title: Preparticipation Screening of Athletic Officials: SEC Football Referees at Risk.
abstract: Although preparticipation screening for athletes is commonplace, few studies have addressed the issue for those officiating at games.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To review current data on physiologic stress on sports officials, to obtain prevalence data on health parameters for football officials, and to determine the outcomes when screening criteria are applied in preseason exams.
  
  
  METHODS
  A protocol was established using health history questionnaires and physical exams with laboratory screening to assess the health of all football officials working in the Southeastern Conference (SEC) from 1997 to 2000. The main outcome measure was the prevalence of cardiac risk factors as determined by American College of Sports Medicine guidelines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Initial screening of 102 football officials revealed that 10.1% of SEC referees had elevated systolic blood pressure, 13.9% had elevated diastolic blood pressure, and 3.8% had resting tachycardia. Average body mass index (BMI) was 28.6 kg/m2, with 87.3% having a BMI that exceeded 25 (overweight). About one-third (31.6%) had a BMI greater than 30 (obese). Total fasting cholesterol exceeded 200 mg/dL in 44.2%, HDL levels were below 35 mg/dL in 34.3%, and LDL levels were above 120 mg/dL in 62.3%. Compared with age-adjusted national data, there were more overweight and more obese officials, but they had lower systolic and diastolic blood pressures and lower mean total cholesterol levels. Using the Framingham Study prediction model to estimate coronary heart disease (CHD) risk, analysis revealed that referees had a lower risk than the national 10-year CHD risk but a higher risk compared with that of the low-risk population.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data reveal a greater need for graded exercise testing. The higher rates of obesity among officials will promote further screening for CHD risk factors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA. jlturner@clarian.org.
authors.forename: John L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.forename: Rod
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Walters
authors.forename: Mark J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Leski
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Saywell
authors.forename: J Scott
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Wooldridge