title: Transcriptional changes in response to X chromosome dosage in the mouse: implications for X inactivation and the molecular basis of Turner Syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  X monosomic mice (39,XO) have a remarkably mild phenotype when compared to women with Turner syndrome (45,XO). The generally accepted hypothesis to explain this discrepancy is that the number of genes on the mouse X chromosome which escape X inactivation, and thus are expressed at higher levels in females, is very small. However this hypothesis has never been tested and only a small number of genes have been assayed for their X-inactivation status in the mouse. We performed a global expression analysis in four somatic tissues (brain, liver, kidney and muscle) of adult 40,XX and 39,XO mice using the Illumina Mouse WG-6 v1_1 Expression BeadChip and an extensive validation by quantitative real time PCR, in order to identify which genes are expressed from both X chromosomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified several genes on the X chromosome which are overexpressed in XX females, including those previously reported as escaping X inactivation, as well as new candidates. However, the results obtained by microarray and qPCR were not fully concordant, illustrating the difficulty in ascertaining modest fold changes, such as those expected for genes escaping X inactivation. Remarkably, considerable variation was observed between tissues, suggesting that inactivation patterns may be tissue-dependent. Our analysis also exposed several autosomal genes involved in mitochondrial metabolism and in protein translation which are differentially expressed between XX and XO mice, revealing secondary transcriptional changes to the alteration in X chromosome dosage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results support the prediction that the mouse inactive X chromosome is largely silent, while providing a list of the genes potentially escaping X inactivation in rodents. Although the lower expression of X-linked genes in XO mice may not be relevant in the particular tissues/systems which are affected in human X chromosome monosomy, genes deregulated in XO mice are good candidates for further study in an involvement in Turner Syndrome phenotype.
authors.affiliation: IPATIMUP, Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal. alopes@ipatimup.pt
authors.forename: Alexandra M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Lopes
authors.forename: Paul S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Burgoyne
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ojarikre
authors.forename: Julien
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: Carole A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Sargent
authors.forename: António
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Amorim
authors.forename: Nabeel A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Affara
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D053263:Gene Regulatory Networks; D050172:Genes, X-Linked; D051379:Mice; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014424:Turner Syndrome / Q000235:genetics*; D014960:X Chromosome / Q000235:genetics*; D049951:X Chromosome Inactivation