title: Gender-specific barriers and facilitators to heart failure self-care: a mixed methods study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although approximately half of adults with heart failure (HF) are women, relatively little is known about gender differences and similarities in HF self-care.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to describe HF self-care in men and women and to identify gender-specific barriers and facilitators influencing HF self-care.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 27 adults (8 women) with chronic HF participated in a cross-sectional, comparative mixed methods study. An analysis of in-depth interviews was used to describe gender-specific barriers and facilitators of self-care. After the interview data were analyzed, the results were confirmed in quantitative data obtained from the same sample and at the same time. Concordance between qualitative and quantitative data was assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no consistent gender-specific differences in self-care practices but there were distinct gender differences in the decisions made in interpreting and responding to symptoms. The men were better than the women at interpreting their symptoms as being related to HF and in initiating treatment. These differences were associated with differences in self-care confidence, social support, and mood.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gender-specific differences in self-care behaviors are minimal. However, gender-specific barriers and facilitators greatly influence the choice of self-care behaviors.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, 420 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6096, United States. briegel@nursing.upenn.edu
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Riegel
authors.forename: Victoria Vaughan
authors.initials: VV
authors.lastname: Dickson
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kuhn
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Page
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Worrall-Carter
mesh_terms: D000339:Affect; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012648:Self Care; D012737:Sex Factors; D012944:Social Support