title: Extensible behavior of titin in the miniswine left ventricle.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The sarcomeric protein titin is a molecular spring responsible for passive tension and restoring forces of cardiomyocytes. Extension of titin as a function of sarcomere length (SL) has been studied in rodents, which predominantly express the smaller, stiffer N2B titin isoform. Large mammals coexpress roughly equal proportions of N2B and N2BA titin, the larger, more compliant isoform. We hypothesized that extension of titin in relation to SL differs in large mammals and that this difference is functionally important.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We characterized the filling pressure-SL relation in diastolic-arrested miniswine left ventricles. SL was 2.15 to 2.25 mum at a filling pressure of approximately 0 mm Hg and reached a maximum of approximately 2.50 mum with overfilling. In the normal filling pressure range, SL ranged from approximately 2.32 to approximately 2.40 mum. We assessed titin extension as a function of SL using immunoelectron microscopy, which allowed delineation of the behavior of specific spring segments. The major isoform difference was that the N2B-Us segment extended approximately 4-fold more as a function of SL in N2B compared with N2BA titin. Using this segment, we estimated sarcomeric force development with a worm-like chain model and found that N2B develops markedly greater force than N2BA titin. The resulting force with coexpression of N2B and N2BA titin is intermediate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In light of murine studies showing that operating SLs are shorter than in miniswine, our results indicate that coexpression of the 2 titin isoforms in large mammals allows longer SLs without the development of excessive diastolic tension.
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Unit, Fletcher Allen Health Care, 111 Colchester Ave, Burlington, VT 05401, USA. martin.lewinter@vtmednet.org
authors.forename: Martin M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Lewinter
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Popper
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McNabb
authors.forename: Lori
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nyland
authors.forename: Stephen B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.forename: Henk
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Granzier
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D064211:Connectin; D003971:Diastole / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D016253:Microscopy, Immunoelectron; D023421:Models, Animal; D009124:Muscle Proteins / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000502:physiology; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D012518:Sarcomeres / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D013552:Swine; D013556:Swine, Miniature; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D064211:Connectin; D009124:Muscle Proteins; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D011494:Protein Kinases