title: Genome sequence of the palaeopolyploid soybean.
abstract: Soybean (Glycine max) is one of the most important crop plants for seed protein and oil content, and for its capacity to fix atmospheric nitrogen through symbioses with soil-borne microorganisms. We sequenced the 1.1-gigabase genome by a whole-genome shotgun approach and integrated it with physical and high-density genetic maps to create a chromosome-scale draft sequence assembly. We predict 46,430 protein-coding genes, 70% more than Arabidopsis and similar to the poplar genome which, like soybean, is an ancient polyploid (palaeopolyploid). About 78% of the predicted genes occur in chromosome ends, which comprise less than one-half of the genome but account for nearly all of the genetic recombination. Genome duplications occurred at approximately 59 and 13 million years ago, resulting in a highly duplicated genome with nearly 75% of the genes present in multiple copies. The two duplication events were followed by gene diversification and loss, and numerous chromosome rearrangements. An accurate soybean genome sequence will facilitate the identification of the genetic basis of many soybean traits, and accelerate the creation of improved soybean varieties.
authors.affiliation: HudsonAlpha Genome Sequencing Center, 601 Genome Way, Huntsville, Alabama 35806, USA.
authors.forename: Jeremy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schmutz
authors.forename: Steven B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Cannon
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schlueter
authors.forename: Jianxin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Therese
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mitros
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Hyten
authors.forename: Qijian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Jay J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Thelen
authors.forename: Jianlin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Dong
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Uffe
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Hellsten
authors.forename: Gregory D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: May
authors.forename: Yeisoo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Tetsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sakurai
authors.forename: Taishi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Umezawa
authors.forename: Madan K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Bhattacharyya
authors.forename: Devinder
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sandhu
authors.forename: Babu
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Valliyodan
authors.forename: Erika
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lindquist
authors.forename: Myron
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Peto
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.forename: Shengqiang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shu
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Goodstein
authors.forename: Kerrie
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Barry
authors.forename: Montona
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Futrell-Griggs
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Abernathy
authors.forename: Jianchang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Du
authors.forename: Zhixi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.forename: Liucun
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Navdeep
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gill
authors.forename: Trupti
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Joshi
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Libault
authors.forename: Anand
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sethuraman
authors.forename: Xue-Cheng
authors.initials: XC
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Kazuo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shinozaki
authors.forename: Henry T
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: Rod A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Wing
authors.forename: Perry
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cregan
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Specht
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Grimwood
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rokhsar
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Stacey
authors.forename: Randy C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Shoemaker
authors.forename: Scott A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Jackson
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000235:genetics; D001947:Breeding; D032461:Chromosomes, Plant / Q000235:genetics; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D020440:Gene Duplication; D020131:Genes, Duplicate / Q000235:genetics; D017343:Genes, Plant / Q000235:genetics; D018745:Genome, Plant / Q000235:genetics*; D023281:Genomics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D005810:Multigene Family / Q000235:genetics; D010802:Phylogeny; D055170:Plant Root Nodulation / Q000235:genetics; D011123:Polyploidy; D040641:Quantitative Trait Loci / Q000235:genetics; D011995:Recombination, Genetic; D012091:Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid / Q000235:genetics; D013024:Soybean Oil / Q000096:biosynthesis; D013025:Glycine max / Q000235:genetics*; D026801:Synteny / Q000235:genetics; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D014157:Transcription Factors; D013024:Soybean Oil