title: Subcritical hydrothermal liquefaction of cattle manure to bio-oil: Effects of conversion parameters on bio-oil yield and characterization of bio-oil.
abstract: In this study, cattle manure was converted to bio-oil by subcritical hydrothermal liquefaction in the presence of NaOH. The effects of conversion temperature, process gas, initial conversion pressure, residence time and mass ratio of cattle manure to water on the bio-oil yield were studied. The bio-oil was characterized in terms of elemental composition, higher heating value, ultraviolet-visible (UV/Vis) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results showed that the bio-oil yield depended on the conversion temperature and the process gas. Higher initial conversion pressure, longer residence time and larger mass ratio of cattle manure to water, however, had negative impacts on the bio-oil yield. The higher heating value of bio-oil was 35.53MJ/kg on average. The major non-polar components of bio-oil were toluene, ethyl benzene and xylene, which are components of crude oil, gasoline and diesel.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Centre for Environmental Engineering Research and Education, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4.
authors.forename: Sudong
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.forename: Ryan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dolan
authors.forename: Matt
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: Zhongchao
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Tan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D056804:Biofuels; D018533:Biomass; D002417:Cattle; D002849:Chromatography, Gas; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D008372:Manure; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared
chemical_list: D056804:Biofuels; D008372:Manure