title: Defining the role of cholecystokinin in the lipid-induced human brain activation matrix.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In human beings, as in most vertebrates, the release of the intestinal peptide cholecystokinin (CCK) by ingested food plays a major role both in digestion and the regulation of further food intake, but the changes in brain function and their underlying activation mechanisms remain unknown. Our aim was to explore, using a novel physiologic magnetic resonance imaging approach, the temporospatial brain activation matrix, in response to ingestion of a lipid meal and, by use of a CCK-1 receptor antagonist, to define the role of CCK in this activation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied, in 19 healthy subjects, the brain activation responses to ingested lipid (dodecanoic acid) or saline (control) with magnetic resonance imaging. Gallbladder volume, plasma CCK levels, and subjective hunger and fullness scores were also recorded. The experiment was then repeated, with and without prior administration of the CCK-1 receptor antagonist dexloxiglumide (600 mg orally) with a controlled, randomized order, latin-square design.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ingested lipid activated bilaterally a matrix of brain areas, particularly the brain stem, pons, hypothalamus, and also cerebellum and motor cortical areas. These activations were abolished by dexloxiglumide, indicating a CCK-mediated pathway, independent of any nutrient-associated awareness cues.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The identification of these activations now defines the lipid-activated brain matrix and provides a means by which the gut-derived homeostatic mechanisms of food regulation can be distinguished from secondary sensory and hedonic cues, thereby providing a new approach to exploring aberrant human gastrointestinal responses and eating behavior.
authors.affiliation: Gastrointestinal Sciences, University of Manchester, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Lassman
authors.forename: Shane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: McKie
authors.forename: Lloyd J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Gregory
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lal
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: D'Amato
authors.forename: Islay
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Steele
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Varro
authors.forename: Graham J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Dockray
authors.forename: Steven C R
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: David George
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Thompson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D002766:Cholecystokinin / Q000097:blood / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005704:Gallbladder / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D010421:Pentanoic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids; D010421:Pentanoic Acids; C103490:dexloxiglumide; D002766:Cholecystokinin; D010100:Oxygen