title: Abraham Flexner of Kentucky, his report, Medical Education in the United States and Canada, and the historical questions raised by the report.
abstract: One hundred years ago, the time was right and the need was critical for medical education reform. Medical education had become a commercial enterprise with proprietary schools of variable quality, lectures delivered in crowded classrooms, and often no laboratory instruction or patient contact. Progress in science, technology, and the quality of medical care, along with political will and philanthropic support, contributed to the circumstances under which Abraham Flexner produced his report. Flexner was dismayed by the quality of many of the medical schools he visited in preparing the report. Many of the recommendations in Medical Education in the United States and Canada are still relevant, especially those concerning the physician as a practitioner whose purpose is more societal and preventive than individual and curative. Flexner helped establish standards for prerequisite education, framed medical school admission criteria, aided in the design of a curriculum introduced by the basic and followed by the clinical sciences, stipulated the resources necessary for medical education, and emphasized medical school affiliation with both a university and a strong clinical system. He proposed integration of basic and clinical sciences leading to contextual learning, active rather than passive learning, and the importance of philanthropy. Flexner's report poses several questions for the historian: How were his views on African American medical education shaped by his post-Civil War upbringing in Louisville? Was the report original or derivative? Why did it have such a large impact? This article describes Flexner's early life and the report's methodology and considers several of the historical questions.
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202-3866, USA. edward.halperin@louisville.edu
authors.forename: Edward C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Halperin
authors.forename: Jay A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Perman
authors.forename: Emery A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Wilson
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American / Q000193:education / Q000266:history; D002170:Canada; D004501:Education, Medical / Q000266:history* / Q000592:standards / Q000639:trends; D005260:Female; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011287:Prejudice; D014481:United States; D044465:White People / Q000193:education / Q000266:history