title: Comparison between bovine bone and titanium interference screws for implant fixation in ACL reconstruction: a biomechanical study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The application of interference screws for the fixation of bone-patellar tendon-bone (BPTB) grafts is a well-established technique in anterior-cruciate ligament reconstruction. Interference screws derived from bovine compact bone are a biological alternative to metallic or biodegradable polymer interference screws.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 60 porcine specimens, the tibial part of an anterior-cruciate ligament reconstruction was performed using a BPTB graft. To secure the graft, either an 8-mm titanium interference screw or a self-made bovine interference screw (BC), or a commercial bovine compact bone screw (Tutofix) was used. The maximum failure load was determined by means of a universal testing machine with computer interface at a testing speed of 50 mm/min. In a second test series, cyclic sub-maximal load was applied to the test specimen from 40 to 400 N with a number of 1,000 load cycles and a frequency of 1 Hz. Subsequently, the maximum failure load was determined. The stiffness of the test specimen was investigated in both test series. Each type of interference screw was tested 10 times.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A secure fixation of the grafts was achieved with all interference screws. In the experiments on the maximum load to failures, the titanium screws showed significantly higher failure loads than the Tutofix screws (P = 0.005). The stiffness of the grafts fixed with BC screws was significantly higher as compared to the fixation with Tutofix screws (P = 0.005). After cyclic sub-maximal loading, the maximum failure load of the titanium screws was significantly higher than that of the Tutofix screws (P = 0.033). The fixation of the BC screws showed a significantly higher failure load (P = 0.021) and stiffness (P = 0.032) than the Tutofix screw fixation. Except for two screw head fractures and two intra-tendinous graft ruptures, the failure mode was slippage in the interface between interference screw and bone plug.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Interference screws derived from bovine compact bone show similar good results as the titanium interference screws. Therefore, the safety and in vivo performance of products derived from xenogenic bone should be the focus of further investigations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics and Rheumatology, University Hospital Marburg, Germany. efet@med.uni-marburg.de
authors.forename: Turgay
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Efe
authors.forename: Joscha
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: Silke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Herdrich
authors.forename: Leo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gotzen
authors.forename: Bilal Farouk
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: El-Zayat
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schmitt
authors.forename: Markus Dietmar
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Schofer
mesh_terms: D020341:Absorbable Implants; D000818:Animals; D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000601:surgery; D000070598:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001863:Bone Screws; D050376:Bone-Patellar Tendon-Bone Grafting / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D013552:Swine; D014025:Titanium
chemical_list: D014025:Titanium