title: Dabigatran enhances clot susceptibility to fibrinolysis by mechanisms dependent on and independent of thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Anticoagulants are expected to promote fibrinolysis by counteracting the antifibrinolytic effects of thrombin, which include thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) activation and clot structure enhancement. However, the efficiency of anticoagulants may vary remarkably, and the ability of direct thrombin inhibitors to facilitate clot lysis remains controversial.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the profibrinolytic effect of dabigatran, a new, direct thrombin inhibitor, using different in vitro models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The resistance of tissue factor-induced plasma clots to fibrinolysis by exogenous tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) (turbidimetric method) was reduced by dabigatran in a concentration-dependent manner, with > or = 50% shortening of lysis time at clinically relevant concentrations (1-2 microm). A similar effect was observed in the presence of low (0.1 and 1 nm) but not high (10 nm) concentrations of thrombomodulin. Acceleration of clot lysis by dabigatran was associated with a reduction in TAFI activation and thrombin generation, and was largely, although not completely, negated by an inhibitor of activated TAFI, potato tuber carboxypeptidase inhibitor. The assessment of the viscoelastic properties of clots showed that those generated in the presence of dabigatran were more permeable, were less rigid, and consisted of thicker fibers. The impact of these physical changes on fibrinolysis was investigated using a model under flow conditions, which demonstrated that dabigatran made the clots markedly more susceptible to flowing t-PA, by a mechanism that was largely TAFI-independent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dabigatran, at clinically relevant concentrations, enhances the susceptibility of plasma clots to t-PA-induced lysis by reducing TAFI activation and by altering the clot structure. These mechanisms might contribute to the antithrombotic activity of the drug.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Section of General and Experimental Pathology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: C T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Ammollo
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Semeraro
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Incampo
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Semeraro
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Colucci
mesh_terms: D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001562:Benzimidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D025901:Carboxypeptidase B2 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000097:blood*; D000069604:Dabigatran; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005337:Fibrin / Q000378:metabolism*; D005342:Fibrinolysis / Q000187:drug effects*; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D011480:Protease Inhibitors; D011725:Pyridines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000097:blood; D013917:Thrombin / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D018180:Thrombomodulin / Q000097:blood; D013997:Time Factors; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D001562:Benzimidazoles; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D010940:Plant Proteins; D011480:Protease Inhibitors; D011725:Pyridines; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D018180:Thrombomodulin; D005337:Fibrin; D025901:Carboxypeptidase B2; D013917:Thrombin; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator; D000069604:Dabigatran