title: Evolution of men who have sex with men community and experienced stigma among men who have sex with men in Chengdu, China.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To understand the stigma and discrimination experienced by men who have sex with men (MSM) in Chengdu, and to evaluate their impact on effective HIV prevention.
  
  
  METHODS
  Focus group discussions and individual in-depth interviews were conducted from June to September 2006.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Stigma and social pressure for MSM were reported to mainly arise from their families to get married and have children to protect family reputation and lineage. Few participants reported experiencing stigma and discrimination from friends, colleagues, or general society. Nevertheless, fear of being ostracized because of their sexual orientation was frequently expressed, and was a major barrier for participating in HIV/AIDS prevention programs. Fear of stigma and discrimination related to HIV infection from inside the MSM community was also identified as a major reason for MSM reluctance to seek HIV testing and treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Stigma and discrimination related to homosexual activities and HIV/sexually transmitted disease infection have been major barriers for MSM seeking health services. HIV/AIDS programs must be sensitive to issues of stigma both from outside and inside the MSM community.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.
authors.forename: Yuji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.forename: Zunyou
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Detels
mesh_terms: D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D018451:Homosexuality, Male / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011287:Prejudice; D012919:Social Behavior