title: Bupivacaine use in the Insuflow device during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: results of a prospective randomized double-blind controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent evidence [Surg Endosc (2007) 21: 602-606] demonstrates that intraperitoneal bupivacaine administered as an aerosol via a special catheter is safe and significantly decreases postoperative pain in laparoscopic surgery. We currently use the Insuflow device (Lexion Medical) routinely to warm and humidify gas in laparoscopic surgery. The purpose of this study is to determine whether using bupivacaine instead of water in existing technology already in use (Insuflow) will result in decreased postoperative pain, without increasing operative time or cost.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a double-blind methodology, 50 patients undergoing elective outpatient laparoscopic cholecystectomy were randomized to a study drug: either 10 ml of 0.5% bupivacaine (50 mg) or 10 ml of sterile water. The study drug was injected into the Insuflow in the standard fashion and the operation commenced routinely. No perioperative nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were used. Using a standard 0-10 pain-scoring scale, patients were assessed by perioperative nurses at 1 and 2 h postoperatively. Pain was again assessed at 24 h by telephone interview, along with the number of narcotic oral analgesics used in the first 24 h.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty patients were randomized, 25 in each group; the groups were comparable. All patients completed the study and 100% follow-up was obtained. All patients were discharged the same day and there were no significant complications in either group, and specifically no complications attributed to bupivacaine or use of the Insuflow device. There were no differences in pain at 1 and 2 h. There was less pain in the bupivacaine group at 24 h, but this was not statistically significant (P = 0.055).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bupivacaine use in the Insuflow device is safe. No significant differences in postoperative pain were noted in this study compared to using water.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Penrose-St. Francis Health Services, 2222 North Nevada Avenue, Colorado Springs, CO 80907, USA. zimmerpw@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Peter W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Zimmer
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: McCann
authors.forename: Maureen M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: O'Brien
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D002045:Bupivacaine; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007263:Infusions, Parenteral; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D002045:Bupivacaine