title: Analysis of signal transduction in cell-free extracts and rafts of Xenopus eggs.
abstract: Intracellular signaling during egg activation/fertilization has been extensively studied using intact eggs, which can be manipulated by microinjection of different mRNAs, proteins, or chemical drugs. Furthermore, egg extracts, which retain high CSF activity (CSF-arrested extracts), were developed for studying fertilization/activation signal transduction, which have significant advantages as a model system. The addition of calcium to CSF-arrested extracts initiates a plethora of signaling events that take place during egg activation. Hence, the signaling downstream of calcium mobilization has been successfully studied in the egg extracts. Moreover, despite disruption of membrane-associated signaling compartments and ordered compartmentalization during extract preparation, CSF-arrested extracts can be successfully used to study early signaling events, which occur upstream of calcium release during egg activation/fertilization. In combination with the CSF-arrested extracts, activated egg rafts can reproduce some events of egg activation, including PLCgamma activation, IP3 production, transient calcium release, MAPK inactivation, and meiotic exit. This becomes possible due to complementation of the sperm-induced egg activation signaling machinery present in the rafts with the components of signal transduction system localized in the extracts. Herein, we describe protocols for studying molecular mechanisms of egg fertilization/activation using cell-free extracts and membrane rafts prepared from metaphase-arrested Xenopus eggs.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Nada, Kobe, Japan. tokmak@phoenix.kobe-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Alexander A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Tokmakov
authors.forename: Tetsushi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Iwasaki
authors.forename: Ken-Ichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Yasuo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fukami
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002453:Cell Cycle; D002474:Cell-Free System; D005260:Female; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System; D008297:Male; D021962:Membrane Microdomains / Q000378:metabolism*; D008677:Metaphase; D008954:Models, Biological; D010766:Phosphorylation; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000378:metabolism; D014981:Xenopus; D019061:src-Family Kinases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D019061:src-Family Kinases; D002118:Calcium