title: Bilberry juice modulates plasma concentration of NF-kappaB related inflammatory markers in subjects at increased risk of CVD.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Bilberries are abundant in polyphenols. Dietary polyphenols have been associated with strategies for prevention and treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases. We investigated the effect of bilberry juice on serum and plasma biomarkers of inflammation and antioxidant status in subjects with elevated levels of at least one risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD).
  
  
  METHODS
  In a randomized controlled trial, participants consumed either bilberry juice (n = 31) or water (n = 31) for 4 weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Supplementation with bilberry juice resulted in significant decreases in plasma concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-15, and monokine induced by INF-gamma (MIG). Unexpectedly, an increase in the plasma concentration of tumor nuclear factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) was observed in the bilberry group. CRP, IL-6, IL15, MIG, and TNF-alpha are all target genes of nuclear factor- kappa B (NF-kappaB), -a transcription factor that is crucial in orchestrating inflammatory responses. Plasma quercetin and p-coumaric acid increased in the bilberry group, otherwise no differences were observed for clinical parameters, oxidative stress or antioxidant status. Furthermore, we studied the effect of polyphenols from bilberries on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced NF-kappaB activation in a monocytic cell line. We observed that quercetin, epicatechin, and resveratrol inhibited NF-kappaB activation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that supplementation with bilberry polyphenols may modulate the inflammation processes. Further testing of bilberry supplementation as a potential strategy in prevention and treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases is warranted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1046, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Anette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Karlsen
authors.forename: Ingvild
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Paur
authors.forename: Siv K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Bøhn
authors.forename: Amrit K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Sakhi
authors.forename: Grethe I
authors.initials: GI
authors.lastname: Borge
authors.forename: Mauro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Serafini
authors.forename: Iris
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Erlund
authors.forename: Petter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Laake
authors.forename: Serena
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tonstad
authors.forename: Rune
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Blomhoff
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology; D001628:Beverages / Q000032:analysis; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005260:Female; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000633:toxicity; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009000:Monocytes / Q000187:drug effects; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D010636:Phenols / Q000494:pharmacology; D059808:Polyphenols; D012307:Risk Factors; D020298:U937 Cells; D029800:Vaccinium myrtillus / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines; D005419:Flavonoids; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D016328:NF-kappa B; D010636:Phenols; D059808:Polyphenols; D002097:C-Reactive Protein