title: Biofeedback for foot offloading in diabetic patients with peripheral neuropathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The reduction of high plantar pressure in diabetic patients with peripheral neuropathy is mandatory for prevention of foot ulcers and amputations. We used a new biofeedback-based method to reduce the plantar pressure at an at-risk area of foot in diabetic patients with peripheral neuropathy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirteen diabetic patients (age 60.8 +/- 12.3 years, body mass index 29.0 +/- 5.0 kg/m(2)) with peripheral neuropathy of the lower limbs were studied. Patients with memory impairment were excluded. The portable in-shoe foot pressure measurement system (PEDAR) was used for foot offloading training by biofeedback. The learning procedure consisted in sequences of walking (10 steps), each followed by a subjective estimation of performance and objective feedback. The goal was to achieve three consecutive walking cycles of 10 steps, with a minimum of seven steps inside the range of 40-80% of the baseline peak plantar pressure. The peak plantar pressure was assessed during the learning period and at retention tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant difference in peak plantar pressure was recorded between the beginning and the end of the learning period (when the target for plantar pressure was achieved) (262 +/- 70 vs. 191 +/- 53 kPa; P = 0.002). The statistically significant difference between the beginning of learning and all retention tests persisted, even at the 10-day follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Terminal augmented feedback training may positively affect motor learning in diabetic patients with peripheral neuropathy and could possibly lead to suitable foot offloading. Additional research is needed to confirm the maintenance of offloading in the long term.
authors.affiliation: Service of Therapeutic Education for Chronic Diseases, WHO Collaborating Centre, Department of Community Medicine, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. zoltan.pataky@hcuge.ch
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Pataky
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: de León Rodriguez
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Allet
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Golay
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Assal
authors.forename: J-P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Assal
authors.forename: C-A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Hauert
mesh_terms: D001676:Biofeedback, Psychology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D017719:Diabetic Foot / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D005528:Foot / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010523:Peripheral Nervous System Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012775:Shoes; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology