title: Urinary biomarkers in lupus nephritis.
abstract: Renal involvement in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus in the form of severe lupus nephritis is associated with a significant burden of morbidity and mortality. Conventional laboratory biomarkers in current use have not been very successful in anticipating disease flares, predicting renal histology, or decreasing unwanted outcomes. Since early treatment is associated with improved clinical results, it is thus essential to identify new biomarkers with substantial predictive power to reduce the serious sequelae of this difficult to control lupus manifestation. Indeed, considerable efforts and progress have been made over the last few years in the search for novel biomarkers. Since urinary biomarkers are more easily obtainable with much less risk to the patient than repeat renal biopsies, and these may more accurately discern between renal disease and other organ manifestations than their serum counterparts, there has been tremendous interest in studying new candidate urine biomarkers. Below, we review several promising urinary biomarkers under investigation, including total proteinuria and microalbuminuria, urinary proteomic signatures, and the individual inflammatory mediators interleukin-6, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, CXCL16, IP-10, and tumor necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis.
authors.affiliation: Division of Rheumatology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Forchheimer Building, Room 701N, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, New York, NY 10461, USA.
authors.forename: Joyce
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Reyes-Thomas
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Blanco
authors.forename: Chaim
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Putterman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine*; D054357:Chemokine CXCL10 / Q000652:urine; D000075743:Chemokine CXCL16; D019743:Chemokines, CXC / Q000652:urine; D000074049:Cytokine TWEAK; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000652:urine*; D008181:Lupus Nephritis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D051379:Mice; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D011507:Proteinuria; D040901:Proteomics; D051116:Receptors, Scavenger; D048069:Tumor Necrosis Factors / Q000652:urine; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C114753:CXCL10 protein, human; C423727:CXCL16 protein, human; D054357:Chemokine CXCL10; D000075743:Chemokine CXCL16; D019743:Chemokines, CXC; D000074049:Cytokine TWEAK; D015850:Interleukin-6; D051116:Receptors, Scavenger; C109743:TNFSF12 protein, human; D048069:Tumor Necrosis Factors; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1