title: Atrial myocardial nox2 containing NADPH oxidase activity contribution to oxidative stress in mitral regurgitation: potential mechanism for atrial remodeling.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Oxidative stress is linked with several cardiovascular diseases. However, the NADPH oxidase activity in severe mitral regurgitation patients with and without atrial fibrillation has not yet been explored.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study involved 16 adult patients (eight patients with persistent atrial fibrillation and eight with sinus rhythm) with severe mitral and moderate-to-severe tricuspid regurgitation and five control patients without mitral and tricuspid disease. Atrial tissues of the right and left atrial appendages were obtained during surgery. Superoxide anion production was measured by lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence, and the expression of nox2 containing NADPH oxidase mRNA was measured by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. Additionally, immunohistochemical study was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  NADPH-stimulated superoxide release was significantly higher than basal superoxide production from right [5671.9±3498.7 vs. 232.7±70.0 relative light units per second per milligram of protein (RLU s(-1) mg protein(-1)), P=.008) and left atrial homogenates (6475.1±1890.8 vs. 229.0±79.6 RLU s(-1) mg protein(-1), P=.008) in atrial fibrillation patients. The NADPH-stimulated superoxide release from right atrial homogenates was also significantly higher than basal superoxide production in sinus patients (6809.1±1327.1 vs. 244.2±65.5 RLU s(-1) mg protein(-1), P=.008). Additionally, there was a borderline significant correlation between NADPH-stimulated superoxide production from left atrial homogenates and left atrial sizes (r=0.683, P=.062) in atrial fibrillation patients. Membrane-bound nox2 containing NADPH oxidase mRNA expression was increased and was similar in both the atrial fibrillation patients and sinus patients. The NADPH-stimulated superoxide production in right atrial homogenates in control atrial samples was 1863.7±137.2 RLU s(-1) mg protein(-1). Immunohistochemical study demonstrated increased expression of nox2 in myocytes with moderate-to-severe myolysis and hypertrophy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results of this study demonstrate that membrane-bound nox2 containing NADPH oxidase activity and expression in the atrial myocardium is increased in patients with severe mitral regurgitation, possibly contributing to atrial remodeling in this clinical setting.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Hsien 83301, Taiwan, Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jen-Ping
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Mien-Cheng
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Wen-Hao
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Cheng-Hsu
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Chien-Jen
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Yung-Lung
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Kuo-Li
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: Tzu-Hsien
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: Hsueh-Wen
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002320:Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena; D005260:Female; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D008875:Middle Aged; D008944:Mitral Valve Insufficiency / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology; D009206:Myocardium / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology; D000074662:NADPH Oxidase 2; D019255:NADPH Oxidases / Q000378:metabolism*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; C056558:CYBB protein, human; D000074662:NADPH Oxidase 2; D019255:NADPH Oxidases