title: Respiratory, autonomic, and experiential responses to repeated inhalations of 20% CO₂ enriched air in panic disorder, social phobia, and healthy controls.
abstract: Inhalation of carbon dioxide (CO₂) enriched air triggers anxiety in panic disorder (PD) patients, which is often interpreted as a sign of biological vulnerability. However, most studies have not measured respiration in these tasks. We compared patients with PD (n=20) and social phobia (SP, n=19) to healthy controls (n=18) during eight inhalations of 20% CO₂, preceded and followed by two inhalations of room air, while continuously measuring subjective anxiety and dyspnea as well as autonomic and respiratory variables. PD patients showed increased reactivity and delayed recovery during CO₂ inhalations for most measures. Unlike both other groups, the PD group's tidal volume responses did not habituate across CO₂ inhalations. However, PD patients did not differ from SP patients on most other measures, supporting a continuum model of CO₂ sensitivity across anxiety disorders. Both patient groups showed continued reactivity during the last air inhalations, which is unlikely to be due to a biological sensitivity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Institute for Psychology, University of Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Blechert
authors.forename: Frank H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Wilhelm
authors.forename: Alicia E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Meuret
authors.forename: Eva M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Wilhelm
authors.forename: Walton T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Roth
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001007:Anxiety / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004417:Dyspnea / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016584:Panic Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010698:Phobic Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012119:Respiration; D013990:Tidal Volume / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide