title: Sarcosine in urine after digital rectal examination fails as a marker in prostate cancer detection and identification of aggressive tumours.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sarcosine in urine was recently suggested to be a promising tool in prostate cancer (PCa) diagnostics.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To reevaluate sarcosine as a potential biomarker for early PCa detection and for prediction of tumour aggressiveness.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sarcosine was measured in urine samples from 106 PCa patients and 33 patients with no evidence of malignancy (NEM), confirmed by 8-12 core prostate biopsies, after standardised digital rectal examination, as well as from 12 healthy men and women. The results were related to the clinicopathologic data on prostate volume, tumour stage, Gleason score, and prostate specific antigen (PSA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Sarcosine in urine was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry using a commercial amino acid assay and was normalised to urine creatinine. Nonparametric statistical tests and receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analyses were performed to assess the diagnostic performance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The median sarcosine-creatinine ratio in urine was 13% lower in PCa than in NEM patients. Sarcosine values were not associated with tumour stage (pT2 vs pT3) or grade (Gleason score <7 vs > or = 7). ROC analyses proved that the discrimination between PCa and NEM patients was not improved by sarcosine in comparison with total PSA, but it was significantly worse than the percent free PSA. The higher proportion of PCa than NEM patients can be considered a limitation of this study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sarcosine in urine after rectal digital examination cannot be considered as a suitable marker to differentiate between patients with and without PCa.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University Hospital Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Jentzmik
authors.forename: Carsten
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stephan
authors.forename: Kurt
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schrader
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Erbersdobler
authors.forename: Glen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kristiansen
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lein
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jung
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000652:urine*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine; D051517:Digital Rectal Examination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009929:Organ Size; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000652:urine*; D012521:Sarcosine / Q000652:urine*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D003404:Creatinine; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen; D012521:Sarcosine