title: Endothelial function, but not carotid intima-media thickness, is affected early in menopause and is associated with severity of hot flushes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The effect of early menopause on indices of vascular function has been little studied.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of the study was to investigate the effect of early menopause on indices of subclinical atherosclerosis and identify predictors of those indices in early menopausal women.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a cross-sectional study that included 120 early menopausal women (age range 42-55 yr, <3 yr in menopause) recruited from the menopause outpatient clinic of an academic hospital and 24 age-matched premenopausal women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and common carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) were studied. Estrogen receptor (ER)-alpha (rs2234693 T-->C and rs9340799 A-->G) and ERbeta (rs4986938 A-->G) polymorphisms were studied in menopausal women.
  
  
  RESULTS
  FMD was significantly lower in early menopausal women compared with controls (5.43 +/- 2.53 vs. 8.74 +/- 3.17%, P < 0.001), whereas IMT did not differ between groups (P > 0.8). Severity of hot flushes was the most important independent predictor for FMD (P < 0.001) in menopausal women. Women with moderate/severe/very severe hot flushes had impaired FMD in contrast to women with no/mild hot flushes or controls. Women with no/mild hot flushes did not differ compared with controls. Age and systolic blood pressure were the main determinants of IMT (both P = 0.004). ER polymorphisms were not associated with vascular parameters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Impairment of endothelial function is present in the early menopausal years, whereas carotid IMT is not affected. Severity of hot flushes is the main determinant of endothelial dysfunction in early menopausal women. The studied ER polymorphisms do not offer important information on vascular health in early menopause.
authors.affiliation: M.R.C.P., F.E.S.C., Department of Cardiology, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, 45 110 Greece.
authors.forename: Aris
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bechlioulis
authors.forename: Sophia N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Kalantaridou
authors.forename: Katerina K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Naka
authors.forename: Anthoula
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chatzikyriakidou
authors.forename: Karim A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Calis
authors.forename: Antonis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Makrigiannakis
authors.forename: Odysseas
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Papanikolaou
authors.forename: Apostolos
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kaponis
authors.forename: Christos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Katsouras
authors.forename: Ioannis
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Georgiou
authors.forename: George P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Chrousos
authors.forename: Lampros K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Michalis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001916:Brachial Artery / Q000502:physiology; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000502:physiology*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004958:Estradiol / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone / Q000097:blood; D019584:Hot Flashes / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008593:Menopause / Q000097:blood / Q000502:physiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D018579:Patient Selection; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000502:physiology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D017540:Tunica Media / Q000033:anatomy & histology*
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids; D004958:Estradiol; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone