title: Risk factors for progression of chronic kidney disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present review provides an overview of the identified risk factors for chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression emphasizing the pediatric population.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over the past 10 years, there have been significant changes to our understanding and study of preterminal kidney failure. Recent refinements in the measurement of glomerular filtration rate and glomerular filtration rate estimating equations are important tools for identification and association of risk factors for CKD progression in children. In pediatric CKD, lower level of kidney function at presentation, higher levels of proteinuria, and hypertension are known markers for a more rapid decline in glomerular filtration rate. Anemia and other reported risk factors from the pregenomic era require further study and validation. Genome-wide association studies have identified genetic loci that have provided novel genetic risk factors for CKD progression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With cohort studies of children with CKD becoming mature, they have started to yield important refinements to the assessment of CKD progression. Although many of the traditional risk factors for renal progression will certainly be assessed, such cohorts will be important for evaluating novel risk factors identified by genome-wide studies.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of New Mexico, Children's Hospital, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA.
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Staples
authors.forename: Craig
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wong
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D018450:Disease Progression; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012307:Risk Factors