title: Correlates of severe disease in patients with 2009 pandemic influenza (H1N1) virus infection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the context of 2009 pandemic influenza (H1N1) virus infection (pandemic H1N1 influenza), identifying correlates of the severity of disease is critical to guiding the implementation of antiviral strategies, prioritization of vaccination efforts and planning of health infrastructure. The objective of this study was to identify factors correlated with severity of disease in confirmed cases of pandemic H1N1 influenza.
  
  
  METHODS
  This cumulative case-control study included all laboratory-confirmed cases of pandemic H1N1 influenza among residents of the province of Manitoba, Canada, for whom the final location of treatment was known. Severe cases were defined by admission to a provincial intensive care unit (ICU). Factors associated with severe disease necessitating admission to the ICU were determined by comparing ICU cases with two control groups: patients who were admitted to hospital but not to an ICU and those who remained in the community.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As of Sept. 5, 2009, there had been 795 confirmed cases of pandemic H1N1 influenza in Manitoba for which the final treatment location could be determined. The mean age of individuals with laboratory-confirmed infection was 25.3 (standard deviation 18.8) years. More than half of the patients (417 or 52%) were female, and 215 (37%) of 588 confirmed infections for which ethnicity was known occurred in First Nations residents. The proportion of First Nations residents increased with increasing severity of disease (116 [28%] of 410 community cases, 74 [54%] of 136 admitted to hospital and 25 [60%] of 42 admitted to an ICU; p<0.001), as did the presence of an underlying comorbidity (201 [35%] of 569 community cases, 103 [57%] of 181 admitted to hospital and 34 [76%] of 45 admitted to an ICU; p<0.001). The median interval from onset of symptoms to initiation of antiviral therapy was 2 days (interquartile range, IQR 1-3) for community cases, 4 days (IQR 2-6) for patients admitted to hospital and 6 days (IQR 4-9) for those admitted to an ICU (p<0.001). In a multivariable logistic model, the interval from onset of symptoms to initiation of antiviral therapy (odds ratio [OR] 8.24, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.82-24.1), First Nations ethnicity (OR 6.52, 95% CI 2.04-20.8) and presence of an underlying comorbidity (OR 3.19, 95% CI 1.07-9.52) were associated with increased odds of admission to the ICU (i.e., severe disease) relative to community cases. In an analysis of ICU cases compared with patients admitted to hospital, First Nations ethnicity (OR 3.23, 95% CI 1.04-10.1) was associated with increased severity of disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Severe pandemic H1N1 influenza necessitating admission to the ICU was associated with a longer interval from onset of symptoms to treatment with antiviral therapy and with the presence of an underlying comorbidity. First Nations ethnicity appeared to be an independent determinant of severe infection. Despite these associations, the cause and outcomes of pandemic HINI influenza may involve many complex and interrelated factors, all of which require further research and analysis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba. ryan.zarychanski@cancercare.mb.ca
authors.forename: Ryan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zarychanski
authors.forename: Tammy L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Stuart
authors.forename: Anand
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Doucette
authors.forename: Lawrence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Elliott
authors.forename: Joel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kettner
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Plummer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000208:ethnology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D005260:Female; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D007198:Indians, North American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000534:rehabilitation / Q000821:virology*; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008350:Manitoba / Q000208:ethnology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents