title: Phosphatidylserine exposure and procoagulant activity in acute promyelocytic leukemia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) frequently causes disseminated intravascular coagulation that can worsen with cytotoxic chemotherapy but improve with the therapeutic differentiating agents, all trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and arsenic trioxide (As(2)O(3)). APL cells display tissue factor but the relationship of tissue factor and other procoagulant activity to phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure is largely unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  Lactadherin, a milk protein with stereospecific binding to phosphatidyl-L-serine, was used as a probe for PS exposure on an immortalized APL cell line (NB4) and on the cells of eight patients with APL. PS exposure was evaluated with flow cytometry, confocal microscopy, coagulation assays, and purified prothrombinase and factor (F) Xase assays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plasma procoagulant activity of NB4 and APL cells increased approximately 15-fold after exposure to etoposide or daunorubicin and decreased 80% after treatment with ATRA or As(2)O(3). Procoagulant activity corresponded to exposed PS on viable APL cells. PS exposure decreased after treatment with ATRA or As(2)O(3) and increased after treatment with daunorubicin or etoposide. Excess lactadherin inhibited 80-85% of intrinsic FXase, FVIIa-tissue factor and prothrombinase activities on both NB4 cells and APL cells. Confocal microscopy identified membrane patches that stained with lactadherin, but not annexin V, demonstrating focal, low-level PS exposure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PS is exposed on viable APL cells and is necessary for approximately 80% of procoagulant activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China. jinzhouh85@163.com
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Rasmussen
authors.forename: C W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Heegaard
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Gilbert
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D000077237:Arsenic Trioxide; D001152:Arsenicals / Q000494:pharmacology; D001777:Blood Coagulation / Q000187:drug effects; D001780:Blood Coagulation Tests; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D003630:Daunorubicin / Q000494:pharmacology; D005047:Etoposide / Q000494:pharmacology; D015951:Factor Xa / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D015473:Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute / Q000097:blood* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008894:Milk Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D010087:Oxides / Q000494:pharmacology; D010718:Phosphatidylserines / Q000378:metabolism*; D013917:Thrombin / Q000378:metabolism; D013925:Thromboplastin / Q000378:metabolism; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000494:pharmacology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D001152:Arsenicals; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D008894:Milk Proteins; D010087:Oxides; C106215:PAS-6-7 glycoprotein, Bos taurus; D010718:Phosphatidylserines; D014212:Tretinoin; D005047:Etoposide; D013925:Thromboplastin; D013917:Thrombin; D015951:Factor Xa; D000077237:Arsenic Trioxide; D003630:Daunorubicin