title: Oral fingolimod or intramuscular interferon for relapsing multiple sclerosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fingolimod (FTY720), a sphingosine-1-phosphate-receptor modulator that prevents lymphocyte egress from lymph nodes, showed clinical efficacy and improvement on imaging in a phase 2 study involving patients with multiple sclerosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this 12-month, double-blind, double-dummy study, we randomly assigned 1292 patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis who had a recent history of at least one relapse to receive either oral fingolimod at a daily dose of either 1.25 or 0.5 mg or intramuscular interferon beta-1a (an established therapy for multiple sclerosis) at a weekly dose of 30 microg. The primary end point was the annualized relapse rate. Key secondary end points were the number of new or enlarged lesions on T(2)-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans at 12 months and progression of disability that was sustained for at least 3 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 1153 patients (89%) completed the study. The annualized relapse rate was significantly lower in both groups receiving fingolimod--0.20 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.16 to 0.26) in the 1.25-mg group and 0.16 (95% CI, 0.12 to 0.21) in the 0.5-mg group--than in the interferon group (0.33; 95% CI, 0.26 to 0.42; P<0.001 for both comparisons). MRI findings supported the primary results. No significant differences were seen among the study groups with respect to progression of disability. Two fatal infections occurred in the group that received the 1.25-mg dose of fingolimod: disseminated primary varicella zoster and herpes simplex encephalitis. Other adverse events among patients receiving fingolimod were nonfatal herpesvirus infections, bradycardia and atrioventricular block, hypertension, macular edema, skin cancer, and elevated liver-enzyme levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This trial showed the superior efficacy of oral fingolimod with respect to relapse rates and MRI outcomes in patients with multiple sclerosis, as compared with intramuscular interferon beta-1a. Longer studies are needed to assess the safety and efficacy of treatment beyond 1 year. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00340834.)
authors.affiliation: Mellen Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA. cohenj@ccf.org
authors.forename: Jeffrey A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Frederik
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Barkhof
authors.forename: Giancarlo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Comi
authors.forename: Hans-Peter
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Hartung
authors.forename: Bhupendra O
authors.initials: BO
authors.lastname: Khatri
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Montalban
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pelletier
authors.forename: Ruggero
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Capra
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gallo
authors.forename: Guillermo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Izquierdo
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tiel-Wilck
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: de Vera
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Tracy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Stites
authors.forename: Stacy
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Shreeram
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aradhye
authors.forename: Ludwig
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kappos
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000139:chemically induced; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D018450:Disease Progression; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D000068876:Fingolimod Hydrochloride; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D057194:Intention to Treat Analysis; D000068556:Interferon beta-1a; D016899:Interferon-beta / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020529:Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D011409:Propylene Glycols / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013110:Sphingosine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D011409:Propylene Glycols; D016899:Interferon-beta; D000068876:Fingolimod Hydrochloride; D013110:Sphingosine; D000068556:Interferon beta-1a