The effect of gold kiwifruit consumed with an iron fortified breakfast cereal meal on iron status in women with low iron stores: a 16 week randomised controlled intervention study.
BACKGROUND
Dietary treatment is often recommended as the first line of treatment for women with mild iron deficiency. Although it is well established that ascorbic acid enhances iron absorption, it is less clear whether the consumption of ascorbic acid rich foods (such as kiwifruit) with meals fortified with iron improves iron status. The aim of this study is to investigate whether the consumption of ZESPRI(R) GOLD kiwifruit (a fruit high in ascorbic acid and carotenoids) with an iron fortified breakfast cereal meal increases iron status in women with low iron stores.


METHODS
Eighty nine healthy women aged 18-44 years with low iron stores (serum ferritin (SF) <or= 25 microg/L, haemoglobin (Hb) >or= 115 g/L) living in Auckland, New Zealand were randomised to receive an iron fortified breakfast cereal (16 mg iron per serve) and either two ZESPRI(R) GOLD kiwifruit or a banana (low ascorbic acid and carotenoid content) to eat at breakfast time every day for 16 weeks. Iron status (SF, Hb, C-reactive protein (CRP) and soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR)), ascorbic acid and carotenoid status were measured at baseline and after 16 weeks. Anthropometric measures, dietary intake, physical activity and blood loss were measured before and after the 16 week intervention.


CONCLUSIONS
This randomised controlled intervention study will be the first study to investigate the effect of a dietary based intervention of an iron fortified breakfast cereal meal combined with an ascorbic acid and carotenoid rich fruit on improving iron status in women with low iron stores.


BACKGROUND
ACTRN12608000360314.
Beck
Kathryn
K
Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand. K.L.Beck@massey.ac.nz
Conlon
Cathryn
C
Kruger
Rozanne
R
Coad
Jane
J
Stonehouse
Welma
W
D029042:Actinidia / Q000737:chemistry; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D018798:Anemia, Iron-Deficiency / Q000178:diet therapy*; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000032:analysis; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000032:analysis; D002523:Edible Grain; D005260:Female; D005527:Food, Fortified; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007501:Iron / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D028521:Musa; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
D002338:Carotenoids; D007501:Iron; D001205:Ascorbic Acid