title: Increased cannabinoids concentrations found in specimens from fatal aviation accidents between 1997 and 2006.
abstract: The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) and the Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP) reported a 1.5-fold increase in the delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) content of street cannabis seizures from 1997 to 2001 versus 2002 to 2006. This study was conducted to compare the changes, over those years, in blood and urine cannabinoid concentrations with the potency of THC reported in the cannabis plant. Cannabinoids were screened using radioimmunoassay (RIA) for blood and fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA) for urine and confirmed using GC/MS. A total of 95 individuals were found to be using cannabis from a total number of 2769 (3.4%) individuals tested over the period 1997 through 2006. Other impairing drugs were found in 38% of the cannabinoids-positive individuals. The mean concentration of THC in blood for 1997-2001 was 2.7 ng/mL; for 2002-2006, it was 7.2 ng/mL, a 2.7-fold increase in the mean THC concentration of specimens from aviation fatalities, compared to a 1.5-fold increase in cannabis potency reported by the NIDA and ONDCP. The mean age for cannabis users was 40 years (range 18-72) for aviation fatalities. For all blood and urine specimens testing negative for cannabinoids from aviation fatalities, the mean age of the individuals was 50 years (range 14-92). More than half of the fatalities tested were 50 years or older, whereas, 80% of the positive cannabis users were under 50. As indicated by these findings, members of the transportation industry, government regulators, and the general public should be made aware of the increased potential for impairment from the use of high-potency cannabis currently available and being used.
authors.affiliation: Civil Aerospace Medical Institute, Federal Aviation Administration, Oklahoma City, OK 73125-5066, USA. dennis.canfield@faa.gov
authors.forename: Dennis V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Canfield
authors.forename: Kurt M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Dubowski
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Whinnery
authors.forename: Russell J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: Roxane M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Ritter
authors.forename: Paul B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Rogers
mesh_terms: D000060:Accidents, Aviation; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D013759:Dronabinol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood* / Q000652:urine*; D005260:Female; D016231:Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay; D053593:Forensic Toxicology; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008385:Marijuana Smoking; D008875:Middle Aged; D011863:Radioimmunoassay; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: C016780:11-nor-delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid; D013759:Dronabinol