title: Implementation of E.U. Water Framework Directive: source assessment of metallic substances at catchment levels.
abstract: The E.U. Water Framework Directive (WFD) aims to prevent deterioration of water quality and to phase out or reduce the concentrations of priority substances at catchment levels. It requires changes in water management from a local scale to a river basin scale, and establishes Environmental Quality Standards (EQS) as a guideline for the chemical status of receiving waters. According to the Directive, the standard and the scope of the investigation for water management are more stringent and expanded than in the past, and this change also needs to be applied to restoring the level of metals in water bodies. The aim of this study was to identify anthropogenic emission sources of metallic substances at catchment levels. Potential sources providing substantial amounts of such substances in receiving waters included stormwater, industrial effluents, treated effluents, agricultural drainage, sediments, mining drainage and landfill leachates. Metallic substances have more emission sources than other dangerous substances at catchment levels. Therefore, source assessment for these substances is required to be considered more significantly to restore their chemical status in the context of the WFD. To improve source assessment quality, research on the role of societal and environmental parameters and contribution of each source to the chemical distribution in receiving waters need to be carried out.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
authors.forename: Ho-Sik
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Chon
authors.forename: Dieudonne-Guy
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Ohandja
authors.forename: Nikolaos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Voulvoulis
mesh_terms: D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D005062:European Union; D007220:Industrial Waste / Q000032:analysis; D008670:Metals / Q000032:analysis*; D008906:Mining; D011786:Quality Control; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D014881:Water Supply / Q000032:analysis* / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000592:standards*
chemical_list: D007220:Industrial Waste; D008670:Metals; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical