title: Barriers to pain management among Lithuanian cancer patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objectives of this study are (1) to describe Lithuanian cancer patients' barriers to pain management as well as pain management outcomes, (2) to check the reliability and validity of the questionnaires used in Lithuanian for the first time, and (3) to formulate patient-centered recommendations for better cancer pain management.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty patients from the Pain Clinic of Kaunas University of Medicine Hospital responded to the Lithuanian versions of: (1) Brief Pain Inventory pain scale, (2) Barriers Questionnaire-II, (3) Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, (4) Modified version of the Perceived Involvement in Care Scale, and (5) Medication Adherence Report Scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The translated questionnaires had fear internal consistency reliability and construct validity. Reported average (standard deviation [SD]) pain intensity among Lithuanian cancer patients was 3.9 (1.30) on a scale 0-10. The mean (SD) scores of anxiety and depression among the surveyed patients were 8.7 (4.86) and 7.5 (5.05) on a scale 0-21, respectively. The percentage of the patients, who reported stopping taking pain medicine because of its side effects, was 33.3%. The biggest patients' concerns were about physiological consequences and harmful effects of opioid use. The average (SD) level of perceived communication among Lithuanian patients was 3.1 (0.95) on a scale 0-5, whereas the average level (SD) of self-reported adherence to pain medication among Lithuanians was 13.0 (3.65) on a scale 4-20.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The authors believe, that to improve cancer pain management in Lithuania (1) more attention should be paid to psychological status of patients, (2) patients should be more educated about the need and consequences of opioid use for cancer pain, and (3) adherence to pain management regimens should be improved.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark. raj@farma.ku.dk
authors.forename: Ramune
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jacobsen
authors.forename: Jurgita
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Samsanaviciene
authors.forename: Zita
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liuabarskiene
authors.forename: Arunas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sciupokas
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D003144:Communication Barriers; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008097:Lithuania / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D055118:Medication Adherence / Q000523:psychology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications*; D010146:Pain / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012678:Sensation Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid