title: Drug transport across pulmonary epithelial cell monolayers: effects of particle size, apical liquid volume, and deposition technique.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pulmonary cell cultures are increasingly used to predict in vivo drug absorption after inhalation, similar to intestinal cell culture models that have already been well established to predict oral drug absorption. In contrast to the intestinal barrier, however, the so-called air-blood barrier of the lung is covered only with a thin film of liquid, on which the aerosol particles are deposited. The aim of this study was to investigate the relevance of this apical liquid film on the drug absorption rate when deposited as a dry powder formulation on pulmonary epithelial cells in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  Budesonide and salbutamol sulfate were chosen as model drugs, and for each drug three generic aerosol powder formulations were used. Filter-grown monolayers of the human bronchial epithelial cell line Calu-3 were used as a model, using various volumes of apical liquid.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although proven to be bioequivalent in vivo for each of the two drugs, the generic dry powder fomulations showed strikingly different epithelial transport rates in vitro, depending on the amount of apical liquid and the deposition technique, and suggesting that the dissolution of the aerosol particles in the apical liquid volume was rate limiting for the overall absorption rate. However, we found that the absorption rates of the formulations were similar after aerosolization and deposition in a multistage liquid impinger, which simulates more realistically the detachment of the drug crystals from the carrier lactose and their aerodynamic particle size-dependent deposition in the respiratory tract following inhalation from a dry powder inhaler. These data demonstrate the need for improved in vitro test systems to allow deposition of aerosol particles on the air-liquid interface cultivated cell monolayers by simultaneously taking into account aerodynamic properties.
authors.affiliation: Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Saarland University, Saarbruecken, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bur
authors.forename: Hanno
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Huwer
authors.forename: Leon
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Muys
authors.forename: Claus-Michael
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Lehr
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000336:Aerosols; D000420:Albuterol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D001692:Biological Transport; D001980:Bronchi / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D019819:Budesonide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D002460:Cell Line; D003460:Crystallization; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D016568:Drugs, Generic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D005079:Excipients / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007785:Lactose / Q000737:chemistry; D009330:Nebulizers and Vaporizers; D010316:Particle Size; D012995:Solubility; D013810:Therapeutic Equivalency
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents; D016568:Drugs, Generic; D005079:Excipients; D019819:Budesonide; D007785:Lactose; D000420:Albuterol