title: Ventricular rotation is independent of cardiac looping: a study in mice with situs inversus totalis using speckle-tracking echocardiography.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The authors conducted an ultrasound interrogation of a mutant mouse model with a Dnah5 mutation to determine whether cardiac mechanics may be affected by reversal of cardiac situs. This mutant is a bona fide model of primary ciliary dyskinesia, with surviving homozygous mice showing either situs solitus (SS) or situs inversus totalis (SI).
  
  
  METHODS
  High-frequency ultrasound interrogations of 27 neonatal and infant Dnah5 mutant mice, 16 with SS and 11 with SI, were conducted using an ultra-high-frequency biomicroscope. Electrocardiographic and respiratory gating were used to reconstruct high-resolution two-dimensional cines at 1,000 Hz, with speckle-tracking echocardiography used to further analyze midchamber and apical rotation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All SS mice exhibited the expected counterclockwise apical rotation as viewed caudocranially, and surprisingly, the same counterclockwise motion was also observed in SI mice. Speckle-tracking analysis confirmed counterclockwise systolic rotation in both SS and SI mice, and this increased in magnitude from the subepicardium to the endocardium and from the papillary muscles to the apex. The magnitude of apical endocardial rotation was not different for SS and SI mice (5.64+/-0.75 degrees and 5.76+/-1.90 degrees, respectively, P=.93). The anatomic segments responsible for the largest components of apical endocardial systolic rotation differed between the SS and SI hearts (P=.004). In both, the two largest contributors to rotation were offset 180 degrees from each other, but the anatomic regions differed between them. In SS hearts, maximal regional rotation occurred at the anterior mid-septum and posterolateral free wall, while in SI hearts, it was derived from the posterior septum and the anterolateral free wall. Analysis by episcopic fluorescence image capture histology of representative SI and SS mice showed normal intracardiac and segmental anatomy ({S,D,S} or {I,L,I}) without intracardiac defects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results show that mirror-image cardiac looping did not result in mirror-image rotation of the morphologic left ventricle. These findings suggest that further studies are warranted to evaluate whether fiber orientation and cardiac mechanics may be abnormal in individuals with reversal of cardiac situs. The results of this study indicate that cardiac looping and myofiber orientation may be independently regulated.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Office of Biostatistics Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. lfrank@cnmc.org
authors.forename: Lowell H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Frank
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Francis
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.forename: Rajeev
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Samtani
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Sahn
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Leatherbury
authors.forename: Cecilia W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Lo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods*; D054459:Elasticity Imaging Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009154:Mutation; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012399:Rotation; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012857:Situs Inversus / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014102:Torsion Abnormality / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology