title: Low level nicotine: a novel approach to reduce osteoporosis incidence.
abstract: Osteoporosis is a serious health problem worldwide and leads to a significant burden on society. Unfortunately, efforts to control osteoporosis are largely unsuccessful. Lowering an individual's risk for osteoporosis must focus not only on treatment but also on modification of risk factors. One of the common risk factors is smoking tobacco. Here, we review the clinical evidence on nicotine consumption and osteoporosis, and propose a possible protective mechanism. It should be note that there is no strong clinical evidence that proves nicotine is detrimental. Studies also indicated that the prime criminal for osteoporosis is smoking not nicotine. Moreover, low level nicotine has preventive efforts on osteoporosis by stimulating osteoblasts proliferation and differentiation. We present a hypothesis that low level nicotine may be a novel approach to reduce osteoporosis incidence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China. orthopedicszj@gmail.com
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yun
authors.forename: Jinping
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D009538:Nicotine