title: Advanced trauma life support training for ambulance crews.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is an increasing global burden of injury especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). To address this, models of trauma care initially developed in high income countries are being adopted in LMIC settings. In particular, ambulance crews with advanced life support (ALS) training are being promoted in LMICs as a strategy for improving outcomes for victims of trauma. However, there is controversy as to the effectiveness of this health service intervention and the evidence has yet to be rigorously appraised.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To quantify the impact of ALS-trained ambulance crews versus crews without ALS training on reducing mortality and morbidity in trauma patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Searches were not restricted by date, language or publication status. We searched the Cochrane Injuries Group Specialised Register, CENTRAL (The Cochrane Library 2009, Issue 3), MEDLINE (Ovid SP), EMBASE (Ovid SP), CINAHL (EBSCO) and PubMed in all years up to July 2009. We also searched the reference lists of relevant studies and reviews in order to identify unpublished material.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised controlled trials, quasi-randomised controlled trials and non-randomised studies, including before-and-after studies and interrupted time series studies, comparing the impact of ALS-trained ambulance crews versus crews without ALS training on the reduction of mortality and morbidity in trauma patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  One review author applied eligibility criteria to trial reports for inclusion and extracted data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found one controlled before-and-after trial, one uncontrolled before-and-after study, and one randomised controlled trial that met the inclusion criteria. None demonstrated evidence to support ALS training for pre-hospital personnel. In the uncontrolled before-and-after study, 'a priori' sub-group analysis showed an increase in mortality among patients who had a Glasgow Coma Scale score of less than nine and received care from ALS trained ambulance crews. Additionally, when the pre-hospital trauma score was taken into account in logistic regression analysis, mortality in the patients receiving care from ALS trained crews increased significantly.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At this time, the evidence indicates that there is no benefit of advanced life support training for ambulance crews.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, S-321, 513 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA, USA, 94143.
authors.forename: Sudha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jayaraman
authors.forename: Dinesh
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sethi
mesh_terms: D000552:Ambulances; D018849:Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic; D004634:Emergency Medical Technicians / Q000193:education*; D006801:Humans; D008020:Life Support Care; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D014194:Traumatology / Q000193:education*