title: The role of vasculature and blood circulation in zebrafish swimbladder development.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recently we have performed a detailed analysis of early development of zebrafish swimbladder, a homologous organ of tetrapod lung; however, the events of swimbladder development are still poorly characterized. Many studies have implicated the role of vascular system in development of many organs in vertebrates. As the swimbladder is lined with an intricate network of blood capillaries, it is of interest to investigate the role of the vascular system during early development of swimbladder.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To investigate the role of endothelial cells (ECs) and blood circulation during development of the swimbladder, phenotypes of swimbladder were analysed at three different stages (approximately 2, 3 and 5 dpf [day postfertilization]) in cloche (clo) mutant and Tnnt2 morphants, in the background of transgenic lines Et(krt4:EGFP)sq33-2 and Et(krt4:EGFP)sqet3 which express EGFP in the swimbladder epithelium and outer mesothelium respectively. Analyses of the three tissue layers of the swimbladder were performed using molecular markers hb9, fgf10a, acta2, and anxa5 to distinguish epithelium, mesenchyme, and outer mesothelium. We showed that the budding stage was independent of ECs and blood flow, while early epithelial growth, mesenchymal organization and its differentiation into smooth muscle, as well as outer mesothelial organization, were dependent on ECs. Blood circulation contributed to later stage of epithelial growth, smooth muscle differentiation, and organization of the outer mesothelium. Inflation of the swimbladder was also affected as a result of absence of ECs and blood flow.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data demonstrated that the vascular system, though not essential in swimbladder budding, plays an important role in the development of the swimbladder starting from the early growth stage, including mesenchyme organization and smooth muscle differentiation, and outer mesothelial organization, which in turn may be essential for the function of the swimbladder as reflected in its eventual inflation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Cecilia Lanny
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Winata
authors.forename: Svetlana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Korzh
authors.forename: Igor
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kondrychyn
authors.forename: Vladimir
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Korzh
authors.forename: Zhiyuan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Gong
mesh_terms: D000400:Air Sacs / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000196:embryology*; D000818:Animals; D030801:Animals, Genetically Modified; D001775:Blood Circulation; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D020107:Troponin T / Q000378:metabolism; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000196:embryology*; D029961:Zebrafish Proteins / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D020107:Troponin T; D029961:Zebrafish Proteins; C485184:enhanced green fluorescent protein; C480681:tnnt2a protein, zebrafish; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins