title: Five-year follow-up of maxillary distraction osteogenesis on the dentofacial structures of children with cleft lip and palate.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the long-term outcomes of maxillary distraction osteogenesis (DO) on skeletal and dental structures of growing children with cleft lip and palate.
  
  
  METHODS
  Severe maxillary deficiencies were treated with a rigid external distractor device followed by a consolidation period. Preoperative and postoperative orthodontic treatment lasted a mean of 14 months and 16 months, respectively. The landmarks on standard lateral cephalometric x-rays were digitized and angular and linear measurements were compared by Student's t test to assess the changes before distraction, after distraction, after consolidation, at 1-year follow-up, and at 2-year follow-up. Long-term follow-up (5 years) was interpreted according to mean values because of the small sample size.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During DO, the maxilla was horizontally advanced and moved downward as indicated by the significant changes at the SNA and ANB angles (13 degrees) and at maxillary points A, ANS, and PNS. The increase at the divergence between the maxilla and mandible (ANS-PNS/Me-Go) was found to be significant. The mandible (B, Pg, Me) also moved downward (2-4 mm) and backward (Gn) significantly because of mandibular autorotation. The overjet increased (mean increase, 13.7 mm) and the overbite decreased significantly. The advancement of the upper incisors (13.3 mm) and upper molars (12.3 mm) was slightly more than the skeletal points. In a long-term follow-up (5 years), the ANB angle and horizontal overjet continued to decrease but both values remained positive, indicating a Class I relationship.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This cephalometric study of young adolescents with cleft lips and palates found great improvement in dentofacial structure after maxillary DO and stability in maxillary skeletal advancement. During a 5-year follow-up, the achieved dentoskeletal treatment outcome was partly diminished. The extreme need for maxillary advancement or facial correction because of psychosocial stress and providing an easier approach for finalizing osteotomy are the major 2 indications for DO treatment.
authors.affiliation: Cleft Palate and Craniofacial Centre, Department of Plastic Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland. gursoy_seda@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Seda
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gürsoy
authors.forename: Jyri
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hukki
authors.forename: Kirsti
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hurmerinta
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002508:Cephalometry; D002648:Child; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000601:surgery; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008313:Malocclusion, Angle Class III / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy; D008437:Maxilla / Q000601:surgery*; D008445:Maxillofacial Development; D019647:Oral Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D009971:Orthodontics, Corrective; D019857:Osteogenesis, Distraction; D019340:Osteotomy, Le Fort; D011336:Probability; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods; D016896:Treatment Outcome