title: Clinical updates on carvedilol: a first choice beta-blocker in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Carvedilol, a non-selective beta-blocker, has recently drawn attention because of its therapeutic benefits over other prescribed analogues for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs).
  
  
  METHODS
  The present review attempts to present the clinical efficacy of carvedilol in comparison to other available beta-blockers. The literature search was carried out in three electronic databases (Unbound Medline, Pubmed and Sciencedirect) and internet search engines (Scirus and Google Scholar) without time constraints to ensure maximum literature coverage.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A relatively large number of comparative studies have revealed that carvedilol has advantage over traditional beta-blockers with respect to hemodynamic and metabolic effects, due to its unique non-selective alpha-/beta-adrenoceptor affinity. Such results indicate its safe and effective therapeutic application particularly in patients with complicated CVDs, even in pediatric and geriatric patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The therapeutic profile of carvedilol indicates its suitability for treatment of complicated CVDs than other non-selective beta-blockers. However, there is a limitation in terms of its dose due to its low bioavailability (approximately 25%). Therefore, there is still need for bioavailability enhancement and dose reduction to further improve the therapeutic efficacy of the drug.
authors.affiliation: Banaras Hindu University, Institute of Technology, Department of Pharmaceutics, Varanasi-221005, India.
authors.forename: Subhashis
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chakraborty
authors.forename: Dali
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Shukla
authors.forename: Brahmeshwar
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mishra
authors.forename: Sanjay
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Singh
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002227:Carbazoles / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000077261:Carvedilol; D006801:Humans; D011412:Propanolamines / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D002227:Carbazoles; D011412:Propanolamines; D000077261:Carvedilol