title: Does the actual standard of 0.1 microg/L overestimate or underestimate the risk of plant protection products to groundwater ecosystems?
abstract: The present groundwater standard of 0.1 microg/L for plant protection products (PPPs) has been under much debate because an ecotoxicological base is missing. In the present study, groundwater threshold values were calculated for all PPPs currently included in Annex I to Directive 91/414/EEC using three different approaches: (1) first-tier (Daphnia magna and Vibrio fisheri); (2) species sensitivity distributions, constructed for surrogate freshwater organisms for the truncated groundwater biodiversity; (3) the case-based model PERPEST. For the majority of the PPPs, the trigger value of 0.1 microg/L appears to be sufficiently protective. However, it may not fully protect groundwater life from several insecticides. Implications for the environmental risk assessment of groundwater and recommendations for future research are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Technical University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal. mdaam@isa.utl.pt
authors.forename: Michiel A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Daam
authors.forename: Emília
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Leitão
authors.forename: Manuel J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Trindade
authors.forename: Maria José
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Cerejeira
mesh_terms: D048908:Aliivibrio fischeri / Q000187:drug effects; D000818:Animals; D003621:Daphnia / Q000187:drug effects; D017753:Ecosystem; D006540:Herbicides / Q000592:standards* / Q000633:toxicity; D007306:Insecticides / Q000592:standards* / Q000633:toxicity; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000592:standards* / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D006540:Herbicides; D007306:Insecticides; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical