title: Longitudinal assessment of intellectual achievement in patients with classical galactosemia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To conduct a longitudinal assessment of long-term cognitive outcome in patients with classical galactosemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Inclusion criteria were (1) previous assessment of IQ dating back >10 years with tests being comparable with the recent German tests HAWIK-III and HAWIE-R, (2) absence of illnesses other than galactosemia, (3) absence of foreign language problems, (4) enzymatic-metabolic proof of classical galactosemia, (5) compliance with dietary therapy, and (6) written informed consent. Twenty-three patients who fulfilled these criteria were found. They underwent the first IQ test at a mean age of 11 +/- 5 years and the second 13.6 to 15.5 years later at a mean age of 26 +/- 5 years. Results were corrected for the obsolescence of test norms (Flynn effect).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean total IQ scores on the first and second tests were 78 +/- 14 and 73 +/- 15, respectively, and not significantly different. IQ scores in the average range were observed for 7 patients on the first test and for 5 patients on the second test. For 17 patients, the intraindividual IQ scores remained essentially unchanged. Five patients showed a decrease and 1 an increase of the IQ score over time. No consistent pattern of change was found with respect to performance or verbal IQ subscores or in achievements in the individual subtest.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results confirm the presence of reduced cognitive ability in classical galactosemia and present evidence for an absence of substantial galactosemia-induced aggravation of this impairment with increasing age, at least in patients from 4 to 40 years of age. It remains to be clarified whether a reduction of cognitive function in galactosemia may be initiated by an in utero toxicity of endogenously formed galactose and which role such a process may play in the development of intellectual deficiencies that are later maintained throughout life.
authors.affiliation: Deutsches Diabetes Zentrum, Abteilung Klinische Biochemie und Pathobiochemie, Auf'm Hennekamp 65, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany. schadewa@uni-duesseldorf.de
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schadewaldt
authors.forename: Björn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.forename: Hans-Werner
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Hammen
authors.forename: Gudrun
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kamp
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schweitzer-Krantz
authors.forename: Udo
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Wendel
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005693:Galactosemias / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D007360:Intelligence; D007361:Intelligence Tests; D008297:Male; D055815:Young Adult