title: Controlling the spread of carbapenemase-producing Gram-negatives: therapeutic approach and infection control.
abstract: Although the rapid spread of carbapenemase-producing Gram-negatives (CPGNs) is providing the scientific community with a great deal of information about the molecular epidemiology of these enzymes and their genetic background, data on how to treat multidrug-resistant or extended drug-resistant carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae and how to contain their spread are still surprisingly limited, in spite of the rapidly increasing prevalence of these organisms and of their isolation from patients suffering from life-threatening infections. Limited clinical experience and several in vitro synergy studies seem to support the view that antibiotic combinations should be preferred to monotherapies. But, in light of the data available to date, it is currently impossible to quantify the real advantage of drug combinations in the treatment of these infections. Comprehensive clinical studies of the main therapeutic options, broken down by pathogen, enzyme and clinical syndrome, are definitely lacking and, as carbapenemases keep spreading, are urgently needed. This spread is unveiling the substantial unpreparedness of European public health structures to face this worrisome emergency, although experiences from different countries-chiefly Greece and Israel-have shown that CPGN transmission and cross-infection can cause a substantial threat to the healthcare system. This unpreparedness also affects the treatment of individual patients and infection control policies, with dramatic scarcities of both therapeutic options and infection control measures. Although correct implementation of such measures is presumably cumbersome and expensive, the huge clinical and public health problems related to CPGN transmission, alongside the current scarcity of therapeutic options, seem to fully justify this choice.
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Carmeli
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Akova
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cornaglia
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Daikos
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Garau
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Harbarth
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Rossolini
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Souli
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Giamarellou
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D015780:Carbapenems / Q000494:pharmacology; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016905:Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D006291:Health Policy; D006801:Humans; D017053:Infection Control / Q000379:methods*; D001618:beta-Lactamases / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D015780:Carbapenems; D001618:beta-Lactamases; C063912:carbapenemase