title: Dendritic cell activation in response to ischemia-reperfusion injury of the small intestine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recent studies have increased our understanding of the important role that the immune system plays in ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. Although dendritic cells (DCs) are important regulators of intestinal immunity, their role in the response to intestinal I/R injury is not well understood. The aim of this study was to determine whether I/R injury affects DC infiltration into the intestinal barrier.
  
  
  METHODS
  Wistar rats were subjected to I/R injury or a sham operation. Dendritic cells were visualized by immunohistochemistry, and after 12 h of reperfusion protein levels for nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain protein 2 (NOD2), high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) were assayed by Western blotting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The number of DCs increased at the small intestine barrier in response to intestinal I/R. A Western blot analysis of small intestinal tissue revealed that levels of NOD2, HMGB1, and TLR4 protein increased in rats subjected to I/R injury in comparison to control rats.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that intestinal I/R increases the infiltration of DCs into the small intestine, thus potentially involving the upregulation of NOD2, HMGB1, and TLR4. Therefore, intestinal I/R might activate DCs through NOD2 and HMGB1.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, 1-1 Idaigaoka-Hasamamachi, Yufu, Oita, Japan.
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hagiwara
authors.forename: Hideo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Iwasaka
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hasegawa
authors.forename: Nobuhiko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Asai
authors.forename: Tomohisa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Uchida
authors.forename: Takayuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Noguchi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D024243:HMGB1 Protein / Q000502:physiology*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology*; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D053473:Nod2 Signaling Adaptor Protein; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000502:physiology*; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D024243:HMGB1 Protein; C104200:Hbp1 protein, rat; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; C512493:NOD2 protein, rat; D053473:Nod2 Signaling Adaptor Protein; C495347:Tlr4 protein, rat; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4