title: Early evolution of the LIM homeobox gene family.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  LIM homeobox (Lhx) transcription factors are unique to the animal lineage and have patterning roles during embryonic development in flies, nematodes and vertebrates, with a conserved role in specifying neuronal identity. Though genes of this family have been reported in a sponge and a cnidarian, the expression patterns and functions of the Lhx family during development in non-bilaterian phyla are not known.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified Lhx genes in two cnidarians and a placozoan and report the expression of Lhx genes during embryonic development in Nematostella and the demosponge Amphimedon. Members of the six major LIM homeobox subfamilies are represented in the genomes of the starlet sea anemone, Nematostella vectensis, and the placozoan Trichoplax adhaerens. The hydrozoan cnidarian, Hydra magnipapillata, has retained four of the six Lhx subfamilies, but apparently lost two others. Only three subfamilies are represented in the haplosclerid demosponge Amphimedon queenslandica. A tandem cluster of three Lhx genes of different subfamilies and a gene containing two LIM domains in the genome of T. adhaerens (an animal without any neurons) indicates that Lhx subfamilies were generated by tandem duplication. This tandem cluster in Trichoplax is likely a remnant of the original chromosomal context in which Lhx subfamilies first appeared. Three of the six Trichoplax Lhx genes are expressed in animals in laboratory culture, as are all Lhx genes in Hydra. Expression patterns of Nematostella Lhx genes correlate with neural territories in larval and juvenile polyp stages. In the aneural demosponge, A. queenslandica, the three Lhx genes are expressed widely during development, including in cells that are associated with the larval photosensory ring.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Lhx family expanded and diversified early in animal evolution, with all six subfamilies already diverged prior to the cnidarian-placozoan-bilaterian last common ancestor. In Nematostella, Lhx gene expression is correlated with neural territories in larval and juvenile polyp stages. This pattern is consistent with a possible role in patterning the Nematostella nervous system. We propose a scenario in which Lhx genes play a homologous role in neural patterning across eumetazoans.
authors.affiliation: Center for Integrative Genomics and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA. mansi@wi.mit.edu
authors.forename: Mansi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Srivastava
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Larroux
authors.forename: Daniel R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Kareshma
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mohanty
authors.forename: Jarrod
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chapman
authors.forename: Bernard M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Degnan
authors.forename: Daniel S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Rokhsar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D006829:Hydra / Q000196:embryology / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D037402:Hydrozoa / Q000196:embryology / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007438:Introns / Q000235:genetics; D010802:Phylogeny; D054909:Placozoa / Q000196:embryology / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012615:Sea Anemones / Q000196:embryology / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D026801:Synteny / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D018398:Homeodomain Proteins