title: Vasopressor use in free tissue transfer surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To document the frequency of vasopressor use in free tissue transfer surgery and to compare the incidence of flap complications and flap survival in patients receiving or not receiving intraoperative vasopressors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case series with chart review of free tissue transfers performed between 2004 and 2006 at a large-volume tertiary academic hospital.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 241 free flaps, 169 had data available for analysis. Flap survival was 96.5 percent. The rate of other flap complications was 29 percent. A total of 139 (82%) patients received vasopressors intraoperatively. Of these, four (2.9%) flap failures and 40 (29%) complications occurred. In the 30 (18%) patients who did not receive vasopressors, two (6.7%) flap failures and nine (30%) complications occurred. The most common reasons for flap failure were arterial thrombus (n = 3) and thrombosis of the venous pedicle (n = 3).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intraoperative vasopressors are used more frequently than previously realized but do not appear to increase overall flap failure and the incidence of complications. Intraoperative vasopressor use in free flap surgery may not be as harmful as previously feared.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Oregon Health-Sciences University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
authors.forename: Marcus M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Monroe
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McClelland
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Swide
authors.forename: Mark K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Wax
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005145:Face / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006085:Graft Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching; D006801:Humans; D007430:Intraoperative Care; D008297:Male; D008499:Medical Records; D008866:Microsurgery / Q000009:adverse effects; D008875:Middle Aged; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016038:Skin Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects; D013524:Surgical Flaps; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents