title: Elastic, not plastic species: frozen plasticity theory and the origin of adaptive evolution in sexually reproducing organisms.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Darwin's evolutionary theory could easily explain the evolution of adaptive traits (organs and behavioral patterns) in asexual but not in sexual organisms. Two models, the selfish gene theory and frozen plasticity theory were suggested to explain evolution of adaptive traits in sexual organisms in past 30 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The frozen plasticity theory suggests that sexual species can evolve new adaptations only when their members are genetically uniform, i.e. only after a portion of the population of the original species had split off, balanced on the edge of extinction for several generations, and then undergone rapid expansion. After a short period of time, estimated on the basis of paleontological data to correspond to 1-2% of the duration of the species, polymorphism accumulates in the gene pool due to frequency-dependent selection; and thus, in each generation, new mutations occur in the presence of different alleles and therefore change their selection coefficients from generation to generation. The species ceases to behave in an evolutionarily plastic manner and becomes evolutionarily elastic on a microevolutionary time-scale and evolutionarily frozen on a macroevolutionary time-scale. It then exists in this state until such changes accumulate in the environment that the species becomes extinct.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Frozen plasticity theory, which includes the Darwinian model of evolution as a special case--the evolution of species in a plastic state, not only offers plenty of new predictions to be tested, but also provides explanations for a much broader spectrum of known biological phenomena than classic evolutionary theories.
  
  
  METHODS
  This article was reviewed by Rob Knight, Fyodor Kondrashov and Massimo Di Giulio (nominated by David H. Ardell).
authors.affiliation: Department of Philosophy and History of Science, Charles University, Vinicná 7, CZ-128 44 Praha 2, Czech Republic. flegr@cesnet.cz
authors.forename: Jaroslav
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Flegr
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D008954:Models, Biological; D012098:Reproduction / Q000502:physiology*; D012641:Selection, Genetic; D012726:Sexual Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology*