title: Serum beta-endorphin response to stress before and after operation under fentanyl anesthesia in neonates, infants and preschool children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The endogenous opioid beta-endorphin is a known indicator of stress and pain. Opioid anesthesia during operation may prevent postoperative beta-endorphin hypersecretion. We examine the effect on serum beta-endorphin of both preoperative stress and stress of operation under opioids in neonates, infants and preschool children. In order to eliminate the effect of hospitalization anxiety we compared with inpatients of similar age with non-surgical disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  We included 74 surgical patients (25 neonates, 24 infants, 25 preschool children), and 44 non-surgical inpatients (14 neonates, 12 infants, 18 preschool children). Anesthesia comprised propofol and fentanyl. In presence of pain after extubation, supplementary morphine was administered. Sera were taken preoperatively and 2 h postoperatively in surgical patients, and once in non-surgical patients. Beta-endorphin was tested using ELISA (ng/ml).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all surgical patients beta-endorphin did not increase significantly after surgery. Neonates showed significantly elevated beta-endorphin preoperatively (mean+/-SD: 2.02+/-0.76) and postoperatively (2.07+/-0.90) compared to neonates with a non-surgical disease (1.05+/-0.34; p<0.005). In contrast, infants (preoperative values: 1.75+/-1.32, postoperative values: 2.00+/-1.83) did not differ from respective non-surgical inpatients (1.49+/-0.70). Before and after surgery, beta-endorphin was significantly elevated in preschool children (7.19+/-1.85, 6.42+/-1.31), as compared with neonates and infants (p<0.0005), and with preschool children with non-surgical disease (1.01+/-0.27; p<0.0005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fentanyl/propofol anesthesia, supplemented by postoperative morphine where necessary, protects from surgical stress and postoperative pain, as denoted by no postoperative increase of beta-endorphin in all age groups. Preschool children, who exhibit increased emotional perception, have explicitly high serum beta-endorphin before and after surgery. Preoperative preparation programs might be worthy in this age group. Neonates show a moderate but still significantly high response of beta-endorphin to stress, retained after operation. In contrast, infants tolerated stress better (not increased beta-endorphin pre- and post-operatively).
authors.affiliation: Aristotle University Medical School, 2nd Department of Pediatric Surgery, Thessaloniki, Greece. pmirilas@gmail.com
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mirilas
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mentessidou
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kontis
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Antypa
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Makedou
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Petropoulos
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000771:Anesthesia, Intravenous; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D015742:Propofol / Q000008:administration & dosage; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D001615:beta-Endorphin / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D001615:beta-Endorphin; D009020:Morphine; D005283:Fentanyl; D015742:Propofol