title: Implementing clinical guidelines in psychiatry: a qualitative study of perceived facilitators and barriers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Translating scientific evidence into daily practice is complex. Clinical guidelines can improve health care delivery, but there are a number of challenges in guideline adoption and implementation. Factors influencing the effective implementation of guidelines remain poorly understood. Understanding of barriers and facilitators is important for development of effective implementation strategies. The aim of this study was to determine perceived facilitators and barriers to guideline implementation and clinical compliance to guidelines for depression in psychiatric care.
  
  
  METHODS
  This qualitative study was conducted at two psychiatric clinics in Stockholm, Sweden. The implementation activities at one of the clinics included local implementation teams, seminars, regular feedback and academic detailing. The other clinic served as a control and only received guidelines by post. Data were collected from three focus groups and 28 individual, semi-structured interviews. Content analysis was used to identify themes emerging from the interview data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The identified barriers to, and facilitators of, the implementation of guidelines could be classified into three major categories: (1) organizational resources, (2) health care professionals' individual characteristics and (3) perception of guidelines and implementation strategies. The practitioners in the implementation team and at control clinics differed in three main areas: (1) concerns about control over professional practice, (2) beliefs about evidence-based practice and (3) suspicions about financial motives for guideline introduction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Identifying the barriers to, and facilitators of, the adoption of recommendations is an important way of achieving efficient implementation strategies. The findings of this study suggest that the adoption of guidelines may be improved if local health professionals actively participate in an ongoing implementation process and identify efficient strategies to overcome barriers on an organizational and individual level. Getting evidence into practice and implementing clinical guidelines are dependent upon more than practitioners' motivation. There are factors in the local context, e.g. culture and leadership, evaluation, feedback on performance and facilitation, -that are likely to be equally influential.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-171 76, Sweden. tord.forsner@ki.se
authors.forename: Tord
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Forsner
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hansson
authors.forename: Mats
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brommels
authors.forename: Anna Aberg
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Wistedt
authors.forename: Yvonne
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Forsell
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine / Q000592:standards; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups / Q000379:methods; D019983:Guideline Adherence / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D007857:Leadership; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic / Q000592:standards*; D011364:Professional Practice / Q000592:standards; D011570:Psychiatry / Q000592:standards*; D036301:Qualitative Research; D011787:Quality of Health Care / Q000592:standards; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013548:Sweden