title: Unexplained high fever in an elderly patient treated with clonidine, duloxetine, and atorvastatin.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Drug-induced fever is a clinical diagnosis and should always be considered when the fever is constant and high without a clear source of infection. Although drug-induced fever has been reported with other centrally acting antihypertensive drugs such as methyldopa, published reports of this adverse effect with clonidine in humans were not identified in a search of the literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 66-year-old institutionalized white female with a history of morbid obesity (body mass index, 40 kg/m2), Alzheimer's dementia, hypertension, and depression presented to a hospital in Boston, Massachusetts (Caritas Saint Elizabeth's Medical Center) with generalized weakness and shortness of breath and was found to have a non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction. Before hospitalization, the patient was taking memantine 10 mg PO BID, donepezil 10 mg PO once daily, duloxetine 60 mg PO once daily, clonidine 0.1 mg PO TID, metoprolol 50 mg PO BID, and amlodipine 10 mg PO once daily. On admission, the patient was initiated on aspirin 325 mg, atorvastatin 80 mg, and clopidogrel 75 mg PO daily. Her dose of clonidine was increased to 0.2 mg PO TID to optimize blood pressure control, and metoprolol and amlodipine were continued at the same doses. The patient developed fever on the third day after the cardiac catheterization. The fever ranged from 99.0 degrees F to 102.7 degrees F. The physical examination, laboratory data analysis, multiple blood cultures, urinalysis, chest radiograph, and a computed tomography of the head, chest, abdomen, and pelvis did not reveal any source of infection. On the sixth day after admission, clonidine was reduced to the baseline dose of 0.1 mg PO TID and on the ninth day it was stopped. The patient was afebrile on the twelfth day and remained so for the duration of her hospitalization. Naranjo scores for her newly initiated concomitant medications were as follows: aspirin, 1; atorvastatin, 3; clonidine, 6; and clopidogrel, 1. The rating of 6 for clonidine suggests that it was probably associated with the fever in this patient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We describe a case of drug-induced fever probably associated with clonidine administration. The higher dose of clonidine alone or in interaction with duloxetine and atorvastatin may have contributed to the development of drug-induced fever.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Caritas Saint Elizabeth's Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine Boston, Massachusetts 02135, USA. tkelesid@gmail.com
authors.forename: Theodoros
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kelesidis
authors.forename: Iosif
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kelesidis
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000069059:Atorvastatin; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000187:drug effects*; D003000:Clonidine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004347:Drug Interactions; D000068736:Duloxetine Hydrochloride; D005260:Female; D005335:Fever of Unknown Origin / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006538:Heptanoic Acids / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019338:Polypharmacy; D011758:Pyrroles / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013876:Thiophenes / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D006538:Heptanoic Acids; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D011758:Pyrroles; D013876:Thiophenes; D000068736:Duloxetine Hydrochloride; D000069059:Atorvastatin; D003000:Clonidine