title: Endothelial activation with prothrombotic response in irradiated microvascular recipient veins.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Surgical wounds within previously irradiated tissues are common in reconstructive surgery and subject to an increased incidence of postoperative complications due to vascular dysfunction, including thrombosis in both microvascular anastomosis and the microcirculatory bed. However, there is no study that has described gene expression patterns in radiated human blood vessels. This study aims to determine if radiation can induce changes in gene expression that can promote thrombus formation in human microvascular recipient veins.
  
  
  METHODS
  Paired biopsies from radiated recipient veins and non-radiated flap veins were simultaneously harvested from 15 patients during free-flap reconstruction, 4-215 weeks from termination of radiation. Radiated and non-radiated veins were compared using a custom-made Taqman(®) low-density array (TLDA) to analyse differential gene expression in a large number of genes involved in inflammation and coagulation. Results were confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results from TLDA indicate an acute increase of cytokines and leucocyte adhesion molecules related to activation of transcription factor nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-kB), confined to the first 3 months after radiotherapy treatment. Results were confirmed by RT-PCR and activity localised to the endothelium by immunohistochemistry. RT-PCR analyses of genes associated with coagulation showed sustained expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) in radiated veins.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found an acute inflammatory response with endothelial activation, followed by a sustained PAI-1 gene expression in irradiated microvascular recipient veins that can explain adverse effects years after radiation, such as microvascular occlusion and poor surgical wound healing. We believe that the results contribute to the search for therapeutic adjuncts to cope with the adverse effects of radiation therapy and strongly advocate postoperative, rather than preoperative, radiotherapy whenever possible.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Section of Reconstructive Plastic Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. martin.halle@ki.se
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Halle
authors.forename: Mattias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ekström
authors.forename: Filip
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Farnebo
authors.forename: Per
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tornvall
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001706:Biopsy; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000528:radiation effects; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000528:radiation effects*; D006083:Graft Occlusion, Vascular / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D008833:Microcirculation / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D008866:Microsurgery / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000532:radiotherapy; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics* / Q000528:radiation effects; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013529:Surgical Wound Dehiscence / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000601:surgery; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000517:prevention & control; D014680:Veins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects / Q000637:transplantation*
chemical_list: D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm