title: Alopecia in Rhesus macaques correlates with immunophenotypic alterations in dermal inflammatory infiltrates consistent with hypersensitivity etiology.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although alopecia is a commonly recognized problem affecting many captive Rhesus macaque colonies, there is no consensus as to the underlying etiology or appropriate course of management.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed skin biopsies to assess underlying pathology in alopecic Rhesus macaques and performed immunohistochemical and metachromatic staining of these biopsies to assess the cellular infiltrates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Alopecia is associated with superficial dermal perivascular mononuclear cell infiltrates and skin pathology consistent with chronic hypersensitivity dermatitis. The inflammation is primarily composed of CD4+ cells admixed with histiocytes and mast cells. Inflammation is correlated with degree of alopecia. Further analysis in different groups of macaques revealed that animals born outdoors or infected with lung mites had reduced dermal inflammatory cell infiltrates and a lower incidence of alopecia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings support a hypothesis that an altered housing status resulting in decreased pathogen burden in Rhesus macaque colonies may contribute to dermal immunophenotypic alterations and subsequent development of dermatitis with resultant alopecia.
authors.affiliation: Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, MA 01772, USA.
authors.forename: Joshua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kramer
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fahey
authors.forename: Rosemary
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Carville
authors.forename: Lynn
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wachtman
authors.forename: Keith
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mansfield
mesh_terms: D000505:Alopecia / Q000276:immunology / Q000662:veterinary*; D000818:Animals; D001706:Biopsy / Q000662:veterinary; D001774:Blood Chemical Analysis / Q000662:veterinary; D003872:Dermatitis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006644:Histiocytes / Q000276:immunology; D006799:Housing, Animal; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000276:immunology / Q000662:veterinary*; D016130:Immunophenotyping / Q000662:veterinary; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008297:Male; D008407:Mast Cells / Q000276:immunology; D008992:Monkey Diseases / Q000276:immunology*; D012867:Skin / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D013047:Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D013974:Thyroxine / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D013974:Thyroxine; D006854:Hydrocortisone