title: Genetic and epigenetic inactivation of Kruppel-like factor 4 in medulloblastoma.
abstract: Although medulloblastoma is the most common pediatric malignant brain tumor, its molecular underpinnings are largely unknown. We have identified rare, recurrent homozygous deletions of Kruppel-like Factor 4 (KLF4) in medulloblastoma using high-resolution single nucleotide polymorphism arrays, digital karyotyping, and genomic real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Furthermore, we show that there is loss of physiological KLF4 expression in more than 40% of primary medulloblastomas both at the RNA and protein levels. Medulloblastoma cell lines drastically increase the expression of KLF4 in response to the demethylating agent 5-azacytidine and demonstrate dense methylation of the promoter CpG island by bisulfite sequencing. Methylation-specific PCR targeting the KLF4 promoter demonstrates CpG methylation in approximately 16% of primary medulloblastomas. Reexpression of KLF4 in the D283 medulloblastoma cell line results in significant growth suppression both in vitro and in vivo. We conclude that KLF4 is inactivated by either genetic or epigenetic mechanisms in a large subset of medulloblastomas and that it likely functions as a tumor suppressor gene in the pathogenesis of medulloblastoma.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosurgery, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Yukiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakahara
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Northcott
authors.forename: Meihua
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Paul N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Kongkham
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Hai
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: Sidney
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Croul
authors.forename: Young-Shin
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Ra
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Eberhart
authors.forename: Annie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Darell
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bigner
authors.forename: Wesia
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Grajkowska
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Van Meter
authors.forename: James T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Rutka
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Taylor
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic / Q000494:pharmacology; D001374:Azacitidine / Q000494:pharmacology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002528:Cerebellar Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D018899:CpG Islands / Q000235:genetics; D019175:DNA Methylation / Q000187:drug effects; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D000090062:Kruppel-Like Factor 4; D051741:Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics*; D019656:Loss of Heterozygosity; D008527:Medulloblastoma / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009374:Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous
chemical_list: D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; C000715467:KLF4 protein, human; C000715468:Klf4 protein, mouse; D000090062:Kruppel-Like Factor 4; D051741:Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors; D001374:Azacitidine