title: Mechanisms of ascorbate-induced cytotoxicity in pancreatic cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pharmacologic concentrations of ascorbate may be effective in cancer therapeutics. We hypothesized that ascorbate concentrations achievable with i.v. dosing would be cytotoxic in pancreatic cancer for which the 5-year survival is <3%.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pancreatic cancer cell lines were treated with ascorbate (0, 5, or 10 mmol/L) for 1 hour, then viability and clonogenic survival were determined. Pancreatic tumor cells were delivered s.c. into the flank region of nude mice and allowed to grow at which time they were randomized to receive either ascorbate (4 g/kg) or osmotically equivalent saline (1 mol/L) i.p. for 2 weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a time- and dose-dependent increase in measured H(2)O(2) production with increased concentrations of ascorbate. Ascorbate decreased viability in all pancreatic cancer cell lines but had no effect on an immortalized pancreatic ductal epithelial cell line. Ascorbate decreased clonogenic survival of the pancreatic cancer cell lines, which was reversed by treatment of cells with scavengers of H(2)O(2). Treatment with ascorbate induced a caspase-independent cell death that was associated with autophagy. In vivo, treatment with ascorbate inhibited tumor growth and prolonged survival.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results show that pharmacologic doses of ascorbate, easily achievable in humans, may have potential for therapy in pancreatic cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Du
authors.forename: Sean M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Levine
authors.forename: Brett A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: Garry R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Buettner
authors.forename: Sih-han
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Agshin F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Taghiyev
authors.forename: Changbin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Du
authors.forename: Charles M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Knudson
authors.forename: Joseph J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Cullen
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D000818:Animals; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003603:Cytotoxins / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
chemical_list: D003603:Cytotoxins; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D001205:Ascorbic Acid