title: Reasons for ordering laboratory tests and relationship with frequency of abnormal results.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Laboratory tests are ordered on a daily basis, even though disease probability is often very low. Abnormal results, especially mildly abnormal results, can be difficult to interpret in these circumstances. Further insights into the occurrence of abnormalities can help improve rational test ordering and test interpretation. The objective was therefore to examine the frequency of mildly and markedly abnormal results and their relationship with physicians' reasons for ordering tests.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective study. Participants. A total of 87 primary care physicians in the Netherlands collected data on 1775 patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  The physicians recorded the reason for ordering the tests, the most probable diagnosis and the pretest probability. The laboratories' reference values and specified "action limits" were used to assess the number of abnormal results and markedly abnormal results, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Laboratory results were received for 1621 patients and 15,603 tests were reported (mean 9.6). The proportion of abnormal test results increased with increasing pretest probability (from 13.9% to 34.7%) and was 13.4% for tests ordered to reassure the patient and 13.3% for psychosocial diagnoses. The proportion of patients with at least one abnormal test result was high: 53.1% for tests ordered to reassure and 57.7% in patients with low pretest probability. Corresponding values for a marked abnormality were 11.1% and 12.4%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Abnormal laboratory test results were frequent, even when pretest probability was low. Physicians should therefore carefully consider when tests are necessary. Future research could explore physicians' interpretation of test results and its impact on diagnosis and management.
authors.affiliation: Maastricht University, School of Public Health and Primary Care (CAPHRI), Department of General Practice, Maastricht, The Netherlands. paul.houben@hag.unimaas.nl
authors.forename: Paul H H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Houben
authors.forename: Ron A G
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Winkens
authors.forename: Trudy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: van der Weijden
authors.forename: Renee C R M
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Vossen
authors.forename: André J M
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Naus
authors.forename: Richard P T M
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Grol
mesh_terms: D019963:Clinical Chemistry Tests / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003657:Decision Making; D003933:Diagnosis; D005194:Family Practice; D006801:Humans; D007753:Laboratories / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009426:Netherlands; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011320:Primary Health Care; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012016:Reference Values