title: Israeli civilians under heavy bombardment: prediction of the severity of post-traumatic symptoms.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The military conflict that occurred between Lebanon and Israel in July and August of 2006 was characterized by the heavy bombardment of specific geographic regions in Israel, resulting in considerable civilian casualties and property damage.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Israeli civilians directly and indirectly exposed to bombardment were compared on exposure to the recent bombardment, trauma history, perceived life threat and peri-traumatic dissociation during the recent bombardment, and current post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom severity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Following the conflict, data were collected by telephone from 317 Israeli residents randomly selected from two towns that were subject to differing levels of exposure to the bombardment.
  
  
  METHODS
  None
  
  
  METHODS
  Exposure to trauma during the Second Lebanon War, prior trauma exposure, PTSD symptom severity, perceived life threat, and peri-traumatic dissociation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The residents directly affected by the bombardment (Kiryat Shmona; KS) endorsed more trauma exposure, (p <0.01); more prior trauma, (p <0.01); more life threat, (p <0.01); and greater PTSD symptomatology (12 % of KY participants and 38% of KS participants had probable PTSD), compared to residents in the comparison town (Kfar Yona; KY). Both groups reported a similar degree of peri-event dissociation (KS: M = 7.2 +/-3.7; KY: M = 7.3 +/-3.0). Perceived life threat mediated the relationship between exposure to bombardment and PTSD symptomatology. Time spent in bomb shelters was not associated with PTSD symptom severity. Prior shelling-related trauma negatively predicted PTSD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The terror of bombardment is a risk factor for PTSD among civilians. Although there is considerable resilience in chronically threatened communities, it is prudent to develop and implement public health approaches to prevent those most distressed during and after attacks from developing PTSD. Because, to a small degree, prior trauma exposure buffers the response to bombardment, interventions should consider leveraging citizens' past successful coping.
authors.affiliation: University of Haifa, School of Social Work, Haifa, Israel. somer@research.haifa.ac.il
authors.forename: Eli
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Somer
authors.forename: Aviva
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zrihan-Weitzman
authors.forename: Tiffany
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fusé
authors.forename: Holly
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Parker
authors.forename: Ben
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dickstein
authors.forename: Shira
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Maguen
authors.forename: Brett T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Litz
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D054042:Bombs; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007557:Israel / Q000453:epidemiology; D007861:Lebanon; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011594:Psychometrics; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014857:Warfare; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology