title: Epidemiology of and factors associated with end-of-life decisions in a surgical intensive care unit.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the epidemiology of and possible factors associated with end-of-life decisions in a surgical intensive care unit.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analysis of prospectively collected data.
  
  
  METHODS
  University hospital surgical intensive care unit.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients admitted to the surgical intensive care unit between September 2002 and July 2006.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the study period, 14,720 patients were admitted to the surgical intensive care unit (61.8 male; mean age, 62 yrs). The prevalence of end-of-life decisions was 2.7% (n = 398); 230 patients (1.6%) had a do-not-resuscitate order, 90 (0.6%) had a decision to withhold therapy, and 78 (0.5%) had a decision to withdraw life-supportive therapy. Patients with end-of-life decisions had higher severity scores on the day of intensive care unit admission, were mostly unplanned admissions, were older, and were more commonly referred from the emergency room or other hospitals compared to those who did not have an end-of-life decision. The prevalence of end-of-life decisions increased significantly with the severity of sepsis. An end-of-life decision was made for 29% of the patients who died in the intensive care unit. Intensive care unit and hospital mortality rates were 6.1% and 10.3%, respectively, overall, and 65.1% and 82.2%, respectively, in patients with an end-of-life decision. In multivariate analysis, older age, admission from another hospital, cirrhosis, sepsis syndromes, simplified acute physiology score II, and sequential organ failure assessment scores were independently associated with end-of-life decisions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Twenty-nine percent of patients who die in the surgical intensive care unit have an end-of-life decision. Severe sepsis/septic shock was associated with a 16-fold increased likelihood of having an end-of-life decision.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Friedrich Schiller University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Meissner
authors.forename: Kelly Roveran
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Genga
authors.forename: Fernando Sérgio
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Studart
authors.forename: Utz
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Settmacher
authors.forename: Gunther
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hofmann
authors.forename: Konrad
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Reinhart
authors.forename: Yasser
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sakr
mesh_terms: D032722:Advance Care Planning / Q000592:standards; D016223:Advance Directives / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010359:Patient Readmission; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016414:Resuscitation Orders; D018805:Sepsis / Q000401:mortality; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012772:Shock, Septic / Q000401:mortality; D013503:Surgery Department, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative / Q000401:mortality; D013997:Time Factors; D028761:Withholding Treatment / Q000592:standards