title: Emergent risk factors associated with eyeball loss and ambulatory vision loss after globe injuries.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The objective of this study was to evaluate risk factors associated with eyeball loss and ambulatory vision loss on emergent examination of patients with ocular trauma.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed the medical records of 1,875 patients hospitalized in a single tertiary referral center between January 2003 and December 2007. Emergent examinations included a history of trauma, elapsed time between injury and hospital arrival, visible intraocular tissues, and initial visual acuity (VA) using a penlight. The main outcome measures were ocular survival and ambulatory vision survival (>20/200) at 1 year after trauma using univariate and multivariate regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ocular trauma scores were significantly higher in open globe injuries than in closed globe injuries (p < 0.01). In open globe injuries, initial VA less than light perception (LP) and a history of golf ball injury were the significant risk factors associated with eyeball loss. Elapsed time more than 12 hours and visible intraocular tissues were the significant risk factors associated with ambulatory vision loss. The most powerful predictor of eyeball loss and ambulatory vision loss was eyeball rupture. In closed globe injuries, there were no significant risk factors of eyeball loss, whereas initial vision less than LP and the presence of relative afferent pupillary defect were the significant risk factors associated with ambulatory vision loss.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An initial VA less than LP using a penlight, a history of golf ball injury, and elapsed time more than 12 hours between ocular trauma and hospital arrival were associated with eyeball loss and ambulatory vision loss. Physicians should bear these factors in mind so that they can more effectively counsel patients with such injuries.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hakdong, Donggu, Gwangju 501-757, Korea.
authors.forename: Seung
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hyun Lee
authors.forename: Jae Kyoun
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Ahn
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001766:Blindness / Q000209:etiology*; D002648:Child; D015353:Eye Enucleation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005131:Eye Injuries / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012421:Rupture / Q000150:complications; D013997:Time Factors; D014792:Visual Acuity; D055815:Young Adult