title: Chondroitin sulfates are required for fibroblast growth factor-2-dependent proliferation and maintenance in neural stem cells and for epidermal growth factor-dependent migration of their progeny.
abstract: The neural stem cell niche of the embryonic and adult forebrain is rich in chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycans (CS-GAGs) that represent complex linear carbohydrate structures on the cell surface of neural stem/progenitor cells or in their intimate environment. We reported earlier that the removal of CS-GAGs with the bacterial enzyme chondroitinase ABC (ChABC) reduced neural stem/progenitor cell proliferation and self-renewal, whereas this treatment favored astroglia formation at the expense of neurogenesis. Here, we studied the consequences of CS-deglycanation further and revealed that CS-GAGs are selectively required for neurosphere formation, proliferation, and self-renewal of embryonic cortical neural stem/progenitor cells in response to fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2. Consistently, the FGF-2-dependent activation of the MAPKinase in neural stem/progenitor cells was diminished after ChABC treatment, but unaltered after epidermal growth factor (EGF) stimulation. Upon EGF treatment, fewer radial glia were brain lipid-binding protein (BLBP)-positive, whereas more were glutamate aspartate transporter (GLAST)-positive after CS-GAG removal. Only in this latter situation, GLAST-positive radial glia cells extended processes that supported neuronal migration from differentiating neurospheres. CS-deglycanation also selectively increased astrocyte numbers and their migration in response to EGF. Thus, our approach revealed that CS-GAGs are essential for FGF-2-mediated proliferation and maintenance of neuron-generating neural stem/progenitor cells. Simultaneously, CS-GAGs act as a brake on the EGF-dependent maturation, migration, and gliogenesis of neural stem/progenitor cells. We conclude that neural stem/progenitor cell subpopulations reside in neurospheres that are distinguishable by their responsiveness to FGF-2 and EGF which is differentially regulated by CS-carbohydrate structures.
authors.affiliation: Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitaetsstrasse, Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Swetlana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sirko
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: von Holst
authors.forename: Anika
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wizenmann
authors.forename: Ursula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Theocharidis
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Götz
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Faissner
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002465:Cell Movement; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002809:Chondroitin Sulfates / Q000378:metabolism*; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor / Q000378:metabolism*; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C038142:chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycan; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor; D002809:Chondroitin Sulfates; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases