title: Work-related heat stress concerns in automotive industries: a case study from Chennai, India.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Work-related heat stress assessments, the quantification of thermal loads and their physiological consequences have mostly been performed in non-tropical developed country settings. In many developing countries (many of which are also tropical), limited attempts have been made to create detailed job-exposure profiles for various sectors. We present here a case study from Chennai in southern India that illustrates the prevalence of work-related heat stress in multiple processes of automotive industries and the efficacy of relatively simple controls in reducing prevalence of the risk through longitudinal assessments.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted workplace heat stress assessments in automotive and automotive parts manufacturing units according to the protocols recommended by NIOSH, USA. Sites for measurements included indoor locations with process-generated heat exposure, indoor locations without direct process-generated heat exposure and outdoor locations. Nearly 400 measurements of heat stress were made over a four-year period at more than 100 locations within eight units involved with automotive or automotive parts manufacturing in greater Chennai metropolitan area. In addition, cross-sectional measurements were made in select processes of glass manufacturing and textiles to estimate relative prevalence of heat stress.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results indicate that many processes even in organised large-scale industries have yet to control heat stress-related hazards adequately. Upwards of 28% of workers employed in multiple processes were at risk of heat stress-related health impairment in the sectors assessed. Implications of longitudinal baseline data for assessing efficacy of interventions as well as modelling potential future impacts from climate change (through contributions from worker health and productivity impairments consequent to increases in ambient temperature) are described.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study re-emphasises the need for recognising heat stress as an important occupational health risk in both formal and informal sectors in India. Making available good baseline data is critical for estimating future impacts.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, India.
authors.forename: Ramalingam
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ayyappan
authors.forename: Sambandam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sankar
authors.forename: Paramasivan
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rajkumar
authors.forename: Kalpana
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Balakrishnan