title: The impact of work configuration, target angle and hand force direction on upper extremity muscle activity during sub-maximal overhead work.
abstract: Overhead work has established links to upper extremity discomfort and disorders. As many jobs incorporate working overhead, this study aimed to identify working conditions requiring relatively lower muscular shoulder load. Eleven upper extremity muscles were monitored with electromyography during laboratory simulations of overhead work tasks. Tasks were defined with three criteria: work configuration (fixed, stature-specific); target angle (-15 degrees , 0 degrees , 15 degrees , 30 degrees from vertical); direction of applied hand force (pulling backwards, pushing forwards, downwards, sideways, upwards). Normalised electromyographic activity was greater for fixed configurations, particularly when pulling in a backward direction (total activity = 108.3% maximum voluntary exertion (MVE)) compared to pushing down or forward (total activity ranging from 10.5 to 17.3%MVE). Further, pulling backwards at angles of -15 degrees and 0 degrees showed the highest muscular demand (p < 0.05). These results suggest that, if possible, positioning overhead work in front of the body with exertions directed forwards will result in the lowest upper extremity muscle demand. STATEMENT OF RELEVANCE: Overhead work pervades occupational settings and is associated with risk of upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders. The muscular intensity associated with performing overhead work was assessed in several combinations of work placement and hand force direction. These findings should have utility for designing overhead work tasks that reduce muscular exposure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
authors.forename: Jaclyn N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Chopp
authors.forename: Steven L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.forename: Clark R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Dickerson
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004576:Electromyography; D018737:Hand Strength / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009119:Muscle Contraction; D011187:Posture; D012782:Shoulder / Q000502:physiology*; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D055815:Young Adult