title: Evaluation of sub-critical water as an extraction fluid for model contaminants from recycled PET for reuse as food packaging material.
abstract: Recycling of plastics for food-contact packaging is an important issue and research into meaningful and cost-effective solutions is in progress. In this paper, the use of sub-critical water was evaluated as an alternative way of purifying poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) flakes for direct food contact applications. The effects of temperature, pressure and flow rate were assessed on the extraction efficiency of two of the most challenging classes of contaminants (toluene and benzophenone) from PET by sub-critical water using a first-order fractional experimental design. Extraction yield was quantified using GC/FID. The most important parameter was flow rate, indicating that the decrease in sub-critical water polarity with temperature was insufficient to eliminate partition effects. Temperature was also important, but only for the optimization of toluene extraction. These results may be explained by the poor solubility of higher molar mass compounds in sub-critical water compared to lower molar mass compounds under the same conditions, and the small decrease in dielectric constant with temperature under the experimental conditions evaluated. As cleaning efficiency is low and PET is very susceptible to hydrolysis, which limits the use of higher temperatures vis-à-vis physical recycling, the proposed extraction is unsuitable for a standalone super-clean process but may be a step in the process.
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Engineering (DEMa), Federal University of Sao Carlos (UFSCar), CP 676, 13565-905-Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Amélia S F
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: José A M
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Agnelli
authors.forename: Sati
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Manrich
mesh_terms: D001577:Benzophenones / Q000302:isolation & purification; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D002849:Chromatography, Gas / Q000379:methods; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources / Q000379:methods*; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018857:Food Packaging / Q000295:instrumentation*; D011093:Polyethylene Terephthalates / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D012995:Solubility; D013696:Temperature; D014050:Toluene / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D001577:Benzophenones; D011093:Polyethylene Terephthalates; D014867:Water; D014050:Toluene; C047723:benzophenone