title: Bone morphogenetic proteins in open fractures: past, present, and future.
abstract: The management of open fractures continues to be complicated by high rates of treatment failure and significant patient disability and dissatisfaction. The use of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) in the treatment of open fractures has been assessed by a number of different clinical trials, both in the acute management of open fractures and in the delayed reconstruction of bone defects secondary to open fracture. This review describes the scientific basis for the use of BMPs in open fractures, reviews the current evidence for their use in open fractures, provides grades of recommendation for the different uses of BMPs in open fractures, and identifies important areas for additional research.
authors.affiliation: Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, St. Michael's Hospital, Suite 800, 55 Queen Street East, Toronto, Ontario, M5C 1R6, Canada.
authors.forename: Aaron
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nauth
authors.forename: Jukka
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ristiniemi
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: McKee
authors.forename: Emil H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Schemitsch
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D055419:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7 / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001861:Bone Regeneration / Q000187:drug effects; D016025:Bone Transplantation; D005593:Fracture Fixation, Internal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D017102:Fracture Healing / Q000187:drug effects*; D005597:Fractures, Open / Q000150:complications / Q000191:economics / Q000628:therapy*; D005599:Fractures, Ununited / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012086:Reoperation; D013978:Tibial Fractures / Q000150:complications / Q000191:economics / Q000628:therapy*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017211:Treatment Failure
chemical_list: C525819:BMP7 protein, human; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D055419:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; C499469:recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2