title: The motor evoked potential in AIDS and HAM/TSP: state of the evidence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to better understand the involvement of the corticospinal tract, assessed by non-invasive transcranial stimulation, in order to determine the actual involvement of the motor system in patients with HAM/TSP and AIDS.
  
  
  METHODS
  An exhaustive MEDLINE search for the period of 1985 to 2008 for all articles cross-referenced for 'HTLV-I, HTLV-II, HTLV-III and HIV, HIV1, HIV2, evoked potential, motor evoked potential, high voltage electrical stimulation, transcranial magnetic stimulation, magnetic stimulation, corticomotor physiology, motor pathways, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, AIDS, SIDA, tropical spastic paraparesis, HTLV-I-associated myelopathy, HAM, TSP, and HAM/TSP' were selected and analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighteen papers published in English, Spanish, Portuguese, French and Japanese were identified. Only the central motor conduction time has been analyzed in seropositive patients to human retroviruses. The investigations done on HAM/TSP support the involvement of the pyramidal tract mainly at lower levels, following a centripetal pattern; in AIDS, such an involvement seems to be more prominent at brain levels following a centrifugal pattern.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The central motor conduction time abnormalities and involvement differences of the corticospinal tract of patients with AIDS and HAM/TSP dissected here would allow to re-orient early neurorehabilitation measures in these retroviruses-associated neurodegenerative disorders. Besides this, more sophisticated and sensitive non-invasive corticospinal stimulation measures that detect early changes in thalamocortical-basal ganglia circuitry will be needed in both clinically established as well as asymptomatic patients at times when the fastest corticospinal fibers remain uninvolved.
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento y Neurorehabilitacion, Seccion de Neurologia, Fundacion Santa Fe, Bogota, Colombia. feleones@gmail.com
authors.forename: Fidias E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Leon-Sarmiento
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Elfakhani
authors.forename: Nash N
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Boutros
mesh_terms: D019054:Evoked Potentials, Motor / Q000502:physiology*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D015493:Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010812:Physical Stimulation; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology