The relationship between leadership, teamworking, structure, burnout and attitude to patients on acute psychiatric wards.
BACKGROUND
Conflict (aggression, substance use, absconding, etc.) and containment (coerced medication, manual restraint, etc.) threaten the safety of patients and staff on psychiatric wards. Previous work has suggested that staff variables may be significant in explaining differences between wards in their rates of these behaviours, and that structure (ward organisation, rules and daily routines) might be the most critical of these. This paper describes the exploration of a large dataset to assess the relationship between structure and other staff variables.


METHODS
A multivariate cross-sectional design was utilised. Data were collected from staff on 136 acute psychiatric wards in 26 NHS Trusts in England, measuring leadership, teamwork, structure, burnout and attitudes towards difficult patients. Relationships between these variables were explored through principal components analysis (PCA), structural equation modelling and cluster analysis.


RESULTS
Principal components analysis resulted in the identification of each questionnaire as a separate factor, indicating that the selected instruments assessed a number of non-overlapping items relevant for ward functioning. Structural equation modelling suggested a linear model in which leadership influenced teamwork, teamwork structure; structure burnout; and burnout feelings about difficult patients. Finally, cluster analysis identified two significantly distinct groups of wards: the larger of which had particularly good leadership, teamwork, structure, attitudes towards patients and low burnout; and the second smaller proportion which was poor on all variables and high on burnout. The better functioning cluster of wards had significantly lower rates of containment events.


CONCLUSIONS
The overall performance of staff teams is associated with differing rates of containment on wards. Interventions to reduce rates of containment on wards may need to address staff issues at every level, from leadership through to staff attitudes.
Bowers
Len
L
City University, Philpot Street, London, E1 2EA, UK. L.Bowers@city.ac.uk
Nijman
Henk
H
Simpson
Alan
A
Jones
Julia
J
D000208:Acute Disease; D000374:Aggression / Q000523:psychology; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D001294:Attitude to Health; D002055:Burnout, Professional / Q000523:psychology; D003220:Conflict, Psychological; D004739:England; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007857:Leadership; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D010348:Patient Care Team / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011369:Professional-Patient Relations; D011567:Psychiatric Department, Hospital / Q000458:organization & administration*; D012149:Restraint, Physical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires