title: The discriminative effects of the kappa-opioid hallucinogen salvinorin A in nonhuman primates: dissociation from classic hallucinogen effects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The widely available hallucinogen salvinorin A is a unique example of a plant-derived compound selective for kappa-opioid receptors and may produce effects distinct from those of other compounds with classic hallucinogenic or dissociative properties which are also abused in humans.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study is to characterize the salvinorin A discriminative cue in nonhuman primates with high kappa-receptor genetic homology to humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult rhesus monkeys (n = 3) were trained to discriminate salvinorin A (0.015 mg/kg, s.c.) from vehicle, in a food-reinforced operant discrimination assay. Parallel studies, using unconditioned behavioral endpoints (facial relaxation and ptosis) also evaluated the kappa-opioid receptor mediation of salvinorin A in vivo function.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Monkeys trained to discriminate salvinorin A generalized structurally diverse, centrally penetrating kappa-agonists (bremazocine, U69,593, and U50,488). By contrast, mu- and delta-opioid agonists (fentanyl and SNC80, respectively) were not generalized, nor were the serotonergic 5HT2 hallucinogen psilocybin or the dissociative N-methyl-D-aspartic acid antagonist, ketamine. The discriminative effects of salvinorin A were blocked by the opioid antagonist quadazocine (0.32 mg/kg), but not by the 5HT2 antagonist ketanserin (0.1 mg/kg). Consistent with these findings, salvinorin and kappa-agonists (e.g., U69,593) produce effects in the unconditioned endpoints (e.g., ptosis), whereas psilocybin was inactive.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings support the conclusion that the interoceptive/discriminative cue produced by salvinorin A is mediated by agonism at kappa-receptors and is mechanistically distinct from that produced by a classic serotonergic hallucinogen.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory on the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, Box 171, New York, NY 10065, USA. butelme@rockefeller.edu
authors.forename: Eduardo R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Butelman
authors.forename: Szymon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rus
authors.forename: Thomas E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Prisinzano
authors.forename: Mary Jeanne
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Kreek
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003216:Conditioning, Operant; D004192:Discrimination, Psychological; D045785:Diterpenes, Clerodane / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006213:Hallucinogens / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008297:Male; D017465:Receptors, Opioid, delta / Q000819:agonists; D017473:Receptors, Opioid, kappa / Q000819:agonists* / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu / Q000819:agonists
chemical_list: D045785:Diterpenes, Clerodane; D006213:Hallucinogens; D017465:Receptors, Opioid, delta; D017473:Receptors, Opioid, kappa; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu; C090499:salvinorin A