title: Imperative and elective indications for nephron-sparing surgery for renal tumors: long-term oncological follow-up.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nephron-sparing surgery (NSS) is mandatory for patients with renal tumors in both kidneys or in a solitary kidney in order to preserve renal function (imperative indication). NSS has also become the gold standard (elective indication) for small unilateral renal tumors (< 4 cm) with a normal contralateral kidney. We report the oncological long-term follow-up of NSS of our own series and discuss the results of the current literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 1979 until 2006, a total of 851 patients was treated at our institution by NSS. The mean tumor diameter was 3 cm (0.5-11 cm) for elective cases and 4.2 cm (1.2-11 cm) for imperative cases. The median follow-up for elective cases is 4.7 years (0.1-24.1 years) and imperative cases 8 years (0.1-25.8 years). Cancer-specific survival (CSS) and local recurrence-free survival (RFS) were estimated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Estimated CSS at 5 and 10 years for elective indications were 98.5% and 96.7% and for imperative indications (solitary kidney) 89.6% and 76%. RFS after 5 and 10 years for elective indications were 98.3% and 95.7%; and for imperative indications (solitary kidney) 89.4% and 79.9%. Chronic renal failure requiring haemodialysis developed after NSS in a solitary kidney in nine patients (11.2%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NSS can be performed with oncologically safe and good functional results in imperative indications. In elective indications the resectability of a tumour rather than size and location is the limiting factor.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Medical School, Mainz, Germany. frederik.roos@gmx.de
authors.forename: F C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Roos
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pahernik
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Brenner
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Thüroff
mesh_terms: D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D017558:Elective Surgical Procedures; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000209:etiology; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D009378:Neoplasms, Multiple Primary / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000379:methods*; D009399:Nephrons / Q000601:surgery; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology; D012086:Reoperation; D012189:Retrospective Studies