Endocannabinoids selectively enhance sweet taste.
Endocannabinoids such as anandamide [N-arachidonoylethanolamine (AEA)] and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG) are known orexigenic mediators that act via CB(1) receptors in hypothalamus and limbic forebrain to induce appetite and stimulate food intake. Circulating endocannabinoid levels inversely correlate with plasma levels of leptin, an anorexigenic mediator that reduces food intake by acting on hypothalamic receptors. Recently, taste has been found to be a peripheral target of leptin. Leptin selectively suppresses sweet taste responses in wild-type mice but not in leptin receptor-deficient db/db mice. Here, we show that endocannabinoids oppose the action of leptin to act as enhancers of sweet taste. We found that administration of AEA or 2-AG increases gustatory nerve responses to sweeteners in a concentration-dependent manner without affecting responses to salty, sour, bitter, and umami compounds. The cannabinoids increase behavioral responses to sweet-bitter mixtures and electrophysiological responses of taste receptor cells to sweet compounds. Mice genetically lacking CB(1) receptors show no enhancement by endocannnabinoids of sweet taste responses at cellular, nerve, or behavioral levels. In addition, the effects of endocannabinoids on sweet taste responses of taste cells are diminished by AM251, a CB(1) receptor antagonist, but not by AM630, a CB(2) receptor antagonist. Immunohistochemistry shows that CB(1) receptors are expressed in type II taste cells that also express the T1r3 sweet taste receptor component. Taken together, these observations suggest that the taste organ is a peripheral target of endocannabinoids. Reciprocal regulation of peripheral sweet taste reception by endocannabinoids and leptin may contribute to their opposing actions on food intake and play an important role in regulating energy homeostasis.
Yoshida
Ryusuke
R
Section of Oral Neuroscience, Graduate School of Dental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
Ohkuri
Tadahiro
T
Jyotaki
Masafumi
M
Yasuo
Toshiaki
T
Horio
Nao
N
Yasumatsu
Keiko
K
Sanematsu
Keisuke
K
Shigemura
Noriatsu
N
Yamamoto
Tsuneyuki
T
Margolskee
Robert F
RF
Ninomiya
Yuzo
Y
D000818:Animals; D001095:Arachidonic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D063385:Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators / Q000494:pharmacology*; D063388:Endocannabinoids; D002149:Energy Intake; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D053284:Polyunsaturated Alkamides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011803:Quinine / Q000494:pharmacology; D043884:Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1 / Q000172:deficiency / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D043885:Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D054411:Receptors, Leptin / Q000172:deficiency; D013395:Sucrose / Q000494:pharmacology; D013649:Taste / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*
D001095:Arachidonic Acids; D063385:Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators; D063388:Endocannabinoids; D053284:Polyunsaturated Alkamides; D043884:Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1; D043885:Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2; D054411:Receptors, Leptin; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D013395:Sucrose; D011803:Quinine; C078814:anandamide