title: Influenza a (H1N1) outbreak and challenges for pharmacotherapy.
abstract: Influenza A (H1N1) virus, a genetic reassortment of endemic strain of human, avian flu and swine flu, with an inherent ability to mutate continuously has developed a subtype which is causing present flu in humans. As on 10th May, 2009, twenty nine countries are affected with officially reported 4379 cases with Mexico--1626 affected (45 deaths), US 2254 affected (02 deaths); Canada 280 (01 deaths) and Costa Ricia -8 cases (01 death) respectively. Rest of 15 countries have reported less than 100 officially confirmed cases of H1N1 infection. WHO has already declared Pandemic Alert V on 29th April, 2009. If the present flu achieves equivalent virulence to that of 1918-19 pandemic flu, expected deaths will be 62 million people. Travel advisory, stockpiling of antiviral drugs--Tamiflu & Relenza; vaccine development, activation of business continuity planning for maintenance of essential serives etc., are some of the important mitigation approaches, being followed all over the world. WHO has a regional reserve of 10,000 million doses of anti-viral drugs. National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), Government of India, an apex body for disaster management, in active coordination with Ministry of Health & other stakeholders/service providers is maintaining a constant state of vigil on the present Influenza A (H1N1) outbreak. In collaboration with UNDMT, NDMA has outlined a strategy for Pandemic Preparedness beyond Health in April, 2008. Various non-pharmaceutical interventions like detection, isolation and quarantine are required to contain the situation. Accordingly, stockpiling of 10 million doses of anti viral drugs, surveillance at airports, isolation with strict enforcement of quarantine procedures, sustained supply of respiratory masks & other personal protective equipment; deployment of rapid response teams are some of the activities being undertaken by Indian Government proactively. As situation goes to Phase VI, there will be a shift in strategy from active surveillance, detection and quarantine to containment, treatment, prevention of spread of disease and maintenance of business continuity beyond health sectors. The major concern is to utilise this latency period, between phase V and VI, to fill the gaps in state of preparedness. It is also essential to focus on development/procurement of appropriate vaccine to manage the situation arising from any further mutation of the existing causative virus to be resistant against existing anti viral therapies. It is a continued effort which can save many lives around the world and everyone has to play its assigned role effectively.
authors.affiliation: Division of CBRN Defence, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Brig. S. K. Mazumdar Marg, Delhi - 110 054.
authors.forename: Raman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chawla
authors.forename: Rakesh Kumar
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: Janak Raj
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Bhardwaj
mesh_terms: D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000600:supply & distribution / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002959:Civil Defense / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000458:organization & administration*; D004189:Disaster Planning / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000458:organization & administration*; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000517:prevention & control*; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral; D014943:Global Health; D033161:Government Regulation; D006291:Health Policy; D057209:Hospital Rapid Response Team / Q000458:organization & administration; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000600:supply & distribution; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology; D009937:Organizational Objectives; D016730:Program Development; D011790:Quarantine / Q000458:organization & administration; D013997:Time Factors; D014774:Virulence; D014944:World Health Organization
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D007252:Influenza Vaccines