title: Endoluminal MR imaging of porcine gastric structure in vivo.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recently, several new endoscopic instruments have been developed. However, even with the full use of current modalities, the safety of endoscopic surgery is not guaranteed. Information regarding factors such as fibrosis and the blood vessels under the mucosa is very important for avoiding procedure-related complications. The aim of this study was to define the detailed anatomy of the gastric wall structure in vivo using original endoluminal radiofrequency coils for safer endoscopic therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Swine were used as the subjects and controlled with general anesthesia. Anatomical images were obtained with T1-weighted fast spin echo (T1FSE) and T2-weighted fast spin echo (T2FSE). Dynamic magnetic resonance (MR) angiography was also obtained with three-dimensional T1-weighted fast spoiled gradient recalled acquisition in the steady state (3D-DMRA) following the injection of hyaluronic acid sodium into the submucosal layer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Porcine gastric wall structure was visualized, and four layers were discriminated in the T1FSE and T2FSE images. The vascular structure was clearly recognized in the submucosa on 3D-DMRA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endoluminal MR imaging was able to visualize the porcine stomach with similar quality to endoscopic ultrasonography imaging. Additionally, it was possible to visualize the vascular structures in the submucosal layer. This is the first report to show that blood vessels under the gastric mucosa can be depicted in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Chuo-ku, Kusunoki-cho, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan.
authors.forename: Hayato
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yoshinaka
authors.forename: Yoshinori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Morita
authors.forename: Yuichiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Matsuoka
authors.forename: Daisuke
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Obata
authors.forename: Shoko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fujiwara
authors.forename: Ryo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chinzei
authors.forename: Maki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sugimoto
authors.forename: Tsuyoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sanuki
authors.forename: Masaru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.forename: Hideto
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Inokuchi
authors.forename: Etsuko
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kumamoto
authors.forename: Kagayaki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kuroda
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Azuma
authors.forename: Hiromu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kutsumi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016099:Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D019160:Endosonography / Q000379:methods; D004867:Equipment Design; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000098:blood supply; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography / Q000379:methods*; D013270:Stomach / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000098:blood supply; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D006820:Hyaluronic Acid