title: Computed tomographic evaluation of mouth breathers among paediatric patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Mouth breathing causes many serious problems in the paediatric population. It has been maintained that enlarged adenoids are principally responsible for mouth breathing. This study was designed to evaluate whether other mechanical obstacles might predispose the child to mouth breathing.
  
  
  METHODS
  67 children with ages ranging from 10 to 15 years were studied and grouped into mouth-breathers and nose-breathers. The children first underwent axial CT scans of the brain for which they were originally referred. In addition, they were subjected to a limited coronal CT examination of the paranasal sinuses. Congenital anatomical variations as well as inflammatory changes were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  87% of mouth-breathing children had hypertrophied adenoids, 77% had maxillary sinusitis, 74% had pneumatized middle concha, 55% had a deviated nasal septum, 55% had hypertrophied inferior conchae, 45% had ethmoidal sinusitis and 23% showed frontal sinusitis. Such changes were significantly less prevalent in nose-breathers. 12.9% of mouth-breathing children did not have adenoids. Of these children, only 3.3% had one or more congenital or inflammatory change whereas the other 9.6% showed a completely normal CT scan signifying the incidence of habitual non-obstructive mouth breathing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is clear that adenoids have a dominant role in causing mouth breathing. Yet, we recommend that paediatricians should assess other mechanical obstacles if mouth breathing was not corrected after adenoidectomy. Further research should be performed to test the validity of correction of such factors in improving the quality of life of mouth-breathing children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Medicine, Periodontology, Diagnosis and Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt. marymedhat3@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Mm
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Farid
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Metwalli
mesh_terms: D000234:Adenoids / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006984:Hypertrophy; D008297:Male; D015523:Maxillary Sinusitis / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D009058:Mouth Breathing / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology; D009296:Nasal Cavity / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D015508:Nasal Obstruction / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D009300:Nasal Septum / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D010256:Paranasal Sinuses / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D011446:Prospective Studies; D036542:Tomography, Spiral Computed