title: Proanthocyanidin metabolites associated with dietary fibre from in vitro colonic fermentation and proanthocyanidin metabolites in human plasma.
abstract: Proanthocyanidins (PAs) or condensed tannins, a major group of dietary polyphenols, are oligomers and polymers of flavan-3-ol and flavan-3, 4-diols widely distributed in plant foods. Most literature data on PAs' metabolic fate deal with PAs that can be extracted from the food matrix by aqueous-organic solvents ( extractable proanthocyanidins). However, there are no data on colonic fermentation of non-extractable proanthocyanidins (NEPAs), which arrive almost intact to the colon, mostly associated to dietary fibre (DF). The aim of the present work was to examine colonic fermentation of NEPAs associated with DF, using a model of in vitro small intestine digestion and colonic fermentation. Two NEPA-rich materials obtained from carob pod (Ceratonia siliqua L. proanthocyanidin) and red grapes (grape antioxidant dietary fibre) were used as test samples. The colonic fermentation of these two products released hydroxyphenylacetic acid, hydroxyphenylvaleric acid and two isomers of hydroxyphenylpropionic acid, detected by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS. Differences between the two products indicate that DF may enhance the yield of metabolites. In addition, the main NEPA metabolite in human plasma was 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl acetic acid. The presence in human plasma of the same metabolites as were detected after in vitro colonic fermentation of NEPAs suggests that dietary NEPAs would undergo colonic fermentation releasing absorbable metabolites with potential healthy effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, ICTAN - CSIC, 28040 Madrid, Spain. fsaura@if.csic.es
authors.forename: Fulgencio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Saura-Calixto
authors.forename: Jara
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pérez-Jiménez
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Touriño
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Serrano
authors.forename: Elisabet
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fuguet
authors.forename: Josep Lluis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Torres
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Goñi
mesh_terms: D015102:3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D002432:Cecum / Q000382:microbiology; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000378:metabolism*; D004063:Digestion; D007887:Fabaceae / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D005285:Fermentation; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010421:Pentanoic Acids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D010636:Phenols; D010648:Phenylacetates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D010666:Phenylpropionates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D044945:Proanthocyanidins / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D011422:Propionates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012995:Solubility; D027843:Vitis / Q000737:chemistry; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: C491266:3-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D010421:Pentanoic Acids; D010636:Phenols; D010648:Phenylacetates; D010666:Phenylpropionates; D044945:Proanthocyanidins; D011422:Propionates; D015102:3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid; C008869:phloretic acid