title: Incidence of ankle sprains among active-duty members of the United States Armed Services from 1998 through 2006.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ankle sprains have been reported as one of the most common injuries sustained by members of the US Armed Services. However, little is known about the incidence rate and injury patterns associated with ankle sprains in this population.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the incidence of ankle sprains among active-duty members of the US Armed Services from 1998 through 2006. A secondary objective was to describe the sex, age, and service-specific injury patterns in this young, physically active population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  All active-duty service members from the day they enter military service until the day they leave military service and US Army Reserve and National Guard service members during periods of active duty and mobilization.
  
  
  METHODS
  Injury data were extracted from the Defense Medical Epidemiological Database from 1998 through 2006. All data for ankle sprains, coded according to the International Classification of Diseases (9th revision), were included. Cases were limited to those injuries reported as first occurrences. Incidence rates (IRs) were calculated per 1000 person-years by sex, age, and service. Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were used to assess the strength of association between the incidence of ankle sprain and the independent variables of sex, age, and service.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From 1998 through 2006, 423 581 service members sustained ankle sprains and 12 118 863 person-years at risk to injury were documented in this population. The incidence rate was 34.95 (95% CI = 34.85, 35.06) per 1000 person-years at risk. Females were 21% more likely (IRR = 1.21, 95% CI = 1.21, 1.23) to sustain an ankle sprain than males. Sex-specific IR varied by age and service. Differences in the rate of ankle sprains were also noted by age and service.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The incidence of ankle sprains among US service members was 5 times greater than that previously reported in civilian population studies. Sex, age, and branch of military service are important factors related to the incidence of ankle sprains in this population.
authors.affiliation: Keller Army Hospital, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY 10996, USA. kenneth.cameron@amedd.army.mil
authors.forename: Kenneth L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Cameron
authors.forename: Brett D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Owens
authors.forename: Thomas M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: DeBerardino
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016512:Ankle Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008887:Military Medicine; D008889:Military Personnel; D011159:Population Surveillance; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013180:Sprains and Strains / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult