title: Effects of exercise on electroencephalographic mean frequency in depressed elderly subjects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An analysis of cortical activity by electroencephalogram (EEG) may show different patterns in depressed and normal individuals.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our study aimed (1) to compare the total mean frequency (TMF) and mean EEG frequency per bands (MFB) in depressed and healthy elderly individuals, and (2) to verify the effect of exercise as an additional treatment for major depressive disorder (MDD; according to DSM-IV) via an assessment of depressive symptoms, TMF and MFB.
  
  
  METHODS
  This research was divided into 2 studies. In study 1, we assessed 45 elderly individuals (13 normal and 32 depressive) in a cross-sectional design to search for differences in TMF and MFB. In study 2, we conducted a longitudinal study to assess the effect of exercise on MDD. Twenty depressed elderly persons who were on clinical treatment were allocated to a control group or an exercise group. Subjects were assessed at baseline and after 6 months with the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, also assessing the TMF and MFB.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our cross-sectional study showed that a lower mean frequency (MF) in posterior areas is related to depression in the elderly. Moreover, in our longitudinal study, we observed that depressed elderly individuals showed a better response to treatment and an increase in MF after physical training.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The interaction between exercise and pharmacological treatment may increase the TMF in posterior areas of depressed elderly individuals after 6 months.
authors.affiliation: Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. hsilveira @ hotmail.com
authors.forename: Heitor
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Silveira
authors.forename: Andréa C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Deslandes
authors.forename: Helena
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: de Moraes
authors.forename: Raphael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mouta
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ribeiro
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Piedade
authors.forename: Jerson
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Laks
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D004569:Electroencephalography; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005081:Exercise Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome