title: Local replication of simian immunodeficiency virus in the breast milk compartment of chronically-infected, lactating rhesus monkeys.
abstract: Breast milk transmission remains a major mode of infant HIV acquisition, yet anatomic and immunologic forces shaping virus quasispecies in milk are not well characterized. In this study, phylogenic analysis of envelope sequences of milk SIV variants revealed groups of nearly identical viruses, indicating local virus production. However, comparison of the patterns and rates of CTL escape of blood and milk virus demonstrated only subtle differences between the compartments. These findings suggest that a substantial fraction of milk viruses are produced by locally-infected cells, but are shaped by cellular immune pressures similar to that in the blood.
authors.affiliation: Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA. sallie.permar@childrens.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Sallie R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Permar
authors.forename: Helen H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Andrew B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Wilks
authors.forename: Linh V
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Mach
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Carville
authors.forename: Keith G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Mansfield
authors.forename: Gerald H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Learn
authors.forename: Beatrice H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Hahn
authors.forename: Norman L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Letvin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001769:Blood / Q000821:virology*; D001940:Breast / Q000821:virology*; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D005260:Female; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000821:virology*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D017385:Sequence Homology; D016097:Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000821:virology*; D015302:Simian Immunodeficiency Virus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral