title: Pneumonia among COPD patients using inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting bronchodilators.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the risk of pneumonia among COPD patients using salmeterol/fluticasone propionate combination inhalers (SFC), inhaled corticosteroids (ICS), or long-acting beta-agonists (LABA), alone or in combination, compared to those using only short-acting bronchodilators (SABD).
  
  
  METHODS
  The study population comprised 5245 individuals using inhaled treatment for COPD, identified from the databases of three large regional managed care organisations from different parts of the USA. Longitudinally-collected administrative data were obtained on their clinical histories and treatments. Nested case-control methods were used to calculate adjusted odds ratios (OR) for the risk of pneumonia while on therapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  2154 patients had at least one diagnosed case of pneumonia between 1st September 2001 and 31st August 2003. Relative to SABD, the only treatment associated with a non-significant increased risk of pneumonia was ICS used alone (OR=1.29; 95%CI: 0.96-1.73; p=0.09). Users of LABA alone (OR=0.92; 95%CI: 0.69-1.22) or SFC (OR=1.03; 95%CI: 0.74-1.42) had no increased risk for pneumonia relative to SABD. Advanced age and severity of lung disease were strongly associated with increased risk for pneumonia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Treatment with ICS or an ICS/LABA combination inhaler was not associated with a significantly increased risk of developing pneumonia.
authors.affiliation: Lovelace Clinic Foundation, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106, USA. dmapel@comcast.net
authors.forename: Douglas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mapel
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schum
authors.forename: Marianne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yood
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Kourtney
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Davis
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000420:Albuterol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000730:Androstadienes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations / Q000009:adverse effects; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D000068298:Fluticasone; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000209:etiology*; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012307:Risk Factors; D000068299:Salmeterol Xinafoate; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D000730:Androstadienes; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D000068299:Salmeterol Xinafoate; D000068298:Fluticasone; D000420:Albuterol