title: Oral-maxillofacial injury surveillance in the Department of Defense, 1996-2005.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Oral-maxillofacial injuries can lead to deformity and malfunction, greatly diminishing quality of life and worker productivity. Data suggest that over 10% of civilian emergency room visits are due to craniofacial injuries. The size and scope of oral-maxillofacial injuries in the military is not well understood. This study reports U.S. military rates of oral-maxillofacial injuries, causes of oral-maxillofacial hospitalizations, and recommends approaches to improving surveillance, research, and prevention.
  
  
  METHODS
  Active duty U.S. military personnel who sought inpatient or outpatient treatment for one or more oral-maxillofacial injuries from 1996 to 2005 were identified in the Defense Medical Surveillance System using ICD-9-CM diagnosis codes associated with oral-maxillofacial injuries. ICD-9-CM diagnosis codes were divided into two categories: oral-maxillofacial wounds and oral-maxillofacial fractures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The oral-maxillofacial fracture rates for men were consistently 1.5 to 2 times higher than those for women, with 2000-2005 rates between 1.2 and 1.5/1000 person-years for men and between 0.7 and 1.0/1000 person-years for women. Wound rates for men were similar to those for women for all years examined (p<0.001), with 2000-2005 rates ranging from 11.0 to 14.6/1000 person-years for men and 12.2-14.8/1000 person-years for women. Compared to the over-40 age group, active duty personnel under age 25 had the highest rates of both oral-maxillofacial fractures and wounds (p<0.001). Among those injuries with a cause recorded, fighting (13.5%) was the leading cause of oral-maxillofacial injury hospitalizations in 2005.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Oral-maxillofacial injuries can and should be monitored using military medical surveillance data. Surveillance efforts would be enhanced by the addition of dental care data. There is also a need for additional quality intervention studies on the strategies to prevent oral and craniofacial injury.
authors.affiliation: U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010, USA. Timothy.Mitchener@us.army.mil
authors.forename: Timothy A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Mitchener
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Canham-Chervak
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D003752:Dental Health Services; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008446:Maxillofacial Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008885:Military Dentistry / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008889:Military Personnel / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011159:Population Surveillance; D017678:Sex Distribution; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult