title: Hospitalizations and deaths among adults with cardiovascular disease who underuse medications because of cost: a longitudinal analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is well-documented that the financial burden of out-of-pocket expenditures for prescription drugs often leads people with medication-sensitive chronic illnesses to restrict their use of these medications. Less is known about the extent to which such cost-related medication underuse is associated with increases in subsequent hospitalizations and deaths.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We compared the risk of hospitalizations among 5401 and of death among 6135 middle-aged and elderly adults with one or more cardiovascular diseases (diabetes, coronary artery disease, heart failure, and history of stroke) according to whether participants did or did not report restricting prescription medications because of cost.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective biannual cohort study across 4 cross-sectional waves of the Health and Retirement Study, a nationally representative survey of adults older than age 50. Using multivariate logistic regression to adjust for baseline differences in sociodemographic and health characteristics, we assessed subsequent hospitalizations and deaths between 1998 and 2006 for respondents who reported that they had or had not taken less medicine than prescribed because of cost.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Respondents with cardiovascular disease who reported underusing medications due to cost were significantly more likely to be hospitalized in the next 2 years, even after adjusting for other patient characteristics (adjusted predicted probability of 47% compared with 38%, P < 0.001). The more survey waves respondents reported cost-related medication underuse during 1998 to 2004, the higher the probability of being hospitalized in 2006 (adjusted predicted probability of 54% among respondents reporting cost-related medication underuse in all 4 survey waves compared with 42% among respondents reporting no underuse, P < 0.001). There was no independent association of cost-related medication underuse with death.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this nationally representative cohort, middle-aged and elderly adults with cardiovascular disease who reported cutting back on medication use because of cost were more likely to report being hospitalized over a subsequent 2-year period after they had reported medication underuse. The more extensively respondents reported cost-related underuse over time, the higher their adjusted predicted probability of subsequent hospitalization.
authors.affiliation: Veterans Affairs Center for Clinical Practice Management Research, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI 48113-0170, USA. mheisler@umich.edu
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heisler
authors.forename: Hwajung
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Allison B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Rosen
authors.forename: Sandeep
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vijan
authors.forename: Mohammed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kabeto
authors.forename: Kenneth M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Langa
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Piette
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D005382:Financing, Personal; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000191:economics*; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D055118:Medication Adherence; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology