title: A realist evaluation of the management of a well-performing regional hospital in Ghana.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Realist evaluation offers an interesting approach to evaluation of interventions in complex settings, but has been little applied in health care. We report on a realist case study of a well performing hospital in Ghana and show how such a realist evaluation design can help to overcome the limited external validity of a traditional case study.
  
  
  METHODS
  We developed a realist evaluation framework for hypothesis formulation, data collection, data analysis and synthesis of the findings. Focusing on the role of human resource management in hospital performance, we formulated our hypothesis around the high commitment management concept. Mixed methods were used in data collection, including individual and group interviews, observations and document reviews.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that the human resource management approach (the actual intervention) included induction of new staff, training and personal development, good communication and information sharing, and decentralised decision-making. We identified 3 additional practices: ensuring optimal physical working conditions, access to top managers and managers' involvement on the work floor. Teamwork, recognition and trust emerged as key elements of the organisational climate. Interviewees reported high levels of organisational commitment. The analysis unearthed perceived organisational support and reciprocity as underlying mechanisms that link the management practices with commitment. Methodologically, we found that realist evaluation can be fruitfully used to develop detailed case studies that analyse how management interventions work and in which conditions. Analysing the links between intervention, mechanism and outcome increases the explaining power, while identification of essential context elements improves the usefulness of the findings for decision-makers in other settings (external validity). We also identified a number of practical difficulties and priorities for further methodological development.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This case suggests that a well-balanced HRM bundle can stimulate organisational commitment of health workers. Such practices can be implemented even with narrow decision spaces. Realist evaluation provides an appropriate approach to increase the usefulness of case studies to managers and policymakers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine-Antwerp, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium. bmarchal@itg.be
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Marchal
authors.forename: McDamien
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dedzo
authors.forename: Guy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kegels
mesh_terms: D003625:Data Collection; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005869:Ghana; D006761:Hospitals / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D019982:Organizational Case Studies / Q000379:methods; D010559:Personnel Management / Q000592:standards*; D012041:Regional Medical Programs / Q000458:organization & administration*; D017749:Total Quality Management; D000078329:Workforce