title: Retinal cell responses to elevated intraocular pressure: a gene array comparison between the whole retina and retinal ganglion cell layer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine and compare gene expression patterns in the whole retina and retinal ganglion cell layer (RGCL) in a rodent glaucoma model.
  
  
  METHODS
  IOP was unilaterally elevated in Brown Norway rats (N = 26) by injection of hypertonic saline and monitored for 5 weeks. A cDNA microarray was used on whole retinas from one group of eyes with extensive optic nerve injury and on RGCL isolated by laser capture microdissection (LCM) from another group with comparable injury, to determine the significantly up- or downregulated genes and gene categories in both groups. Expression changes of selected genes were examined by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qPCR) to verify microarray results.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Microarray analysis of the whole retina identified 632 genes with significantly changed expression (335 up, 297 down), associated with 9 upregulated and 3 downregulated biological processes. In contrast, the RGCL microarray yielded 3726 genes with significantly changed expression (2003 up, 1723 down), including 60% of those found in whole retina. Thirteen distinct upregulated biological processes were identified in the RGCL, dominated by protein synthesis. Among 11 downregulated processes, axon extension and dendrite morphogenesis and generation of precursor metabolism and energy were uniquely identified in the RGCL. qPCR confirmed significant changes in 6 selected messages in whole retina and 11 in RGCL. Increased Atf3, the most upregulated gene in the RGCL, was confirmed by immunohistochemistry of RGCs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Isolation of RGCL by LCM allows a more refined detection of gene response to elevated pressure and improves the potential of determining cellular mechanisms in RGCs and their supporting cells that could be targets for enhancing RGC survival.
authors.affiliation: Kenneth C Swan Ocular Neurobiology Laboratory, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: William O
authors.initials: WO
authors.lastname: Cepurna
authors.forename: Jennifer A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Dyck
authors.forename: Tom A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Doser
authors.forename: Elaine C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Morrison
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005136:Eye Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000502:physiology*; D005901:Glaucoma / Q000235:genetics*; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D007429:Intraocular Pressure; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D011914:Rats, Inbred BN; D012160:Retina / Q000378:metabolism*; D012165:Retinal Ganglion Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D005136:Eye Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger