title: The relationship between the attenuation properties of breast microcalcifications and aluminum.
abstract: Screening mammography is one of the most challenging radiological techniques and this is partly due to the difficulty in detecting microcalcifications (MCs) against an anatomical background of varying mammographic tissue density. Further complicating factors in the detection of MCs include the small size and their resemblance to other bright structures in the breast. A number of different microcalcification simulating materials are available and these are often incorporated in test objects used to study some aspects of an imaging system, for example, optimal beam quality selection in digital mammography. Aluminum (Al) has similar x-ray attenuation properties to MCs and therefore Al is extensively used in test objects. However, to the best of our knowledge, the suitability of Al as a substitute material for MCs has not been studied explicitly. The aim of this study was therefore to demonstrate that spectral optimization studies for MCs can be performed with Al sheets. The approach used was twofold. First, contrasts generated by Al and MCs at several exposure settings were compared, and secondly an optimization study was performed with both Al and MCs as the contrasting target using an amorphous selenium (a-Se) based digital mammography unit. Specimens from stereotactic vacuum-assisted breast biopsies of non-palpable lesions with mammographic evidence of MCs were obtained from clinical routine patients. Contrasts generated by these MCs and by Al sheets were measured for Mo/Mo, Mo/Rh and W/Rh anode/filter combinations, for different polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) thicknesses at the extremes of the x-ray tube voltages used clinically. A linear regression was then applied between the two measurements of contrast; the ratio of the angular coefficient q obtained from the fitted regression lines for Al and MCs ranged from 0.96 to 0.99 for Mo/Mo and Mo/Rh combinations at 2 and 4 cm PMMA, respectively, and from 0.83 at 4 cm PMMA to 1.14 at 7 cm PMMA for the W/Rh combination. For the optimization study, the signal-difference-to-noise ratio (SDNR) measured using the MCs was plotted as a function of mean glandular dose (MGD) for 4 cm PMMA, for the three different anode/filter combinations. The W/Rh combination always gave the highest SDNR for a given MGD. The SDNR and MGD were then used to define the common figure of merit SNR(2)/MGD; the setting that maximized this measure at 4 cm PMMA was 27 kV and a W/Rh combination. These results demonstrate a close correspondence between the attenuation properties of Al and extracted MC material over the energy range studied for the Mo/Mo, Mo/Rh and W/Rh anode/filter combinations. Furthermore, it was found that the exposure parameters that maximized the figure of merit for the MC specimen agree with results found in studies that used Al sheets as a substitute for the MC.
authors.affiliation: Leuven University Center Medical Physics in Radiology, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium. federica.zanca@uzleuven.be
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zanca
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Van Ongeval
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Meylaers
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Michielsen
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Marchal
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bosmans
mesh_terms: D000535:Aluminum / Q000378:metabolism*; D001940:Breast / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001941:Breast Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D016014:Linear Models; D008327:Mammography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D008954:Models, Biological; D019904:Polymethyl Methacrylate; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D012643:Selenium
chemical_list: D019904:Polymethyl Methacrylate; D000535:Aluminum; D012643:Selenium