title: Effect of exenatide on heart rate and blood pressure in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized pilot study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cardiovascular effects of glucose-lowering agents are of increasing interest. Our aim was to assess the effects of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist exenatide on heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
  
  
  METHODS
  In this double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, subjects with T2DM on metformin and/or a thiazolidinedione were randomized to receive exenatide (5 microg for 4 weeks followed by 10 microg) or placebo BID for 12 weeks. Heart rate and BP were assessed with 24-hour ambulatory BP monitoring. The primary measure was change from baseline in mean 24-hour HR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-four subjects (28 exenatide, 26 placebo) were randomized and comprised the intent-to-treat population. Baseline values (exenatide and placebo) were (mean +/- SE) 74.4 +/- 2.1 and 74.5 +/- 1.9 beats/minute for HR, 126.4 +/- 3.2 and 119.9 +/- 2.8 mm Hg for systolic BP (SBP), and 75.2 +/- 2.1 and 70.5 +/- 2.0 mm Hg for diastolic BP (DBP). At 12 weeks, no significant change from baseline in 24-hour HR was observed with exenatide or placebo (LS mean +/- SE, 2.1 +/- 1.4 versus -0.7 +/- 1.4 beats/minute, respectively; between treatments, p = 0.16). Exenatide therapy was associated with trends toward lower 24-hour, daytime, and nighttime SBP; changes in DBP were similar between groups. No changes in daytime or nighttime rate pressure product were observed. With exenatide, body weight decreased from baseline by -1.8 +/- 0.4 kg (p < 0.0001; treatment difference -1.5 +/- 0.6 kg, p < 0.05). The most frequently reported adverse event with exenatide was mild to moderate nausea.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exenatide demonstrated no clinically meaningful effects on HR over 12 weeks of treatment in subjects with T2DM. The observed trends toward lower SBP with exenatide warrant future investigation.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  NCT00516074.
authors.affiliation: Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, USA.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gill
authors.forename: Byron J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Hoogwerf
authors.forename: Jude
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Burger
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bruce
authors.forename: Leigh
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Macconell
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Braun
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Giaconia
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Malone
mesh_terms: D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects*; D001835:Body Weight; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D000077270:Exenatide; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018670:Monitoring, Ambulatory; D010455:Peptides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D010919:Placebos; D014688:Venoms / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000077270:Exenatide; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D010455:Peptides; D010919:Placebos; D014688:Venoms