title: Evaluation of cadmium and zinc in biological samples of tobacco and alcohol user male mouth cancer patients.
abstract: There is compelling evidence in support of positive associations between zinc (Zn) deficiency and high accumulation of cadmium (Cd) in biological samples of different cancerous patients. The incidence of mouth cancer has been increased among people who possess habit of drinking alcohol, tobacco smoking and chewing with gradients in Pakistan. In the present study, Cd and Zn contents of blood and scalp hair samples of 92 male mouth cancer patients and 78 referents of same age group (range 35-65 years), socio-economic status, localities and dietary habits. Among referent male subjects, 56 consumed tobacco (smoking/chewing), 22 had none of smoking and chewing tobacco habits, while none of them admitted for alcohol drinking. The scalp hair and whole blood samples were oxidized by 65% nitric acid and 30% hydrogen peroxide (2:1) ratio in microwave oven. The Zn in digests was determined by flame atomic absorption while Cd was determined by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. The average Cd concentration was higher, while level of Zn was lower in the blood and scalp hair samples of mouth cancer patients as compared to referent subjects (p < .001). The male referents consuming tobacco (chewing and smoking) have high level of Cd in both their biological samples as compared to those not smoking or chewing tobacco (p < .012). The Cd/Zn ratio in both biological samples was found to be higher in patients than in referent subjects.
authors.affiliation: Center of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan. tgkazi@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Tasneem Gul
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Kazi
authors.forename: Sham Kumar
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Wadhwa
authors.forename: Hassan Imran
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Afridi
authors.forename: Naveed
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kazi
authors.forename: Ghulam Abbas
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Kandhro
authors.forename: Jameel Ahmed
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Baig
authors.forename: Abdul Qadir
authors.initials: AQ
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Nida Fatima
authors.initials: NF
authors.lastname: Kolachi
authors.forename: Sumaira
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Khan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D002104:Cadmium / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D006197:Hair / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism*; D010154:Pakistan; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic; D014030:Tobacco, Smokeless / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015032:Zinc / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood / Q000172:deficiency
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002104:Cadmium; D015032:Zinc