title: Modulation of delta opioid agonist-induced antinociception by repeated morphine pretreatment in rhesus monkeys.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Repeated treatment with morphine increases antinociceptive effects of delta opioid agonists in rodents by a mechanism that may involve increased cell-surface expression of delta receptors. The present study evaluated effects of repeated morphine treatment on behavioral effects of the delta agonist SNC80 and the mu agonist fentanyl in rhesus monkeys.
  
  
  METHODS
  In an assay of schedule-controlled responding, three monkeys responded for food reinforcement under a fixed-ratio 30 schedule. In an assay of thermal nociception, tail-withdrawal latencies were evaluated in three monkeys using thermal stimulus intensities of 48 and 54 degrees C. In both assays, the effects of SNC80 (0.032-3.2mg/kg) and fentanyl (0.001-0.056 mg/kg) were evaluated after repeated treatment with saline or a regimen of morphine doses modeled on the regimen that enhanced delta agonist antinociception and apparent delta receptor availability in previous rodent studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both SNC80 and fentanyl dose-dependently decreased rates of schedule-controlled responding, and repeated morphine treatment did not significantly alter these effects. In the assay of thermal nociception, SNC80 had little effect on tail-withdrawal latencies from water heated to 48 or 54 degrees C, whereas fentanyl increased tail-withdrawal latencies at both temperatures. Repeated morphine tended to increase the antinociceptive effects of SNC80 and to decrease the antinociceptive effects of fentanyl, but these effects of repeated morphine were small and were significant only at the higher stimulus intensity (54 degrees C).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results provide limited support for the proposition that prior stimulation of mu receptors selectively increases the antinociceptive effects of delta agonists in rhesus monkeys.
authors.affiliation: Dept of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 410 N 12th St, Richmond, VA 23220, USA. ssnegus@vcu.edu
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Negus
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Banks
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Folk
authors.forename: K C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Rice
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D001549:Benzamides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003216:Conditioning, Operant / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000494:pharmacology; D005502:Food; D006358:Hot Temperature; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008297:Male; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010879:Piperazines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017465:Receptors, Opioid, delta / Q000819:agonists*; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu / Q000819:agonists; D012055:Reinforcement Schedule
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D001549:Benzamides; D010879:Piperazines; D017465:Receptors, Opioid, delta; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu; C088464:4-(alpha-(4-allyl-2,5-dimethyl-1-piperazinyl)-3-methoxybenzyl)-N,N-diethylbenzamide; D009020:Morphine; D005283:Fentanyl