title: Skin-draining lymph nodes contain dermis-derived CD103(-) dendritic cells that constitutively produce retinoic acid and induce Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells.
abstract: Small intestinal CD103(+) dendritic cells (DCs) have the selective ability to promote de novo generation of regulatory T cells via the production of retinoic acid (RA). Considering that aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity controls the production of RA, we used a flow cytometry-based assay to measure ALDH activity at the single-cell level and to perform a comprehensive analysis of the RA-producing DC populations present in lymphoid and nonlymphoid mouse tissues. RA-producing DCs were primarily of the tissue-derived, migratory DC subtype and can be readily found in the skin and in the lungs as well as in their corresponding draining lymph nodes. The RA-producing skin-derived DCs were capable of triggering the generation of regulatory T cells, a finding demonstrating that the presence of RA-producing, tolerogenic DCs is not restricted to the intestinal tract as previously thought. Unexpectedly, the production of RA by skin DCs was restricted to CD103(-) DCs, indicating that CD103 expression does not constitute a "universal" marker for RA-producing mouse DCs. Finally, Toll-like receptor (TLR) triggering or the presence of a commensal microflora was not essential for the induction of ALDH activity in the discrete ALDH(+) DC subsets that characterize tissues constituting environmental interfaces.
authors.affiliation: Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guilliams
authors.forename: Karine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Crozat
authors.forename: Sandrine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Henri
authors.forename: Samira
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tamoutounour
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Grenot
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Devilard
authors.forename: Béatrice
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: de Bovis
authors.forename: Lena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Alexopoulou
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dalod
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Malissen
mesh_terms: D000444:Aldehyde Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D000080924:Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1 Family; D000818:Animals; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D039001:Integrin alpha Chains / Q000378:metabolism; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism; D007422:Intestines / Q000276:immunology; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000378:metabolism; D007801:Langerhans Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D008168:Lung / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D041681:NIH 3T3 Cells; D050697:Retinal Dehydrogenase; D012867:Skin; D050378:T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; C498833:Foxp3 protein, mouse; D039001:Integrin alpha Chains; D007527:Isoenzymes; C091367:alpha E integrins; D014212:Tretinoin; D000080924:Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1 Family; D000444:Aldehyde Dehydrogenase; C515028:ALDH1A1 protein, mouse; D050697:Retinal Dehydrogenase