title: Genetic syndromes involving hearing.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The fundamental processes involved in the mechanism of hearing seem to be controlled by hundreds of genes and hereditary hearing impairment may be caused by a large variety of genetic mutations in different genes. Approximately 150 loci for monogenic syndromic and non-syndromic hearing impairment (HI) disorders have been mapped to the human genome. The identification of these genes and functional analysis of the proteins they encode, are paving the way towards a better understanding of the physiology and pathophysiology of the auditory system. To date, approximately 50 causative genes have been identified.
  
  
  METHODS
  The clinical and neuroradioldical findings of syndromal hearing impairment are analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This paper presents an updated report on genetic syndromes in which a hearing impairment is involved, with a particular attention to the ones associated with external ear and craniofacial malformations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Concepts in human genetics are rapidly evolving together with technologies. The concept itself of gene is changing. A genetic diagnosis of syndromal hearing impairment has many practical consequences: it can implies specific prognosis, specific management, specific recurrence risk in relatives and, if the diagnosis is confirmed at the molecular level, possibility of a specific early prenatal diagnosis for severe syndromes. It is important to highlight the necessity that the pediatric otolaryngologist must have a close collaboration with a clinical geneticist and a neuroradiologist.
authors.affiliation: Audiology Department, Universitary Hospital, Ferrara, Italy. mma2@unife.it
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Martini
authors.forename: Ferdinando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Calzolari
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sensi
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D005820:Genetic Testing; D015894:Genome, Human; D006311:Hearing Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis; D013577:Syndrome