title: Prospective randomized evaluation of short-term complications when using buffered or unbuffered lidocaine 1% with epinephrine for blepharoplasty surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether there is a difference in the incidence of short-term complications using plain lidocaine with epinephrine versus the buffered equivalent in eyelid surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors performed a prospective, double-masked, randomized study in patients scheduled for combined upper eyelid blepharoplasty and levator advancement ptosis repair surgery with local anesthesia. Exclusion criteria included: documented allergies to lidocaine and/or epinephrine; known pregnancy; profound cognitive impairment; inability to understand the visual analog scale or the informed consent; and previous eyelid surgery. Each subject was his/her own control by using the unbuffered local anesthetic in one eye, while the buffered solution was used in the other eye. The surgeon completed a specific standardized data collection form for quantifying both intraoperative and postoperative complications, such as bleeding, bruising, and edema. Data regarding pain on injection and postoperative pain were collected from patients using a visual analog pain scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-nine patients were included in this study, of which 18 experienced less pain during the injection on the side where buffered lidocaine was used, 11 reported no difference, and 10 reported less pain in the eye injected with unbuffered lidocaine. Injection pain revealed a mean operative pain rating of 4.01 +/- 2.45 in the eye with buffered lidocaine versus 4.49 +/- 2.58 in the control (p = 0.06). There were no significant differences between the buffered and unbuffered lidocaine eyes as regards postoperative bleeding, swelling, or pain, and there was a trend toward less pain on injection with the buffered solution.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There were no significant differences in postoperative pain, swelling, or bleeding with the use of plain versus buffered lidocaine in eyelid surgery. There was a trend for the buffered anesthetic to cause less pain on injection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA. gbacon@llu.edu
authors.forename: Julio
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Narváez
authors.forename: Izak
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Wessels
authors.forename: Gregory
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bacon
authors.forename: Vernon R
authors.initials: VR
authors.lastname: Chin
authors.forename: Waheed K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Baqai
authors.forename: Grenith J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Zimmerman
mesh_terms: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019882:Blepharoplasty; D002021:Buffers; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007431:Intraoperative Complications; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000209:etiology; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D011446:Prospective Studies; D017693:Sodium Bicarbonate / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D002021:Buffers; D004338:Drug Combinations; D017693:Sodium Bicarbonate; D008012:Lidocaine; D004837:Epinephrine