title: Sex, mixability, and modularity.
abstract: The assumption that different genetic elements can make separate contributions to the same quantitative trait was originally made in order to reconcile biometry and Mendelism and ever since has been used in population genetics, specifically for the trait of fitness. Here we show that sex is responsible for the existence of separate genetic effects on fitness and, more generally, for the existence of a hierarchy of genetic evolutionary modules. Using the tools developed in the process, we also demonstrate that in terms of their fitness effects, separation and fusion of genes are associated with the increase and decrease of the recombination rate between them, respectively. Implications for sex and evolution theory are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Miller Institute for Basic Research in Science and Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. adi@cs.berkeley.edu
authors.forename: Adi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Livnat
authors.forename: Christos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Papadimitriou
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pippenger
authors.forename: Marcus W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Feldman
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D005075:Biological Evolution; D056084:Genetic Fitness; D056426:Genetic Loci; D006239:Haplotypes; D011995:Recombination, Genetic; D012723:Sex