title: Community-randomized trial of enhanced DOTS for tuberculosis control in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
abstract: METHODS
  Central Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare the impact of routine DOTS vs. enhanced DOTS (DOTS-Ampliado or DOTS-A) on tuberculosis (TB) incidence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cluster-randomized trial in eight urban neighborhoods pair-matched by TB incidence and randomly assigned to receive either the DOTS-A or DOTS strategy. DOTS-A added intensive screening of household contacts of active TB cases and provision of treatment to secondary cases and preventive therapy to contacts with latent TB infection (LTBI) to the standard DOTS strategy. The primary endpoint was the TB incidence rates in communities after 5 years of intervention.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From November 2000 to December 2004, respectively 339 and 311 pulmonary TB cases were enrolled and 1003 and 960 household were identified in DOTS and DOTS-A communities. Among contacts from DOTS-A communities, 26 (4%) had active TB diagnosed and treated, 429 (61.3%) had LTBI detected and 258 (60.1%) started preventive therapy. TB incidence increased by 5% in DOTS communities and decreased by 10% in DOTS-A communities, for a difference of 15% after 5 years (P = 0.04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DOTS-A was associated with a modest reduction in TB incidence and may be an important strategy for reducing the burden of TB.
authors.affiliation: Municipal Health Secretariat, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. drsocavalcante@yahoo.com.br
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Cavalcante
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Durovni
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Barnes
authors.forename: F B A
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Souza
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: P F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Barroso
authors.forename: C I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Mohan
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Golub
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Chaisson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D016358:Contact Tracing; D023801:Directly Observed Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014505:Urban Population
chemical_list: D000995:Antitubercular Agents