title: Preclinical validation of a microarray method for full molecular karyotyping of blastomeres in a 24-h protocol.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Preimplantation genetic screening (PGS) has been used in an attempt to determine embryonic aneuploidy. Techniques that use new molecular methods to determine the karyotype of an embryo are expanding the scope of PGS.
  
  
  METHODS
  We introduce a new method for PGS, termed 'parental support', which leverages microarray measurements from parental DNA to 'clean' single-cell microarray measurements on embryonic cells and explicitly computes confidence in each copy number call. The method distinguishes mitotic and meiotic copy errors and determines parental source of aneuploidy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Validation with 459 single cells of known karyotype indicated that per-cell false-positive and false-negative rates are roughly equivalent to the 'gold standard' metaphase karyotype. The majority of the cells were run in parallel with a clinical commercial PGS service. Computed confidences were conservative and roughly concordant with accuracy. To examine ploidy in human embryos, the method was then applied to 26 disaggregated, cryopreserved, cleavage-stage embryos for a total of 134 single blastomeres. Only 23.1% of the embryos were euploid, though 46.2% of embryos were mosaic euploid. Mosaicism affected 57.7% of the embryos. Counts of mitotic and meiotic errors were roughly equivalent. Maternal meiotic trisomy predominated over paternal trisomy, and maternal meiotic trisomies were negatively predictive of mosaic euploid embryos.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have performed a major preclinical validation of a new method for PGS and found that the technology performs approximately as well as a metaphase karyotype. We also directly measured the mechanism of aneuploidy in cleavage-stage human embryos and found high rates and distinct patterns of mitotic and meiotic aneuploidy.
authors.affiliation: Gene Security Network, Inc., 2686 Middlefield Road, Suite C, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA. djohnson@genesecurity.net
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gemelos
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Baner
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cinnioglu
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Banjevic
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alper
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Barrett
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Frederick
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Potter
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Behr
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rabinowitz
mesh_terms: D000782:Aneuploidy; D001757:Blastomeres / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005820:Genetic Testing / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D007621:Karyotyping / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D009030:Mosaicism; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D011247:Pregnancy; D019836:Preimplantation Diagnosis / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards