title: Increased plasma peroxides and serum oxidized low density lipoprotein antibodies in major depression: markers that further explain the higher incidence of neurodegeneration and coronary artery disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Major depression is characterized by a decreased antioxidant status, an induction of the inflammatory and oxidative and nitrosative (IO&NS) pathways and inflammatory-neurodegenerative (I&ND) pathways. This study examines two markers of oxidative stress in depression, i.e. plasma peroxides and serum oxidized LDL (oxLDL) antibodies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood was sampled in 54 patients with major depression (mean+/-SD age=43.5+/-11.6 years) and 37 normal volunteers (43.6+/-11.1 years). The severity of illness was measured by means of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. The Fibromyalgia and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Rating Scale was used to measure severity of "psychosomatic" symptoms in depression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found significantly higher plasma peroxides (p=0.002) and serum oxLDL antibodies (p=0.0002) in depressed patients as compared to normal controls. There was no significant correlation between both markers and both independently from each other predicted major depression. There were significant correlations between the oxLDL antibodies and the scores on two items of the FF scale, i.e. gastro-intestinal symptoms and headache.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results show that major depression is accompanied by increased oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. These results further extend the IO&NS pathophysiology of major depression. Since increased peroxides and oxLDL antibodies are predictors of coronary artery disease (CAD) and neurodegeneration, our findings suggest that IO&NS pathways are involved in the increased incidence of both CAD and neurodegeneration in depression.
authors.affiliation: Maes Clinics, Belgium. crc.mh@telenet.be
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maes
authors.forename: Ivanka
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mihaylova
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kubera
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Uytterhoeven
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Vrydags
authors.forename: Eugene
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bosmans
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood*; D015415:Biomarkers; D015897:Comorbidity; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D015673:Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D006261:Headache / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000502:physiology*; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019636:Neurodegenerative Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology*; D010545:Peroxides / Q000097:blood*; D012016:Reference Values; D013001:Somatoform Disorders / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D015415:Biomarkers; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; D010545:Peroxides; C099252:oxidized low density lipoprotein