title: Wound management and restrictive arm movement following cardiac device implantation - evidence for practice?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The rate of cardiac device implantation has risen significantly secondary to an increase in the number of indications. Wound infection and lead displacement are two common and potentially life-threatening complications. No national/international guidelines address postoperative care and controversy exists regarding wound management and arm movement following cardiac device implantation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to explore and review the evidence behind current practice but found that certain aspects of established practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  An electronic search of the databases EMBASE, British Nursing Index, CINAHL, Cochrane and PubMed to identify evidence regarding wound management and lead displacement.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that certain aspects of established practice are based on tradition rather than evidence. Recent guidelines on wound management published by The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence in the UK recommend covering the wound postoperatively for 48 h with a low-adherent transparent dressing and letting patients shower thereafter. Since specific guidelines for cardiac device patients are lacking, we suggest that further research address whether or not the NICE guidelines can be extrapolated to this area. Studies showed that early mobilisation and allowing a full range of arm movements following device implantation is safe. Further research must validate these findings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We discuss the reasons behind these gaps in the evidence base and support the idea that nursing education has not placed enough emphasis on how to critically appraise research. This accounts for the very small proportion of nurses that get involved in conducting research and generating guidelines. Additionally, we argue that nurses can play a key role in identifying and addressing research questions that lead to improved patient outcome. Thus, we support proposals to enhance nurses' opportunities to pursue academic careers to achieve adequate research skills.
authors.affiliation: The Heart Hospital, University College London Hospitals, UK. katrine.bavnbek@uclh.nhs.uk
authors.forename: Katrine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bavnbek
authors.forename: Syed Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Ahsan
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sanders
authors.forename: Simon F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Anthony W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Chow
mesh_terms: D001132:Arm; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D055318:Evidence-Based Nursing; D006801:Humans; D009068:Movement; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial; D013041:Specialties, Nursing / Q000379:methods*; D013530:Surgical Wound Infection / Q000451:nursing* / Q000517:prevention & control