title: Impact of neighbourhood food environment on food consumption in children aged 9-10 years in the UK SPEEDY (Sport, Physical Activity and Eating behaviour: Environmental Determinants in Young people) study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Poor diet in childhood increases risk of obesity but the relationship between access to food and children's food choice is underexplored. We determined relationships between distance to and density of food outlets on children's food choice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children (n 1721) aged 9-10 years who participated in a cross-sectional study from a sample of state and private schools across urban and rural areas. Food consumption was reported using a short validated FFQ. A Geographic Information System was used to determine proximity to local food outlets. Multivariable regression analyses were performed to determine associations between food consumption and distance to and density of local food outlets.
  
  
  METHODS
  Norfolk, England.
  
  
  METHODS
  Boys (n 754) and girls (n 967) aged 9-10 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The impact of distance to or density of food outlets on food choice was small after adjustment. Living further away from a supermarket increased portions of fruit (0.11 portions/week per 1 km increase in distance to nearest supermarket, P < 0.05) and vegetables (0.11 portions/week, P < 0.05) consumed. Living closer to convenience stores was also associated with an increased consumption of crisps, chocolate and white bread. Density of supermarkets was associated with both an increase in vegetable intake (0.31 portions/week, P < 0.05) and unhealthy foods.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Distance to and density of food outlets are both associated with children's food choice, although the impact appears to be small and the relationship is complex. However, the effects of individual foods combined could be important, particularly as even small differences in intake can impact on body weight over time.
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7JT, UK.
authors.forename: Paula
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Skidmore
authors.forename: Ailsa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Welch
authors.forename: Esther
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: van Sluijs
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Harvey
authors.forename: Flo
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Harrison
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Griffin
authors.forename: Aedín
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cassidy
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002755:Choice Behavior; D003132:Commerce / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004034:Diet Surveys; D004739:England; D004777:Environment; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005523:Food Supply / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012307:Risk Factors