title: Assessment of anti-protozoal activity of plants traditionally used in Ecuador in the treatment of leishmaniasis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  For the assessment of the in vitro anti-protozoal potential of plants traditionally used in Ecuador in the treatment of leishmaniasis, a combined approach based on interviews with healers as well as a literature search was carried out.
  
  
  METHODS
  From three regions of Ecuador, 256 local healers called "Agents of Traditional Medicine" (ATMs) were interviewed about their knowledge of the use of plants to treat and heal the illness recognized by the ATMs as leishmaniasis. From literature sources, 14 plants were identified as being used in the treatment of leishmaniasis. Subsequently, plant material was collected from a representative selection of 39 species. A total of 140 extracts were screened in vitro against Leishmania donovani, Plasmodium falciparum, Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and Trypanosoma cruzi. Additionally, these extracts were evaluated for their anti-microbial activities using five gram-positive and -negative bacteria as well as Candida albicans.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The survey resulted in 431 use-records for 145 plant-taxa used for the treatment of leishmaniasis. The 10 most frequently reported taxa accounted for 37.7% of all records. In the case of leishmaniasis, activity was observed for Elephantopus mollis, Minquartia guianensis, Bocconia integrifolia, Gouania lupuloides, Scoparia dulcis, an as-yet-unidentified species of Piper and Brugmansia. For the leaves of M. guianensis and the twigs and bark of G. lupuloides a good selectivity index (SI) was found. IC(50) values and the SI of active plant extracts are presented.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacognosy, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, 8010 Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: María Salomé
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Gachet
authors.forename: Javier Salazar
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Lecaro
authors.forename: Marcel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kaiser
authors.forename: Reto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Brun
authors.forename: Hugo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Navarrete
authors.forename: Ricardo A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Muñoz
authors.forename: Rudolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schühly
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002460:Cell Line; D004484:Ecuador; D007893:Leishmania donovani / Q000187:drug effects; D007896:Leishmaniasis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010946:Plants, Medicinal / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000145:classification; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents