title: SPECT imaging of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in nonsmoking heavy alcohol drinking individuals.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The high rate of comorbidity of tobacco smoking with alcohol drinking suggests common neural substrates mediate the two addictive disorders. The beta(2)*-containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (beta(2)*-nAChR) has recently emerged as a prime candidate because some alpha and beta subunit genes have been linked to alcohol consumption and alcohol use behaviors. We hypothesized that beta(2)*-nAChR availability would be altered by alcohol in heavy drinking nonsmokers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven heavy drinking (mean age 39.6+/-12.1 years) and 11 age and sex-matched control (mean age 40.8+/-14.1 years) nonsmokers were imaged using [(123)I]5-IA-85380 ([(123)I]5-IA) single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Heavy alcohol drinkers drank varied amounts of alcohol (70-428/month) to facilitate exploratory linear analyses of the possible effects of alcohol.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Heavy drinkers consumed on average 9.1+/-7.3 drinks/occasion; whereas controls drank 1.2+/-0.9 drinks/occasion. Heavy drinkers were imaged 2.0+/-1.6 days after last alcoholic beverage. Overall, there were no significant differences in beta(2)*-nAChR availability between the heavy drinking and control nonsmokers. Exploratory analyses of other factors that may be uniquely regulated by alcohol suggested no effects of age, number of alcohol drinks, years drinking, severity of drinking, craving or withdrawal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These preliminary analyses do not suggest a decrease in receptor availability in heavy drinking nonsmokers as compared to control nonsmokers. However, a larger study is warranted to explore effects of heavy alcohol drinking on other variables, such as sex, smoking, and genetic make up.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine and the Veteran's Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System (VACHS), West Haven, CT 06516, USA. irina.esterlis@yale.edu
authors.forename: Irina
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Esterlis
authors.forename: Kelly P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Cosgrove
authors.forename: Ismene L
authors.initials: IL
authors.lastname: Petrakis
authors.forename: Sherry A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: McKee
authors.forename: Frederic
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bois
authors.forename: Erica
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Krantzler
authors.forename: Stephanie M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Stiklus
authors.forename: Edward B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Perry
authors.forename: Gilles D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Tamagnan
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Seibyl
authors.forename: John H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Krystal
authors.forename: Julie K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Staley
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000523:psychology; D001384:Azetidines; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011725:Pyridines; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D011978:Receptors, Nicotinic / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D012907:Smoking; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon
chemical_list: D001384:Azetidines; D011725:Pyridines; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D011978:Receptors, Nicotinic; C426745:5-iodo-3-(2-azetidinylmethoxy)pyridine