The prodrome of autism: early behavioral and biological signs, regression, peri- and post-natal development and genetics.
Autism is one of the most heritable neurodevelopmental conditions and has an early onset, with symptoms being required to be present in the first 3 years of life in order to meet criteria for the 'core' disorder in the classification systems. As such, the focus on identifying a prodrome over the past 20 years has been on pre-clinical signs or indicators that will be present very early in life, certainly in infancy. A number of novel lines of investigation have been used to this end, including retrospective coding of home videos, prospective population screening and 'high risk' sibling studies; as well as the investigation of pre- and peri-natal, brain developmental and other biological factors. While no single prodromal sign is expected to be present in all cases, a picture is emerging of indicative prodromal signs in infancy and initial studies are being undertaken to attempt to ameliorate early presentation and even 'prevent' emergence of the full syndrome.
Yirmiya
Nurit
N
Department of Psychology and School of Education, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem, Israel 91905. nyirmiya@gmail.com
Charman
Tony
T
D001321:Autistic Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001921:Brain / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn