title: Sex and age dimorphism of myocardial gene expression in nonischemic human heart failure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We report the first comprehensive analysis of gene expression differences by sex and age in left ventricular samples from 102 patients with dilated cardiomyopathy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gene expression data (HG-U133A gene chip, Affymetrix) were analyzed from 30 females and 72 males from 3 separate centers. More than 1800 genes displayed sexual dimorphism in the heart (adjusted P value <0.05). A significant number of these genes were highly represented in gene ontology pathways involved in ion transport and G-protein-coupled receptor signaling. Localization of these genes revealed enrichment on both the sex chromosomes as well as chromosomes 3, 4, and 14. The second goal of this study was to determine the effect of age on gene expression. Within the female cohort, >140 genes were differentially expressed in the <55 years age group compared with the >55 years age group. These genes were highly represented in gene ontology pathways involved in DNA damage. In contrast, zero genes in the male cohort <55 years met statistical significance when compared with the >55 years age group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gene expression in dilated cardiomyopathy displayed evidence of sexual dimorphism similar to other somatic tissues and age dimorphism within the female cohort.
authors.affiliation: Lillehei Heart Institute, Division of Cardiology, Developmental Biology Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA.
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Fermin
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barac
authors.forename: Sangjin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Sean P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Polster
authors.forename: Sridhar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hannenhalli
authors.forename: Tracy L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Bergemann
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Grindle
authors.forename: David B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Dyke
authors.forename: Francis
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pagani
authors.forename: Leslie W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Cris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dos Remedios
authors.forename: Thomas P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Cappola
authors.forename: Kenneth B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Margulies
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Hall
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D002311:Cardiomyopathy, Dilated / Q000235:genetics; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004249:DNA Damage; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D017136:Ion Transport / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism*; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / Q000378:metabolism; D012737:Sex Factors
chemical_list: D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled