title: Robot-assisted partial nephrectomy: a large single-institutional experience.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report experience with 100 robot-assisted partial nephrectomy (RAPN) operations performed at our institution. Nephron-sparing surgery is an established treatment for patients with small renal masses. The laparoscopic approach has emerged as an alternative to open nephron-sparing surgery, but it is recognized to be technically challenging. The robotic surgical system may enable faster and greater technical proficiency, facilitating a minimally invasive approach to more difficult lesions while reducing ischemia time.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 100 RAPN operations were performed for suspicious solid renal lesions during a 21-month period. Clinicopathologic variables, nephrometry scores, operative parameters, and renal functional outcomes were prospectively recorded and analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median tumor size was 2.8 cm (range, 1.0-8). Nephrometry scores of resected lesions were low in 47.9% of patients, medium in 45.7%, and high in 6.4% of patients. Forty-seven percent of patients had tumors>50% intraparenchymal, and 61.7% had tumors located less than 7 mm away from the renal sinus or collecting system. In 17% of patients, the tumors were touching a first-order vessel in the renal hilum. Mean warm ischemia time was 25.5 minutes (range, 0-53). Mean change in postoperative glomerular filtration rate improved 6.32 mL/min/1.73 m2 (range, -41.9 to 68.9). Histology was renal cell carcinoma in 81% (87/107) of tumors. There were 5 microscopically positive margins on final pathology (5.7%). Major and minor complication rates were 6% and 5%, respectively. There were 2 conversions to open surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RAPN seems to be a safe and technically feasible minimally invasive approach to nephron-sparing surgery even in more complex cases, with acceptable pathologic and renal function outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urologic Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111, USA.
authors.forename: Benjamin J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Scoll
authors.forename: Robert G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Uzzo
authors.forename: David Y T
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Stephen A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Boorjian
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kutikov
authors.forename: Brandon J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Manley
authors.forename: Rosalia
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Viterbo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016063:Blood Loss, Surgical; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000503:physiopathology; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D012086:Reoperation; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012371:Robotics / Q000379:methods*; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome