title: The antinociceptive effect of intrathecal administration of glycine transporter-2 inhibitor ALX1393 in a rat acute pain model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Glycinergic neurons in the spinal dorsal horn have been implicated in the inhibition of spinal pain processing in peripheral inflammation and chronic pain states. Neuronal isoform glycine transporter-2 (GlyT2) reuptakes presynaptically released glycine and regulates the glycinergic neurotransmission. In this study, we examined whether a selective GlyT2 inhibitor, ALX1393, elicits an antinociceptive effect in a rat acute pain model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Sprague-Dawley rats were implanted with a catheter intrathecally. The effects of intrathecal administration of ALX1393 (4, 20, or 40 microg) on thermal, mechanical, and chemical nociception were evaluated by tail flick, hot plate, paw pressure, and formalin tests. Furthermore, to explore whether ALX1393 affects motor function, a rotarod test was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ALX1393 exhibited antinociceptive effects on the thermal and mechanical stimulations in a dose-dependent manner. The maximal effect of ALX1393 was observed at 15 min after administration, and a significant effect lasted for about 60 min. These antinociceptive effects were reversed completely by strychnine injected immediately after the administration of ALX1393. In the formalin test, ALX1393 inhibited pain behaviors in a dose-dependent manner, both in the early and late phases, although the influence was greater in the late phase. In contrast to antinociceptive action, ALX1393 did not affect motor function up to 40 microg.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates the antinociceptive action of ALX1393 on acute pain. These findings suggest that the inhibitory neurotransmitter transporters are promising targets for the treatment of acute pain and that the selective inhibitor of GlyT2 could be a novel therapeutic drug.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, Kitakyushu, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasunori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Haranishi
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hara
authors.forename: Tadanori
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Terada
authors.forename: Seiya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Takeyoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sata
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000818:Animals; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D050487:Glycine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D045442:Rotarod Performance Test; D012694:Serine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D013331:Strychnine / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: C539864:ALX 1393; D000700:Analgesics; D050487:Glycine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; D012694:Serine; D013331:Strychnine