title: Mechanism of gold nanoparticle formation in the classical citrate synthesis method derived from coupled in situ XANES and SAXS evaluation.
abstract: Although gold nanoparticles (GNP) are among the most intensely studied nanoscale materials, the actual mechanisms of GNP formation often remain unclear due to limited accessibility to in situ-derived time-resolved information about precursor conversion and particle size distribution. Overcoming such limitations, a method is presented that analyzes the formation of nanoparticles via in situ SAXS and XANES using synchrotron radiation. The method is applied to study the classical GNP synthesis route via the reduction of tetrachloroauric acid by trisodium citrate at different temperatures and reactant concentrations. A mechanism of nanoparticle formation is proposed comprising different steps of particle growth via both coalescence of nuclei and further monomer attachment. The coalescence behavior of small nuclei was identified as one essential factor in obtaining a narrow size distribution of formed particles.
authors.affiliation: BAM Federal Institute of Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstatter-Strabetae 11, D-12489 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Polte
authors.forename: T Torsten
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Ahner
authors.forename: Friedmar
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Delissen
authors.forename: Sergey
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sokolov
authors.forename: Franziska
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Emmerling
authors.forename: Andreas F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Thünemann
authors.forename: Ralph
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kraehnert
mesh_terms: D019343:Citric Acid / Q000737:chemistry*; D006046:Gold / Q000737:chemistry*; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010316:Particle Size; D053838:Scattering, Small Angle; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D019343:Citric Acid; D006046:Gold