title: Objectifying user critique. A means of continuous quality assurance for physician discharge letter composition.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study is to objectify user critique rendering it usable for quality assurance. Based on formative and summative evaluation results we strive to promote software improvements; in our case, the physician discharge letter composition process at the Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Germany.
  
  
  METHODS
  We developed a novel six-step approach to objectify user critique: 1) acquisition of user critique using subjectivist methods, 2) creation of a workflow model, 3) definition of hypothesis and indicators, 4) measuring of indicators, 5) analyzing results, 6) optimization of the system regarding both subjectivist and objectivist evaluation results. In particular, we derived indicators and workflows directly from user critique/narratives. The identified indicators were mapped onto workflow activities, creating a link between user critique and the evaluated system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Users criticized a new discharge letter system as "too slow" and "too labor-intensive" in comparison with the previously used system. In a stepwise approach we collected subjective user critique, derived a comprehensive process model including deviations and deduced a set of five indicators for objectivist evaluation: processing time, system-related waiting time, number of mouse clicks, number of keyboard inputs, and throughput time. About 3500 measurements have been performed to compare the workflow-steps of both systems, regarding 20 discharge letters. Although the difference of the mean total processing time between both systems was statistically insignificant (2011.7 s vs. 1971.5 s; p = 0.457), we detected a significant difference in waiting times (101.8 s vs. 37.2 s; p <0.001) and number of user interactions (77 vs. 69; p <0.001) in favor of the old system, thus objectifying user critique.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our six-step approach enables objectification of user critique, resulting in objective values for continuous quality assurance. To our knowledge no previous study in medical informatics mapped user critique onto workflow steps. Subjectivist analysis prompted us to use the indicator system-related waiting time for the objectivist study, which was rarely done before. We consider combining subjectivist and objectivist methods as a key point of our approach. Future work will concentrate on automated measurement of indicators.
authors.affiliation: University Hospital Erlangen, Medical Center for Information and Communication Technology, Krankenhausstr. 12, 91054 Erlangen, Germany. martin.oschem@uk-erlangen.de
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oschem
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mahler
authors.forename: H U
authors.initials: HU
authors.lastname: Prokosch
mesh_terms: D017598:Efficiency, Organizational; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005858:Germany; D006751:Hospital Information Systems; D006801:Humans; D010351:Patient Discharge / Q000592:standards*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012984:Software; D017749:Total Quality Management; D014584:User-Computer Interface