title: A comparison between the Beck's Depression Inventory and the Gotland Male Depression Scale in detecting depression among men visiting a drop-in clinic in primary care.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Anger attacks and alcohol use may mask depressive symptoms in men. Only the Gotland Male Depression Scale (GS) includes such items.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study the usefulness of the GS and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) in detecting depression among men in primary care.
  
  
  METHODS
  At a family doctor's drop-in clinic in Stockholm, Sweden, all men were invited into the study 2 days a week (opportunistic screening). On other days, the men who mentioned mental symptoms were invited (targeted screening). The men filled in BDI, GS and a social questionnaire. The doctor invited the men with BDI > or = 10 and /or GS > or = 13 to a repeat visit. The outcome was depression diagnosed according to DSM-IV and the severity was assessed with the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  223 men were recruited, 190 by opportunistic and 33 by targeted screening. Seventeen per cent of the men reported an alcohol consumption that might put them at risk. In the opportunistic screening, 23% scored BDI > or = 10 and 14% scored GS > or = 13. The prevalence of depression in the opportunistic screening was 10.5%. The proportion of depressed men in the targeted screening was 60.6%. In total, 40 men were depressed, 63% had a mild and 35% moderate depression. The correlation between the scales was 0.80. The GS identified no additional cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinical depression was quite common among those men who often had a high alcohol consumption, indicating an advantage for the GS when screening for depression among men. In primary care, a targeted screening procedure seems to be the most feasible method.
authors.affiliation: Center for Family and Community Medicine, Department of Neurobiology, Caring Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden. Ranja.Stromberg@ki.se
authors.forename: Ranja
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Strömberg
authors.forename: Lars G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Backlund
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Löfvander
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000379:methods*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005194:Family Practice / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008875:Middle Aged; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000379:methods*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013548:Sweden; D055815:Young Adult