title: Blood transfusion is associated with increased morbidity and mortality after lower extremity revascularization.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Little is known about the significance of blood transfusion in patients with peripheral arterial disease. We queried the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS NSQIP) database to examine the effect of intraoperative blood transfusion on the morbidity and mortality in patients who underwent lower extremity revascularization.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed data from the participant use data file containing vascular surgical cases submitted to the ACS NSQIP in 2005, 2006, and 2007 by 173 hospitals. Current procedural terminology codes were used to select lower extremity procedures that were grouped into venous graft, prosthetic graft, or thromboendarterectomy. Thirty-day outcomes analyzed were (1) mortality, (2) composite morbidity, (3) graft/prosthesis failure, (4) return to the operating room within 30 days, (5) wound occurrences, (6) sepsis or septic shock, (7) pulmonary occurrences, and (8) renal insufficiency or failure. Intraoperative transfusion of packed red blood cells was categorized as none, 1 to 2 units, and 3 or more units. Outcome rates were compared between the transfused and nontransfused groups using the chi(2) test and multivariable regression adjusting for transfusion propensity, comorbid and procedural risk.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 8799 patients underwent lower extremity revascularization between 2005 and 2007. Mean age was 66.8 +/- 12.0 years and 5569 (63.3%) were male. Transfusion rates ranged from 14.5% in thromboendarterectomy patients to 27.1% in prosthetic bypass patients (P < .05). After adjustment for transfusion propensity and patient and procedural risks, transfusion of 1 or 2 units remained significantly predictive of mortality, composite morbidity, sepsis/shock, pulmonary occurrences, and return to the operating room. The adjusted odds ratios for 30-day mortality ranged from 1.92 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.36-2.70) for 1 to 2 units to 2.48 (95% CI 1.55-3.98) for 3 or more units.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a large number of patients undergoing lower extremity revascularization, we have found that there is a higher risk of postoperative mortality, pulmonary, and infectious complications after receiving intraoperative blood transfusion. Additional studies are necessary to better define transfusion triggers that balance the risk/benefit ratio for blood transfusion.
authors.affiliation: University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
authors.forename: Shane D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: O'Keeffe
authors.forename: Daniel L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Davenport
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Minion
authors.forename: Ehab E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Sorial
authors.forename: Eric D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Endean
authors.forename: Eleftherios Sarantis
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Xenos
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016063:Blood Loss, Surgical / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control*; D001807:Blood Vessel Prosthesis; D019917:Blood Vessel Prosthesis Implantation / Q000295:instrumentation; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D019992:Databases as Topic; D004691:Endarterectomy / Q000009:adverse effects; D017707:Erythrocyte Transfusion / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D006400:Hematocrit; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D016015:Logistic Models; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000098:blood supply*; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D018579:Patient Selection; D016491:Peripheral Vascular Diseases / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D011475:Prosthesis Failure; D012086:Reoperation; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012772:Shock, Septic / Q000209:etiology; D013530:Surgical Wound Infection / Q000209:etiology; D017131:Thrombectomy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000401:mortality; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014656:Vascular Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000401:mortality; D014680:Veins / Q000637:transplantation