title: PSK enhances the efficacy of docetaxel in human gastric cancer cells through inhibition of nuclear factor-kappaB activation and survivin expression.
abstract: Docetaxel, a member of the taxane family, induces antitumor effects in patients with advanced gastric cancer. However, toxicity at therapeutic doses can be severe, resulting in discontinuation of therapy. It is possible that dose reduction due to adverse events may decrease the cytotoxic efficacy of docetaxel. PSK, a protein-bound polysaccharide, has been used as a chemoimmunotherapy agent in the treatment of cancer in Asia for over 30 years. In the present study, we investigated the enhancing effects of PSK on the cytotoxicity of docetaxel in human gastric cancer through non-immunological actions both in vitro and in vivo. The sensitization effects of PSK on docetaxel were evaluated by MTT assay using human gastric cancer cell lines in vitro. In addition, to elucidate the molecular mechanism, we analyzed the activation of NF-kappaB and the subsequent production of the antiapoptotic molecule survivin in combined treatment with docetaxel and PSK. Accordingly, TMK-1 xenograft growth in SCID mouse was used to evaluate the in vivo efficacy, and the survivin expression in xenografts was also investigated by immunohistochemistry. In vitro, PSK enhanced docetaxel-induced growth inhibition in TMK-1 cells. The docetaxel-induced NF-kappaB activation was inhibited by adding PSK in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, the expression of survivin, which is transcriptionally regulated by NF-kappaB, was also inhibited by treatment with PSK. In SCID mouse, PSK significantly inhibited growth of TMK-1 subcutaneous xenografts in combination with low-dose docetaxel, and decreased the docetaxel-induced survivin expression in TMK-1 xenografts. Our data suggest that PSK enhanced the efficacy of docetaxel against human gastric cancer both in vitro and in vivo, at least in part, by downregulating NF-kappaB activation and survivin expression induced by low-dose docetaxel.
authors.affiliation: Gastroenterologic Surgery, Division of Cancer Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8641, Japan. junkino0416@gmail.co.jp
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kinoshita
authors.forename: Sachio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fushida
authors.forename: Shinichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Harada
authors.forename: Isamu
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Makino
authors.forename: Keishi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Katsunobu
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Oyama
authors.forename: Hideto
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fujita
authors.forename: Itasu
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ninomiya
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fujimura
authors.forename: Masato
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kayahara
authors.forename: Tetsuo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ohta
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017209:Apoptosis; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D000077143:Docetaxel; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D051034:Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D051379:Mice; D016513:Mice, SCID; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D011509:Proteoglycans / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000077022:Survivin; D043823:Taxoids / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: C107489:BIRC5 protein, human; C117749:Birc5 protein, mouse; D051034:Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins; D016328:NF-kappa B; D011509:Proteoglycans; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D000077022:Survivin; D043823:Taxoids; D000077143:Docetaxel; C010770:polysaccharide-K