title: Luteolin triggers global changes in the microglial transcriptome leading to a unique anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective phenotype.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Luteolin, a plant derived flavonoid, exerts a variety of pharmacological activities and anti-oxidant properties associated with its capacity to scavenge oxygen and nitrogen species. Luteolin also shows potent anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting nuclear factor kappa B (NFkB) signaling in immune cells. To better understand the immuno-modulatory effects of this important flavonoid, we performed a genome-wide expression analysis in pro-inflammatory challenged microglia treated with luteolin and conducted a phenotypic and functional characterization.
  
  
  METHODS
  Resting and LPS-activated BV-2 microglia were treated with luteolin in various concentrations and mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory markers were determined. DNA microarray experiments and bioinformatic data mining were performed to capture global transcriptomic changes following luteolin stimulation of microglia. Extensive qRT-PCR analyses were carried out for an independent confirmation of newly identified luteolin-regulated transcripts. The activation state of luteolin-treated microglia was assessed by morphological characterization. Microglia-mediated neurotoxicity was assessed by quantifying secreted nitric oxide levels and apoptosis of 661W photoreceptors cultured in microglia-conditioned medium.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Luteolin dose-dependently suppressed pro-inflammatory marker expression in LPS-activated microglia and triggered global changes in the microglial transcriptome with more than 50 differentially expressed transcripts. Pro-inflammatory and pro-apoptotic gene expression was effectively blocked by luteolin. In contrast, mRNA levels of genes related to anti-oxidant metabolism, phagocytic uptake, ramification, and chemotaxis were significantly induced. Luteolin treatment had a major effect on microglial morphology leading to ramification of formerly amoeboid cells associated with the formation of long filopodia. When co-incubated with luteolin, LPS-activated microglia showed strongly reduced NO secretion and significantly decreased neurotoxicity on 661W photoreceptor cultures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings confirm the inhibitory effects of luteolin on pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in microglia. Moreover, our transcriptomic data suggest that this flavonoid is a potent modulator of microglial activation and affects several signaling pathways leading to a unique phenotype with anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and neuroprotective characteristics. With the identification of several novel luteolin-regulated genes, our findings provide a molecular basis to understand the versatile effects of luteolin on microglial homeostasis. The data also suggest that luteolin could be a promising candidate to develop immuno-modulatory and neuroprotective therapies for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Human Genetics, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Konstantin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dirscherl
authors.forename: Marcus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Karlstetter
authors.forename: Stefanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ebert
authors.forename: Dominik
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kraus
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hlawatsch
authors.forename: Yana
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Walczak
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Moehle
authors.forename: Rudolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fuchshofer
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Langmann
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019295:Computational Biology / Q000379:methods; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned / Q000494:pharmacology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000379:methods; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D047311:Luteolin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D017628:Microglia / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects*; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis / Q000379:methods; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; D016207:Cytokines; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D020169:Caspases; D047311:Luteolin