title: Endometrial preparation for women undergoing embryo transfer with frozen embryos or embryos derived from donor oocytes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  If a fresh embryo, assisted reproductive technology procedure cycle is unsuccessful and there are frozen embryos available, a frozen-thawed embryo transfer is performed. In some specific cases women may undergo oocyte donation treatment. In both situations the endometrium is primed by the administration of estrogen and progesterone. To prevent the possibility of spontaneous ovulation, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists are frequently used.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the most effective endometrial preparation for women undergoing transfer with frozen embryos or embryos from donor oocytes with regard to the subsequent live birth rate.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Cochrane Menstrual Disorders and Subfertility Group Trials Register, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library), MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS, and abstracts of reproductive societies' meetings (from inception). No language restrictions were applied. Experts in the field were contacted.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised controlled trials evaluating endometrial preparation in women undergoing fresh donor cycles and frozen embryo transfers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two review authors independently applied the inclusion criteria, assessed trial risk of bias, and extracted data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty two randomised controlled trials were included. Five studies analysed the use of a GnRH agonist versus control. No significant benefit was demonstrated when using GnRH agonists. No evidence of statistically significant benefit was found for one GnRH agonist over another, or vaginal over intramuscular progesterone administration. No difference in pregnancy rate was demonstrated when no treatment was compared to aspirin, steroids, ovarian stimulation, or human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) prior to embryo transfer, although using hCG several times before the oocyte retrieval decreases the pregnancy rate. Finally, when oocyte recipients were studied further, starting progesterone on the day of oocyte pick-up (OPU) or the day after OPU produced a significantly higher pregnancy rate (OR 1.87, 95% CI 1.13 to 3.08) than when recipients started progesterone the day prior to OPU.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is insufficient evidence to recommend any one particular protocol for endometrial preparation over another with regard to pregnancy rates after embryo transfers. These were either frozen embryos or embryos derived from donor oocytes. However, there is evidence of a lower pregnancy rate and a higher cycle cancellation rate when the progesterone supplementation is commenced prior to oocyte retrieval in oocyte donation cycles. Adequately powered studies are needed to evaluate each treatment more accurately.
authors.affiliation: Reproductive Medicine, CEGYR (Centro de Estudios en Ginecologia y Reproduccion), Viamonte 1438,, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Demián
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Glujovsky
authors.forename: Romina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pesce
authors.forename: Gabriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fiszbajn
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sueldo
authors.forename: Roger J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Hart
authors.forename: Agustín
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ciapponi
mesh_terms: D015925:Cryopreservation; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D010064:Embryo Implantation / Q000502:physiology; D004624:Embryo Transfer / Q000379:methods*; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian; D004717:Endometrium / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000819:agonists*; D006801:Humans; D018587:Oocyte Donation; D011247:Pregnancy; D018873:Pregnancy Rate; D011374:Progesterone / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011372:Progestins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
chemical_list: D011372:Progestins; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone; D011374:Progesterone