title: Cancer chemopreventive and anticancer evaluation of extracts and fractions from marine macro- and microorganisms collected from Twilight Zone waters around Guam.
abstract: The cancer chemopreventive and cytotoxic properties of 50 extracts derived from Twilight Zone (50-150 m) sponges, gorgonians and associated bacteria, together with 15 extracts from shallow water hard corals, as well as 16 fractions derived from the methanol solubles of the Twilight Zone sponge Suberea sp, were assessed in a series of bioassays. These assays included: Induction of quinone reductase (QR), inhibition of TNF-alpha activated nuclear factor kappa B (NFkappaB), inhibition of aromatase, interaction with retinoid X receptor (RXR), inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) synthase, inhibition 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging (DPPH), and inhibition of HL-60 and MCF-7 cell proliferation. The results of these assays showed that at least 10 extracts and five fractions inhibited NFkappaB by greater than 60%, two extracts and two fractions inhibited DPPH by more than 50%, nine extracts and two fractions affected the survival of HL-60 cells, no extracts or fractions affected RXR, three extracts and six fractions affected quinone reductase (QR), three extracts and 12 fractions significantly inhibited aromatase, four extracts and five fractions inhibited nitric oxide synthase, and one extract and no fractions inhibited the growth of MCF-7 cells by more than 95%. These data revealed the tested samples to have many and varied activities, making them, as shown with the extract of the Suberea species, useful starting points for further fractionation and purification. Moreover, the large number of samples demonstrating activity in only one or sometimes two assays accentuates the potential of the Twilight Zone, as a largely unexplored habitat, for the discovery of selectively bioactive compounds. The overall high hit rate in many of the employed assays is considered to be a significant finding in terms of "normal" hit rates associated with similar samples from shallower depths.
authors.affiliation: Marine Laboratory, University of Guam, Mangilao, Guam 96923. peter.schupp@gmail.com
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Schupp
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kohlert-Schupp
authors.forename: Susanna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Whitefield
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Engemann
authors.forename: Sven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rohde
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hemscheidt
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Pezzuto
authors.forename: Tamara P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Kondratyuk
authors.forename: Eun-Jung
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Marler
authors.forename: Bahman
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rostama
authors.forename: Anthony D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Wright
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D037421:Anthozoa / Q000737:chemistry; D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry; D047072:Aromatase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D001419:Bacteria / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004396:Coloring Agents; D004354:Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; D006141:Guam; D008386:Marine Biology; D016660:NAD(P)H Dehydrogenase (Quinone) / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D010851:Picrates / Q000737:chemistry; D011161:Porifera / Q000737:chemistry; D047488:Retinoid X Receptors / Q000187:drug effects; D012623:Seawater; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; D013844:Thiazoles; D014871:Water Microbiology
chemical_list: D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D047072:Aromatase Inhibitors; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D004396:Coloring Agents; D016328:NF-kappa B; D010851:Picrates; D047488:Retinoid X Receptors; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; D013844:Thiazoles; C004931:1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl; D016660:NAD(P)H Dehydrogenase (Quinone); C022616:thiazolyl blue