Cannabis and caries--does regular cannabis use increase the risk of caries in cigarette smokers?
The use of cannabis by adolescents in Switzerland has almost doubled in the past decade. Empirical observations in private dental practices indicate that cannabis users have more carious lesions than those who do not use cannabis. The aim of this study was to investigate the hypothesis that regular cannabis use increases the risk of caries because of hyposalivation or lifestyle. Forty-three regular cannabis users were enrolled in the test group and 42 tobacco smokers were used as a negative control group. All subjects were 18-25 years old. Data were obtained using a standardized questionnaire and a clinical examination. There was no significant difference between groups in decayed and filled surfaces (DFS), saliva flow rate and plaque and gingival indices. The cannabis group had, however, significantly higher DS (decayed surface) values (p = 0.0001) and significantly lower frequencies of daily tooth brushing and dental control visits (p < 0.0001) than the control group. Additionally, the cannabis group reported a significantly higher consumption of sugar-containing beverages than the control group (p = 0.0078). To obtain more objective data relations, the DS values of male cannabis users were also compared with those of Swiss military recruits found in another study. The cannabis users had more caries on smooth surfaces than the military recruits. Although comparison with epidemiological data suggested that the prevalence of caries on smooth surfaces is elevated in cannabis users, DFS data indicated that cannabis users do not have an increased risk of caries. Lifestyle combined with short-term hyposalivation after delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol consumption is the most probable cause of the high prevalence of caries on smooth surfaces in cannabis users. Further studies are needed to investigate the effects of cannabis use on oral health.
Schulz-Katterbach
Michèle
M
Department of Preventive Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology, Center for Dental and Oral Medicine and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Zurich.
Imfeld
Thomas
T
Imfeld
Carola
C
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001628:Beverages / Q000009:adverse effects; D002188:Cannabis / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004245:DMF Index; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000209:etiology*; D019422:Dietary Sucrose / Q000009:adverse effects; D013759:Dronabinol / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D002189:Marijuana Abuse / Q000150:complications*; D009910:Oral Hygiene; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000009:adverse effects; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014987:Xerostomia / Q000150:complications* / Q000209:etiology; D055815:Young Adult
D019422:Dietary Sucrose; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs; D013759:Dronabinol