title: Induction of c-Fos in 'panic/defence'-related brain circuits following brief hypercarbic gas exposure.
abstract: Inspiration of air containing high concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO(2); hypercarbic gas exposure) mobilizes respiratory, sympathetic and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis responses and increases anxiety-like behaviour in rats and humans. Meanwhile the same stimulus induces panic attacks in the majority of panic disorder patients. However, little is known about the neural circuits that regulate these acute effects. In order to determine the effects of acute hypercarbic gas exposure on forebrain and brainstem circuits, conscious adult male rats were placed in flow cages and exposed to either atmospheric air or increasing environmental CO(2) concentrations (from baseline concentrations up to 20% CO(2)) during a 5 min period. The presence of immunoreactivity for the protein product of the immediate-early gene c-fos was used as a measure of functional cellular responses. Exposing rats to hypercarbic gas increased anxiety-related behaviour and increased numbers of c-Fos-immunoreactive cells in subcortical regions of the brain involved in: (1) the initiation of fear- or anxiety-associated behavioural responses (i.e. the dorsomedial hypothalamus, perifornical nucleus and dorsolateral and ventrolateral periaqueductal gray); (2) mobilization of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (i.e. the dorsomedial hypothalamus, perifornical nucleus and paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus); and (3) initiation of stress-related sympathetic responses (i.e. the dorsomedial hypothalamus, dorsolateral periaqueductal grey and rostroventrolateral medulla). These findings have implications for understanding how the brain senses changes in environmental CO(2) concentrations and the neural mechanisms underlying the subsequent adaptive changes in stress-related physiology and behaviour.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA. philjohn@iupui.edu
authors.forename: Philip L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Stephanie D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Fitz
authors.forename: Jacob H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Hollis
authors.forename: Rosario
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Moratalla
authors.forename: Stafford L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Lightman
authors.forename: Anantha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shekhar
authors.forename: Christopher A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Lowry
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001007:Anxiety / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002452:Cell Count; D005239:Fear / Q000502:physiology; D016762:Genes, fos; D006935:Hypercapnia / Q000378:metabolism*; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008526:Medulla Oblongata / Q000378:metabolism; D010200:Panic; D010913:Pituitary-Adrenal System / Q000378:metabolism; D016548:Prosencephalon / Q000378:metabolism; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013312:Stress, Physiological
chemical_list: D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos; D002245:Carbon Dioxide