title: Lymph heart musculature is under distinct developmental control from lymphatic endothelium.
abstract: Lymph hearts are pulsatile organs, present in lower vertebrates, that function to propel lymph into the venous system. Although they are absent in mammals, the initial veno-lymphatic plexus that forms during mammalian jugular lymph sac development has been described as the vestigial homologue of the nascent stage of ancestral anterior lymph hearts. Despite the widespread presence of lymph hearts among vertebrate species and their unique function, extremely little is known about lymph heart development. We show that Xenopus anterior lymph heart muscle expresses skeletal muscle markers such as myoD and 12/101, rather than cardiac markers. The onset of lymph heart myoblast induction can be visualized by engrailed-1 (en1) staining in anterior trunk somites, which is dependent on Hedgehog (Hh) signaling. In the absence of Hh signaling and upon en1 knockdown, lymph heart muscle fails to develop, despite the normal development of the lymphatic endothelium of the lymph heart, and embryos develop edema. These results suggest a mechanism for the evolutionary transition from anterior lymph hearts to jugular lymph sacs in mammals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Division of Genetics, Genomics, and Development, Center for Integrative Genomics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3204, USA.
authors.forename: Sara M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Peyrot
authors.forename: Benjamin L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Richard M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Harland
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000378:metabolism; D004729:Endothelium, Lymphatic / Q000166:cytology / Q000196:embryology*; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D053823:Hedgehog Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008208:Lymphatic System / Q000196:embryology* / Q000378:metabolism; D009206:Myocardium / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D029867:Xenopus Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014982:Xenopus laevis
chemical_list: C081542:En1 protein, Xenopus; D053823:Hedgehog Proteins; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D029867:Xenopus Proteins