title: Severe Plasmodium vivax malaria exhibits marked inflammatory imbalance.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite clinical descriptions of severe vivax malaria cases having been reported, data regarding immunological and inflammatory patterns are scarce. In this report, the inflammatory and immunological status of both mild and severe vivax malaria cases are compared in order to explore immunopathological events in this disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Active and passive malaria case detections were performed during 2007 in Buritis, Rondônia, in the Brazilian Amazon. A total of 219 participants enrolled the study. Study individuals were classified according to the presence of Plasmodium vivax infection within four groups: non-infected (n = 90), asymptomatic (n = 60), mild (n = 50) and severe vivax infection (n = 19). A diagnosis of malaria was made by microscopy and molecular assays. Since at present no clear criteria define severe vivax malaria, this study adapted the consensual criteria from falciparum malaria. Patients with severe P. vivax infection were younger, had lived for shorter time in the endemic area, and recalled having experienced less previous malaria episodes than individuals with no malaria infection and with mild or asymptomatic infection. Strong linear trends were identified regarding increasing plasma levels of C reactive protein (CRP), serum creatinine, bilirubins and the graduation of disease severity. Plasma levels of tumour necrosis factor (TNF), interferon-gamma(IFN-gamma) and also IFN-gamma/interleukin-10 ratios were increased and exhibited a linear trend with gradual augmentation of disease severity. Both laboratory parameters of organ dysfunction and inflammatory cytokines were reduced during anti-parasite therapy in those patients with severe disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Different clinical presentations of vivax malaria infection present strong association with activation of pro-inflammatory responses and cytokine imbalance. These findings are of utmost importance to improve current knowledge about physiopathological concepts of this serious widespread disease.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz (CPqGM), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
authors.forename: Bruno B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Andrade
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Reis-Filho
authors.forename: Sebastião M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Souza-Neto
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Clarêncio
authors.forename: Luis M A
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Camargo
authors.forename: Aldina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barral
authors.forename: Manoel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Barral-Netto
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001938:Brazil; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology*; D016780:Malaria, Vivax / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010966:Plasmodium vivax / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials; D016207:Cytokines