title: A novel application of 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy: non-invasive identification of spermatogenesis in men with non-obstructive azoospermia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  About 10% of infertile men have no sperm in their ejaculate due to poor or absent spermatogenesis, also known as non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA). Testis (1)H magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H-MRS) is a non-invasive imaging tool that can potentially identify and localize spermatogenesis in the testis. This study sought to identify metabolic signatures associated with various histological states of spermatogenesis in infertile men.
  
  
  METHODS
  Quantitative high resolution magic angle spinning spectroscopy was performed on snap frozen testicular tissue from 27 men with three classic histological patterns: (i) normal spermatogenesis (men with prior paternity undergoing vasectomy reversal), (ii) maturation arrest (early or late, MA) or (iii) Sertoli-cell only (SCO). Concentrations of 19 tissue metabolites were acquired from each biopsy specimen. One-way ANOVA analysis was used to determine inter-group differences in metabolite concentrations among the three histologic groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Phosphocholine (PC) and taurine tissue concentrations were significantly different between normal and SCO tissue. Mean PC concentrations were three times higher in normal testes compared with SCO (5.4 +/- 1.4 versus 1.5 +/- 0.3 mmol/kg; P = 0.01). No differences in metabolite concentrations were observed between normal and MA testes or between SCO and MA testes. Further histologic stratification of MA testes into subsets of those with (early) and without (late) spermatids or mature sperm, identified differences in PC concentrations. A predictive model for sperm presence with (1)H-MRS was developed based upon PC tissue concentrations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PC concentrations are significantly higher in testes with spermatogenesis. This suggests that a unique metabolic signature for spermatogenesis is possible using (1)H-MRS which could aid in the non-invasive diagnosis of sperm in men with NOA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, Ambulatory Care Center, Suite A633, San Francisco, CA 94117, USA. daaronson@urology.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Aaronson
authors.forename: Rahwa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Iman
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Walsh
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kurhanewicz
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Turek
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D053713:Azoospermia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D001706:Biopsy; D015331:Cohort Studies; D006801:Humans; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010767:Phosphorylcholine / Q000378:metabolism; D012708:Sertoli Cells / Q000473:pathology; D013079:Sperm Maturation; D013091:Spermatogenesis / Q000502:physiology*; D013654:Taurine / Q000378:metabolism; D013737:Testis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D010767:Phosphorylcholine; D013654:Taurine