title: Social outcomes in young adult survivors of low incidence childhood cancers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The intensity and duration of childhood cancer treatment may disrupt psychosocial development and thereby cause difficulties in transition into adulthood. The study objective was to assess social outcomes in early adulthood after successful treatment for childhood acute myeloid leukemia (AML), Wilms tumor (WT) and infratentorial astrocytoma (IA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Nordic patients treated for AML, WT and IA from 1985 to 2001 identified from a database administered by NOPHO (Nordic Society of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology) were invited to participate in a postal survey. All cancer-free survivors treated at age >1 year who were >19 years at time of study were eligible. Seventy-four percent; 247/335 responded. An age-equivalent group (N = 1,814) from a Norwegian Census Study served as controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean age of survivors was 23 years (range 19-34), 55% females. The proportion with academic education (>/=4 years) was similar in survivors and controls (28 vs. 32%). Fifty-nine percent of survivors were employed compared to 77% among controls (p < .01). More survivors were recipients of social benefits (6.7 vs. 3.1%, p < .01). There were no differences in marital status but parenthood was more common among controls (37 vs. 27%, p = .01). Controls lived longer in their parental homes (p = .01). Cancer type or treatment intensity had no statistically significant impact on results, except for parenthood.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study revealed important differences in social outcomes between survivors and controls early in adult life. Specific difficulties pertain to studying social status in early adulthood because of the natural transition characteristics for this age group. Therefore, longer follow-up is warranted.
authors.affiliation: National Resource Centre for Studies of Long-term Effects after Cancer, Department of Clinical Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, Oslo, Norway. i.m.johannsdottir@medisin.uio.no
authors.forename: Inga M R
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Jóhannsdóttir
authors.forename: Marianne J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Hjermstad
authors.forename: Torbjørn
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Moum
authors.forename: Finn
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wesenberg
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hjorth
authors.forename: Henrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schrøder
authors.forename: Päivi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lähteenmäki
authors.forename: Gudmundur
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jónmundsson
authors.forename: Jon H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Loge
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001254:Astrocytoma / Q000401:mortality / Q000523:psychology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D015192:Infratentorial Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000523:psychology*; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000523:psychology; D015470:Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute / Q000401:mortality / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D011379:Prognosis; D012919:Social Behavior; D015996:Survival Rate; D017741:Survivors / Q000523:psychology*; D009396:Wilms Tumor / Q000401:mortality / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult