title: The incidence and haemodynamic significance of gas emboli during operative hysteroscopy: a prospective echocardiographic study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Operative hysteroscopy is associated with complications including the development of gas embolism. The aim of this study was to utilize continuous echocardiographic imaging during operative hysteroscopy to assess the extent and the haemodynamic effects of gas embolism in these patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women undergoing operative hysteroscopy under general anaesthesia without a history of cardiac disease were eligible. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) was performed continuously in all study participants with assessment of the extent and frequency of gas embolism, right ventricular function and pulmonary hypertension. Twenty-three women (mean age: 48.0 +/- 9.4 years) participated in the study. All subjects had evidence of bubble embolism in the right atrium (RA) and 20 of 23 (85%) had evidence of continuous flow of bubbles. In the 17 patients with adequate assessment, estimated pulmonary artery systolic pressure was 19.1 +/- 3.7 mmHg prior to the procedure and 23.3 +/- 3.4 following the procedure, a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05). There were no significant changes between the two groups in right ventricular end-diastolic area, end-systolic area, or fractional area change.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study demonstrates a high frequency of continuous gas embolism during hysteroscopy, which is associated with a small but statistically significant increase in pulmonary artery systolic pressure without affecting right ventricular function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Coronary Care Unit, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem, Israel. oleibo@hadassah.org.il
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Leibowitz
authors.forename: Neta
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Benshalom
authors.forename: Yevgeny
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kaganov
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rott
authors.forename: Arie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hurwitz
authors.forename: Yaron
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hamani
mesh_terms: D000768:Anesthesia, General; D004452:Echocardiography; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler; D004618:Embolism, Air / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology; D055356:Endometrial Ablation Techniques; D005260:Female; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D006976:Hypertension, Pulmonary; D015907:Hysteroscopy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015994:Incidence; D008875:Middle Aged; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011651:Pulmonary Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D012307:Risk Factors; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013599:Systole; D016278:Ventricular Function, Right