title: The hidden epidemic of urinary incontinence in women: a population-based study with emphasis on preventive strategies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Urinary incontinence (UI) is a prevalent clinical condition especially among women aged 40 years and above. It is not often reported as it is considered an age-related problem. This study attempts to estimate UI among women above 40 years and its determinants in an area zone of Tehran, Iran.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this cross-sectional study, a total of 800 women were selected from residents of area zone 17 of Tehran.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prevalence of UI is estimated to be 38.4% (95% CI, 0.35-0.42). Our findings show that those who suffer from osteoarthritis or chronic cough, had any type of internal surgery, had rupture during delivery, and had no regular exercise are significantly at higher risk of UI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The rather high prevalence of UI among middle-aged women has negative impact on women's quality of life; therefore, strategies regarding prevention and management, medical education, and research programs have been proposed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Management and Economics, School of Public Health (SPH), Tehran University of Medical Science (TUMS), Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Batoul
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ahmadi
authors.forename: Masoumeh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alimohammadian
authors.forename: Banafsheh
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Golestan
authors.forename: Bahar
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mahjubi
authors.forename: Leila
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Janani
authors.forename: Rezvan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mirzaei
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003371:Cough / Q000150:complications; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D013509:Gynecologic Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D007492:Iran / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000150:complications; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D057185:Sedentary Behavior; D014505:Urban Population; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology