title: Predictors of efficacy after stereotactic radiosurgery for medial temporal lobe epilepsy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Stereotactic radiosurgery (RS) is a promising treatment for intractable medial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE). However, the basis of its efficacy is not well understood.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty patients with MTLE were prospectively randomized to receive 20 or 24 Gy 50% isodose RS centered at the amygdala, 2 cm of the anterior hippocampus, and the parahippocampal gyrus. Posttreatment MRI was evaluated quantitatively for abnormal T2 hyperintensity and contrast enhancement, mass effect, and qualitatively for spectroscopic and diffusion changes. MRI findings were analyzed for potential association with radiation dose and seizure remission (Engel Ib or better outcome).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Despite highly standardized dose targeting, RS produced variable MRI alterations. In patients with multiple serial imaging, the appearance of vasogenic edema occurred approximately 9-12 months after RS and correlated with onset of seizure remission. Diffusion and spectroscopy-detected alterations were consistent with a mechanism of temporal lobe radiation injury mediated by local vascular insult and neuronal loss. The degree of these early alterations at the peak of radiographic response was dose-dependent and predicted long-term seizure remission in the third year of follow-up. Radiographic changes were not associated with neurocognitive impairments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Temporal lobe stereotactic radiosurgery resulted in significant seizure reduction in a delayed fashion which appeared to be well-correlated with structural and biochemical alterations observed on neuroimaging. Early detected changes may offer prognostic information for guiding management.
authors.affiliation: Northern California Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
authors.forename: E F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Quigg
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.forename: W P
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Dillon
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Laxer
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Broshek
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Barbaro
mesh_terms: D001929:Brain Edema / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D001931:Brain Mapping; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D004833:Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009410:Nerve Degeneration / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D020534:Parahippocampal Gyrus / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D016634:Radiosurgery / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome