title: Efficacy and safety of sitagliptin when added to insulin therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of sitagliptin when added to insulin therapy alone or in combination with metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  After a 2 week placebo run-in period, eligible patients inadequately controlled on long-acting, intermediate-acting or premixed insulin (HbA1c > or = 7.5% and < or = 11%), were randomised 1:1 to the addition of once-daily sitagliptin 100 mg or matching placebo over a 24-week study period. The study capped the proportion of randomised patients on insulin plus metformin at 75%. Further, the study capped the proportion of randomised patients on premixed insulin at 25%. The metformin dose and the insulin dose were to remain stable throughout the study. The primary endpoint was HbA1c change from baseline at week 24.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean baseline characteristics were similar between the sitagliptin (n = 322) and placebo (n = 319) groups, including HbA1c (8.7 vs. 8.6%), diabetes duration (13 vs. 12 years), body mass index (31.4 vs. 31.4 kg/m(2)), and total daily insulin dose (51 vs. 52 IU), respectively. At 24 weeks, the addition of sitagliptin significantly (p < 0.001) reduced HbA1c by 0.6% compared with placebo (0.0%). A greater proportion of patients achieved an HbA1c level < 7% while randomised to sitagliptin as compared with placebo (13 vs. 5% respectively; p < 0.001). Similar HbA1c reductions were observed in the patient strata defined by insulin type (long-acting and intermediate-acting insulins or premixed insulins) and by baseline metformin treatment. The addition of sitagliptin significantly (p < 0.001) reduced fasting plasma glucose by 15.0 mg/dl (0.8 mmol/l) and 2-h postmeal glucose by 36.1 mg/dl (2.0 mmol/l) relative to placebo. A higher incidence of adverse experiences was reported with sitagliptin (52%) compared with placebo (43%), due mainly to the increased incidence of hypoglycaemia (sitagliptin, 16% vs. placebo, 8%). The number of hypoglycaemic events meeting the protocol-specified criteria for severity was low with sitagliptin (n = 2) and placebo (n = 1). No significant change from baseline in body weight was observed in either group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this 24-week study, the addition of sitagliptin to ongoing, stable-dose insulin therapy with or without concomitant metformin improved glycaemic control and was generally well tolerated in patients with type 2 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Diabetes Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine F, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vilsbøll
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rosenstock
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yki-Järvinen
authors.forename: W T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Cefalu
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Musser
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Andryuk
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ling
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Kaufman
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Amatruda
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Engel
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Katz
mesh_terms: D015992:Body Mass Index; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D008687:Metformin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D008875:Middle Aged; D011719:Pyrazines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D000068900:Sitagliptin Phosphate; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014230:Triazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D008687:Metformin; D011719:Pyrazines; D000068900:Sitagliptin Phosphate; D014230:Triazoles