title: The flavonoid tangeretin activates the unfolded protein response and synergizes with imatinib in the erythroleukemia cell line K562.
abstract: We explored the mechanism of cell death of the polymethoxyflavone tangeretin (TAN) in K562 breakpoint cluster region-abelson murine leukemia (Bcr-Abl+) cells. Flow cytometric analysis showed that TAN arrested the cells in the G(2)/M phase and stimulated an accumulation of the cells in the sub-G(0) phase. TAN-induced cell death was evidenced by poly(ADP)-ribose polymerase cleavage, DNA laddering fragmentation, activation of the caspase cascade and downregulation of the antiapoptotic proteins Mcl-1 and Bcl-x(L). Pretreatment with the pancaspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK_blocked caspase activation and cell cycle arrest but did not inhibit apoptosis which suggest that other cell killing mechanisms like endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated cell death pathways could be involved. We demonstrated that TAN-induced apoptosis was preceded by a rapid activation of the proapoptotic arm of the unfolded protein response, namely PKR-like ER kinase. This was accompanied by enhanced levels of glucose-regulated protein of 78 kDa and of spliced X-box binding protein 1. Furthermore, TAN sensitized K562 cells to the cell killing effects of imatinib via an apoptotic mechanism. In conclusion, our results suggest that TAN is able to induce apoptosis in Bcr-Abl+ cells via cell cycle arrest and the induction of the unfolded protein response, and has synergistic cytotoxicity with imatinib.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology, University Hospital Ghent, De Pintelaan 185, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Sofie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lust
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Vanhoecke
authors.forename: Mireille
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Van Gele
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Philippé
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bracke
authors.forename: Fritz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Offner
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001549:Benzamides; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D004357:Drug Synergism; D047309:Flavones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D000068877:Imatinib Mesylate; D020014:K562 Cells; D010879:Piperazines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D056811:Unfolded Protein Response / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D001549:Benzamides; D047309:Flavones; D010879:Piperazines; D011743:Pyrimidines; D000068877:Imatinib Mesylate; C059006:tangeretin