title: Bone mineral content and prostate cancer risk: data from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging.
abstract: METHODS
  Aetiology (inception cohort) Level of Evidence 2b.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether there might be differences in bone mineral content (BMC) between men who develop life-threatening prostate cancer and those who do not, as bone is a common site of prostate cancer metastases.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 1973 to 1984, BMC was serially measured in 519 participants (778 observations) as part of a longitudinal study of ageing. We examined the association between serial BMC measurements with the development of overall and high-risk prostate cancer over the next one to three decades. For all prostate cancer cases, BMC was censored at the time of diagnosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During a median (range) overall follow-up of 21.1 (0.2-35.0) years after the last BMC measurement, 76 (14.6%) men were later diagnosed with prostate cancer (18 high-risk and 58 not high-risk). BMC declined with age to a greater extent in healthy controls than among men diagnosed with prostate cancer (P = 0.018, likelihood ratio test), and tended to decline less in high-risk than non-high-risk cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The distribution of BMC was significantly different between men who did and did not develop prostate cancer, over an extended follow-up. Specifically, BMC appeared to decline to a greater extent with age among healthy controls than in men with prostate cancer, especially high-risk disease. The biology underlying the lesser decline in BMC among men with prostate cancer remains unclear, but suggests that host factors in the bony milieu might be associated with prostate cancer development and progression.
authors.affiliation: James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, and the National Institute on Ageing, National Institutes of Health Clinical Research Branch, Baltimore, MD, USA. stacyloeb@gmail.com
authors.forename: Stacy
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Loeb
authors.forename: H Ballentine
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Carter
authors.forename: Edward M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Schaeffer
authors.forename: Shari M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Ling
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kettermann
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ferrucci
authors.forename: E Jeffrey
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Metter
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology; D015142:Baltimore / Q000453:epidemiology; D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology*; D001859:Bone Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000556:secondary; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D011379:Prognosis; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology