title: Randomized, double-blind, controlled study of losartan in children with proteinuria.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  No large, randomized, double-blind trials in children with proteinuria treated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers have previously been reported.
  
  
  METHODS
  This 12-week, double-blind, multinational study investigated the effects of losartan 0.7 to 1.4 mg/kg per day compared with placebo (normotensive stratum) or amlodipine 0.1 to 0.2 mg/kg per day up to 5 mg/d (hypertensive stratum) on proteinuria (morning-void urinary protein-creatinine ratio, baseline > or =0.3 g/g) in 306 children up to 17 years of age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twelve weeks of treatment with losartan significantly reduced proteinuria compared with amlodipine/placebo: losartan -35.8% (95% confidence interval: -27.6% to -43.1%) versus amlodipine/placebo 1.4% (95% confidence interval: -10.3% to 14.5%), P < or = 0.001. Significance remained after adjustment for differences across treatment groups in change in BP (losartan produced incremental systolic and diastolic BP reductions versus amlodipine of 5.4 and 4.6 mmHg, respectively; and versus placebo of 3.8 and 4.0 mmHg, respectively). Proteinuria reduction was consistently observed in the normotensive (-34.4% losartan; 2.6% placebo) and hypertensive (-41.5% losartan; 2.4% amlodipine) strata, and in all prespecified subgroups, including age, gender, race, Tanner stage, weight, prior therapy with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers, as well as among the most common etiologies of proteinuria. Adverse event incidence was low and comparable in all groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Losartan significantly lowered proteinuria and was well tolerated after 12 weeks in children aged 1 to 17 years with proteinuria with or without hypertension, a population that has not previously been rigorously studied.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Nephrology, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester M13 9WL, United Kingdom. nicholas.webb@cmft.nhs.uk
authors.forename: Nicholas J A
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Webb
authors.forename: Chun
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Loeys
authors.forename: Shahnaz
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shahinfar
authors.forename: Juergen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Strehlau
authors.forename: Thomas G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Wells
authors.forename: Emanuela
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Santoro
authors.forename: Denise
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Manas
authors.forename: Gilbert W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Gleim
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017311:Amlodipine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D047228:Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D007223:Infant; D019808:Losartan / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D047228:Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D015415:Biomarkers; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D017311:Amlodipine; D003404:Creatinine; D019808:Losartan