title: Nurse-controlled analgesia (NCA) following major surgery in 10,000 patients in a children's hospital.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Patients who received NCA with morphine following major surgery between 1996 and 2008 at Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK, were prospectively studied in the postoperative period to determine effectiveness, morphine requirements, incidence of common side effects, and serious adverse events.
  
  
  METHODS
  The morphine NCA regimen and monitoring was according to standard hospital protocols. Data were collected prospectively and subsequently entered by trained personnel into a secure database. Patient demographics, effectiveness and satisfaction rates, morphine requirements, side effects, and serious complications were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  10,079 patients were included. The average age was 4 years old (range 1 day to 20.5 years, median 2.3 years). There were 510 neonates. The average NCA duration was 43.7 h. 1.8% of morphine NCAs were replaced by other methods because analgesia was unsatisfactory. Satisfaction ratings were 'good' or 'very good' for 98% of the remainder. Average daily morphine requirement (mcg x kg(-1) x h(-1)) was related to age, surgical category, and postoperative time. Side effects included PONV (25%), itching (9.4%), depression of respiration, and sedation (4.5%); incidences varied with age, morphine dose, and type of surgery. Serious, potentially life-threatening adverse effects (SAE) were 0.4%. There were no deaths. SAE were significantly greater in neonates (2.5%), relative risk 9.4, P < 0.001. Morphine dose in neonates who experienced SAE was not significantly different from other neonates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NCA with morphine is an acceptable, safe, and effective method of postoperative analgesia for a wide range of ages and types of surgery in our practice. Morphine requirements increase with age, but there was also considerable inter-individual variation within age groups. PONV, itching, sedation, and respiratory depression are expected side effects. SAE are uncommon but the incidence is greatest in neonates.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK. R.Howard@ich.ucl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Richard F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lloyd-Thomas
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: D Glyn
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Saul
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bruce
authors.forename: Judy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Peters
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000698:Analgesia / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002983:Clinical Competence; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006776:Hospitals, Pediatric; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D009726:Nurses; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D020250:Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting / Q000453:epidemiology; D011537:Pruritus / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D012131:Respiratory Insufficiency / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid