title: The cardiovascular response to underwater pedaling at different intensities: a comparison of 4 different water stationary bikes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Among the fitness activities, cycling in water immersion performed with water stationary bikes (WSB) has become very popular. However, there is a lack of information concerning their physiological demand. The aim of the present study was to assess the cardiovascular responses to four WSBs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-two healthy participants underwent a graded exercise test on a cycle ergometer. Sixteen of them, 8 males (age 31.5 + or - 8.2 years) and 8 females (age 31.9 + or - 5.8 years) with the same level of peak oxygen consumption (VO(2peak)) were chosen and submitted, in random order, to four incremental testing sessions performed with four different models of WSB, one with no resistance (WSB1), two with resistance added to the bottom bracket axle (WSB2 and WSB3), one with resistance added to the pedals (WSB4). The VO(2peak) and heart rate peak (HR(peak)) were measured in all five conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Since no significant main effect for gender was detected, the data were grouped and analyzed all together. No significant differences were found in VO(2peak) and HR(peak) within the five testing conditions, whilst time to exhaustion (P<0.01) and pedaling frequency (RPM) at volitional exhaustion (P<0.01) were both significantly different across the four WSBs. When pedaling at 70 RPM, the oxygen consumption and heart rate response (as % of VO(2peak) and HR(peak)) were approximately 45% and 60% for WSB1, 60% and 70% for WSB3, 90% and 90% for WSB2 and WSB4, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present results provide useful information for instructors and practitioners because they demonstrate that different models of WSBs could elicit very different cardiovascular responses.
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Ricerca sull'Attività Motoria, Carlo Bo University of Urbino, Urbino, Italy.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Giacomini
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ditroilo
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lucertini
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: De Vito
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gatta
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Benelli
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001642:Bicycling / Q000502:physiology*; D002319:Cardiovascular System; D005080:Exercise Test; D017079:Exercise Tolerance / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D007101:Immersion; D008297:Male; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D010807:Physical Endurance / Q000502:physiology