title: Effects of autonomic nerve stimulation on colorectal motility in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several disease processes of the colon and rectum, including constipation and incontinence, have been associated with abnormalities of the autonomic nervous system. However, the autonomic innervation to the colon and rectum are not fully understood. The aims of this study were to investigate the effect of stimulation of vagus nerves, pelvic nerves (PN) and hypogastric nerves (HGN) on colorectal motility in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four strain gauge transducers were implanted on the proximal colon, mid colon, distal colon and rectum to record circular muscle contractions in rats. Electrical stimulation was administered to the efferent distal ends of the cervical vagus nerve, PN and HGN. Motility index (MI) was evaluated before and during stimulation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Electrical stimulation (5-20 Hz) of the cervical vagus elicited significant contractions in the mid colon and distal colon, whereas less pronounced contractions were observed in the proximal colon. Pelvic nerves stimulation elicited significant contractions in the rectum as well as the mid colon and distal colon. Atropine treatment almost completely abolished the contractions induced by vagus nerve and PN stimulation. Hypogastric nerves stimulation caused relaxations in the rectum, mid colon and distal colon. The relaxations in response to HGN stimulation were abolished by propranolol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vagal innervation extends to the distal colon, while the PN has projections in the distribution of the rectum through the mid colon. This suggests a pattern of dual parasympathetic innervation in the left colon. Parasympathetic fibers regulate colorectal contractions via muscarinic receptors. The HGN mainly regulates colorectal relaxations via beta-adrenoceptors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin and Zablocki VA Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI 53295, USA.
authors.forename: W D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Tong
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Ridolfi
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kosinski
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ludwig
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takahashi
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000502:physiology*; D003106:Colon / Q000502:physiology*; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D005769:Gastrointestinal Motility / Q000502:physiology*; D007001:Hypogastric Plexus / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008365:Manometry; D011433:Propranolol / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012007:Rectum / Q000502:physiology*; D014630:Vagus Nerve / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D011433:Propranolol