title: Improved SNR in phase contrast velocimetry with five-point balanced flow encoding.
abstract: Phase contrast velocimetry can be utilized to measure complex flow for both quantitative and qualitative assessment of vascular hemodynamics. However, phase contrast requires that a maximum measurable velocity be set that balances noise and phase aliasing. To efficiently reduce noise in phase contrast images, several investigators have proposed extended velocity encoding schemes that use extra encodings to unwrap phase aliasing; however, existing techniques can lead to significant increases in echo and scan time, limiting their clinical benefits. In this work, we have developed a novel five-point velocity encoding scheme that efficiently reduces noise with minimal increases in scan and echo time. Investigations were performed in phantoms, demonstrating a 63% increase in velocity-to-noise ratio compared to standard four-point encoding schemes. Aortic velocity measurements were performed in healthy volunteers, showing similar velocity-to-noise ratio improvements. In those volunteers, it was also demonstrated that, without sacrificing accuracy, low-resolution images can be used for the fifth encoding point, reducing the scan time penalty from 25% down to less than 1%.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705-2275, USA. kmjohnson3@wisc.e
authors.forename: Kevin M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Markl
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001011:Aorta / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology*; D003287:Contrast Media; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012212:Rheology / Q000379:methods; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media