title: Kinetics of hematoma expansion in murine warfarin-associated intracerebral hemorrhage.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The burden of intracerebral hemorrhage associated with oral anticoagulants (OAC-ICH) is growing. However, little is known about the pathophysiology of W-ICH. Herein, we refine a mouse model of OAC-ICH using repetitive T2* MRI to describe kinetics of hematoma enlargement, and establish a benchside point of care INR assay (PoC) for assessment of anticoagulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  C57/BL6 mice drank warfarin (0.4mg/kg/24h) in their water. ICH was induced by stereotactic injection of collagenase type VII (0.045U) into the left striatum. Hemorrhagic blood volume was quantified by MRI T2* images and on cryosections 48h after ICH induction. Kinetics of hematoma expansion were compared in strongly, moderately, and non-anticoagulated mice using repeated MRI T2* imaging. The PoC INR technique was validated against standard laboratory INR, and tail vein bleeding time (TVBT).
  
  
  RESULTS
  PoC INR correlated with central laboratory measurements (r=0.989; p<0.0001) and with TVBT (r=0.982; p<0.0001). Hematoma volume was 21.2+/-6.7mm(3) in heavily (PoC INR 4-5), 12.3+/-4.8 in moderately (INR 2-3), and 8.6+/-3.3 in non-anticoagulated mice (INR<1.2). Hematoma volume determined from cryosections and T2* MRI correlated well (r=0.922). Strength of anticoagulation was associated with neurologic outcome. Hematoma enlargement occurred mainly during the first 3h in anticoagulated mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PoC allows repeated benchside INR measurements in individual mice which reflect the level of anticoagulation. Stronger anticoagulation results in larger hematoma volumes. As hematoma enlargement occurs mainly during the first hours, potential hemostatic therapies should be tested early in this OAC-ICH model.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Illanes
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Heiland
authors.forename: Zorn
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Markus
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Veltkamp
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001760:Bleeding Time; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002138:Calibration; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D017364:Collagenases; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D018450:Disease Progression; D019934:International Normalized Ratio / Q000379:methods; D007700:Kinetics; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013623:Tail / Q000098:blood supply / Q000503:physiopathology; D014680:Veins / Q000503:physiopathology; D014859:Warfarin
chemical_list: D014859:Warfarin; D017364:Collagenases