title: Is cognitive functioning associated with subjective quality of life in young adults with spina bifida and hydrocephalus?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the hypothesis that cognitive functioning is associated with subjective quality of life of young adults with spina bifida and hydrocephalus (SBHC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional multi-centre study in The Netherlands.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 110 young adults with SBHC (16-25 years old, 63% female).
  
  
  METHODS
  Cognitive domains measured were intelligence (Raven Standard Progressive Matrices), memory (Wechsler Memory Scale) and executive functioning (Wisconsin modified Card Sorting Test (WmCST), Trail Making Test A and B (TMT) and UNKA word production test). Subjective quality of life was measured with a visual analogue scale. Correlations and hierarchical regression analysis controlling for age, gender and functional independence were applied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The TMT score was significantly associated (-0.25) with subjective quality of life. In the hierarchical regression analysis both the WmCST and TMT scores were significant determinants of subjective quality of life (Beta values 0.24 and -0.31 respectively). Intelligence, memory and word production were not related to subjective quality of life. All 5 cognitive variables together explained a significant additional 14.6% of the variance of subjective quality of life (total explained variance 19.9%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Executive functioning was associated with subjective quality of life in young adults with spina bifida and hydrocephalus. This finding underlines the importance of examining cognitive functioning of persons with SBHC in addition to medical and functional status in medical care and outcome research.
authors.affiliation: University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Hans A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Barf
authors.forename: Marcel W M
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Post
authors.forename: Marjolein
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Verhoef
authors.forename: Rob H J M
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Gooskens
authors.forename: Arie J H
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Prevo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D003071:Cognition; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011788:Quality of Life; D016135:Spinal Dysraphism / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult