title: Effect of long-term fluoride exposure on growth, nutrient utilization and fluoride kinetics of calves fed graded levels of dietary protein.
abstract: In order to assess the influence of dietary protein levels on the fluoride (F) bioavailability, 30 crossbred calves (6-8 months; approximately 104 kg BW) initially exposed to different dietary protein levels were allotted into six groups in a 3 × 2 factorial design. The factors included three different levels of protein viz. normal (100%; NP), low (75%; LP), and high (125%; HP) as per Kearl recommendations besides two levels of supplemental fluorine (as sodium fluoride) at 0 or 200 mg/kg diet. The animals were fed on the respective concentrate mixture and wheat straw for 210 days. A metabolism trial was conducted at 200 days post-feeding to study digestibility, plane of nutrition, and nutrient balances. The final body weight at the end of 210 days was lower (p < 0.01) in animals fed 200 mg/kg F (164.2 ± 8.92 kg) compared to those fed no F (200.7 ± 8.05 kg). Calves on LP diets attained lower (p < 0.05) average daily gain in comparison to NP or HP fed calves. The F-supplemented calves exhibited lower (p < 0.01) voluntary feed intake than their non-supplemented control. The digestibility of proximate nutrients other than ether extract exhibited higher (p < 0.01) values in F-fed calves attributable chiefly to reduced consumption of dry matter. The calves fed extra F retained lower mean daily nitrogen; calcium, and phosphorus compared to the calves fed no F. The mean daily intake, excretion, and retention of F were higher (p < 0.01) in the F-supplemented calves. A significant (p < 0.01) interaction between protein levels and F was evident in the urinary excretion of F; calves on LP diet exhibiting lower urinary excretion. Consequently, the bioavailability of F tended to be higher on LP than NP or HP diets. From the results, it is concluded that protein levels in the diet do not impart significant influence on susceptibility to fluorosis in crossbred calves. However, the bioavailability of F tended to increase on diets low in protein.
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, KNU Ave 1, Chuncheon 200-701, South Korea. jayant@kangwon.ac.kr
authors.forename: Jayant
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lohakare
authors.forename: Ashokkumar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pattanaik
authors.forename: Sardar Ayub
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Khan
mesh_terms: D000824:Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena / Q000187:drug effects*; D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002327:Cariostatic Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D002417:Cattle; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005459:Fluorides / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D007700:Kinetics; D008297:Male; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000378:metabolism; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002327:Cariostatic Agents; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D010758:Phosphorus; D009584:Nitrogen; D005459:Fluorides; D002118:Calcium