title: Reversal of vitamin K antagonists prior to urgent surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this article is to review the effective options for the reversal of vitamin K antagonists (warfarin and it coumarin analogues) and to help identify the option best suited for the patient requiring urgent surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Vitamin K antagonists, the mainstay in long-term anticoagulation therapy, can be reversed with the administration of vitamin K, frozen plasma (FP), recombinant factor VIIa (rFVIIa), or the recently approved four-factor prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC), Octaplex. While there is little evidence to suggest a superiority of PCC over FP, the availability of PCC in Canada is an important therapeutic addition requiring a thorough understanding of its pharmacology and risk benefit profile for the reversal of vitamin K antagonists. The use of PCC in the management of microvascular bleeding should be limited to very specific indications and should not be indicated in the routine management of massive blood loss.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In order to limit the blood loss associated with surgery and the management of uncontrolled bleeding, PCC is an important addition to our therapeutic armamentarium in the reversal of vitamin K antagonists.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Anesthesia, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Chistine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Grobler
authors.forename: Jeannie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Callum
authors.forename: Stuart A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: McCluskey
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000931:Antidotes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D000933:Antifibrinolytic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001779:Blood Coagulation Factors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016063:Blood Loss, Surgical / Q000517:prevention & control; D003374:Coumarins / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D014812:Vitamin K / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D014859:Warfarin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D000931:Antidotes; D000933:Antifibrinolytic Agents; D001779:Blood Coagulation Factors; D003374:Coumarins; D014812:Vitamin K; C025667:prothrombin complex concentrates; D014859:Warfarin