title: Trait anxiety predicts unsuccessful surgery in gallstone disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify predictors of negative symptomatic outcomes at 6 months after cholecystectomy, surgical removal of the gallbladder, which is the preferred treatment for gallstone disease. After cholecystectomy, a substantial number of patients report persistence of symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this prospective follow-up study, consecutive patients (n = 172) diagnosed with symptomatic gallstone disease and indicated for elective cholecystectomy were investigated. Preoperatively and at 6 months, patients completed self-report symptom checklists. The Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory scale was completed preoperatively and patients with a score of > or = P 80 were considered having High Trait Anxiety (HTA). Multivariate regression analyses were used to investigate independent predictors of persisting symptoms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six months after cholecystectomy, patients with HTA were more likely to report persisting biliary symptoms than patients without HTA (NHTA) (45.5% versus 14.3%; chi(2) = 8.78, p = .002). HTA was identified as an independent predictor of persisting biliary symptoms at 6 months (odds ratio [OR], 3.08, p = .047; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02-9.34), in addition to the report of nonspecific symptoms (OR, 6.16, p = .024; 95% CI, 1.27-29.82), and the use of psychotropic medication (OR, 4.76, p = .023; 95% CI, 1.24-18.34).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with HTA have a three times higher risk at persisting biliary symptoms at 6 months after cholecystectomy than NHTA patients. Both clinical factors and the patient's personality should be considered in clinical decision making and risk estimation in elective cholecystectomy.
authors.affiliation: CoRPS-Center of Research on Psychology in Somatic diseases, Department of Medical Psychology and Neuropsychology, Tilburg University, Warandelaan 2, 5037 AB, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marlies C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Mertens
authors.forename: Jan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Roukema
authors.forename: Vincent P W
authors.initials: VP
authors.lastname: Scholtes
authors.forename: Jolanda
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: De Vries
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001007:Anxiety / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D001294:Attitude to Health; D057189:Checklist; D002763:Cholecystectomy / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D042882:Gallstones / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010555:Personality Inventory / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011300:Preoperative Care; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome