title: In vivo endotoxin synchronizes and suppresses clock gene expression in human peripheral blood leukocytes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The intravenous administration of a bolus dose of endotoxin to healthy human subjects triggers acute systemic inflammatory responses that include cytokine production and dynamic changes in gene expression in peripheral blood leukocytes. This study sought to determine the state of clock gene expression in human peripheral blood leukocytes, and leukocyte subpopulations, challenged with in vivo endotoxin at two circadian/diurnal phases of the clock.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical and laboratory investigation.
  
  
  METHODS
  University-based research laboratory and clinical research center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human volunteers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human subjects were administered a standard dose of endotoxin (2 ng/kg) or saline at either 0900 or 2100 hrs. Blood samples were collected at selected time points pre- and postinfusion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clock gene expression was determined in human peripheral blood leukocytes, neutrophils, and monocytes by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The fold change for each gene was determined by use of the 2 method. We show that endotoxin causes profound suppression of circadian clock gene expression, clearly manifested in human peripheral blood leukocytes, neutrophils, and monocytes. Clock, Cry1-2, Per3, CSNK1epsilon, Rora, and Rev-erb gene expression were all reduced by 80% to 90% with the nadir between 3 and 6 hrs postinfusion. Per1 and Per2 reached an expression nadir between 13 and 17 hrs postinfusion. The levels of plasma interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor peaked and then returned to baseline within 6 hrs. In contrast, clock gene expression remained suppressed for up to 17 hrs irrespective of the phase of the clock at the time of the endotoxin challenge. Endotoxin did not perturb the melatonin secretory rhythm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Circadian clock gene expression in peripheral blood leukocytes is dramatically altered and possibly uncoupled from the activity of the central clock during periods of acute systemic inflammation. The realignment of the central and peripheral clocks may constitute a previously unappreciated key factor affecting recovery from disease in humans.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Sciences, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ.
authors.forename: Beatrice
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Haimovich
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Calvano
authors.forename: Adrian D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Haimovich
authors.forename: Steve E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Calvano
authors.forename: Susette M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Coyle
authors.forename: Stephen F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Lowry
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D056926:CLOCK Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D009000:Monocytes / Q000276:immunology; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000276:immunology; D018746:Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004731:Endotoxins; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D056926:CLOCK Proteins; C538943:CLOCK protein, human; D006854:Hydrocortisone