title: Geographic distribution of Staphylococcus aureus causing invasive infections in Europe: a molecular-epidemiological analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most important human pathogens and methicillin-resistant variants (MRSAs) are a major cause of hospital and community-acquired infection. We aimed to map the geographic distribution of the dominant clones that cause invasive infections in Europe.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In each country, staphylococcal reference laboratories secured the participation of a sufficient number of hospital laboratories to achieve national geo-demographic representation. Participating laboratories collected successive methicillin-susceptible (MSSA) and MRSA isolates from patients with invasive S. aureus infection using an agreed protocol. All isolates were sent to the respective national reference laboratories and characterised by quality-controlled sequence typing of the variable region of the staphylococcal spa gene (spa typing), and data were uploaded to a central database. Relevant genetic and phenotypic information was assembled for interactive interrogation by a purpose-built Web-based mapping application. Between September 2006 and February 2007, 357 laboratories serving 450 hospitals in 26 countries collected 2,890 MSSA and MRSA isolates from patients with invasive S. aureus infection. A wide geographical distribution of spa types was found with some prevalent in all European countries. MSSA were more diverse than MRSA. Genetic diversity of MRSA differed considerably between countries with dominant MRSA spa types forming distinctive geographical clusters. We provide evidence that a network approach consisting of decentralised typing and visualisation of aggregated data using an interactive mapping tool can provide important information on the dynamics of MRSA populations such as early signalling of emerging strains, cross border spread, and importation by travel.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In contrast to MSSA, MRSA spa types have a predominantly regional distribution in Europe. This finding is indicative of the selection and spread of a limited number of clones within health care networks, suggesting that control efforts aimed at interrupting the spread within and between health care institutions may not only be feasible but ultimately successful and should therefore be strongly encouraged.
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands. Hajo.Grundmann@rivm.nl
authors.forename: Hajo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Grundmann
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Aanensen
authors.forename: Cees C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: van den Wijngaard
authors.forename: Brian G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Spratt
authors.forename: Dag
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Harmsen
authors.forename: Alexander W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Friedrich
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003140:Communicable Disease Control; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005838:Genotype; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D017053:Infection Control; D055624:Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D008875:Middle Aged; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D010641:Phenotype; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission; D013205:Staphylococcal Protein A / Q000235:genetics*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D013205:Staphylococcal Protein A