title: Exercise effects on bone mineral density, falls, coronary risk factors, and health care costs in older women: the randomized controlled senior fitness and prevention (SEFIP) study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Physical exercise affects many risk factors and diseases and therefore can play a vital role in general disease prevention and treatment of elderly individuals and may reduce costs. We sought to determine whether a single exercise program affects fracture risk (bone mineral density [BMD] and falls), coronary heart disease (CHD) risk factors, and health care costs in community-dwelling elderly women.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a randomized, single-blinded, controlled trial from May 1, 2005, through July 31, 2008, recruiting women 65 years or older who were living independently in the area of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany. In all, 246 women were randomly assigned to an 18-month exercise program (exercise group) or a wellness program (control group). The exercise group (n = 123) performed a multipurpose exercise program with special emphasis on exercise intensity; the controls (n = 123) focused on well-being with a low-intensity, low-frequency program. The main outcome measures were BMD, the number of falls, the Framingham-based 10-year CHD risk, and direct health care costs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the 227 women who completed the 18-month study, significant exercise effects were observed for BMD of the lumbar spine (mean [95% confidence interval (CI)] percentage of change in BMD [baseline to follow-up] for the exercise group: 1.77% [1.26% to 2.28%] vs controls: 0.33% [-0.24% to 0.91%]; P < .001), femoral neck (exercise group: 1.01% [0.37% to 1.65%] vs controls: -1.05% [-1.70% to -0.40%]; P < .001), and fall rate per person during 18 months (exercise group: 1.00 [0.76 to 1.24] vs controls: 1.66 [1.33 to 1.99]; P = .002). The 10-year CHD risk was significantly affected in both subgroups (absolute change for the exercise group: -1.96% [95% CI, -2.69% to -1.23%] vs controls: -1.15% [-1.69% to -0.62%]; P = .22), with no significant difference between the groups. The direct health care costs per participant during the 18-month intervention showed nonsignificant differences between the groups (exercise group: 2255 euros[95% CI, 1791 euros-2718 euros] vs controls: 2780 euros [2187 euros-3372 euros]; P = .20).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared with a general wellness program, our 18-month exercise program significantly improved BMD and fall risk, but not predicted CHD risk, in elderly women. This benefit occurred at no increase in direct costs.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00267839.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Henkestrasse 91, 91052 Erlangen, Germany. wolfgang.kemmler@imp.uni-erlangen.de
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kemmler
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: von Stengel
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Engelke
authors.forename: Lothar
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Häberle
authors.forename: Willi A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Kalender
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000368:Aged; D015519:Bone Density; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D012307:Risk Factors; D016037:Single-Blind Method
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL