title: Independent effects of weight gain and fetal programming on metabolic complications in adults born small for gestational age.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Insulin resistance (IR) and the metabolic syndrome (MS) have been reported in adults as a consequence of being born small for gestational age (SGA). The process seems to be initiated early in life; however, little is known about the progression of MS and IR in young adults. We hypothesised that being born SGA would promote a greater progression over time of IR and MS, reflecting not only the gain in weight and fat mass but also the extension of the fetal programming process.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were selected from a community-based cohort and born full-term either SGA (birthweight <10th percentile) or appropriate for gestational age (25th < birthweight < 75th percentile). A total of 1,308 individuals were prospectively followed between the ages of 22 and 30 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At both ages, individuals born SGA were more insulin-resistant and showed a significantly higher prevalence of MS. Over the 8 year follow-up, the risk of developing MS was twofold higher in those SGA, after adjustment for gain in BMI, whereas the progression of IR was not significantly affected by the birth status.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that metabolic disorders in SGA individuals are amplified by the weight gain with time when adults, both probably resulting from fetal programming. Moreover, the modest increase in IR contrasts with the constant and much higher prevalence of MS.
authors.affiliation: INSERM Unité U690, Hôpital Robert Debré, 48 Boulevard Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France. taly.meas@lrb.aphp.fr
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Meas
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Deghmoun
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Alberti
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Carreira
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Armoogum
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chevenne
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lévy-Marchal
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001823:Body Composition / Q000502:physiology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D005260:Female; D047109:Fetal Development / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007236:Infant, Small for Gestational Age / Q000378:metabolism*; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D015995:Prevalence; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids