title: Effect of cross-linking reagents for hyaluronic acid hydrogel dermal fillers on tissue augmentation and regeneration.
abstract: A novel, biocompatible, and nontoxic dermal filler using hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogels was successfully developed for tissue augmentation applications. Instead of using highly reactive cross-linkers such as divinyl sulfone (DVS) for Hylaform, 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether (BDDE) for Restylane, and 1,2,7,8-diepoxyoctane (DEO) for Puragen, HA hydrogels were prepared by direct amide bond formation between the carboxyl groups of HA and hexamethylenediamine (HMDA) with an optimized carboxyl group modification for effective tissue augmentation. The HA-HMDA hydrogels could be prepared within 5 min by the addition of HMDA to HA solution activated with 1-ethyl-3-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]carbodiimide (EDC) and 1-hydroxybenzotriazole monohydrate (HOBt). Five kinds of samples, a normal control, a negative control, a positive control of Restylane, adipic acid dihydrazide grafted HA (HA-ADH) hydrogels, and HA-HMDA hydrogels, were subcutaneously injected to wrinkled model mice. According to the image analysis on dorsal skin augmentation, the HA-HMDA hydrogels exhibited the best tissue augmentation effect being stable longer than 3 months. Furthermore, histological analyses after hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) and Masson's trichrome staining revealed the excellent biocompatibility and safety of HA-HMDA hydrogels. The dermal thickness and the dermal collagen density in wrinkled mice after treatment with HA-HMDA hydrogels for 12 weeks were comparable to those of normal mice. Compared with HA-DVS hydrogels and Restylane, the excellent tissue augmentation by HA-HMDA hydrogels might be ascribed to the biocompatible residues of amine groups in the cross-linker of HMDA. The HA-HMDA hydrogels will be investigated further as a novel dermal filler for clinical applications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, San 31, Hyoja-dong, Nam-gu, Pohang, Kyungbuk 790-784, Korea.
authors.forename: Junseok
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yeom
authors.forename: Suk Ho
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Bhang
authors.forename: Byung-Soo
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Moo Seok
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Seo
authors.forename: Eui Jin
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.forename: Il Hwan
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Jung Kyu
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Sei Kwang
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Hahn
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D003094:Collagen / Q000378:metabolism; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents / Q000737:chemistry*; D020405:Dermis / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D003959:Diamines / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D048091:Guided Tissue Regeneration / Q000379:methods*; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D020100:Hydrogels / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D015595:Skin Aging / Q000473:pathology; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents; D003959:Diamines; D020100:Hydrogels; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid; D003094:Collagen; C007297:1,6-diaminohexane