title: Microbiological quality of drinking water from dispensers in Italy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Water coolers are popular in office buildings and commercial stores and the quality of this source of drinking water has the potential to cause waterborne outbreaks, especially in sensitive and immunocompromised subjects. The aim of this study was to determine the quality of water plumbed in coolers from commercial stores in comparison with tap water in Italy.
  
  
  METHODS
  For each sample, microbial parameters and chemical indicators of contamination were evaluated and information about the date of installation, time since last ordinary and extraordinary maintenance of water coolers was collected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all samples the chemical parameters (nitrite, ammonium, free active chlorine residual) did not exceed the reference values of the drinking water regulation; the pH value in 86.8% samples of the carbonated waters was lower than the reference limit. The microbiological results indicated that the bacteria count at 22 degrees C and 37 degrees C was higher than the required values in 71% and 81% for the non-carbonated water and in 86% and 88% for the carbonated one, respectively. Enterococcus spp. and Escherichia coli were not detected in any of the water samples. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was found in only one sample of the tap water and in 28.9% and 23.7% of the non-carbonated and carbonated water samples, respectively. No statistically significant differences in bacterial counts at 22 degrees C and 37 degrees C have been found between the non-carbonated and carbonated water from the sampled coolers in relation with the time since the last filter was substituted. The bacteriological quality of tap water was superior to that of non-carbonated and carbonated water from coolers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results emphasize the importance of adopting appropriate routinely monitoring system in order to prevent or to diminish the chances of contamination of this water source.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public, Clinical and Preventive Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Giorgio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Liguori
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Cavallotti
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Arnese
authors.forename: Ciro
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Amiranda
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Anastasi
authors.forename: Italo F
authors.initials: IF
authors.lastname: Angelillo
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D003257:Consumer Product Safety; D004866:Equipment Contamination; D007558:Italy; D008900:Mineral Waters / Q000382:microbiology; D014871:Water Microbiology; D014881:Water Supply
chemical_list: D008900:Mineral Waters