title: Effect of moderate diet-induced weight loss and weight regain on cardiovascular structure and function.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this prospective, single-site, 2-year dietary intervention study was to evaluate the effects of moderate weight reduction and subsequent partial weight regain on cardiovascular structure and function.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Obesity is associated with adverse cardiac and vascular structural and functional alterations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty obese subjects (age 46 + or - 10 years, body mass index 37 + or - 3 kg/m(2)) were evaluated during their participation in a weight loss study. Cardiac and vascular ultrasound studies were performed at baseline and at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months after start of intervention.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-seven subjects (78%) completed the entire 2-year follow-up. Average weight loss was 7.3 + or - 4.0%, 9.2 + or - 5.6%, 7.8 + or - 6.6%, and 3.8 + or - 7.9% at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months, respectively. Age- and sex-adjusted mixed linear models revealed that the follow-up time was significantly associated with decreases in weight (p < 0.0001), left ventricular (LV) mass (p = 0.001), and carotid intima-media thickness (p < 0.0001); there was also significant improvement in LV diastolic (p < or = 0.0001) and systolic (p = 0.001) function. Partial weight regain diminished the maximal observed beneficial effects of weight loss, however cardiovascular parameters measured at 2 years still showed a net benefit compared with baseline.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diet-induced moderate weight loss in obese subjects is associated with beneficial changes in cardiovascular structure and function. Subsequent weight regain is associated with partial loss of these beneficial effects. (The Safety and Effectiveness of Low and High Carbohydrate Diets; NCT00079547).
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Imaging and Clinical Research Core Laboratory, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: de las Fuentes
authors.forename: Alan D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Waggoner
authors.forename: B Selma
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Mohammed
authors.forename: Richard I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.forename: Bernard V
authors.initials: BV
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Gary D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Foster
authors.forename: Holly R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Wyatt
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: Victor G
authors.initials: VG
authors.lastname: Davila-Roman
mesh_terms: D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D003971:Diastole / Q000502:physiology; D050528:Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted; D018752:Diet, Fat-Restricted; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D017379:Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000503:physiopathology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013599:Systole / Q000502:physiology; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D017540:Tunica Media / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000502:physiology*; D020257:Ventricular Remodeling; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000502:physiology*; D015431:Weight Loss / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D014280:Triglycerides