title: Various penA mutations together with mtrR, porB and ponA mutations in Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates with reduced susceptibility to cefixime or ceftriaxone.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine mutations within the penA, mtrR, porB, ponA and pilQ genes of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to determine their contribution to cephalosporin resistance.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 46 N. gonorrhoeae isolates with reduced susceptibility to cefixime or ceftriaxone (MICs > or = 0.12 mg/L) and two susceptible isolates were selected. The full sequence of penA and partial sequences previously reported as hot mutation sites of the other genes were analysed. Genotyping by N. gonorrhoeae multiantigen sequence typing (NG-MAST) was also performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A mosaic penicillin-binding protein 2 (PBP 2) was found in a single isolate that exhibited the highest cefixime MIC (0.5 mg/L). The majority of the isolates with reduced susceptibility to cephalosporins contained non-mosaic PBP 2 sequences, of which PBP 2 pattern XIII was most common (28/46). All isolates with reduced susceptibility to cephalosporins also had mtrR and porB mutations. Two susceptible isolates had the PBP 2 pattern XIV and an incomplete MtrR protein, which was a new mutation. Isolates with identical PBP 2 patterns comprised multiple NG-MAST sequence types.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reduced susceptibility of N. gonorrhoeae to ceftriaxone and cefixime was associated with diverse penA mutations, particularly PBP 2 pattern XIII containing an Ala-501-->Val substitution, together with mtrR and porB mutations. The existence of only one strain having the mosaic penA sequence indicated that ceftriaxone and cefixime resistance in Korea is mostly not associated with a mosaic penA sequence. Highly heterogeneous NG-MAST sequence types excluded the clonal expansion of a particular subtype.
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Sang-Guk
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Hyukmin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Seok Hoon
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.forename: Dongeun
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yong
authors.forename: Gyung Tae
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Yeong Seon
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Yunsop
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chong
authors.forename: Kyungwon
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000942:Antigens, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques; D020682:Cefixime / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002443:Ceftriaxone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016172:DNA Fingerprinting; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007723:Korea; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D020125:Mutation, Missense; D009344:Neisseria gonorrhoeae / Q000187:drug effects*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000942:Antigens, Bacterial; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D002443:Ceftriaxone; D020682:Cefixime