title: Protective effects of selective and non-selective cyclooxygenase inhibitors in an animal model of chronic stress.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cyclooxygenase isoenzyme is known to be expressed in different regions of brain, and is mainly used for the treatment of pain and inflammation. Recently, it is proposed that cyclooxygenase isoenzyme may also play a key role in the pathophysiology of various brain-related disorders. The present study was aimed to explore the protective effect of cyclooxygenase inhibitors on stress by using an animal model of chronic stress.
  
  
  METHODS
  The animals were forced to swim individually for a period of 6 min every day for 15 d. Then, the behavior (locomotor activity, anxiety and memory) and biochemical (lipid peroxidation, nitrite level, reduced glutathione, and catalase) alterations were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forced swimming for 15 d caused impaired locomotor activity, anxiety-like behavior and decreased percentage of memory retention, as compared to naive mice (without chronic fatigue treatment). Biochemical analysis revealed significant increases in lipid peroxidation and nitrite level, while levels of reduced glutathione and catalase activity were both decreased. Chronic treatment with naproxen (14 mg/kg, i.p.), rofecoxib (5 mg/kg, i.p.), meloxicam (5 mg/kg, i.p.), nimesulide (5 mg/kg, i.p.) and valdecoxib (10 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly attenuated these behavioral and biochemical (oxidative damage) alterations in chronic-stressed mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The cyclooxygenase inhibitors could be used in the management of chronic fatigue-like conditions.
authors.affiliation: University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Study, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India. kumaruips@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Anil
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Beenta
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kumari
authors.forename: Puneet
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kumar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001007:Anxiety / Q000188:drug therapy; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D002908:Chronic Disease; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D007555:Isoxazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007783:Lactones / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D000077239:Meloxicam; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects; D009288:Naproxen / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009573:Nitrites / Q000378:metabolism; D011897:Random Allocation; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013450:Sulfones / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013843:Thiazines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000096926:Benzenesulfonamides
chemical_list: D002374:Catalase; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D005978:Glutathione; D007555:Isoxazoles; D007783:Lactones; D000077239:Meloxicam; D009288:Naproxen; D009573:Nitrites; D013449:Sulfonamides; D013450:Sulfones; D013843:Thiazines; D013844:Thiazoles; C116926:rofecoxib; C406224:valdecoxib; D000096926:Benzenesulfonamides; C012655:nimesulide