title: Acute stress symptoms, dissociation, and depression among rescue personnel 24 hours after the Bet-Yehoshua train crash in Israel:the effect of gender.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The effect of immediate exposure to traumatic events and gender differences is under-studied in the literature. Most studies focus on acute stress disorder (ASD) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) phases in order to measure gender differences, and tend to neglect the immediate exposure to the disaster.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The main hypothesis was that female rescue personnel would exhibit higher levels of acute stress symptoms, dissociation, and depressive symptoms in the 24 hours following a traumatic event.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-three rescue personnel participated in a search and rescue operation at the Bet-Yehoshua train crash in Israel. The rescue personnel group was divided based on gender. Each participant completed a demographic questionnaire including questions that assessed psychological symptoms and issues such as perceived threat to life, the Impact of Event Scale Revised (IES-R), the Dissociative Experience Scale (DES), and the Center of Epidemiologic Studies Depression questionnaire (CES-D). Statistical inferences were calculated using t-tests and chi-square tests, along with testing of covariance (MANCOVA) in order to indentify which factors are related to psychiatric symptomatology following the immediate exposure to disaster.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results suggest that among rescue personnel, women did not differ in their levels of acute stress, dissociation, and depressive symptoms from men.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest the possibility that the gender differences in reactions to traumatic events do not emerge in the acute stress reactions (ASR) phase (up to 24 hours after the event), but later on when people have time to process the trauma. Another possibility that may explain the discrepancy between this study and the common knowledge in the literature is that women rescue personnel are considered a highly selected group, which does not reflect on the general population of women. More studies are needed in order to substantiate these results.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Sharet Building, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: Yuval
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Palgi
authors.forename: Menachem
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ben-Ezra
authors.forename: Nir
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Essar
authors.forename: Hilik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sofer
authors.forename: Yeela
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Haber
mesh_terms: D000059:Accidents; D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D004213:Dissociative Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007557:Israel / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D011594:Psychometrics; D011890:Railroads; D018635:Rescue Work; D012737:Sex Factors; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000209:etiology*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications* / Q000209:etiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult