title: Analysis of GABAergic and non-GABAergic neuron activity in the optic lobes of the forager and re-orienting worker honeybee (Apis mellifera L.).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  European honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) foragers have a highly developed visual system that is used for navigation. To clarify the neural basis underlying the highly sophisticated visual ability of foragers, we investigated the neural activity pattern of the optic lobes (OLs) in pollen-foragers and re-orienting bees, using the immediate early gene kakusei as a neural activity marker.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We performed double-in situ hybridization of kakusei and Amgad, the honeybee homolog of the GABA synthesizing enzyme GAD, to assess inhibitory neural activity. kakusei-related activity in GABAergic and non-GABAergic neurons was strongly upregulated in the OLs of the foragers and re-orienting bees, suggesting that both types of neurons are involved in visual information processing. GABAergic neuron activity was significantly higher than non-GABAergic neuron activity in a part of the OLs of only the forager, suggesting that unique information processing occurs in the OLs of foragers. In contrast, GABAergic neuron activity in the antennal lobe was significantly lower than that of GABAergic neurons in the OLs in the forager and re-orienting bees, suggesting that kakusei-related visual activity is dominant in the brains of these bees.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study provides the first evidence that GABAergic neurons are highly active in the OL neurons of free-moving honeybees and essential clue to reveal neural basis of the sophisticated visual ability that is equipped in the small and simple brain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. kiya@staff.kanazawa-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Taketoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kiya
authors.forename: Takeo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kubo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D001516:Bees / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D017931:DNA Primers; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D017781:Genes, Immediate-Early; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D008027:Light; D009899:Optic Lobe, Nonmammalian / Q000378:metabolism*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid