title: Electroporation of cells using EM induction of ac fields by a magnetic stimulator.
abstract: This paper describes a method of effectively electroporating mammalian cell membranes with pulsed alternating-current (ac) electric fields at field strengths of 30-160 kV m(-1). Although many in vivo electroporation protocols entail applying square wave or monotonically decreasing pulses via needles or electrode plates, relatively few have explored the use of pulsed ac fields. Following our previous study, which established the effectiveness of ac fields for electroporating cell membranes, a primary/secondary coil system was constructed to produce sufficiently strong electric fields by electromagnetic induction. The primary coil was formed from the applicator of an established transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) system, while the secondary coil was a purpose-built device of a design which could eventually be implanted into tissue. The effects of field strength, pulse interval and cumulative exposure time were investigated using microscopy and flow cytometry. Results from experiments on concentrated cell suspensions showed an optimized electroporation efficiency of around 50%, demonstrating that electroporation can be practicably achieved by inducing such pulsed ac fields. This finding confirms the possibility of a wide range of in vivo applications based on magnetically coupled ac electroporation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electronics, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Smye
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: O'Toole
mesh_terms: D002460:Cell Line; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000502:physiology; D002470:Cell Survival; D018618:Echocardiography, Doppler, Color; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields; D018274:Electroporation / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D004867:Equipment Design; D005452:Fluoresceins; D006801:Humans; D007211:Indoles; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D013997:Time Factors; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000295:instrumentation*
chemical_list: D005452:Fluoresceins; D007211:Indoles; C007293:DAPI; C007740:fluorexon