title: Superior sensitivity of novel molecular imaging probe: simultaneously targeting two types of endothelial injury markers.
abstract: The need remains great for early diagnosis of diseases. The special structure of the eye provides a unique opportunity for noninvasive light-based imaging of fundus vasculature. To detect endothelial injury at the early and reversible stage of adhesion molecule up-regulation, we generated novel imaging agents that target two distinct types of endothelial molecules, a mediator of rolling, P-selectin, and one that mediates firm adhesion, ICAM-1. Interactions of these double-conjugated fluorescent microspheres (MSs) in retinal or choroidal microvasculature were visualized in live animals by scanning laser ophthalmoscopy. The new imaging agents showed significantly higher sensitivity for detection of endothelial injury than singly conjugated MSs (rPSGL-1- or alpha-ICAM-1-conjugated), both in terms of rolling (P<0.01) and firm adhesion (P<0.01). The rolling flux of alpha-ICAM-1-conjugated MSs did not differ in EIU animals, whereas double-conjugated MSs showed significantly higher rolling flux (P<0.01), revealing that ICAM-1 in vivo supports rolling, once MS interaction with the endothelium is initiated. Double-conjugated MSs specifically detected firmly adhering leukocytes (P<0.01), allowing in vivo quantification of immune response. Antiinflammatory treatment with dexamethasone led to reduced leukocyte accumulation (P<0.01) as well as MS interaction (P<0.01), which suggests that treatment success and resolution of inflammation is quantitatively reflected with this molecular imaging approach. This work introduces novel imaging agents for noninvasive detection of endothelial injury in vivo. Our approach may be developed further to diagnose human disease at a much earlier stage than currently possible.
authors.affiliation: Angiogenesis Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Masachusetts 02114, USA.
authors.forename: Dawei
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Shintaro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nakao
authors.forename: Fang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Souska
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zandi
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schering
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hafezi-Moghadam
mesh_terms: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D002196:Capillaries / Q000473:pathology; D002829:Choroid / Q000098:blood supply; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000473:pathology*; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000032:analysis*; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000737:chemistry; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D008863:Microspheres; D019007:P-Selectin / Q000032:analysis*; D012161:Retinal Artery / Q000473:pathology; D014605:Uveitis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D015415:Biomarkers; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D019007:P-Selectin; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; D003907:Dexamethasone