title: Sexually transmitted diseases and sexual function.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is a need for state-of-the-art information in the area of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in relation to sexual function. There are an estimated 60 million people living with and 340 million with treatable STIs. Surveys show sexual problems to be as high as 35% for men and 55% for women; however, there is little research directly assessing relationships between infection and sexual function.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To show that STIs are associated with (and may cause) sexual dysfunction. Conversely, sexual dysfunction can increase patients' risk of STI acquisition. In men, erectile dysfunction (ED) associated with condom use may lead to unsafe sexual practices and, hence, STI acquisition. The role of various therapies including phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors in the treatment of ED in positive men taking social drugs will be explored.
  
  
  METHODS
  To provide state-of-the-art knowledge concerning sexual function and STIs, representing the opinions of five experts from four countries developed in a consensus process and encompassing a detailed literature review over a 2-year period.
  
  
  METHODS
  Expert opinion was based on the grading of evidence-based medical literature, widespread internal committee discussion, public presentation, and debate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This article highlights major factors causing the spread of STIs and suggests management interventions to prevent further spread of HIV/STIs, focusing on the juxtaposition between STIs and sexual functioning. Women's unique vulnerabilities to HIV/STIs (biological and physiological issues, gender-based violence, gender inequity) and their impact on women's sexual function are reviewed. Similarly, men's unique vulnerabilities to HIV/STIs including condom use, disclosure, voluntary counseling and testing, multiple concurrent sexual partners, and recreational drug use--particularly in homosexual men--are explored, as is the association of prostatitis and sexual function. Lastly, the article reviews the relationship between circumcision and sexual dysfunction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A multidimensional approach to achieve optimal treatment outcomes should be embraced.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, UMD New Jersey Medical School, Newark and Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ 07103-2714, USA. hossein@ix.netcom.com
authors.forename: Hossein
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sadeghi-Nejad
authors.forename: Marlene
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wasserman
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Weidner
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Goldmeier
mesh_terms: D015526:AIDS Dementia Complex / Q000453:epidemiology; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D004542:Ejaculation; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007006:Hypogonadism / Q000453:epidemiology; D007989:Libido; D008297:Male; D010523:Peripheral Nervous System Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D012735:Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012749:Sexually Transmitted Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology