title: Early pregnancy in adolescents: diagnosis, assessment, options counseling, and referral.
abstract: Health care providers are faced with many challenges when working with adolescents. Vague symptoms, unreliable menstrual history, and adolescent reluctance to disclose sexual activity present challenges to early diagnosis. When pregnancy is suspected, clinicians need skills for accurate diagnosis, conducting comprehensive assessments, and providing options counseling. Complexities of providing confidential care while balancing the needs of the adolescent and family may deter some clinicians. A clinical case scenario illustrates important elements of care. Through sharing lessons learned from 10 years of working in a Pregnancy Follow-up Clinic, the authors hope to empower other clinicians as they care for adolescents during this critical time.
authors.affiliation: Boston College, Connell School of Nursing, Department of Maternal Child Health, 140 Commonwealth Ave, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467-3812, USA. mary.aruda@bc.edu
authors.forename: Mary M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Aruda
authors.forename: Kathleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Waddicor
authors.forename: Liesl
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Frese
authors.forename: Joanna C M
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Cole
authors.forename: Pamela
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Burke
mesh_terms: D000029:Abortion, Legal; D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D016497:Adolescent Health Services / Q000458:organization & administration; D003376:Counseling / Q000458:organization & administration*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008487:Medical History Taking; D009722:Nurse Practitioners; D009730:Nursing Assessment / Q000458:organization & administration*; D010371:Pediatric Nursing; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D011258:Pregnancy Tests / Q000379:methods* / Q000451:nursing; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First; D011253:Pregnancy in Adolescence / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012017:Referral and Consultation / Q000458:organization & administration*; D012749:Sexually Transmitted Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology