title: The content of elements in rainwater and its relation to the frequency of hospitalization for atrial fibrillation in Opole Voivodship, Poland, during 2000-2002.
abstract: The elemental composition of rainwater is a suitable indirect indicator of the presence of chemical elements in airborne dust. As such, rainwater is considered a suitable monitor for environmental or natural pollution. The yearly content of chemical elements in rainwater may be considered a good indicator for determining the influence of these environmental factors on human body. We decided to investigate the relationship between chemical elements in rainwater and the frequency of hospitalizations for atrial fibrillation (I48, ICD10) on the population of the region of Opole Voivodship, Poland during the years 2000-2002. The voivodship or province has a population of one million and is divided into 12 counties that have between 44,000 and 151,000 inhabitants. We calculated the yearly average number of hospitalizations by reasons of atrial fibrillation per 10,000 inhabitants in particular counties. The average content of the chosen chemical elements in kilograms per hectare per year was calculated for each county individually and the data evaluated by means of Spearman's correlation coefficient. There is a high positive correlation between chromium in rainwater and hospital admissions for atrial fibrillation (r = 0.62) and mild positive correlation with cadmium (r = 0.57), lead (r = 0.57), zinc (r = 0.50), and chloride (r = 0.48). There are no significant differences between male and female patients. The biological activities of these elements, which may include enhanced adrenergic stimulation, remodeling of calcium or other ion channels, or the cytotoxic effects of hexavalent chromium may explain the positive correlations here reported.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Diseases, Voivodship Hospital, Opole, Poland. slawomir.tubek@hipokrates.org
authors.forename: Slawomir
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tubek
authors.forename: Andrzej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bunio
authors.forename: Renata
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Szyguła
authors.forename: Grzegorz
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Krasowski
mesh_terms: D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D011044:Poland / Q000453:epidemiology; D011891:Rain / Q000737:chemistry*