title: The combined supraorbital keyhole-endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal approach to sellar, perisellar and frontal skull base tumors: surgical technique.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Extended endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal approaches (extended EETA) are increasingly being explored for lesions around the sella and the frontal skull base. These approaches, however, require significant surgical expertise and training that can only be obtained in high-volume centers and therefore these approaches are not generalizable to the whole neurosurgical community. Also, these approaches require significant skull base destruction and reconstruction, which comes with a high risk of CSF fistulas. The aim of this article is to describe a combined supraorbital keyhole-endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal approach as an alternative surgical strategy to the extended EETA that is easier to perform and that leaves the skull base anatomy more intact.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two fairly common neurosurgical approaches, the supraorbital keyhole approach and the endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal approach, are combined into a single-stage or two-stage surgical procedure. The procedure can be performed as a single neurosurgeon-serial approach and as a two neurosurgeon-parallel simultaneous approach. The philosophy and technique of this combined approach will be described.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combined supraorbital keyhole-EETA approach can be used without extra surgical training or expertise and with preservation of skull base anatomy for sellar, perisellar and frontal skull base tumors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. e.vanlindert@nch.umcn.nl
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: van Lindert
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Grotenhuis
mesh_terms: D000236:Adenoma / Q000601:surgery*; D000293:Adolescent; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008579:Meningioma / Q000601:surgery*; D008875:Middle Aged; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D019292:Skull Base Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome