title: Cancer and sexual problems.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are many data on sexual problems subsequent to cancer and its treatment, although the likelihood of problems in specific individuals depends on multiple variables.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To gain knowledge about the risks of sexual problems among persons with cancer and to provide recommendations concerning their prevention and optimal treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  A committee of multidisciplinary specialists was formed as part of a larger International Consultation working with urologic and sexual medicine societies over a 2-year period to review the result of chronic illness management on sexual function and satisfaction. The aims, goals, data collection techniques, and report format were defined by a central committee.
  
  
  METHODS
  Expert consensus was based on evidence-based medical and psychosocial literature review, extensive group discussion, and an open presentation with a substantial discussion period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cancer and cancer treatments have both direct and indirect effects on physiologic, psychological, and interpersonal factors that can all impact negatively on sexual function and satisfaction. Data on the likelihood of specific sexual problems occurring with cancer and its management vary depending on prediagnosis function, patient response, support from the treatment team, specific treatments used, proactive counseling, and efforts to mitigate potential problems. This summary details available literature concerning the pathophysiologic and psychological impacts of cancer diagnosis and treatment on sexual function, plus recommendations for their prevention and management.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cancer and its management have a significant negative impact on sexual function and satisfaction. These negative effects can be somewhat mitigated by understanding prediagnosis sexual functioning level, counseling, careful treatment choices, and, when indicated, therapy post-treatment using educational, psychological, pharmacologic, and mechanical modalities.
authors.affiliation: Family Practice, SUNY-Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sadovsky
authors.forename: Rosemary
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Basson
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Krychman
authors.forename: Antonio Martin
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Morales
authors.forename: Leslie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Schover
authors.forename: Run
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Incrocci
mesh_terms: D000527:Alprostadil / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003376:Counseling; D016889:Endometrial Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D007172:Erectile Dysfunction / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications* / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D019935:Penile Implantation; D010413:Penis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000601:surgery; D010549:Personal Satisfaction; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D011468:Prostatectomy / Q000009:adverse effects; D011584:Psychology; D011613:Psychotherapy; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012735:Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D020018:Sexual Dysfunctions, Psychological / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D014618:Vacuum; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D000527:Alprostadil