title: Breast displacement in three dimensions during the walking and running gait cycles.
abstract: This study aimed to assess the trajectory of breast displacement in 3 dimensions during walking and running gait, as this may improve bra design and has yet to be reported. Fifteen D-cup participants had reflective markers attached to their nipples and trunk to monitor absolute and relative breast displacement during treadmill walking (5 kph) and running (10 kph). During the gait cycle, the breast followed a figure-of-eight pattern with four movement phases. Despite a time lag in resultant breast displacement compared with the trunk, similar values of breast displacement were identified across each of the four phases. Fifty-six percent of overall breast movement was vertical, suggesting that 3-D assessment and the elimination of trunk movement in 6 degrees of freedom are essential to accurately report breast displacement during the gait cycle.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK.
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Scurr
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Wendy
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hedger
mesh_terms: D001940:Breast / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012420:Running / Q000502:physiology*; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult