title: Using a hierarchical model to estimate risk-adjusted mortality for hospitals not included in the reference sample.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To provide a method for any hospital to evaluate patient mortality using a hierarchical risk-adjustment equation derived from a reference sample.
  
  
  METHODS
  American College of Surgeons National Trauma Data Bank (NTDB).
  
  
  METHODS
  Hierarchical logistic regression models predicting mortality were estimated from NTDB data. Risk-adjusted hospital effects obtained directly from models using standard software were compared with approximations derived from a summary equation and data from each individual hospital.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Theoretical approximations were similar to results using standard software.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To allow independent verification, agencies using reference databases for hospital mortality "report cards" should publish their risk-adjustment equations. Similar hospitals not in the reference database may also use the published equations along with the approximations described to evaluate their own outcomes using their own data.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Maine Medical Center, 887 Congress Street, Suite 210, Portland, ME 04102, USA.
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Edward L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Hannan
authors.forename: Stephen W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Raudenbush
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D005544:Forecasting; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D015233:Models, Statistical; D020379:Risk Adjustment; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology