title: Perioperative management for orthopaedic patients with sickle cell anaemia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare outcomes of 2 types of perioperative optimisation for patients with sickle cell anaemia (SCA) undergoing various orthopaedic surgeries.
  
  
  METHODS
  12 female and 11 male patients aged 13 to 40 (mean, 18) years with SCA underwent 31 separate orthopaedic procedures for osteonecrosis of the femoral head. They were referred to a haematologist for 2 types of perioperative optimisation, based on the choice of the attending paediatrician. In the aggressive management group, patients received packed red blood cells preoperatively to increase the haemoglobin level to 9 to 11 g/dl and to lower the haemoglobin S level to <30%. Fresh frozen plasma was given when their Factor VII level was <30%. In the conservative management group, patients received packed red blood cells preoperatively to increase the haemoglobin level to a minimum of 10 g/dl. Fresh frozen plasma or packed red blood cells were given intra-operatively only when excessive bleeding occurred. The length of hospital stay, the number of perioperative complications, the number of transfusions, and episodes of alloimmunisation and/or vaso-occlusive crises in the two groups were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No patient in the aggressive management group received supplemental oxygen or had an estimated intra-operative blood loss of >400 ml. Three patients in the conservative management group received multiple intra- and post-operative transfusions and supplemental oxygen.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both aggressive and conservative protocols may be safely used in SCA patients. The more aggressive protocol resulted in lower rates for postoperative complications, transfusions, and resorting to supplemental oxygen.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics and Sport Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA.
authors.forename: German A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Marulanda
authors.forename: Caterina P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Minniti
authors.forename: Slif D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Ulrich
authors.forename: Thorsten M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Seyler
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Mont
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000755:Anemia, Sickle Cell / Q000150:complications*; D016913:Blood Component Transfusion / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016063:Blood Loss, Surgical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016896:Treatment Outcome