title: A novel primate model of delayed wound healing in diabetes: dysregulation of connective tissue growth factor.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Chronic non-healing wounds are a common complication of diabetes. Prolonged inflammation and decreased matrix accumulation may contribute. Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is induced during normal wound healing, but its regulation in diabetic wounds is unknown. We developed a primate model for the study of in vivo wound healing in baboons with long diabetes duration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Drum implants were placed subcutaneously into thighs of diabetic and non-diabetic control baboons. After 2 and 4 weeks the skin incision sites were removed for measurement of breaking strength and epithelial thickness. Drum implants were removed for analysis of granulation tissue and inflammatory cells, CTGF and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase (TIMP-1). Degradation of added CTGF by wound fluid was also examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Healed incision site skin was stiffer (less elastic) in diabetic baboons and epithelial remodelling was slower compared with controls. Granulation tissue from diabetic baboons was reduced at 2 and 4 weeks, with increased vessel lumen areas at 4 weeks. Macrophages were reduced while neutrophils persisted in diabetic tissue. In diabetic wound tissue at 4 weeks there was less CTGF induced, as shown by immunohistochemistry, compared with controls. In contrast, immunoreactive fragments of CTGF were significantly increased in whole tissue lysate in diabetic baboons, suggesting that CTGF is redistributed in diabetes from granulation tissue into wound fluid. When recombinant human CTGF was co-incubated with wound fluid, increased CTGF degradation products were observed in both control and diabetic samples.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This baboon model of wound healing reflects the abnormal microenvironment seen in human diabetic wounds and provides insights into the dysregulation of CTGF in diabetic wounds.
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Medicine, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Thomson
authors.forename: S V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: McLennan
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hennessy
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Boughton
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bonner
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zoellner
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Yue
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Twigg
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D055513:Connective Tissue Growth Factor / Q000378:metabolism*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004548:Elasticity; D004848:Epithelium / Q000473:pathology; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry / Q000379:methods; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D010215:Papio; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1; D055513:Connective Tissue Growth Factor