title: Molecular and histologic evaluation of idiopathic hyperextension of the metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints in adult llamas.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the molecular and histologic characteristics of hyperextension of the metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints in adult llamas.
  
  
  METHODS
  12 adult llamas (6 with bilateral hyperextension of the metacarpophalangeal or metatarsophalangeal joints [affected] and 6 age- and sex-matched clinically normal control llamas).
  
  
  METHODS
  Llamas were euthanized, and specimens of superficial digital flexor tendon, deep digital flexor tendon, and suspensory ligament were obtained from 4 areas and snap frozen in liquid nitrogen or suspended in neutral-buffered 10% formalin. Histologic evaluation of collagen fiber orientation, elastin content, and proteoglycan content was performed by use of Masson trichrome, picrosirius red, Verhoeff, and Alcian blue stains. Total RNA was isolated from frozen suspensory ligament specimens. Gene expression of collagen types I and III, lysyl oxidase, and matrix metalloproteinase-13 was evaluated with a real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gene expression of collagen types I and III, lysyl oxidase, and matrix metalloproteinase-13 in suspensory ligaments was similar between affected and control llamas. Collagen orientation and elastin content of the flexor tendons and suspensory ligaments were also similar between the groups. Proteoglycan content was low in most specimens but was focally increased in discrete lesions of suspensory ligaments in 2 affected and 2 control llamas.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hyperextension of the metacarpophalangeal or metatarsophalangeal joints in llamas did not appear to be caused by degeneration or inflammation of the suspensory ligament. Although focal proteoglycan accumulation existed in the suspensory ligaments of 2 affected llamas, widespread abnormal connective tissue proteoglycan accumulation was not found.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
authors.forename: Shannon K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Reed
authors.forename: Stacy A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Semevolos
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002161:Camelids, New World; D003094:Collagen / Q000378:metabolism; D024042:Collagen Type I / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D024061:Collagen Type III / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004549:Elastin / Q000378:metabolism; D005552:Forelimb / Q000473:pathology*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006614:Hindlimb / Q000473:pathology*; D007592:Joint Diseases / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D053509:Matrix Metalloproteinase 13 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010088:Oxidoreductases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011509:Proteoglycans / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D024042:Collagen Type I; D024061:Collagen Type III; D011509:Proteoglycans; D003094:Collagen; D004549:Elastin; D010088:Oxidoreductases; D053509:Matrix Metalloproteinase 13