title: Perceived maternal stress during pregnancy and its relation to infant stress reactivity at 2 days and 10 months of postnatal life.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although the negative impact of maternal stress during pregnancy on stress reactivity in offspring is well documented in nonhuman animals, we know little about these relations in humans and their lasting effects.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The authors examined the relation between perceived maternal stress during pregnancy and stability of infant stress reactivity across the first year of postnatal life in humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  Perceived maternal stress during pregnancy was measured in the immediate postpartum period and again at 10 months after delivery in 84 mothers and examined in relation to behavioral and neuroendocrine stress reactivity measures in their healthy, full-term infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Salivary cortisol was collected between 24 to 48 hours of postnatal life in response to a heel stick and again at 10 months of age in response to a toy removal task in the same sample of infants. Behavioral reactivity was coded from direct observation during the toy removal task.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Perceived maternal stress during pregnancy and neonatal cortisol reactivity each remained stable across the first 10 months of postnatal life. Maternal stress during pregnancy predicted infant cortisol reactivity at 2 days and 10 months after birth as well as behavioral reactivity at 10 months. Neonatal cortisol reactivity predicted 10-month behavioral reactivity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These preliminary findings suggest that maternal stress during pregnancy may negatively affect neonatal stress reactivity within 24 to 48 hours after birth, and these influences may persist through the first year of postnatal life.
authors.affiliation: McMaster University, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Eman
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.forename: Susan L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Tasker
authors.forename: Leslie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Atkinson
authors.forename: Tracy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vaillancourt
authors.forename: Jay
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schulkin
authors.forename: Louis A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Schmidt
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000378:metabolism; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000502:physiology; D007223:Infant; D018730:Infant Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D007231:Infant, Newborn / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D010913:Pituitary-Adrenal System / Q000502:physiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000502:physiology*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D006854:Hydrocortisone