title: Protective effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in a rat model of transient cerebral ischaemia: a microPET study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a noninvasive method to excite neurons in the brain. However, the underlying mechanism of its therapeutic effects in stroke remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the neuroprotective effect of high-frequency rTMS in a rat model of transient cerebral ischaemia using positron emission tomography (PET).
  
  
  METHODS
  Sprague-Dawley rats (n=30) were anaesthetized with chloral hydrate and subjected to 90 min of intraluminal middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) with subsequent reperfusion in three groups: control (n=10), rTMS (n=10), or sham-rTMS groups (n=10). In the rTMS group, rTMS was given 1 h after ischaemia and every 24 h for 7 days after MCAO. In all three groups, small-animal PET (microPET) imaging with (18)F-FDG was used to evaluate brain glucose metabolism. Apoptotic molecules were measured in the infarct margin using immunohistochemical staining.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The neurological scores of the rats in the rTMS group were higher than in those of the control group over the whole 7-day observation period. The total, cortical and striatal infarct volumes were significantly less in the rTMS group than in the control group, as measured by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. (18)F-FDG microPET images showed significantly higher standardized uptake values in the cortex and striatum in the rTMS group than in the control group in the affected hemisphere. The number of cells positive for caspase-3 was significantly lower in the rTMS group than in the control group, while the Bcl-2/Bax ratio was significantly higher in the rTMS group than in the control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  rTMS therapy increased glucose metabolism and inhibited apoptosis in the ischaemic hemisphere. (18)F-FDG PET could be used to monitor rTMS therapy in transient cerebral ischaemia in animal studies and in future clinical trials.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China.
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Shuang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lou
authors.forename: Jimin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Meiping
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: Mei
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D020244:Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013997:Time Factors; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D053148:Caspase 3; D005947:Glucose