title: Pose determination of a cylindrical (dental) implant in three-dimensions from a single two-dimensional radiograph.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim was to develop an analytical algorithm capable of determining localization and orientation of a cylindrical (dental) implant in three-dimensional (3D) space from a single radiographic projection.
  
  
  METHODS
  An algorithm based on analytical geometry is introduced, exploiting the geometrical information inherent in the 2D radiographic shadow of an opaque cylindrical implant (RCC) and recovering the 3D co-ordinates of the RCC's main axis within a 3D Cartesian co-ordinate system. Prerequisites for the method are a known source-to-receptor distance at a known locus within the flat image receptor.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Accuracy, assessed from a small feasibility experiment in atypical dental radiographic geometry, revealed mean absolute errors for the critical depth co-ordinate ranging between 0.5 mm and 5.39 mm. This translates to a relative depth error ranging from 0.19% to 2.12%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Experimental results indicate that the method introduced is capable of providing geometrical information important for a variety of applications. Accuracy has to be enhanced by means of automated image analysis and processing methods.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Surgery, University of Medical Center, Johames Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany. rschulze@mail.uni-mainz.de
authors.forename: R K W
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Schulze
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D015921:Dental Implants; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D011857:Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D019252:Radiography, Dental, Digital / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants