title: Incidence of adverse drug reactions induced by N-acetylcysteine in patients with acetaminophen overdose.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intravenous N-acetylcysteine (IV-NAC) is widely recognized as the antidote of choice for acetaminophen overdose. However, its use is not without adverse drug reactions (ADR) that might affect therapeutic outcome or lead to treatment delay.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate the type and incidence of ADR induced by IV-NAC in patients treated for acetaminophen overdose.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a retrospective study of patients admitted to the hospital for acute acetaminophen overdose over a period of 4 years (1 January 2005 to 31 December 2008). The primary outcome of interest in this study was the occurrence of ADR during NAC administration. Pearson chi-square test or Fisher's exact test, student's t test, and Mann-Whitney U test were used in univariate analysis. SPSS 15 was used for data analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two hundred and fifty five patients were studied. Different types of ADR were observed in 119 (46.7%) cases. Of those patients, 83 (69.7%) had been treated with IV-NAC versus 36 (30.3%) who had not (p < .001). The following ADR were significantly associated with IV-NAC administration: vomiting (p = .001), flushing (p < .001), rash (p < .001), pruritus (p < .001), chest pain (p = .001), bronchospasm (p = .03), coughing (p = .01), headache (p = .001), dizziness (p < .001), convulsion (p = .03), and hypotension (p = .001). ADR were mild in 54 (43.2%), moderate in 17 (13.6%), and severe in 12 (9.6%) patients. There were no ADR in 42 (33.6%) patients. Comparative results of the characteristics of patients who reacted to IV-NAC and nonreactors showed that patients with ADR had no significant difference in age, gender, ethnicity, amount ingested, latency time, and acetaminophen level than nonreactors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ADR to IV-NAC were common among patients with acetaminophen overdose, but mostly minor and all reported adverse reactions were easily managed.
authors.affiliation: WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Information, Clinical Toxicology, National Poison Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Penang, Malaysia. saedzyoud@najah.edu
authors.forename: Sa'ed H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Zyoud
authors.forename: Rahmat
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Awang
authors.forename: Syed Azhar
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Syed Sulaiman
authors.forename: Waleed M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Sweileh
authors.forename: Samah W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Al-Jabi
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000506:poisoning*; D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016907:Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000506:poisoning*; D000931:Antidotes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D062787:Drug Overdose / Q000188:drug therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008296:Malaysia; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D000931:Antidotes; D000082:Acetaminophen; D000111:Acetylcysteine