title: Effectiveness of addition of neostigmine or dexamethasone to local anaesthetic in providing perioperative analgesia for brachial plexus block: A prospective, randomized, double blinded, controlled study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Various local anaesthetic agents are used for brachial plexus block.We compared effectiveness of addition of Dexamethasone versus Neostigmine to Lignocaine, adrenaline admixtures for Brachial plexus block in providing perioperative analgesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety patients were randomized in three groups and were received 24 ml of study drugs. The group A [Lignocaine with adrenaline (1.5%)], group B [Lignocaine with adrenaline (1.5%)] +500 microg Neostigmine, and group C (Lignocaine with adrenaline (1.5%) +4 mg Dexamethasone) for brachial plexus block through supraclavicular approach. The observed parameters were onset of analgesia, completion of sensory and motor blockade, Duration of analgesia, Surgeon's score, side effects, number of supplemental analgesics doses and Visual analogue scale (VAS) score for pain in 12 hour of post-operative period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean onset of analgesia 4.6+/-1.1 , 4.4 +/-0.8 , 3.8+/-1.8 mins in group A,B and C respectively and the Mean onset of motor blockade were 7.7+/- 2.0, 7.0+/-1.8, 6.0 +/- 2.1 mins in group A,B and C respectively. Similarly Mean Complete sensory block in 10.6 +/-3, 10.4+/-2.5, and 8.9+/-2.2 mins and Mean complete motor block in 17.3+/-4.3, 17.2 +/-4.0 and 14.7+/-3.5 mins in group A, B and C respectively were achieved. Duration of analgesia was 176.5+/-53.5, 225.7+/-53.3 and 454.2+/-110.7 mins in group A, B and C respectively. Duration of analgesia in group C was statistically significant in comparison with other groups. The number of mean analgesic requirement by group C (0.9+/-0.4) was significantly (p-0.005) lower. The mean VAS was significantly lower in group C in 12 hours post-operatively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The onsets of action, duration of analgesia were better in dexamethasone group and also need less number of rescue analgesics requirement.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical care, B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal.
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Yadav
authors.forename: B P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Sah
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: S N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Singh
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D019162:Anesthetics, Combined / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001917:Brachial Plexus; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009388:Neostigmine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000379:methods*; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010277:Parasympathomimetics / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D019990:Perioperative Care / Q000379:methods; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D019162:Anesthetics, Combined; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D010277:Parasympathomimetics; D009388:Neostigmine; D003907:Dexamethasone