title: Orbital and periorbital vascular anomalies--an approach to diagnosis and therapeutic concepts.
abstract: CONCLUSIONS
  A correct and universally accepted terminology based on the biologic behavior of orbital vascular anomalies is essential to avoid misleading diagnoses, to choose an adequate therapy regimen, and to compare different therapeutic approaches. The management of these diseases is multi-modal and an interdisciplinary challenge.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  There is persisting terminological and clinical confusion about vascular anomalies involving the orbit. Review of the literature reveals a diverse or misleading terminology and a lack of consensus for the treatment of vascular malformations or vascular tumors of the orbit.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study comprised a detailed analysis of cases presenting with orbital vascular anomalies followed by an extensive review of the literature.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-six patients were analyzed, among them 19 patients with peri- and/or intraorbital hemangiomas, 3 with intraorbital and 2 with periorbital venous malformations, 2 with orbital involvement of complex vascular malformations, and 10 with lymphatic malformations involving the orbit.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Marburg, Germany. eivazi@med.uni-marburg.de
authors.forename: Behfar
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Eivazi
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wiegand
authors.forename: Hesham
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Negm
authors.forename: Afshin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Teymoortash
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schulze
authors.forename: Siegfried
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bien
authors.forename: Jochen A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Werner
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006391:Hemangioma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D044148:Lymphatic Abnormalities / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009915:Orbit / Q000098:blood supply; D009918:Orbital Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D054079:Vascular Malformations / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D055815:Young Adult