title: Rhinosinusitis in the intensive care unit patients: a review of the possible underlying mechanisms and proposals for the investigation of their potential role in functional treatment interventions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Nosocomial rhinosinusitis (NS) is diagnosed in 2% to 26% of intubated patients and is associated with ventilator-associated pneumonia, septicemia, and fever of unknown etiology. The purpose of this study was to review the underlying pathogenetic mechanisms and the treatment options that derive from them.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The pathogenesis of NS seems to be mainly a combination of the failure of the local defenses and self-clearance mechanisms and the development of topical factors, which favor the colonization of the nasal and antral cavities with pathogens. The systemic administration of antibiotics, which are the current treatment of NS, have a limited, if any, effect on any of the above pathophysiologic mechanisms. However, the review of the literature demonstrates that the research on functionally orientated treatment options has been limited to the effect of orotracheal vs nasotracheal intubation. There are no clinical trials investigating the effect, which combinations of pathophysiology-based measures may have on the prevalence and treatment of NS and ventilator-associated pneumonia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An update of the pathogenetic mechanisms demonstrates that the prevention and treatment of nosocomial rhinosinusitis may expand well beyond the systemic administration of antibiotics.
authors.affiliation: ENT Department University Hospital of Alexadroupolis, 68100 Dragana, Alexandroupolis, Greece. mariariga@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Riga
authors.forename: Vasilios
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Danielidis
authors.forename: Ioannis
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Pneumatikos
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000009:adverse effects; D053717:Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated; D012220:Rhinitis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D012852:Sinusitis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D014774:Virulence
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents