title: Correcting population stratification in genetic association studies using a phylogenetic approach.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The rapid development of genotyping technology and extensive cataloguing of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across the human genome have made genetic association studies the mainstream for gene mapping of complex human diseases. For many diseases, the most practical approach is the population-based design with unrelated individuals. Although having the advantages of easier sample collection and greater power than family-based designs, unrecognized population stratification in the study samples can lead to both false-positive and false-negative findings and might obscure the true association signals if not appropriately corrected.
  
  
  METHODS
  We report PHYLOSTRAT, a new method that corrects for population stratification by combining phylogeny constructed from SNP genotypes and principal coordinates from multi-dimensional scaling (MDS) analysis. This hybrid approach efficiently captures both discrete and admixed population structures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  By extensive simulations, the analysis of a synthetic genome-wide association dataset created using data from the Human Genome Diversity Project, and the analysis of a lactase-height dataset, we show that our method can correct for population stratification more efficiently than several existing population stratification correction methods, including EIGENSTRAT, a hybrid approach based on MDS and clustering, and STRATSCORE , in terms of requiring fewer random SNPs for inference of population structure. By combining the flexibility and hierarchical nature of phylogenetic trees with the advantage of representing admixture using MDS, our hybrid approach can capture the complex population structures in human populations effectively.
  Codes can be downloaded from http://people.pcbi.upenn.edu/ approximately lswang/phylostrat/
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  mingyao@upenn.edu; iswang@upenn.edu.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. mingyao@upenn.edu
authors.forename: Mingyao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Muredach P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Reilly
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Rader
authors.forename: Li-San
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D030541:Databases, Genetic; D005828:Genetics, Population; D015894:Genome, Human; D023281:Genomics / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D010802:Phylogeny