.forename: Eric M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Rouiller
authors.forename: Thierry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wannier
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001369:Axons / Q000473:pathology; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006225:Hand / Q000503:physiopathology; D018737:Hand Strength; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008251:Macaca; D054220:Malformations of Cortical Development / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D008992:Monkey Diseases / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D009048:Motor Skills; D009068:Movement; D010296:Parietal Lobe / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D011597:Psychomotor Performance