title: Anal acoustic reflectometry: a new technique for assessing anal sphincter function.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Anal acoustic reflectometry (AAR) is a new technique that offers an assessment of anal sphincter function by the measurement of additional parameters not available with conventional manometry. The aim of this study is to describe the technique, methodology and initial pilot study results.
  
  
  METHODS
  Wideband sounds (100 Hz to 16 kHz) are transmitted into a thin polyurethane bag placed within the anal canal. Calculation of cross-sectional area from reflected sound waves, over a range of pressures (0-200 cm H(2)O) during inflation/deflation of the bag, results in five physiological parameters of anal canal function. Five patients [three continent (two female) and two incontinent (both female)] were assessed with AAR and anal manometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Anal acoustic reflectometry parameters were reduced in incontinent when compared with continent patients. Resting Opening Pressures (cmH(2)O) were 27 and 16 in patients with faecal incontinence (FI) vs 44 and 72 in continent patients; Resting Opening Elastance (cmH(2)O/mm(2)) was 0.88 and 1.08 in FI patients vs 1.65 and 1.34 in continent patients. The Resting Opening Pressure of a similarly aged continent male (55 cmH(2)O) was greater than three of the females. During assessment of voluntary contraction (one FI female vs one continent female), Squeeze Opening Pressure (cmH(2)O) was 31 vs 100 and Elastance (cmH(2)O/mm(2)) 0.61 vs 2.07.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Anal acoustic reflectometry appears to be promising technique. Further work is in place to clarify whether it will be useful in clinical assessment of incontinent patients.
authors.affiliation: Pelvic Floor Service, Department of General Surgery, Wythenshawe Hospital, University Hospital South Manchester NHS Trust, Manchester, UK. peter.mitchell40@btopenworld.com
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Klarskov
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hosker
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lose
authors.forename: E S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Kiff
mesh_terms: D000162:Acoustics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D001003:Anal Canal / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004867:Equipment Design; D005242:Fecal Incontinence / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008365:Manometry; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011846:Radio Waves; D015203:Reproducibility of Results