title: Secondary hyperparathyroidism and anemia in children treated by hemodialysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many patients treated using hemodialysis remain anemic despite exogenous erythropoietin therapy, suggesting that the anemia experienced by these patients is multifactorial in cause. Iron deficiency, infection, inflammation, and malnutrition have been implicated in this process. Additionally, secondary hyperparathyroidism has been associated with anemia in adults, but few data exist about this topic in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional retrospective.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children treated in hemodialysis centers (N = 588) within the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services' 2002 Clinical Performance Measures Project.
  
  
  METHODS
  Intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) levels assessed in October, November, and December 2001 and categorized as quintiles.
  
  
  METHODS
  Achievement of serum hemoglobin level > or = 11 g/dL was assessed using Poisson regression adjusting for sex, age, race, dialysis vintage, vascular access type, single-pool Kt/V, serum albumin level, normalized protein catabolic rate, calcium-phosphorus product, and erythropoietin alfa dose.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using the second quintile (iPTH, 103-224 pg/mL) as the reference quintile, there was no association between iPTH quintile and achievement of the hemoglobin goal: quintile 1 prevalence ratio, 1.0 (95% CI, 0.9-1.2); quintile 3, 0.95 (95% CI, 0.8-1.1); quintile 4, 0.99 (95% CI, 0.8-1.2); and quintile 5, 0.97 (95% CI, 0.8-1.1). Only serum albumin level >/= 3.5 g/dL (bromocresol green assay method) or > or = 3.2 g/dL (bromocresol purple assay method) was significantly associated with meeting the hemoglobin goal: 1.4 (95% CI, 1.2-1.6).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The simultaneous collection of iPTH and hemoglobin limits causal inference. Iron stores and iron therapy are potential confounders not accounted for in this study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the largest study of this topic in children, no association was found between iPTH level and achievement of a hemoglobin level > or = 11 g/dL. Serum albumin level was associated strongly with achievement of the hemoglobin goal.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. lbsmith_99@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Lorie B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Jeffrey J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Fadrowski
authors.forename: Chanelle J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Howe
authors.forename: Barbara A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Fivush
authors.forename: Alicia M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Neu
authors.forename: Susan L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Furth
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000740:Anemia / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006962:Hyperparathyroidism, Secondary / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies