title: Second-hand smoking and carboxyhemoglobin levels in children: a prospective observational study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To establish baseline noninvasive carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) levels in children and determine the influence of exposure to environmental sources of carbon monoxide (CO), especially environmental tobacco smoke, on such levels.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Second-hand smoking may be a risk factor for adverse outcomes following anesthesia and surgery in children (1) and may potentially be preventable.
  
  
  METHODS
  Parents and their children between the ages of 1-12 were enrolled on the day of elective surgery. The preoperative COHb levels of the children were assessed noninvasively using a CO-Oximeter (Radical-7 Rainbow SET Pulse CO-Oximeter; Masimo, Irvine, CA, USA). The parents were asked to complete an environmental air-quality questionnaire. The COHb levels were tabulated and correlated with responses to the survey in aggregate analysis. Statistical analyses were performed using the nonparametric Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests. P < 0.05 was statistically significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two hundred children with their parents were enrolled. Children exposed to parental smoking had higher COHb levels than the children of nonsmoking controls. Higher COHb values were seen in the youngest children, ages 1-2, exposed to parental cigarette smoke. However, these trends did not reach statistical significance, and confidence intervals were wide.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study revealed interesting trends of COHb levels in children presenting for anesthesia and surgery. However, the COHb levels measured in our patients were close to the error margin of the device used in our study. An expected improvement in measurement technology may allow screening children for potential pulmonary perioperative risk factors in the future.
authors.affiliation: Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Branden E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Yee
authors.forename: Mohammed I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.forename: Doug
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Brugge
authors.forename: Maureen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Farrell
authors.forename: Gustavo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lozada
authors.forename: Raghu
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Idupaganthi
authors.forename: Roman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schumann
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology; D002263:Carboxyhemoglobin / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003296:Cooking; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003625:Data Collection; D017558:Elective Surgical Procedures; D005260:Female; D006361:Heating; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007846:Laundering; D008297:Male; D010290:Parents; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001335:Vehicle Emissions
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; D001335:Vehicle Emissions; D002263:Carboxyhemoglobin