title: Pinless frameless electromagnetic image-guided neuroendoscopy in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Frameless imaged-guided neuronavigation is a useful adjunct to neuroendoscopy in paediatric patients, especially those with abnormal or complex ventricular or cyst anatomy. The development of electromagnetic neuronavigation has allowed the use of image-guided navigation in the very young patient in whom rigid fixation in cranial pins is contraindicated. The technique and the authors' experience of its use in a series of paediatric patients are described.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nineteen paediatric patients were treated with endoscopic surgery at two paediatric neurosurgery centres over a period of 18 months. A total of 29 endoscopic procedures were performed. The cases were reviewed and surgical outcomes assessed. In all of the cases, the goal of surgery was realised successfully at the time of surgery, as confirmed by post-operative imaging. No technical failures were encountered. None of the patients suffered worsened neurological function as a result of their procedures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pinless, frameless electromagnetic neuronavigation was found to be a safe technique that can supplement endoscopic surgery in the very young patient. It allows the use of direct navigation of the endoscope in patients that are unable safely to undergo rigid cranial fixation in pins due to young age or thin skull vaults. This has proven to be a useful adjunct to neuroendoscopy in the subset of infants who have complicated or distorted ventricular anatomy and can improve the safety and accuracy of this type of surgery. It is also an alternative to optical neuronavigation in conjunction with neuroendoscopy in patients of any age.
authors.affiliation: Royal Children's Hospital, Mater Misericordiae Children's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia. mcmillen@bigpond.net.au
authors.forename: Jason L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: McMillen
authors.forename: Marianne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vonau
authors.forename: Martin J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Wood
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery; D020863:Central Nervous System Cysts / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000209:etiology; D002552:Cerebral Ventricles / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003560:Cysts / Q000601:surgery; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000601:surgery; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D044582:Neuroendoscopes; D044583:Neuroendoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted; D053831:Surgical Fixation Devices; D017287:Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt