title: Sex does not influence prognosis in diabetic patients. The Barbanza Diabetes study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the influence of sex on cardiovascular complications in diabetic patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  This multicenter prospective cohort study involved 1423 consecutive patients with diabetes mellitus who were recruited during consultations with 31 primary care physicians. The patients' characteristics were recorded and they were followed up for 45 + or - 10 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age of the patients (50% female) was 66 years, 64% had hypertension, 70% had dyslipidemia, and 26% had had a previous cardiovascular event. Cardiovascular disease, predominantly ischemic heart disease, was observed more frequently in men and a higher percentage had end-organ damage (57.7% of males versus 45.4% of females; P< .0001). Women had poorer glycemic control, higher total cholesterol levels and lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. By the end of follow-up, 81 patients had died (5.7% of males versus 6.7% of females; P=.513). There were no sex differences in cardiovascular complications during follow up (15.8% in males versus 13.7% in females; P=.368). Multivariate analysis identified the following factors as independent predictors of morbidity or mortality: age (hazard ratio [HR]=1.04; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02-1.06), existing cardiovascular disease (HR=1.96; 95% CI, 1.38-2.79), diuretic treatment (HR=1.62; 95% CI, 1.10-2.38), and albuminuria (HR=1.86; 95% CI, 1.33-2.61).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  No difference was observed in mediumterm prognosis, with regard to mortality and cardiovascular selecmorbidity, between male and female diabetics from the same geographical area, despite the presence of clinical differences between the sexes.
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain.
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vidal-Pérez
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Otero-Raviña
authors.forename: Lilian
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Grigorian-Shamagian
authors.forename: Vicente
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Parga-García
authors.forename: María J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Eirís-Cambre
authors.forename: Concepción
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: de Frutos-de Marcos
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Caneda-Villar
authors.forename: Rosa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: de la Fuente-Mariño
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ramos-González
authors.forename: José R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: González-Juanatey
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D047228:Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology; D016019:Survival Analysis; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D047228:Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors