title: Kinetic characterization and comparison of various protein crosslinking reagents for matrix modification.
abstract: We have characterized the relative efficacies of a number of protein crosslinking agents that have the potential for use in the crosslinking of proteinaceous matrices both in vitro and in vivo. The crosslinkers tested were; L: -threose (LT), Genipin (GP), Methylglyoxal (MG), 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC), proanthrocyanidin (PA) and glutaraldehyde (GA). The relative effectiveness of the crosslinkers with regard to their saturating concentrations was: GA > PA > EDC > MG = GP >> LT. Most of the crosslinkers displayed a pH dependence and were more effective at more alkaline pH. At optimal pH and saturating conditions, the relative reaction rates of the crosslinkers were: PA = GA > EDC > GP > MG >> LT.
authors.affiliation: Orthopeutics, LP, Georgetown, TX 78626, USA. pslusarewicz@orthopeutics.com
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Slusarewicz
authors.forename: Keng
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hedman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002234:Carbodiimides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D002417:Cattle; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D005976:Glutaral / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D057889:Iridoid Glycosides; D039823:Iridoids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D007700:Kinetics; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D044945:Proanthocyanidins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational / Q000187:drug effects; D011506:Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D011765:Pyruvaldehyde / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D012995:Solubility; D013780:Tetroses / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D013816:Thermodynamics
chemical_list: C518491:1-ethyl-3-(3-(diethylamino)propyl)carbodiimide; D002234:Carbodiimides; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins; D057889:Iridoid Glycosides; D039823:Iridoids; D044945:Proanthocyanidins; D011506:Proteins; D013780:Tetroses; C013221:proanthocyanidin; D011765:Pyruvaldehyde; C007834:genipin; D005976:Glutaral; C073321:erythrose