title: Glycemia and prognosis of patients with chronic heart failure--subanalysis of the Long-term Prospective Randomized Controlled Study Using Repetitive Education at Six-Month Intervals and Monitoring for Adherence in Heart Failure Outpatients (REMADHE) trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Heart failure and diabetes often occur simultaneously in patients, but the prognostic value of glycemia in chronic heart failure is debatable. We evaluated the role of glycemia on prognosis of heart failure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Outpatients with chronic heart failure from the Long-term Prospective Randomized Controlled Study Using Repetitive Education at Six-Month Intervals and Monitoring for Adherence in Heart Failure Outpatients (REMADHE) trial were grouped according to the presence of diabetes and level of glycemia. All-cause mortality/heart transplantation and unplanned hospital admission were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four hundred fifty-six patients were included (135 [29.5%] female, 124 [27.2%] with diabetes mellitus, age of 50.2 +/- 11.4 years, and left-ventricle ejection fraction of 34.7% +/- 10.5%). During follow-up (3.6 +/- 2.2 years), 27 (5.9%) patients were submitted to heart transplantation and 202 (44.2%) died; survival was similar in patients with and without diabetes mellitus. When patients with and without diabetes were categorized according to glucose range (glycemia < or = 100 mg/dL [5.5 mmol/L]), as well as when distributed in quintiles of glucose, the survival was significantly worse among patients with lower levels of glycemia. This finding persisted in Cox proportional hazards regression model that included gender, etiology, left ventricle ejection fraction, left ventricle diastolic diameter, creatinine level and beta-blocker therapy, and functional status (hazard ratio 1.45, 95% CI 1.09-1.69, P = .039). No difference regarding unplanned hospital admission was found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We report on an inverse association between glycemia and mortality in outpatients with chronic heart failure. These results point to a new pathophysiologic understanding of the interactions between diabetes mellitus, hyperglycemia, and heart disease.
authors.affiliation: Heart Failure Institute (InCor) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil. victor.issa@incor.usp.br
authors.forename: Victor S
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Issa
authors.forename: Alexandre F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Amaral
authors.forename: Fátima D
authors.initials: FD
authors.lastname: Cruz
authors.forename: Silvia M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Ayub-Ferreira
authors.forename: Guilherme V
authors.initials: GV
authors.lastname: Guimarães
authors.forename: Paulo R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Chizzola
authors.forename: Germano E C
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Souza
authors.forename: Edimar A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Bocchi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis*; D002423:Cause of Death; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality*; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality*; D015994:Incidence; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000379:methods; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010045:Outpatients / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010349:Patient Compliance / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D011336:Probability; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012737:Sex Factors; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose