title: Field trial on glucose-induced insulin and metabolite responses in Estonian Holstein and Estonian Red dairy cows in two herds.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Insulin secretion and tissue sensitivity to insulin is considered to be one of the factors controlling lipid metabolism post partum. The objective of this study was to compare glucose-induced blood insulin and metabolite responses in Estonian Holstein (EH, n = 14) and Estonian Red (ER, n = 14) cows.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was carried out using the glucose tolerance test (GTT) performed at 31 +/- 1.9 days post partum during negative energy balance. Blood samples were obtained at -15, -5, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 min relative to infusion of 0.15 g/kg BW glucose and analysed for glucose, insulin, triglycerides (TG), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), cholesterol and beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB). Applying the MIXED Procedure with the SAS System the basal concentration of cholesterol, and basal concentration and concentrations at post-infusion time points for other metabolites, area under the curve (AUC) for glucose and insulin, clearance rate (CR) for glucose, and maximum increase from basal concentration for glucose and insulin were compared between breeds.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a breed effect on blood NEFA (P < 0.05) and a time effect on all metabolites concentration (P < 0.01). The following differences were observed in EH compared to ER: lower blood insulin concentration 5 min after glucose infusion (P < 0.05), higher glucose concentration 20 (P < 0.01) and 30 min (P < 0.05) after infusion, and higher NEFA concentration before (P < 0.01) and 5 min after infusion (P < 0.05). Blood TG concentration in ER remained stable, while in EH there was a decrease from the basal level to the 40th min nadir (P < 0.01), followed by an increase to the 60th min postinfusion (P < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results imply that glucose-induced changes in insulin concentration and metabolite responses to insulin differ between EH and ER dairy cows.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 1 Kreutzwaldi St, 51006, Tartu, Estonia. hanno.jaakson@emu.ee
authors.forename: Hanno
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jaakson
authors.forename: Katri
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ling
authors.forename: Jaak
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Samarütel
authors.forename: Aire
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ilves
authors.forename: Tanel
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kaart
authors.forename: Olav
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kärt
mesh_terms: D020155:3-Hydroxybutyric Acid / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis*; D001947:Breeding; D002417:Cattle / Q000378:metabolism*; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D004957:Estonia; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D005947:Glucose / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test / Q000662:veterinary; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood*; D050356:Lipid Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects*; D013045:Species Specificity; D013549:Sweetening Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D013997:Time Factors; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D007328:Insulin; D013549:Sweetening Agents; D014280:Triglycerides; D002784:Cholesterol; D005947:Glucose; D020155:3-Hydroxybutyric Acid