title: The formation of Anthocyanic Vacuolar Inclusions in Arabidopsis thaliana and implications for the sequestration of anthocyanin pigments.
abstract: Anthocyanins are flavonoid pigments that accumulate in the large central vacuole of most plants. Inside the vacuole, anthocyanins can be found uniformly distributed or as part of sub-vacuolar pigment bodies, the Anthocyanic Vacuolar Inclusions (AVIs). Using Arabidopsis seedlings grown under anthocyanin-inductive conditions as a model to understand how AVIs are formed, we show here that the accumulation of AVIs strongly correlates with the formation of cyanidin 3-glucoside (C3G) and derivatives. Arabidopsis mutants that fail to glycosylate anthocyanidins at the 5-O position (5gt mutant) accumulate AVIs in almost every epidermal cell of the cotyledons, as compared to wild-type seedlings, where only a small fraction of the cells show AVIs. A similar phenomenon is observed when seedlings are treated with vanadate. Highlighting a role for autophagy in the formation of the AVIs, we show that various mutants that interfere with the autophagic process (atg mutants) display lower numbers of AVIs, in addition to a reduced accumulation of anthocyanins. Interestingly, vanadate increases the numbers of AVIs in the atg mutants, suggesting that several pathways might participate in AVI formation. Taken together, our results suggest novel mechanisms for the formation of sub-vacuolar compartments capable of accumulating anthocyanin pigments.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Cellular and Molecular Biology and Plant Biotechnology Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
authors.forename: Lucille
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pourcel
authors.forename: Niloufer G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Irani
authors.forename: Yuhua
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Riedl
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: Erich
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Grotewold
mesh_terms: D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000378:metabolism*; D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D001343:Autophagy / Q000187:drug effects; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D005960:Glucosides / Q000378:metabolism; D008853:Microscopy; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D014617:Vacuoles / Q000378:metabolism*; D014638:Vanadates / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D005960:Glucosides; D014638:Vanadates