title: Expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1alpha) in patients with the gallbladder carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) is a transcription factor that plays a central role in biologic processes under hypoxic conditions, especially concerning tumor angiogenesis. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a potent proangiogenic agent and a multifunctional angiogenic cytokine in many malignant tumors.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was conducted to clarify the role of HIF-1 expression in gallbladder carcinoma. Thirty-one patients with gallbladder carcinoma underwent surgical treatment between 1994 and 2003 at the Department of Surgery, University of Tokushima, Japan. Both HIF-1alpha and VEGF were evaluated by immunohistochemistry, and correlations between the expression of these factors and clinicopathological features including prognosis were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 31 specimens from patients with gallbladder carcinoma, 22 (70%) and 9 (30%) were positive for HIF-1alpha and VEGF expression, respectively. Expression of HIF-1alpha was significantly correlated with stage, tumor curability, lymph node metastasis, venous invasion, hepatic infiltration, and lymphatic invasion (P < 0.05). The survival rate for patients with HIF-1alpha positive staining was significantly lower than that for patients with HIF-1alpha negative staining. However, VEGF overexpression did not correlate with clinical outcomes. We demonstrated that HIF-1alpha expression was associated with a malignant behavior risk category in gallbladder cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Expression of HIF-1alpha was correlated with the poor prognostic indicators, such as lymph node metastasis and venous invasion. Therefore, HIF-1alpha could serve as an auxiliary parameter for predicting malignant behavior for gallbladder carcinomas.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, Japan.
authors.forename: Erdenebulgan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Batmunkh
authors.forename: Mitsuo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shimada
authors.forename: Yuji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Morine
authors.forename: Satoru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Imura
authors.forename: Hirofumi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kanemura
authors.forename: Yusuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Arakawa
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hanaoka
authors.forename: Mami
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kanamoto
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sugimoto
authors.forename: Masaaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nishi
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D005706:Gallbladder Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit / Q000378:metabolism*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000378:metabolism; D011379:Prognosis; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D014157:Transcription Factors; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A