title: Correlation- and covariance-supported normalization method for estimating orthodontic trainer treatment for clenching activity.
abstract: In this study, electromyography signals sampled from children undergoing orthodontic treatment were used to estimate the effect of an orthodontic trainer on the anterior temporal muscle. A novel data normalization method, called the correlation- and covariance-supported normalization method (CCSNM), based on correlation and covariance between features in a data set, is proposed to provide predictive guidance to the orthodontic technique. The method was tested in two stages: first, data normalization using the CCSNM; second, prediction of normalized values of anterior temporal muscles using an artificial neural network (ANN) with a Levenberg-Marquardt learning algorithm. The data set consists of electromyography signals from right anterior temporal muscles, recorded from 20 children aged 8-13 years with class II malocclusion. The signals were recorded at the start and end of a 6-month treatment. In order to train and test the ANN, two-fold cross-validation was used. The CCSNM was compared with four normalization methods: minimum-maximum normalization, z score, decimal scaling, and line base normalization. In order to demonstrate the performance of the proposed method, prevalent performance-measuring methods, and the mean square error and mean absolute error as mathematical methods, the statistical relation factor R2 and the average deviation have been examined. The results show that the CCSNM was the best normalization method among other normalization methods for estimating the effect of the trainer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Akdenur
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Okkesum
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kara
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Günes
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000465:Algorithms; D001732:Bite Force; D002648:Child; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D003936:Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D004576:Electromyography / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008312:Malocclusion, Angle Class II / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D008954:Models, Biological; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009119:Muscle Contraction; D018704:Orthodontic Retainers; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013223:Statistics as Topic