title: Carotid endarterectomy: general anaesthesia with remifentanyl conscious sedation vs loco-regional anaesthesia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To retrospectively evaluate and compare the safety and efficacy of general anesthesia with remifentanyl conscious sedation (RCS) vs local-regional anesthesia (LA) for carotid endarterectomy (CEA).
  
  
  METHODS
  From January 2004 to January 2008, 390 CEA performed in 325 patients (M/F 214/111, age 75 +/- 7) were collected in 2 groups: RCS group included 275 consecutive CEA in 230 patients carried out under remifentanyl conscious sedation with stopping of the remifentanyl infusion at the carotid clamping time to evaluate the clinical neurological status; LA group was composed of 115 consecutive CEA in 95 patients, performed under local-regional anesthesia. We evaluated complications, postoperative morbidity and mortality, need for shunt insertion and compared the results by means of Student's t-test and chi2 analysis. P value <0.05 (T=2.28) was considered significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 30 days mortality was 0.35% in the RCS group and 0% for LA group (P=NS). The 30 days stroke rates were 0.3% and 0% respectively (P=NS). TIA/RIND rates were 0.3% for RCS group and 1.7% for LA group (P=0.47); shunt usage was 20% for RCS group and 17% for LA group (P=0.26). We found higher postoperative nausea/vomiting in the RCS group (3.9% vs 0.8%, P<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  General anesthesia with remifentanyl conscious sedation seems to be a safe technique, allowing monitoring of the neurological status, cerebral protection during arterial clamping, better control of the airway and a good compliance to both the surgeon and the patient. A randomized control trial is needed to prove RCS to be effective as LA.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Ospedale San Paolo, Civitavecchia, Rome, Italy. chirurgiavascolarecivitavecchia@aslrmf.it
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Marcucci
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Siani
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Antonelli
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mounayergi
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Accrocca
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Giordano
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gabrielli
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pierettori
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sbroscia
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000765:Anesthesia, Conduction / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000401:mortality; D000768:Anesthesia, General / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000401:mortality; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D016292:Procedural Sedation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000401:mortality; D016894:Endarterectomy, Carotid / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000009:adverse effects; D007558:Italy; D008297:Male; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative; D010880:Piperidines / Q000009:adverse effects; D020250:Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting / Q000209:etiology; D000077208:Remifentanil; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D020521:Stroke / Q000209:etiology; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D010880:Piperidines; D000077208:Remifentanil