title: Acquired umbilical hernias in four captive polar bears (Ursus maritimus).
abstract: Umbilical hernias are a common occurrence in domestic animals and humans but have not been well documented in polar bears. Surgical reduction and herniorrhaphies were performed to correct acquired hernias in the region of the umbilicus in four adult captive polar bears (Ursus maritimus) housed in North American zoos. Two of the four bears were clinically unaffected by their hernias prior to surgery. One bear showed signs of severe discomfort following acute enlargement of the hernia. In another bear, re-herniation led to acute abdominal pain due to gastric entrapment and strangulation. The hernias in three bears were surgically repaired by debridement of the hernia ring and direct apposition of the abdominal wall, while the large defect in the most severely affected bear was closed using polypropylene mesh to prevent excessive tension. The cases in this series demonstrate that while small hernias may remain clinically inconsequential for long periods of time, enlargement or recurrence of the defect can lead to incarceration and acute abdominal crisis. Umbilical herniation has not been reported in free-ranging polar bears, and it is suspected that factors such as body condition, limited exercise, or enclosure design potentially contribute to the development of umbilical hernias in captive polar bears.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, USA. velguth@okstate.edu
authors.forename: Karen E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Velguth
authors.forename: Mark C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Rochat
authors.forename: Jennifer N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Langan
authors.forename: Kay
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Backues
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D006554:Hernia, Umbilical / Q000601:surgery / Q000662:veterinary*; D008297:Male; D001503:Ursidae