title: DSM-IV catatonia signs and criteria in first-episode, drug-naive, psychotic patients: psychometric validity and response to antipsychotic medication.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the prevalence, psychometric validity and response to antipsychotic drugs of DSM-IV catatonia signs and criteria in patients with a first-episode psychotic disorder.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two-hundred antipsychotic-naive patients with a DSM-IV nonaffective psychosis were assessed for catatonia signs and criteria using the Modified Rogers Scale, and the psychometric validity of the 12 DSM-IV catatonia signs and diagnostic criteria was examined. Treatment response of catatonia was assessed in 173 patients who completed one-month trial with haloperidol (n=23), risperidone (n=93) or olanzapine (n=57).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-two patients (31%) endorsed at least one catatonia sign and 24 (12%) met DSM-IV criteria for catatonia. DSM-IV catatonia signs showed an excellent convergent validity (r>0.8) with other rating scales, and DSM-IV criteria showed moderate to fair concordance with other criteria (kappa from 0.57 to 0.77). The total number of signs reflected catatonia severity and demonstrated excellent diagnostic performance against alternative diagnostic criteria. The presence of at least any three signs accurately identified patients with catatonia. Three catatonia domains were identified (hyperkinesia, volitional and hypokinesia), which showed a different association pattern with external variables. Overall, catatonia ratings were particularly related to both dyskinesia and disorganization symptoms and lacked diagnostic specificity for schizophrenia. Patients with catatonia responded well to antipsychotic medication irrespective of the type of antipsychotic drug used, although treatment response was dependent upon the remission of psychotic symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results may inform the DSM-V development on diagnosis and classification of catatonia, and indicate that catatonia signs and syndromes are highly responsive to antipsychotic drugs.
authors.affiliation: Psychiatric Unit, Virgen del Camino Hospital, Irunlarrea 4, 31008 Pamplona, Spain. victor.peralta.martin@cfnavarra.es
authors.forename: Victor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Peralta
authors.forename: Maria S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Campos
authors.forename: Elena Garcia
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: de Jalon
authors.forename: Manuel J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Cuesta
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001244:Association; D001480:Basal Ganglia Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D002389:Catatonia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000379:methods*; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012372:ROC Curve; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents