title: Clinical profile and treatment of infantile spasms using vigabatrin and ACTH--a developing country perspective.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Infantile spasms represent a serious epileptic syndrome that occurs in the early infantile age. ACTH and Vigabatrin are actively investigated drugs in its treatment. This study describes the comparison of their efficacy in a large series of patients with infantile spasms from Pakistan.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients with infantile spasms who presented to Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan from January, 2006 to April, 2008 were included in this study. Inclusion criteria were clinical symptoms of infantile spasms, hypsarrythmia or modified hyparrythmia on electroencephalography, at least six months of follow-up period and receipt of any of the two drugs mentioned above. The type of drug distribution was random according to the availability, cost and ease of administration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty six cases fulfilled the inclusion criteria. 62.5% were males. Mean age at onset of seizures was 5 +/- 1.4 months. Fifty two (92.8%) patients demonstrated hypsarrythmia on electroencephalography. 64.3% cases were identified as symptomatic while 19.6% were cryptogenic and 16.1% were idiopathic. Eighteen patients received ACTH while 38 patients received Vigabatrin as first line therapy. Initial response to first line therapy was similar (50% for ACTH and 55.3% for Vigabatrin). Overall, the symptomatic and idiopathic groups responded better to Vigabatrin. The relapse rate was higher for ACTH as compared to Vigabatrin (55.5% vs. 33.3%) when considering the first line therapy. Four patients evolved to Lennox-Gastaut variant; all of these patients had initially received Vigabatrin and then ACTH.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vigabatrin and ACTH showed no significant difference in the initial treatment of infantile spasms. However, patients receiving ACTH were 1.2 times more likely to relapse as compared to the patients receiving Vigabatrin when considering monotherapy. We suggest that Vigabatrin should be the initial drug of choice in patients presenting with infantile spasms. However, larger studies from developing countries are required to validate the therapeutic trends observed in this study.
authors.affiliation: Medical College, The Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, Karachi 74800, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Shahnaz
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ibrahim
authors.forename: Shamshad
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gulab
authors.forename: Sidra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ishaque
authors.forename: Taimur
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Saleem
mesh_terms: D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001238:Asphyxia Neonatorum / Q000150:complications; D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000209:etiology; D003906:Developing Countries; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007236:Infant, Small for Gestational Age; D008297:Male; D008429:Maternal Welfare; D010154:Pakistan; D011015:Pneumonia, Aspiration / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality; D012008:Recurrence; D012307:Risk Factors; D018805:Sepsis / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality; D013036:Spasms, Infantile / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D020888:Vigabatrin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; D020888:Vigabatrin