title: The effect of sucrose on plaque and saliva urease levels in vivo.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Dietary sugar exposures induce an immediate drop of the plaque pH. Based on in vitro observations, it was hypothesized that oral bacteria may rapidly respond to this environmental change by increasing the activity or expression of alkali-generating pathways, such as the urease pathway. The objective of this exploratory in vivo study was to determine the short-term effect of a brief sucrose exposure on plaque and saliva urease activity and expression, and to relate this effect to caries experience.
  
  
  METHODS
  Urease activity levels were measured in plaque and saliva samples collected from 20 children during fasting conditions and 30 min after rinsing with a sucrose solution. Streptococcus salivarius ureC-specific mRNA in saliva was quantified using real-time RT-PCR. The impact of host-related factors, such as age, gender, sugar consumption, salivary mutans streptococci levels and caries status on urease activity was evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plaque urease activity under fasting conditions was higher in subjects with low caries and mutans streptococci levels. This difference was not observed after the sucrose exposure. The response of urease to sucrose in vivo did not depend on caries experience or salivary mutans levels. Significant increase in urease activity of plaque and saliva after exposure to sucrose was observed only in the subjects who had low urease levels at baseline.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings of this exploratory study suggest that plaque urease activity may have an important long-term influence in caries development but not during a cariogenic challenge.
authors.affiliation: University of Puerto Rico, School of Dental Medicine, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Toro
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Nascimento
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Suarez-Perez
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Burne
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Elias-Boneta
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Morou-Bermudez
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D004245:DMF Index; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000201:enzymology*; D019422:Dietary Sucrose / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005215:Fasting; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008297:Male; D012329:RNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis; D012463:Saliva / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000382:microbiology; D012737:Sex Factors; D013291:Streptococcus / Q000235:genetics; D013295:Streptococcus mutans / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014510:Urease / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D019422:Dietary Sucrose; D012329:RNA, Bacterial; D014510:Urease