title: Serum uric acid levels predict the development of albuminuria over 6 years in patients with type 1 diabetes: findings from the Coronary Artery Calcification in Type 1 Diabetes study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent studies suggest that uric acid is a mediator of diabetic nephropathy. We hypothesized that elevated serum uric acid levels are a strong predictor of albuminuria in patients with type 1 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed data from the Coronary Artery Calcification in Type 1 Diabetes study, a prospective observational study. A stepwise logistic regression model was applied to predict the development of micro- or macroalbuminuria after 6 years of follow-up in 324 participants who had no evidence of micro- or macroalbuminuria at baseline. A P-value <0.1 was used as the criteria for entry into and removal from the model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The following factors were selected in the stepwise multivariate model as predictors of micro- or macroalbuminuria at the 6-year follow-up visit: baseline serum uric acid levels, HbA(1c) and pre-albuminuria. For every 1-mg/dl increase in serum uric acid levels at baseline, there was an 80% increased risk of developing micro- or macroalbuminuria at 6 years (odds ratio 1.8; 95% confidence interval 1.2, 2.8; P = 0.005). Additional covariates considered in the stepwise model were sex, age, duration of diabetes, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin II receptor blocker treatment, waist circumference, waist/hip ratio, body mass index, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, smoking, serum creatinine, cystatin C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Elevated serum uric acid levels are a strong predictor of the development of albuminuria in patients with type 1 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA. diana.jalal@ucdenver.edu
authors.forename: Diana I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Jalal
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Rivard
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Maahs
authors.forename: Kimberly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: McFann
authors.forename: Marian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rewers
authors.forename: Janet K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Snell-Bergeon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000209:etiology*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D014527:Uric Acid