title: Reduced inorganic sulfur oxidation supports autotrophic and mixotrophic growth of Magnetospirillum strain J10 and Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense.
abstract: Magnetotactic bacteria are present at the oxic-anoxic transition zone where opposing gradients of oxygen and reduced sulfur and iron exist. Growth of non-magnetotactic lithoautotrophic Magnetospirillum strain J10 and its close relative magnetotactic Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense was characterized in microaerobic continuous culture. Both strains were able to grow in mixotrophic (acetate + sulfide) and autotrophic (sulfide or thiosulfate) conditions. Autotrophically growing cells completely converted sulfide or thiosulfate to sulfate and produced 7.5 g dry weight per mol substrate at a maximum observed growth rate of 0.09 h(-1) for strain J10 and 0.07 h(-1) for M. gryphiswaldense. The respiratory activity for acetate was repressed in autotrophic and also in mixotrophic cultures, suggesting acetate was used as C-source in the latter. We have estimated the proportions of substrate used for assimilatory processes and evaluated the biomass yields per mol dissimilated substrate. The yield for lithoheterotrophic growth using acetate as the C-source was approximately twice the autotrophic growth yield and very similar to the heterotrophic yield, showing the importance of reduced sulfur compounds for growth. In the draft genome sequence of M. gryphiswaldense homologues of genes encoding a partial sulfur-oxidizing (Sox) enzyme system and reverse dissimilatory sulfite reductase (Dsr) were identified, which may be involved in the oxidation of sulfide and thiosulfate. Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense is the first freshwater magnetotactic species for which autotrophic growth is shown.
authors.affiliation: Environmental Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC Delft, the Netherlands. jeanine.geelhoed@wur.nl
authors.forename: Jeanine S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Geelhoed
authors.forename: Robbert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kleerebezem
authors.forename: Dimitry Y
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Sorokin
authors.forename: Alfons J M
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Stams
authors.forename: Mark C M
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: van Loosdrecht
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates / Q000378:metabolism; D052818:Autotrophic Processes; D003470:Culture Media; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000382:microbiology; D052836:Heterotrophic Processes; D042201:Magnetospirillum / Q000254:growth & development*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D013440:Sulfides / Q000378:metabolism*; D013885:Thiosulfates / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; D003470:Culture Media; D013440:Sulfides; D013885:Thiosulfates