title: Adrenal venous sampling for catecholamines: a normal value study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pheochromocytomas are rare, but potentially fatal, neoplasms. The diagnosis and localization of pheochromocytoma can be challenging, and recently there has been some debate regarding the role for adrenal venous sampling (AVS). The utility of AVS in this setting is hampered by a lack of normative value data for adrenal vein catecholamine concentrations and the reliability of lateralization ratios. We sought to address these concerns by analyzing AVS catecholamine concentrations from patients who did not have pheochromocytoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen patients underwent successful AVS for evaluation of cortisol-producing adrenal masses. All had normal 24-h urinary excretion of fractionated catecholamines and metanephrines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a wide range of catecholamine concentrations in both the right (epinephrine 389-118326 pg/ml; norepinephrine 156-11193 pg/ml) and left (epinephrine 113-9327 pg/ml; norepinephrine 229-2216 pg/ml) adrenal veins. The right adrenal vein-to-left adrenal vein epinephrine gradient was as high as 83:1 (median 2.1:1; P < 0.02). Although less striking, similar findings were also seen for norepinephrine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This report provides a reference range for adrenal vein catecholamine concentrations in nonpheochromocytoma patients and illustrates the wide variation in epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations. Epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations are statistically significantly higher in the right vs. the left adrenal vein; in the case of epinephrine, up to an 83-fold difference was found between the right and left adrenal veins. These data highlight why AVS should not be used in the investigation of adrenal pheochromocytoma.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, Nutrition, and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic Rochester, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
authors.forename: E Marie
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Freel
authors.forename: Anthony W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Stanson
authors.forename: Geoffrey B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: Clive S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Farley
authors.forename: Melanie L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Richards
authors.forename: William F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Young
mesh_terms: D000311:Adrenal Glands / Q000098:blood supply*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001800:Blood Specimen Collection / Q000379:methods*; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000097:blood*; D012016:Reference Values
chemical_list: D009638:Norepinephrine; D004837:Epinephrine