title: Conservation and diversity of influenza A H1N1 HLA-restricted T cell epitope candidates for epitope-based vaccines.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The immune-related evolution of influenza viruses is exceedingly complex and current vaccines against influenza must be reformulated for each influenza season because of the high degree of antigenic drift among circulating influenza strains. Delay in vaccine production is a serious problem in responding to a pandemic situation, such as that of the current H1N1 strain. Immune escape is generally attributed to reduced antibody recognition of the viral hemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins whose rate of mutation is much greater than that of the internal non-structural proteins. As a possible alternative, vaccines directed at T cell epitope domains of internal influenza proteins, that are less susceptible to antigenic variation, have been investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HLA transgenic mouse strains expressing HLA class I A*0201, A*2402, and B*0702, and class II DRB1*1501, DRB1*0301 and DRB1*0401 were immunized with 196 influenza H1N1 peptides that contained residues of highly conserved proteome sequences of the human H1N1, H3N2, H1N2, H5N1, and avian influenza A strains. Fifty-four (54) peptides that elicited 63 HLA-restricted peptide-specific T cell epitope responses were identified by IFN-gamma ELISpot assay. The 54 peptides were compared to the 2007-2009 human H1N1 sequences for selection of sequences in the design of a new candidate H1N1 vaccine, specifically targeted to highly-conserved HLA-restricted T cell epitopes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Seventeen (17) T cell epitopes in PB1, PB2, and M1 were selected as vaccine targets based on sequence conservation over the past 30 years, high functional avidity, non-identity to human peptides, clustered localization, and promiscuity to multiple HLA alleles. These candidate vaccine antigen sequences may be applicable to any avian or human influenza A virus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America. ptan4@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: Paul Thiamjoo
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: A T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Heiny
authors.forename: Olivo
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Miotto
authors.forename: Jerome
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Salmon
authors.forename: Ernesto T A
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Marques
authors.forename: Francois
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lemonnier
authors.forename: J Thomas
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: August
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D000939:Epitopes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000276:immunology*; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000939:Epitopes; D007252:Influenza Vaccines