title: Proteolysis of mutant huntingtin produces an exon 1 fragment that accumulates as an aggregated protein in neuronal nuclei in Huntington disease.
abstract: Huntingtin proteolysis has been implicated in the molecular pathogenesis of Huntington disease (HD). Despite an intense effort, the identity of the pathogenic smallest N-terminal fragment has not been determined. Using a panel of anti-huntingtin antibodies, we employed an unbiased approach to generate proteolytic cleavage maps of mutant and wild-type huntingtin in the HdhQ150 knock-in mouse model of HD. We identified 14 prominent N-terminal fragments, which, in addition to the full-length protein, can be readily detected in cytoplasmic but not nuclear fractions. These fragments were detected at all ages and are not a consequence of the pathogenic process. We demonstrated that the smallest fragment is an exon 1 huntingtin protein, known to contain a potent nuclear export signal. Prior to the onset of behavioral phenotypes, the exon 1 protein, and possibly other small fragments, accumulate in neuronal nuclei in the form of a detergent insoluble complex, visualized as diffuse granular nuclear staining in tissue sections. This methodology can be used to validate the inhibition of specific proteases as therapeutic targets for HD by pharmacological or genetic approaches.
authors.affiliation: Department Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London School of Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Landles
authors.forename: Kirupa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sathasivam
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: Ben
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Woodman
authors.forename: Hilary
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Moffitt
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Finkbeiner
authors.forename: Banghua
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Juliette
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gafni
authors.forename: Lisa M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Ellerby
authors.forename: Yvon
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Trottier
authors.forename: William G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Richards
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Osmand
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Paganetti
authors.forename: Gillian P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Bates
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019556:COS Cells; D002154:Calpain / Q000737:chemistry; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005091:Exons; D005838:Genotype; D000071058:Huntingtin Protein; D006816:Huntington Disease / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D009154:Mutation; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism*; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary
chemical_list: C086055:HTT protein, human; D000071058:Huntingtin Protein; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D002154:Calpain