title: Role of virtual reality simulation in teaching and assessing technical skills in endovascular intervention.
abstract: Training in endovascular intervention ultimately aims to produce interventionalists who demonstrate competence in technical skills. Herein, the authors investigate the rationale for simulation-based training by providing an overview of the psychological theories underpinning acquisition of technical skills, training and assessment history, recent advances in simulation technology, and a critical appraisal of their role in training and assessment in endovascular intervention. Simulators have potential for training and assessment and promise solution to many shortcomings of traditional 'apprenticeship' training models. Before inclusion into the curriculum, further work is needed regarding fidelity, validity, reliability, and design of simulators to ensure accurate transfer of acquired endovascular skills from simulator to patient.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosurgery & Surgical Technology, Imperial College London, 10th Fl, QEQM Bldg, St. Mary's Hospital Campus, Praed St., London, W2 1NY, England. k.ahmed@imperial.ac.uk <k.ahmed@imperial.ac.uk>
authors.forename: Kamran
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.forename: Aoife N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Keeling
authors.forename: Morkos
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fakhry
authors.forename: Hutan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ashrafian
authors.forename: Rajesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Aggarwal
authors.forename: Peter A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Naughton
authors.forename: Ara
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Darzi
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Cheshire
authors.forename: Thanos
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Athanasiou
authors.forename: Mohammed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hamady
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D004521:Educational Measurement / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D015641:Radiography, Interventional / Q000379:methods*; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D014656:Vascular Surgical Procedures / Q000193:education*