title: Some important questions connected with non-targeted effects.
abstract: This paper briefly reviews the highlights of experimental evidence that led to the adoption of the term "non-targeted" to describe new effects induced by ionising radiation that did not fit the classical radiobiological paradigm, principally genomic instability and bystander effect, identifying the reports that were most influential on the subsequent course of radiobiological research. The issue of appropriate terminology for the new effects is discussed. Particular emphasis is placed on the inheritance of genomic instability, where there are issues concerning which effects should be considered as transgenerational. Finally, in respect of the question as to whether these new effects are likely to have an impact on human health is addressed. It is concluded that there is a need for a clearer terminology to facilitate research progress, that real health effects cannot be ruled out and that therefore there is a need for new paradigms not only for radiobiology but also for risk assessment and radiological protection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Kuopio, 70211 Kuopio, Finland. Electronic address: Keith.baverstock@uku.fi.
authors.forename: Keith
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Baverstock
authors.affiliation: STUK - Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority, Research and Environmental Surveillance, Radiation Biology Laboratory, PO Box 14, 00881 Helsinki, Finland. Electronic address: Oleg.belyakov@stuk.fi.
authors.forename: Oleg V
authors.initials: OV
authors.lastname: Belyakov
mesh_terms: D024201:Bystander Effect; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D005260:Female; D042822:Genomic Instability; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D011839:Radiation, Ionizing; D011853:Radiobiology; D018570:Risk Assessment; D009626:Terminology as Topic