title: A method for assaying perchlorate concentration in microbial cultures using the fluorescent dye resazurin.
abstract: Low concentrations (microg/L) of the perchlorate anion, ClO(4)(-), have been measured in surface and ground water supplies in many locations throughout the United States. Perchlorate is known to affect the function of the thyroid gland in mammals and its toxicity primarily results from its inhibition of thyroid hormone output. The major sources of perchlorate contamination in surface and ground waters are defense contractors, military installations, propellant manufacturers and agriculture. The currently accepted method of perchlorate analysis, recommended by the US EPA, is neither fast nor easy to use and requires purchase of an expensive high performance ion chromatograph (IC). The novel method described here uses dye resazurin to measure perchlorate reduction by bacterial cultures and bacterial consortia in a high-throughput, multi-well, culture plate format. The method is based on the observation that perchlorate reduction and the decrease of resazurin fluorescence occur simultaneously in perchlorate degrading cultures. The bioassays were performed in anaerobic serum bottles or 96-well plates with constant shaking, using a minimal ATCC medium with 10 mM acetate as electron donor/carbon source and 200 ppm perchlorate as an electron acceptor. Fluorescence measurements with excitation at 570 nm and emission at 590 nm were taken in 20 min intervals. Changes in perchlorate concentration were confirmed using IC. Based on the experimental data, a simple model showing the correlation between perchlorate concentration in microbial culture and resazurin fluorescence level was proposed. Other dyes including redox indicators, reactive azo dyes and electron shuttle chemicals were also tested for comparison and were found less useful.
authors.affiliation: Environmental Biotechnology Institute, Environmental Science Program, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA. kkucharzyk@vandals.uidaho.edu
authors.forename: Katarzyna H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Kucharzyk
authors.forename: Ronald L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Crawford
authors.forename: Andrzej J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Paszczynski
authors.forename: Thomas F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Hess
mesh_terms: D000693:Anaerobiosis; D001419:Bacteria / Q000378:metabolism*; D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D003470:Culture Media / Q000737:chemistry; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D005453:Fluorescence; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000378:metabolism*; D005470:Fluorometry / Q000379:methods; D010078:Oxazines / Q000378:metabolism*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010472:Perchlorates / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D014966:Xanthenes / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D010078:Oxazines; D010472:Perchlorates; D014966:Xanthenes; C005843:resazurin; C494474:perchlorate