title: Effect of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid on milk transfer to the litter and prolactin release in lactating rats.
abstract: The effects of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) on brain monoamines and the serum level of hormones involved in milk synthesis and on the milk ejection reflex in rats were evaluated. Dams were treated with 2.5, 5, 15, 25, 50 or 70mg 2,4-D/kg bw according to two experimental designs: (a) through food from post partum day 1 (PPD 1) to PPD 16 and the respective control groups or (b) an unique i.p. injection on PPD 11. To measure milk ejection, the litter was separated from the mother at the 11th day of lactation during 8h, returned to their mothers and allowed to suckle for a period of 15min. The procedure was repeated on 3 consecutive days until the end of treatment. The change in litter weight during the suckling period was taken as a measure of the amount of milk ejected during this period. The dams' serum prolactin (PRL), oxytocin (OT) and growth hormone levels were determined by radioimmunoassay. Both treatment regimens produced a dose-dependent decrease in the amount of milk ejected and circulating PRL and OT secreted in response to the suckling stimulus. Administration of OT before returning the pups restored the milk ejection, indicating no impairment in the capacity of the mammary gland to produce and secrete milk. In addition, dopamine levels were increased by the 2,4-D treatments in arcuate nucleus (ArN) and anterior lobe of pituitary gland (AL), while serotonin level was drastically decreased in ArN. 2,4-D treatment increased both calcium-dependent and calcium-independent nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activities in ArN. These results suggest that 2,4-D inhibits the suckling-induced hormone release, milk transfer to the litter at the central level, through a stimulation of hypothalamic NOS and dopamine and by an inhibition of hypothalamic serotonin transmission.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Toxicología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 570, 2000 Rosario, Argentina.
authors.forename: Nelson
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Stürtz
authors.forename: Graciela A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Jahn
authors.forename: Ricardo P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Deis
authors.forename: Valeria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rettori
authors.forename: Ricardo O
authors.initials: RO
authors.lastname: Duffard
authors.forename: Ana M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Evangelista de Duffard
mesh_terms: D015084:2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D000833:Animals, Suckling; D015306:Biogenic Monoamines / Q000032:analysis; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology; D001921:Brain / Q000201:enzymology / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D013006:Growth Hormone / Q000097:blood; D006540:Herbicides / Q000633:toxicity*; D007774:Lactation / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D008893:Milk Ejection / Q000187:drug effects*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000032:analysis; D009929:Organ Size / Q000502:physiology; D010121:Oxytocin / Q000097:blood; D011388:Prolactin / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
chemical_list: D015306:Biogenic Monoamines; D006540:Herbicides; D015084:2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid; D010121:Oxytocin; D011388:Prolactin; D013006:Growth Hormone; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase