title: Tendon properties remain altered in a chronic rat rotator cuff model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic rotator cuff tears are often associated with pain or poor function. In a rat with only a detached supraspinatus tendon, the tendon heals spontaneously which is inconsistent with how tears are believed to heal in humans.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We therefore asked whether a combined supraspinatus and infraspinatus detachment in the rat would fail to heal and result in a chronic injury in the supraspinatus tendon.
  
  
  METHODS
  We acutely detached the supraspinatus and infraspinatus tendons in a rat model. At 4, 8, and 16 weeks post-detachment, biomechanical testing, collagen organization, and histological grading were evaluated for the detached supraspinatus and infraspinatus tendons and compared to controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the detached supraspinatus tendon, area and percent relaxation were increased at all time points while the modulus and stiffness were similar to those of controls at 4 and 8 weeks. Collagen disorganization increased at late time points while cellularity increased and cells were more rounded in shape. In the detached infraspinatus tendon, area and percent relaxation were also increased at late time points. However, the modulus values initially decreased followed by an increase in both modulus and stiffness at 16 weeks compared to control. In the detached infraspinatus, we also observed a decrease in collagen organization at all time points and increased cellularity and a more rounded cell shape.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Due to the ongoing changes in mechanics, collagen organization and histology in the detached supraspinatus tendon compared to control animals at 16 weeks, this model may be useful for understanding the human chronic tendon tear.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This rat rotator cuff chronic model can be used to test hypotheses regarding injury and repair mechanisms that cannot be addressed in human patients or in cadaveric studies.
authors.affiliation: McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, 3450 Hamilton Walk, 424 Stemmler Hall, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6081, USA.
authors.forename: LeAnn M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Dourte
authors.forename: Stephanie M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Perry
authors.forename: Charles L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Getz
authors.forename: Louis J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Soslowsky
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003094:Collagen / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004548:Elasticity; D006801:Humans; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D020127:Recovery of Function; D017006:Rotator Cuff / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D000070636:Rotator Cuff Injuries; D012421:Rupture; D013045:Species Specificity; D013708:Tendon Injuries / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D013997:Time Factors; D014945:Wound Healing
chemical_list: D003094:Collagen