title: Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents for anaemia in chronic heart failure patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic heart failure (CHF) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Anaemia is a common (12-55%) co-morbid condition and is associated with worsening symptoms and increased mortality. Anaemia is treatable and can be targeted in the treatment of patients with CHF. Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESA), supplemented by iron therapy, are used to treat anaemia in chronic kidney disease and cancer, however safety concerns have been raised in these patients. The clinical benefit and safety of these agents in CHF remains unclear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the benefits and risks of ESA for CHF patients with anaemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (The Cochrane Library 2008, Issue 3), MEDLINE (1950 to October 2008), EMBASE (1980 to October 2008) and reference lists of articles. No language restrictions were applied.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised controlled trials of any ESA, with or without iron therapy, in CHF patients were eligible for inclusion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three reviewers independently assessed study quality and extracted data. Original authors were contacted for additional information. The outcomes of interest were: exercise tolerance, haemoglobin level, New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class, quality of life, left-ventricular ejection fraction, B-type natriuretic peptide, CHF-related hospitalisations, all-cause mortality and adverse effects. Risk ratios (RR) were calculated for dichotomous data and weighted mean difference (WMD) for continuous data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eleven studies (794 participants) were included. Overall quality of studies was moderate with nine studies being placebo-controlled but only five double-blinded. Compared to control, ESA treatment significantly improved exercise duration by 96.8 seconds (95% CI 5.2 to 188.4, p=0.04) and 6-minute walk distance by 69.3 metres (95% CI 17.0 to 121.7, p=0.009). Benefit was also noted in terms of peak VO2 (+2.29 mL/kg/min, p=0.007), NYHA class (-0.73, p<0.001), ejection fraction (+5.8%, p<0.001), B-type natriuretic peptide (-226.99 pg/mL, p<0.001) and quality-of-life indicators, with a mean increase in haemoglobin of 1.98 g/dL (p<0.0001). There was also a significantly lower rate of heart failure related hospitalisations (RR 0.62, 95% CI 0.44 to 0.87) and lower all-cause mortality (RR 0.61, 95% CI 0.37 to 0.99). No increase in adverse events with ESA therapy was observed, however studies were of small sample sizes and limited duration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Meta-analysis of small RCTs suggests that ESA treatment in patients with symptomatic CHF and mild anaemia (haemoglobin more than 10g/dL) can improve anaemia and exercise tolerance, reduce symptoms and have benefits on clinical outcomes. Confirmation requires well-designed studies with careful attention to dose, haemoglobin treatment target and associated iron therapy.
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, 43 Collins Street, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia, 7005.
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ngo
authors.forename: Dipak
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kotecha
authors.forename: Julia Ae
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Walters
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Manzano
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Palazzuoli
authors.forename: Dirk J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: van Veldhuisen
authors.forename: Marcus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Flather
mesh_terms: D000740:Anemia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000150:complications*; D006397:Hematinics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
chemical_list: D006397:Hematinics