title: Lower cardiac vagal tone in non-obese healthy men with unfavorable anthropometric characteristics.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  to determine if there are differences in cardiac vagal tone values in non-obese healthy, adult men with and without unfavorable anthropometric characteristics.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  It is well established that obesity reduces cardiac vagal tone. However, it remains unknown if decreases in cardiac vagal tone can be observed early in non-obese healthy, adult men presenting unfavorable anthropometric characteristics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Among 1688 individuals assessed between 2004 and 2008, we selected 118 non-obese (BMI <30 kg/m(2)), healthy men (no known disease conditions or regular use of relevant medications), aged between 20 and 77 years old (42 +/- 12-years-old). Their evaluation included clinical examination, anthropometric assessment (body height and weight, sum of six skinfolds, waist circumference and somatotype), a 4-second exercise test to estimate cardiac vagal tone and a maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test to exclude individuals with myocardial ischemia. The same physician performed all procedures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A lower cardiac vagal tone was found for the individuals in the higher quintiles - unfavorable anthropometric characteristics - of BMI (p=0.005), sum of six skinfolds (p=0.037) and waist circumference (p<0.001). In addition, the more endomorphic individuals also presented a lower cardiac vagal tone (p=0.023), while an ectomorphic build was related to higher cardiac vagal tone values as estimated by the 4-second exercise test (r=0.23; p=0.017).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Non-obese and healthy adult men with unfavorable anthropometric characteristics tend to present lower cardiac vagal tone levels. Early identification of this trend by simple protocols that are non-invasive and risk-free, using select anthropometric characteristics, may be clinically useful in a global strategy to prevent cardiovascular disease.
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Física, Universidade Gama Filho - Rio de Janeiro/RJ, Brasil.
authors.forename: Plínio S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Ramos
authors.forename: Claudio Gil S
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Araújo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001827:Body Height / Q000502:physiology; D049628:Body Size / Q000502:physiology*; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology; D005080:Exercise Test; D006321:Heart / Q000294:innervation*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013008:Somatotypes / Q000502:physiology; D014630:Vagus Nerve / Q000503:physiopathology*; D055105:Waist Circumference / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult