title: Antegrade colonic enemas and intestinal diversion are highly effective in the management of children with intractable constipation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Intractable constipation in children is an uncommon but debilitating condition. When medical therapy fails, surgery is warranted; but the optimal surgical approach has not been clearly defined. We reviewed our experience with operative management of intractable constipation to identify predictors of success and to compare outcomes after 3 surgical approaches: antegrade continence enema (ACE), enteral diversion, and primary resection.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review of pediatric patients undergoing ACE, diversion, or resection for intractable, idiopathic constipation from 1994 to 2007 was performed. Satisfactory outcome was defined as minimal fecal soiling and passage of stool at least every other day (ACE, resection) or functional enterostomy without abdominal distension (diversion).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-four patients (range = 1-26 years, mean = 9 years) were included. Sixteen patients underwent ACE, 19 underwent primary diversion (5 ileostomy, 14 colostomy), and 9 had primary colonic resections. Satisfactory outcomes were achieved in 63%, 95%, and 22%, respectively. Of the 19 patients diverted, 14 had intestinal continuity reestablished at a mean of 27 months postdiversion, with all of these having a satisfactory outcome at an average follow-up of 56 months. Five patients underwent closure of the enterostomy without resection, whereas the remainder underwent resection of dysmotile colon based on preoperative colonic manometry studies. Of those undergoing ACE procedures, age younger than 12 years was a predictor of success, whereas preoperative colonic manometry was not predictive of outcome. Second manometry 1 year post-ACE showed improvement in all patients tested. On retrospective review, patient noncompliance contributed to ACE failure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Antegrade continence enema and enteral diversion are very effective initial procedures in the management of intractable constipation. Greater than 90% of diverted patients have an excellent outcome after the eventual restoration of intestinal continuity. Colon resection should not be offered as initial therapy, as it is associated with nearly 80% failure rate and the frequent need for additional surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
authors.forename: Emily R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Christison-Lagay
authors.forename: Leonel
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kurtz
authors.forename: Kristin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: St Pierre
authors.forename: Daniel P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Doody
authors.forename: Allan M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Goldstein
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003106:Colon / Q000601:surgery; D003125:Colostomy / Q000379:methods; D003248:Constipation / Q000601:surgery* / Q000628:therapy; D013505:Digestive System Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D004733:Enema / Q000379:methods*; D004766:Enterostomy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005769:Gastrointestinal Motility; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008365:Manometry / Q000379:methods; D011300:Preoperative Care; D012086:Reoperation / Q000379:methods; D016896:Treatment Outcome