title: Beta-secretase-1 elevation in transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease is associated with synaptic/axonal pathology and amyloidogenesis: implications for neuritic plaque development.
abstract: The presence of neuritic plaques is a pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the origin of extracellular beta-amyloid peptide (Abeta) deposits and the process of plaque development remain poorly understood. The present study attempted to explore plaque pathogenesis by localizing beta-secretase-1 (BACE1) elevation relative to Abeta accumulation and synaptic/neuritic alterations in the forebrain, using transgenic mice harboring familial AD (FAD) mutations (5XFAD and 2XFAD) as models. In animals with fully developed plaque pathology, locally elevated BACE1 immunoreactivity (IR) coexisted with compact-like Abeta deposition, with BACE1 IR occurring selectively in dystrophic axons of various neuronal phenotypes or origins (GABAergic, glutamatergic, cholinergic or catecholaminergic). Prior to plaque onset, localized BACE1/Abeta IR occurred at swollen presynaptic terminals and fine axonal processes. These BACE1/Abeta-containing axonal elements appeared to undergo a continuing process of sprouting/swelling and dystrophy, during which extracellular Abeta IR emerged and accumulated in surrounding extracellular space. These data suggest that BACE1 elevation and associated Abeta overproduction inside the sprouting/dystrophic axonal terminals coincide with the onset and accumulation of extracellular amyloid deposition during the development of neuritic plaques in transgenic models of AD. Our findings appear to be in harmony with an early hypothesis that axonal pathogenesis plays a key or leading role in plaque formation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA.
authors.forename: Xue-Mei
authors.initials: XM
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.forename: Kun
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Xiong
authors.forename: Huaibin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.forename: Xue-Gang
authors.initials: XG
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: Jia-Chun
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.forename: Richard W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Clough
authors.forename: Robert G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Struble
authors.forename: Peter R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Patrylo
authors.forename: Xiao-Xin
authors.initials: XX
authors.lastname: Yan
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D053829:Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides / Q000378:metabolism; D016564:Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor / Q000235:genetics; D000818:Animals; D016282:Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D001369:Axons / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology*; D005110:Extracellular Space / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009154:Mutation; D009474:Neurons / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology; D058225:Plaque, Amyloid / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology*; D053764:Presenilin-1 / Q000235:genetics; D017729:Presynaptic Terminals / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology; D016548:Prosencephalon / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D058255:Protease Nexins; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000235:genetics; D013569:Synapses / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides; D016564:Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor; C508853:PSEN1 protein, human; D053764:Presenilin-1; D058255:Protease Nexins; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D053829:Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases; D016282:Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases; C509282:Bace1 protein, mouse