title: Effects of combined treatment with vitamins C and E on passive avoidance learning and memory in diabetic rats.
abstract: Learning and memory deficits occur in diabetes mellitus. Although the pathogenesis of cognitive impairment in diabetes has not been fully elucidated, factors such as metabolic impairments, vascular complications and oxidative stress are thought to play possible roles. Here we investigated the effect of chronic treatment with vitamin C (50mg/kg, p.o), vitamin E (100mg/kg, p.o) and both together on passive avoidance learning (PAL) and memory in male Wistar control and diabetic rats. Treatments were begun at the onset of hyperglycemia. Passive avoidance learning was assessed 30 days later. Retention was tested 24h after training. At the end, animals were weighed and blood samples were drawn for plasma glucose measurement. Diabetes caused impairment in acquisition and retrieval processes of PAL and memory. The combination of vitamin C and E improved learning and memory in controls and reversed learning and memory deficits in diabetic rats. Combined treatment also affected the body weight and plasma glucose level of diabetic treated animals compared to untreated diabetic animals. Hypoglycemic effects and antioxidant properties of the vitamins may be involved in the nootropic effect of such treatment. These results show that combined treatment with vitamins C and E improved PAL and memory of control rats. In addition, combined vitamins administration to rats for 30 days from onset of diabetes alleviated the negative influence of diabetes on learning and memory. Therefore, combined vitamins treatment may provide a new potential alternative for prevention of impaired cognitive functions associated with diabetes and may warrant further clinical study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, School of Basic Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamadan, Iran. p.hasanein@basu.ac.ir
authors.forename: Parisa
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hasanein
authors.forename: Siamak
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shahidi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001362:Avoidance Learning / Q000187:drug effects*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis / Q000187:drug effects; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D007859:Learning Disabilities / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects*; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D018697:Nootropic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013997:Time Factors; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D018697:Nootropic Agents; D014810:Vitamin E; D001205:Ascorbic Acid