title: Effects of aerobic exercise on mild cognitive impairment: a controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effects of aerobic exercise on cognition and other biomarkers associated with Alzheimer disease pathology for older adults with mild cognitive impairment, and assess the role of sex as a predictor of response.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six-month, randomized, controlled, clinical trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System clinical research unit.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-three adults (17 women) with amnestic mild cognitive impairment ranging in age from 55 to 85 years (mean age, 70 years). Intervention Participants were randomized either to a high-intensity aerobic exercise or stretching control group. The aerobic group exercised under the supervision of a fitness trainer at 75% to 85% of heart rate reserve for 45 to 60 min/d, 4 d/wk for 6 months. The control group carried out supervised stretching activities according to the same schedule but maintained their heart rate at or below 50% of their heart rate reserve. Before and after the study, glucometabolic and treadmill tests were performed and fat distribution was assessed using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. At baseline, month 3, and month 6, blood was collected for assay and cognitive tests were administered.
  
  
  METHODS
  Performance measures on Symbol-Digit Modalities, Verbal Fluency, Stroop, Trails B, Task Switching, Story Recall, and List Learning. Fasting plasma levels of insulin, cortisol, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, insulinlike growth factor-I, and beta-amyloids 40 and 42.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six months of high-intensity aerobic exercise had sex-specific effects on cognition, glucose metabolism, and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and trophic activity despite comparable gains in cardiorespiratory fitness and body fat reduction. For women, aerobic exercise improved performance on multiple tests of executive function, increased glucose disposal during the metabolic clamp, and reduced fasting plasma levels of insulin, cortisol, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor. For men, aerobic exercise increased plasma levels of insulinlike growth factor I and had a favorable effect only on Trails B performance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides support, using rigorous controlled methodology, for a potent nonpharmacologic intervention that improves executive control processes for older women at high risk of cognitive decline. Moreover, our results suggest that a sex bias in cognitive response may relate to sex-based differences in glucometabolic and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis responses to aerobic exercise.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Psychiatry and BehavioralScience, University of Washington School of Medicine,Seattle, Washington, USA. ldbaker@uw.edu
authors.forename: Laura D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: Laura L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Frank
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Foster-Schubert
authors.forename: Pattie S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: Charles W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Wilkinson
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: McTiernan
authors.forename: Stephen R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Plymate
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Fishel
authors.forename: G Stennis
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Watson
authors.forename: Brenna A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Cholerton
authors.forename: Glen E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Duncan
authors.forename: Pankaj D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Mehta
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Craft
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D050218:Body Fat Distribution; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000378:metabolism / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005080:Exercise Test; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D017079:Exercise Tolerance / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010809:Physical Fitness / Q000502:physiology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D005947:Glucose