title: The clinical effectiveness of cognitive therapy for depression in an outpatient clinic.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cognitive therapy (CT) has been shown to be efficacious in the treatment of depression in numerous randomized controlled trials (RCTs). However, little evidence is available that speaks to the effectiveness of this treatment under routine clinical conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  This paper examines outcomes of depressed individuals seeking cognitive therapy at an outpatient clinic (N=217, Center for Cognitive Therapy; CCT). Outcomes were then compared to those of participants in a large NIMH-funded RCT of cognitive therapy and medications as treatments for depression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The CCT is shown to be a clinically representative setting, and 61% of participants experienced reliable change in symptoms over the course of treatment; of those, 45% (36% of the total sample) met criteria for recovery by the end of treatment. Participants at CCT had similar outcomes to participants treated in the RCT, but there was some evidence that those with more severe symptoms at intake demonstrated greater improvement in the RCT than their counterparts at CCT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The CCT may not be representative of all outpatient settings, and the structure of treatment there was considerably different from that in the RCT. Treatment fidelity was not assessed at CCT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Depressed individuals treated with cognitive therapy in a routine clinical care setting showed a significant improvement in symptoms. When compared with outcomes evidenced in RCTs, there was little evidence of superior outcomes in either setting. However, for more severe participants, outcomes were found to be superior when treatment was delivered within an RCT than in an outpatient setting. Clinicians treating such patients in non-research settings may thus benefit from making modifications to treatment protocols to more closely resemble research settings.
authors.affiliation: Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, United States. carly.gibbons@yale.edu
authors.forename: Carly J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Gibbons
authors.forename: Jay C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Fournier
authors.forename: Shannon Wiltsey
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Stirman
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: DeRubeis
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Crits-Christoph
authors.forename: Aaron T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Beck
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000553:Ambulatory Care; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010555:Personality Inventory / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011594:Psychometrics; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents