title: Modulation of platelet activation and initial cytokine release by alloplastic bone substitute materials.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Platelet-derived cytokines play a crucial role in tissue regeneration. In regenerative dental medicine, bone substitute materials (BSM) are widely used. However, initial interactions of BSM and platelets are still unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of platelet activation and subsequent initial cytokine release by different commercial alloplastic BSM.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight commercial BSM of different origins and chemical compositions (tricalcium phosphate, hydroxyapatite, bioactive glass: SiO(2) and mixtures) were incubated with a platelet concentrate (platelet-rich plasma, PRP) of three healthy volunteers at room temperature for 15 min. Platelet count, aggregation, degranulation (activated surface receptor CD62p) and cytokine release (Platelet-derived growth factor, Vascular endothelial growth factor) into the supernatant were quantified. Highly thrombogenic collagen served as a reference.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The investigated PRP samples revealed different activation patterns when incubated with different BSM. In general, SiO(2)-containing BSM resulted in high platelet activation and cytokine release. In detail, pure bioactive glass promoted platelet activation most significantly, followed by hybrid BSM containing lower ratios of SiO(2). Additionally, we found indications of cytokine retention by BSM of large specific surfaces.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Platelet activation as well as consecutive storage and slow release of platelet-derived cytokines are desirable attributes of modern BSM. Within the limits of the study, SiO(2)-containing BSM were identified as promising biomaterials. Further investigations on cytokine adsorption and cytokine release kinetics by the respective BSM have to be conducted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany. klein@mkg.klinik.uni-mainz.de
authors.forename: M O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: Peer W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Kämmerer
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Scholz
authors.forename: Maximilian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moergel
authors.forename: Carl Maximilian
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Kirchmaier
authors.forename: Bilal
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Al-Nawas
mesh_terms: D001792:Blood Platelets / Q000187:drug effects*; D018786:Bone Substitutes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002130:Calcium Phosphates; D015550:Cell Degranulation; D017886:Durapatite; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D019007:P-Selectin / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015539:Platelet Activation / Q000187:drug effects*; D010974:Platelet Aggregation; D010976:Platelet Count; D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor / Q000378:metabolism*; D053657:Platelet-Rich Plasma; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D018786:Bone Substitutes; D002130:Calcium Phosphates; D019007:P-Selectin; D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; D017886:Durapatite; C018392:tricalcium phosphate