title: Mechanisms of slow-pitch softball injuries reported to the HQ Air Force Safety Center a 10-year descriptive study, 1993-2002.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Softball is a popular sport in civilian and military populations and results in a large number of lost-workday injuries. The purpose of this study is to describe the mechanisms associated with softball injuries occurring among active duty U.S. Air Force (USAF) personnel to better identify potentially effective countermeasures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data derived from safety reports were obtained from the USAF Ground Safety Automated System in 2003. Softball injuries for the years 1993-2002 that resulted in at least one lost workday were included in the study. Narrative data were systematically reviewed and coded in order to categorize and summarize mechanisms associated with these injuries.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This report documents a total of 1181 softball-related mishap reports, involving 1171 active duty USAF members who sustained one lost-workday injury while playing softball. Eight independent mechanisms were identified. Three specific scenarios (sliding, being hit by a ball, and colliding with a player) accounted for 60% of reported softball injuries.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mechanisms of injury for activities such as playing softball, necessary for prevention planning, can be identified using the detailed information found in safety reports. This information should also be used to develop better sports injury coding systems. Within the USAF and U.S. softball community, interventions to reduce injuries related to the most common mechanisms (sliding, being hit by a ball, and colliding with a player) should be developed, implemented, and evaluated.
authors.affiliation: U.S. Air Force Safety Center, Kirtland AFB, New Mexico, USA. bruce.burnham@kirtland.af.mil
authors.forename: Bruce R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Burnham
authors.forename: G Bruce
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Copley
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Shim
authors.forename: Philip A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Kemp
authors.forename: Bruce H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Jones
mesh_terms: D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D001484:Baseball / Q000293:injuries* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008889:Military Personnel / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018582:Sick Leave / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology