title: The effects of parental presence in the postanesthetic care unit on children's postoperative behavior: a prospective, randomized, controlled study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The effects on children of parental presence in the postanesthesia care unit (PACU) have not been extensively studied. The few published studies are retrospective, nonrandomized, or lack adequate controls. They suggest that parental presence in the PACU decreases crying and negative behavior change postoperatively. We performed this prospective, randomized, controlled study to determine whether the presence of a parent affected crying behaviors in the PACU and behavior change 2 weeks postoperatively.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomly selected patients, aged 2.0 to 8 years 11 months, ASA physical status I or II, and scheduled for elective outpatient surgery with an anticipated PACU stay of >10 minutes were randomly assigned to the parent present group (n = 150) or parent absent group (n = 150) in the PACU. All parents underwent the same preparation program. Reunification occurred once children's eyes had opened for the parent present group. In the PACU, crying was scored each minute after eye opening using a 5-point scale. Negative behavior change 2 weeks after discharge was determined using the Post Hospitalization Behavior Questionnaire. Because the anesthesia technique to be used was not determined a priori, data on the technique used were collected to ensure that groups were similar. Multiple and logistic regression techniques were used to determine predictors of crying in the PACU and behavior change 2 weeks postoperatively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Parental presence in the PACU made no difference in crying in the PACU. Negative behavior change 2 weeks postoperatively occurred more frequently in the parent absent group than the parent present group (45.8% vs 29.3%; P = 0.007). Multiple regression identified the following significant factors as predictive of larger proportion of time spent crying in the PACU (R(2) = 0.256, F[5, 273] = 15.66, P < 0.001): age <5 years (P < 0.001) and higher Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scale score at 15 minutes after arrival in day surgery (P < 0.001). Parental presence or absence from the PACU was not predictive of crying in the PACU, and neither were socioeconomic status nor intraoperative opioid analgesia. Logistic regression identified the following factors (chi(2)[4] = 26.62, P < 0.001) as predictive of negative behavior change at 2 weeks postoperatively: being younger than 5 years (P < 0.001) and being in the parent absent group (P = 0.003).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For fit healthy children undergoing outpatient surgery, parental presence in the PACU decreases negative behavior change at 2 weeks postoperatively but makes no difference in crying in the PACU. Future studies of behavior change postoperatively should consider parental presence in the PACU a factor and determine whether the effect persists with other interventions.
authors.affiliation: Alberta Children's Hospital at the University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T3B 6A8, Canada. david.lardner@albertahealthservices.ca
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Lardner
authors.forename: Bruce D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Dick
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Crawford
mesh_terms: D000762:Anesthesia Recovery Period; D000769:Anesthesia, Inhalation; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003448:Crying; D005260:Female; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D015588:Observer Variation; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010290:Parents; D011184:Postoperative Period; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011997:Recovery Room; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014851:Wakefulness