title: Increased prevalence of carotid artery atherosclerosis in rheumatoid arthritis is artery-specific.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality are increased in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Prior investigations of the association of RA with measures of carotid atherosclerosis have yielded conflicting results. We compared carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) of both the common carotid (CCA) and proximal internal carotid (bulb-ICA) arteries, and plaque prevalence, between RA and non-RA participants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects with RA were participants in a cohort study of subclinical CV disease in RA. Non-RA controls were selected from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Both groups underwent B-mode ultrasonography of the right and left CCA and bulb-ICA. Linear regression was used to model the association of RA status with CCA and bulb-ICA-IMT, and logistic regression for the association of RA status with plaque.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We compared 195 RA patients to 198 non-RA controls. CV risk factors were similarly distributed, except for a higher prevalence of hypertension in the RA group. Mean adjusted bulb-ICA-IMT was higher in RA patients than controls (1.16 vs 1.02 mm, respectively; p < 0.001), while mean adjusted CCA-IMT did not differ significantly. After adjusting for CV risk factors, the odds of plaque were significantly increased in RA participants compared to controls (OR 2.41, 95% CI 1.26-4.61). The association of gender, age, smoking, and hypertension with bulb-ICA-IMT and plaque did not significantly differ by RA status. Interleukin 6 was strongly associated with bulb-ICA-IMT and plaque in controls but not in RA patients. In the RA group, shared epitope was associated with an increased prevalence of plaque.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared to controls, RA was associated with a higher prevalence and higher severity of atherosclerosis in the bulb-ICA but not the CCA. Our data suggest that future studies in RA that utilize carotid artery measurements should include assessment of the bulb-ICA.
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Rheumatology, Cardiology, and Immunogenetics, Department of Medicine, and Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA.
authors.forename: Hitomi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: Jon T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Giles
authors.forename: Joseph F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Polak
authors.forename: Roger S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Blumenthal
authors.forename: Mary S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Leffell
authors.forename: Moyses
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Szklo
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Petri
authors.forename: Allan C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Gelber
authors.forename: Wendy
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Post
authors.forename: Joan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Bathon
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology*; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D017540:Tunica Media / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014463:Ultrasonography