title: Is the increase of hypomanic stages during adolescence related to  gender and developmental tasks?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To detach themselves from their family of origin, adolescents need to develop proactive behaviour which includes increased risk-taking and novelty seeking. These behaviours may be attributable both to developmental issues and to hypomanic-like stages. Since there is a lack of research focusing on hypomania in adolescents, the aim of the study was to compare hypomania scores of adolescents with those of adult outpatients suffering from bipolar II disorders, and to investigate possible gender-related differences.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and seven adolescents (mean age: 18 years) took part in the study; 60 of them indicated that they experienced intense romantic love; 47 were controls. Participants completed the Hypomania Check List, and data were compared with those of adult outpatients suffering from bipolar II disorders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Scores of adolescents in early-stage intense romantic love differed from those of adolescent controls, but not from those of outpatients suffering from a bipolar II disorder. Factor analyses revealed that both groups of adolescents displayed higher scores for the factor "irritable/risk-taking" hypomania. A gender-related pattern was found, with increased scores for female adolescents.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adolescents' developmental tasks surrounding experiences in social, psychosexual and substance use-related engagement may lead to temporary and gender-related hypomanic-like stages.
authors.affiliation: Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel, Depression Research Unit, Wilhelm Klein-Strasse 27, Basel, Switzerland. serge.brand@upkbs.ch
authors.forename: Serge
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brand
authors.forename: Jules
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Angst
authors.forename: Edith
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Holsboer-Trachsler
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000339:Affect; D000367:Age Factors; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D005106:Exploratory Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007207:Individuation; D008016:Life Change Events; D008149:Love; D008297:Male; D010553:Personality Development; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011594:Psychometrics; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012737:Sex Factors; D055815:Young Adult; D000092864:Suicide Prevention