title: The characteristics of the sentinel lymph node metastasis in predicting the axillary lymph node status in patients with breast carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lymph node metastases are the most significant prognostic factors in patients with breast carcinoma. A positive sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy is followed by an axillary lymph node (ALN) dissection. In sentinel lymph node negative cases the risk of positive non-sentinel ALN is very low though not absent. The aim of this study was to determine predictive factors for non-sentinel lymph node metastases on the basis of sentinel lymph node metastasis characteristics as well as features of the primary tumour.
  
  
  METHODS
  128 patients who had a positive SLN biopsy for breast carcinoma in 2005-2007 were identified. The breast carcinoma metastases in each SLN were assessed according to their location within the node (subcapsular, mixed subcapsular and parenchymal, parenchymal, multifocal or extensive) and metastatic infiltration of perinodal tissue was also reported. These data were correlated with the ALN involvement and characteristics of the primary tumour.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The strong predictors of the ALN metastasis included the SLN metastasis diameter (7.6 vs. 4.4 mm) and size classified according to WHO classification (ITC 0 vs. 100%, micrometastasis 23.5 vs. 76.5%, macrometastasis 51.9 vs. 48.1%). The SLN metastases with a diameter of above 3 mm were associated with approximately twice more frequent ALN metastases. In an extensive location of SLN metastasis the highest percentage of ALN metastases was found (65 vs. 35%). The weak predictors of ALN metastases were: primary tumor diameter (> 2 cm), immunohistochemical HER2 positive status, infiltration of sentinel perinodal tissue by metastasis, histological primary tumour grade.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Some additional details, which can be easily evaluated in a routine SLN examination in breast carcinoma, have a predictive value of the ALN metastatic status and should be included in the histopathological report.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw. annacieckiewicz@coi.waw.pl
authors.forename: Wojciech P
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Olszewski
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Szumera-Ciećkiewicz
authors.forename: Jacek
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Piechocki
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Towpik
authors.forename: Włodzimierz T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Olszewski
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001365:Axilla; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000473:pathology*; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis / Q000473:pathology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D021701:Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy