Magnetic resonance imaging, pacemakers and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators: current situation and clinical perspective.
New developments and expanding indications have resulted in a significant increase in the number of patients with pacemakers and internal cardioverterdefibrillators (ICDs). Because of its unique capabilities, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become one of the most important imaging modalities for evaluation of the central nervous system, tumours, musculoskeletal disorders and some cardiovascular diseases. As a consequence of these developments, an increasing number of patients with implanted devices meet the standard indications for MRI examination. Due to the presence of potential life-threatening risks and interactions, however, pacemakers and ICDs are currently not approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in an MRI scanner. Despite these limitations and restrictions, a limited but still growing number of studies reporting on the effects and safety issues of MRI and implanted devices have been published. Because physicians will be increasingly confronted with the issue of MRI in patients with implanted devices, this overview is given. The effects of MRI on an implanted pacemaker and/or ICDs and vice versa are described and, based on the current literature, a strategy for safe performance of MRI in these patients is proposed. (Neth Heart J 2010;18:31-7.).
Götte
M J W
MJ
Department of Cardiology, Haga Hospital, The Hague, the Netherlands.
Rüssel
I K
IK
de Roest
G J
GJ
Germans
T
T
Veldkamp
R F
RF
Knaapen
P
P
Allaart
C P
CP
van Rossum
A C
AC