title: Readability of patient and health care professional targeted dietary supplement leaflets used for diabetes and chronic fatigue syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to assess readability of patient and health care professional targeted dietary supplement (DS) leaflets used for diabetes mellitus (DM) and chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) with a novel measurement tool and Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level (FKGL).
  
  
  METHODS
  Patient and professional leaflets for DS used to treat DM and CFS from the Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database (NMCD) and Natural Standard (NS) databases were evaluated. Leaflets were analyzed using FKGL and the author-developed health information readability analyzer (HIReA). HIReA integrates lexical, semantic, syntactic, cohesion, and style features and yields values of -1 (very hard) to 1 (very easy).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patient-targeted leaflets substantially exceeded the consensus readability level (6th grade) as assessed by both FKGL (grade 13.0767) and HIReA (-0.2360). Professional leaflets were similarly more difficult to read as scored by HIReA (-0.7065) and FKGL (grade 14.7429). Most and least difficult-to-read sections in patient leaflets (NS/NMCD) were Related Terms (-0.8863)/Other Names (-0.8146), and Safety Concerns (0.0821)/Scientific Evidence (0.0629), respectively. Overall, leaflets in NS (-0.5721) were more difficult to read than those in NMCD (-0.3704). These differences appeared to be less pronounced when FKGL was used to assess the readability, indicating its lack of preciseness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Readability for patient targeted DS leaflets is far more difficult than recommended levels. HIReA is a more precise method to measure readability than FKGL. The disparity between targeted levels of readability and measured levels may contribute to a lack of understanding by patients, with a resulting negative impact on adherence and outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Practice, Nova Southeastern University, College of Pharmacy, Palm Beach Gardens, FL 33410, USA. clauson@nova.edu
authors.forename: Kevin A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Clauson
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zeng-Treitler
authors.forename: Sasikiran
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kandula
mesh_terms: D032882:Comprehension; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D015673:Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic; D006801:Humans; D010174:Pamphlets; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000592:standards*; D011932:Reading