Gadolinium-containing bioparticles as an active entity to promote cell cycle progression in mouse embryo fibroblast NIH3T3 cells.
In the present study, we demonstrated that gadolinium-containing particles formed in cell culture medium acted as a biologically active entity to mediate cell cycle progression in NIH3T3 cells. The particles were observed to accumulate at the cell surface by scanning electron microscopy. Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis was undertaken and confirmed that gadolinium was incorporated in the agglomerated particles. Moreover, the smaller gadolinium particles exhibited a stronger cell-cycle-promoting effect than the larger ones, but they shared the common signaling pathways. Both extracellular signal regulated kinase and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling pathways were activated by gadolinium-containing particles and may account for their proliferation-promoting effect on NIH3T3 cells. Furthermore, the study showed that the free gadolinium ion released from gadolinium-containing particles may be responsible for the proliferation effect. This study will be helpful to clarify the biological effect of the insoluble species formed from Gd(3+) as well as other multivalent metal ions under physiological conditions and will help to improve their medical applications.
Li
Jin-Xia
JX
State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China.
Liu
Jing-Cheng
JC
Wang
Kui
K
Yang
Xiao-Gai
XG
D000818:Animals; D002453:Cell Cycle; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002470:Cell Survival; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000166:cytology*; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D005682:Gadolinium / Q000378:metabolism*; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System; D051379:Mice; D041681:NIH 3T3 Cells; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism; D044967:Serum / Q000378:metabolism
D005682:Gadolinium; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases