The zebrafish galectin Drgal1-l2 is expressed by proliferating Müller glia and photoreceptor progenitors and regulates the regeneration of rod photoreceptors.
OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study was to identify secreted proteins in the retina of the adult zebrafish that are induced by the selective death of photoreceptors and to test experimentally the function of these proteins during the regeneration of photoreceptors.


METHODS
Induced selective death of photoreceptors in the retina of the adult zebrafish was combined with in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry to identify the induced cellular expression of the secreted beta-galactoside binding protein Galectin 1-like 2 (Drgal1-L2). Electroporation of morpholino oligonucleotides was used to knock down protein synthesis, and regenerated photoreceptors were counted in control and experimental retinas after labeling with cell type-specific RNA probes.


RESULTS
Expression analysis and immunocytochemistry showed that Drgal1-L2 is induced de novo by photoreceptor death and is synthesized by microglia and proliferating Müller glia and their mitotic progeny. Knockdown of Drgal1-L2 expression in Müller glia results in reduced regeneration of rod photoreceptors without affecting injury-induced proliferation or the regeneration of cone photoreceptors.


CONCLUSIONS
Based on these data, the authors conclude that Drgal1-L2 is induced by photoreceptor cell death and secreted by stem cells and neuronal progenitors and that it regulates the regeneration of rod photoreceptors. Drgal1-L2 is the first secreted factor shown to regulate aspects of regenerative neurogenesis in the teleost retina.
Craig
Sonya E L
SE
Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA.
Thummel
Ryan
R
Ahmed
Hafiz
H
Vasta
Gerardo R
GR
Hyde
David R
DR
Hitchcock
Peter F
PF
D000818:Animals; D002452:Cell Count; D016923:Cell Death; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D018274:Electroporation; D037161:Galectins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015151:Immunoblotting; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D008027:Light; D017628:Microglia / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D009025:Morpholines / Q000494:pharmacology; D020419:Photoreceptor Cells, Vertebrate / Q000473:pathology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D011833:Radiation Injuries, Experimental / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D012038:Regeneration / Q000502:physiology*; D017948:Retinal Rod Photoreceptor Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D015027:Zebrafish; D029961:Zebrafish Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
C541498:Gal1-L2 protein, zebrafish; D037161:Galectins; D009025:Morpholines; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D029961:Zebrafish Proteins