title: The neuropeptide alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone is critically involved in the development of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells in mice and humans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The neuropeptide alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone is well known as a mediator of skin pigmentation. More recently, it has been shown that alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone also plays pivotal roles in energy homeostasis, sexual function, and inflammation or immunomodulation. Alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone exerts its antiinflammatory and immunomodulatory effects by binding to the melanocortin-1 receptor, and since T cells are important effectors during immune responses, we investigated the effects of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone on T cell function.
  
  
  RESULTS
  T cells were treated with alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, and subsequently, their phenotype and function was analyzed in a contact allergy as well as a melanoma model. Furthermore, the relevance of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone-mediated signaling for the induction of cytotoxicity was assessed in CD8(+) T cells from melanoma patients with functional and nonfunctional melanocortin-1 receptors. Here we demonstrate that the melanocortin-1 receptor is expressed by murine as well as human CD8(+) T cells, and we furthermore show that alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone/melanocortin-1 receptor-mediated signaling is critical for the induction of cytotoxicity in human and murine CD8(+) T cells. Upon adoptive transfer, alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone-treated murine CD8(+) T cells significantly reduced contact allergy responses in recipient mice. Additionally, the presented data indicate that alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone via signaling through a functional melanocortin-1 receptor augmented antitumoral immunity by up-regulating the expression of cytotoxic genes and enhancing the cytolytic activity in tumor-specific CD8(+) T cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Together, these results point to an important role of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in MHC class I-restricted cytotoxicity. Therefore, treatment of contact allergies or skin cancer with alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone or other more stable agonists of melanocortin-1 receptor might ameliorate disease or improve antitumoral immune responses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany. loserk@uni-muenster.de
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Loser
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Brzoska
authors.forename: Vinzenz
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Oji
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Auriemma
authors.forename: Maik
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Voskort
authors.forename: Verena
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kupas
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Klenner
authors.forename: Cornelius
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mensing
authors.forename: Axel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hauschild
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Beissert
authors.forename: Thomas A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Luger
mesh_terms: D019264:Adoptive Transfer; D000818:Animals; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D003602:Cytotoxicity, Immunologic / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000276:immunology; D003877:Dermatitis, Contact / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D006728:Hormones / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D008546:Melanoma, Experimental / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D044102:Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013602:T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D000521:alpha-MSH / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D006728:Hormones; D044102:Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 1; D000521:alpha-MSH