title: L-arginine and antioxidant diet supplementation partially restores nitric oxide-dependent regulation of phenylephrine renal vasoconstriction in diabetics rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in diabetes potentiates the vascular effects of phenylephrine through nitric oxide (NO) impairment, facilitating the development of diabetic nephropathy. We propose that the combination of an antioxidant and L-arginine as diet supplements could prevent the increased vascular response to phenylephrine in diabetic animals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Changes in the adrenergic system play an important role in the development of vascular complications in the prediabetic condition. The vasoconstrictor effects of phenylephrine are regulated by NO, and the impairment of endothelium-dependent vasodilation in diabetes is associated with ROS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Diabetes was induced with a low dose (55 mg/kg body weight) of streptozotocin in 7-week-old rats. Diabetic rats were fed with a diet supplement containing a combination of vitamin E, vitamin C, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and L-arginine, and the effects on phenylephrine-induced renal vascular responses were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Phenylephrine increased the renal perfusion pressure of isolated perfused kidneys from diabetic rats compared with nondiabetic rats. This effect was associated with reduced nitrite release as well as reduced plasma tetrahydrobiopterin and increased superoxide anions in the renal tissue. Diet supplementation with a combination of L-arginine and vitamins in diabetic rats partially prevented the generation of superoxide associated with recovery of the renal release of NO and decreased phenylephrine-induced vasoconstrictor effects, compared with untreated diabetic rats. However, the administration of L-arginine or vitamins alone did not affect phenylephrine-induced vasoconstriction. Vitamin treatment alone did decrease superoxide generation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The protective mechanism of NO on the vasoconstrictor effects of phenylephrine in the kidney is lost during the development of diabetes, probably via the actions of ROS through a decrease in tetrahydrobiopterin, thus contributing to the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. Restoration of this protective NO mechanism can be achieved by simultaneously stimulating NO synthesis and preventing the effects of ROS through the use of L-arginine and a combination of vitamins E and C as diet supplementation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Israel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Coronel
authors.forename: Monica G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Arellano-Mendoza
authors.forename: Leonardo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: del Valle-Mondragon
authors.forename: Hilda
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Vargas-Robles
authors.forename: Fabiola
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Castorena-Torres
authors.forename: Eunice
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Romo
authors.forename: Amelia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rios
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Escalante
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001120:Arginine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001708:Biopterins / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000517:prevention & control; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D007668:Kidney / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester / Q000494:pharmacology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000502:physiology*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D010656:Phenylephrine / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism; D014661:Vasoconstriction / Q000187:drug effects; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D013481:Superoxides; D014810:Vitamin E; D010656:Phenylephrine; D001708:Biopterins; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D001120:Arginine; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; C003402:sapropterin; D001205:Ascorbic Acid; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester