title: Effects of hormone therapy on depressive symptoms and cognitive functions in women with Alzheimer disease: a 12 month randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of low-dose estradiol and norethisterone.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To elucidate the effects of low-dose 17beta-estradiol and norethisterone (hormone therapy [HT]) versus placebo in women with Alzheimer Disease (AD) on cognition, depressive symptoms, and activities of daily living.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 12-month randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, stratified by apolipoprotein E (ApoE) genotype (with versus without the epsilon4 allele), duration of education (< or =9 versus >9 years), and age (< or =75 versus >75 years) performed during 2000-2004.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ambulatory memory clinic in a general hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-five female outpatients aged 65-89 years who met criteria for probable AD according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition and International Classification of Diseases, tenth edition. Ten patients were excluded, resulting in 55 participants who had at least one posttreatment efficacy evaluation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomly assigned to receive either 1-mg estradiol and 0.5-mg norethisterone or placebo once daily.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cognitive variables were the Dementia Rating Scale, tests from Consortium to Establish a Registry for AD, Global Deterioration Scale (GDS) and Barthel Index.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When only treatment effects were compared by analysis of variance, there were nonsignificant differences between treatment groups for all efficacy variables. A linear model analysis, including stratifying factors in addition to treatment in the model, revealed a significant main effect on mood. The depressive symptoms were lower in the HT group than in the placebo group. Those treated with HT without the ApoE epsilon4 allele had better mood, Word Learning Memory score, and GDS score. Those in the HT group with a higher level of education obtained a better GDS score. Adverse events did not differ between the groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HT interacts with ApoE genotype in women with AD. Women without an ApoE epsilon4 allele may get better mood and cognition with HT. HT may reduce depressive mood and give less cognitive decline.
authors.affiliation: Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Clinic of Internal Medicine, Memory Unit, Oslo, Norway. Arnhild.Valen-Sendstad@lds.no
authors.forename: Arnhild
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Valen-Sendstad
authors.forename: Knut
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Engedal
authors.forename: Babill
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stray-Pedersen
authors.forename: Carsten
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Strobel
authors.forename: Liv
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Barnett
authors.forename: Nicolay
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: Minna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nurminemi
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000483:Alleles; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology*; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000235:genetics; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects*; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004958:Estradiol / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D020249:Hormone Replacement Therapy / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D009640:Norethindrone / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D010919:Placebos; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D001057:Apolipoproteins E; D004338:Drug Combinations; D010919:Placebos; D004958:Estradiol; D009640:Norethindrone