title: Type 2 diabetes, medication-induced diabetes, and monogenic diabetes in Canadian children: a prospective national surveillance study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine in Canadian children aged <18 years the 1) incidence of type 2 diabetes, medication-induced diabetes, and monogenic diabetes; 2) clinical features of type 2 diabetes; and 3) coexisting morbidity associated with type 2 diabetes at diagnosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  This Canadian prospective national surveillance study involved a network of pediatricians, pediatric endocrinologists, family physicians, and adult endocrinologists. Incidence rates were calculated using Canadian Census population data. Descriptive statistics were used to illustrate demographic and clinical features.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From a population of 7.3 million children, 345 cases of non-type 1 diabetes were reported. The observed minimum incidence rates of type 2, medication-induced, and monogenic diabetes were 1.54, 0.4, and 0.2 cases per 100,000 children aged <18 years per year, respectively. On average, children with type 2 diabetes were aged 13.7 years and 8% (19 of 227) presented before 10 years. Ethnic minorities were overrepresented, but 25% (57 of 227) of children with type 2 diabetes were Caucasian. Of children with type 2 diabetes, 95% (206 of 216) were obese and 37% (43 of 115) had at least one comorbidity at diagnosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first prospective national surveillance study in Canada to report the incidence of type 2 diabetes in children and also the first in the world to report the incidence of medication-induced and monogenic diabetes. Rates of type 2 diabetes were higher than expected with important regional variation. These results support recommendations that screening for comorbidity should occur at diagnosis of type 2 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. samed@cw.bc.ca
authors.forename: Shazhan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Amed
authors.forename: Heather J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Dean
authors.forename: Constadina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Panagiotopoulos
authors.forename: Elizabeth A C
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Sellers
authors.forename: Stasia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hadjiyannakis
authors.forename: Tessa A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Laubscher
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dannenbaum
authors.forename: Baiju R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Gillian L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Booth
authors.forename: Jill K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Hamilton
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies