title: Damage control surgery for abdominal trauma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Trauma is one of the leading causes of death in any age group. The 'lethal triad' of acidosis, hypothermia, and coagulopathy has been recognized as a significant cause of death in patients with traumatic injuries. In order to prevent the lethal triad two factors are essential, early control of bleeding and prevention of further heat loss. In patients with major abdominal trauma, damage control surgery (DCS) avoids extensive procedures on unstable patients, stabilizes potentially fatal problems at initial operation, and applies staged surgery after successful initial resuscitation. It is not currently known whether DCS is superior to immediate surgery for patients with major abdominal trauma.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effectiveness of DCS compared to traditional immediate definitive surgical treatment for patients with major abdominal trauma.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Cochrane Injuries Group Specialised Register, CENTRAL (The Cochrane Library 2008, Issue 3), MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science: Science Citation Index & ISI Proceedings, Current Controlled Trials MetaRegister, Clinicaltrials.gov, Zetoc, and CINAHL for all published and unpublished randomised controlled trials. We did not restrict the searches by language, date, or publication status. Searches were conducted in August 2008.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised controlled trials of DCS versus immediate traditional surgical repair were included in this review. We included patients with major abdominal trauma (Abbreviated Injury Scale > 3) who were undergoing surgery. Patient selection was crucial as patients with relatively simple abdominal injuries should not undergo unnecessary procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two authors independently evaluated the search results.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 1523 studies were identified by our search. No randomised controlled trials comparing DCS with immediate and definitive repair in patients with major abdominal trauma were found. A total of 1521 studies were excluded because they were not relevant to the review topic and two studies were excluded because they were case-control studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Evidence that supports the efficacy of DCS with respect to traditional laparotomy in patients with major abdominal trauma is limited.
authors.affiliation: Clinica Chirurgica Generale e d'Urgenza, Azienda Ospedaliera di Terni, Terni, Italy, 05100.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cirocchi
authors.forename: Iosief
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Abraha
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Montedori
authors.forename: Eriberto
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Farinella
authors.forename: Isabella
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bonacini
authors.forename: Ludovica
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tagliabue
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sciannameo
mesh_terms: D000007:Abdominal Injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D000138:Acidosis / Q000517:prevention & control; D001778:Blood Coagulation Disorders / Q000517:prevention & control; D003422:Critical Care / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007035:Hypothermia / Q000517:prevention & control