title: Initial experience in using continuous arterial spin-labeled MR imaging for early detection of Alzheimer disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  MR imaging of the brain has significant potential in the early detection of neurodegenerative disorders such as AD. The purpose of this work was to determine if perfusion MR imaging can be used to separate AD from normal cognition in individual subjects. We investigated the diagnostic utility of perfusion MR imaging for early detection of AD compared with structural imaging.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were analyzed from 32 participants in the institutional review board-approved CHS-CS: 19 cognitively healthy individuals and 13 with clinically adjudicated AD. All subjects underwent structural T1-weighted SGPR and CASL MR imaging. Four readers with varying experience separately rated each CASL and SPGR scan finding as normal or abnormal on the basis of standardized qualitative diagnostic criteria for observed perfusion abnormalities on CASL or volume loss on SPGR and rated the confidence in their evaluation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Inter-rater reliability was superior in CASL (kappa = 0.7 in experienced readers) compared with SPGR (kappa = 0.17). CASL MR imaging had the highest sensitivity (85%) and accuracy (70%). Frontal lobe CASL findings increased sensitivity to 88% and accuracy to 79%. Fifty-seven percent of false-positive readings with CASL were in controls with cognitive decline or instability within 5 years. Three of the 4 readers revealed a statistically significant relationship between confidence and correct classification when using CASL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Readers were able to separate individuals with mild AD from those with normal cognition with high sensitivity by using CASL but not volumetric MR imaging. This initial experience suggests that CASL MR imaging may be a useful technique for detecting AD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213-2582, USA. cyrusraji@gmail.com
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Raji
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: O L
authors.initials: OL
authors.lastname: Lopez
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tsay
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Boardman
authors.forename: E D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: W S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Bartynski
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Hefzy
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Gach
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Becker
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000473:pathology*; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D002536:Cerebral Arteries / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013113:Spin Labels
chemical_list: D013113:Spin Labels