title: What causes autism? Exploring the environmental contribution.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Autism is a biologically based disorder of brain development. Genetic factors--mutations, deletions, and copy number variants--are clearly implicated in causation of autism. However, they account for only a small fraction of cases, and do not easily explain key clinical and epidemiological features. This suggests that early environmental exposures also contribute. This review explores this hypothesis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Indirect evidence for an environmental contribution to autism comes from studies demonstrating the sensitivity of the developing brain to external exposures such as lead, ethyl alcohol and methyl mercury. But the most powerful proof-of-concept evidence derives from studies specifically linking autism to exposures in early pregnancy - thalidomide, misoprostol, and valproic acid; maternal rubella infection; and the organophosphate insecticide, chlorpyrifos. There is no credible evidence that vaccines cause autism.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Expanded research is needed into environmental causation of autism. Children today are surrounded by thousands of synthetic chemicals. Two hundred of them are neurotoxic in adult humans, and 1000 more in laboratory models. Yet fewer than 20% of high-volume chemicals have been tested for neurodevelopmental toxicity. I propose a targeted discovery strategy focused on suspect chemicals, which combines expanded toxicological screening, neurobiological research and prospective epidemiological studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community and Preventive Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Environmental Health Center, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, USA. phil.landrigan@mssm.edu
authors.forename: Philip J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Landrigan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001321:Autistic Disorder / Q000209:etiology*; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects