title: Incidence and risk factors for venous thromboembolism in critically ill children after trauma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Venous thromboembolism (VTE) causes major morbidity in adults after trauma, occurring in up to 50% of patients without prophylaxis. The incidence of VTE after trauma is lower in children. No study has measured the incidence of and risk factors for VTE in critically ill children after trauma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nested case-control study of children, younger than 18 years, admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit at a level I trauma center. Three controls were selected for each identified VTE case.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nine of 144 children admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit after trauma developed VTE (incidence 6.2%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.3-10.2), with a median age of 8.6 years (range, 2.3-17.9). VTE was diagnosed at a median of 9 days after admission, with 67% of VTE located at the site of previous or existing central venous line (CVL). Significant risk factors for thrombosis included parenteral nutrition (odds ratio [OR] 20, 95% CI 1.9-227), CVL (OR 19, 95% CI 2-178), deep sedation (OR 13, 95% CI 1.6-48), neuromuscular blockade (OR 10, 95% CI 1.4-70), inotropic support (OR 10, 95% CI 1.7-59), and recombinant factor VIIa administration (p = 0.012, OR not calculable). Logistic analysis found a 7.9-fold increase in the odds of developing VTE for each additional CVL (p = 0.005), a threefold increase with each additional risk factor present (p = 0.009), and a 1.3-fold increase for an increase in injury severity (p = 0.03). VTE was not associated with sepsis, spinal cord injury, fracture, or elevated D-dimer level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  VTE is not a rare event in critically ill children after trauma. Most patients developing thrombosis have multiple risk factors, including poor perfusion, immobility, and presence of a CVL.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Pediatrics, Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin and Medical College of Wisconsin, 9000 West Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 5322, USA. shanson@mcw.edu
authors.forename: Sheila J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Hanson
authors.forename: Rowena C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Punzalan
authors.forename: Rachel A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Greenup
authors.forename: Hua
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Thomas T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Peter L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Havens
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002405:Catheterization, Central Venous / Q000009:adverse effects; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016638:Critical Illness; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D015278:Intensive Care Units, Pediatric; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D054556:Venous Thromboembolism / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology