title: Tail nerve electrical stimulation induces body weight-supported stepping in rats with spinal cord injury.
abstract: Walking or stepping has been considered the result from the activation of the central pattern generator (CPG). In most patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) the CPG is undamaged. To date, there are no noninvasive approaches for activating the CPG. Recently we developed a noninvasive technique, tail nerve electrical stimulation (TANES), which can induce positive hind limb movement of SCI rats. The purpose of this study is to introduce the novel technique and examine the effect of TANES on CPG activation. A 25 mm contusion injury was produced at spinal cord T10 of female, adult Long-Evans rats by using the NYU impactor device. Rats received TANES ( approximately 40 mA at 4 kHz) 7 weeks after injury. During TANES all injured rats demonstrated active body weight-supported stepping of hind limbs with left-right alternation and occasional front-hind coordination, resulting in significant, temporary increase in BBB scores (p<0.01). However, there is no response to TANES from rats with L2 transection, consistent with other reports that the CPG may be located at L1-2. S1 transection negatively implies the key role of TANES in CPG activation. The TANES not only renders paralyzed rats with a technique-induced ability to walk via activating CPG, but also is likely to be used for locomotor training. It has more beneficial effects for physical training over other training paradigms including treadmill training and invasive functional electrical stimulation. Therefore the TANES may have considerable potential for achieving improvement of functional recovery in animal models and a similar method may be suggested for human study.
authors.affiliation: Spinal Cord Society Research Center, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA. szhang@qwestoffice.net
authors.forename: Shu-Xin
authors.initials: SX
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Fengfa
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gates
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Eric G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Holmberg
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D006614:Hindlimb / Q000502:physiology; D007323:Instinct; D008124:Locomotion / Q000502:physiology*; D010525:Peripheral Nerves / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D020318:Rats, Long-Evans; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000473:pathology; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013623:Tail / Q000294:innervation*