title: Effect of opium smoking cessation on the nasopharyngeal microbial flora.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effect of opium smoking cessation on the frequency and type of microorganisms in the nasopharynx of opium smokers.
  
  
  METHODS
  This cross-sectional study was performed in the Psychiatry, and Ear, Nose, and Throat Departments, Moradi Hospital, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran from June to November 2008. Nasopharyngeal cultures were taken from 50 opium smokers before, and 2-3 months after cessation of opium smoking. Potential pathogens were identified. Patients were not advised to change their number of cigarettes, and we used methadone for the substitution of opium.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight potential pathogens were isolated from nasopharyngeal cultures obtained from 43 individuals before opium smoking cessation, and 4 were recovered from 33 individuals after cessation (p=0.03). Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Streptococcus alpha hemolytic, and Staphylococcus aureus were not found in the second culture. The most sensitivity to antibiotics was for ceftriaxone (84%), ciprofloxacin (74%), and cloxacillin (72%), and the most resistance for amoxicillin (26%) and the least resistance for chloramphenicol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Some potential pathogens decrease or are even absent after opium cessation. Opium smoking affects the nasopharyngeal flora.
authors.affiliation: ENT Department, Moradi Hospital, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran. a_golshiri@rums.ac.ir
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Golshiri
authors.forename: Ziba
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Shabani
authors.forename: Mohammad R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Mokhtaree
authors.forename: Ahmad R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Sayadi
authors.forename: Hadi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Faezi
mesh_terms: D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D009305:Nasopharynx / Q000382:microbiology*; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000382:microbiology*; D009892:Opium / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013210:Staphylococcus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D009892:Opium