title: Presence of gallstones or kidney stones and risk of type 2 diabetes.
abstract: Recent evidence suggests that gallstones and kidney stones are associated with insulin resistance, but the relation between stone diseases and the risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus is not clear. Participants in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Potsdam Study (Potsdam, Germany) provided information about the presence of gallstones and kidney stones at recruitment between 1994 and 1998. On biennial questionnaires, participants reported newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus, and confirmation was obtained from treating physicians. During a mean follow-up period of 7.0 years between 1994 and 2005, 849 incident cases of type 2 diabetes were identified among 25,166 participants. After adjustment for sex, age, waist circumference, and lifestyle risk factors, persons with reported gallstones (n = 3,293) had an increased risk of type 2 diabetes (relative risk = 1.42, 95% confidence interval: 1.21, 1.68). Among the 23,817 participants with information on reported kidney stones (784 cases of incident diabetes), those who developed kidney stones (n = 2,468) were not at increased risk of diabetes in multivariable-adjusted models (relative risk = 1.05, 95% confidence interval: 0.86, 1.27). These findings suggest that gallstones, but not kidney stones, may predict the risk of developing type 2 diabetes, providing physicians with an interventional opportunity to implement adequate prevention measures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke,Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, D-14558 Nuthetal, Germany. weikert@dife.de
authors.forename: Cornelia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Weikert
authors.forename: Steffen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Weikert
authors.forename: Matthias B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Schulze
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pischon
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fritsche
authors.forename: Manuela M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Bergmann
authors.forename: Stefan N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Willich
authors.forename: Heiner
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Boeing
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D042882:Gallstones / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000150:complications*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires