title: Movement correction method for human brain PET images: application to quantitative analysis of dynamic 18F-FDDNP scans.
abstract: Head movement during a PET scan (especially a dynamic scan) can affect both the qualitative and the quantitative aspects of an image, making it difficult to accurately interpret the results. The primary objective of this study was to develop a retrospective image-based movement correction (MC) method and evaluate its implementation on dynamic 2-(1-{6-[(2-(18)F-fluoroethyl)(methyl)amino]-2-naphthyl}ethylidene)malononitrile ((18)F-FDDNP) PET images of cognitively intact controls and patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Dynamic (18)F-FDDNP PET images, used for in vivo imaging of beta-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, were obtained from 12 AD patients and 9 age-matched controls. For each study, a transmission scan was first acquired for attenuation correction. An accurate retrospective MC method that corrected for transmission-emission and emission-emission misalignments was applied to all studies. No restriction was assumed for zero movement between the transmission scan and the first emission scan. Logan analysis, with the cerebellum as the reference region, was used to estimate various regional distribution volume ratio (DVR) values in the brain before and after MC. Discriminant analysis was used to build a predictive model for group membership, using data with and without MC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MC improved the image quality and quantitative values in (18)F-FDDNP PET images. In this subject population, no significant difference in DVR value was observed in the medial temporal (MTL) region of controls and patients with AD before MC. However, after MC, significant differences in DVR values in the frontal, parietal, posterior cingulate, MTL, lateral temporal (LTL), and global regions were seen between the 2 groups (P < 0.05). In controls and patients with AD, the variability of regional DVR values (as measured by the coefficient of variation) decreased on average by more than 18% after MC. Mean DVR separation between controls and patients with AD was higher in frontal, MTL, LTL, and global regions after MC. Group classification by discriminant analysis based on (18)F-FDDNP DVR values was markedly improved after MC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The streamlined and easy-to-use MC method presented in this work significantly improves the image quality and the measured tracer kinetics of (18)F-FDDNP PET images. The proposed MC method has the potential to be applied to PET studies on patients having other disorders (e.g., Down syndrome and Parkinson's disease) and to brain PET scans with other molecular imaging probes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095-6948, USA. mwardak@mednet.ucla.edu
authors.forename: Mirwais
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wardak
authors.forename: Koon-Pong
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Weber
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Shao
authors.forename: Magnus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dahlbom
authors.forename: Vladimir
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kepe
authors.forename: Nagichettiar
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Satyamurthy
authors.forename: Gary W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Small
authors.forename: Jorge R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Barrio
authors.forename: Sung-Cheng
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005462:Fluorine Radioisotopes; D019416:Head Movements; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009570:Nitriles; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: C444520:2-(1-(6-((2-fluoroethyl)(methyl)amino)-2-naphthyl)ethylidene)malononitrile; D005462:Fluorine Radioisotopes; D009570:Nitriles; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals