title: Disorders of the first metatarsophalangeal joint: diagnosis of great-toe pain.
abstract: Disorders of the joint at the base of the hallux are common in active patients. Great-toe sprains (turf toe) can range from mild to severe with associated fractures. Hallux rigidus, a painful flexion deformity, is often seen in athletes who stress the joint repetitively. Heredity may predispose athletes to hallux valgus (bunion) but improper footwear, injury, and hyperpronation can also be implicated. Weight-bearing activities, climbing stairs, or wearing high-heeled shoes will aggravate sesamoiditis. Stress fractures, osteochondral defects, and gout are other causes of toe pain. X-rays are essential for accurate diagnosis. Nonoperative measures can reduce pain, but surgery is an option for recalcitrant cases.
authors.affiliation: Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA. ml.lbc@forsythe.stanford.edu.
authors.forename: L B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Chou