title: Clinical manifestations and etiology of renal stones in children less than 14 years age.
abstract: Urolithiasis is one of the commonest problems in pediatric nephrology. Prevalence of urolithiasis in pediatric patients is increasing. The purpose was to properly diagnose and treat with the special attention to the risk factors. This study is case-series and was performed on 100 pediatric patients for evaluation of clinical manifestation and etiology of renal stone in Qom. Hundred Children, fewer than 14 years old with mean age of 3.32 years, were included (54% male). Etiology of urolithiasis in 5% was unclear. Metabolic disorders found in patients were mainly: Hypocitraturia in 54, hyperoxaluria in 14, hyperuricosuria in 25, cystinuria in 6, hypercalciuria in 28 and phosphaturia in 8 patients. The main clinical presentation was fever, pain, irritability, dysuria and hematuria. Family history of urolithiasis was found in 23% of patients and 54% presented with urinary tract infection (UTI). We conclude that majority of patients were symptomatic and hypocitraturia was the commenest risk factor among others.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Clinical Research Development Center, Iran. mohsenakhavansepahi@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Mohsen Akhavan
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Sepahi
authors.forename: Akram
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Heidari
authors.forename: Ahmad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shajari
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019343:Citric Acid / Q000652:urine; D003555:Cystinuria / Q000150:complications; D053159:Dysuria / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D005334:Fever / Q000209:etiology; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006417:Hematuria / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D053565:Hypercalciuria / Q000150:complications; D006959:Hyperoxaluria / Q000150:complications; D007015:Hypophosphatemia, Familial / Q000150:complications; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007492:Iran; D008297:Male; D008659:Metabolic Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000652:urine; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology; D010375:Pedigree; D012307:Risk Factors; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000652:urine; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000209:etiology; D052878:Urolithiasis / Q000150:complications / Q000209:etiology* / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D014527:Uric Acid; D019343:Citric Acid