title: A potential means of improving the evaluation of deformity corrections with Taylor spatial frames over time by using volumetric imaging: preliminary results.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this study we explore the possibility of accurately and cost-effectively monitoring tibial deformation induced by Taylor Spatial Frames (TSFs), using time-separated computed tomography (CT) scans and a volume fusion technique to determine tibial rotation and translation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serial CT examinations (designated CT-A and CT-B, separated by a time interval of several months) of two patients were investigated using a previously described and validated volume fusion technique, in which user-defined landmarks drive the 3D registration of the two CT volumes. Both patients had undergone dual osteotomies to correct for tibial length and rotational deformity. For each registration, 10 or more landmarks were selected, and the quality of the fused volume was assessed both quantitatively and via 2D and 3D visualization tools. First, the proximal frame segment and tibia in CT-A and CT-B were brought into alignment (registered) by selecting landmarks on the frame and/or tibia. In the resulting "fused" volume, the proximal frame segment and tibia from CT-A and CT-B were aligned, while the distal frame segment and tibia from CT-A and CT-B were likely not aligned as a result of tibial deformation or frame adjustment having occurred between the CT scans. Using the proximal fused volume, the distal frame segment and tibia were then registered by selecting landmarks on the frame and/or tibia. The difference between the centroids of the final distal landmarks was used to evaluate the lengthening of the tibia, and the Euler angles from the registration were used to evaluate the rotation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both the frame and bone could be effectively registered (based on visual interpretation). Movement between the proximal frame and proximal bone could be visualized in both cases. The spatial effect on the tibia could be both visually assessed and measured: 34 mm, 10 degrees in one case; 5 mm, 1 degrees in the other.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This retrospective analysis of spatial correction of the tibia using Taylor Spatial Frames shows that CT offers an interesting potential means of quantitatively monitoring the patient's treatment. Compared with traditional techniques, modern CT scans in conjunction with image processing provide a high-resolution, spatially correct, and three-dimensional measurement system which can be used to quickly and easily assess the patient's treatment at low cost to the patient and hospital.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
authors.forename: Vanessa
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Starr
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Olivecrona
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Noz
authors.forename: G Q
authors.initials: GQ
authors.lastname: Maguire
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Zeleznik
authors.forename: Karl-åke
authors.initials: KÅ
authors.lastname: Jannsson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001852:Bone Lengthening / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D018889:Ilizarov Technique / Q000295:instrumentation*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010027:Osteotomy / Q000379:methods*; D011857:Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D013977:Tibia / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology / Q000601:surgery; D013997:Time Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed