title: Temporal stability of music perception and appraisal scores of adult cochlear implant recipients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An extensive body of literature indicates that cochlear implants (CIs) are effective in supporting speech perception of persons with severe to profound hearing losses who do not benefit to any great extent from conventional hearing aids. Adult CI recipients tend to show significant improvement in speech perception within 3 mo following implantation as a result of mere experience. Furthermore, CI recipients continue to show modest improvement as long as 5yr postimplantation. In contrast, data taken from single testing protocols of music perception and appraisal indicate that CIs are less than ideal in transmitting important structural features of music, such as pitch, melody, and timbre. However, there is presently little information documenting changes in music perception or appraisal over extended time as a result of mere experience.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study examined two basic questions: (1) Do adult CI recipients show significant improvement in perceptual acuity or appraisal of specific music listening tasks when tested in two consecutive years? (2) If there are tasks for which CI recipients show significant improvement with time, are there particular demographic variables that predict those CI recipients most likely to show improvement with extended CI use?
  
  
  METHODS
  A longitudinal cohort study. Implant recipients return annually for visits to the clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 209 adult cochlear implant recipients with at least 9 mo implant experience before their first year measurement.
  
  
  METHODS
  Outcomes were measured on the patient's annual visit in two consecutive years. Paired t-tests were used to test for significant improvement from one year to the next. Those variables demonstrating significant improvement were subjected to regression analyses performed to detect the demographic variables useful in predicting said improvement.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant differences in music perception outcomes as a function of type of device or processing strategy used. Only familiar melody recognition (FMR) and recognition of melody excerpts with lyrics (MERT-L) showed significant improvement from one year to the next. After controlling for the baseline value, hearing aid use, months of use, music listening habits after implantation, and formal musical training in elementary school were significant predictors of FMR improvement. Bilateral CI use, formal musical training in high school and beyond, and a measure of sequential cognitive processing were significant predictors of MERT-L improvement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These adult CI recipients as a result of mere experience demonstrated fairly consistent music perception and appraisal on measures gathered in two consecutive years. Gains made tend to be modest, and can be associated with characteristics such as use of hearing aids, listening experiences, or bilateral use (in the case of lyrics). These results have implications for counseling of CI recipients with regard to realistic expectations and strategies for enhancing music perception and enjoyment.
authors.affiliation: School of Music, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA. kay-gfeller@uiowa.edu
authors.forename: Kate
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gfeller
authors.forename: Dingfeng
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Jacob J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Oleson
authors.forename: Virginia
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Driscoll
authors.forename: John F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Knutson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001307:Auditory Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D003054:Cochlear Implants / Q000592:standards*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D034381:Hearing Loss / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009146:Music; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013067:Speech Perception / Q000502:physiology; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult