title: Bonding between titanium and dental porcelain: a systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aims of this literature review are to provide answers to questions on how to improve bonding between titanium and dental porcelain and how to further implement, in clinical practice, ceramic-veneered titanium as an alternative to conventional metal-ceramic systems.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature search of PubMed and also among referenced published scientific papers was performed and 24 fulfilled the search criteria, namely mentions of titanium, ceramics and bond strength. These papers were compiled for comparison and evaluated regarding the bond strength achieved with different methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results strongly indicate that there are possibilities to improve both the present materials and methods for titanium-ceramic veneering.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that present knowledge is sufficient to conclude that veneering titanium with low-fused porcelain for crowns and fixed partial dentures can be recommended for routine clinical use.
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden. per.haag@mah.se
authors.forename: Per
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Haag
authors.forename: Krister
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nilner
mesh_terms: D001840:Dental Bonding; D003776:Dental Porcelain; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D003801:Dental Veneers; D016876:Metal Ceramic Alloys; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium
chemical_list: D016876:Metal Ceramic Alloys; D003776:Dental Porcelain; D014025:Titanium