title: Survival as a function of HbA(1c) in people with type 2 diabetes: a retrospective cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Results of intervention studies in patients with type 2 diabetes have led to concerns about the safety of aiming for normal blood glucose concentrations. We assessed survival as a function of HbA(1c) in people with type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two cohorts of patients aged 50 years and older with type 2 diabetes were generated from the UK General Practice Research Database from November 1986 to November 2008. We identified 27 965 patients whose treatment had been intensified from oral monotherapy to combination therapy with oral blood-glucose lowering agents, and 20 005 who had changed to regimens that included insulin. Those with diabetes secondary to other causes were excluded. All-cause mortality was the primary outcome. Age, sex, smoking status, cholesterol, cardiovascular risk, and general morbidity were identified as important confounding factors, and Cox survival models were adjusted for these factors accordingly.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For combined cohorts, compared with the glycated haemoglobin (HbA(1c)) decile with the lowest hazard (median HbA(1c) 7.5%, IQR 7.5-7.6%), the adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of all-cause mortality in the lowest HbA(1c) decile (6.4%, 6.1-6.6) was 1.52 (95% CI 1.32-1.76), and in the highest HbA(1c) decile (median 10.5%, IQR 10.1-11.2%) was 1.79 (95% CI 1.56-2.06). Results showed a general U-shaped association, with the lowest HR at an HbA(1c) of about 7.5%. HR for all-cause mortality in people given insulin-based regimens (2834 deaths) versus those given combination oral agents (2035) was 1.49 (95% CI 1.39-1.59).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low and high mean HbA(1c) values were associated with increased all-cause mortality and cardiac events. If confirmed, diabetes guidelines might need revision to include a minimum HbA(1c) value.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Eli Lilly and Company.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK. currie@cardiff.ac.uk
authors.forename: Craig J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Currie
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: Aodán
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tynan
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Heine
authors.forename: Oswaldo L
authors.initials: OL
authors.lastname: Bracco
authors.forename: Tony
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zagar
authors.forename: Chris D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Poole
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis* / Q000187:drug effects; D002423:Cause of Death; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis*; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin