title: Argatroban as a substitute of heparin during cardiopulmonary bypass: a safe alternative?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The patient with a diagnosis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis who requires urgent cardiac surgery represents a formidable challenge. Among the alternatives to heparin, argatroban has gained widespread use in non-cardiac surgery patients. The object of this communication is to report our recent experience with this agent during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and to review the cases previously published in order to better define indications, dosage, monitoring and limitations in cardiac surgery patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A case of mitral valve replacement where argatroban was used for anticoagulation during CPB is described. The literature on the subject is reviewed and the relationship between argatroban dosage and activated clotting time (ACT) is studied by regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clotting of the oxygenator requiring prompt replacement occurred after release of cross-clamp. Upon termination of the drug, ACT remained elevated beyond the expected half-life. A significative (P<0.05) relationship was disclosed between increasing dosage and ACT, while the same relationship was absent on decreasing dosage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because of unresolved issues like the possibility of clotting in the extracorporeal circuit and prolonged anticoagulation after discontinuing the drug, at present, the use of argatroban as a substitute of heparin during CPB should be restricted to those cases where the other thrombin inhibitors are contraindicated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiac Surgery, ARNAS, Palermo, Italy. follis99@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Fabrizio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Follis
authors.forename: Gianfranco
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Filippone
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Montalbano
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Floriano
authors.forename: Ettore
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lobianco
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: D'Ancona
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Follis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D001120:Arginine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D001777:Blood Coagulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D016903:Drug Monitoring; D005260:Female; D019918:Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation; D006493:Heparin / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010875:Pipecolic Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D019106:Postoperative Hemorrhage / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013449:Sulfonamides; D013917:Thrombin / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D013921:Thrombocytopenia / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000517:prevention & control; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D010875:Pipecolic Acids; D013449:Sulfonamides; D006493:Heparin; D001120:Arginine; D013917:Thrombin; C031942:argatroban