title: A comparison of maternal sensitivity and verbal stimulation as unique predictors of infant social-emotional and cognitive development.
abstract: Although maternal sensitivity has been shown to influence social-emotional development, the role of verbal stimulation on infant developmental outcomes has received less exploration. Recent research has focused on intentional behaviors within the context of a mother-infant interaction as a critical influence and as distinct from sensitivity. In this investigation 6377 mother-infant dyads participated in a teaching task as part of the sample from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study Birth Cohort (ECLS-B). Analyses focused in deciphering the role of maternal sensitivity and verbal stimulation as contributors to the infant's social-emotional (S-E) and cognitive (Cog) development. We further hypothesized that inclusion of infant age as a moderator of maternal behaviors would illuminate any differences between younger and older infants.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the infant's S-E development, our hypothesis that maternal sensitivity would be a stronger predictor than verbal stimulation was not supported; nor did we find support for our hypothesis that the association would be moderated by age. For Cog development, only verbal stimulation had a direct positive effect on the infant's cognitive ability; our findings for moderation showed that mothers spoke more to older infants than younger infants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Identification of specific maternal behaviors associated with infant outcomes informs the child development field, and also provides strategies for early intervention to assist mothers with developing or maintaining a consistent relationship that includes sensitivity and verbal stimulation.
authors.affiliation: University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, United States. mpage@u.arizona.edu
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Page
authors.forename: Mari S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Wilhelm
authors.forename: Wendy C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Gamble
authors.forename: Noel A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Card
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D002657:Child Development; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D018730:Infant Behavior / Q000523:psychology; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008425:Maternal Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D008960:Models, Psychological; D009034:Mother-Child Relations; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology*; D012016:Reference Values; D012044:Regression Analysis; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D012938:Social Perception; D014705:Verbal Behavior; D055815:Young Adult