Oculopalatal tremor explained by a model of inferior olivary hypertrophy and cerebellar plasticity.
The inferior olivary nuclei clearly play a role in creating oculopalatal tremor, but the exact mechanism is unknown. Oculopalatal tremor develops some time after a lesion in the brain that interrupts inhibition of the inferior olive by the deep cerebellar nuclei. Over time the inferior olive gradually becomes hypertrophic and its neurons enlarge developing abnormal soma-somatic gap junctions. However, results from several experimental studies have confounded the issue because they seem inconsistent with a role for the inferior olive in oculopalatal tremor, or because they ascribe the tremor to other brain areas. Here we look at 3D binocular eye movements in 15 oculopalatal tremor patients and compare their behaviour to the output of our recent mathematical model of oculopalatal tremor. This model has two mechanisms that interact to create oculopalatal tremor: an oscillator in the inferior olive and a modulator in the cerebellum. Here we show that this dual mechanism model can reproduce the basic features of oculopalatal tremor and plausibly refute the confounding experimental results. Oscillations in all patients and simulations were aperiodic, with a complicated frequency spectrum showing dominant components from 1 to 3 Hz. The model's synchronized inferior olive output was too small to induce noticeable ocular oscillations, requiring amplification by the cerebellar cortex. Simulations show that reducing the influence of the cerebellar cortex on the oculomotor pathway reduces the amplitude of ocular tremor, makes it more periodic and pulse-like, but leaves its frequency unchanged. Reducing the coupling among cells in the inferior olive decreases the oscillation's amplitude until they stop (at approximately 20% of full coupling strength), but does not change their frequency. The dual-mechanism model accounts for many of the properties of oculopalatal tremor. Simulations suggest that drug therapies designed to reduce electrotonic coupling within the inferior olive or reduce the disinhibition of the cerebellar cortex on the deep cerebellar nuclei could treat oculopalatal tremor. We conclude that oculopalatal tremor oscillations originate in the hypertrophic inferior olive and are amplified by learning in the cerebellum.
Shaikh
Aasef G
AG
Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
Hong
Simon
S
Liao
Ke
K
Tian
Jing
J
Solomon
David
D
Zee
David S
DS
Leigh
R John
RJ
Optican
Lance M
LM
D000328:Adult; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005133:Eye Movements; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006984:Hypertrophy / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008959:Models, Neurological; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity / Q000187:drug effects; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009847:Olivary Nucleus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010507:Periodicity; D014202:Tremor / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*