title: Mask use, hand hygiene, and seasonal influenza-like illness among young adults: a randomized intervention trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  During the influenza A(H1N1) pandemic, antiviral prescribing was limited, vaccines were not available early, and the effectiveness of nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) was uncertain. Our study examined whether use of face masks and hand hygiene reduced the incidence of influenza-like illness (ILI).
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomized intervention trial involving 1437 young adults living in university residence halls during the 2006-2007 influenza season was designed. Residence halls were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups-face mask use, face masks with hand hygiene, or control- for 6 weeks. Generalized models estimated rate ratios for clinically diagnosed or survey-reported ILI weekly and cumulatively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed significant reductions in ILI during weeks 4-6 in the mask and hand hygiene group, compared with the control group, ranging from 35% (confidence interval [CI], 9%-53%) to 51% (CI, 13%-73%), after adjusting for vaccination and other covariates. Face mask use alone showed a similar reduction in ILI compared with the control group, but adjusted estimates were not statistically significant. Neither face mask use and hand hygiene nor face mask use alone was associated with a significant reduction in the rate of ILI cumulatively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that face masks and hand hygiene may reduce respiratory illnesses in shared living settings and mitigate the impact of the influenza A(H1N1) pandemic.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00490633.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. aielloa@umich.edu
authors.forename: Allison E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Aiello
authors.forename: Genevra F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: Vanessa
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Perez
authors.forename: Rebecca M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Coulborn
authors.forename: Brian M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Uddin
authors.forename: David K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Shay
authors.forename: Stephen H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Waterman
authors.forename: Arnold S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Monto
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D006235:Hand Disinfection; D006801:Humans; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000254:growth & development; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D012134:Respiratory Protective Devices; D012621:Seasons; D013334:Students; D014495:Universities; D055815:Young Adult