title: Leukocyte toll-like receptor expression in end-stage kidney disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is simultaneously associated with inflammation, impaired immunity and increased susceptibility to microbial infections. Innate immune cells, monocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) recognize pathogens via toll-like receptors (TLR) triggering phagocytosis, cellular activation and secretion of inflammatory cytokines. Data on expression and function of TLRs in ESRD are limited.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood samples from 21 stable ESRD patients and 21 normal controls were processed for TLR2, TLR4, TLR7 and TLR 9 expression on monocytes and PMN by flow cytometry. TLR activity was examined by determining the response to TLR4 and TLR2 ligands.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ESRD group exhibited significant upregulation of TLR2 and TLR4 (but not TLR7 or TLR 9) expressions on monocytes and of TLR4 on PMN. This was coupled with heightened cytokine production in response to TLR4 activation with lipopolysaccharide. However, the response to TLR2 stimulation with peptidoglycan was unchanged in the ESRD group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Monocyte TLR2 and TLR4 and neutrophil TLR4 expressions and TLR4 activity are increased hemodialysis patients, representing another dimension of ESRD-associated inflammation.
authors.affiliation: University of California, Irvine, USA.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gollapudi
authors.forename: J-W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gollapudi
authors.forename: M V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Pahl
authors.forename: N D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Vaziri
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001806:Blood Urea Nitrogen; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000097:blood; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009000:Monocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000378:metabolism; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000378:metabolism; D051199:Toll-Like Receptor 7 / Q000378:metabolism; D051217:Toll-Like Receptor 9 / Q000378:metabolism; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors / Q000378:metabolism*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: C508600:IL6 protein, human; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8; C495342:TLR2 protein, human; C495345:TLR4 protein, human; C495348:TLR7 protein, human; C495371:TLR9 protein, human; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D051199:Toll-Like Receptor 7; D051217:Toll-Like Receptor 9; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D003404:Creatinine