title: Decision making and attitudes towards invasive prenatal diagnosis in the early second trimester.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the impact of the a priori attitude, nondirective counselling and targeted second trimester ultrasound examination on the decision process concerning invasive prenatal diagnosis in the second trimester.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective study including 696 high-risk pregnancies at 15 to 18 weeks' gestation, performed from 2005-2007. Attitudes towards invasive prenatal testing were explored before and after genetic counselling and targeted ultrasound examination in a tertiary referral centre.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Initially, 311 (44.7%) women intended to have an invasive testing (group 1), 150 women (21.5%) were against an invasive procedure (group 2), and 235 women (33.8%) wanted to make their final decision depending on the sonographic result (group 3). The total rate of amniocentesis was 87.1%, 5.3% and 13.6%, respectively. Overall, the a priori decision was sparsely influenced by the ultrasound examination. Only 12.9% (40/311) and 5.3% (8/150) of the primarily determined women (group 1, 2) changed their opinion. However, in the initially undecided group, 86.7% declined an amniocentesis after a normal ultrasound scan.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The referral indication and the a priori opinion are the strongest influencing factors with regard to invasive testing and the ultrasound scan has a low impact in those preselected patients. However, ultrasound has an important reassuring aspect in women willing to use ultrasound as assistance in the process of decision making.
authors.affiliation: Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Willruth
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vieten
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Berg
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Gembruch
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Geipel
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000523:psychology; D000328:Adult; D000649:Amniocentesis / Q000523:psychology*; D002869:Chromosome Aberrations / Q000196:embryology; D003657:Decision Making; D005260:Female; D005817:Genetic Counseling / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D033182:Intention; D008423:Maternal Age; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000523:psychology*; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D009629:Person-Centered Psychotherapy; D011247:Pregnancy; D011262:Pregnancy Trimester, Second; D018566:Pregnancy, High-Risk / Q000523:psychology*; D011272:Pregnancy, Multiple; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal / Q000523:psychology*