title: Evaluation of trends in urolith composition and characteristics of dogs with urolithiasis: 25,499 cases (1985-2006).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate trends in urolith composition and urolithiasis in dogs during the past 21 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective case series.
  
  
  METHODS
  25,499 uroliths and the dogs from which they were obtained.
  
  
  METHODS
  Database of the Gerald V. Ling Urinary Stone Analysis Laboratory was searched from January 1985 through December 2006. All uroliths from dogs and the accompanying submission forms were evaluated. Age, sex, breed, and urolith location were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Minerals identified in uroliths included struvite, calcium oxalate (CaOx), urate, apatite, brushite, cystine, silica, potassium magnesium pyrophosphate, sulfa drug, xanthine, and newberyite. Although more struvite-containing uroliths were submitted during this period, a significant decrease in the proportion of struvite-containing uroliths submitted as a percentage of all uroliths submitted was detected. Also, a significant increase in the proportion of CaOx-containing uroliths submitted over time was detected. There was a significant nonlinear decrease in submission of urate-, silica-, and cystine-containing uroliths. The CaOx-, cystine-, and silica-containing uroliths were obtained significantly more often from male dogs; struvite- and urate-containing uroliths were obtained significantly more often from female dogs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An increase in the proportion of CaOx uroliths submitted over time was detected. Reasons for long-term changes in this trend were likely multifactorial and could have included alterations in diet formulations and water consumption and possibly the fact that people favor ownership of breeds more prone to developing CaOx-containing uroliths. The decrease in metabolic uroliths could have been related to better breeding practices and increased awareness of results of genetic studies.
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Winnie W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Low
authors.forename: Justin M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Uhl
authors.forename: Philip H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Kass
authors.forename: Annette L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Ruby
authors.forename: Jodi L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Westropp
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001031:Apatites / Q000737:chemistry; D002129:Calcium Oxalate / Q000737:chemistry; D002137:Calculi / Q000737:chemistry / Q000662:veterinary*; D003553:Cystine / Q000737:chemistry; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D017616:Magnesium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D008297:Male; D010710:Phosphates / Q000737:chemistry; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry; D000069877:Struvite; D013997:Time Factors; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D052878:Urolithiasis / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*
chemical_list: D001031:Apatites; D017616:Magnesium Compounds; D010710:Phosphates; D002129:Calcium Oxalate; D014527:Uric Acid; D003553:Cystine; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; D000069877:Struvite