title: Protective effect of glutamine-enriched early enteral nutrition on intestinal mucosal barrier injury after liver transplantation in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The effect of glutamine-enriched early enteral nutrition (Gln-EEN) on intestinal mucosal barrier injury after liver transplantation (LT) remains uncertain.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Wistar-to-Wistar rat LT model was used to explore the protective effect of Gln-EEN. Morphologic changes of intestinal mucosa, levels of intestinal malondialdehyde and secretory immunoglobulin (sIgA), plasma endotoxin, D-lactic acid, serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), rates of bacterial translocation, and expression of intestinal nuclear factor-kappaB, TNF-alpha, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After LT, intestinal mucosa was damaged seriously. At 12, 24, and 48 hours posttransplantation, levels of intestinal sIgA were decreased; levels of malondialdehyde, endotoxin, D-lactic acid, and TNF-alpha, the ratio of bacterial translocation, and the expression of intestinal nuclear factor-kappaB, TNF-alpha, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 all were increased. However, changes in earlier-mentioned parameters in recipients treated with Gln-EEN were attenuated remarkably at 24 to 48 hours.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data show that Gln-EEN is a potent protectant against intestinal mucosal barrier injury after LT.
authors.affiliation: Chongqing Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, P.R China.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Ji-Fang
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Zuo-Jin
authors.initials: ZJ
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Shao-Yong
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: Ke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Wang-Yang
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.forename: Jian-Ping
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Gong
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018988:Bacterial Translocation; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D015153:Blotting, Western; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004750:Enteral Nutrition / Q000379:methods*; D005973:Glutamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007410:Intestinal Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000293:injuries / Q000473:pathology; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D016031:Liver Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control; D011336:Probability; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013997:Time Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D005973:Glutamine; D019344:Lactic Acid; D008315:Malondialdehyde