title: Tumor necrosis factor neutralization results in disseminated disease in acute and latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection with normal granuloma structure in a cynomolgus macaque model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  An increased risk of tuberculosis has been documented in humans treated with tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha)-neutralizing agents. In murine models, impaired signaling by TNF causes exacerbation of both acute and chronic infection associated with aberrant granuloma formation and maintenance. This study was undertaken to investigate immune modulation in the setting of TNF neutralization in primary and latent tuberculosis in a non-human primate model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cynomolgus macaques 4 years of age or older were infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and subjected to clinical, microbiologic, immunologic, and radiographic examinations. Monkeys were classified as having active or latent disease 6-8 months after infection, based on clinical criteria. Monkeys used in acute infection studies were randomized to receive either adalimumab (prior to and during infection) or no treatment. Monkeys with latent infection that were randomized to receive TNF-neutralizing agent were given either an inhibitor of soluble TNF, recombinant methionyl human soluble TNF receptor I (p55-TNFRI), or adalimumab. Control monkeys with latent infection were given no treatment or saline. Data from previously studied monkeys with active or latent disease were also used for comparison.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Administration of TNF-neutralizing agents prior to M tuberculosis infection resulted in fulminant and disseminated disease by 8 weeks after infection. Neutralization of TNF in latently infected cynomolgus macaques caused reactivation in a majority of animals as determined by gross pathologic examination and bacterial burden. A spectrum of dissemination was noted, including extrapulmonary disease. Surprisingly, monkeys that developed primary and reactivation tuberculosis after TNF neutralization had similar granuloma structure and composition to that of control monkeys with active disease. TNF neutralization was associated with increased levels of interleukin-12, decreased levels of CCL4, increased chemokine receptor expression, and reduced mycobacteria-induced interferon-gamma production in blood but not in the affected mediastinal lymph nodes. Finally, the first signs of reactivation often occurred in thoracic lymph nodes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings have important clinical implications for determining the mechanism of TNF neutralization-related tuberculosis.
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Philana Ling
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Myers
authors.forename: Le'Kneitah
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Carolyn
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bigbee
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bigbee
authors.forename: Carl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fuhrman
authors.forename: Heather
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Grieser
authors.forename: Ion
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Chiosea
authors.forename: Nikolai N
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Voitenek
authors.forename: Saverio V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Capuano
authors.forename: Edwin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: JoAnne L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Flynn
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000068879:Adalimumab; D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D054407:Chemokine CCL4 / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006099:Granuloma / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D007165:Immunosuppression Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D018664:Interleukin-12 / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D008252:Macaca fascicularis; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000276:immunology*; D014388:Tuberculosis, Lymph Node / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents; D054407:Chemokine CCL4; D007376:Interleukin-2; D016209:Interleukin-8; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D018664:Interleukin-12; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D000068879:Adalimumab