title: Ultrasound versus 'clinical touch' for catheter guidance during embryo transfer in women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many women undergoing an Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) cycle will not achieve a live birth. Failure at the embryo transfer stage may be due to lack of good quality embryo/s, lack of uterine receptivity, or the transfer technique itself. Numerous methods, including the use of ultrasound guidance for proper catheter placement in the endometrial cavity, have been suggested as a more effective technique of embryo transfer. This review evaluates the effectiveness of ultrasound guided embryo transfer (UGET) compared with 'clinical touch' (CTET) the traditional method of embryo transfer.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether ultrasound guidance influences treatment outcomes in women undergoing embryo transfer (ET) during assisted reproductive technology (ART) cycles.
  
  
  METHODS
  Electronic databases were searched in November 2009. We searched the Cochrane Menstrual Disorders and Subfertility Group trials register (searched November 2009), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (The Cochrane Library, Issue 3, 2009), MEDLINE (1970-2009), EMBASE (1985-2009), BIO Extracts (1980-2009). Relevant conference proceedings were also hand searched (ASRM, ESHRE and FIGO).
  
  
  METHODS
  Only randomised controlled trials were included.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two reviewers independently assessed eligibility and quality of trials and extracted data from those selected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This update identified 59 potential trials of which 42 were excluded. Data for analysis was available in seventeen studies. One study reported live births and personal communication resulted in data relating to this outcome being obtained in two additional studies. There is no evidence of a significant difference in the outcome of live birth (OR 1.14 (95%CI0.93 to 1.39; P=0.02) although heterogeneity was high (64%) and the results should be interpreted with caution. Seven studies reported on ongoing pregnancies. The ongoing pregnancies per woman randomised associated with UGET (441/1254) was significantly higher than for clinical touch (350/1218) OR 1.38, 95%CI 1.16 to 1.64, P<0.0003). No statistically significant differences in the incidence of adverse events were identified between the comparison groups. These events are relatively rare and sample sizes limit the ability to detect such differences.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The studies are limited by their quality with only two studies reporting details of both computerised randomisation techniques and adequate allocation concealment. Ultrasound guidance does appear to improve the chances of live/ongoing and clinical pregnancies compared with clinical touch methods. The quality of future studies should be improved with adequate reporting of randomisation, allocation concealment, and power calculations. The primary outcome measure of future studies should be the reporting of live births per woman randomised.
authors.affiliation: Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Auckland, FMHS, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Buckingham
authors.forename: Ahmed M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Abou-Setta
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Buckett
mesh_terms: D004624:Embryo Transfer / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010173:Palpation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D011247:Pregnancy; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional