title: Planning phase III multi-site clinical trials in palliative care: the role of consecutive cohort audits to identify potential participant populations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Multiple sites enable more successful completion of adequately powered phase III studies in palliative care. Audits of the frequency and distribution of the symptoms of interest can better inform research planning by determining realistic recruitment goals for each site. The proposed studies are to improve the evidence-base for registration and subsidy applications for frequently encountered symptoms where current pharmacological interventions are being used 'off-licence'.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six services participated in a standardised, retrospective, consecutive cohort audit of five symptoms of their inpatient populations to inform the design of double blind randomised controlled phase III studies to which each site would recruit simultaneously. The audit covered all deaths in a 3-month period for people who were referred to a specialist palliative care service who had at least one inpatient admission between referral and death, regardless of when the person was referred to the service. The audits were based around inclusion and exclusion criteria for the proposed studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 468 people whose medical records were reviewed, potential study participant rates varied by symptom having accounted for general and specific inclusion and exclusion criteria: pain 17.7%; delirium 5.8%; anorexia 5.1%; bowel obstruction 2.8% and cholestatic itch 0%. For those people with a symptom of interest, it was noted at the beginning of the inpatient admission more than half the time. Of all inpatients, fewer than one third would be eligible to participate in at least one study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data provide a baseline estimate of potential people to approach about clinical trials in supportive care but do not account for clinician 'gate-keeping', lack of interest in participating nor withdrawal from the study once initiated. The data are retrospective and therefore, limited by clinical documentation. The audit directly informed an increase in the number of participating sites.
authors.affiliation: Department of Palliative and Supportive Services, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia. david.currow@health.sa.gov.au
authors.forename: David Christopher
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Currow
authors.forename: Tania M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Shelby-James
authors.forename: Meera
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Agar
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Plummer
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rowett
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Glare
authors.forename: Odette
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Spruyt
authors.forename: Janet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hardy
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001315:Australia; D017326:Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic / Q000379:methods*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015340:Epidemiologic Research Design; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008499:Medical Records; D015337:Multicenter Studies as Topic / Q000379:methods*; D010166:Palliative Care / Q000379:methods*; D018579:Patient Selection; D010934:Planning Techniques; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies