title: An association analysis of circadian genes in anxiety disorders.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The mammalian circadian system is responsible for controlling daily oscillations in physiology and behavior. Circadian genes contribute to the sleep-wake cycle and mood, and because patients with anxiety disorder often suffer from sleep disturbances, we hypothesized that variants in circadian-clock-related genes might predispose to human anxiety disorders as well. We tested this hypothesis with a genetic association analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed 131 single nucleotide polymorphisms from 13 circadian-clock-related genes. The study sample consisted of 321 individuals diagnosed with an anxiety disorder and 653 matched healthy controls from a Finnish population-based cohort.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Single nucleotide polymorphisms in two genes showed some evidence for association to social phobia: in ARNTL2 rs2306073 (p = .0099) and in DRD2 rs7131056 (p = .0084). BCL2 rs12454712 (p = .0029) and DRD2 rs4245146 (p = .0010) showed evidence for association to generalized anxiety disorder, whereas rs2463107 (p = .0064) in PAWR and rs4245146 (p = .0029) in DRD2 showed evidence for association to the pooled group of all anxiety disorders. Findings in DRD2 became stronger when only anxiety disorder cases with comorbid alcohol use disorder were considered.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Genes contributing to circadian rhythms might also play a role in the genetic predisposition to anxiety disorders. In addition, our study provides further support for the association of DRD2 to comorbid anxiety and alcohol use disorder.
authors.affiliation: Research Program of Molecular Neurology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Tessa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sipilä
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kananen
authors.forename: Dario
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Greco
authors.forename: Jonas
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Donner
authors.forename: Kaisa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Silander
authors.forename: Joseph D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Terwilliger
authors.forename: Petri
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Auvinen
authors.forename: Leena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Peltonen
authors.forename: Jouko
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lönnqvist
authors.forename: Sami
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pirkola
authors.forename: Timo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Partonen
authors.forename: Iiris
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hovatta
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics*; D056925:Circadian Rhythm Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D017831:Diagnosis, Dual (Psychiatry); D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study / Q000379:methods*; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
chemical_list: D056925:Circadian Rhythm Signaling Peptides and Proteins