title: Cerebral oxygenation is reduced during hyperthermic exercise in humans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cerebral mitochondrial oxygen tension (P(mito)O(2)) is elevated during moderate exercise, while it is reduced when exercise becomes strenuous, reflecting an elevated cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen (CMRO(2)) combined with hyperventilation-induced attenuation of cerebral blood flow (CBF). Heat stress challenges exercise capacity as expressed by increased rating of perceived exertion (RPE).
  
  
  METHODS
  This study evaluated the effect of heat stress during exercise on P(mito)O(2) calculated based on a Kety-Schmidt-determined CBF and the arterial-to-jugular venous oxygen differences in eight males [27 +/- 6 years (mean +/- SD) and maximal oxygen uptake (VO(2max)) 63 +/- 6 mL kg(-1) min(-1)].
  
  
  RESULTS
  The CBF, CMRO(2) and P(mito)O(2) remained stable during 1 h of moderate cycling (170 +/- 11 W, approximately 50% of VO(2max), RPE 9-12) in normothermia (core temperature of 37.8 +/- 0.4 degrees C). In contrast, when hyperthermia was provoked by dressing the subjects in watertight clothing during exercise (core temperature 39.5 +/- 0.2 degrees C), P(mito)O(2) declined by 4.8 +/- 3.8 mmHg (P < 0.05 compared to normothermia) because CMRO(2) increased by 8 +/- 7% at the same time as CBF was reduced by 15 +/- 13% (P < 0.05). During exercise with heat stress, RPE increased to 19 (19-20; P < 0.05); the RPE correlated inversely with P(mito)O(2) (r(2) = 0.42, P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data indicate that strenuous exercise in the heat lowers cerebral P(mito)O(2), and that exercise capacity in this condition may be dependent on maintained cerebral oxygenation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. peter@prec.dk
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rasmussen
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nybo
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Volianitis
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Møller
authors.forename: N H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Secher
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gjedde
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000502:physiology*; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000378:metabolism; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen