title: Hepatocyte-specific deletion of the antiapoptotic protein myeloid cell leukemia-1 triggers proliferation and hepatocarcinogenesis in mice.
abstract: Regulation of hepatocellular apoptosis is crucial for liver homeostasis. Increased sensitivity of hepatocytes toward apoptosis results in chronic liver injury, whereas apoptosis resistance is linked to hepatocarcinogenesis and nonresponsiveness to therapy-induced cell death. Recently, we have demonstrated an essential role of the antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family member Myeloid cell leukemia-1 (Mcl-1) in hepatocyte survival. In mice lacking Mcl-1 specifically in hepatocytes (Mcl-1(Deltahep)), spontaneous apoptosis caused severe liver damage. Here, we demonstrate that chronically increased apoptosis of hepatocytes coincides with strong hepatocyte proliferation resulting in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Liver cell tumor formation was observed in >50% of Mcl-1(Deltahep) mice already by the age of 8 months, whereas 12-month-old wild-type (wt) and heterozygous Mcl-1(flox/wt) mice lacked tumors. Tumors revealed a heterogenous spectrum ranging from small dysplastic nodules to HCC. The neoplastic nature of the tumors was confirmed by histology, expression of the HCC marker glutamine synthetase and chromosomal aberrations. Liver carcinogenesis in Mcl-1(Deltahep) mice was paralleled by markedly increased levels of Survivin, an important regulator of mitosis which is selectively overexpressed in common human cancers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides in vivo evidence that increased apoptosis of hepatocytes not only impairs liver homeostasis but is also accompanied by hepatocyte proliferation and hepatocarcinogenesis. Our findings might have implications for understanding apoptosis-related human liver diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Achim
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.forename: Regina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Boger
authors.forename: Binje
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Vick
authors.forename: Toni
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Urbanik
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Haybaeck
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zoller
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Teufel
authors.forename: Peter H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Krammer
authors.forename: Joseph T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Opferman
authors.forename: Peter R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Galle
authors.forename: Marcus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schuchmann
authors.forename: Mathias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heikenwalder
authors.forename: Henning
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schulze-Bergkamen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002869:Chromosome Aberrations; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D008114:Liver Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000209:etiology*; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D064549:Myeloid Cell Leukemia Sequence 1 Protein; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: C579094:Mcl1 protein, mouse; D064549:Myeloid Cell Leukemia Sequence 1 Protein; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2