title: Mild folate deficiency induces genetic and epigenetic instability and phenotype changes in prostate cancer cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Folate (vitamin B9) is essential for cellular proliferation as it is involved in the biosynthesis of deoxythymidine monophosphate (dTMP) and s-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet). The link between folate depletion and the genesis and progression of cancers of epithelial origin is of high clinical relevance, but still unclear. We recently demonstrated that sensitivity to low folate availability is affected by the rate of polyamine biosynthesis, which is prominent in prostate cells. We, therefore, hypothesized that prostate cells might be highly susceptible to genetic, epigenetic and phenotypic changes consequent to folate restriction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We studied the consequences of long-term, mild folate depletion in a model comprised of three syngenic cell lines derived from the transgenic adenoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) model, recapitulating different stages of prostate cancer; benign, transformed and metastatic. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis demonstrated that mild folate depletion (100 nM) sufficed to induce imbalance in both the nucleotide and AdoMet pools in all prostate cell lines. Random oligonucleotide-primed synthesis (ROPS) revealed a significant increase in uracil misincorporation and DNA single strand breaks, while spectral karyotype analysis (SKY) identified five novel chromosomal rearrangements in cells grown with mild folate depletion. Using global approaches, we identified an increase in CpG island and histone methylation upon folate depletion despite unchanged levels of total 5-methylcytosine, indicating a broad effect of folate depletion on epigenetic regulation. These genomic changes coincided with phenotype changes in the prostate cells including increased anchorage-independent growth and reduced sensitivity to folate depletion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates that prostate cells are highly susceptible to genetic and epigenetic changes consequent to mild folate depletion as compared to cells grown with supraphysiological amounts of folate (2 microM) routinely used in tissue culture. In addition, we elucidate for the first time the contribution of these aspects to consequent phenotype changes in epithelial cells. These results provide a strong rationale for studying the effects of folate manipulation on the prostate in vivo, where cells might be more sensitive to changes in folate status resulting from folate supplementation or antifolate therapeutic approaches.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm & Carlton Streets, BLSC L3-314, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA. gaia.bistulfi@roswellpark.org
authors.forename: Gaia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bistulfi
authors.forename: Erika
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vandette
authors.forename: Sei-Ichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Matsui
authors.forename: Dominic J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Smiraglia
mesh_terms: D044503:5-Methylcytosine / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D018899:CpG Islands / Q000235:genetics; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000235:genetics; D019175:DNA Methylation / Q000235:genetics; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D005494:Folic Acid Deficiency / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D044503:5-Methylcytosine