title: Longitudinal alterations of executive function in non-psychotic adolescents at familial risk for schizophrenia.
abstract: Genetic diathesis to schizophrenia may involve alterations of adolescent neurodevelopment manifesting as cognitive deficits. Brain regions mediating executive function (fronto-striatal circuits) develop during adolescence while those supporting elementary aspects of attention (e.g. sustained focused attention) have a more protracted maturation beginning in childhood. We hence predicted that adolescents at risk for schizophrenia would show a failure of normal maturation of executive function. We prospectively assessed 18 offspring and 6 siblings of schizophrenia patients (HR) and 28 healthy controls at baseline, year-1 and year-2 follow-up using the Continuous Performance Test [visual-d'] and Wisconsin Card Sort Test (WCST). Perseverative errors on the WCST in HR remained stable but decreased in controls over the follow-up (study-group by assessment-time interaction, p=0.01, controlling for IQ). No significant study-group by assessment-time interactions were seen for sustained attentional performance. HR may not improve while healthy subjects progressively improve on executive function during adolescence and early adulthood. Our results suggest an altered maturational trajectory of executive function during adolescence in individuals at familial risk for schizophrenia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Massachusetts Mental Health Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Tejas S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Bhojraj
authors.forename: Vaibhav A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Diwadkar
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Sweeney
authors.forename: Konasale M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Prasad
authors.forename: Shaun M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Eack
authors.forename: Debra M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Montrose
authors.forename: Matcheri S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Keshavan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002648:Child; D056344:Executive Function / Q000502:physiology*; D005192:Family Health; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D055815:Young Adult