title: Regional anatomic differences in skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiration in type 2 diabetes and obesity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies on leg skeletal musculature have demonstrated mitochondrial dysfunction associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), but it is not known whether mitochondrial dysfunction is present in the upper extremities.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to compare mitochondrial respiration and markers of mitochondrial content in skeletal muscle of arm and leg in patients with T2DM and obese control subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten patients with T2DM (age, 52.3 +/- 2.7 yr; body mass index, 30.1 +/- 1.2 kg/m(2)) (mean +/- se) were studied after a 2-wk washout period of oral antihyperglycemic agents. Ten control subjects (age, 54.3 +/- 2.8 yr; body mass index, 30.4 +/- 1.2 kg/m(2)) with normal fasting and 2-h oral glucose tolerance test blood glucose levels were also included.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured mitochondrial respiration in saponin-treated skinned muscle fibers from biopsies of m. deltoideus and m. vastus lateralis using high-resolution respirometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the arm, mitochondrial respiration and citrate synthase activity did not differ between groups, but mitochondrial respiration per milligram of muscle was significantly higher in the leg muscle of the control subjects compared to T2DM. Fiber type compositions in arm and leg muscles were not different between the T2DM and control group, and maximum rate of O(2) consumption did not differ between the groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results demonstrate that reduced mitochondrial function in T2DM is only present in the leg musculature. This novel finding suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction is not a primary defect affecting all skeletal muscle but could be related to a decreased response to locomotor muscle use in T2DM.
authors.affiliation: Postdoc Fellow, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Yale University School of Medicine, The Anlyan Center, Room S260, P.O. Box 208020, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-0820, USA. rasmus.rabol@yale.edu
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rabøl
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Larsen
authors.forename: P M V
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Højberg
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Almdal
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Boushel
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Haugaard
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Madsbad
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dela
mesh_terms: D001132:Arm; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007866:Leg; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008931:Mitochondria, Muscle / Q000378:metabolism*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption