title: Quantitative three-dimensional power Doppler angiography: a flow-free phantom experiment to evaluate the relationship between color gain, depth and signal artifact.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the presence of false flow three-dimensional (3D) power Doppler signals in 'flow-free' models.
  
  
  METHODS
  3D power Doppler datasets were acquired from three different flow-free phantoms (muscle, air and water) with two different transducers and Virtual Organ Computer-aided AnaLysis was used to generate a sphere that was serially applied through the 3D dataset. The vascularization flow index was used to compare artifactual signals at different depths (from 0 to 6 cm) within the different phantoms and at different gain and pulse repetition frequency (PRF) settings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Artifactual Doppler signals were seen in all phantoms despite these being flow-free. The pattern was very similar and the degree of artifact appeared to be dependent on the gain and distance from the transducer. False signals were more evident in the far field and increased as the gain was increased, with false signals first appearing with a gain of 1 dB in the air and muscle phantoms. False signals were seen at a lower gain with the water phantom (-15 dB) and these were associated with vertical lines of Doppler artifact that were related to PRF, and disappeared when reflections were attenuated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Artifactual Doppler signals are seen in flow-free phantoms and are related to the gain settings and the distance from the transducer. In the in-vivo situation, the lowest gain settings that allow the detection of blood flow and adequate definition of vessel architecture should be used, which invariably means using a setting near or below the middle of the range available. Additionally, observers should be aware of vertical lines when evaluating cystic or liquid-containing structures.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil. wpmartins@gmail.com
authors.forename: W P
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Martins
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Raine-Fenning
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Ferriani
authors.forename: C O
authors.initials: CO
authors.lastname: Nastri
mesh_terms: D016477:Artifacts; D003116:Color; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color / Q000379:methods