title: Profiling of promoter occupancy by PPARalpha in human hepatoma cells via ChIP-chip analysis.
abstract: The transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) is an important regulator of hepatic lipid metabolism. While PPARalpha is known to activate transcription of numerous genes, no comprehensive picture of PPARalpha binding to endogenous genes has yet been reported. To fill this gap, we performed Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-chip in combination with transcriptional profiling on HepG2 human hepatoma cells treated with the PPARalpha agonist GW7647. We found that GW7647 increased PPARalpha binding to 4220 binding regions. GW7647-induced binding regions showed a bias around the transcription start site and most contained a predicted PPAR binding motif. Several genes known to be regulated by PPARalpha, such as ACOX1, SULT2A1, ACADL, CD36, IGFBP1 and G0S2, showed GW7647-induced PPARalpha binding to their promoter. A GW7647-induced PPARalpha-binding region was also assigned to SREBP-targets HMGCS1, HMGCR, FDFT1, SC4MOL, and LPIN1, expression of which was induced by GW7647, suggesting cross-talk between PPARalpha and SREBP signaling. Our data furthermore demonstrate interaction between PPARalpha and STAT transcription factors in PPARalpha-mediated transcriptional repression, and suggest interaction between PPARalpha and TBP, and PPARalpha and C/EBPalpha in PPARalpha-mediated transcriptional activation. Overall, our analysis leads to important new insights into the mechanisms and impact of transcriptional regulation by PPARalpha in human liver and highlight the importance of cross-talk with other transcription factors.
authors.affiliation: Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics group, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Bomenweg 2, NL-6703 HD Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: David L M
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: van der Meer
authors.forename: Tatjana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Degenhardt
authors.forename: Sami
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Väisänen
authors.forename: Philip J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: de Groot
authors.forename: Merja
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heinäniemi
authors.forename: Sacco C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: de Vries
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: Carsten
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Carlberg
authors.forename: Sander
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kersten
mesh_terms: D001665:Binding Sites; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D047369:Chromatin Immunoprecipitation; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D047493:PPAR alpha / Q000378:metabolism*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D024363:Transcription Initiation Site
chemical_list: D047493:PPAR alpha