title: A randomized clinical trial of the efficacy of scheduled dosing of acetaminophen and hydrocodone for the management of postoperative pain in children after tonsillectomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effectiveness of around-the-clock (ATC) analgesic administration, with or without nurse coaching, compared with standard care with as needed (PRN) dosing in children undergoing outpatient tonsillectomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children 6 to 15 years of age were randomized to receive acetaminophen and hydrocodone (167 mg/2.5 mg/5 mL) for 3 days after surgery: Group A (N=39)-every 4 hours PRN, with standard postoperative instructions; Group B (N=34)-every 4 hours ATC, with standard postoperative instructions, without nurse coaching; and Group C (N=40)-every 4 hours ATC, with standard postoperative instructions, with coaching. Parents completed a medication log, and recorded the presence and severity of opioid-related adverse effects and children's reports of pain intensity using a 0 to 10 numeric rating scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No differences were found in analgesic administration or pain intensity scores between the 2 ATC groups. Therefore, they were combined for comparison with the PRN group. Children in the ATC group received more analgesic than those in the PRN group (P<0.0001). Children in the PRN group had higher pain intensity scores compared to children in the ATC group, both at rest (P=0.017) and with swallowing (P=0.017). Pain intensity scores for both groups were higher in the morning compared with the evening (P<0.0001). With the exception of constipation, scheduled analgesic dosing did not increase the frequency or severity of opioid-related adverse effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Scheduled dosing of acetaminophen and hydrocodone is more effective than PRN dosing in reducing pain intensity in children after tonsillectomy. Nurse coaching does not impact parent's adherence to ATC dosing.
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital Central California, Madera, CA 93636-8761, USA. ksutters@childrenscentralcal.org
authors.forename: Kimberly A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Sutters
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Miaskowski
authors.forename: Danielle
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Holdridge-Zeuner
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Waite
authors.forename: Steven M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Paul
authors.forename: Marilyn C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Savedra
authors.forename: Brent
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lanier
authors.forename: Karla
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mahoney
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000293:Adolescent; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002648:Child; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004325:Dreams / Q000187:drug effects; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006853:Hydrocodone / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D009325:Nausea / Q000139:chemically induced; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology*; D014068:Tonsillectomy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014839:Vomiting / Q000139:chemically induced
chemical_list: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000082:Acetaminophen; D006853:Hydrocodone