title: Retaining young people in a longitudinal sexual health survey: a trial of strategies to maintain participation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is an increasing trend towards lower participation in questionnaire surveys. This reduces representativeness, increases costs and introduces particular challenges to longitudinal surveys, as researchers have to use complex statistical techniques which attempt to address attrition. This paper describes a trial of incentives to retain longitudinal survey cohorts from ages 16 to 20, to question them on the sensitive topic of sexual health.
  
  
  METHODS
  A longitudinal survey was conducted with 8,430 eligible pupils from two sequential year groups from 25 Scottish schools. Wave 1 (14 years) and Wave 2 (16 years) were conducted largely within schools. For Wave 3 (18 years), when everyone had left school, the sample was split into 4 groups that were balanced across predictors of survey participation: 1) no incentive; 2) chance of winning one of twenty-five vouchers worth 20 pounds; 3) chance of winning one 500 pounds voucher; 4) a definite reward of a 10 pounds voucher sent on receipt of their completed questionnaire. Outcomes were participation at Wave 3 and two years later at Wave 4. Analysis used logistic regression and adjusted for clustering at school level.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The only condition that had a significant and beneficial impact for pupils was to offer a definite reward for participation (Group 4). Forty-one percent of Group 4 participated in Wave 3 versus 27% or less for Groups 1 to 3. At Wave 4, 35% of Group 4 took part versus 25% or less for the other groups. Similarly, 22% of Group 4 participated in all four Waves of the longitudinal study, whereas for the other three groups it was 16% or less that participated in full.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The best strategy for retaining all groups of pupils and one that improved retention at both age 18 and age 20 was to offer a definite reward for participation. This is expensive, however, given the many benefits of retaining a longitudinal sample, we recommend inclusion of this as a research cost for cohort and other repeat-contact studies.
authors.affiliation: MRC Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, Glasgow, UK. marion@msoc.mrc.gla.ac.uk
authors.forename: Marion
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Henderson
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wight
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nixon
authors.forename: Graham
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hart
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D035843:Biomedical Research; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D012201:Reward; D012606:Scotland; D019529:Sexuality; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires