title: Oral health in predialysis patients with emphasis on diabetic nephropathy.
abstract: We investigated oral health of chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients at predialysis state. The hypothesis was that diabetic nephropathy affects oral health more detrimentally than other CKD patients due to the known risk diabetes presents in this regard. We expected worse oral health and particularly poor periodontal health among the diabetic patients. A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland, on 148 patients with different kinds of kidney disease at predialysis state. Data from medical records, clinical oral examination, saliva, and mucosal yeast counts were analyzed and compared between the disease groups. Of the patients, 53 (36%) had diabetic nephropathy (29 patients with type 1, 24 patients with type 2 diabetes). Compared with other CKD patients, diabetic patients had poor glycemic control as expected (mean HbA(1C) 8.0% vs 5.9%, p < 0.01). Diabetic patients also had more dental caries (mean number of carious teeth 5.1 vs 3.1, p < 0.01) and lower salivary flow rates than other CKD patients (stimulated salivary flow 1.2 ml/min vs 1.6 ml/min, p < 0.05). No difference between groups was observed in periodontal health and yeast counts. In conclusion, diabetic nephropathy patients indeed had worse dental health in comparison to CKD group. However, contrary to our expectation, diabetic nephropathy did not seem to affect periodontal health more severely than the other kidney diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Helsinki University Central Hospital and Institute of Dentistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. maarit.vesterinen@helsinki.fi
authors.forename: Maarit
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vesterinen
authors.forename: Hellevi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ruokonen
authors.forename: Jussi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Furuholm
authors.forename: Eero
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Honkanen
authors.forename: Jukka H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Meurman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000209:etiology*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000150:complications* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D005921:Glomerulonephritis / Q000150:complications; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009909:Oral Health; D010514:Periodontal Pocket / Q000209:etiology; D007690:Polycystic Kidney Diseases / Q000150:complications; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D012636:Secretory Rate; D014987:Xerostomia / Q000209:etiology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin