title: Distal and proximal resource influences on economic dependency among the oldest old.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  As exceptional survivors, centenarians may have characteristics that reduce their dependency on family and community support systems despite the expectation that their extreme age creates a burden on those systems. The Georgia Centenarian Study obtained information about assistance for income, medical care, and caregiving of all types for a sample of centenarians and octogenarians. Previous studies have not established which characteristics may contribute to economic dependency among the oldest old.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To identify distal and proximal resource influences on economic dependency, considering past lifestyle, proximal health, economic resources, personality, and coping behavior.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analysis sample sizes ranged from 109 to 138 octogenarians and centenarians. Blockwise multiple regressions predicted whether they received income assistance, number of medical care events, number of caregiving types, and total caregiving hours.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Past life style, gender, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, functional health, and coping were not related to economic dependency. With the exception of the number of types of care, centenarians were not more dependent than octogenarians. Cognitive ability had the strongest effects for medical care and caregiving services. 'Extraversion', 'ideas', 'neuroticism', and 'competence' personality factors had significant effects for caregiving types and total hours of care received.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Monitoring and intervention to maintain cognitive ability are critical practices for autonomy and reduced economic dependency among the oldest old. Psychological resources are more important influences on social support than functional health and other proximal economic resources.
authors.affiliation: Human Development and Family Studies, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA. morey @ ksu.edu
authors.forename: Maurice
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: MacDonald
authors.forename: Aradhana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aneja
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Margrett
authors.forename: Leonard W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Poon
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Jazwinski
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gearing
authors.forename: W R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Markesbery
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Woodard
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Tenover
authors.forename: I C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Siegler
authors.forename: W L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Rodgers
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Hausman
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rott
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Davey
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Arnold
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000523:psychology; D017028:Caregivers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003071:Cognition; D005260:Female; D005845:Georgia; D006299:Health Services for the Aged / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009735:Nursing Homes / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010551:Personality; D011203:Poverty; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012923:Social Class; D012944:Social Support