title: Impairment of cognitive function reported by patients suffering from carcinoid syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Carcinoid syndrome (CS) is characterized by symptoms of diarrhea, flushing, bronchospasm, and valvular heart disease. It has been our impression that patients with CS also exhibit features of cognitive impairment. The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate if symptoms of cognitive impairment were reported by patients with CS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with proven CS completed a 38-question multiple-ability self-report questionnaire (MASQ) to assess symptoms in five cognitive domains: language skills, attention/concentration (A/C), visual-perceptual function, visual memory, and verbal memory. Patients subsequently underwent neurocognitive assessment using a battery of six standardized tests. Results of the MASQ and the cognitive test were compared to published results for healthy individuals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-one patients with CS were studied. MASQ symptom scores were higher than published norms in all five cognitive domains. Patients reported greatest difficulty with verbal memory (mean +/- SD = 2.74 +/- 0.5), followed by A/C (2.41 +/- 0.65), language (2.31 +/- 0.55), visual memory (2.30 +/- 0.65), and visual-perceptual function (2.17 +/- 0.59). In contrast, neurocognitive tests for verbal memory immediate recall, visual memory, language, and executive function were within the normal range. CS patients, however, scored lower than expected in tests of verbal memory delayed recall and visual-perceptual function.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with CS report high levels of symptoms of impairment in all cognitive domains; however, on formal neurocognitive testing, patients scored lower than expected only in tests of verbal memory delayed recall and visual-perceptual function. These findings appear to confirm our clinical impression that cognitive impairment may be an additional feature of CS. Further studies are needed to confirm and elucidate the cause of this cognitive impairment.
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Calgary and Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Calgary, AB, T2N 2T9, Canada.
authors.forename: Anthony J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Chambers
authors.forename: R Stewart
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Longman
authors.forename: Janice L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Pasieka
authors.forename: Elijah
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dixon
authors.forename: Otto
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Rorstad
authors.forename: Kathy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rach-Longman
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jones
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008303:Malignant Carcinoid Syndrome / Q000150:complications*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires