title: Differential micronuclei induction in human lymphocyte cultures by imidacloprid in the presence of potassium nitrate.
abstract: Humans are exposed to pesticides as a consequence of their application in farming or their persistence in a variety of media, including food, water, air, soil, plants, animals, and smoke. The interaction of pesticides with environmental factors may result in the alteration of their physicochemical properties. Square wave cathodic stripping voltammetry (SW-CSV), a technique that simulates electrodynamically the cellular membrane, is used to investigate whether the presence of potassium nitrate (KNO(3)) in the culture medium interferes with the genotoxic behavior of imidacloprid. The cytokinesis block micronuclei (CBMN) method is used to evaluate imidacloprid's genotoxicity in the absence or presence of KNO(3) in the culture medium and, as a consequence, its adsorption by lymphocytes. Comparing micronuclei (MN) frequencies in control and imidacloprid-treated blood cell cultures, statistically significant differences were not detected. KNO(3) did not induce MN frequencies compared to control. Statistically significant differences in MN frequencies were observed when blood cell cultures were treated with imidacloprid in the presence of increasing concentrations of KNO(3). SW-CSV revealed that by increasing KNO(3) molarity, imidacloprid's concentration in the culture medium decreased in parallel. This finding indicates that imidacloprid is adsorbed by cellular membranes. The present study suggests a novel role of a harmless environmental factor, such as KNO(3), on the genotoxic behavior of a pesticide, such as imidacloprid. KNO(3) rendered imidacloprid permeable to lymphocytes, resulting in elevated MN frequencies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Natural Resources Management, University of Ioannina, Agrinio, Greece. stivasp@yahoo.gr
authors.forename: Polychronis
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stivaktakis
authors.forename: Dimitris
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vlastos
authors.forename: Evangelos
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Giannakopoulos
authors.forename: Demetrious P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Matthopoulos
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D055664:Electrochemical Techniques / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D048629:Micronuclei, Chromosome-Defective / Q000187:drug effects; D015162:Micronucleus Tests; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009566:Nitrates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009574:Nitro Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017680:Potassium Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D007093:Imidazoles; D007306:Insecticides; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009566:Nitrates; D009574:Nitro Compounds; D017680:Potassium Compounds; C082359:imidacloprid; C023844:potassium nitrate