title: A biomechanical evaluation of femoroplasty under simulated fall conditions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the hypotheses that, compared with controls: 1) femoroplasty (the injection of bone cement into the proximal femur in an attempt to prevent fragility fracture) increases the yield and ultimate loads, yield and ultimate energies, and stiffness of the proximal osteoporotic femur in a simulated fall model; and 2) the manner in which the cement distributes in the proximal femur affects the extent to which those mechanical properties are altered.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 10 pairs of osteoporotic human cadaveric femora, we injected one femur of each pair with 40 to 50 mL of polymethylmethacrylate bone cement; the noninjected femur served as the control. The filling percentage was calculated in four anatomic regions of the femur: head, neck, trochanter, and subtrochanter. All specimens were biomechanically tested in a configuration that simulated a fall on the greater trochanter. Student t test, linear regression, and multinomial logistic regression statistical analyses were conducted where appropriate with significant difference defined as P < 0.05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Femoroplasty significantly increased yield load (22.0%), ultimate load (37.3%), yield energy (79.6%), and ultimate energy (154%) relative to matched controls but did not significantly change stiffness (-10.9%). There was a strong (r = 0.7) correlation between yield load and filling percentage in the femoral neck.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study showed that 1) femoroplasty significantly increased fracture load and energy to fracture when osteoporotic femora were loaded in simulated fall conditions, and 2) cement filling in the femoral neck may have an important role in the extent to which femoroplasty affects mechanical strength of the proximal femur.
authors.affiliation: International Center for Orthopaedic Advancement, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21224-2780, USA.
authors.forename: Edward G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Sutter
authors.forename: Simon C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Mears
authors.forename: Stephen M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Belkoff
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001843:Bone Cements / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002102:Cadaver; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006620:Hip Fractures / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000628:therapy*; D019904:Polymethyl Methacrylate / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical
chemical_list: D001843:Bone Cements; D019904:Polymethyl Methacrylate