title: Standing magnetic resonance imaging detection of bone marrow oedema-type signal pattern associated with subcarpal pain in 8 racehorses: a prospective study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The proximal metacarpal region is a common site of origin of lameness in the performance horse. A number of disease entities are recognised as causes of proximal metacarpal lameness but a definitive diagnosis is often elusive. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is hypothesised to offer advantages over traditional imaging modalities in the investigation of proximal metacarpal pain.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe clinical and imaging features of cases of lameness in racehorses arising from the proximal metacarpal region in which standing MRI identified 'bone marrow oedema-type' (BMO-type) signal patterns.
  
  
  METHODS
  Records for all horses undergoing standing MRI of the proximal metacarpus/distal carpus from September 2006 to December 2008 were reviewed. Cases underwent a standardised protocol for diagnostic analgesia, radiography and ultrasonography of the proximal metacarpus and distal carpus. Cases with proximal metacarpal lameness displaying a characteristic BMO-type signal pattern on MRI were identified and outcomes analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight cases were identified with characteristic MRI findings of extensive hyperintensity on T2* gradient echo and short tau inversion fast spin echo sequences and corresponding hypointensity on T1 gradient echo images within the palmaroproximal aspect of the third metacarpal bone. Follow-up information was available for all cases; at the time of writing 7/8 had returned to full work and were free from lameness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The BMO-type signal patterns visible on MR images in these cases may signal the existence of a previously under-diagnosed pathological process associated with proximal metacarpal lameness in racehorses. This finding is postulated to be associated with a stress reaction and possible prodromal stress fracture of the palmaroproximal metacarpus not appreciable radiographically or ultrasonographically.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MRI of the proximal metacarpal region permits detection of pathological processes, which may elude conventional imaging and, therefore, has important therapeutic and prognostic implications in these cases.
authors.affiliation: Rossdales Equine Diagnostic Centre, Cotton End Road, Exning, Suffolk CB8 7NN, UK.
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Powell
authors.forename: P H L
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Ramzan
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Head
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Shepherd
authors.forename: G I
authors.initials: GI
authors.lastname: Baldwin
authors.forename: W N
authors.initials: WN
authors.lastname: Steven
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001855:Bone Marrow Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000662:veterinary*; D004487:Edema / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000662:veterinary*; D005260:Female; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006736:Horses; D007794:Lameness, Animal / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000662:veterinary*; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000662:veterinary*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011859:Radiography