De novo neurogenesis in adult hypothalamus as a compensatory mechanism to regulate energy balance.
The ability to develop counter-regulatory mechanisms to maintain energy balance in response to environmental and physiologic insults is essential for survival, but the mechanisms underlying these compensatory regulations are poorly understood. Agouti-related peptide (AGRP) and Neuropeptide Y are potent orexigens and are coexpressed in neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. Acute ablation of these neurons leads to severe anorexia and weight loss, whereas progressive degeneration of these neurons has minimal impact on food intake and body weight, suggesting that compensatory mechanisms are developed to maintain orexigenic drive. In this study, we show that cell proliferation is increased in the hypothalamus of adult mutant animals in which AgRP neurons undergo progressive neurodegeneration due to deletion of mitochondrial transcription factor A, and that a subset of these newly generated cells differentiate into AgRP neurons along with other resident neuronal subtypes. Furthermore, some of the newly generated cells are capable of responding to leptin, and a central blockade of cell proliferation in adult animals results in decreases in food intake and body adiposity in mutant but not in control animals. Our study indicates that neurons important for energy homeostasis can be regenerated in adult feeding centers under neurodegenerative conditions. It further suggests that de novo neurogenesis might serve as a compensatory mechanism contributing to the plastic control of energy balance in response to environmental and physiologic insults.
Pierce
Andrew A
AA
Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA.
Xu
Allison W
AW
D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon / Q000379:methods; D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone / Q000378:metabolism; D054369:Agouti-Related Protein / Q000235:genetics; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic / Q000494:pharmacology; D001823:Body Composition / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D001973:Bromodeoxyuridine / Q000378:metabolism; D002452:Cell Count / Q000379:methods; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D003561:Cytarabine / Q000494:pharmacology; D004435:Eating / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D007031:Hypothalamus / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D007276:Injections, Intraventricular / Q000379:methods; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D055495:Neurogenesis / Q000502:physiology*; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors
D054369:Agouti-Related Protein; C515199:Agrp protein, mouse; D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen; D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor; D003561:Cytarabine; D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; D001973:Bromodeoxyuridine