title: Long-term and short-term effects of simulated birth trauma, cesarean and vaginal delivery on sulfated glycosaminoglycans in the urethra of female rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study assesses the effects of simulated birth trauma, vaginal and cesarean delivery on glycosaminoglycans in the connective tissue of female rat urethra.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and ten female rats were divided into six groups: A--control, B--vaginal trauma, C--cesarean delivery, D--cesarean delivery followed by vaginal trauma, E--vaginal delivery, and F--female rats on the 20th day of gestation. In each group, half of the animals were sacrificed 4 days after the procedures and half were sacrificed 12 weeks later. Glycosaminoglycans were extracted by proteolysis and analyzed using densitometry after agarose gel electrophoresis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The examination at 4 days showed larger amounts of glycosaminoglycans in pregnant female rats compared to other groups. The examination at 12 weeks showed larger amounts of glycosaminoglycans in the cesarean delivery group followed by simulated birth trauma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a change in sulfated glycosaminoglycans in female rat urethra during pregnancy and simulated birth trauma.
authors.affiliation: Section of Urogynecology and Pelvic Surgery, Department of Gynecology, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Capitão Rosendo, 100 apart 54b Vila Mariana, CEP 04120-060 São Paulo, Brazil. claudia.takano@uol.com.br
authors.forename: Claudia Cristina
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Takano
authors.forename: Leonardo Robson Pinheiro Sobreira
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Bezerra
authors.forename: Eliana Viana Monteiro
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Zucchi
authors.forename: Helena Bonciani
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Nader
authors.forename: Marair Gracio Ferreira
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Sartori
authors.forename: Manoel João Batista Castelo
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Girão
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002585:Cesarean Section / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans / Q000378:metabolism*; D036801:Parturition; D049590:Postpartum Period; D011247:Pregnancy; D051381:Rats; D013997:Time Factors; D014521:Urethra / Q000293:injuries* / Q000378:metabolism*; D014621:Vagina / Q000293:injuries
chemical_list: D006025:Glycosaminoglycans