title: Gender characteristics among academic ophthalmology leadership, faculty, and residents: results from a cross-sectional survey.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine if there is any association in ophthalmology between the gender of the chairperson and residency program director and the gender of faculty and residents.
  
  
  METHODS
  An anonymous electronic survey was sent to 121 ophthalmology residency program directors. Demographic information pertaining to size, location, academic or community affiliation, and gender distribution of the faculty, residents, residency program directors and chairs was obtained.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The response rate was 45.45% with 55 residency program directors responding to the survey. Academic programs comprised 53 (96%) of the programs studied. Male department chairs led all 53 (96%) programs. In terms of the residency program director gender, 37 (67%) were male, whereas 18 (34%) were female. Female faculty and residents comprised 313 (28%) and 270 (45%), respectively. Compared to departments with male chairs, departments with a female chair had a higher crude proportion of female faculty (35% vs. 28%; P = 0.300) and female residents (50% vs. 45%; P = 0.660), although there was no statistical difference. Departments with either a male or female residency program director had similar number of female faculty (28% vs. 28%; P = 0.991) and residents (44% vs. 46%; P = 0.689).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found no significant association between the gender of the residency program director and chairperson with the proportion of female faculty and residents. Given a higher ratio of female residents relative to female faculty, it is probable that graduating female residents are choosing not to pursue academic medicine, shrinking the potential pool of female candidates for positions of departmental leadership.
authors.affiliation: Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. deepika.shah@alumni.upenn.edu
authors.forename: Deepika N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Nicholas J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Volpe
authors.forename: Stephanie B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Abbuhl
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pietrobon
authors.forename: Anand
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shah
mesh_terms: D000046:Academic Medical Centers; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005180:Faculty, Medical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D009885:Ophthalmology / Q000193:education / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008486:Physician Executives / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010822:Physicians, Women / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012744:Sex Ratio; D014481:United States