title: Applied anatomy of the nasal lower lateral cartilage: a new finding.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In most references to the nasal anatomy, the shape of the lower lateral cartilage (LLC) is described as a two-dimensional structure. However, the authors have found different forms of LLC in at least 40% of their open rhinoplasty cases during the past 20 years. This cartilage was found to have a three-dimensional hemispheric appearance and to be connected to the upper lateral cartilage (ULC) at the scroll area by an inward limb of this hemisphere. This inward limb may have an important role in producing asymmetry and flare of the nostril.
  
  
  METHODS
  The LLC of 286 patients was evaluated during open rhinoplasty over a 2-year period, with a focus mainly on the shape of this structure, especially at the LLC-ULC junction (scroll area).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A dome-shaped appearance of the LLC was noted in 40.9% of cases, and 11.5% of cases had bilateral LLC variation. This different anatomic form was seen mostly in patients with a strong bulbous nasal tip, although it was observed less frequently also in patients with narrow nasal tips.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At least one-third of the LLCs analyzed had a medial wall in addition to the lateral wall, which significantly increased the flare and recoil force of this structure. This makes this cartilage more redundant to reshaping procedures (straightening). Thus, special attention must sometimes be paid to this common anatomic variation to produce symmetric nostrils and to obtain a more aesthetically acceptable alar tip.
authors.affiliation: Iran University of Medical Sciences, St. Fatima Hospital, Tehran, Iran. info@drhafezi.com
authors.forename: Farhad
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hafezi
authors.forename: Bijan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Naghibzadeh
authors.forename: Amir Hossein
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Nouhi
mesh_terms: D002356:Cartilage / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006801:Humans; D009666:Nose; D012225:Rhinoplasty / Q000379:methods*