title: A computational fluid dynamics approach to assess interhuman variability in hydrogen sulfide nasal dosimetry.
abstract: Human exposure to hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) gas occurs from natural and industrial sources and can result in dose-related neurological, respiratory, and cardiovascular effects. Olfactory neuronal loss in H(2)S-exposed rats has been used to develop occupational and environmental exposure limits. Using nasal computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models, a correlation was found between wall mass flux and olfactory neuronal loss in rodents, suggesting an influence of airflow patterns on lesion locations that may affect interspecies extrapolation of inhaled dose. Human nasal anatomy varies considerably within a population, potentially affecting airflow patterns and dosimetry of inhaled gases. This study investigates interhuman variability of H(2)S nasal dosimetry using anatomically accurate CFD models of the nasal passages of five adults and two children generated from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) scan data. Using allometrically equivalent breathing rates, steady-state inspiratory airflow and H(2)S uptake were simulated. Approximate locations of olfactory epithelium were mapped in each model to compare air:tissue flux in the olfactory region among individuals. The fraction of total airflow to the olfactory region ranged from 2% to 16%. Despite this wide range in olfactory airflow, H(2)S dosimetry in the olfactory region was predicted to be similar among individuals. Differences in the 99 th percentile and average flux values were <1.2-fold at inhaled concentrations of 1, 5, and 10 ppm. These preliminary results suggest that differences in nasal anatomy and ventilation among adults and children do not have a significant effect on H(2)S dosimetry in the olfactory region.
authors.affiliation: The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2137, USA. jschroeter@thehamner.org
authors.forename: Jeffry D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Schroeter
authors.forename: Guilherme J M
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.forename: Julia S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kimbell
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D000465:Algorithms; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006801:Humans; D006862:Hydrogen Sulfide / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007700:Kinetics; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000473:pathology; D009666:Nose / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D009831:Olfactory Mucosa / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D015656:Respiratory Mechanics / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D006862:Hydrogen Sulfide