Venous anatomy and imaging of the first centimeter.
The outermost centimeter of the head contains multiple layers ranging from the skin to the meninges. The venous drainage of this region is complex and with wide anatomical variation. With advances in imaging techniques, delineation of this venous system has become better appreciated. Understanding the anatomy of the superficial venous system is fundamental in being able to differentiate pathology from normal variants and structures. This review aims to characterize the basic venous architecture of the first centimeter. In addition, it hopes to give an introduction to and examples of the methods employed to image it.
Patel
Neel
N
Department of Radiology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom. Neel.patel@gtc.ox.ac.uk
D015901:Angiography, Digital Subtraction / Q000379:methods; D002550:Cerebral Veins / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D003287:Contrast Media; D006257:Head / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000098:blood supply*; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008578:Meninges / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000098:blood supply*; D012535:Scalp / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000098:blood supply*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods
D003287:Contrast Media