title: Quality assessment and comparison of evidence for electroconvulsive therapy and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for schizophrenia: a systematic meta-review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Randomized studies directly comparing the effects of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for depression generally favour ECT. ECT and rTMS have also been investigated for chronic symptoms of schizophrenia although there are no direct comparisons available.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We sought to determine the relative benefits and adverse outcomes of ECT and rTMS by comparing effect sizes reported in systematic reviews and to quality assess this evidence using GRADE and QUOROM guidelines.
  
  
  METHODS
  Included are systematic reviews with meta-analysis published since 2000, reporting results for people with a diagnosis of schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, schizophreniform disorder or first episode schizophrenia. Medline, Embase, CINAHL, Current Contents, PsycINFO and the Cochrane library were searched and hand searching was conducted. Data extraction and quality assessment were completed by two independent reviewers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-three of 58 reviews were excluded as they did not meet inclusion criteria. The remaining five have a low probability of reporting bias and show that high quality evidence suggests a short-term, medium to large treatment effect of rTMS for auditory hallucinations (d=0.88) but not other symptoms, for people treated with concurrent antipsychotics. For ECT, high quality evidence suggests a short-term small, significant effect for improvement in global symptoms, for people with or without concurrent antipsychotics (RR=0.76). There is no evidence for longer-term therapeutic or adverse effects of either treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is worthwhile considering rTMS in cases where auditory hallucinations have not responded to antipsychotic medications and ECT where overall symptoms have not responded to antipsychotic medications.
authors.affiliation: Schizophrenia Research Institute, 405 Liverpool St, Darlinghurst, NSW 2031, Australia. s.matheson@schizophreniaresearch.org.au
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Matheson
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Loo
authors.forename: V J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Carr
mesh_terms: D016208:Databases, Factual / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004565:Electroconvulsive Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D006212:Hallucinations / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D015201:Meta-Analysis as Topic; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000379:methods*