title: Periconceptional nutrient intakes and risks of conotruncal heart defects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Few inquiries into periconceptional nutrition, other than folate, and risk of heart defects exist. We investigated the observed association between conotruncal heart defects and periconceptional vitamin use, as well as potential associations with other dietary nutrients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data derived from a population-based, case-control study of fetuses and liveborn infants among California births between July 1999 and June 2004; 76% of eligible case mothers and 77% of eligible control mothers were interviewed. Cases included 140 with d-transposition of great arteries (dTGA), and 163 with tetralogy of Fallot (TOF). Total number of controls was 698. Use of vitamins was elicited by questionnaire for the periconceptional period. Dietary nutrient intake was elicited by a well-known food frequency questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The odds ratio for dTGA associated with supplemental vitamin use was 1.0 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.7-1.5) and for TOF was 0.9 (95% CI, 0.6-1.3). We observed increased risks associated with lower dietary intakes of linoleic acid, total carbohydrate, and fructose for dTGA, whereas decreased risks were observed for lower intakes of total protein and methionine for TOF. Lower dietary intake of several micronutrients-namely folate, niacin, riboflavin, and vitamins B(12), A, and E, even after simultaneous adjustment for other studied nutrients-was associated with increased risk of dTGA but not TOF. These associations were observed among women who did not use vitamin supplements periconceptionally. Analytic consideration of several potential confounders did not reveal alternative interpretations of the results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Evidence continues to accumulate to show that nutrients, particularly folate, influence risks of structural birth defects. Our results extend observations that other nutrients may also be important in heart development.
authors.affiliation: Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA. gmshaw@stanford.edu
authors.forename: Gary M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.forename: Suzan L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Carmichael
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Edward J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Lammer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D039382:Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena / Q000502:physiology*; D009752:Nutritional Status; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011247:Pregnancy; D055815:Young Adult