title: Two activated stages of microglia and PET imaging of peripheral benzodiazepine receptors with [(11)C]PK11195 in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The transition of microglia from the normal resting state to the activated state is associated with an increased expression of peripheral benzodiazepine receptors (PBR). The extent of PBR expression is dependent on the level of microglial activation. A PBR ligand, [(11)C]PK11195, has been used for imaging of the activation of microglia in vivo. We evaluated whether [(11)C]PK11195 PET can indicate differences of microglial activation between no treatment and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment in a rat artificial injury model of brain inflammation.
  
  
  METHODS
  On day 1, a small aliquot of absolute ethanol was injected into the rat right striatum (ST) to produce artificial brain injury. On day 3, MRI scans were performed to evaluate and select rats showing a similar degree of brain injury. Then LPS or vehicle was administered intraperitoneally. On day 4, PET scans were performed after a bolus injection of [(11)C]PK11195. Eleven rats (7 LPS administered rats, 4 LPS non-administered rats) were evaluated. We used uptake ratios of the integral of right and left striatum from 0 to 60 min as an estimate of PBR distribution volume (V (60)). The number of activated microglia and mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines (TNFalpha, IL-1beta) were assessed by isolectin-B4 staining and RT-PCR, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Right/left ST V (60) ratios of LPS group were significantly higher than those of non-LPS group (P < 0.03). Although there were no significant differences in the number of activated microglia between the two groups, LPS group showed higher expression of inflammatory cytokines (TNFalpha, IL-1beta) than the non-treated group indicating that further activation was induced by LPS treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that intensity of PBR signals in [(11)C]PK11195 PET may be related to the level of microglial activation rather than the number in activated microglia at least in an artificial brain injury model.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Fujita Health University, Kutsukake, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan. fito@fujita-hu.ac.jp
authors.forename: Fumitaka
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Toyama
authors.forename: Gen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kudo
authors.forename: Hiromi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Kentaro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hatano
authors.forename: Masanori
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ichise
authors.forename: Kazuhiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Katada
authors.forename: Kengo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sawada
mesh_terms: D000577:Amides / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D019540:Area Under Curve; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D002452:Cell Count; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism; D007546:Isoquinolines / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D017628:Microglia / Q000166:cytology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D017072:Neostriatum / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D011963:Receptors, GABA-A / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C504060:(R)-(11C)1-(2-chlorophenyl)-N-methyl-N-(1-methylpropyl)-3-isoquinolinecarboxamide; D000577:Amides; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D016207:Cytokines; D007546:Isoquinolines; D011963:Receptors, GABA-A; C069997:Tspo protein, rat