title: Neurodevelopment and in utero antiretroviral exposure of HIV-exposed uninfected infants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Antiretroviral (ARV) drugs are routinely provided to HIV-infected pregnant women to prevent HIV mother-to-child transmission. Although ARV use has significantly reduced mother-to-child transmission to <2% in the United States, it remains crucial to monitor uninfected infants and children for adverse consequences of in utero ARV exposure.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied neurodevelopmental function in HIV-exposed uninfected children who were enrolled in Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group 219/219C, a multisite, prospective, cohort study. Mental and motor functioning were assessed with the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID), first and second editions. ARV exposure information was collected during pregnancy or within the first years of life. Linear regression methods were used to evaluate the association of in utero ARV exposure on Mental Developmental Index and Psychomotor Developmental Index at 2 years of age, controlling for demographic factors (age, gender, and race/ethnicity) and potential confounders: test version, primary language, primary caregiver, caregiver education level, low birth weight, geographic and urban/rural location, birth year, and maternal illicit drug use.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 1840 infants who were born between 1993 and 2006, 1694 (92%) were exposed to ARV in utero and 146 (8%) were not exposed. After controlling for confounders, children who were exposed in utero to any ARV did not have lower Mental Developmental Index and Psychomotor Developmental Index scores than unexposed children. Among low birth weight infants, significantly higher BSID scores were observed for prenatally ARV-exposed than unexposed children. Maternal illicit drug use was reported for 17% of mothers but was not associated with BSID scores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mental and motor functioning scores were not lower for infants with in utero ARV exposure compared with no exposure. Although these results are reassuring, continued evaluation of uninfected children with in utero ARV exposure for long-term adverse outcomes is important.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Ave, Building I, 415, Boston, MA 02115-6017, USA. paige@sdac.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Paige L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marino
authors.forename: Kathleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Malee
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brogly
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: Lynne M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Mofenson
mesh_terms: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002657:Child Development; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000635:transmission; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000188:drug therapy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000453:epidemiology*; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors