title: Causes and predictive factors of mortality in a cohort of patients with hepatitis C virus-related cryoglobulinemic vasculitis treated with antiviral therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hepatitis C virus (HCV)-associated mixed cryoglobulinemia (MC) vasculitis is an autoimmune disorder with significant morbidity and mortality. Renal involvement was associated with an increased mortality, and was the most common cause of death; these data were obtained before effective antiviral treatment was available. We studied causes of death and predictive factors in patients with HCV-associated MC vasculitis treated with antivirals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case histories of 85 patients with HCV-associated MC vasculitis treated in a single center between 1990 and 2006 were retrospectively reviewed. Prognostic factors affecting mortality were studied by comparing 23 patients who died with 62 survivors, using the Cox model regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most common cause of death was infection, accounting for 34.7%, followed by endstage liver disease in 30.4% (including 4 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma), and cardiovascular disease in 17.4% of patients. Endstage renal disease accounted for only 8.7% of deaths, as did central nervous system vasculitis and nonhepatic malignancy. Increased mortality was strongly associated with immunosuppressive treatment [hazard ratio (HR) 6.51, 95% CI 2.75-15.37], cutaneous ulcers (HR 5.37, 95% CI 1.79-16.14), and renal insufficiency (HR 3.25, 95% CI 1.37-7.72). A 2 log10 decrease in HCV viral load at month 3 after starting antiviral treatment was associated with decreased mortality (HR 0.39, 95% CI 0.16-0.95).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While renal involvement is still associated with poorer prognosis, infectious processes are now the most common cause of death in HCV cryoglobulinemia vasculitis. Immunosuppressive treatment is associated with an increased risk of death, independently from disease severity. Response to antiviral treatment is associated with significantly reduced mortality risk.
authors.affiliation: Service de Médecine Interne, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Dan-Avi
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Landau
authors.forename: Samy
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Scerra
authors.forename: Damien
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sene
authors.forename: Mathieu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Resche-Rigon
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Saadoun
authors.forename: Patrice
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cacoub
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003449:Cryoglobulinemia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality* / Q000821:virology; D005260:Female; D016174:Hepacivirus; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D000077190:Interferon alpha-2; D016898:Interferon-alpha / Q000627:therapeutic use; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012254:Ribavirin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014657:Vasculitis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality* / Q000821:virology; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D000077190:Interferon alpha-2; D016898:Interferon-alpha; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D012254:Ribavirin; C100416:peginterferon alfa-2a