title: The total antioxidant content of more than 3100 foods, beverages, spices, herbs and supplements used worldwide.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A plant-based diet protects against chronic oxidative stress-related diseases. Dietary plants contain variable chemical families and amounts of antioxidants. It has been hypothesized that plant antioxidants may contribute to the beneficial health effects of dietary plants. Our objective was to develop a comprehensive food database consisting of the total antioxidant content of typical foods as well as other dietary items such as traditional medicine plants, herbs and spices and dietary supplements. This database is intended for use in a wide range of nutritional research, from in vitro and cell and animal studies, to clinical trials and nutritional epidemiological studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  We procured samples from countries worldwide and assayed the samples for their total antioxidant content using a modified version of the FRAP assay. Results and sample information (such as country of origin, product and/or brand name) were registered for each individual food sample and constitute the Antioxidant Food Table.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results demonstrate that there are several thousand-fold differences in antioxidant content of foods. Spices, herbs and supplements include the most antioxidant rich products in our study, some exceptionally high. Berries, fruits, nuts, chocolate, vegetables and products thereof constitute common foods and beverages with high antioxidant values.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This database is to our best knowledge the most comprehensive Antioxidant Food Database published and it shows that plant-based foods introduce significantly more antioxidants into human diet than non-plant foods. Because of the large variations observed between otherwise comparable food samples the study emphasizes the importance of using a comprehensive database combined with a detailed system for food registration in clinical and epidemiological studies. The present antioxidant database is therefore an essential research tool to further elucidate the potential health effects of phytochemical antioxidants in diet.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Monica H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Carlsen
authors.forename: Bente L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Halvorsen
authors.forename: Kari
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Holte
authors.forename: Siv K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Bøhn
authors.forename: Steinar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dragland
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sampson
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Willey
authors.forename: Haruki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Senoo
authors.forename: Yuko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Umezono
authors.forename: Chiho
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sanada
authors.forename: Ingrid
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Barikmo
authors.forename: Nega
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Berhe
authors.forename: Walter C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Willett
authors.forename: Katherine M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: Rune
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Blomhoff
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis*; D001628:Beverages / Q000032:analysis* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002099:Cacao / Q000737:chemistry; D003611:Dairy Products / Q000032:analysis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000032:analysis; D004042:Dietary Fats, Unsaturated / Q000032:analysis; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002523:Edible Grain / Q000737:chemistry; D004531:Eggs / Q000032:analysis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007887:Fabaceae / Q000737:chemistry; D005502:Food / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005504:Food Analysis / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D007225:Infant Food / Q000032:analysis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D041943:Infant Formula / Q000737:chemistry; D008460:Meat / Q000032:analysis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009754:Nuts / Q000737:chemistry; D010946:Plants, Medicinal / Q000737:chemistry*; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry; D017365:Spices / Q000032:analysis* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014675:Vegetables / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004042:Dietary Fats, Unsaturated