title: Detecting growth hormone abuse in athletes.
abstract: Catching athletes abusing human growth hormone (GH) by official antidoping tests is challenging because of specific properties of the hormone. Furthermore, the chemical structure of recombinant GH (rGH) is identical to that of the main GH isoform secreted by the pituitary, making it difficult to discriminate between endogenous and injected GH molecules by biochemical tests. The approaches developed to solve the problem include the "marker approach," which measures changes in concentration of GH-dependent proteins that are inappropriately elevated after rGH injection, and the "isoform approach," which detects changes in the spectrum of circulating GH isoforms after administration of rGH. A more widespread use of these tests in out-of-competition controls will enhance the likelihood to detect GH doping.
authors.affiliation: Endocrine Research Laboratories, Medizinische Klinik-Innenstadt, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany. martin.bidlingmaier@med.uni-muenchen.de
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bidlingmaier
authors.forename: Jenny
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Manolopoulou
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D004300:Doping in Sports / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015180:Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional; D005260:Female; D019382:Human Growth Hormone / Q000097:blood* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D006801:Humans; D007118:Immunoassay; D018969:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Proteins / Q000097:blood; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000097:blood; D011347:Procollagen / Q000097:blood; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000097:blood; D012016:Reference Values; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D018969:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Proteins; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D011347:Procollagen; D020033:Protein Isoforms; C041876:procollagen Type III-N-terminal peptide; D019382:Human Growth Hormone; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I