title: Temporal branch of the facial nerve and its relationship to fascial layers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To eliminate the inconsistency in the nomenclature, to anatomically and definitively describe the topographic relationship of the temporal branch of the facial nerve to the fascial layers and the fat pads, and to create an effective algorithm to define the safest approaches and planes for surgical procedures in this area.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was performed using 18 hemifacial cadaveric specimens. In 12 hemifacial specimens, the facial halves were coronally sectioned and dissected. In 6 hemifacial specimens, planar dissection was performed layer by layer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The temporal branch of the facial nerve that traversed inside the deep layers of the temporoparietal fascia and the superficial musculoaponeurotic system coursed along the zygomatic arch as 1 (14.3%), 2 (57.1%), 3 (14.3%), and 4 (14.3%) twigs in the specimens. The temporoparietal fascia had no attachment to the zygomatic arch and continued caudally as the superficial musculoaponeurotic system. Adhesions were between the temporoparietal fascia and the superficial layer of the deep temporal fascia around the zygomatic arch. In most specimens, the superficial layer of the deep temporal fascia continued as the parotideomasseterica fascia, and a deep layer abutted the posterosuperior edge of the zygomatic arch.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An easy and safe surgical approach in this area is to elevate the superficial layer deep to the intermediate fat pad directly on the deep layer of the deep temporal fascia descending to the periosteum along the zygomatic arch.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Başkent University, Ankara.
authors.forename: Seda T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Babakurban
authors.forename: Ozcan
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Cakmak
authors.forename: Simel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kendir
authors.forename: Alaittin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Elhan
authors.forename: Vito C
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Quatela
mesh_terms: D005154:Facial Nerve / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000601:surgery; D005205:Fascia / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006801:Humans; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods; D013702:Temporal Lobe