title: Body image disturbance in 1000 male appearance and performance enhancing drug users.
abstract: Body image disturbance (BID) among men has only recently become a phenomenon of clinical significance with noted heterogeneity in the behavioral consequences of these disturbances. The degree of heterogeneity among appearance and performance enhancing drug (APED) users is unknown and an empirically derived framework for studying BID is necessary. APED users (N=1000) were recruited via the Internet and they completed a comprehensive online assessment APED use patterns, motivations, consequences, and BID. Data were evaluated using latent trait, latent class, and factor mixture models. Model results were validated using a range of covariates including cycle characteristics, age, APED history, and APED risk. A 1-Factor, 4-Class model provided the best fit to the data with Class 1 scoring the highest on all measures of BID and Class 4 the lowest on all measures. Class 2 differed in their preference for being lean over muscular and Class 3 preferred adding mass and size. Each class was associated with unique risks, APED history, and training identity. Not all APED users suffer from significant BID and there are unique profiles for those with elevated BID. Future research on male BID should account for this structure in order to better define relevant diagnostic categories and evaluate the clinical significance of BID.
authors.affiliation: Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA. tom.hildebrandt@mssm.edu
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hildebrandt
authors.forename: Lauren
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Alfano
authors.forename: James W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Langenbucher
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D045930:Anabolic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001828:Body Image; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015233:Models, Statistical; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012928:Social Desirability; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014891:Weight Lifting / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D045930:Anabolic Agents