title: Predictive value of symptoms for early detection of ovarian cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A recent consensus statement encouraged use of certain symptoms to diagnose ovarian cancer earlier. We assessed the sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value of a proposed symptom index and of symptoms included in the consensus recommendation.
  
  
  METHODS
  In-person interviews were conducted with 812 case patients, aged 35-74 years, who had epithelial ovarian cancer that was diagnosed from January 1, 2002, through December 31, 2005, and with 1313 population-based control subjects. The symptom index was considered positive when pelvic or abdominal pain or bloating or feeling full was reported at least daily for at least 1 week, with an onset of less than 12 months before diagnosis or a reference date (for control subjects). The consensus criteria were considered fulfilled when any symptom above or urinary urgency or frequency was reported for at least 1 month, with an onset of less than 12 months before diagnosis or a reference date. Positive predictive value was calculated by use of external estimates of cancer prevalence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most case patients who had a positive index or met consensus criteria did so only within 5 months before diagnosis. Symptoms (except nausea) were somewhat less likely to have occurred among women diagnosed with early-stage than late-stage ovarian cancer. The estimated positive predictive value of the symptom index or symptoms meeting the consensus criteria was 0.6%-1.1% overall and less than 0.5% for early-stage disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Use of symptoms to trigger medical evaluation for ovarian cancer is likely to result in diagnosis of the disease in only one of 100 women in the general population with such symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Program in Epidemiology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, PO Box 19024, Seattle, WA 98108-1024, USA. mrossing@fhcrc.org
authors.forename: Mary Anne
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Rossing
authors.forename: Kristine G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Wicklund
authors.forename: Kara L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Cushing-Haugen
authors.forename: Noel S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Weiss
mesh_terms: D015746:Abdominal Pain / Q000209:etiology; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000556:secondary; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013997:Time Factors; D014861:Washington / Q000453:epidemiology