title: A review of translations and adaptations of the Mini-Mental State Examination in languages other than English and Spanish.
abstract: This article provides a systematic review of linguistically and culturally adapted versions (translations) of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) in languages other than English and Spanish. Adapted versions were found via database search (PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Linguistics and Language Behavior Abstracts). Source information (where available) is provided for each instrument. To facilitate comparison of the instruments, we developed an assessment framework that provides an organizational structure for the assessment of the quality of translation (linguistic and cultural), psychometric properties, educational considerations, and quality of field testing. The search resulted in 20 articles reporting on 15 language versions of the MMSE.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA. msw156@psu.edu
authors.forename: Melinda R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Steis
authors.forename: Robert W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Schrauf
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D054521:Cultural Competency; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D006801:Humans; D008037:Linguistics; D008609:Mental Status Schedule / Q000592:standards*; D019303:Multilingualism; D009730:Nursing Assessment; D015403:Nursing Evaluation Research; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014177:Translations; D014481:United States