title: The sinus venosus progenitors separate and diversify from the first and second heart fields early in development.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  During development, the heart tube grows by differentiation of Isl1(+)/Nkx2-5(+) progenitors to the arterial and venous pole and dorsal mesocardium. However, after the establishment of the heart tube, Tbx18(+) progenitors were proposed to form the Tbx18(+)/Nkx2-5(-) sinus venosus and proepicardium. To elucidate the relationship between these contributions, we investigated the origin of the Tbx18(+) sinus venosus progenitor population in the cardiogenic mesoderm and its spatial and temporal relation to the second heart field during murine heart development.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Explant culture revealed that the Tbx18(+) cell population has the potential to form Nkx2-5(-) sinus venosus myocardium. Three-dimensional reconstruction of expression patterns showed that during heart tube elongation, the Tbx18(+) progenitors remained spatially and temporally separate from the Isl1(+) second heart field, only overlapping with the Isl1(+) domain at the right lateral side of the inflow tract, where the sinus node developed. Consistently, genetic lineage analysis revealed that the Tbx18(+) descendants formed the sinus venosus myocardium, but did not contribute to the pulmonary vein myocardium that developed in the Isl1(+) second heart field. By means of DiI labelling and expression analysis, the origin of the sinus venosus progenitor population was traced to the lateral rim of splanchnic mesoderm that down-regulated Nkx2-5 expression approximately 2 days before its differentiation into sinus venosus myocardium.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data indicate that the cardiogenic mesoderm contains an additional progenitor subpopulation that contributes to the sinus venosus myocardium. After patterning of the cardiogenic mesoderm, this progenitor population remains spatially separated and genetically distinctive from the second heart field subpopulation.
authors.affiliation: Heart Failure Research Center, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Mathilda T M
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Mommersteeg
authors.forename: Jorge N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Domínguez
authors.forename: Cornelia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wiese
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Norden
authors.forename: Corrie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: de Gier-de Vries
authors.forename: John B E
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Burch
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kispert
authors.forename: Nigel A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Antoon F M
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Moorman
authors.forename: Vincent M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Christoffels
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D019070:Cell Lineage; D002465:Cell Movement; D005865:Gestational Age; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006321:Heart / Q000196:embryology*; D000072576:Homeobox Protein Nkx-2.5; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D060850:LIM-Homeodomain Proteins; D007763:Lac Operon / Q000235:genetics; D008648:Mesoderm / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009024:Morphogenesis; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000378:metabolism*; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D011667:Pulmonary Veins / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism; D022661:RNA, Untranslated; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D012849:Sinoatrial Node / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D020825:T-Box Domain Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D046509:Tissue Culture Techniques; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C110853:Gt(ROSA)26Sor non-coding RNA, mouse; D000072576:Homeobox Protein Nkx-2.5; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D060850:LIM-Homeodomain Proteins; C484469:Nkx2-5 protein, mouse; D011506:Proteins; D022661:RNA, Untranslated; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D020825:T-Box Domain Proteins; C420983:Tbx18 protein, mouse; D014157:Transcription Factors; C063843:insulin gene enhancer binding protein Isl-1; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins