title: Preconscious processing biases predict emotional reactivity to stress.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Anxiety vulnerability is associated with biases in attention: a tendency to selectively process negative relative to neutral or positive information. It is not clear whether this bias is: 1) related to the physiological response to stressful events, and 2) causally related to the development of anxiety disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  We tested the predictive value of both preconscious and conscious attention biases in a prospective study of stress reactivity in a nonclinical sample. One hundred four male participants were assessed at baseline and then again 4 months (n = 82) and 8 months later (n = 70). Salivary cortisol and self-report measures were obtained at the baseline testing session in addition to measures of biased attention. Subsequent emotional reactivity was assessed by means of salivary cortisol and self-reported state-anxiety responses during a laboratory-based stressor (4 months later) as well as during a real-life stressor 8 months later (i.e., examination period).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Regression analyses indicated that a preconscious negative processing bias was the best predictor of the cortisol response to stressful events. Importantly, a measure of selective processing provided a better indicator of subsequent emotional reactivity than self-report measures of neuroticism, trait-anxiety, and extraversion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that preconscious biases toward negative material play a causal role in heightened anxiety vulnerability. Our results illustrate the potential utility of preconscious biases in attention in providing an early marker of anxiety vulnerability and a potential target for treatment intervention.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom. efox@essex.ac.uk
authors.forename: Elaine
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.forename: Shanna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cahill
authors.forename: Konstantina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zougkou
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology*; D015982:Bias; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology*; D019260:Expressed Emotion / Q000502:physiology; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011863:Radioimmunoassay / Q000379:methods; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D006854:Hydrocortisone