title: Progestin-only pills for contraception.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The introduction of a new progestin-only oral contraceptive in Europe has renewed interest in this class of oral contraceptives. Unlike the more widely used combined oral contraceptives containing an estrogen plus progestin, these pills contain only a progestin (progestogen) and are taken without interruption. How these pills compare to others in their class or to combined oral contraceptives is not clear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This review examined randomized controlled trials of progestin-only pills for differences in efficacy, acceptability, and continuation rates.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the computerized databases MEDLINE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), POPLINE, LILACS, and EMBASE for studies of progestin-only pills. We also searched for current trials via ClinicalTrials.gov and ICTRP.
  
  
  METHODS
  We included all randomized controlled trials in any language that included progestin-only pills for contraception. We incorporated any comparison with a progestin-only pill; this could include different doses, other progestin-only pills, combined oral contraceptives, or other contraceptives.
  
  
  METHODS
  The first author abstracted the data and entered the information into RevMan 5. Another author performed a second, independent data abstraction to verify the initial data entry. Because of disparate exposures, we were not able to combine studies in meta-analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six trials met the inclusion criteria. In the trial comparing the desogestrel versus levonorgestrel progestin-only pill, desogestrel was not associated with a significantly lower risk of accidental pregnancy; the rate ratio was 0.27 (95% CI 0.06 to 1.19). However, the desogestrel progestin-only pill caused more bleeding problems, although this difference was not statistically significant. The trial comparing low-dose mifepristone versus a levonorgestrel progestin-only pill found similar pregnancy rates. In the trial comparing ethynodiol diacetate versus a combined oral contraceptive, irregular cycles occurred in all women assigned to the progestin-only pill (odds ratio 135.96; 95% CI 7.61 to 2421.02). In a trial comparing two progestin-only and two combined oral contraceptives, the progestin-only pill containing levonorgestrel 30 mug had higher efficacy than did the pill containing norethisterone 350 mug. An early trial found megestrol acetate inferior to other progestin-only pills in terms of efficacy. A study of the timing of pill initiation after birth found no important differences, but high losses to follow up undermined the trial.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Evidence is insufficient to compare progestin-only pills to each other or to combined oral contraceptives.
authors.affiliation: Behavioral and Biomedical Research, Family Health International, PO Box 13950, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA, NC 27709.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Grimes
authors.forename: Laureen M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Lopez
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: O'Brien
authors.forename: Elizabeth G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Raymond
mesh_terms: D003277:Contraceptives, Oral, Combined / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003278:Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D017135:Desogestrel / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D005040:Ethynodiol Diacetate / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016912:Levonorgestrel / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011372:Progestins / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D014592:Uterine Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced
chemical_list: D003277:Contraceptives, Oral, Combined; D003278:Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal; D011372:Progestins; D016912:Levonorgestrel; D005040:Ethynodiol Diacetate; D017135:Desogestrel