title: MR imaging findings suggestive of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in adolescents with systemic lupus erythematosus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Endothelial damage, hypertension and cytotoxic medications may serve as risk factors for the posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) in systemic lupus erythematosus. There have been few case reports of these findings in pediatric lupus patients.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We describe clinical and neuroimaging findings in children and adolescents with lupus and a PRES diagnosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We identified all clinically acquired brain MRIs of lupus patients at a tertiary care pediatric hospital (2002-2008). We reviewed clinical features, conventional MRI and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) findings of patients with gray- and white-matter changes suggestive of vasogenic edema and PRES.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six pediatric lupus patients presenting with seizures and altered mental status had MRI findings suggestive of PRES. In five children clinical and imaging changes were seen in conjunction with hypertension and active renal disease. MRI abnormalities were diffuse and involved frontal regions in five children. DWI changes reflected increased apparent diffusivity coefficient (unrestricted diffusion in all patients). Clinical and imaging changes significantly improved with antihypertensive and fluid management.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MRI changes suggestive of vasogenic edema and PRES may be seen in children with active lupus and hypertension. The differential diagnosis of seizures and altered mental status should include PRES in children, as it does in adults.
authors.affiliation: Baylor College of Medicine and Pediatric Rheumatology Center, Texas Children's Hospital, 6621 Fannin St., MC 3-2290, Houston, TX 77030, USA. emuscal@bcm.tmc.edu
authors.forename: Eyal
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Muscal
authors.forename: Elfrides
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Traipe
authors.forename: Marietta M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: de Guzman
authors.forename: Barry L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Myones
authors.forename: Robin L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Brey
authors.forename: Jill V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Hunter
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020945:Lupus Vasculitis, Central Nervous System / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D054038:Posterior Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology*