title: The neuron-specific isoform of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta is required for axon growth.
abstract: Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) has become an important target for the treatment of mood disorders and neurodegenerative disease. It comprises three enzymes, GSK-3alpha, beta and the neuron-specific isoform, beta2. GSK-3 regulates axon growth by phosphorylating microtubule-associated proteins including Tau. A genetic polymorphism that leads to an increase in the ratio of GSK-3beta1 to GSK-3beta2 interacts with Tau haplotypes to modify disease risk in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease. We have examined the roles of each isoform of GSK-3 in neurons. Silencing of GSK-3beta2 inhibited retinoic acid-induced neurite outgrowth in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells and axon growth in rat cortical neurons. Inhibition of neurite outgrowth was prevented by co-expression of GSK-3beta2 but not by co-expression of GSK-3alpha or GSK-3beta1. Ectopic expression GSK-3beta2 enhanced the effects of retinoic acid on neurite length and induced neurite formation in the absence of retinoic acid. GSK-3beta2 phosphorylated Tau at a subset of those sites phosphorylated by GSK-3beta1. In addition, Axin, which regulates responses to Wnt signals, associated more readily with GSK-3beta1 than with GSK-3beta2. Our results suggest that GSK-3 inhibitors that target the Axin-binding site in GSK-3 will preserve the beneficial effects of GSK-3beta2 on axon growth.
authors.affiliation: Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences, CIC bioGUNE, Derio, Spain.
authors.forename: Zafira
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Castaño
authors.forename: Phillip R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Gordon-Weeks
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Kypta
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D060466:Axin Protein; D001369:Axons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D002460:Cell Line; D018834:Chaperonin 60 / Q000378:metabolism; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000071679:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D047468:Immunoprecipitation / Q000379:methods; D016501:Neurites / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009447:Neuroblastoma; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology*; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D011485:Protein Binding / Q000187:drug effects; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000494:pharmacology; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D014162:Transfection / Q000379:methods; D014404:Tubulin / Q000378:metabolism; D016875:tau Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D060466:Axin Protein; D018834:Chaperonin 60; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D014404:Tubulin; D016875:tau Proteins; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; C000605506:GSK3B protein, human; D000071679:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; C000605508:Gsk3b protein, rat; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3