title: Intracellular aggregation of human stefin B: confocal and electron microscopy study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Protein aggregation is a major contributor to the pathogenic mechanisms of human neurodegenerative diseases. Mutations in the CSTB (cystatin B) gene [StB (stefin B)] cause EPM1 (progressive myoclonus epilepsy of type 1), an epilepsy syndrome with features of neurodegeneration and increased oxidative stress. Oligomerization and aggregation of StB in mammalian cells have recently been reported. It has also been observed that StB is overexpressed after seizures and in certain neurodegenerative conditions, which could potentially lead to its aggregation. Human StB proved to be a good model system to study amyloid fibril formation in vitro and, as we show here, to study protein aggregation in cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Endogenous human StB formed smaller, occasional cytoplasmic aggregates and chemical inhibition of the UPS (ubiquitin-proteasome system) led to an increase in the amount of the endogenous protein and also increased its aggregation. Further, we characterized both the untagged and T-Sapphire-tagged StB on overexpression in mammalian cells. Compared with wild-type StB, the EPM1 missense mutant (G4R), the aggregate-prone EPM1 mutant (R68X) and the Y31 StB variant (both tagged and untagged) formed larger cytosolic and often perinuclear aggregates accompanied by cytoskeletal reorganization. Non-homogeneous morphology of these large aggregates was revealed using TEM (transmission electron microscopy) with StB detected by immunogold labelling. StB-positive cytoplasmic aggregates were partially co-localized with ubiquitin, proteasome subunits S20 and S26 and components of microfilament and microtubular cytoskeleton using confocal microscopy. StB aggregates also co-localized with LC3 and the protein adaptor p62, markers of autophagy. Flow cytometry showed that protein aggregation was associated with reduced cell viability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have shown that endogenous StB aggregates within cells, and that aggregation is increased upon protein overexpression or proteasome inhibition. From confocal and TEM analyses, we conclude that aggregates of StB show some of the molecular characteristics of aggresomes and may be eliminated from the cell by autophagy. Intracellular StB aggregation shows a negative correlation with cell survival.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Slavko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ceru
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Layfield
authors.forename: Tina
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zavasnik-Bergant
authors.forename: Urska
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Repnik
authors.forename: Natasa
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kopitar-Jerala
authors.forename: Vito
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Turk
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zerovnik
mesh_terms: D001343:Autophagy / Q000502:physiology; D015153:Blotting, Western; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002469:Cell Separation; D002470:Cell Survival; D055313:Cystatin B / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000378:metabolism; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex / Q000378:metabolism; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: C524994:CSTB protein, human; D055313:Cystatin B; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex