title: Immunological and growth mediator response to cross-country training in adolescent females.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Exercise affects growth and development through a complex interaction between the endocrine, immune, and nervous systems. To date very little is known about how these systems respond to exercise in children or adolescents. Moreover, there are few studies that have examined growth factors, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and peripheral blood mononuclear cell responses to 'real-life' or field exercise solely in girls.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the acute exercise-induced alterations in the growth hormone (GH)-insulinlike growth factor-I (IGF-I) axis, inflammatory cytokines, and certain aspects of immune function (white blood cell [WBC] subpopulations and their associated adhesion molecules) in a group of adolescent girls following a typical cross country practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight, healthy, postpubertal, high school females, 15-18 years old, performed a single, typical, one hour cross-country practice session. Blood was sampled before and after the session.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Following exercise, lactate increased by 364 +/- 67% (p < 0.001). Significant increases were noted in circulating IL-6 (p < 0.023), TNF-alpha (p < 0.027), IL-1beta (p < 0.047) and IL-1ra (p < 0.002), as well as a substantial increase in GH (p < 0.007). The exercise led to significant increases in all WBC subpopulations and platelets. The most significant changes were observed for natural killer cells (p < 0.0005). The exercise significantly influenced adhesion molecules (such as CD62L, CD54).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data demonstrate that an intense exercise bout in adolescent females leads to profound increases in inflammatory cytokines, with substantial changes in WBC and adhesion molecules. The role of these frequent, almost-daily perturbations on growth, development and immunity has yet to be determined.
authors.affiliation: Child Health and Sports Center, Department of Pediatrics, Meir Medical Center and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Kfar Saba, Israel. dnemet@gmail.com
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nemet
authors.forename: Alon
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Eliakim
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Mills
authors.forename: Yoav
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Meckal
authors.forename: Dan M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Cooper
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001774:Blood Chemical Analysis; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D019382:Human Growth Hormone / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D007111:Immunity, Cellular / Q000502:physiology*; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000097:blood; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000502:physiology*; D010809:Physical Fitness / Q000502:physiology; D013177:Sports
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D007328:Insulin; D019382:Human Growth Hormone; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; D019344:Lactic Acid