title: [German Pain Questionnaire for Children, Adolescents and Parents (DSF-KJ). A multimodal questionnaire for diagnosis and treatment of children and adolescents suffering from chronic pain].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A multidimensional assessment of chronic pain is the most important tool for diagnosis and treatment. While the German Pain Questionnaire is routinely implemented in the treatment of adults with chronic pain, similar questionnaires are scarce for children and adolescents. It was the aim of the present study to report on the development and quality of a multimodal questionnaire assessing all relevant aspects of chronic pain in children and adolescents. The quality of the questionnaire was assessed (1) by implementing the questionnaire in a sample of children and adolescents suffering from chronic pain (aged 4-18 years), (2) by analysing missing items in the child, adolescent and parent version and (3) by analysing experts' ratings of the questionnaire.
  
  
  METHODS
  The German Pain Questionnaire for Children, Adolescents and Parents (DSF-KJ) was developed on the basis of the biopsychosocial model of chronic pain in experts' meetings. The DSF-KJ entails an assessment of sociodemographic variables, pain characteristics, triggering factors, previous pain treatment, pain-related disability and cognitive and emotional factors related to the pain experience. A total of 284 children and adolescents who presented for pain treatment in our tertiary institute completed the DSF-KJ. Eleven pain experts rated the questionnaire regarding its utility for diagnosis and treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With the use of the DSF-KJ, a detailed sample description was derived on the basis of the biopsychosocial model. More adolescent girls than boys presented to the institute. The majority of the children and adolescents suffered from headache and were severely affected by their chronic pain. Children and adolescents displayed similar pain characteristics. However, adolescents were more disabled due to chronic pain and had already undergone a variety of pain treatments. These differences may reflect an ongoing chronification in adolescents. Children, adolescents and their parents filled in the questionnaire thoroughly with very few missing items. The experts rated the questionnaire as very useful for diagnosis and treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The DSF-KJ provides a standardized assessment and comprehensive description of paediatric chronic pain problems and facilitates medical and psychological diagnostic and therapeutic decisions. The preliminary results suggest that the questionnaire is a clinically useful and practical assessment tool for children and adolescents with chronic pain.
authors.affiliation: Vodafone Stiftungsinstitut und Lehrstuhl für Kinderschmerztherapie und Pädiatrische Palliativmedizin, Vestische Kinder- und Jugendklinik Datteln, Universität Witten/Herdecke, Dr.-Friedrich-Steiner Str. 5, 45711, Datteln.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schroeder
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hechler
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Denecke
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Müller-Busch
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Menke
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zernikow
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D020773:Headache Disorders / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015588:Observer Variation; D010146:Pain / Q000145:classification* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires