title: The binary switch between life and death of endoplasmic reticulum-stressed beta cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  beta-Cell death is an important pathogenic component of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. However, the specific molecular pathways and interactions involved in this process are not completely understood. Increasing evidence indicates that a type of cell stress called endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) plays an important role in beta-cell death. In the present article, we discuss a potential paradigm of ER stress-mediated beta-cell death.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Upon ER stress conditions, a signaling network termed the unfolded protein response (UPR) is activated. The UPR regulates adaptive effectors to attenuate ER stress and restore ER homeostasis promoting cell survival. Paradoxically the UPR also regulates apoptotic effectors. When adaptive effectors fail to attenuate ER stress, these apoptotic effectors take into effect leading to cell death. The nature of this switch between life and death is currently under study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Depending on the nature of the stress condition, the UPR either protects beta cells or promotes their death. The mechanisms of this switch are not well understood but involve the balance between adaptive and apoptotic factors regulated by the UPR. In the present article, we review examples of this UPR balancing act between life and death and the potential mechanisms involved.
authors.affiliation: Program in Gene Function, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA.
authors.forename: Christine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Oslowski
authors.forename: Fumihiko
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Urano
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016923:Cell Death / Q000502:physiology; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000502:physiology; D004721:Endoplasmic Reticulum / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D050417:Insulin-Secreting Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D008954:Models, Biological; D017510:Protein Folding; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000502:physiology*; D056811:Unfolded Protein Response / Q000502:physiology