title: Treatment of asymptomatic carriers with artemether-lumefantrine: an opportunity to reduce the burden of malaria?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Increased investment and commitment to malaria prevention and treatment strategies across Africa has produced impressive reductions in the incidence of this disease. Nevertheless, it is clear that further interventions will be necessary to meet the international target of a reversal in the incidence of malaria by 2015. This article discusses the prospective role of an innovative malaria control strategy - the community-based treatment of asymptomatic carriers of Plasmodium falciparum, with artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT). The potential of this intervention was considered by key scientists in the field at an Advisory Board meeting held in Basel, in April 2009. This article summarizes the discussions that took place among the participants.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Asymptomatic carriers do not seek treatment for their infection and, therefore, constitute a reservoir of parasites and thus a real public-health risk. The systematic identification and treatment of individuals with asymptomatic P. falciparum as part of a surveillance intervention strategy should reduce the parasite reservoir, and if this pool is greatly reduced, it will impact disease transmission.
  
  
  METHODS
  This article considers the populations that could benefit from such a strategy and examines the ethical issues associated with the treatment of apparently healthy individuals, who represent a neglected public health risk. The potential for the treatment of asymptomatic carriers to impair the development of protective immunity, resulting in a 'rebound' and age escalation of malaria incidence, is also discussed.For policymakers to consider the treatment of asymptomatic carriers with ACT as a new tool in their malaria control programmes, it will be important to demonstrate that such a strategy can produce significant benefits, without having a negative impact on the efficacy of ACT and the health of the target population.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The treatment of asymptomatic carriers with ACT is an innovative and essential tool for breaking the cycle of infection in some transmission settings. Safe and effective medicines can save the lives of children, but the reprieve is only temporary so long as the mosquitoes can become re-infected from the asymptomatic carriers. With improvements in rapid diagnostic tests that allow easier identification of asymptomatic carriers, the elimination of the pool of parasites is within reach.
authors.affiliation: Walter Reed Project/Centre for Clinical Research-Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya. bogutu@wrp-ksm.org
authors.forename: Bernhards
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ogutu
authors.forename: Alfred B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Tiono
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Makanga
authors.forename: Zulfiqarali
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Premji
authors.forename: Adama Dodji
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Gbadoé
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ubben
authors.forename: Anne Claire
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Marrast
authors.forename: Oumar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Gaye
mesh_terms: D017954:Africa South of the Sahara / Q000453:epidemiology; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000077611:Artemether, Lumefantrine Drug Combination; D037621:Artemisinins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002353:Carrier State / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000469:parasitology; D017281:Cost of Illness; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004983:Ethanolamines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D005449:Fluorenes / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission; D008297:Male; D018512:Parasitemia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D011159:Population Surveillance; D015995:Prevalence; D012306:Risk; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials; D000077611:Artemether, Lumefantrine Drug Combination; D037621:Artemisinins; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004983:Ethanolamines; D005449:Fluorenes