title: Cost-effectiveness of human papillomavirus vaccination for prevention of cervical cancer in Taiwan.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection has been shown to be a major risk factor for cervical cancer. Vaccines against HPV-16 and HPV-18 are highly effective in preventing type-specific HPV infections and related cervical lesions. There is, however, limited data available describing the health and economic impacts of HPV vaccination in Taiwan. The objective of this study was to assess the cost-effectiveness of prophylactic HPV vaccination for the prevention of cervical cancer in Taiwan.
  
  
  METHODS
  We developed a Markov model to compare the health and economic outcomes of vaccinating preadolescent girls (at the age of 12 years) for the prevention of cervical cancer with current practice, including cervical cytological screening. Data were synthesized from published papers or reports, and whenever possible, those specific to Taiwan were used. Sensitivity analyses were performed to account for important uncertainties and different vaccination scenarios.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Under the assumption that the HPV vaccine could provide lifelong protection, the massive vaccination among preadolescent girls in Taiwan would lead to reduction in 73.3% of the total incident cervical cancer cases and would result in a life expectancy gain of 4.9 days or 8.7 quality-adjusted life days at a cost of US$324 as compared to the current practice. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was US$23,939 per life year gained or US$13,674 per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gained given the discount rate of 3%. Sensitivity analyses showed that this ICER would remain below US$30,000 per QALY under most conditions, even when vaccine efficacy was suboptimal or when vaccine-induced immunity required booster shots every 13 years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although gains in life expectancy may be modest at the individual level, the results indicate that prophylactic HPV vaccination of preadolescent girls in Taiwan would result in substantial population benefits with a favorable cost-effectiveness ratio. Nevertheless, we should not overlook the urgency to improve the compliance rate of cervical screening, particularly for older individuals.
authors.affiliation: National Clinical Trial and Research Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Pang-Hsiang
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Fu-Chang
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Ping-Ing
authors.initials: PI
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Song-Nan
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Chow
authors.forename: Chao-Wan
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Jung-Der
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D004180:Direct Service Costs; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008017:Life Expectancy; D008390:Markov Chains; D008403:Mass Screening; D053918:Papillomavirus Vaccines / Q000191:economics*; D011788:Quality of Life; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D013624:Taiwan; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014626:Vaginal Smears
chemical_list: D053918:Papillomavirus Vaccines