title: Anterior capsulotomy with a pulsed-electron avalanche knife.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate a new pulsed-electron avalanche knife design for creating a continuous curvilinear capsulotomy (CCC) and compare the CCC with a mechanical capsulorhexis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, CCCs were created in freshly enucleated bovine eyes and in rabbit eyes in vivo. The cutting velocity was adjusted by controlling the burst repetition rate, voltage amplitude, and burst duration. Tissue samples were fixed and processed for histology and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) immediately after surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study included 50 bovine eyes and 10 rabbit eyes. By adjusting the electrosurgical waveforms, gas-bubble formation was minimized to permit good surgical visualization. The optimum voltage level was determined to be +/-410 V with a burst duration of 20 mus. Burst repetition rate, continuously adjustable from 20 to 200 Hz with footpedal control, allowed the surgeon to vary linear cutting velocity up to 2.0 mm/s. Histology and SEM showed that the pulsed-electron avalanche knife produced sharp-edged capsule cutting without radial nicks or tears.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The probe of the pulsed-electron avalanche knife duplicated the surgical feel of a 25-gauge cystotome and created a histologically smooth capsule cut. It may improve precision and reproducibility of creating a CCC, as well as improve its proper sizing and centration, especially in the face of surgical risk factors, such as weak zonules or poor visibility.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Drs. Palanker and Vankov hold patents to the pulsed electron avalanche knife technology, which are licensed to PEAK Surgical by Stanford University. Drs. Palanker and Chang are consultants to PEAK Surgical. Dr. Vankov is an employee of PEAK Surgical. Neither of the other authors has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-4085, USA. palanker@stanford.edu
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Palanker
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nomoto
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Huie
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vankov
authors.forename: David F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019923:Capsulorhexis / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D002417:Cattle; D004598:Electrosurgery / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004867:Equipment Design; D007903:Lens Capsule, Crystalline / Q000601:surgery* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D011817:Rabbits; D013552:Swine