title: Safety and efficacy of carotid stenting in the very elderly.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Carotid artery stenting (CAS) has emerged as an alternative to carotid endarterectomy (CEA) in patients at high risk for complications from surgery. The very elderly (>or=80-year-old) are one subgroup of patients identified as being at increased risk for carotid surgery. However, there is concern that the very elderly are also at increased risk for complications of CAS. A stroke and death rate of 12% was reported in very elderly patients during the roll-in phase of Carotid Revascularization Endarterectomy versus Stent Trial (CREST). We are reporting on a large clinical series of CAS with independent neurological assessment in the very elderly.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1994 and 2008, a consecutive series of 418 CAS patients (>or=80-year-old) were treated at four high-volume centers with extensive CAS experience. Independent neurologic assessment was performed after CAS procedures. Thirty-day follow-up information was available in 389 patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average age was 83.2 +/- 2.8 years. Most patients were male (63.2%), and the target lesion carotid stenosis was asymptomatic in two-thirds (68.2%) of patients. The majority of patients treated with CAS had a history of coronary artery disease (74.4%), hypertension (87.8%), and dyslipidemia (71.1%). One third (30.1%) were diabetic and more than half (56.5%) were current or former smokers. Embolic protection devices (EPD) were used in 78.7% of cases with the CAS procedure being performed before EPD availability being the most common reason for not using them. The overall 30-day incidence of stroke and death was 2.8% (11/389). The cumulative incidence of major cardiovascular events (stroke, death, or myocardial infarction) during that time period was 3.3% (13/389).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This large series of CAS with independent neurologic assessment is convincing evidence that the very elderly (>or=80 years) can safely undergo CAS with stroke and death rates comparable to younger patients. The key to obtaining these excellent results is that CAS be performed by high volume, experienced operators who exercise restraint regarding patient selection.
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Associates, Mobile, Alabama, USA. chipgrantmd@me.com
authors.forename: Arthur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ansel
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bacharach
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Metzger
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Velez
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017130:Angioplasty / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000401:mortality; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D002983:Clinical Competence; D016894:Endarterectomy, Carotid / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000209:etiology; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D018579:Patient Selection; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D015607:Stents; D020521:Stroke / Q000209:etiology; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology