title: Preoperative mapping for haemodialysis access surgery with CO(2) venography of the upper limb.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aims to evaluate the impact of CO(2) venography on the planning and outcome of native arteriovenous fistula (AVF) creation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Records of patients who underwent CO(2) venography prior to access surgery between January 2000 and December 2008 were reviewed. CO(2) venography was performed selectively in chronic kidney disease (CKD) in stage IV-V patients without suitable veins on clinical examination. Findings at surgery were compared to CO(2) venography images. Patency of AVFs was analysed by the Kaplan-Meier method. Differences in outcome of maturation were compared using a chi(2) test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 209 CO(2) venograms were obtained in 116 patients. In 89 patients (77%), 101 AVFs (21 forearm AVF (21%) and 80 elbow AVF (79%) were created. Surgical findings corresponded with CO(2) venography findings in 90% of patients. In 10 cases (10%), access was created at the elbow despite a patent forearm cephalic vein on CO(2) venography (n = 2) or access was attempted with a vein which was thought to be unsuitable on CO(2) venography (n = 8). Maturation rate of the latter was 50% (4/8) vs. 88% (80/91) for AVFs created with veins considered usable (P = 0.004). The overall maturation rate was 84% with 1-year primary, assisted primary and secondary patency rates of 63%, 70% and 71%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CO(2) venography is a useful tool for venous mapping prior to vascular access surgery, resulting in an overall maturation rate of 84% and good patency rates.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium. sam.heye@uzleuven.be
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Heye
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Fourneau
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Maleux
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Claes
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kuypers
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Oyen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001166:Arteriovenous Shunt, Surgical / Q000009:adverse effects; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003287:Contrast Media; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010690:Phlebography / Q000379:methods*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011300:Preoperative Care; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D012086:Reoperation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000098:blood supply*; D014654:Vascular Patency; D014680:Veins / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D002245:Carbon Dioxide