title: Testing consumer perception of nutrient content claims using conjoint analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) proposes to establish standardized and mandatory criteria upon which front-of-pack (FOP) nutrition labelling must be based. The present study aimed to estimate the relative contribution of declared amounts of different nutrients to the perception of the overall 'healthfulness' of foods by the consumer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Protein, fibre, vitamin A, vitamin C, calcium and iron were nutrients to encourage. Total fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, total and added sugar, and sodium were the nutrients to limit. Two content claims per nutrient used the FDA-approved language. An online consumer panel (n 320) exposed to multiple messages (n 48) rated the healthfulness of each hypothetical food product. Utility functions were constructed using conjoint analysis, based on multiple logistic regression and maximum likelihood estimation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Consumer perception of healthfulness was most strongly driven by the declared presence of protein, fibre, calcium and vitamin C and by the declared total absence of saturated fat and sodium. For this adult panel, total and added sugar had lower utilities and contributed less to the perception of healthfulness. There were major differences between women and men.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Conjoint analysis can lead to a better understanding of how consumers process information about the full nutrition profile of a product, and is a powerful tool for the testing of nutrient content claims. Such studies can help the FDA develop science-based criteria for nutrient profiling that underlies FOP and shelf labelling.
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Sciences Program and Center for Public Health Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Box 353410, Seattle, WA 98195-3410, USA. adamdrew@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Drewnowski
authors.forename: Howard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Moskowitz
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Reisner
authors.forename: Bert
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Krieger
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003258:Consumer Behavior; D005260:Female; D005515:Food Labeling / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards*; D018857:Food Packaging; D006801:Humans; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D010465:Perception; D017678:Sex Distribution; D014481:United States; D014486:United States Food and Drug Administration