title: Shared genetic factors in migraine and depression: evidence from a genetic isolate.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the co-occurrence of migraine and depression and assess whether shared genetic factors may underlie both diseases.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were 2,652 participants of the Erasmus Rucphen Family genetic isolate study. Migraine was diagnosed using a validated 3-stage screening method that included a telephone interview. Symptoms of depression were assessed using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale and the depression subscale of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS-D). The contribution of shared genetic factors in migraine and depression was investigated by comparing heritability estimates for migraine with and without adjustment for symptoms of depression, and by comparing the heritability scores of depression between migraineurs and controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 360 migraine cases: 209 had migraine without aura (MO) and 151 had migraine with aura (MA). Odds ratios for depression in patients with migraine were 1.29 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.98-1.70) for MO and 1.70 (95% CI 1.28-2.24) for MA. Heritability estimates were significant for all migraine (0.56), MO (0.77), and MA (0.96), and decreased after adjustment for symptoms of depression or use of antidepressant medication, in particular for MA. Comparison of the heritability scores for depression between patients with migraine and controls showed a genetic correlation between HADS-D score and MA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a bidirectional association between depression and migraine, in particular migraine with aura, which can be explained, at least partly, by shared genetic factors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Albinusdreef 2, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands. G
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Stam
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: de Vries
authors.forename: A C J W
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Janssens
authors.forename: K R J
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Vanmolkot
authors.forename: Y S
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Aulchenko
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Henneman
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Oostra
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Frants
authors.forename: A M J M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: van den Maagdenberg
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Ferrari
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: van Duijn
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Terwindt
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015897:Comorbidity; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics*; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics*; D009426:Netherlands; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010375:Pedigree; D010641:Phenotype; D015995:Prevalence; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires