title: Notch signaling regulates formation of the three-dimensional architecture of intrahepatic bile ducts in mice.
abstract: Alagille syndrome, a chronic hepatobiliary disease, is characterized by paucity of intrahepatic bile ducts (IHBDs). To determine the impact of Notch signaling specifically on IHBD arborization, we studied the influence of both chronic gain and loss of Notch function on the intact three-dimensional IHBD structure using a series of mutant mouse models and a resin casting method. Impaired Notch signaling in bipotential hepatoblast progenitor cells (BHPCs) dose-dependently decreased the density of peripheral IHBDs, whereas activation of Notch1 results in an increased density of peripheral IHBDs. Although Notch2 has a dominant role in IHBD formation, there is also a redundant role for other Notch receptors in determining the density of peripheral IHBDs. Because changes in IHBD density do not appear to be due to changes in cellular proliferation of bile duct progenitors, we suggest that Notch plays a permissive role in cooperation with other factors to influence lineage decisions of BHPCs and sustain peripheral IHBDs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a threshold requirement for Notch signaling at multiple steps, including IHBD tubulogenesis and maintenance, during hepatic development that determines the density of three-dimensional peripheral IHBD architecture.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
authors.forename: Erin E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Sparks
authors.forename: Kari A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Huppert
authors.forename: Melanie A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: M Kay
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Washington
authors.forename: Stacey S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Huppert
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001653:Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic / Q000196:embryology*; D053539:Keratin-19 / Q000032:analysis; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D051881:Receptor, Notch1 / Q000502:physiology*; D051883:Receptor, Notch2 / Q000502:physiology*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D053539:Keratin-19; C497762:Notch1 protein, mouse; C497765:Notch2 protein, mouse; D051881:Receptor, Notch1; D051883:Receptor, Notch2