title: Passive smoke exposure and circulating carotenoids in the CARDIA study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our objective was to assess associations between passive smoke exposure in various venues and serum carotenoid concentrations.
  
  
  METHODS
  CARDIA is an ongoing longitudinal study of the risk factors for subclinical and clinical cardiovascular disease. At baseline in 1985/1986, serum carotenoids were assayed and passive smoke exposure inside and outside of the home and diet were assessed by self-report. Our analytic sample consisted of 2,633 black and white non-smoking adults aged 18-30 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Greater total passive smoke exposure was associated with lower levels of the sum of the three provitamin A carotenoids, alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, and beta-cryptoxanthin (-0.048 nmol/l per hour of passive smoke exposure, p = 0.001), unassociated with lutein/zeaxanthin, and associated with higher levels of lycopene (0.027 nmol/l per hour of passive smoke exposure, p = 0.010) after adjustment for demographics, diet, lipid profile, and supplement use. Exposure in both home and non-home spaces was also associated with lower levels of the provitamin A carotenoid index.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cross-sectionally, in 1985/86, passive smoke exposure in various venues was associated with reduced levels of provitamin A serum carotenoids.
authors.affiliation: Center for Chronic Disease Outcomes Research, Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA. widome@umn.edu
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Widome
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hozawa
authors.forename: Femke
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sijtsma
authors.forename: Myron
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gross
authors.forename: Pamela J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Schreiner
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Iribarren
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D044383:Black People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000097:blood*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004522:Educational Status; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D062665:Epidemiological Monitoring; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D000077276:Lycopene; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000032:analysis* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult; D001741:Black or African American
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D008055:Lipids; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; D002338:Carotenoids; D000077276:Lycopene