title: Persistence and adherence to disease modifying drugs among patients with multiple sclerosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This retrospective database study aimed to evaluate the adherence of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients on immunomodulatory treatments using claims data, and to identify differences between compliance and persistency measurements in the context of this disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Continuously enrolled MS patients treated with subcutaneous IFNbeta-1b (Betaseron * ), subcutaneous IFNbeta-1a (Rebif dagger ), intramuscular IFNbeta-1a (Avonex double dagger ), and subcutaneous glatiramer acetate (Copaxone section sign ).) were identified from the PharMetrics patient-centric database, and all information related to patient demographics and pharmacy claims for the drugs of interest were extracted.
  
  
  METHODS
  The main outcomes were treatment switches and discontinuations for patients initiated on the drugs of interest. Various compliance and persistency metrics including the proportion of days covered, treatment prevalence at 6-monthly time points after initiation, and the continuous time on drug were also examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 6134 MS patients were started on one of the four drugs of interest. The number of patients switching or discontinuing therapy rose over the study period. The proportion of patients switching was similar between study drugs, by the different metrics, with the highest switch rates for subcutaneous IFNbeta-1b and the lowest for subcutaneous glatiramer acetate. Discontinuation rates were highest for subcutaneous IFNbeta-1b and lowest for intramuscular IFNbeta-1a. Regression models showed that intramuscular IFNbeta-1a and subcutaneous IFNbeta-1a had similar and higher persistency compared to subcutaneous IFNbeta-1b and subcutaneous glatiramer acetate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although treatment switching and discontinuation is common in MS patients, there is some noticeable variability between drugs and across measures of persistency and adherence. Also, claims data do not allow distinguishing between clinical patterns of MS, direct estimation of disease severity and observation of care that occurs outside of insurance coverage, and results need to be cautiously interpreted. The compliance to the various MS drugs was 80% or higher at all times for all four drugs. The highest rate of treatment persistency existed in the intramuscular IFNbeta-1a initiator group, while subcutaneous IFNbeta-1b was associated with a significantly lower persistence (p < 0.0001).
authors.affiliation: United BioSource Corporation, Lexington, MA, USA. matthew.reynolds@unitedbiosource.com
authors.forename: Matthew W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Reynolds
authors.forename: Reejis
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stephen
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Seaman
authors.forename: Kitty
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rajagopalan
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005260:Female; D000068717:Glatiramer Acetate; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D000068556:Interferon beta-1a; D000068576:Interferon beta-1b; D016899:Interferon-beta / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D055118:Medication Adherence; D008875:Middle Aged; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010455:Peptides / Q000008:administration & dosage; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D010455:Peptides; D000068576:Interferon beta-1b; D000068717:Glatiramer Acetate; D016899:Interferon-beta; D000068556:Interferon beta-1a