title: Halogenated imidazole derivatives block RNA polymerase II elongation along mitogen inducible genes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Aberrant activation of protein kinases is one of the essential oncogenic driving forces inherent to the process of tumorigenesis. The protein kinase CK2 plays an important role in diverse biological processes, including cell growth and proliferation as well as in the governing and transduction of prosurvival signals. Increased expression of CK2 is a hallmark of some cancers, hence its antiapoptotic properties may be relevant to cancer onset. Thus, the designing and synthesis of the CK2 inhibitors has become an important pursuit in the search for cancer therapies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using a high-throughput microarray approach, we demonstrate that two potent inhibitors of CK2, 4,5,6,7-tetrabromo-benzimidazole (TBBz) and 2-Dimethyloamino-4,5,6,7-tetrabromo-1H-benzimidazole (DMAT), blocked mitogen induced mRNA expression of immediate early genes. Given the impact of these inhibitors on the process of transcription, we investigated their effects on RNA Polymerase II (RNAPII) elongation along the mitogen inducible gene, EGR1 (early growth response 1), using chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay. ChIP analysis demonstrated that both drugs arrest RNAPII elongation. Finally, we show that CDK9 kinase activity, essential for the triggering of RNAPII elongation, was blocked by TBBz and to lesser degree by DMAT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our approach revealed that small molecules derived from halogenated imidazole compounds may decrease cell proliferation, in part, by inhibiting pathways that regulate transcription elongation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Michal
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mikula
authors.forename: Karolina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hanusek
authors.forename: Agnieszka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Paziewska
authors.forename: Artur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dzwonek
authors.forename: Tymon
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rubel
authors.forename: Karol
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bomsztyk
authors.forename: Jerzy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ostrowski
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001562:Benzimidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D047390:Casein Kinase II / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D047369:Chromatin Immunoprecipitation; D042863:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 9 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051766:Early Growth Response Protein 1 / Q000235:genetics; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D054879:Halogenation; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012319:RNA Polymerase II / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: C492322:2-dimethylamino-4,5,6,7-tetrabromo-1H-benzimidazole; C475924:4,5,6,7-tetrabromobenzimidazole; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D001562:Benzimidazoles; C497325:EGR1 protein, human; D051766:Early Growth Response Protein 1; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D047390:Casein Kinase II; D042863:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 9; D012319:RNA Polymerase II