title: Overexpression of thioredoxins 1 and 2 increases retinal ganglion cell survival after pharmacologically induced oxidative stress, optic nerve transection, and in experimental glaucoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Oxidative damage is implicated in retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death after optic nerve transection (ONT) and in glaucoma. We analyzed the expression and protective effects of thioredoxins (TRXs), regulators of the cellular reduction-oxidative (redox) state, in RGCs damaged by pharmacologically induced oxidative stress, ONT, and elevated intraocular pressure (IOP).
  
  
  METHODS
  ONT and glaucoma models in the rat were used. The glaucoma model was generated in albino rats by intracameral injection of india ink followed by ab externo laser applications to the pigmented trabecular band. Retrograde labeling of RGCs was performed with dextran tetramethylrhodamine. RGC isolation from rat retinas was performed with magnetic beads coated with Thy-1 monoclonal antibody. Immunoblot analysis, RGC-5 culture and transfection, and cell viability assays were used. Gene delivery was performed with in vivo electroporation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Endogenous levels of thioredoxin-2 (TRX2) in RGCs after axotomy and in RGC-5 cells after glutamate/buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) treatment were up-regulated. An increased level of TRX-interacting protein (TXNIP) in the retina was observed 2 and 5 weeks after IOP elevation. TRX1 levels were decreased at 2 weeks and more prominently at 5 weeks after IOP elevation. No change in TRX2 levels in response to IOP elevation was detected. Overexpression of TRX1 and TRX2 in RGC-5 treated with glutamate/BSO increased the cell survival by twofold and threefold 24 and 48 hours after treatment, respectively. Overexpression of these proteins in the retina in vivo increased the survival of RGCs by 35% and 135% at 7 and 14 days after ONT, respectively. In hypertensive eyes, RGC loss was approximately 27% after 5 weeks of IOP elevation compared to controls. TRX1 and TRX2 overexpression preserved approximately 45% and 37% of RGCs, respectively, in the glaucoma model compared to controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thioredoxin overexpression protects RGCs from death after optic nerve axotomy, in pharmacologically induced oxidative stress in vitro and in an animal model of glaucoma.
authors.affiliation: Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Caprioli
authors.forename: Yasunari
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Munemasa
authors.forename: Jacky M K
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kwong
authors.forename: Natik
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Piri
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002244:Carbon / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000502:physiology; D005901:Glaucoma / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007267:Injections; D008297:Male; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000378:metabolism; D020221:Optic Nerve Injuries; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012165:Retinal Ganglion Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D013879:Thioredoxins / Q000378:metabolism*; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; C028433:chinese ink; D013879:Thioredoxins; D002244:Carbon