title: The neuro-ICU patient and electroencephalography paroxysms: if and when to treat.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review recent clinical data and summarize actual recommendations for the management of electrographic seizures and status epilepticus in neuro-ICU patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Electrographic, 'nonconvulsive', seizures are frequent in neuro-ICU patients including traumatic brain injury, subarachnoid hemorrhage, intracerebral hemorrhage and hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Continuous electroencephalography monitoring is thus of great potential utility. The impact of electrographic seizures on outcome however is not entirely established and it is also unclear what type of electroencephalography paroxysms require treatment and when and how exactly to treat them. Evidence from randomized studies is lacking and will not be available in the near future. Given robust animal and human evidence showing the potential negative impact of seizures on secondary cerebral damage and outcome, treatment of seizures appears reasonable, particularly if related to status epilepticus. On the contrary, over-aggressive antiepileptic therapy entails risks. The management of seizures should therefore be guided individually, based on the underlying cause, the severity of illness and patient comorbidities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We provide a pragmatic approach for the management of electrographic seizures in neuro-ICU patients. International consensus guidelines on continuous electroencephalography monitoring and seizure therapy are needed and would represent the rationale for a future multicenter randomized trial.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University Hospital (CHUV) and Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Lausanne, Switzerland. andrea.rossetti@chuv.ch
authors.forename: Andrea O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Rossetti
authors.forename: Mauro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oddo
mesh_terms: D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology; D004569:Electroencephalography; D006801:Humans; D020925:Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D020300:Intracranial Hemorrhages / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology; D011379:Prognosis; D012640:Seizures / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology; D013226:Status Epilepticus / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology