title: An in silico method for predicting Ames activities of primary aromatic amines by calculating the stabilities of nitrenium ions.
abstract: In this paper, we describe an in silico first principal approach to predict the mutagenic potential of primary aromatic amines. This approach is based on the so-called "nitrenium hypothesis", which was developed by Ford et al. in the early 1990s. This hypothesis asserts that the mutagenic effect for this class of molecules is mediated through the transient formation of a nitrenium ion and that the stability of this cation is correlated with the mutagenic potential. Here we use quantum mechanical calculations at different levels of theory (semiempirical AM1, ab initio HF/3-21G, HF/6-311G(d,p), and DFT/B3LYP/6-311G(d,p)) to compute the stability of nitrenium ions. When applied to a test set of 257 primary aromatic amines, we show that this method can correctly differentiate between Ames active and inactive compounds, and furthermore that it is able to rationalize and predict SAR trends within structurally related chemical series. For this test set, the AM1 nitrenium stability calculations are found to provide a good balance between speed and accuracy, resulting in an overall accuracy of 85%, and sensitivity and specificity of 91% and 72%, respectively. The nitrenium-based predictions are also compared to the commercial software packages DEREK, MULTICASE, and the MOE-Toxicophore descriptor. One advantage of the approach presented here is that the calculation of relative stabilities results in a continuous spectrum of activities and not a simple yes/no answer. This allows us to observe and rationalize subtle trends due to the different electrostatic properties of the organic molecules. Our results strongly indicate that nitrenium ion stability calculations should be used as a complementary approach to assist the medicinal chemist in prioritizing and selecting nonmutagenic primary aromatic amines during preclinical drug discovery programs.
authors.affiliation: Structural Research Group, Medicinal Chemistry Department, and Toxicology Department, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877, USA. joerg.bentzien@boehringer-ingelheim.com
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bentzien
authors.forename: Eugene R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Hickey
authors.forename: Raymond A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Kemper
authors.forename: Mark L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Brewer
authors.forename: Jane D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Dyekjaer
authors.forename: Stephen P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: East
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Whittaker
mesh_terms: D000588:Amines / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity*; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D019295:Computational Biology; D016208:Databases, Factual; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008968:Molecular Conformation; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D012984:Software; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D013816:Thermodynamics
chemical_list: D000588:Amines