title: Pharmacological management of neurobehavioral disorders following traumatic brain injury--a state-of-the-art review.
abstract: Pharmacological management of neurobehavioral disorders following traumatic brain injury (TBI) is common practice. However, the evidence available to guide this practice remains sparse. This review summarizes, in brief, the state of knowledge, organized via a time continuum from injury as well as by symptom complex. The areas of neuroprotection, hypo-arousal, attention and memory deficits, aggression, agitation, depression, and mania are reviewed. The literature was searched with PubMed on the terms "traumatic brain injury" or "brain injury" with "pharmacology" (and the symptoms according to which this review is arranged). Additional searches were conducted with the specific symptoms as search terms, crossed with the therapeutic agents or drug classes discussed. Where a paucity of prospective data exists, case reports and retrospective studies are included. Studies to date have yielded minimal positive evidence for enhancing function, memory, and behavior after TBI. No single agent likely will become sentinel in the recovery process, and combination therapy in the acute and postacute settings are required. A need exists to further define the role of psychopharmacology in postacute TBI medicine and the specific characteristics of subpopulations who might benefit.
authors.affiliation: Rehabilitation Medicine, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore.
authors.forename: Effie
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Chew
authors.forename: Ross D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Zafonte
mesh_terms: D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001753:Blast Injuries / Q000150:complications; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications*; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants