title: Topical rosiglitazone treatment improves ulcerative colitis by restoring peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma activity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Impaired epithelial expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) has been described in animal colitis models and briefly in patients with ulcerative colitis, but the functional significance in humans is not well defined. We examined PPARgamma expression and functional activity in human colonic epithelium and explored the potential of topical treatment with rosiglitazone (a PPARgamma ligand) in patients with ulcerative colitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Spontaneous and rosiglitazone-mediated PPARgamma and adipophillin expression (a gene transcriptionally activated by PPARgamma) were measured by reverse transcriptase PCR in colonic biopsies and isolated epithelial cells from patients with ulcerative colitis and controls. Fourteen patients with active distal ulcerative colitis were randomized to either rosiglitazone (4 mg) or mesalazine (1 g) enema treatment once daily for 14 days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PPARgamma expression was fourfold reduced in epithelial cells from inflamed compared with uninflamed mucosa and controls. Adipophillin levels were decreased in parallel. Rosiglitazone induced a concentration-dependent increase in adipophillin levels and restored PPARgamma activity in epithelial cells from inflamed mucosa in vitro. Rosiglitazone enema treatment was well tolerated and reduced the Mayo ulcerative colitis score from 8.9 to 4.3 (P<0.01), similar to the effect of mesalazine. Rosiglitazone increased adipophillin levels in the epithelial cells of the patients, indicating PPARgamma activation in vivo.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Roziglitasone enemas improve impaired PPARgamma activity in inflamed colonic epithelium and have beneficial clinical effect in patients with active distal ulcerative colitis. These findings raise interest in further studies of PPARgamma ligands that exhibit their anti-inflammatory effect locally in the gut to avoid possible systemic side effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, 439, Hvidovre University Hospital , Kettegårds Alle 30, Hvidovre DK-2650, Denmark. giped@dadlnet.dk
authors.forename: Gitte
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pedersen
authors.forename: Jørn
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brynskov
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001706:Biopsy; D015153:Blotting, Western; D003093:Colitis, Ulcerative / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003113:Colonoscopy; D004733:Enema; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D019804:Mesalamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008875:Middle Aged; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000378:metabolism*; D010455:Peptides / Q000378:metabolism; D000070780:Perilipin-2; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D000077154:Rosiglitazone; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D045162:Thiazolidinediones / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D047495:PPAR gamma; D010455:Peptides; D000070780:Perilipin-2; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D000077154:Rosiglitazone; D019804:Mesalamine