The genetic causes of male factor infertility: a review.
OBJECTIVE
To illustrate the necessity for an enhanced understanding of the genetic basis of male factor infertility, to present a comprehensive synopsis of these genetic elements, and to review techniques being utilized to produce new insights in fertility research.


BACKGROUND
Male factor infertility is a complex disorder that affects a large sector of the population; however, many of its etiologies are unknown. By elucidating the underlying genetic basis of infertile phenotypes, it may be possible to discover the causes of infertility and determine effective treatments for patients.


METHODS
The PubMed database was consulted for the most relevant papers published in the last 3 years pertaining to male factor infertility using the keywords "genetics" and "male infertility."


RESULTS
Advances have been made in the characterization of the roles of specific genes, but further research is necessary before these results can be used as guidelines for diagnosing and treating male factor infertility. The accurate transmission of epigenetic information also has considerable influence on fertility in males and on the fertility of their offspring.


CONCLUSIONS
Analysis of the genetic factors that impact male factor infertility will provide valuable insights into the creation of targeted treatments for patients and the determination of the causes of idiopathic infertility. Novel technologies that analyze the influence of genetics from a global perspective may lead to further developments in the understanding of the etiology of male factor infertility through the identification of specific infertile phenotype signatures.
O'Flynn O'Brien
Katherine L
KL
Center for Reproductive Medicine, Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA.
Varghese
Alex C
AC
Agarwal
Ashok
A
D002869:Chromosome Aberrations; D041322:Chromosomes, Human, Y; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D005298:Fertility / Q000235:genetics*; D050172:Genes, X-Linked; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005820:Genetic Testing; D006801:Humans; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D009154:Mutation; D018579:Patient Selection; D010641:Phenotype; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D027724:Reproductive Techniques, Assisted; D012307:Risk Factors