title: Systematic evaluation of rating scales for drug-induced parkinsonism and recommendations for future research.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Drug-induced parkinsonism (DIP) is one of the most common adverse effects of antipsychotic agents. The limited agreement about which rating scale should be used in clinical practice to assess DIP prompted us to review the feasibility and the psychometric qualities of the available instruments.
  
  
  METHODS
  The PubMed and EMBASE databases were searched in November 2008 using the terms "parkinsonism," "scale," and "drug induced" to identify instruments used to measure DIP. Then, the literature was searched for studies investigating the use and psychometric properties of each identified instrument. Outcome measures included feasibility, validity (including appropriateness of used reference test), and reliability (internal consistency and interrater and intrarater reliability).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventeen rating scales were identified, each with a different representation of the concept of parkinsonism. The Simpson Angus Scale (SAS) was used the most, followed by the Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale. There were limited psychometric data, especially regarding validity, available for any scale. The SAS, the Drug-Induced Extrapyramidal Scale, and the parkinsonism subscale of the Schedule for the Assessment of Drug-Induced Movement Disorders, which is identical to the St Hans Rating Scale for Extrapyramidal Syndromes, seemed to have moderate to good reliability and acceptable validity. The time-consuming nature of the Schedule for the Assessment of Drug-Induced Movement Disorders would make it less useful in daily practice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although various scales are used to assess DIP, few have been evaluated for validity and reliability. The SAS, St Hans Rating Scale for Extrapyramidal Syndromes, and Drug-Induced Extrapyramidal Scale seem to be the most valid, reliable, and easy-to-use instruments to evaluate DIP in clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatrics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Wilma
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Knol
authors.forename: Carolina J P W
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Keijsers
authors.forename: Paul A F
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Jansen
authors.forename: Rob J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: van Marum
mesh_terms: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D004409:Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000592:standards; D020734:Parkinsonian Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents