title: Evaluation of depressive symptoms in patients with chronic renal failure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although depression is the most commonly found psychiatric disorder in patients on chronic dialysis, its prevalence in earlier stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is not established. This study aims to investigate the prevalence of depression in patients with different stages of CKD and the factors associated with depressive affect.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 155 nondialytic patients with CKD on conservative therapy and 36 patients on hemodialysis treatment were studied. Depression was rated using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Beck Depression Inventory-Short Form (BDI-SF). Functional capacity was evaluated using the Karnofsky Performance Scale, and clinical and sociodemographic variables were also investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using the BDI, depression was identified in 37.7% of the patients on conservative treatment and in 41.7% of those on hemodialysis (p=NS, not significant). The percentage of patients on conservative therapy with moderate or severe depression was higher when the BDI was used, compared with the BDI-SF (37.7% vs. 12.3%, p<0.001). No association was observed between depression and the stages of kidney disease. Among patients with CKD, depression was more prevalent among females (17.9%), patients of low income (54.2%), patients of social class D or E (47.4%), those living with friends or relatives (41.2%) and patients with poor functional capacity (p<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We observed a high prevalence of depression in patients with CKD, but no significant difference was found between the stages of the disease. Depression was associated with sociodemographic characteristics and functional capacity.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo - Brazil. cpandrad@terra.com.br
authors.forename: Carolina P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Andrade
authors.forename: Maria Carolina N
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Cruz
authors.forename: Milton
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Urrutia
authors.forename: Otávio
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.forename: Sérgio A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Draibe
authors.forename: Luiz A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Nogueira-Martins
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sesso
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017567:Karnofsky Performance Status; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008603:Mental Health; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000523:psychology*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome