title: Redox balance and cellular inflammation in the diaphragm, limb muscles, and lungs of mechanically ventilated rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  High tidal volume (VT) mechanical ventilation was shown to induce organ injury other than lung injury and systemic inflammation in animal models of ventilator-induced lung injury. The authors aimed to explore whether high VT mechanical ventilation per se induces early oxidative stress and inflammation in the diaphragm, limb muscles, and lungs of healthy rats exposed to ventilator-induced lung injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Protein carbonylation and nitration, antioxidants (immunoblotting), and inflammation (immunohistochemistry) were evaluated in the diaphragm, gastrocnemius, soleus, tibialis anterior, and lungs of mechanically ventilated healthy rats and in nonventilated control animals (n = 8/group) for 1 h, using two different strategies (moderate VT [VT = 9 ml/kg] and high VT [VT = 35 ml/kg]).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The main findings are summarized as follows: compared with controls, (1) the diaphragms and gastrocnemius of high-VT rats exhibited a decrease in reactive carbonyls, (2) the soleus and tibialis of high- and moderate-VT rodents showed a reduction in reactive carbonyls and malondialdehyde-protein adducts, (3) the lungs of high-VT rats exhibited a significant rise in malondialdehyde-protein adducts, (4) the soleus and tibialis of both high- and moderate-VT rats showed a reduction in protein nitration, (5) the lungs of high- and moderate-VT rats showed a reduction in antioxidant enzyme levels, but not in the muscles, and (6) the diaphragms and gastrocnemius of all groups exhibited very low inflammatory cell counts, whereas the lungs of high-VT rats exhibited a significant increase in inflammatory infiltrates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although oxidative stress and inflammation increased in the lungs of rats exposed to high VT, the diaphragm and limb muscles exhibited a decline in oxidative stress markers and very low levels of cellular inflammation.
authors.affiliation: Institut Municipal d'Investigació Mèdica-Hospital del Mar, Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, Department of Medicine, Medical School, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Marín-Corral
authors.forename: Leticia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Martínez-Caro
authors.forename: José A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Lorente
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de Paula
authors.forename: Lara
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pijuan
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nin
authors.forename: Joaquim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gea
authors.forename: Esteban
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Andrés
authors.forename: Esther
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Barreiro
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D003964:Diaphragm / Q000473:pathology*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007249:Inflammation / Q000473:pathology*; D008168:Lung / Q000473:pathology*; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D018656:Muscle Fibers, Fast-Twitch / Q000502:physiology; D018657:Muscle Fibers, Slow-Twitch / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000473:pathology*; D009566:Nitrates / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology*; D050050:Protein Carbonylation; D051381:Rats; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D013990:Tidal Volume / Q000502:physiology; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000378:metabolism; D055397:Ventilator-Induced Lung Injury
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers; D009566:Nitrates; D014443:Tyrosine; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D002374:Catalase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase