title: Effects of straight chain alcohols on specific isoforms of adenylyl cyclase.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Our previous studies showed that the activity of adenylyl cyclase (AC) was enhanced by pharmacologically relevant concentrations of ethanol, that this enhancing effect of ethanol on AC activity was AC isoform specific, and that the alcohol cutoff effect for n-alkanol potentiation of AC activity was also AC isoform specific. Therefore, we hypothesized that within the cyclic AMP-generating system, AC is the target of ethanol's action and that alcohols interact directly with the AC molecules. To characterize the interaction between alcohols and AC proteins, the effects of a series of straight chain alcohols would be very valuable in understanding alcohol action at the molecular level. To our knowledge, straight chain alcohols other than n-alkanols and 1,Omega-diols have not been used extensively to study alcohol effects on the activity of AC or other proteins important in the alcohol research field.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effects of a series of straight chain alcohols on D1A dopamine receptor-stimulated activity of AC isoforms type 6, 7, and 9 (AC6, AC7, and AC9) were examined in transfected Hela cells by a cAMP accumulation assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In general, all 3 AC isoforms responded to a series of straight chain alcohols in a similar manner. The order of responsiveness is as follows: monoalcohol > diol > triol and tetraol. Within monoalcohols, 1-alcohols had larger effects than 2-alcohols. Two of 3 stereoisomers of 2,3-butanediol, [D-(-)-2,3-butanediol and meso-2,3-butanediol] showed similar enhancing effects on all 3 AC isoforms. However, the third stereoisomer, L-(+)-2,3-butanediol, inhibited AC7 activity, while it stimulated AC6 and AC9.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The number and the position of hydroxyl groups in straight chain alcohols play an important role in the magnitude of the enhancement on AC activity. Regardless of AC isoforms, the most effective of the straight chain alcohols seems to be the 1-alcohol (n-alkanol) for a given chain length. We found that one of the stereoisomers of 2,3-butanediol had opposite effects on AC activity depending on the AC isoform. Overall, the results are consistent with the hypotheses and demonstrate that a series of straight chain alcohols can be a valuable tool to study AC-alcohol interactions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hasanuzzaman
authors.forename: Masami
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yoshimura
mesh_terms: D000262:Adenylyl Cyclases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D000438:Alcohols / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D017447:Receptors, Dopamine D1 / Q000378:metabolism; D013237:Stereoisomerism
chemical_list: D000438:Alcohols; D007527:Isoenzymes; D017447:Receptors, Dopamine D1; C098593:dopamine D1A receptor; D000262:Adenylyl Cyclases