title: Efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in alcohol dependence: a sham-controlled study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the anticraving efficacy of high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the right dorsolateral pre-frontal cortex (DLPFC) in patients with alcohol dependence.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a prospective, single-blind, sham-controlled study involving 45 patients with alcohol dependence syndrome (according to ICD-10 DCR), with Clinical Institute of Withdrawal Assessment in Alcohol Withdrawal (CIWA-Ar) scores <or=10. Patients were allocated to active and sham rTMS in a 2 : 1 ratio, such that 30 patients received active and 15 patients sham rTMS to the right DLPFC (10 Hz frequency, 4.9 seconds per train, inter-train interval of 30 seconds, 20 trains per session, total 10 sessions). The Alcohol Craving Questionnaire (ACQ-NOW) was administered to measure the severity of alcohol craving at baseline, after the last rTMS session and after 1 month of the last rTMS session.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed significant reduction in the post-rTMS ACQ-NOW total score and factor scores in the group allocated active rTMS compared to the sham stimulation. The effect size for treatment with time interaction was moderate (eta(2) = 0.401).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Right dorsolateral pre-frontal high-frequency rTMS was found to have significant anticraving effects in alcohol dependence. The results highlight the potential of rTMS which, combined with other anticraving drugs, can act as an effective strategy in reducing craving and subsequent relapse in alcohol dependence.
authors.affiliation: Central Institute of Psychiatry, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India.
authors.forename: Biswa R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Mishra
authors.forename: S Haque
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Nizamie
authors.forename: Basudeb
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Das
authors.forename: Samir K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Praharaj
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D007839:Functional Laterality; D006261:Headache / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012535:Scalp; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult