title: Analysis of facial skeletal characteristics in patients with chin deviation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study was undertaken to investigate the facial skeletal features associated with chin deviation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-five patients (14 males and 11 females) diagnosed with chin deviations of more than 2 mm were recruited. Fifteen skeletal landmarks, including median and lateral points, were located on posteroanterior cephalograms. The CG-ANS (crista-galli of the ethmoid-anterior nasal spine) line and the perpendicular line through the CG were used as references. The differences between the distances from paired lateral points to reference lines were examined with intraclass correlation coefficients to analyze the symmetry of facial skeletal tissue. The factors associated with the amount or direction of chin deviation were analyzed by multiple regression analysis or by logistic regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventeen subjects (68%) showed chin deviation to the left side and 8 subjects (32%) to the right side. Sixty-eight percent of subjects presented with Angle Class III malocclusion. Horizontal distances of all paired lateral points to the y-axis, in mandibular body length and effective length, showed a low grade of symmetry. Only vertical distances of paired zygomaticofrontal sutures and zygonion points to the x-axis were asymmetric. However, there were no significant asymmetries of the gonial angle, ramus height, and vertical distances from other paired lateral points to the x-axis. The amount of chin deviation was associated with the absolute differences of the left and right antegonion to the y-axis and zygomaticofrontal suture to the x-axis. The direction of chin deviation was significantly associated with the difference in the effective length of bilateral mandibular halves.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Facial skeletal asymmetry exists in patients with chin deviation. This should be considered when planning treatment for both the nonsurgical and surgico-orthodontic cases with chin deviation.
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.
authors.forename: Jenny Hwai-Jen
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Fong
authors.forename: Ho-Tai
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Ming-Chu
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Yu-Wei
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Chou
authors.forename: Lin-Yang
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Chi
authors.forename: Yao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fong
authors.forename: Shou-Yen
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Kao
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002680:Chin / Q000002:abnormalities*; D005146:Facial Asymmetry / Q000473:pathology*; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male