Maternal passive smoking and risk of cleft lip with or without cleft palate.
BACKGROUND
Maternal smoking has been consistently associated with increased risk of cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P). Few studies have explored the possible effect of passive smoking. We examined the association between maternal passive smoking and the risk of CL/P among nonsmoking women in China.


METHODS
Subjects included 88 infants with CL/P and 651 infants with no major external birth defects. Data were collected by trained health workers through face-to-face interviews.


RESULTS
The odds ratio (OR) for CL/P associated with maternal passive smoking was 1.8 (95% confidence interval = 1.1-2.8). After adjustment for maternal occupation, periconceptional flu or fever, and infant sex, the risk was 2.0 (1.2-3.4). The adjusted ORs for exposure levels of 1-6 times per week and more than 6 times per week (at least 1 cigarette each time) were 1.6 (0.9-2.9) and 2.8 (1.5-5.2), respectively.


CONCLUSIONS
Maternal passive smoking during pregnancy was associated with an increased risk for CL/P in offspring.
Li
Zhiwen
Z
Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
Liu
Jianmeng
J
Ye
Rongwei
R
Zhang
Le
L
Zheng
Xiaoying
X
Ren
Aiguo
A
D000328:Adult; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011247:Pregnancy; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult
D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution