title: Assessing the incremental effects of combining economic and health interventions: the IMAGE study in South Africa.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore whether adding a gender and HIV training programme to microfinance initiatives can lead to health and social benefits beyond those achieved by microfinance alone.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional data were derived from three randomly selected matched clusters in rural South Africa: (i) four villages with 2-year exposure to the Intervention with Microfinance for AIDS and Gender Equity (IMAGE), a combined microfinance-health training intervention; (ii) four villages with 2-year exposure to microfinance services alone; and (iii) four control villages not targeted by any intervention. Adjusted risk ratios (aRRs) employing village-level summaries compared associations between groups in relation to indicators of economic well-being, empowerment, intimate partner violence (IPV) and HIV risk behaviour. The magnitude and consistency of aRRs allowed for an estimate of incremental effects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 1409 participants were enrolled, all female, with a median age of 45. After 2 years, both the microfinance-only group and the IMAGE group showed economic improvements relative to the control group. However, only the IMAGE group demonstrated consistent associations across all domains with regard to women's empowerment, intimate partner violence and HIV risk behaviour.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The addition of a training component to group-based microfinance programmes may be critical for achieving broader health benefits. Donor agencies should encourage intersectoral partnerships that can foster synergy and broaden the health and social effects of economic interventions such as microfinance.
authors.affiliation: Bureau for Development Policy, United Nations Development Programme, New York, NY, USA. julia.kim@undp.org
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Giulia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ferrari
authors.forename: Tanya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Abramsky
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Watts
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hargreaves
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Morison
authors.forename: Godfrey
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Phetla
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Porter
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pronyk
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003906:Developing Countries / Q000191:economics; D005260:Female; D005378:Financial Support; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000191:economics* / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D006266:Health Education / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011209:Power, Psychological; D011635:Public Health Administration; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012424:Rural Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013019:South Africa; D013179:Spouse Abuse / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology; D016387:Women's Health