title: Minimal forced use without constraint stimulates spontaneous use of the impaired upper extremity following motor cortex injury.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine if recovery of neurologically impaired hand function following isolated motor cortex injury would occur without constraint of the non-impaired limb, and without daily forced use of the impaired limb. Nine monkeys (Macaca mulatta) received neurosurgical lesions of various extents to arm representations of motor cortex in the hemisphere contralateral to the preferred hand. After the lesion, no physical constraints were placed on the ipsilesional arm/hand and motor testing was carried out weekly with a maximum of 40 attempts in two fine motor tasks that required use of the contralesional hand for successful food acquisition. These motor tests were the only "forced use" of the contralesional hand. We also tested regularly for spontaneous use of the contralesional hand in a fine motor task in which either hand could be used for successful performance. This minimal intervention was sufficient to induce recovery of the contralesional hand to such a functional level that eight of the monkeys chose to use that hand on some trials when either hand could be used. Percentage use of the contralesional hand (in the task when either hand could be used) varied considerably among monkeys and was not related to lesion volume or recovery of motor skill. These data demonstrate a remarkable capacity for recovery of spontaneous use of the impaired hand following localized frontal lobe lesions. Clinically, these observations underscore the importance of therapeutic intervention to inhibit the induction of the learned nonuse phenomenon after neurological injury.
authors.affiliation: Motor Performance Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA. warren-darling@uiowa.edu
authors.forename: Warren G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Darling
authors.forename: Marc A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Pizzimenti
authors.forename: Diane L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Rotella
authors.forename: Stephanie M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Hynes
authors.forename: Jizhi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ge
authors.forename: Kimberly S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Stilwell-Morecraft
authors.forename: Tyler
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vanadurongvan
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: McNeal
authors.forename: Kathryn M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Solon-Cline
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Morecraft
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001132:Arm / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology*; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008297:Male; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000293:injuries / Q000502:physiology*; D010291:Paresis / Q000209:etiology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D011897:Random Allocation; D020127:Recovery of Function / Q000502:physiology*