title: Economic analyses comparing tiotropium with ipratropium or salmeterol in UK patients with COPD.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study presents a cost-effectiveness and budget impact analysis comparing cost and outcomes for UK patients with COPD treated with either tiotropium, ipratropium or salmeterol.
  
  
  METHODS
  A previously-published COPD cost-effectiveness model was adapted for the UK, then used to estimate the cost-effectiveness of tiotropium compared to salmeterol and ipratropium. Additional epidemiological data were used to estimate the budget impact of switching patients from ipratropium or salmeterol to tiotropium.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In England, the estimated annual cost per patient on tiotropium was pound1350, on salmeterol was pound1404, and on ipratropium was pound1427; in Scotland/Wales/Northern Ireland (S/W/NI) these costs were pound1439, pound1565, and pound1631, respectively. Tiotropium patients experienced better quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) across all comparisons, and this option was therefore dominant compared to salmeterol and ipratropium. The probability of tiotropium being dominant ranged from 72% to 87% across comparisons. At a willingness to pay threshold of pound20,000 per QALY, tiotropium had at least a 97% chance of being cost-effective. The estimated annual saving per primary care trust (PCT) of switching patients from salmeterol and ipratropium to tiotropium in England was pound230,000 and in S/W/NI was pound160,000.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tiotropium is a cost-effective alternative to ipratropium and salmeterol, and switching COPD patients from ipratropium and salmeterol to tiotropium could result in considerable cost savings for PCTs along with improvements in quality-of-life.
authors.affiliation: Market Access, Pricing and Outcomes Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Ltd, Berkshire, UK. ray.gani@boehringer-ingelheim.com
authors.forename: Ray
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gani
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Griffin
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: Maureen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rutten-van Mölken
mesh_terms: D000420:Albuterol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000191:economics; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000191:economics*; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D006801:Humans; D009241:Ipratropium / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000191:economics*; D017059:Models, Econometric; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009330:Nebulizers and Vaporizers; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics*; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D000068299:Salmeterol Xinafoate; D012602:Scopolamine Derivatives / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000191:economics*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D000069447:Tiotropium Bromide; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D006113:United Kingdom
chemical_list: D001993:Bronchodilator Agents; D012602:Scopolamine Derivatives; D000068299:Salmeterol Xinafoate; D009241:Ipratropium; D000420:Albuterol; D000069447:Tiotropium Bromide