title: Modulation of hepatic PPAR expression during Ft LVS LPS-induced protection from Francisella tularensis LVS infection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It has been shown previously that administration of Francisella tularensis (Ft) Live Vaccine Strain (LVS) lipopolysaccharide (LPS) protects mice against subsequent challenge with Ft LVS and blunts the pro-inflammatory cytokine response.
  
  
  METHODS
  To further investigate the molecular mechanisms that underlie Ft LVS LPS-mediated protection, we profiled global hepatic gene expression following Ft LVS LPS or saline pre-treatment and subsequent Ft LVS challenge using Affymetrix arrays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A large number of genes (> 3,000) were differentially expressed at 48 hours post-infection. The degree of modulation of inflammatory genes by infection was clearly attenuated by pre-treatment with Ft LVS LPS in the surviving mice. However, Ft LVS LPS alone had a subtle effect on the gene expression profile of the uninfected mice. By employing gene set enrichment analysis, we discovered significant up-regulation of the fatty acid metabolism pathway, which is regulated by peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We hypothesize that the LPS-induced blunting of pro-inflammatory response in mouse is, in part, mediated by PPARs (alpha and gamma).
authors.affiliation: Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA. saroj@vt.edu
authors.forename: Saroj K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Mohapatra
authors.forename: Leah E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Cole
authors.forename: Clive
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: Bruno W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Sobral
authors.forename: Josep
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bassaganya-Riera
authors.forename: Raquel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hontecillas
authors.forename: Stefanie N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Vogel
authors.forename: Oswald R
authors.initials: OR
authors.lastname: Crasta
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001428:Bacterial Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005604:Francisella tularensis; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D047492:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors / Q000378:metabolism*; D014406:Tularemia / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D001428:Bacterial Vaccines; D005227:Fatty Acids; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D047492:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated