title: Association between left ventricular hypertrophy with retinopathy and renal dysfunction in patients with essential hypertension.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It has been suggested that hypertension (HTN) is associated with certain target organ damage (TOD) and related clinical conditions. On the other hand, left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) has been considered as an independent risk factor of cardiovascular events and death. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between HTN-induced LVH and TOD (retinopathy and renal failure).
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed 102 hypertensive subjects (43 males and 59 females) with a mean age of 60.2 +/- 8.8 (range 35-81) years. LVH was defined as a left ventricular mass index (LVMI) of more than 51 and 47 g/(m [to the power of 2.7]), in men and women, respectively. The degree of retinopathy on ophthalmological examination was defined according to the Keith-Wagener classification. Serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen and urine protein concentrations were also measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hypertensive retinopathy was found in 94 (92.2 percent) cases (Grades I 55.9 percent; II 28.5 percent; III 3.9 percent; IV: 3.9 percent). The mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures and serum creatinine concentration showed significant correlation with the severity of LVH. There was no significant relationship between LVH severity and retinopathy or proteinuria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The tight control of systolic and diastolic blood pressures in the first step of essential hypertension can assist to postpone LVH. Furthermore, routine measurement of serum creatinine can predict the risk of cardiovascular complications in the hypertensive patient.
authors.affiliation: Golestan Heart Research Center and Department of Cardiology, 5th Azar Hospital, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, 5th Azar Avenue, Gorgan, Iran.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shirafkan
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Motahari
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mojerlou
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Rezghi
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Behnampour
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gholamrezanezhad
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D018660:Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000652:urine; D017379:Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000652:urine; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000652:urine; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011507:Proteinuria; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000652:urine; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D003404:Creatinine