One year of home-based daily FES in complete lower motor neuron paraplegia: recovery of tetanic contractility drives the structural improvements of denervated muscle.
OBJECTIVE
Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes muscle atrophy, which is particularly severe, due to inability to perform tetanic contractions, when lower motor neurons (LMN) are involved. We performed a longitudinal study in 25 Europeans suffering from complete conus cauda syndrome from 0.7 to 8.7 years comparing functional and structural thigh muscle properties before and after 2 years of home-based daily training by functional electrical stimulation (FES). The mid-term results after 1 year and preliminary muscle biopsy observations at project end-point from a subset of subjects are here reported.


METHODS
Muscles were electrically stimulated at home by means of large surface electrodes and a custom-designed stimulator. The poor excitability of the LMN denervated muscles was first improved by twitch-contraction training. Then, tetanic contractions against progressively increased loading were elicited. Finally, standing-up exercises were daily performed. The bulk of thigh muscle was estimated by transverse computer tomography (CT) scan and force measurements. Needle biopsies of vastus lateralis were harvested before and after 2 years of FES.


RESULTS
The 1 year home-based daily FES training induced: (1) very similar increases in muscle excitability and contractility in right and left legs; (2) feasibility to elicit tetanic contractions by means of train-stimulation with about ten times improvement of muscle force; (3) increase in the 26% of muscle bulk, as shown by CT scan analyses, improving appearance of limbs and muscle cushioning; (4) myofiber size increase (+94%) in a small series of muscle biopsies obtained after 2 years of FES. None of the subjects that performed 1 year home-based daily FES training (20 persons) had worsened their functional class, while 20% (4/20) improved to functional class 4, that is, the ability to stand.


CONCLUSIONS
The European Union (EU) Project Rise shows that 'home-based daily FES training' is a safe and effective therapy that may maintain life-long physical exercise by active muscle contraction (FES is the only option for denervated muscle) as a procedure to recover the early-lost tetanic contractility of denervated muscle, and to counteract muscle atrophy in order to prevent clinical complications.
Kern
Helmut
H
Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Electrostimulation and Physical Rehabilitation, Department of Physical Medicine, Wilhelminenspital, Vienna, Austria.
Carraro
Ugo
U
Adami
Nicoletta
N
Hofer
Christian
C
Loefler
Stefan
S
Vogelauer
Michael
M
Mayr
Winfried
W
Rupp
Rudiger
R
Zampieri
Sandra
S
D000328:Adult; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009046:Motor Neurons; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D009121:Muscle Denervation; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000294:innervation / Q000473:pathology* / Q000502:physiology*; D009133:Muscular Atrophy; D026201:Musculoskeletal Manipulations; D010264:Paraplegia / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D020127:Recovery of Function; D013848:Thigh; D013997:Time Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult