title: Deep brain stimulation for intractable obsessive compulsive disorder: pilot study using a blinded, staggered-onset design.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prior promising results have been reported with deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the anterior limb of the internal capsule in cases with severe obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) who had exhausted conventional therapies.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this pilot study, six adult patients (2 male; 4 female) meeting stringent criteria for severe (minimum Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale [Y-BOCS] of 28) and treatment-refractory OCD had DBS electrode arrays placed bilaterally in an area spanning the ventral anterior limb of the internal capsule and adjacent ventral striatum referred to as the ventral capsule/ventral striatum. Using a randomized, staggered-onset design, patients were stimulated at either 30 or 60 days following surgery under blinded conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 12 months of stimulation, four (66.7%) of six patients met a stringent criterion as "responders" (> or =35% improvement in the Y-BOCS and end point Y-BOCS severity < or =16). Patients did not improve during sham stimulation. Depressive symptoms improved significantly in the group as a whole; global functioning improved in the four responders. Adverse events associated with chronic DBS were generally mild and modifiable with setting changes. Stimulation interruption led to rapid but reversible induction of depressive symptoms in two cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This pilot study suggests that DBS of the ventral capsule/ventral striatum region is a promising therapy of last resort for carefully selected cases of severe and intractable OCD. Future research should attend to subject selection, lead location, DBS programming, and mechanisms underpinning therapeutic benefits.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Wayne K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Goodman
authors.forename: Kelly D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Foote
authors.forename: Benjamin D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Greenberg
authors.forename: Nikki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ricciuti
authors.forename: Russell
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: Herbert
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: Nathan A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Shapira
authors.forename: Sam S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Candy L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: Stephen A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Rasmussen
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Okun
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D020772:Internal Capsule / Q000502:physiology; D008032:Limbic System / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D009771:Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder / Q000628:therapy*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D016896:Treatment Outcome