title: Semi-automatic algorithm for construction of the left ventricular area variation curve over a complete cardiac cycle.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Two-dimensional echocardiography (2D-echo) allows the evaluation of cardiac structures and their movements. A wide range of clinical diagnoses are based on the performance of the left ventricle. The evaluation of myocardial function is typically performed by manual segmentation of the ventricular cavity in a series of dynamic images. This process is laborious and operator dependent. The automatic segmentation of the left ventricle in 4-chamber long-axis images during diastole is troublesome, because of the opening of the mitral valve.
  
  
  METHODS
  This work presents a method for segmentation of the left ventricle in dynamic 2D-echo 4-chamber long-axis images over the complete cardiac cycle. The proposed algorithm is based on classic image processing techniques, including time-averaging and wavelet-based denoising, edge enhancement filtering, morphological operations, homotopy modification, and watershed segmentation. The proposed method is semi-automatic, requiring a single user intervention for identification of the position of the mitral valve in the first temporal frame of the video sequence. Image segmentation is performed on a set of dynamic 2D-echo images collected from an examination covering two consecutive cardiac cycles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The proposed method is demonstrated and evaluated on twelve healthy volunteers. The results are quantitatively evaluated using four different metrics, in a comparison with contours manually segmented by a specialist, and with four alternative methods from the literature. The method's intra- and inter-operator variabilities are also evaluated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proposed method allows the automatic construction of the area variation curve of the left ventricle corresponding to a complete cardiac cycle. This may potentially be used for the identification of several clinical parameters, including the area variation fraction. This parameter could potentially be used for evaluating the global systolic function of the left ventricle.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil.
authors.forename: Salvador A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Melo
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Macchiavello
authors.forename: Marcelino M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Andrade
authors.forename: João L A
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.forename: Hervaldo S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.forename: Daniel F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Vasconcelos
authors.forename: Pedro A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.forename: Adson F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: da Rocha
authors.forename: Francisco A O
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Nascimento
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods*; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity