title: MicroRNA expression differentiates histology and predicts survival of lung cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The molecular drivers that determine histology in lung cancer are largely unknown. We investigated whether microRNA (miR) expression profiles can differentiate histologic subtypes and predict survival for non-small cell lung cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed miR expression in 165 adenocarcinoma and 125 squamous cell carcinoma (SQ) tissue samples from the Environment And Genetics in Lung cancer Etiology (EAGLE) study using a custom oligo array with 440 human mature antisense miRs. We compared miR expression profiles using t tests and F tests and accounted for multiple testing using global permutation tests. We assessed the association of miR expression with tobacco smoking using Spearman correlation coefficients and linear regression models, and with clinical outcome using log-rank tests, Cox proportional hazards, and survival risk prediction models, accounting for demographic and tumor characteristics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MiR expression profiles strongly differed between adenocarcinoma and SQ (P(global) < 0.0001), particularly in the early stages, and included miRs located on chromosome loci most often altered in lung cancer (e.g., 3p21-22). Most miRs, including all members of the let-7 family, were downregulated in SQ. Major findings were confirmed by quantitative real time-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) in EAGLE samples and in an independent set of lung cancer cases. In SQ, the low expression of miRs that are downregulated in the histology comparison was associated with 1.2- to 3.6-fold increased mortality risk. A five-miR signature significantly predicted survival for SQ.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We identified a miR expression profile that strongly differentiated adenocarcinoma from SQ and had prognostic implications. These findings may lead to histology-based therapeutic approaches.
authors.affiliation: Genetic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-7236, USA. landim@mail.nih.gov
authors.forename: Maria Teresa
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Landi
authors.forename: Yingdong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rotunno
authors.forename: Jill
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Koshiol
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Andrew W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Bergen
authors.forename: Maurizia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rubagotti
authors.forename: Alisa M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Goldstein
authors.forename: Ilona
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Linnoila
authors.forename: Francesco M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Marincola
authors.forename: Margaret A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Tucker
authors.forename: Pier Alberto
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Bertazzi
authors.forename: Angela C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Pesatori
authors.forename: Neil E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Caporaso
authors.forename: Lisa M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: McShane
authors.forename: Ena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000235:genetics*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging / Q000379:methods; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D011379:Prognosis; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D035683:MicroRNAs