title: Ibudilast inhibits cerebral aneurysms by down-regulating inflammation-related molecules in the vascular wall of rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE-4) is a cyclic adenosine monophosphate-specific enzyme involved in various inflammatory diseases. We studied its role in and the effect of ibudilast, which predominantly blocks PDE-4, on rat cerebral aneurysms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cerebral aneurysms were induced at the anterior cerebral artery-olfactory artery bifurcation of female rats subjected to hypertension, increased hemodynamic stress, and estrogen deficiency. The effect of ibudilast (30 or 60 mg/kg/d for 3 months) on their cerebral aneurysms was studied by morphological and immunohistochemical assessment and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assay. In our in vitro study, we grew endothelial cells stimulated by angiotensin II under estrogen-free conditions and examined the effect of ibudilast on PDE-4 activation and the cyclic adenosine monophosphate level.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Morphological evaluation using vascular corrosion casts showed ibudilast significantly suppressed cerebral aneurysms in a dose-dependent manner. In rats with induced cerebral aneurysms, the gene and protein expression of PDE-4 was high, and endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecules (P-selectin, intracellular adhesion molecule 1, and vascular adhesion molecule 1), matrix metalloproteinase-9, and tumor necrosis alpha were expressed. Macrophage migration was also increased. Treatment with ibudilast down-regulated these molecules, suppressed macrophage migration into the aneurysm wall, and inhibited PDE-4 activation and the elevation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate in endothelial cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that blocking of PDE4 is associated with the reduction of inflammation-related molecules and macrophage migration, thereby reducing the progression of cerebral aneurysms. It may represent a new conservative therapy to treat patients with cerebral aneurysms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan. kenji-yagi@mail.goo.ne.jp
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yagi
authors.forename: Yoshiteru
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tada
authors.forename: Keiko T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Kitazato
authors.forename: Tetsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tamura
authors.forename: Junichiro
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Satomi
authors.forename: Shinji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nagahiro
mesh_terms: D000804:Angiotensin II / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015214:Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002461:Cell Line, Transformed; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000378:metabolism; D054703:Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 4 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002532:Intracranial Aneurysm / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D019007:P-Selectin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011725:Pyridines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D000097382:CD68 Molecule; D007212:Indolizines; D011720:Pyrazoles
chemical_list: D000804:Angiotensin II; D015703:Antigens, CD; D015214:Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D054703:Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 4; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; D019007:P-Selectin; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; D011725:Pyridines; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C067980:CD68 antigen, human; D000097382:CD68 Molecule; C038366:ibudilast; D007212:Indolizines; D011720:Pyrazoles