title: Bioactive phenolics and antioxidant propensity of flavedo extracts of Mauritian citrus fruits: potential prophylactic ingredients for functional foods application.
abstract: The flavedo extracts of twenty-one varieties of citrus fruits (oranges, satsumah, clementine, mandarins, tangor, bergamot, lemon, tangelos, kumquat, calamondin and pamplemousses) grown in Mauritius were examined for their total phenolic, flavonoid and vitamin C contents and antioxidant activities. Total phenolics correlated strongly with the trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), ferric reducing antioxidant capacity (FRAP) and hypochlorous acid (HOCl) scavenging activity assays (r > 0.85). Based on their antioxidant activities in these three assays nine citrus fruits namely, one orange, clementine, tangor and pamplemousse variety, two tangelo varieties and three mandarin varieties, were further characterized for their flavanone, flavonol and flavone levels by HPLC and their antioxidant activities were assessed by the copper-phenanthroline and iron chelation assays. The flavanone, hesperidin, was present at the highest concentrations in all flavedo extracts except for pamplemousses where it was not detected. Contents in hesperidin ranged from 83 ± 0.06 to 234 ± 1.73 mg/g FW. Poncirin, didymin, diosmin, isorhoifolin and narirutin were also present in all extracts whereas naringin was present only in one mandarin variety. The nine flavedo extracts exhibited good DNA protecting ability in the cuphen assay with IC₅₀ values ranging from 6.3 ± 0.46 to 23.0 ± 0.48 mg FW/mL. Essentially the flavedos were able to chelate metal ions however, tangor was most effective with an IC₅₀ value of 9.1 ± 0.08 mg FW/mL. The flavedo extracts of citrus fruits represent a significant source of phenolic antioxidants with potential prophylactic properties for the development of functional foods.
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural and Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Mauritius, Réduit, Mauritius.
authors.forename: Deena
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ramful
authors.forename: Theeshan
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bahorun
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bourdon
authors.forename: Evelyne
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tarnus
authors.forename: Okezie I
authors.initials: OI
authors.lastname: Aruoma
mesh_terms: D052160:Benzothiazoles / Q000378:metabolism; D002614:Chelating Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000494:pharmacology; D002957:Citrus / Q000737:chemistry*; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000494:pharmacology; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D006997:Hypochlorous Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D007501:Iron / Q000378:metabolism; D008436:Mauritius; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013451:Sulfonic Acids / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D052160:Benzothiazoles; D002614:Chelating Agents; D005419:Flavonoids; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D010936:Plant Extracts; D013451:Sulfonic Acids; C002502:2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid; D006997:Hypochlorous Acid; D007501:Iron