title: Maternal passive smoking and risk of cleft lip with or without cleft palate.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Maternal smoking has been consistently associated with increased risk of cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P). Few studies have explored the possible effect of passive smoking. We examined the association between maternal passive smoking and the risk of CL/P among nonsmoking women in China.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects included 88 infants with CL/P and 651 infants with no major external birth defects. Data were collected by trained health workers through face-to-face interviews.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The odds ratio (OR) for CL/P associated with maternal passive smoking was 1.8 (95% confidence interval = 1.1-2.8). After adjustment for maternal occupation, periconceptional flu or fever, and infant sex, the risk was 2.0 (1.2-3.4). The adjusted ORs for exposure levels of 1-6 times per week and more than 6 times per week (at least 1 cigarette each time) were 1.6 (0.9-2.9) and 2.8 (1.5-5.2), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Maternal passive smoking during pregnancy was associated with an increased risk for CL/P in offspring.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Zhiwen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Jianmeng
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Rongwei
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.forename: Le
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Xiaoying
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Aiguo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ren
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011247:Pregnancy; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution