title: Phosphene thresholds evoked with single and double TMS pulses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the quantitative advantage of double pulses vs. single pulses in TMS phosphenes evoked from the occipital cortex.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 10 healthy subjects single pulse thresholds were compared with thresholds from double pulses of equal strength at a stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) of 2, 5, 10, and 20ms, both with biphasic and monophasic pulse forms. In a second experiment fusion time, i.e. the double pulse SOA where the percept passes from one into two phosphenes was determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thresholds obtained with double pulses did not depend on SOA. They were lowered to about 90% of single pulse thresholds. Biphasic pulses yielded lower thresholds (89%) than monophasic pulses. Fusion time was about 45ms but highly varied inter-individually and did not depend on stimulation intensity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although double pulses are more efficient compared to single pulses the advantage is rather small. Previous recommendations to apply double pulses in phosphene studies cannot be confirmed, at least for SOAs up to 20ms. The independence of fusion time to stimulus intensity indicates a non-linear relation between network activity and the percept of phosphene persistence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Phosphene threshold studies do not gain advantages by the application of double pulses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany. thomas.kammer@uni-ulm.de
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kammer
authors.forename: Lisa W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Baumann
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields; D005260:Female; D005425:Flicker Fusion / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D010719:Phosphenes / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D012684:Sensory Thresholds / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D014793:Visual Cortex / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D055815:Young Adult