title: Topographical disorientation in Alzheimer's disease.
abstract: Topographical disorientation (TD) has not been as extensively studied as other frequent manifestations of Alzheimer's disease (AD).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To verify the occurrence of TD and to identify the neuropsychological dysfunctions associated with TD in AD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty patients with probable AD, their caregivers and 30 subjects without dementia (controls) were interviewed with a questionnaire and evaluated with tests related to topographical orientation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  AD patients, even those with mild dementia, differ from controls in the questionnaire on topographical orientation and in most neuropsychological tests except for tests of spatial working memory, point localization, three dimension and nonsense figure copy. When the performances in the neuropsychological tests of patients with mild or moderate dementia were compared, only landmark recognition and route description were more impaired in moderate dementia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TD occurs even in mild dementia of AD, a finding apparently not explained by the impairments of more elementary spatial functions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Reference Center for Cognitive Disorders, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Carla Cristina
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Guariglia
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nitrini
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003221:Confusion / Q000209:etiology*; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D009949:Orientation / Q000502:physiology*; D013037:Spatial Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires