title: Projected effect of dietary salt reductions on future cardiovascular disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The U.S. diet is high in salt, with the majority coming from processed foods. Reducing dietary salt is a potentially important target for the improvement of public health.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used the Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) Policy Model to quantify the benefits of potentially achievable, population-wide reductions in dietary salt of up to 3 g per day (1200 mg of sodium per day). We estimated the rates and costs of cardiovascular disease in subgroups defined by age, sex, and race; compared the effects of salt reduction with those of other interventions intended to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease; and determined the cost-effectiveness of salt reduction as compared with the treatment of hypertension with medications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Reducing dietary salt by 3 g per day is projected to reduce the annual number of new cases of CHD by 60,000 to 120,000, stroke by 32,000 to 66,000, and myocardial infarction by 54,000 to 99,000 and to reduce the annual number of deaths from any cause by 44,000 to 92,000. All segments of the population would benefit, with blacks benefiting proportionately more, women benefiting particularly from stroke reduction, older adults from reductions in CHD events, and younger adults from lower mortality rates. The cardiovascular benefits of reduced salt intake are on par with the benefits of population-wide reductions in tobacco use, obesity, and cholesterol levels. A regulatory intervention designed to achieve a reduction in salt intake of 3 g per day would save 194,000 to 392,000 quality-adjusted life-years and $10 billion to $24 billion in health care costs annually. Such an intervention would be cost-saving even if only a modest reduction of 1 g per day were achieved gradually between 2010 and 2019 and would be more cost-effective than using medications to lower blood pressure in all persons with hypertension.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Modest reductions in dietary salt could substantially reduce cardiovascular events and medical costs and should be a public health target.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
authors.forename: Kirsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bibbins-Domingo
authors.forename: Glenn M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Chertow
authors.forename: Pamela G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Coxson
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moran
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Lightwood
authors.forename: Mark J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Pletcher
authors.forename: Lee
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Goldman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D004032:Diet / Q000592:standards*; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008390:Markov Chains; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D012307:Risk Factors; D012982:Sodium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D012982:Sodium, Dietary