title: Minimizing ferromagnetic artefact with metallic lumbar total disc arthroplasty devices at adjacent segments: technical note.
abstract: METHODS
  Technical report.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To minimize the gross artefact associated with a conventional metallic lumbar total disc arthroplasty (TDA) device on a conventional high field-strength (1.5 Tesla [T]) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Gross artefact is often apparent with ferromagnetic metallic TDA devices on conventional high field-strength MRI scanners. Such artefact completely obliterates MRI assessment at the operated level, and usually obscures visualization of adjacent segments. Because adjacent segment preservation is a raison d'être of spinal TDA, clarity of imaging at this latter level is imperative. A failure to image adjacent segments may presage investigations, which are either invasive (e.g., myelography) or associated with significant radiation hazard (e.g., computed tomography), both with significantly less diagnostic sensitivity. This could negatively direct TDA choice with certain TDAs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Progressive modifications to specific imaging parameter settings were sought on a conventional high field-strength (1.5T) closed-bore scanner to match the minimal artefact previously observed on a lower field-strength (0.3T) open scanner. Direct comparisons were made between each modified protocol image obtained initially using a phantom; however, routine postoperative MRIs were subsequently obtained in n = 40 patients following lumbar TDA insertion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Key parameter modifications were required in the receive bandwidth, the strength of the frequency encoding gradient, as well as in the echo train length. The use of higher specification "focused gradients" was also avoided. The overall effect was to reduce the slew rate of the gradients, which limited artefact due to a decrease in phase dispersion. Such appearances effectively matched with those previously obtained on the low field-strength (0.3T) open scanner in n = 40 patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Relatively simple modifications to MRI parameter settings can be made on conventional high field-strength (1.5T) closed-bore scanners, which minimize metal artefact and enhance imaging of adjacent segments with ferromagnetic TDA devices. Such modifications effectively match appearances to those obtained with outmoded low field-strength (0.3T) open-bore scanners.
authors.affiliation: Department of Spinal Surgery, University Hospital of North Tees, Hardwick, Stockton. l.a.g.marshman@btinternet.com
authors.forename: Laurence A G
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Marshman
authors.forename: Graeme
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Strong
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Trewhella
authors.forename: Ata
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kasis
authors.forename: Tai
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Friesem
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D019643:Arthroplasty, Replacement / Q000295:instrumentation; D016477:Artifacts; D004867:Equipment Design / Q000295:instrumentation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000295:instrumentation; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000601:surgery*; D055959:Intervertebral Disc Degeneration / Q000601:surgery*; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000601:surgery; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018579:Patient Selection; D019736:Prostheses and Implants