title: Attenuation of maternal psychophysiological stress responses and the maternal cortisol awakening response over the course of human pregnancy.
abstract: The effects of maternal stress during pregnancy may depend, in part, on the timing in gestation of the occurrence of stress. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of stage of gestation on maternal psychophysiological responses to stress using a standardized laboratory paradigm and on the cortisol response to awakening (CAR). A longitudinal design was employed to quantify maternal psychophysiological stress reactivity [changes in heart rate (HR), blood pressure, salivary cortisol, and psychological distress in response to the trier social stress test (TSST)] and the CAR at approximately 17 and 31 weeks gestation in a sample of 148 women. To account for the possible effects of habituation when being exposed to the same stress protocol twice, a non-pregnant comparison group (CG, N = 36) also underwent these assessments at two time points, with a comparable time interval between the assessments. In both groups, the TSST elicited significant changes in maternal HR, mean arterial pressure, and psychological distress levels but not a significant increase in cortisol levels. Among the pregnant women (pregnant group(PG)), the stressor-induced increases in HR, blood pressure, and psychological distress were significantly lower at the second (31 weeks gestation) compared to the first (17 weeks gestation) assessment of pregnancy (all p < 0.01). The maternal CAR was also significantly attenuated in later compared to earlier gestation (p = 0.003). In the CG, there were no significant differences in psychophysiological stress responses and in the CAR across the two assessments. Among pregnant women there is a progressive attenuation of psychophysiological stress responses with advancing gestation. This attenuation is unlikely to be attributable to habituation. Individual differences in the degree of attenuation of stress responses over gestation may represent a novel marker of stress susceptibility in human pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, California, USA.
authors.forename: Sonja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Entringer
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Buss
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Shirtcliff
authors.forename: Alison L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Cammack
authors.forename: Ilona S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Yim
authors.forename: Aleksandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chicz-DeMet
authors.forename: Curt A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Sandman
authors.forename: Pathik D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Wadhwa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000378:metabolism*; D016014:Linear Models; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First / Q000502:physiology; D011262:Pregnancy Trimester, Second / Q000502:physiology; D011263:Pregnancy Trimester, Third / Q000502:physiology; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D006854:Hydrocortisone