title: Neurocritical care for neonates.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To describe the concept, implementation, patient characteristics, and preliminary outcomes of a Neonatal Neurocritical Care Service (NNCS) recently established at the University of California, San Francisco.
  
  
  METHODS
  The NNCS was developed to better address the special needs of neonates at risk for neurological injury. The service combines dedicated neurological care, specialized neonatal medical and nursing expertise, neuromonitoring, neuroimaging, neurodevelopmental care, and long-term follow up. Newborns evaluated by the NNCS between July 2008 and June 2009 were included in the analysis. Demographic data (gestational age at birth, sex, admission diagnosis, and reason for consult), outcome (mortality, length of stay), and neurophysiology and imaging resources were extracted from patient charts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over the 12-month period, 155 newborns were evaluated (approximately 25% of all admissions); of these, 51 were preterm (<36 weeks gestation) and 104 were term. Approximately half were admitted for primary medical diagnoses, such as preterm birth, congenital malformations or apnea/apparent life-threatening event (ALTE), with the remainder admitted for primary neurological problems, including perinatal asphyxia, seizures/possible seizures, or congenital cerebral malformation. The most common neurological diagnoses were hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (38%) and seizure (35%). Among preterm newborns, intraventricular hemorrhage grade III and periventricular hemorrhagic infarction were most common. Mortality was approximately 20% in both preterm and term populations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While specialized neurocritical care has improved outcomes in adult populations, longitudinal studies are needed to determine whether specialized neurocritical care services will also result in improved neurodevelopmental outcomes for newborns.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of California, Box 0663, 521 Parnassus Avenue, C-215, San Francisco, CA 94143-0663, USA. Hannah.Glass@ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Hannah C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Glass
authors.forename: Sonia L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Bonifacio
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Peloquin
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shimotake
authors.forename: Sally
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sehring
authors.forename: Yao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sullivan
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.forename: A James
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Barkovich
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rowitch
authors.forename: Donna M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Ferriero
mesh_terms: D001238:Asphyxia Neonatorum / Q000628:therapy; D001925:Brain Damage, Chronic / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004569:Electroencephalography; D006801:Humans; D020925:Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain / Q000628:therapy; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007235:Infant, Premature, Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015931:Intensive Care, Neonatal / Q000379:methods*; D020300:Intracranial Hemorrhages / Q000628:therapy; D007902:Length of Stay; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009421:Nervous System Malformations / Q000628:therapy; D010348:Patient Care Team; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D013036:Spasms, Infantile / Q000628:therapy; D015996:Survival Rate; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D017585:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial