title: Cost-effectiveness of external cephalic version for term breech presentation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  External cephalic version (ECV) is recommended by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists to convert a breech fetus to vertex position and reduce the need for cesarean delivery. The goal of this study was to determine the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio, from society's perspective, of ECV compared to scheduled cesarean for term breech presentation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A computer-based decision model (TreeAge Pro 2008, Tree Age Software, Inc.) was developed for a hypothetical base case parturient presenting with a term singleton breech fetus with no contraindications for vaginal delivery. The model incorporated actual hospital costs (e.g., $8,023 for cesarean and $5,581 for vaginal delivery), utilities to quantify health-related quality of life, and probabilities based on analysis of published literature of successful ECV trial, spontaneous reversion, mode of delivery, and need for unanticipated emergency cesarean delivery. The primary endpoint was the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio in dollars per quality-adjusted year of life gained. A threshold of $50,000 per quality-adjusted life-years (QALY) was used to determine cost-effectiveness.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incremental cost-effectiveness of ECV, assuming a baseline 58% success rate, equaled $7,900/QALY. If the estimated probability of successful ECV is less than 32%, then ECV costs more to society and has poorer QALYs for the patient. However, as the probability of successful ECV was between 32% and 63%, ECV cost more than cesarean delivery but with greater associated QALY such that the cost-effectiveness ratio was less than $50,000/QALY. If the probability of successful ECV was greater than 63%, the computer modeling indicated that a trial of ECV is less costly and with better QALYs than a scheduled cesarean. The cost-effectiveness of a trial of ECV is most sensitive to its probability of success, and not to the probabilities of a cesarean after ECV, spontaneous reversion to breech, successful second ECV trial, or adverse outcome from emergency cesarean.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  From society's perspective, ECV trial is cost-effective when compared to a scheduled cesarean for breech presentation provided the probability of successful ECV is > 32%. Improved algorithms are needed to more precisely estimate the likelihood that a patient will have a successful ECV.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, New York 11794-8480, USA. jonathan.tan@stonybrook.edu
authors.forename: Jonathan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Macario
authors.forename: Brendan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.forename: Maurice L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Druzin
authors.forename: Yasser Y
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: El-Sayed
mesh_terms: D001946:Breech Presentation / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D002585:Cesarean Section / Q000191:economics*; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D004630:Emergencies / Q000191:economics; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006302:Health Services Research; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D017059:Models, Econometric; D018579:Patient Selection; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome / Q000191:economics; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014710:Version, Fetal / Q000191:economics*