title: Effects of nonstructural carbohydrate concentration in alfalfa on fermentation and microbial protein synthesis in continuous culture.
abstract: Insufficient readily fermentable energy combined with extensive degradation of proteins in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) may result in poor forage N utilization by ruminants. Using the inherent genetic variability and differences between harvests, our objective was to compare the effect of contrasting concentrations of nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC) in alfalfa on rumen fermentation and microbial protein synthesis. Individual genotypes of the alfalfa cultivar AC Caribou grown near Québec City, Québec, Canada, were harvested at the vegetative and early flowering stages, dried at 55 degrees C, ground, and analyzed for soluble carbohydrates (fructose + sucrose + glucose + pinitol) and starch. Approximately 20 genotypes having, respectively, the highest and lowest NSC concentrations were pooled to constitute 2 contrasted 1-kg forage samples. Samples of high- (17.9% DM) and low- (7.4% DM) NSC alfalfa were respectively allocated to separate dual-flow fermenters in a completely randomized design with 3 replications. Rumen inoculum was obtained from 4 ruminally fistulated cows in early lactation that were fed a TMR with a 50:50 forage to concentrate ratio. A 10-d incubation period was used, with the first 6 d serving as an adaptation period followed by 4 d of sampling with solid and liquid dilution rates in the fermenters set at approximately 2.0 and 4.3%/h, respectively. High versus low NSC concentration in alfalfa significantly enhanced the apparent digestibility of OM (59.1% for high-NSC alfalfa vs. 54.4% for low-NSC alfalfa) and DM (60.0 vs. 54.3%) and the true digestibility of DM (74.1 vs. 64.7%). Increasing NSC concentration in alfalfa (high vs. low) significantly decreased ruminal pH (6.85 vs. 7.08) and NH(3)-N concentration (26.0 vs. 33.6 mg/dL) and increased total VFA concentration (94.9 vs. 83.0mM). Molar proportions of acetate, isobutyrate, and isovalerate significantly decreased, whereas molar proportions of propionate and butyrate significantly increased with high-NSC alfalfa, resulting in a more glucogenic fermentation. More importantly, microbial N flow (263 vs. 230 mg/d) and bacterial N efficiency (41.1 vs. 29.6% of available N), measured using (15)N as a microbial marker, both significantly increased with the high-NSC alfalfa. These results indicate that increasing the concentration of NSC in alfalfa promotes a glucogenic fermentation and enhances microbial N synthesis in the rumen.
authors.affiliation: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Dairy and Swine Research and Development Centre, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1M 1Z3. Robert.Berthiaume@agr.gc.ca
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Berthiaume
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Benchaar
authors.forename: A V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Chaves
authors.forename: G F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Tremblay
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Castonguay
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bertrand
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bélanger
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Michaud
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lafrenière
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: McAllister
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Brito
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000378:metabolism; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D002241:Carbohydrates / Q000737:chemistry*; D002417:Cattle; D004063:Digestion / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005285:Fermentation / Q000502:physiology*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D000455:Medicago sativa / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000378:metabolism; D012417:Rumen / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D002241:Carbohydrates; D009584:Nitrogen