title: [Clinical and virological surveillance of influenza in Israel--implementation during pandemic influenza].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pandemic influenza surveillance has a central role in providing an updated situation for the health care system.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe the Israel Center for Disease Control (ICDC) pandemic influenza surveillance system.
  
  
  METHODS
  The ICDC conducts a seasonal influenza surveillance system based on patients' visits to community clinics (mainly Maccabi Healthcare Services) and emergency rooms for influenza-like illness (ILI) or pneumonia, and on laboratory confirmed nasopharyngeal swabs from ILI patients at designated sentinel clinics (tested at the Central Virology Laboratory). The laboratory based surveillance provides data on the active influenza strains, resistance to anti-viral drugs and match with the seasonal vaccine. The influenza surveillance network was strengthened since the level of the influenza pandemic alert was raised to phase 4 at the end of April 2009.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The first A/H1N1 2009 cases were identified by the surveillance system in the last week of May 2009. Local transmission was recorded in the second half of June 2009. At this time there was an increase in the rates of patient visits to outpatient clinics for ILI, especially in the age group 0-18 years old and in residents of Tel Aviv, Central and Jerusalem districts. By the end of July 2009 there was an increase in pneumonia cases (mainly 2-18 years old) in community clinics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Once the pandemic influenza began spreading, the ICDC surveillance system provided a valid picture which facilitated the decision to stop laboratory confirmation of each community case and rely on the ICDC surveillance system as the main source for information.
authors.affiliation: Israel Center for Disease Control, Gertner Institute for Health Policy Research, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel. michal.bromberg@icdc.health.gov.il
authors.forename: Michal
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bromberg
authors.forename: Zalman
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Kaufman
authors.forename: Michal
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mandelboim
authors.forename: Hanna
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sefty
authors.forename: Varda
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Shalev
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Marom
authors.forename: Ella
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mendelson
authors.forename: Manfred S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: Tamy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shohat
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission; D007557:Israel / Q000453:epidemiology; D010045:Outpatients / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000453:epidemiology; D011159:Population Surveillance