title: Successful increase in contraceptive uptake among Kenyan HIV-1-serodiscordant couples enrolled in an HIV-1 prevention trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate a multipronged approach to promote dual contraceptive use by women within heterosexual HIV-1-serodiscordant partnerships.
  
  
  METHODS
  For 213 HIV-1-serodiscordant couples in Thika, Kenya, participating in an HIV-1 prevention clinical trial, contraceptive promotion was initiated through a multipronged intervention that included staff training, couples family planning sessions, and free provision of hormonal contraception on-site. Contraceptive use and pregnancy incidence were compared between two time periods (before versus after June 2007, when the intervention was initiated) and between Thika and other Kenyan trial sites (Eldoret, Kisumu, and Nairobi). Generalized estimating equations and Andersen-Gill proportional hazards modeling were used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nonbarrier contraceptive use increased after implementation of the intervention: from 31.5 to 64.7% of visits among HIV-1-seropositive women [odds ratio 4.0, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.0-5.3] and from 28.6 to 46.7% of visits among HIV-1-seronegative women (odds ratio 2.2, 95% CI 1.4-3.5). In comparison, at the other Kenyan sites, where the intervention was not implemented, contraceptive use changed minimally, from 15.6 to 22.3% of visits for HIV-1-seropositive women and from 13.6 to 12.7% among HIV-1-seronegative women. Self-reported condom use remained high during follow-up. Pregnancy incidence at the Thika was significantly lower after compared with before June 2007 (hazard ratio 0.2, 95% CI 0.1-0.6) and was approximately half that at other Kenyan sites during the intervention period (hazard ratio 0.5, 95% CI 0.3-0.8).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A multipronged family planning intervention can lead to high nonbarrier contraceptive uptake and reduced pregnancy incidence among women in HIV-1-serodiscordant partnerships.
authors.affiliation: Kenyatta National Hospital, Box #19704-00202, Nairobi, Kenya. kngure@pipsthika.org
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ngure
authors.forename: Renee
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Heffron
authors.forename: Nelly
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mugo
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Irungu
authors.forename: Connie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Celum
authors.forename: Jared M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Baeten
mesh_terms: D000212:Acyclovir / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003270:Contraceptive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003273:Contraceptive Devices / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000635:transmission; D018023:HIV Seronegativity; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D015497:HIV-1; D006561:Herpes Simplex / Q000188:drug therapy; D018258:Herpesvirus 2, Human; D006801:Humans; D007630:Kenya; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011247:Pregnancy; D012736:Sex Education; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D003270:Contraceptive Agents; D000212:Acyclovir