title: Outcome of minimally invasive surgical treatment of heartworm caval syndrome in dogs: 42 cases (1999-2007).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report the outcome of minimally invasive surgical treatment of heartworm caval syndrome in a series of dogs and to provide information on long-term survival of patients with this condition.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective case series.
  
  
  METHODS
  42 client-owned dogs with a diagnosis of heartworm caval syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Information on history, clinical, laboratory, and diagnostic imaging findings and treatment was obtained from medical records. When possible, additional follow-up information was obtained through telephone interviews with referring veterinarians and owners.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 42 dogs with caval syndrome, 21 underwent minimally invasive surgical treatment consisting of transvenous heartworm extraction. Two of the 21 dogs died during the procedure, and after surgery, 4 died. Following induction of anesthesia, heartworms migrated into the distal portion of the pulmonary artery in 1 dog; therefore, extraction was not attempted. Transvenous heartworm extraction was completed successfully in 14 dogs, and all 14 of these dogs were discharged from the hospital. Mean follow-up time in these 14 dogs was 24.4 +/- 17.7 months with a range of 2 to 56 months. At the time of final follow-up, 10 of these 14 dogs had survived at least 18 months and 7 had survived > 24 months. By the end of the study, 1 dog was lost to follow-up and 3 had been euthanatized for unrelated reasons.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results of the study reported here suggest that dogs with caval syndrome that undergo successful transvenous heartworm extraction and survive to discharge have a good long-term prognosis.
authors.affiliation: Animal Emergency Clinic, 19311 State Hwy 249, Houston, TX 77070, USA.
authors.forename: Christina M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Bové
authors.forename: Sonya G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.forename: Ashley B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Saunders
authors.forename: Matthew W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Risa M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Roland
authors.forename: Sarah E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Achen
authors.forename: Lori T
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Drourr
authors.forename: May M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Boggess
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000662:veterinary*; D004184:Dirofilariasis / Q000601:surgery*; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000473:pathology*; D004285:Dogs; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome