title: The impact of prolonged continuous wakefulness on resident clinical performance in the intensive care unit: a patient simulator study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the impact of prolonged continuous wakefulness on resident performance under controlled experimental conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Experimental within-subjects comparison.
  
  
  METHODS
  High-fidelity patient simulator.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve residents in an Internal Medicine Program at various stages of training (range, 1-35 mos).
  
  
  METHODS
  Performance was studied during 26 hrs of continuous wakefulness at four time points (8:00-10:00 am, 2:00-4:00 pm, 2:00-4:00 am, and 8:00-10:00 am the next day) using high-fidelity patient simulation. At each session, residents managed eight simulated dysrhythmias according to advanced cardiac life support protocols (advanced cardiac life support scenarios) and then managed a simulated critically ill patient (e.g., patient with meningitis) to test more complicated clinical decision-making (complex scenario). The frequency of previously defined major medical errors (i.e., action or inaction that likely would have resulted in significant harm in a real patient) was assessed by a scorer blinded to the time of the session. For each complex scenario, a global score between 0 and 100 was also given for overall performance. The impact of wakefulness on performance was assessed by using longitudinal mixed-effects models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the complex scenarios, the mean number of errors increased from 0.92 +/- 0.90 in the first session to 1.58 +/- 0.79 in the fourth session (p = .09), and mean global score decreased from 56.8 +/- 14.6 to 49.6 +/- 12.6 (p = .02). For the advanced cardiac life support scenarios, the mean number of major errors committed in the advanced cardiac life support scenarios decreased during the study period (p = .01). However, essentially all of the improvement occurred between the first and second time points, suggesting that a substantial learning effect accounted for the findings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  During prolonged continuous wakefulness of medical residents, clinical performance in the management of a simulated critically ill patient deteriorates. The practice of scheduling residents for extended work shifts (>24 hrs) should be reconsidered.
authors.affiliation: Critical Care Division and Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sharpe
authors.forename: Valentyna
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Koval
authors.forename: Juan J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Ronco
authors.forename: Karim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Qayumi
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dodek
authors.forename: Hubert
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shepherd
authors.forename: John Mark
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Fitzgerald
authors.forename: Najib T
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Ayas
mesh_terms: D001955:British Columbia; D002983:Clinical Competence / Q000592:standards*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003422:Critical Care / Q000592:standards; D016638:Critical Illness / Q000628:therapy; D006785:Hospitals, University; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D007388:Internal Medicine / Q000193:education*; D007396:Internship and Residency / Q000592:standards*; D008348:Manikins; D019300:Medical Errors / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care / Q000592:standards; D012892:Sleep Deprivation / Q000523:psychology*; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D014851:Wakefulness; D014940:Work Schedule Tolerance