title: Unilateral retinal hemorrhages with subarachnoid hemorrhage in a 5-week-old infant: is this nonaccidental injury?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Retinal hemorrhages are an important sign in the setting of nonaccidental injury (NAI) (abusive head injury) in young infants and form a very important part of the evidence in support of the diagnosis. The diagnosis of NAI has serious social and legal implications. Other causes of retinal hemorrhages in an infant, such as birth trauma, accidental head injury, subarachnoid hemorrhage, other less common disorders of clotting, leukemia, and infections such as endocarditis, need to be considered and ruled out in making a diagnosis of NAI.
  
  
  METHODS
  Descriptive case report.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A 5-week-old child presented with rapid onset of symptoms of drowsiness and hypotonia, unilateral retinal hemorrhages, and an intracranial hemorrhage in the posterior fossa. NAI was high on the list of differential diagnosis, which caused considerable anxiety in the parents. The cause of the intracranial hemorrhage only became apparent at repeat neuroimaging several weeks later.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The case is presented to point out arteriovenous malformation as a possible cause of retinal hemorrhages in this age group where an early diagnosis of the etiology is often not possible. A diagnosis of NAI, commonly associated with a similar clinical presentation, can have serious social and legal implications.
authors.affiliation: Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, St James University Hospital, Leeds, UK. ar@rcsed.ac.uk
authors.forename: Aravind R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Reddy
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Clarke
authors.forename: Vernon W
authors.initials: VW
authors.lastname: Long
mesh_terms: D002649:Child Abuse; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009887:Ophthalmoscopy; D012166:Retinal Hemorrhage / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed