title: Ambient air pollution alters heart rate regulation in aged mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Heart rate alterations associated with exposure to particulate matter (PM) and gaseous pollutants have been observed in epidemiological studies and animal experiments. Nevertheless, the time-lag of these associations is still unclear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Determine the association at different time-lags between the complex mixture of ambient concentrations of PM, carbon monoxide (CO), and nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)), and markers of cardiac function in a model of aged mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  AKR/J inbred mice were exposed to ambient air, 6 h daily for 40 weekdays. During this period, the animals' electrocardiogram (ECG), deep body temperature (Tdb), and body weight (BW) were registered, and concentrations of PM, CO, NO(2), as well as air temperature and relative humidity (RH) were measured. Data analysis included random effects models with lagged covariate methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CO was significantly associated with declines in heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV), PM was significantly associated with declines in HRV and BW, and NO(2) was significantly associated with declines in HR. Some significant associations occurred in the same day (PM and HRV, PM and BW, CO and HR), whereas others were delayed by 1 to 3 days (CO and HR, CO and HRV, NO(2) and HR, PM and HRV).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Finding significant declines in heart function in aged mice associated with the combined effects of air pollutants at ambient concentrations and at different time-lags is of great importance to public health. These results further implicate the potential short term and delayed effects of air pollution on HR alterations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.
authors.forename: Juan P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Ramos-Bonilla
authors.forename: Patrick N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Breysse
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dominici
authors.forename: Alison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Geyh
authors.forename: Clarke G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Tankersley
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D001273:Atmosphere Exposure Chambers; D001831:Body Temperature; D002248:Carbon Monoxide / Q000009:adverse effects; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000187:drug effects; D006334:Heart Function Tests; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects*; D006813:Humidity; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008806:Mice, Inbred AKR; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide / Q000009:adverse effects; D010083:Oxidants, Photochemical / Q000009:adverse effects; D010126:Ozone / Q000009:adverse effects; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D010083:Oxidants, Photochemical; D052638:Particulate Matter; D010126:Ozone; D002248:Carbon Monoxide; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide