title: Defining "complications" in spine surgery: neurosurgery and orthopedic spine surgeons' survey.
abstract: METHODS
  Survey of neurosurgical and orthopedic spine surgeons.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To define the "complications of spinal surgery," we surveyed a large group of practicing spine surgeons to establish a preliminary definition of perioperative complications.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Although the risk of complications following spinal procedures plays an important role in determining the appropriateness of surgical intervention, there is little consensus among spine surgeons regarding the definition of complications in spine surgery. The relevance of medical complications is also not clearly defined.
  
  
  METHODS
  We surveyed a cohort of practicing spine surgeons via email and a commercially maintained website. Surgeons were presented with various complication scenarios, and asked to assess the presence or absence of a complication, as well as complication severity, with responses limited to "major complication" and "minor complication/adverse event."
  
  
  RESULTS
  The survey was sent to approximately 2000 practicing surgeons; complete responses were received from 229, giving a response rate of 11.4%. Orthopedic surgeons comprised the majority of respondents (73%); most surgeons reported being in practice for greater than 5 years (83%). Greater than 75% of surgeons agreed on complication presence or absence in 10 of 11 scenarios assessed (91%, P<0.05). Consensus (≥70% agreement, P<0.05) as to type of complication was found in 7 of 11 scenarios presented (64%). Events deemed major complications involved either severe medical adverse events with permanent sequela or events requiring return to the operating room. Surgeons consistently considered medical adverse events, whether or not directly related to surgery, relevant to complication assessment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We present a practical binary definition of complications in spine surgery based upon a survey of over 200 practicing spine surgeons. Further work is required in critically assessing spine surgery complications.
authors.affiliation: Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
authors.forename: Bryan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lebude
authors.forename: Sanjay
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yadla
authors.forename: Todd
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Albert
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: James S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Harrop
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hilibrand
authors.forename: Mitchel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maltenfort
authors.forename: Ashwini
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sharan
authors.forename: Alexander R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Vaccaro
authors.forename: John K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Ratliff
mesh_terms: D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006801:Humans; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010820:Physicians; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013131:Spine / Q000601:surgery*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires