title: Nicotine dependence - human and animal studies, current pharmacotherapies and future perspectives.
abstract: Nicotine dependence is a disease of constantly growing importance. This mini-review describes the effects of nicotine in humans and focuses on the various laboratory animal models developed to study the dependence-related behavioral effects of nicotine. In addition, we outline the current therapeutic approaches designed to substitute nicotine from cigarette smoke with safer compounds or to relieve symptoms of nicotine withdrawal during smoking abstinence. Since several pharmacotherapies have failed to be efficacious in all patients, we also assess the clinical effectiveness of newer agents in relation to existing drugs.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12, PL 31-343 Kraków, Poland. zaniew@if-pan.krakow.pl
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zaniewska
authors.forename: Edmund
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Przegaliński
authors.forename: Małgorzata
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Filip
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006801:Humans; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods*; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000534:rehabilitation*
chemical_list: D018722:Nicotinic Agonists; D009538:Nicotine