title: The views of patients and carers in treatment decision making for chronic kidney disease: systematic review and thematic synthesis of qualitative studies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To synthesise the views of patients and carers in decision making regarding treatment for chronic kidney disease, and to determine which factors influence those decisions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic review of qualitative studies of decision making and choice for dialysis, transplantation, or palliative care, and thematic synthesis of qualitative studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medline, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Embase, social work abstracts, and digital theses (database inception to week 3 October 2008) to identify literature using qualitative methods (focus groups, interviews, or case studies). Review methods Thematic synthesis involved line by line coding of the findings of the primary studies and development of descriptive and analytical themes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  18 studies that reported the experiences of 375 patients and 87 carers were included. 14 studies focused on preferences for dialysis modality, three on transplantation, and one on palliative management. Four major themes were identified as being central to treatment choices: confronting mortality (choosing life or death, being a burden, living in limbo), lack of choice (medical decision, lack of information, constraints on resources), gaining knowledge of options (peer influence, timing of information), and weighing alternatives (maintaining lifestyle, family influences, maintaining the status quo).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The experiences of other patients greatly influenced the decision making of patients and carers. The problematic timing of information about treatment options and synchronous creation of vascular access seemed to predetermine haemodialysis and inhibit choice of other treatments, including palliative care. A preference to maintain the status quo may explain why patients often remain on their initial therapy.
authors.affiliation: Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. rachaelm@health.usyd.edu.au
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Morton
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tong
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Snelling
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Webster
mesh_terms: D001294:Attitude to Health; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology*; D002755:Choice Behavior; D003657:Decision Making; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D008019:Life Style; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D010379:Peer Group; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000523:psychology; D013997:Time Factors