title: Microsurgery via modified far-lateral approach for giant dumbbell-shaped jugular foramen tumors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  During the resection of jugular foramen tumors via the basic far lateral approach, the jugular foramen tumor area as well as its adjacent structures, especially the intracranial part, can be better exposed, which avoids stripping of the petrous part of temporal bone and displacement of facial nerve, and protects the patient's hearing from damage. However, when applied in tumors developed from ventral to the brain stem and middle fossa, with extracranial tumors, this surgical approach seems to be inadequate and limited. This study was to explore the microsurgical technique and clinical value for treating giant dumbbell-shaped tumors at jugular foramen (JF) via a modified far lateral approach.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective analysis was performed in 16 patients with huge dumbbell-shaped tumors at JF which were removed through the modified far lateral approach (suboccipital transjugular-jugular tubercle-jugular process) between January 2001 and December 2008. The process of operation, and pre-and postoperative clinical data were included in the analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gross total tumor removal was achieved in 14 cases, subtotal removal in 1 case, and partial removal in 1 case. Follow-up examinations in most patients demonstrated that the patient with an obvious preoperative deficit had a good recovery. During the follow-up from three months to seven years, 10 (76.9%) cases with lower cranial nerve involvement showed obvious improvement of symptom after operation, 8 (80.0%) cases with facial palsy obtained various degrees of alleviation, and 7 (77.8%) cases with hearing impairment at different levels restored hearing. Two patients developed new lower cranial nerve palsies after operation, and underwent functional rehabilitation in the three-month follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Modified far lateral approach is helpful for removing the huge tumors at JF, especially for tumors extending to the petroclival region ventral part of pontomedullary junction. It has a higher rate of total resection, preoperative cranial nerve function impairment is expected to restore, and also has the advantage of protecting the facial nerve, labyrinth and vertebral artery structure from unnecessary damage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China. lbzou21@163.com
authors.forename: Lin-Bo
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.forename: Lu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.forename: Yue-Kang
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Hai-Feng
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Xu-Hui
authors.initials: XH
authors.lastname: Hui
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003389:Cranial Nerve Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005925:Glomus Jugulare Tumor / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D034381:Hearing Loss / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008579:Meningioma / Q000601:surgery; D008866:Microsurgery / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009442:Neurilemmoma / Q000601:surgery; D011859:Radiography; D020127:Recovery of Function; D012189:Retrospective Studies