title: Kinases as targets in the treatment of solid tumors.
abstract: The protein kinase family, one of the largest gene families in eukaryotes, plays an important role in regulating various cellular processes such as cell proliferation, cell death, cell cycle progression, differentiation and cell survival. Therefore, it is not surprising that the deregulation of many kinases is usually directly linked to cancer development. In all solid tumors, changes in protein kinase expression levels and activities, as well as alterations in the degree of posttranslational modifications can contribute to cancer development. Consequently, the identification of molecular targets and signaling pathways specific to cancer cells is becoming more and more important for cancer drug development and cancer therapies. Inhibition of various protein kinases has already been investigated in many pre-clinical and clinical trials targeting all stages of signal transduction, demonstrating promising results in cancer therapy. Conventional chemotherapeutics are often ineffective as well as harmful; hence a combination of both chemotherapeutics and protein kinase inhibitors may result in new and more successful therapeutic approaches. In this review we focus on protein kinases involved in different signaling pathways and their alterations in solid tumors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cancer and Surgery, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 ONN, UK. georgios.giamas@imperial.ac.uk
authors.forename: Georgios
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Giamas
authors.forename: Yik L
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Man
authors.forename: Heidrun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hirner
authors.forename: Joachim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bischof
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kramer
authors.forename: Kalimullah
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Sharmeen S Lavina
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.forename: Justin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stebbing
authors.forename: Uwe
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Knippschild
mesh_terms: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000201:enzymology; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases