title: Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw: tip of the iceberg.
abstract: The World Health Organization predicts that people aged older than 65 years will comprise 20% of the world's population by 2030. One of the most commonly prescribed medications for the elderly are the bisphosphonates, which have been shown to significantly reduce debilitating and fatal fractures by preserving bone density and consequently saving governments billions of dollars annually. Despite rigorous testing, 190 million prescriptions worldwide and US$8000 million in revenue, there is a serious adverse effect called bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw, which is poorly described and difficult to treat. The difficulty is compounded by the inability of medical personnel to recognize and adequately refer these patients or take adequate precautions before instituting bisphosphonate therapy. A myriad of differentials and a lack of consensus on how to definitively treat these patients have made this new presentation a worrying precursor for millions of other consumers who will reach the 5-year oral half life of bisphosphonates, which is when they generally start to present. In this paper, we explore historical parallels and provide the most comprehensive review to date in the literature about the presentation, diagnosis, treatment, pathophysiology, oncogenic associations, and best practice guidelines. Legal action pursuant to bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw is underway on 3 continents, and we believe that every health care professional should become au fait with this condition for which our growing case series represents merely the tip of the iceberg.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, St George Hospital, Sydney, Australia. robert_knight@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Robert John W
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Knight
authors.forename: Chaithan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Reddy
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Rtshiladze
authors.forename: Gregory
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lvoff
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sherring
authors.forename: Damian
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Marucci
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004164:Diphosphonates / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014943:Global Health; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007571:Jaw Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D010020:Osteonecrosis / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents; D004164:Diphosphonates