title: Relationship between cystatin C and coronary artery atherosclerosis progression differs by type 1 diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cystatin C has been proposed to better estimate renal function and predict cardiovascular disease (CVD) than serum creatinine. To expand on our previous report, we investigated whether the relationship of cystatin C to progression of coronary artery atherosclerosis (CA) differed between individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and persons without diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Coronary artery calcium was measured twice over 2.4 +/- 0.4 years (n = 1,123, age = 39 +/- 9 years, 47% male, 45% T1D). Significant CA progression was defined as a > or = 2.5 increase in square root calcium volume score or development of clinical coronary artery disease. Stepwise multiple logistic regression was performed to investigate whether the association of cystatin C to CA progression differed by T1D status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The main finding and novelty of this article is that while the univariate association of cystatin C to CA progression was similar in T1D patients and persons without diabetes mellitus and in the expected direction (increased cystatin C as a biomarker of worsening renal function associated with CA progression), the association of cystatin C to progression of CA differed by T1D status (P = 0.01) after adjustment for other CVD risk factors. Unexpectedly, in persons without diabetes mellitus having relatively normal renal function, increased cystatin C was associated with decreased CA progression (odd ratio [OR] = 0.65, 95% confidence interval 0.44-0.96, P = 0.029) after adjustment, primarily due to adjustment for body mass index (BMI). Removal of BMI from this model resulted in a 49% change in the OR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our hypothesis-generating data suggest a complex relationship among cystatin C, BMI, and CA progression that requires further study.
authors.affiliation: Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA. David.Maahs@uchsc.edu
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Maahs
authors.forename: Janet K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Snell-Bergeon
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Hokanson
authors.forename: Gregory L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Kinney
authors.forename: Tomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Berl
authors.forename: Marian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rewers
authors.forename: Lorraine G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Ogden
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D055316:Cystatin C / Q000097:blood*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000145:classification* / Q000150:complications; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000150:complications*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012016:Reference Values; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D055316:Cystatin C