title: The synapsin gene family in basal chordates: evolutionary perspectives in metazoans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Synapsins are neuronal phosphoproteins involved in several functions correlated with both neurotransmitter release and synaptogenesis. The comprehension of the basal role of the synapsin family is hampered in vertebrates by the existence of multiple synapsin genes. Therefore, studying homologous genes in basal chordates, devoid of genome duplication, could help to achieve a better understanding of the complex functions of these proteins.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this study we report the cloning and characterization of the Ciona intestinalis and amphioxus Branchiostoma floridae synapsin transcripts and the definition of their gene structure using available C. intestinalis and B. floridae genomic sequences. We demonstrate the occurrence, in both model organisms, of a single member of the synapsin gene family. Full-length synapsin genes were identified in the recently sequenced genomes of phylogenetically diverse metazoans. Comparative genome analysis reveals extensive conservation of the SYN locus in several metazoans. Moreover, developmental expression studies underline that synapsin is a neuronal-specific marker in basal chordates and is expressed in several cell types of PNS and in many, if not all, CNS neurons.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study demonstrates that synapsin genes are metazoan genes present in a single copy per genome, except for vertebrates. Moreover, we hypothesize that, during the evolution of synapsin proteins, new domains are added at different stages probably to cope up with the increased complexity in the nervous system organization. Finally, we demonstrate that protochordate synapsin is restricted to the post-mitotic phase of CNS development and thereby is a good marker of postmitotic neurons.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV5, 16132 Genova, Italy. candiani@unige.it
authors.forename: Simona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Candiani
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Moronti
authors.forename: Roberta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pennati
authors.forename: Fiorenza
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: De Bernardi
authors.forename: Fabio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Benfenati
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pestarino
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D002816:Chordata, Nonvertebrate / Q000235:genetics*; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D005810:Multigene Family; D010802:Phylogeny; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D020539:Sequence Analysis, Protein; D016704:Synapsins / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D016704:Synapsins