title: Comparison of ampicillin plus gentamicin vs. penicillin plus gentamicin in empiric treatment of neonates at risk of early onset sepsis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to compare the clinical efficacy of ampicillin (AMP) vs. penicillin (PEN) both combined with gentamicin in the empirical treatment of neonates at risk of early onset neonatal sepsis (EOS).
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed an open label cluster randomized equivalence study in both Estonian neonatal intensive care units, including neonates with suspected EOS, aged less than 72 h. Primary end-point was clinical failure rate, expressed by need for change of antibiotic regimen within 72 h and/or 7-day all cause mortality. Bowel colonization was followed with biweekly perineal swab cultures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Incidence of proven EOS was 4.9%. Among neonates receiving AMP (n = 142) or PEN (n = 141) change of antibiotic regimen within 72 h (10/142 vs. 10/141; OR 1.02; 95% CI 0.40-2.59), 7-day mortality (11/142 vs. 14/141; OR 0.76; 95% CI 0.33-1.75) and over-all treatment failure (20/142 vs. 20/141; OR 1.01; 95% CI 0.52-1.97) occurred at similar rates. The only differences in gut colonization were lower number of patients colonised with enterococci, S. aureus and AMP resistant Acinetobacter spp. in AMP and lower number of those with S. haemolyticus and S. hominis in PEN arm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AMP and PEN combined with gentamicin have similar effectiveness in the empiric treatment of suspected neonatal EOS.
authors.affiliation: Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Clinic of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Tartu University Clinics, Tartu, EstoniaPaediatric Intensive Care Unit, Tallinn Children's Hospital, Tallinn, EstoniaInstitute of Microbiology, Tartu University, Tartu, EstoniaDepartment of Paediatrics, Tartu University Clinics, Tartu, Estonia.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Metsvaht
authors.affiliation: Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Clinic of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Tartu University Clinics, Tartu, EstoniaPaediatric Intensive Care Unit, Tallinn Children's Hospital, Tallinn, EstoniaInstitute of Microbiology, Tartu University, Tartu, EstoniaDepartment of Paediatrics, Tartu University Clinics, Tartu, Estonia.
authors.forename: M-L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Ilmoja
authors.affiliation: Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Clinic of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Tartu University Clinics, Tartu, EstoniaPaediatric Intensive Care Unit, Tallinn Children's Hospital, Tallinn, EstoniaInstitute of Microbiology, Tartu University, Tartu, EstoniaDepartment of Paediatrics, Tartu University Clinics, Tartu, Estonia.
authors.forename: Ü
authors.initials: Ü
authors.lastname: Parm
authors.affiliation: Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Clinic of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Tartu University Clinics, Tartu, EstoniaPaediatric Intensive Care Unit, Tallinn Children's Hospital, Tallinn, EstoniaInstitute of Microbiology, Tartu University, Tartu, EstoniaDepartment of Paediatrics, Tartu University Clinics, Tartu, Estonia.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Maipuu
authors.affiliation: Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Clinic of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Tartu University Clinics, Tartu, EstoniaPaediatric Intensive Care Unit, Tallinn Children's Hospital, Tallinn, EstoniaInstitute of Microbiology, Tartu University, Tartu, EstoniaDepartment of Paediatrics, Tartu University Clinics, Tartu, Estonia.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Merila
authors.affiliation: Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Clinic of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Tartu University Clinics, Tartu, EstoniaPaediatric Intensive Care Unit, Tallinn Children's Hospital, Tallinn, EstoniaInstitute of Microbiology, Tartu University, Tartu, EstoniaDepartment of Paediatrics, Tartu University Clinics, Tartu, Estonia.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Lutsar
mesh_terms: D017668:Age of Onset; D000667:Ampicillin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004957:Estonia; D005260:Female; D005839:Gentamicins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007363:Intensive Care Units, Neonatal; D007422:Intestines / Q000382:microbiology; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D010406:Penicillins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D018805:Sepsis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000401:mortality; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D005839:Gentamicins; D010406:Penicillins; D000667:Ampicillin