title: Assessment and significance of abdominal aortic calcification in chronic kidney disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Abdominal aortic calcification is a common complication and a predictor of cardiovascular mortality in dialysis patients. However, abdominal aortic calcification in pre-dialysis chronic kidney disease (CKD) is poorly understood.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cohort study of 101 adult Japanese patients (mean age 66.6 +/- 11.3 years old) with pre-dialysis CKD (18, 29 and 54 in stages 3, 4 and 5, respectively) was performed. At entry, a non-contrast computed tomography scan was used to determine the abdominal aortic calcification index (ACI). Clinical characteristics and laboratory variables were also assessed. The patients were followed for a mean period of 48 +/- 12 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the subjects, 82% had abdominal aortic calcification (50, 83 and 91% for CKD stages 3, 4 and 5, respectively), and the median ACI was 16.7% (8.5, 20.0 and 21.4%, respectively). Multivariate logistic regression analyses identified older age, presence of diabetes and decreased estimated glomerular filtration rate (e-GFR) as independent predictors of the presence (ACI > 0%) and extent (ACI >or= 20%) of aortic calcification. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis identified ACI >or= 20% and diabetes as independent predictors for de novo cardiovascular events in CKD stages 4 and 5.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Decreased GFR may be associated with the presence and extent of abdominal aortic calcification, and a high level of calcification may be associated with de novo cardiovascular events in pre-dialysis CKD, suggesting that elucidation of the mechanism through which CKD contributes to vascular calcification may lead to an improved prognosis in patients with pre-dialysis CKD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Musashino Red Cross Hospital, Tokyo, Japan. s-hanada@umin.ac.jp
authors.forename: Shigeru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hanada
authors.forename: Ryoichi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ando
authors.forename: Shotaro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Naito
authors.forename: Namiko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: Mai
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wakabayashi
authors.forename: Toshihiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hata
authors.forename: Sei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sasaki
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001012:Aorta, Abdominal; D001018:Aortic Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000209:etiology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012307:Risk Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed