title: Spinal institutions in post-Revolutionary France.
abstract: METHODS
  Literature review.
  
  
  METHODS
  Europe with special reference to France.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe the first known orthopaedic rehabilitation units founded in France in the first half of the nineteenth century for the treatment of spinal curvature and deformity and analyse their impact on the future provision of rehabilitation treatment in Europe.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite the pioneering work of a few French orthopaedic surgeons and doctors, no long-lasting legacy remains from the establishment of innovative and holistic institutes for the treatment of spinal curvature and deformity as early as the 1830 s.
authors.affiliation: National Spinal Injuries Centre, Buckinghamshire, UK.
authors.forename: M-F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Weiner
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Silver
mesh_terms: D005602:France; D049672:History, 19th Century; D006801:Humans; D009985:Orthopedics / Q000266:history*; D012047:Rehabilitation Centers / Q000266:history*; D013122:Spinal Diseases / Q000266:history* / Q000534:rehabilitation