Incidence of burnout in Spanish nursing professionals: a longitudinal study.
BACKGROUND
Burnout is a psychological response to chronic work-related stress of an interpersonal and emotional nature that appears in professionals in service organizations who work in direct contact with the clients or end-users of the organization.


OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study was to examine the incidence of burnout in a sample of staff nurses.


METHODS
The study was longitudinal, and not randomized. The gap between time 1 (T1) and time 2 (T2) was 1 year.


METHODS
The data were gathered using an anonymous and self-applied questionnaire in different units of 13 Spanish hospitals.


METHODS
The sample consisted of 316 staff nurses, 53 males (16.8%) and 262 females (83.2%). The percentage of the response obtained was 31.37% of all the questionnaires distributed in T1, and 83.77% of all the questionnaires handed out in T2. The characteristics of the sample were stable over time.


METHODS
Burnout was evaluated by the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI-HSS). Descriptive statistics, percentages, and t-test analyses were conducted.


RESULTS
The prevalence of burnout was different according to the approach used: (a) following the cut-off points from the American manual, the prevalence was 2.84% in T1 and 1.89% in T2; and considering the clinically derived cut-off points obtained in Holland, the percentage was 1.26% in T1 and .94% in T2.


CONCLUSIONS
The results only confirmed the hypothesis formulated applying the American cut-off points in T1. There was a significant increase in the levels of emotional exhaustion from T1 to T2, but there were no significant changes in the levels of personal accomplishment or depersonalization from T1 to T2. When the scores on the three dimensions of the MBI were considered together, a decrease in the incidence of burnout was obtained from T1 to T2. The prevalence of burnout in staff nurses can be modified over time, depending on the criteria used to estimate the prevalence.
Grau-Alberola
Ester
E
Unidad de Investigación Psicosocial de la Conducta Organizacional (UNIPSICO), University of Valencia, Spain.
Gil-Monte
Pedro R
PR
García-Juesas
Juan Antonio
JA
Figueiredo-Ferraz
Hugo
H
D002055:Burnout, Professional; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009726:Nurses / Q000523:psychology*; D013030:Spain; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires