title: Hormonal contraception and HIV disease progression: a multicountry cohort analysis of the MTCT-Plus Initiative.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  HIV-infected women need access to safe and effective contraception. Recent animal and human data suggest that hormonal contraception may accelerate HIV disease progression.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared the incidence of HIV disease progression among antiretroviral therapy-naive women with and without exposure to hormonal contraception at 13 sites in Africa and Asia. Disease progression was defined as becoming eligible for antiretroviral therapy or death.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between 1 August 2002 and 31 December 2007, the MTCT-Plus programs enrolled 7846 women. In total, 4109 (52%) women met eligibility criteria for this analysis and contributed 5911 person-years of follow-up (median follow-up, 379 days; interquartile range, 121-833). At baseline, 3064 (75%) women reported using either no contraception or a nonhormonal method, whereas 823 (20%) reported using implants/injectables and 222 (5%) reported using oral contraceptive pills. The disease progression outcome was met by 944 (29%) women (rate, 18.3/100 woman-years). Neither implants/injectables (adjusted hazard ratio 1.0, 95% confidence interval 0.8-1.1) nor oral contraceptive pills (adjusted hazard ratio 0.8, 95% confidence interval 0.6-1.1) were associated with disease progression. Treating contraceptive method as a time-varying exposure did not change this negative finding.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This multicountry cohort analysis provides some reassurance that hormonal contraception is not associated with HIV disease progression. Further research is needed to address the contraceptive needs of HIV-infected women.
authors.affiliation: Center for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia. eli@uab.edu
authors.forename: Elizabeth M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Stringer
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Giganti
authors.forename: Rosalind J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Carter
authors.forename: Wafaa
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: El-Sadr
authors.forename: Elaine J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Abrams
authors.forename: Jeffrey Sa
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Stringer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000349:Africa; D000818:Animals; D001208:Asia; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003278:Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011247:Pregnancy; D011323:Primates; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D003278:Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal