title: The effect of body fat, aging, and diabetes on vertical and shear pressure in and under a waist belt and its effect on skin blood flow.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Much attention has been given to the effect of pressure on skin blood flow in the feet of older people and people with diabetes. However, little attention has been paid to other areas of the body, especially under the belt at the waist where pressure might be high during body movements associated with exercise. This may be very important when devices such as heat packs are worn during the day under the belt because their safety relies on appropriate skin blood flow to dissipate the heat; in diabetes populations burns have been seen.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty male and female subjects, with and without diabetes, were examined in two series of experiments to assess the vertical and shear pressure under a belt worn during different common exercises. Vertical and shear pressure under the belt, belt tension, and shear pressure were measured with a Tactilus (Sensor Products, Madison, NJ) pressure mapping system. Eleven different body movements were examined. Then, from the recorded pressures, a second series of experiments examined skin blood flow at these same pressures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results of the experiments showed that there was little shear and vertical pressure in thin subjects during 10 different exercises. However, for overweight subjects, pressure under the belt was as high as 150 kPa. At these high levels of pressure, skin circulation was occluded.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In subjects with diabetes who are generally overweight and have impaired circulation, hot packs should be used with caution because of the low blood flows at rest and occlusion of the circulation under the belt with body movement.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, School of Allied Health Professions, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California 92350, USA. jpetrofsky@llu.edu
authors.forename: Jerrold S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Petrofsky
authors.forename: Katie
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: McLellan
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Prowse
authors.forename: Gurinder
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bains
authors.forename: Lee
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Berk
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000502:physiology*; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012867:Skin / Q000098:blood supply*; D014160:Transducers, Pressure