title: The effects of landscape modifications on the long-term persistence of animal populations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The effects of landscape modifications on the long-term persistence of wild animal populations is of crucial importance to wildlife managers and conservation biologists, but obtaining experimental evidence using real landscapes is usually impossible. To circumvent this problem we used individual-based models (IBMs) of interacting animals in experimental modifications of a real Danish landscape. The models incorporate as much as possible of the behaviour and ecology of four species with contrasting life-history characteristics: skylark (Alauda arvensis), vole (Microtus agrestis), a ground beetle (Bembidion lampros) and a linyphiid spider (Erigone atra). This allows us to quantify the population implications of experimental modifications of landscape configuration and composition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Starting with a real agricultural landscape, we progressively reduced landscape complexity by (i) homogenizing habitat patch shapes, (ii) randomizing the locations of the patches, and (iii) randomizing the size of the patches. The first two steps increased landscape fragmentation. We assessed the effects of these manipulations on the long-term persistence of animal populations by measuring equilibrium population sizes and time to recovery after disturbance. Patch rearrangement and the presence of corridors had a large effect on the population dynamics of species whose local success depends on the surrounding terrain. Landscape modifications that reduced population sizes increased recovery times in the short-dispersing species, making small populations vulnerable to increasing disturbance. The species that were most strongly affected by large disturbances fluctuated little in population sizes in years when no perturbations took place.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Traditional approaches to the management and conservation of populations use either classical methods of population analysis, which fail to adequately account for the spatial configurations of landscapes, or landscape ecology, which accounts for landscape structure but has difficulty predicting the dynamics of populations living in them. Here we show how realistic and replicable individual-based models can bridge the gap between non-spatial population theory and non-dynamic landscape ecology. A major strength of the approach is its ability to identify population vulnerabilities not detected by standard population viability analyses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Arctic Environment, National Environmental Research Institute, University of Aarhus, Roskilde, Denmark. nabe@dmu.dk
authors.forename: Jacob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nabe-Nielsen
authors.forename: Richard M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Sibly
authors.forename: Mads C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Forchhammer
authors.forename: Valery E
authors.initials: VE
authors.lastname: Forbes
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Topping
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D017753:Ecosystem