title: Radiolabeling optimization and reduced staff radiation exposure for high-dose 90Y-ibritumomab tiuxetan (HD-Zevalin).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  (90)Y-Zevalin labeling may cause severe finger radiation exposure, especially in high-dose protocols (HD-Zevalin), where up to 7.4 GBq could be injected. In this work, we optimized the labeling of HD-Zevalin with special regard to simplicity, speed, safety and radiation protection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Factors influencing labeling outcome (activity, specific activity, time, final volume, stability) were studied separately. The critical steps of a standard radiolabeling procedure were optimized to reduce finger exposure, developing an alternative labeling procedure and including a different (90)Y supplier. Finger doses were monitored by thermoluminescent dosimeters at each fingertip under anti-X gloves, considering both absolute values and values after normalization to 1.48 GBq.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Labeling of (90)Y-Zevalin was safe and reproducible up to 7.4 GBq with a simple and single-step procedure offering good stability for several hours. Radiolabeling specific activity was found critical, being kept at 740 MBq mg(-1). Radiochemical purity values >or=98% were routinely achieved. The alternative procedure allowed a sensible reduction of finger dose, due to both the different (90)Y vial and the handling. Finger exposure was reduced from 6.6+/-4.3 to 3.1+/-0.8 mSv/1.48 GBq in the case of the original (90)Y vial and from 1.5+/-0.9 to 0.3+/-0.1 mSv/1.48 GBq using a shielded (90)Y vial.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HD-Zevalin can be prepared in a safe and reproducible way, giving high radiochemical purity values, good stability and low finger exposure. This study may improve the safety of nuclear medicine professionals involved in the preparation of Zevalin.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nuclear Medicine, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy. stefano.papi@ieo.it
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Papi
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Martano
authors.forename: Lucia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Garaboldi
authors.forename: Annalisa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rossi
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cremonesi
authors.forename: Chiara Maria
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Grana
authors.forename: Daniele
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Paolucci
authors.forename: Maddalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sansovini
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Paganelli
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chinol
mesh_terms: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005385:Fingers / Q000528:radiation effects; D006801:Humans; D007553:Isotope Labeling / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D011786:Quality Control; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000008:administration & dosage; D012449:Safety
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; C422802:ibritumomab tiuxetan