title: Rhythmic muscular activation pattern for fast figure-eight movement.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To address the question of how the CNS generates muscle activation patterns for complex gestures, we have chosen to study a figure-eight movement. We hypothesized that the well defined rhythmic aspect of this figure will provide further insights into the temporal features of multi-muscular commands.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects performed, as fast as possible, figure-eights initiated in the center of the figure with 4 different initial directions and 2 positions of the shoulder. We extracted the temporal modulation of the EMG patterns by calculating conjugate cross-correlation functions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  (1) The muscular command was tuned with respect to the rotational direction of the figure-eight, (2) two sets of synergistic muscles acted in a reciprocal mode, and (3) these reciprocal commands presented an invariant temporal correlation with the spatial component of the velocity having the highest frequency.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that the rhythmic features of certain drawing movements favor the partitioning of the muscles into synergistic groups acting in a reciprocal mode. The inclusion of an individual muscle in one group or the other takes into account the expected number of changes of direction in the movement as a whole.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Muscular temporal synergies may depend on the rhythmic features of the trajectory.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Movement Biomechanics, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium. abengoec@ulb.ac.be
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bengoetxea
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dan
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Leurs
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Cebolla
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: De Saedeleer
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gillis
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cheron
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000502:physiology*; D004576:Electromyography; D006801:Humans; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D010507:Periodicity; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult