title: Neurostimulatory and ablative treatment options in major depressive disorder: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Major depressive disorder is one of the most disabling and common diagnoses amongst psychiatric disorders, with a current worldwide prevalence of 5-10% of the general population and up to 20-25% for the lifetime period.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Nowadays, conventional treatment includes psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy; however, more than 60% of the treated patients respond unsatisfactorily, and almost one fifth becomes refractory to these therapies at long-term follow-up.
  Growing social incapacity and economic burdens make the medical community strive for better therapies, with fewer complications. Various nonpharmacological techniques like electroconvulsive therapy, vagus nerve stimulation, transcranial magnetic stimulation, lesion surgery, and deep brain stimulation have been developed for this purpose.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We reviewed the literature from the beginning of the twentieth century until July 2009 and described the early clinical effects and main reported complications of these methods.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands. p.andrade@np.unimaas.nl
authors.forename: Pablo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Andrade
authors.forename: Lieke H M
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Noblesse
authors.forename: Yasin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Temel
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ackermans
authors.forename: Lee W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Harry W M
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Steinbusch
authors.forename: Veerle
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Visser-Vandewalle
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002908:Chronic Disease; D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D004292:Dominance, Cerebral / Q000502:physiology; D004565:Electroconvulsive Therapy; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology; D011612:Psychosurgery; D012008:Recurrence; D019233:Retreatment; D017552:Solitary Nucleus / Q000503:physiopathology; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation; D014630:Vagus Nerve / Q000503:physiopathology; D055536:Vagus Nerve Stimulation