title: Coffee consumption enhances high-density lipoprotein-mediated cholesterol efflux in macrophages.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Association of habitual coffee consumption with coronary heart disease morbidity and mortality has not been established. We hypothesized that coffee may enhance reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) as the antiatherogenic properties of high-density lipoprotein (HDL).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study was to investigate whether the phenolic acids of coffee and coffee regulates RCT from macrophages in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Caffeic acid and ferulic acid, the major phenolic acids of coffee, enhanced cholesterol efflux from THP-1 macrophages mediated by HDL, but not apoA-I. Furthermore, these phenolic acids increased both the mRNA and protein levels of ATP-binding cassette transporter (ABC)G1 and scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI), but not ABCA1. Eight healthy volunteers were recruited for the ex vivo study, and blood samples were taken before and 30 minutes after consumption of coffee or water in a crossover study. The mRNA as well as protein levels of ABCG1, SR-BI, and cholesterol efflux by HDL were increased in the macrophages differentiated under autologous sera obtained after coffee consumption compared to baseline sera. Finally, effects of coffee and phenolic acid on in vivo RCT were assessed by intraperitoneally injecting [(3)H]cholesterol-labeled acetyl low-density lipoprotein-loaded RAW264.7 cells into mice, then monitoring appearance of (3)H tracer in plasma, liver, and feces. Supporting in vitro and ex vivo data, ferulic acid was found to significantly increase the levels of (3)H tracer in feces.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Coffee intake might have an antiatherogenic property by increasing ABCG1 and SR-BI expression and enhancing HDL-mediated cholesterol efflux from the macrophages via its plasma phenolic acids.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan.
authors.forename: Harumi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Uto-Kondo
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ayaori
authors.forename: Masatsune
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ogura
authors.forename: Kazuhiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakaya
authors.forename: Mai
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Shun-ichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takiguchi
authors.forename: Emi
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Yakushiji
authors.forename: Yoshio
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Terao
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ozasa
authors.forename: Tetsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hisada
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.forename: Fumitaka
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ohsuzu
authors.forename: Katsunori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ikewaki
mesh_terms: D064286:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter 1; D000070998:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 1; D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D016632:Apolipoprotein A-I / Q000378:metabolism; D001628:Beverages; D001646:Bile / Q000378:metabolism; D001692:Biological Transport; D002109:Caffeic Acids / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002460:Cell Line; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D003069:Coffee; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control; D003373:Coumaric Acids / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D006801:Humans; D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008875:Middle Aged; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D051122:Scavenger Receptors, Class B / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D014162:Transfection; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: C577836:ABCA1 protein, human; C419353:ABCG1 protein, human; C505693:APOA1 protein, human; D064286:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter 1; D000070998:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 1; D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; D016632:Apolipoprotein A-I; D002109:Caffeic Acids; D003069:Coffee; D003373:Coumaric Acids; D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C495124:SCARB1 protein, human; D051122:Scavenger Receptors, Class B; C032629:acetyl-LDL; D002784:Cholesterol; C004999:ferulic acid; C040048:caffeic acid