title: Navicular stress fractures in identical twin runners: high-risk fractures require structured treatment.
abstract: Tarsal navicular fractures require an accurate and timely diagnosis to prevent costly and disabling complications. Diagnosis requires a thorough clinical evaluation that focuses on the patient's history, particularly his or her training regimen, and diet-as was the case with these 17-year-old girls. Plain radiography, ultrasound, bone scintigraphy, MRI, and CT help make a definitive diagnosis. Treatment of low-risk fractures involves relative rest and cessation of the precipitating activity. High-risk fractures often require non-weight-bearing immobilization, coupled with therapy, and may require surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Performance and Wellness, Mesa State College, Grand Junction, CO, 81501, USA. smurray@mesastate.edu.
authors.forename: Steven R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Reeder
authors.forename: Troy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: Brian E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Udermann