title: The influence of electrode size on selectivity and comfort in transcutaneous electrical stimulation of the forearm.
abstract: Transcutaneous electrical stimulation (TES) is a technique to artificially activate motor nerves and muscles. It can be used for rehabilitation or the restoration of lost motor functions, e.g., in subjects with brain or spinal cord lesions. Apart from selectively activating motor nerves and muscles, TES activates sensory fibers and pain receptors, producing discomfort and pain. Clinicians try to minimize discomfort by optimizing stimulation parameters, electrode location, and electrode size. There are some studies that found optimal electrode sizes for certain stimulation sites (e.g., gastrocnemius), however the underlying effects why certain electrode sizes are preferred by patients is not well understood. We used a TES model consisting of a finite element (FE) model and a nerve model to assess the influence of different electrode sizes on the selectivity and the perceived comfort for various anatomies. Motor thresholds calculated using the TES model were compared with motor thresholds that were obtained from measurements performed on the forearm of ten human volunteers. Results of the TES model indicate that small electrodes (0.8 x 0.8 cm(2)) are more comfortable for thin fat layers (0.25 cm) and superficial nerves (0.1 cm) and larger electrodes (4.1 x 4.1 cm(2)) are more comfortable for thicker fat layers (2 cm) and deeper nerves (1.1 cm) at a constant recruitment.
authors.affiliation: Automatic Control Laboratory, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kuhn
authors.forename: Thierry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Keller
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lawrence
authors.forename: Manfred
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Morari
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004566:Electrodes; D004594:Electrophysiology; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D005542:Forearm / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008959:Models, Neurological; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000502:physiology; D011999:Recruitment, Neurophysiological; D004561:Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation / Q000295:instrumentation*