title: Effect of TiF4, ZrF4, HfF4 and AmF on erosion and erosion/abrasion of enamel and dentin in situ.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This in situ study aimed to analyse the impact of different tetrafluorides (TiF(4), ZrF(4) and HfF(4)) and AmF on erosion and erosion plus abrasion of enamel and dentin.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten volunteers took part in this crossover and double-blind study performed in 8 phases of each 3 days. In each phase, 2 bovine enamel and 2 dentin specimens were fixed in intraoral appliances. One enamel and one dentin sample were pretreated once with TiF(4), ZrF(4), HfF(4) or AmF (all 0.5M F) for 60s, while the other samples remained unfluoridated and served as control. Then, all samples were subjected to either erosion only (4 times/day, 90 s) or to erosion and abrasion (2 times/day, 30 s/sample). Toothbrushing abrasion was performed 90 min after the first and last erosion with an electrical toothbrush and fluoridated toothpaste at 1.2N. After 3 days, enamel and dentin loss was assessed by profilometry (microm) and analysed by repeated measures ANOVA and paired t-test (p<0.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  All fluoride solutions reduced enamel and dentin loss significantly compared to the controls. Generally, eroded samples showed less wear than eroded and abraded samples. The protective potential of the fluorides was not significantly different and was only slightly, but mostly not significantly, decreased by abrasion. The protective effect of the fluoride solutions was similar in enamel and dentin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tetrafluorides and AmF are able to reduce erosion and erosion plus abrasion in situ and are almost equally effective.
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and Cariology, University of Zurich, Plattenstrasse 11, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland. annette.wiegand@zzmk.uzh.ch
authors.forename: Annette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wiegand
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hiestand
authors.forename: Beatrice
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sener
authors.forename: Ana Carolina
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Magalhães
authors.forename: Malgorzata
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Roos
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Attin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D002253:Carbonated Beverages / Q000009:adverse effects; D002327:Cariostatic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002417:Cattle; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D044622:Dental Pellicle / Q000502:physiology; D003804:Dentin / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005459:Fluorides / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005460:Fluorides, Topical / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006195:Hafnium / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013997:Time Factors; D014025:Titanium / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014072:Tooth Abrasion / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014077:Tooth Erosion / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014099:Toothbrushing / Q000295:instrumentation; D014100:Toothpastes / Q000008:administration & dosage; D055815:Young Adult; D015040:Zirconium / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D002327:Cariostatic Agents; D005460:Fluorides, Topical; D014100:Toothpastes; C094808:amine fluoride solution; D015040:Zirconium; D014025:Titanium; D005459:Fluorides; C032240:titanium tetrafluoride; D006195:Hafnium