title: A synchronized quorum of genetic clocks.
abstract: The engineering of genetic circuits with predictive functionality in living cells represents a defining focus of the expanding field of synthetic biology. This focus was elegantly set in motion a decade ago with the design and construction of a genetic toggle switch and an oscillator, with subsequent highlights that have included circuits capable of pattern generation, noise shaping, edge detection and event counting. Here we describe an engineered gene network with global intercellular coupling that is capable of generating synchronized oscillations in a growing population of cells. Using microfluidic devices tailored for cellular populations at differing length scales, we investigate the collective synchronization properties along with spatiotemporal waves occurring at millimetre scales. We use computational modelling to describe quantitatively the observed dependence of the period and amplitude of the bulk oscillations on the flow rate. The synchronized genetic clock sets the stage for the use of microbes in the creation of a macroscopic biosensor with an oscillatory output. Furthermore, it provides a specific model system for the generation of a mechanistic description of emergent coordinated behaviour at the colony level.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
authors.forename: Tal
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Danino
authors.forename: Octavio
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Mondragón-Palomino
authors.forename: Lev
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tsimring
authors.forename: Jeff
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hasty
mesh_terms: D001683:Biological Clocks / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000166:cytology* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D025461:Feedback, Physiological; D005453:Fluorescence; D005818:Genetic Engineering; D044085:Microfluidics; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D008954:Models, Biological; D010507:Periodicity; D053038:Quorum Sensing / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors