title: Adherens junctions connect stress fibres between adjacent endothelial cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Endothelial cell-cell junctions maintain endothelial integrity and regulate vascular morphogenesis and homeostasis. Cell-cell junctions are usually depicted with a linear morphology along the boundaries between adjacent cells and in contact with cortical F-actin. However, in the endothelium, cell-cell junctions are highly dynamic and morphologically heterogeneous.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We report that endothelial cell-cell junctions can attach to the ends of stress fibres instead of to cortical F-actin, forming structures that we name discontinuous adherens junctions (AJ). Discontinuous AJ are highly dynamic and are increased in response to tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, correlating with the appearance of stress fibres. We show that vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin/beta-catenin/alpha-catenin complexes in discontinuous AJ are linked to stress fibres. Moreover, discontinuous AJ connect stress fibres from adjacent cells independently of focal adhesions, of which there are very few in confluent endothelial cells, even in TNF-alpha-stimulated cells. RNAi-mediated knockdown of VE-cadherin, but not zonula occludens-1, reduces the linkage of stress fibres to cell-cell junctions, increases focal adhesions, and dramatically alters the distribution of these actin cables in confluent endothelial cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that stress fibres from neighbouring cells are physically connected through discontinuous AJ, and that stress fibres can be stabilized by AJ-associated multi-protein complexes distinct from focal adhesions.
authors.affiliation: University College London, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, London WC1E6BT, UK. jmillan@cbm.uam.es
authors.forename: Jaime
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Millán
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Cain
authors.forename: Natalia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Reglero-Real
authors.forename: Carolina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bigarella
authors.forename: Beatriz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Marcos-Ramiro
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fernández-Martín
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Correas
authors.forename: Anne J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Ridley
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D022005:Adherens Junctions / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D015820:Cadherins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D022001:Focal Adhesions / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D022502:Stress Fibers / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology; D062826:Zonula Occludens-1 Protein
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D015820:Cadherins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; C569042:TJP1 protein, human; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D062826:Zonula Occludens-1 Protein