title: Epidemiological studies of formaldehyde exposure and risk of leukemia and nasopharyngeal cancer: a meta-analysis.
abstract: The authors conducted meta-analyses of the epidemiological literature on formaldehyde exposure and risk of leukemia and risk of nasopharyngeal cancer. The authors abstracted study results and confounder information from cohort and case-control studies, and used quantile plots and regression models to evaluate heterogeneity and possible publication bias. No evidence of serious heterogeneity or publication bias was seen. For leukemias, the summary relative risk (RR) was 1.05 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.93, 1.20) for cohort studies, and the summary odds ratio (OR) was 0.99 (95% CI: 0.71, 1.37) for case-control studies. Based on cohort and case-control studies, no significant differences were seen by leukemia subtype, job type, publication period, or region. Summary estimates for nasopharyngeal cancers were not elevated after excluding a single plant with an unexplained cluster of nasopharyngeal cancers (cohort RR = 0.72, 95% CI: 0.40, 1.28). The summary estimate was increased for case-control studies overall, but the summary OR for smoking-adjusted studies was 1.10 (95% CI: 0.80, 1.50). Previous meta-analyses showed elevated summary estimates for leukemia; however, these analyses included results from proportionate mortality studies and did not explore other factors that could influence or confound results. By limiting analyses to stronger case-control and cohort study designs, considering the effects of smoking and ignoring anomalous results from a single plant, our meta-analyses provide little support for a causal relationship between formaldehyde exposure and leukemia or nasopharyngeal cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
authors.forename: Annette M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Bachand
authors.forename: Kenneth A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Mundt
authors.forename: Diane J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Mundt
authors.forename: Renika R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Montgomery
mesh_terms: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000633:toxicity*; D016021:Epidemiologic Studies; D005557:Formaldehyde / Q000633:toxicity*; D006801:Humans; D007938:Leukemia / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D009303:Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D018570:Risk Assessment
chemical_list: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D005557:Formaldehyde