title: Dissolution enhancement of gliclazide using pH change approach in presence of twelve stabilizers with various physico-chemical properties.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The micronization using milling process to enhance dissolution rate is extremely inefficient due to a high energy input, and disruptions in the crystal lattice which can cause physical or chemical instability. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to use in situ micronization process through pH change method to produce micron-size gliclazide particles for fast dissolution hence better bioavailability.
  
  
  METHODS
  Gliclazide was recrystallized in presence of 12 different stabilizers and the effects of each stabilizer on micromeritic behaviors, morphology of microcrystals, dissolution rate and solid state of recrystallized drug particles were investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed that recrystallized samples showed faster dissolution rate than untreated gliclazide particles and the fastest dissolution rate was observed for the samples recrystallized in presence of PEG 1500. Some of the recrystallized drug samples in presence of stabilizers dissolved 100% within the first 5 min showing at least 10 times greater dissolution rate than the dissolution rate of untreated gliclazide powders. Micromeritic studies showed that in situ micronization technique via pH change method is able to produce smaller particle size with a high surface area. The results also showed that the type of stabilizer had significant impact on morphology of recrystallized drug particles. The untreated gliclazide is rod or rectangular shape, whereas the crystals produced in presence of stabilizers, depending on the type of stabilizer, were very fine particles with irregular, cubic, rectangular, granular and spherical/modular shape. The results showed that crystallization of gliclazide in presence of stabilizers reduced the crystallinity of the samples as confirmed by XRPD and DSC results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In situ micronization of gliclazide through pH change method can successfully be used to produce micron-sized drug particles to enhance dissolution rate.
authors.affiliation: Food and Drug Laboratory, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Roya
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Talari
authors.forename: Jaleh
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Varshosaz
authors.forename: Seyed Abolfazl
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Mostafavi
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nokhodchi
mesh_terms: D002152:Calorimetry, Differential Scanning; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods*; D003460:Crystallization / Q000379:methods; D004355:Drug Stability; D005907:Gliclazide / Q000737:chemistry*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010316:Particle Size; D033362:Powder Diffraction; D011310:Preservatives, Pharmaceutical / Q000737:chemistry*; D012995:Solubility; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D011310:Preservatives, Pharmaceutical; D005907:Gliclazide