title: Treatment of erectile dysfunction in the obese type 2 diabetic ZDF rat with adipose tissue-derived stem cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a major complication of type 2 diabetes, and many diabetic men with ED are refractory to common ED therapies.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether autologous adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ADSCs) injected into the penis of impotent type 2 diabetic rats improve erectile function.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood glucose levels, intracavernous pressure (ICP) increase upon cavernous nerve (CN) electrostimulation, and immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-two male Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats were used. At 22 weeks of age, all the animals underwent unilateral CN electrostimulation and ICP measurement to confirm impotence. Paragonadal adipose tissue was harvested to procure ADSCs. The impotent animals were randomized to ADSC treatment and sham control groups. At 23 weeks of age, the treatment group animals underwent a penile injection of 1 million ADSCs; the control group animals received vehicle only. Erectile function studies were repeated at 26 weeks of age, followed by tissue harvest.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The rats developed diabetes within the first 10 weeks of age. At 22 weeks of age, 20 out of the 22 rats presented with ED. The post-treatment ICP increase during CN stimulation and ICP increase/mean arterial pressure were significantly higher in the treatment group compared with controls. Three weeks after injection into the corpus cavernosum, only a small number of BrdU-labeled ADSCs was detectable within corporal tissue of the treatment group. There was a significant increase in neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in the penile dorsal nerve and in the number of endothelial cells in the corpora cavernosa of the rats in the treatment group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Autologous ADSCs injected into the penis were effective to improve erectile function and to alter the microarchitecture of the corpus cavernosum. Since the number of ADSCs retained in the corpus cavernosum is very small, we postulate that their paracrine function, not trans-differentiation to smooth muscle or endothelial cells, is responsible for the improvement in penile function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of California School of Medicine-Knuppe Molecular Urology Laboratory, San Francisco, CA 94143-0738, USA. mgarcia@urology.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Maurice M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.forename: Thomas M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Fandel
authors.forename: Guiting
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Alan W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Shindel
authors.forename: Lia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Banie
authors.forename: Ching-Shwun
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Tom F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Lue
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000166:cytology; D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D007172:Erectile Dysfunction / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D008297:Male; D045164:Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation / Q000379:methods*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000378:metabolism; D010413:Penis / Q000294:innervation / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D010525:Peripheral Nerves / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D051381:Rats; D011924:Rats, Zucker; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D013739:Testosterone; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase