title: "The relation of the nurse to the working world": professionalization, citizenship, and class in Germany, Great Britain, and the United States before World War I.
abstract: Campaigns for state nursing registration in the United States and Great Britain have a prominent place in the historical scholarship on nursing professionalization; the closely related German campaign has received less scholarly attention. Applying a transnational perspective to these three national movements highlights the collaborative and interrelated nature of nursing reform prior to World War I and recognizes the important contribution of German nurses to this dialogue and agenda. Focusing particularly on the years 1909-12, this article depicts a generation of German, American, and British nurses who organized national and international nursing associations to realize state registration as a stepping stone to other markers of professional recognition, such as collegiate education, full political citizenship, social welfare, and labor legislation. However, the consequent reliance of these strategies on nation-states as arbiters of citizenship and professional status undermined the shared ideological foundation of international and national nursing leaders. This article contributes to a more multinational understanding of how these international nursing leaders transcended and were confined by the limits of their nation-states in the years leading up to World War I.
authors.affiliation: University of Minnesota, Department of History, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
authors.forename: Aeleah
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Soine
mesh_terms: D005858:Germany; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D007391:International Cooperation / Q000266:history; D024802:Nurse's Role / Q000266:history*; D011057:Politics; D012923:Social Class / Q000266:history; D012938:Social Perception; D012946:Social Welfare / Q000266:history; D012956:Societies, Nursing / Q000266:history; D006113:United Kingdom; D014481:United States; D047828:World War I