title: Quality and safety in intensive care-A means to an end is critical.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To achieve improvement in healthcare quality and safety, all four domains (outcome, process, structure and culture) must be considered in conjunction with the best available clinical evidence to improve patient care and reduce harm. A range of improvement initiatives have targeted processes of care in recognition of: (1) complexities of patient care and (2) evidence that a large portion of adverse events are preventable, occur during ongoing care, and result in poorer patient outcomes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aims of this paper are to: (1) outline national and international quality and safety initiatives; (2) identify evidence-based processes of care applicable to the general adult ICU patient population; (3) summarise the literature on relevant quality improvement strategies.
  
  
  METHODS
  An integrative literature review was conducted by: (1) database search of Ovid Medline, CINAHL, EMBASE and Cochrane for articles published between 1996 and October 2009; (2) identification of additional studies from articles obtained; (3) purposive internet search identifying relevant quality and safety initiatives.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Quality improvement initiatives across the globe were identified, with ensuing focus on how the development, implementation and evaluation of evidence-based processes of care can lead to improvements in the delivery and outcomes of intensive care practice. Variation in practice and methodological limitations of existing studies were also noted, highlighting the need for innovative approaches to improving processes in the ICU.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This integrative review has outlined potential for achieving practice improvements in intensive care and highlighted the need for further evaluative research to improve patient care at the bedside.
authors.affiliation: NSW Intensive Care Co-ordination & Monitoring Unit, Australia. hewsonk@wahs.nsw.gov.au
authors.forename: Karena M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Hewson-Conroy
authors.forename: Doug
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Elliott
authors.forename: Anthony R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Burrell
mesh_terms: D003422:Critical Care / Q000592:standards*; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D015279:Organizational Culture; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care; D017751:Safety Management / Q000592:standards*