title: Gene trapping identifies chloride channel 4 as a novel inducer of colon cancer cell migration, invasion and metastases.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To date, there are few reports on gene products contributing to colon cancer progression.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used a gene trap comprised of an enhanced retroviral mutagen (ERM) cassette that includes a tetracycline-responsive promoter upstream of a haemagglutinin (HA) tag and a splice donor site. Integration of the ERM within an endogenous gene yields a tetracycline-regulated HA-tagged transcript. We transduced RKO colon cancer cells expressing a tetracycline trans-activator-off with the ERM-encoding retrovirus and screened for enhanced migration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One clone showed fivefold enhanced migration with tetracycline withdrawal. Rapid amplification of cDNA ends identified the trapped gene as the chloride channel 4 (CLCN4) exchanger. Stable expression of a CLCN4 cDNA enhanced motility, whereas cells knocked down or null for this transcript showed reduced migration/invasion. CLCN4-overexpressing RKO colon cancer cells were more resistant than controls to proton load-induced cytotoxicity, consistent with the H(+)-extruding function of this antiporter. Intra-splenic delivery of RKO-CLCN4 transfectants, but not controls, yielded liver metastases, and transcript levels were higher in colon cancer metastases to the liver when compared with primary tumours.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CLCN4 is a novel driver of colon cancer progression.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Biology Department, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ishiguro
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Avila
authors.forename: S-Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Boyd
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D000818:Animals; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000235:genetics*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018118:Chloride Channels / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology*; D003001:Cloning, Molecular / Q000379:methods; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D018450:Disease Progression; D045325:HCT116 Cells; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000556:secondary; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous
chemical_list: C484312:CLCN4 protein, human; D018118:Chloride Channels