title: Polymorphisms in the SERPINA1 (Alpha-1-Antitrypsin) gene are associated with severe chronic rhinosinusitis unresponsive to medical therapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT) is a serine protease inhibitor that blocks the protease, neutrophil elastase. Previous population studies have suggested that heterozygote status for the AAT gene (SERPINA1) is a risk factor for chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP). This implies a potential genetic predisposition to CRS tied to AAT deficiency. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the SERPINA1 gene and CRS.
  
  
  METHODS
  DNA extracted from a population of 206 patients diagnosed with CRSwNPs and 196 postal code-matched controls was used. A maximally informative set of tagging SNPs from SERPINA1 on chromosome 14q were selected from the HapMap data set (International HapMap Consortium, Nature 437:1299-1320, 2005) and genotyped on the Sequenom platform (Sequenom, San Diego, CA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Successful genotyping was performed for 32 of 33 SNPs. Two SNPs (rs1243168 and rs4900229) located upstream of the SERPINA1gene, were associated with CRS. Individuals homozygous (TT) for these SNPs had an increased probability of having CRS with an odds ratio of 5.95 and 1.49, respectively. Subgroup analysis according to severity of disease identified each SNP to be increasingly common in individuals as disease severity increased (p < 0.001). These individuals were also less likely to be responsive to medical therapy (p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Polymorphisms of the SERPINA1 gene are associated with clinically severe CRS. These results, from a small subset of individuals with CRS, suggest that defects in AAT may be implicated in a subset of individuals unresponsive to conventional therapy and suggests that alternate therapies may be required for their management.
authors.affiliation: The Department of Otolaryngology, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. shaunkilty@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Shaun J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Kilty
authors.forename: Yohan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Bossé
authors.forename: Chantale
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cormier
authors.forename: Leandra Mfuna
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Endam
authors.forename: Martin Y
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Desrosiers
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D018450:Disease Progression; D004351:Drug Resistance / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D056726:Genetic Association Studies; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009298:Nasal Polyps; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D012220:Rhinitis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012852:Sinusitis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D000515:alpha 1-Antitrypsin / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C043392:SERPINA1 protein, human; D000515:alpha 1-Antitrypsin