title: Evaluation of immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization methods for the detection of enteroviruses using infected cell culture samples.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Enterovirus infections are frequent in all age groups. In addition to acute infections, they have been connected to chronic diseases such as cardiomyopathies and type 1 diabetes. Based on this there is an increasing need for the reliable detection of enteroviruses in different kinds of tissue samples.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to set up a test panel which can detect a wide range of different enteroviruses in paraffin-embedded samples and fresh frozen samples using immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization methods.
  
  
  METHODS
  A panel of nine enterovirus antibodies was optimized for the detection of different enterovirus types in both paraffin-embedded and frozen cell culture samples. In addition, an oligonucleotide probe detecting all human enteroviruses was evaluated for ISH in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded cell culture samples.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most antibodies worked well in both sample types. Some antibodies detected only one of the tested serotypes, whereas others detected several serotypes. ISH was able to detect all tested enterovirus types.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This test panel makes it possible to detect a wide range of different enterovirus types in both formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded and frozen samples. The same methods can also be applied for tissue sections, but may need further optimization for each tissue type.
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology, Medical School, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland. maarit.oikarinen@uta.fi
authors.forename: Maarit
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oikarinen
authors.forename: Sisko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tauriainen
authors.forename: Paula
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Penttilä
authors.forename: Jeanette
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Keim
authors.forename: Immo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Rantala
authors.forename: Teemu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Honkanen
authors.forename: Heikki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hyöty
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques / Q000379:methods; D002460:Cell Line; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D004770:Enterovirus / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004769:Enterovirus Infections / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry / Q000379:methods*; D017403:In Situ Hybridization / Q000379:methods*; D057089:Pathology, Molecular / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral