title: Long-term postmenopausal hormone therapy and endometrial cancer.
abstract: Estrogen-alone therapy (ET) or estrogen and progestin (EPT) as menopausal hormone therapy (HT) has been commonly used to alleviate menopausal symptoms. Treatments containing > or = 10 days per month of progestin are considered relatively safe with respect to endometrial cancer risk. However, the endometrial safety of long-term EPT regimens is uncertain. We conducted a case-control study of 311 invasive endometrial cancer cases and 570 controls nested within the California Teachers Study cohort. We used unconditional logistic regression to obtain odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for the association between long-term HT use and endometrial cancer risk, and to assess the modifying effect of body mass index (BMI). Long-term (> or = 10 years) use of ET, sequential EPT with <10 days per month progestin, and continuous-combined EPT (> or = 25 days/month progestin) were all associated with an elevated risk of endometrial cancer (OR, 4.5; 95% CI, 2.5-8.1; OR, 4.4; 95% CI, 1.7-11.2; and OR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.3-3.3, respectively; all P(trend) < 0.001). The risk associated with short-term use was elevated only for ET preparations. The association for continuous-combined EPT was confined to thinner women (BMI, <25 kg/m2; P(interaction) = 0.03). Among heavier women (BMI, > or = 25 kg/m2), use of continuous-combined EPT was associated with a statistically nonsignificant reduction in risk. These findings confirm that long-term use of ET, sequential EPT, or, among normal weight women, continuous-combined EPT is associated with increased risk of endometrial cancer.
authors.affiliation: University of Southern California, Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: Pedram
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Razavi
authors.forename: Malcolm C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Pike
authors.forename: Pamela L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Horn-Ross
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Templeman
authors.forename: Leslie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bernstein
authors.forename: Giske
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ursin
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016889:Endometrial Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004967:Estrogens / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011372:Progestins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D012307:Risk Factors; D013995:Time
chemical_list: D004967:Estrogens; D011372:Progestins