title: A metallurgical characterization of ten endodontic Ni-Ti instruments: assessing the clinical relevance of shape memory and superelastic properties of Ni-Ti endodontic instruments.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the elemental composition, microstructure and hardness of Ni-Ti endodontic instruments and to assess the relevance of shape memory and superelastic properties.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten brands of Ni-Ti endodontic instrument were evaluated (EndoSequence, Ergoflex K, FlexMaster, Hero 642, Hyflex X-File, K3 Endo, Liberator, NRT, Profile and ProTaper). After embedding in resin and metallographic preparation the elemental composition, structure and hardness were evaluated employing SEM/energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and microhardness measurements. The results of elemental composition and hardness were analysed statistically by one-way anova followed by SNK test (alpha : 0.05). The correlation between Ni content and microhardness was examined by the Pearson test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The instruments comprised of Ni (52.1-56.2%wt) and Ti (43.8 to 47.9%wt) and were classified in four different Ni content groups: ProTaper, Liberator, ProFile and K3 demonstrated higher Ni content than Hylfex X-File but lower than Hero 642, NRT and Ergoflex. EndoSequence and FlexMaster had the highest Ni content. XRD analysis revealed the presence of the austenitic structure in all instruments. Vickers hardness values ranged from 312 (K3) to 376 VHN (Endosequence). No correlation (r(2) = 0.026) was found between Ni content and hardness among the instruments tested. Microstructural and hardness data confirm that the Ni-Ti instruments were manufactured by cold worked Ni-Ti and do not posses shape memory or superelastic properties.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The endodontic instruments tested were manufactured from cold worked Ni-Ti wires and thus have neither shape memory nor superelastic properties.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomaterials, School of Dentistry, University of Athens, Athens, Greece. szinelis@dent.uoa.gr
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zinelis
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Eliades
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Eliades
mesh_terms: D000497:Alloys / Q000032:analysis; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D003762:Dental Instruments; D004548:Elasticity; D004867:Equipment Design; D006244:Hardness; D008669:Metallurgy / Q000379:methods; D009532:Nickel / Q000032:analysis*; D018915:Root Canal Preparation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000497:Alloys; C040654:titanium nickelide; D009532:Nickel; D014025:Titanium