title: Pseudohypoparathyroidism and GNAS epigenetic defects: clinical evaluation of albright hereditary osteodystrophy and molecular analysis in 40 patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The two main subtypes of pseudohypoparathyroidism (PHP), PHP-Ia and -Ib, are caused by mutations in GNAS exons 1-13 and methylation defects in the imprinted GNAS cluster, respectively. PHP-Ia patients show Albright hereditary osteodystrophy (AHO) and resistance toward PTH and additional hormones, whereas PHP-Ib patients do not have AHO, and hormone resistance appears to be limited to PTH and TSH. Recently, methylation defects have been detected in few patients with PHP and mild AHO, indicating a molecular overlap between the two forms.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to screen patients with clinically diagnosed PHP-Ia for methylation defects and to investigate the presence of correlations between the molecular findings and AHO severity.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated differential methylation of GNAS regions and STX16 microdeletions in genomic DNA from 40 patients with sporadic AHO and multihormone resistance, with no mutations in Gsalpha-coding GNAS exons.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Molecular analysis showed GNAS cluster imprinting defects in 24 of the 40 patients analyzed. No STX16 deletion was detected. The presence of imprinting defects was not associated with the severity of AHO or with specific AHO signs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We report the largest series of the literature of patients with clinical AHO and multihormone resistance and no mutation in the Gsalpha gene. Our findings of frequent GNAS imprinting defects further confirm the existence of an overlap between molecular and clinical features of PHP-Ia and PHP-Ib and highlight the necessity of a new clinical classification of the disease that takes into account the recent knowledge on the molecular basis underlying these defects.
authors.affiliation: Unità di Endocrinologia, Padiglione Granelli, Fondazione Ospedale Maggiore Instituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Via Francesco Sforza, 35, 20122 Milano, Italy. giovanna.mantovani@unimi.it
authors.forename: Giovanna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mantovani
authors.forename: Luisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: de Sanctis
authors.forename: Anna Maria
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Barbieri
authors.forename: Francesca M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Elli
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bollati
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vaira
authors.forename: Pamela
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Labarile
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bondioni
authors.forename: Erika
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Peverelli
authors.forename: Andrea G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Lania
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Beck-Peccoz
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Spada
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002864:Chromogranins; D019175:DNA Methylation; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D005260:Female; D005359:Fibrous Dysplasia, Polyostotic / Q000235:genetics*; D019205:GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gs / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011547:Pseudohypoparathyroidism / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D051438:Syntaxin 16 / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D002864:Chromogranins; C496118:STX16 protein, human; D051438:Syntaxin 16; C406732:GNAS protein, human; D019205:GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gs