title: Upregulation of c-MYC in cis through a large chromatin loop linked to a cancer risk-associated single-nucleotide polymorphism in colorectal cancer cells.
abstract: Genome-wide association studies have mapped many single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are linked to cancer risk, but the mechanism by which most SNPs promote cancer remains undefined. The rs6983267 SNP at 8q24 has been associated with many cancers, yet the SNP falls 335 kb from the nearest gene, c-MYC. We show that the beta-catenin-TCF4 transcription factor complex binds preferentially to the cancer risk-associated rs6983267(G) allele in colon cancer cells. We also show that the rs6983267 SNP has enhancer-related histone marks and can form a 335-kb chromatin loop to interact with the c-MYC promoter. Finally, we show that the SNP has no effect on the efficiency of chromatin looping to the c-MYC promoter but that the cancer risk-associated SNP enhances the expression of the linked c-MYC allele. Thus, cancer risk is a direct consequence of elevated c-MYC expression from increased distal enhancer activity and not from reorganization/creation of the large chromatin loop. The findings of these studies support a mechanism for intergenic SNPs that can promote cancer through the regulation of distal genes by utilizing preexisting large chromatin loops.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Dartmouth Medical School, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA.
authors.forename: Jason B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: Seth J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Cole
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D020029:Base Pairing / Q000235:genetics; D001483:Base Sequence; D051778:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002843:Chromatin / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*; D017124:Conserved Sequence; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D004742:Enhancer Elements, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006657:Histones / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009690:Nucleic Acid Conformation; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011485:Protein Binding; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D000073940:Transcription Factor 4; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000235:genetics*; D051176:beta Catenin / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D051778:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors; D002843:Chromatin; D006657:Histones; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc; C532096:TCF4 protein, human; D000073940:Transcription Factor 4; D014157:Transcription Factors; D051176:beta Catenin