title: Device-related infection among patients with pacemakers and implantable defibrillators: incidence, risk factors, and consequences.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Device-related infection is a major limitation of device therapy for cardiac arrhythmia.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors analyzed the incidence and risk factors for cardiac device infection (CDI) among consecutive patients implanted with pacemaker (PM) or implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) (including cardiac resynchronization therapy devices) at a tertiary health center in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. Most patients with device-related infections were identified by an internal infection control system that reports any positive wound and blood cultures following surgery, between 2005 and the present. A retrospective review of patient records was also performed for all patients who received an ICD or PM between July 1, 2003 and March 20, 2007.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 24 infections were identified among 2,417 patients having device surgery (1%). Fifteen of these infections (60%) were diagnosed within 90 days of the last surgical procedure. Univariate analysis showed that patients presenting with CDI were more likely to have had a device replacement, rather than a new implant, had more complex devices (dual/triple chamber vs single), and were more likely to have had a prior lead dislodgement. Multivariate analysis found device replacement (P = 0.02) and cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT)/dual-chamber devices (P = 0.048) to be independent predictors of infection. One patient developed septic pulmonary emboli after having laser-assisted lead extraction. No patient died and 22 patients received a new device.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CDI occurs in about 1% of cases in high volume facilities. Pulse generator replacement surgery and dual- or triple-chamber device implantation were associated with a significantly increased risk of infection.
authors.affiliation: University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Canada.
authors.forename: Pablo B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Nery
authors.forename: Russell
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.forename: Girish M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Nair
authors.forename: Glen L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Sumner
authors.forename: Carlos S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Ribas
authors.forename: Syamkumar M Divakara
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Menon
authors.forename: Xiaoyin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Andrew D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Krahn
authors.forename: Carlos A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Morillo
authors.forename: Stuart J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Connolly
authors.forename: Jeff S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Healey
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable / Q000009:adverse effects*; D020878:Device Removal; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009864:Ontario; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D016459:Prosthesis-Related Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents