title: Effects of intraperitoneal levobupivacaine on pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a prospective, randomized, double-blinded study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to determine the effects of intraperitoneal administration of levobupivacaine on pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy in a prospective, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  In all patients, infiltration of levobupivacaine 0.25% (15 mL) was used prior to skin incisions for trocar insertion. After pneumoperitoneum was achieved, patients were allocated randomly to receive intraperitoneally either 40 mL of 0.25% levobupivacaine (LB group, n=20) or normal saline (NS group, n=20) under direct vision into the hepatodiaphragmatic lodge and above the gallbladder. Data of intraoperative variables, postoperative pain relief, rescue analgesic consumption, side effects, and patient satisfaction were followed in both groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The postoperative pain scores were significantly lower in the first half-hour period in the LB group than in the NS group (p<0.05). However, the incidence of right shoulder pain was not significantly different between the LB group (10%) and NS group (15%). The mean dose of meperidine consumption and the number of patients needing rescue meperidine were significantly lower in the LB group than in the NS group (p<0.05). Significantly lower vomiting incidence and increased patient satisfaction were determined in the LB group compared to the NS group (p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intraperitoneal administration of 40 mL levobupivacaine 0.25% given immediately after pneumoperitoneum into the hepatodiaphragmatic lodge and above the gallbladder demonstrated useful effects on postoperative pain relief after laparoscopic cholecystectomy, especially in the early postoperative period, and reduced postoperative rescue analgesic requirement, with excellent patient satisfaction. There were no LB-related complications or side effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Ege University, Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey. i.alper@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Işik
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Alper
authors.forename: Sezgin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ulukaya
authors.forename: Volkan
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ertuğrul
authors.forename: Ozer
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Makay
authors.forename: Meltem
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Uyar
authors.forename: Taner
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Balcioğlu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002763:Cholecystectomy / Q000379:methods*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008614:Meperidine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008787:Metoclopramide / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008875:Middle Aged; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D008614:Meperidine; D008787:Metoclopramide; D002045:Bupivacaine