title: Review article: the modern management of autoimmune hepatitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The management of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) continues to be refined. However, several issues remain unresolved, primarily as a consequence of the low incidence of the disease. This factor has contributed both to a lack of understanding of and a paucity of large scale clinical trials involving therapeutic agents.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To summarize the latest evidence regarding the pathogenesis, diagnosis, therapy and long-term management of AIH with a focus on clinical aspects of the disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched PUBMED for articles pertaining to AIH, its pathogenesis, treatment and clinical outcomes, combined with the authors' own knowledge of the literature.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Standard therapy (corticosteroids and azathioprine) is effective in more than 80% of patients which renders study of novel agents difficult. Budesonide appears to show equivalence to prednisolone. Available, but limited, data suggest that mycophenolate mofetil, tacrolimus and ciclosporin are all variably effective second line agents. Patients with AIH and cirrhosis are at risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and require screening. Patients with end stage liver disease represent excellent candidates for liver transplantation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite ongoing limitations in the understanding of pathogenesis and difficulties in evaluating novel therapies, the management of AIH continues to evolve slowly. Multi-centre collaboration is necessary to obtain sufficient patient numbers to undertake good quality therapeutic studies.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Liver Studies, Kings College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London, UK.
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Yeoman
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Longhi
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Heneghan
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D019693:Hepatitis, Autoimmune / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017093:Liver Failure / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D016031:Liver Transplantation; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D055502:Secondary Prevention; D013866:Thioguanine / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D013866:Thioguanine