title: Evidence-based drainage of infected hydronephrosis secondary to ureteric calculi.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The obstructed, infected kidney is a urological emergency. It has been accepted that the management of infected hydronephrosis secondary to ureteric stones is through prompt decompression of the collecting system. However, the optimal method of decompression has yet to be established.
  
  
  METHODS
  A PubMed and Medline search was performed of all English-language articles from 1960 using key words "sepsis," "urosepsis," "obstruction," "obstructive pyelonephritis," "pyonephrosis," "infection and hydronephrosis" "decompression," "stent," "nephrostomy," and "management." The Cochrane database and National Institute for Clinical Effectiveness guidelines were searched using the terms "sepsis," "urosepsis," "stent," "nephrostomy," or "obstruction." Scottish intercollegiate guidelines were reviewed and no relevant guidance was identified.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two randomised trials have compared retrograde stent insertion with percutaneous nephrostomy with one trial reporting specifically on patients with acute sepsis and obstruction. Neither trial showed one superior modality of decompression in effecting decompression and resolution of sepsis. A further literature search regarding the complications of percutaneous nephrostomy and stent insertion was carried out. An overall major complication rate from percutaneous nephrostomy insertion was found to be 4%, although the complication rates from stent insertion are less consistently reported.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There appears little evidence to suggest that retrograde stent insertion leads to increased bacteraemia or is significantly more hazardous in the setting of acute obstruction. Further region-wide discussion between urologists and interventional radiologists is required to establish management protocols for these acutely unwell patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Ayr Hospital, Ayr, Scotland. sara_l_ramsey@ntlworld.com
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ramsey
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.forename: Mark J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Ablett
authors.forename: Robert N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Meddings
authors.forename: Graham W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Hollins
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Little
mesh_terms: D019299:Decompression, Surgical; D004322:Drainage; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D009403:Nephrostomy, Percutaneous / Q000009:adverse effects; D053018:Pyonephrosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D015607:Stents / Q000009:adverse effects; D014514:Ureteral Calculi / Q000150:complications* / Q000601:surgery*