title: Myc is required for activation of the ATM-dependent checkpoints in response to DNA damage.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The MYC protein controls cellular functions such as differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. In response to genotoxic agents, cells overexpressing MYC undergo apoptosis. However, the MYC-regulated effectors acting upstream of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway are still unknown.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this study, we demonstrate that expression of Myc is required to activate the Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM)-dependent DNA damage checkpoint responses in rat cell lines exposed to ionizing radiation (IR) or the bacterial cytolethal distending toxin (CDT). Phosphorylation of the ATM kinase and its downstream effectors, such as histone H2AX, were impaired in the myc null cell line HO15.19, compared to the myc positive TGR-1 and HOmyc3 cells. Nuclear foci formation of the Nijmegen Breakage Syndrome (Nbs) 1 protein, essential for efficient ATM activation, was also reduced in absence of myc. Knock down of the endogenous levels of MYC by siRNA in the human cell line HCT116 resulted in decreased ATM and CHK2 phosphorylation in response to irradiation. Conversely, cell death induced by UV irradiation, known to activate the ATR-dependent checkpoint, was similar in all the cell lines, independently of the myc status.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data demonstrate that MYC contributes to the activation of the ATM-dependent checkpoint responses, leading to cell death in response to specific genotoxic stimuli.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Lina
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Guerra
authors.forename: Ami
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Albihn
authors.forename: Susanna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tronnersjö
authors.forename: Qinzi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: Riccardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Guidi
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stenerlöw
authors.forename: Torsten
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sterzenbach
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Josenhans
authors.forename: James G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.forename: David B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Schauer
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Thelestam
authors.forename: Lars-Gunnar
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Larsson
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Henriksson
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Frisan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D064007:Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D002455:Cell Division; D002460:Cell Line; D004249:DNA Damage; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D055785:Gene Knockdown Techniques; D016259:Genes, myc; D010766:Phosphorylation; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D051381:Rats; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; C576324:ATM protein, human; D064007:Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases