title: Levamisole and ryanodine receptors. II: An electrophysiological study in Ascaris suum.
abstract: Resistance to antinematodal drugs like levamisole has increased and there is a need to understand what factors affect the responses to these anthelmintics. In our previous study, we examined the role of ryanodine receptors in muscle contraction pathways. Here we have examined interactions of levamisole receptors, ryanodine receptors (RyRs), the excitatory neuropeptide AF2, and coupling to electrophysiological responses. We examined the effects of a brief application of levamisole on Ascaris suum body muscle under current-clamp. The levamisole responses were characterized as an initial primary depolarization, followed by a slow secondary depolarizing response. We examined the effects of AF2 (KHEYLRFamide), 1 microM applied for 2 min. We found that AF2 potentiated the secondary response to levamisole and had no significant effect on the primary depolarization. Further, the reversal potentials observed during the secondary response suggested that more than one ion was involved in producing this potential. AF2 potentiated the secondary response in the presence of 30 microM mecamylamine suggesting the effect was independent of levamisole sensitive acetylcholine receptors. The secondary response, potentiated by AF2, appeared to be dependent on cytoplasmic events triggered by the primary depolarization. Ion-substitution experiments showed that the AF2 potentiated secondary response was dependent on extracellular calcium and chloride suggesting a role for the calcium-activated anion channel. Caffeine mimicked the AF2 potentiated secondary response and 0.1 microM ryanodine inhibited it. 1.0 microM ryanodine increased spiking showing that it affected membrane excitability. A model is proposed showing ryanodine receptors mediating effects of AF2 on levamisole responses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-1250, USA.
authors.forename: Sreekanth
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Puttachary
authors.forename: Alan P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.forename: Cheryl L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Martin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000871:Anthelmintics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017165:Ascaris suum / Q000502:physiology*; D002110:Caffeine / Q000494:pharmacology; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002712:Chlorides / Q000378:metabolism; D018679:Cholinergic Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D055724:Electrophysiological Phenomena / Q000187:drug effects*; D005668:Furylfuramide / Q000494:pharmacology; D007978:Levamisole / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008464:Mecamylamine / Q000378:metabolism; D008954:Models, Biological; D012433:Ryanodine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019837:Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000871:Anthelmintics; D002712:Chlorides; D018679:Cholinergic Agonists; D019837:Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel; D005668:Furylfuramide; D012433:Ryanodine; D007978:Levamisole; D002110:Caffeine; D008464:Mecamylamine; D002118:Calcium