title: Botulinum toxin A as an adjunct to treatment in the management of the upper limb in children with spastic cerebral palsy (UPDATE).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cerebral palsy (CP) is "a group of permanent disorders of the development of movement and posture causing activity limitation(s) that are attributed to non-progressive disturbance that occurred in the developing fetal or infant brain" (Rosenbaum 2007, p.9). The spastic motor type is the most common form of CP. Therapeutic management may include splinting/casting, passive stretching, facilitation of posture/movement, spasticity-reducing medication and surgery. Botulinum toxin-A (BoNT-A) is now used as an adjunct to these techniques in an attempt to reduce spasticity, improve range of movement and function.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effectiveness of injections of BoNT-A or BoNT-A and occupational therapy in the treatment of the upper limb in children with CP.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register/CENTRAL (The Cochrane Library, Issue 3, 2008), MEDLINE (1966 to August Week 1 2008), EMBASE (1980 to 2008 Week 28) and CINAHL (1982 to August Week 1 2008).
  
  
  METHODS
  All randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing BoNT-A injection or BoNT-A injection and occupational therapy in the upper limb(s) with other types of treatment (including no treatment or placebo) in children with CP.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two authors using standardised forms extracted the data independently. Each trial was assessed for internal validity and rated for quality using the PEDro scale. Data were extracted and entered into RevMan 5.0.15.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten trials met the inclusion criteria. PEDro quality ratings ranged from 6/10 to 10/10. Concentration of BoNT-A ranged from 50U/1.0ml to 200U/1.0ml saline with doses of 0.5U to 16U/kg body weight and total doses of 220 to 410 Units (Botox(R)).A combination of BoNT-A and occupational therapy is more effective than occupational therapy alone in reducing impairment, improving activity level outcomes and goal achievement, but not for improving quality of life or perceived self-competence. When compared with placebo or no treatment, there is moderate evidence that BoNT-A alone is not effective.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This systematic review found high level evidence supporting the use of BoNT-A as an adjunct to managing the upper limb in children with spastic CP. BoNT-A should not be used in isolation but should be accompanied by planned occupational therapy.Further research is essential to identify children most likely to respond to BoNT-A injections, monitor longitudinal outcomes, determine timing and effect of repeated injections and the most effective dosage, dilution and volume schedules. The most effective adjunct therapies including frequency and intensity of delivery also requires investigation.
authors.affiliation: School of Occupational Therapy, La Trobe University, Victorian Paediatric Rehabilitation Service, Monash Medical Centre, 246 Clayton Road, Clayton, Victoria, Australia, 3086.
authors.forename: Brian J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Hoare
authors.forename: Margaret A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Wallen
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Imms
authors.forename: Elmer
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Villanueva
authors.forename: Hyam Barry
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Rawicki
authors.forename: Leeanne
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Carey
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001132:Arm; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000188:drug therapy*; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D009128:Muscle Spasticity / Q000188:drug therapy; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
chemical_list: D009465:Neuromuscular Agents; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A