title: Effect of primer treatment on bonding of resin cements to zirconia ceramic.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate and compare bond strengths of different primers and resin cements to silica-based and zirconia ceramics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Silica-based and zirconia ceramic specimens were ground flat with #600-grit SiC paper. The ceramic surfaces were airborne-particle abraded and then divided into 11 groups of seven each: untreated (control); and conditioned with one of the six primers in combination with a resin cement from the same manufacturer as follows: Bistite II/Tokuso Ceramic Primer, Linkmax/GC Ceramic Primer, RelyX ARC/RelyX Ceramic Primer, Panavia F 2.0/Clearfil Ceramic Primer, and Resicem/Shofu Porcelain Primer and Resicem/AZ Primer. Stainless steel rods were bonded to the ceramic surfaces using one of the five resin cements. After 24-h water storage, the tensile bond strengths were tested using a universal testing machine and failure modes were examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Conditioning with primers containing a silane coupling agent (all the primers except AZ Primer) significantly enhanced bond strengths of resin cements to silica-based ceramic. For zirconia ceramic, Resicem/AZ Primer exhibited significantly higher bond strength than the other groups except Panavia F 2.0/Clearfil Ceramic Primer. The predominant failure mode of the groups conditioned with primers containing a phosphonic acid monomer (AZ Primer) or a phosphate ester monomer (Clearfil Ceramic Primer and Tokuso Ceramic Primer) was cohesive failure in cements whereas that with the other primers was adhesive failure at the zirconia surfaces.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of primers containing a silane coupling agent improved resin bonding to silica-based ceramic. On the other hand, the use of primers containing a phosphonic acid monomer or a phosphate ester monomer improved resin bonding to zirconia ceramic.
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Japan. nuevo_centro@yahoo.co.jp
authors.forename: Shuzo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kitayama
authors.forename: Toru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nikaido
authors.forename: Rena
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Masaomi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ikeda
authors.forename: Richard M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Foxton
authors.forename: Alireza
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sadr
authors.forename: Junji
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tagami
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001840:Dental Bonding / Q000379:methods*; D003776:Dental Porcelain; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D008422:Materials Testing; D008689:Methacrylates; D063065:Organophosphonates; D010746:Phosphonoacetic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D019279:Resin Cements; D012821:Silanes; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013718:Tensile Strength; D015019:Yttrium; D015040:Zirconium
chemical_list: C546895:6-methacryloyloxyhexyl phosphonoacetate; D008689:Methacrylates; D063065:Organophosphonates; D019279:Resin Cements; D012821:Silanes; C499362:yttria stabilized tetragonal zirconia; D003776:Dental Porcelain; D015019:Yttrium; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; C069749:methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate; D015040:Zirconium; D010746:Phosphonoacetic Acid