title: Hemoglobin glycation index: a robust measure of hemoglobin A1c bias in pediatric type 1 diabetes patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The hemoglobin glycation index (HGI) assesses biological variation in A1c after accounting for the effect of mean blood glucose (MBG). Previous studies minimized analytical variation that could mask biological variation and showed that HGI was consistent within individuals over time and positively associated with risk for microvascular complications. We tested the hypothesis that biological variation in A1c can be assessed by HGI calculated using routine MBG and A1c data obtained from a typical diabetes clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  Self-monitored MBG and A1c were collected from charts of 202 pediatric type 1 diabetes patients attending 1612 clinic visits over 6 yr. Predicted A1c was calculated from the linear regression equation of A1c on MBG in the study population. HGI was calculated by subtracting predicted A1c from observed A1c. Patients were divided into low, moderate, and high HGI tertile groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients used 12 models of glucose meters. Download protocols varied with clinical practice over time. A1c was measured by multiple assays and laboratories. Despite this analytical heterogeneity, HGI was significantly different between individuals and correlated within individuals. MBG (mean ± SD, mg/dL) was similar in the low (186 ± 31), moderate (195 ± 28), and high (199 ± 42) HGI groups. A1c (%) was significantly different (p < 0.0001) in the low (7.6 ± 0.7), moderate (8.4 ± 0.7), and high (9.6 ± 1.1) HGI groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Biological variation in A1c is a robust quantitative trait that can be assessed using HGI calculated from routine clinic data. This suggests that HGI could be used clinically for more personalized assessment of complications risk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA.
authors.forename: Arlette A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Soros
authors.forename: Stuart A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Chalew
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: McCarter
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shepard
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hempe
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015982:Bias; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D015190:Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000209:etiology*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism*; D006031:Glycosylation; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012306:Risk; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D006454:Hemoglobins