title: Effects of exposure to physical factors on homeopathic preparations as determined by ultraviolet light spectroscopy.
abstract: Clinical trials have reported statistically significant and clinically relevant effects of homeopathic preparations. We applied ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy to investigate the physical properties of homeopathic preparations and to contribute to an understanding of the not-yet-identified mode of action. In previous investigations, homeopathic preparations had significantly lower UV light transmissions than controls. The aim of this study was to explore the possible effects of external factors (UV light and temperature) on the homeopathic preparations. Homeopathic centesimal (c) dilutions, 1c to 30c, of copper sulfate (CuSO(4)), decimal dilutions of sulfur (S(8)), 1x to 30x, and controls (succussed potentization medium) were prepared, randomized, and blinded. UV transmission was measured at six different time points after preparation (from 4 to 256 days). In addition, one series of samples was exposed to UV light of a sterilization lamp for 12 h, one was incubated at 37 degrees Celsius for 24 h, and one was heated to 90 degrees Celsius for 15 min. UV light transmission values from 190 or 220 nm to 340 nm were measured several times and averaged. After each exposure, UV transmission of the homeopathic preparations of CuSO(4) was significantly reduced compared to the controls, particularly after heating to 37 degrees Celsius. Overall, the nonexposed CuSO(4) preparations did not show significantly lower UV transmission compared to controls; however, the pooled subgroup of measurements at days 26, 33, and 110 yielded significant differences. UV light transmission for S(8) preparations did not show any differences compared to controls. Our conclusion is that exposure to external factors, incubation at 37 degrees Celsius in particular, increases the difference in light transmission of homeopathic CuSO(4) preparations compared to controls.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Complementary Medicine KIKOM, University of Bern, Switzerland. b.marschollek@students.unibe.ch
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Marschollek
authors.forename: Mathias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nelle
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Baumgartner
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Heusser
authors.forename: Ursula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Wolf
mesh_terms: D019327:Copper Sulfate / Q000737:chemistry*; D006705:Homeopathy / Q000379:methods; D006358:Hot Temperature; D010777:Photochemistry; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet / Q000379:methods*; D013455:Sulfur / Q000737:chemistry*; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays
chemical_list: D013455:Sulfur; D019327:Copper Sulfate