title: A role for non-covalent SUMO interaction motifs in Pc2/CBX4 E3 activity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Modification of proteins by the small ubiquitin like modifier (SUMO) is an essential process in mammalian cells. SUMO is covalently attached to lysines in target proteins via an enzymatic cascade which consists of E1 and E2, SUMO activating and conjugating enzymes. There is also a variable requirement for non-enzymatic E3 adapter like proteins, which can increase the efficiency and specificity of the sumoylation process. In addition to covalent attachment of SUMO to target proteins, specific non-covalent SUMO interaction motifs (SIMs) that are generally short hydrophobic peptide motifs have been identified.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intriguingly, consensus SIMs are present in most SUMO E3s, including the polycomb protein, Pc2/Cbx4. However, a role for SIMs in SUMO E3 activity remains to be shown. We show that Pc2 contains two functional SIMs, both of which contribute to full E3 activity in mammalian cells, and are also required for sumoylation of Pc2 itself. Pc2 forms distinct sub-nuclear foci, termed polycomb bodies, and can recruit partner proteins, such as the corepressor CtBP. We demonstrate that mutation of the SIMs in Pc2 prevents Pc2-dependent CtBP sumoylation, and decreases enrichment of SUMO1 and SUMO2 at polycomb foci. Furthermore, mutational analysis of both SUMO1 and SUMO2 reveals that the SIM-interacting residues of both SUMO isoforms are required for Pc2-mediated sumoylation and localization to polycomb foci.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This work provides the first clear evidence for a role for SIMs in SUMO E3 activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and Center for Cell Signaling, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America.
authors.forename: Jacqueline C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Merrill
authors.forename: Tiffany A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Melhuish
authors.forename: Michael H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Kagey
authors.forename: Shen-Hsi
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Andrew D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Sharrocks
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wotton
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002846:Chromatography, Affinity; D006801:Humans; D047468:Immunoprecipitation; D008025:Ligases; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D063146:Polycomb-Group Proteins; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D025842:SUMO-1 Protein / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases
chemical_list: D063146:Polycomb-Group Proteins; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D025842:SUMO-1 Protein; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases; D008025:Ligases; C570427:CBX4 protein, human