title: Over-expression of Toll-like receptors and their ligands in small-for-size graft.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Toll-like receptors (TLRs) participate in several physiological and pathological processes of transplantation, including inflammation and allograft rejection, but the expression of TLRs and their ligands remains undetermined in small-for-size graft transplantation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A non-arterialized partial liver transplantation model was used. The expression of TLR2 and TLR4 mRNA and protein, CD14 and Myeloid Differentiation-2 (MD-2) mRNA, as well as TLR2 and TLR4 exogenous ligands (endotoxin) and endogenous ligands [heat shock protein (HSP) 60 and 70] were assessed. The signaling pathways induced by TLR2 and TLR4 were also assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In small-for-size liver graft, the expression of mRNA and protein of TLR2 and TLR4, CD14 and MD-2 mRNA, as well as endogenous ligands of TLR2 and TLR4 such as HSP60 and HSP70 was quickly and significantly increased after reperfusion, and reached a peak at 3 h after reperfusion. The levels of exogenous ligands (endotoxin) were increased and reached a peak at 6 h after reperfusion. The appearance of TLR2 and TLR4 mRNA was accompanied by increased HSP 60 and 70 mRNA within 24 h after reperfusion. In the small-for-size group, the peak levels of TLRs and their endogenous ligands appeared earlier than those in the full size group; the peak levels of TLRs and their endogenous and exogenous ligands were higher than those in the full size group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TLR2 and TLR4, as well as their endogenous and exogenous ligands were activated in small-for-size liver graft transplantation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neonatal Surgery, Nanjing Children's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University.
authors.forename: Weiwei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Mingzheng
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Jianhua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.forename: Xiaoqun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Xuehao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Lianbao
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kong