title: Ego defense mechanisms in Pakistani medical students: a cross sectional analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ego defense mechanisms (or factors), defined by Freud as unconscious resources used by the ego to reduce conflict between the id and superego, are a reflection of how an individual deals with conflict and stress. This study assesses the prevalence of various ego defense mechanisms employed by medical students of Karachi, which is a group with higher stress levels than the general population.
  
  
  METHODS
  A questionnaire based cross-sectional study was conducted on 682 students from five major medical colleges of Karachi over 4 weeks in November 2006. Ego defense mechanisms were assessed using the Defense Style Questionnaire (DSQ-40) individually and as grouped under Mature, Immature, and Neurotic factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lower mean scores of Immature defense mechanisms (4.78) were identified than those for Neurotic (5.62) and Mature (5.60) mechanisms among medical students of Karachi. Immature mechanisms were more commonly employed by males whereas females employed more Neurotic mechanisms than males. Neurotic and Immature defenses were significantly more prevalent in first and second year students. Mature mechanisms were significantly higher in students enrolled in Government colleges than Private institutions (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Immature defense mechanisms were less commonly employed than Neurotic and Mature mechanisms among medical students of Karachi. The greater employment of Neurotic defenses may reflect greater stress levels than the general population. Employment of these mechanisms was associated with female gender, enrollment in a private medical college, and students enrolled in the first 2 years of medical school.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological & Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan. maria_afridi1193@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Maria A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Parekh
authors.forename: Hina
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Majeed
authors.forename: Tuba R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Anum B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Salman
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Khalid
authors.forename: Nadia M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Khwaja
authors.forename: Roha
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Khalid
authors.forename: Mohammad A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Ibrahim M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Rizqui
authors.forename: Imtiaz
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Jehan
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D044466:Asian People / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003220:Conflict, Psychological; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003674:Defense Mechanisms; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D009497:Neurotic Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D010154:Pakistan / Q000453:epidemiology; D010555:Personality Inventory / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015995:Prevalence; D011594:Psychometrics; D012577:Schools, Medical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012737:Sex Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology; D013337:Students, Medical / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires