title: Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in a rural Chinese adult population: the Handan Eye Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a worldwide public health problem. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of CKD and associated factors in a rural adult population in Northern China.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a cross-sectional study using data from the Handan Eye Study. A total of 5,105 subjects aged >or=30 years were included in this analysis. Spot urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio was determined. Glomerular filtration rate was estimated with the modified Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation. CKD was defined by the guidelines proposed by the Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative. The associations between age, gender, diabetes, hypertension, and kidney damage were examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Albuminuria and reduced renal function were detected in 16.8 and 0.4% of subjects, respectively. The age-standardized prevalence of albuminuria, reduced renal function and CKD was 14.9% (95% confidence interval (CI) 13.9-15.9), 0.38% (95% CI 0.21-0.55) and 15.2% (95% CI 14.2-16.2), respectively. The prevalence of CKD was greater in women than in men (16.7 vs. 12.9%, respectively, p < 0.001). The increased prevalence of CKD with increasing age was observed in both genders. Older age, female gender, diabetes and hypertension were independently associated with albuminuria. Older age was independently associated with reduced renal function.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of CKD in the rural Chinese population is relatively high. Factors associated with CKD are similar to those of urban areas in China and developed countries. CKD is a major public health problem in rural China.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Beijing TongRen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Liping
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Yuanbo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.forename: Fenghua
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Xinrong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Duan
authors.forename: Xiaohui
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Wen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Ningli
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D044466:Asian People / Q000208:ethnology*; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005128:Eye Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012424:Rural Population