title: Posttraumatic growth, social acknowledgment as survivors, and sense of coherence in former German child soldiers of World War II.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine posttraumatic growth (PTG) and its predictors social acknowledgment as survivors, sense of coherence (SOC), trauma severity, and further factors in former child soldiers more than 60 years after deployment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional.
  
  
  METHODS
  University-based geropsychiatric center in Germany.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred three former German child soldiers of World War II, mean age 78 years in which 96% experienced at least one war trauma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects completed the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory, Social Acknowledgment Questionnaire (SAQ), and SOC Scale. Trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms were assessed by the Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale. Depression, anxiety, and somatization were assessed using the Brief Symptom Inventory.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Number of traumas, recognition by significant others, and general disapproval as facets of social acknowledgment as a survivor, and meaningfulness as a dimension of SOC correlated significantly with PTG. In a multiple hierarchical regression analysis, recognition as a survivor by significant others (SAQ) and meaningfulness (SOC) remained the only significant predictors of PTG.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Social acknowledgment as a survivor by significant others and the belief that the world is meaningful are among the most important factors contributing to PTG. Further research should investigate whether treatments of PTSD in people who experienced war traumas recently or many years ago might benefit from a focus on the belief system and the role of family and social support.
authors.affiliation: Division of Psychopathology and Clinical Intervention, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Switzerland. s.forstmeier@psychologie.uzh.ch
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Forstmeier
authors.forename: Philipp
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kuwert
authors.forename: Carsten
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Spitzer
authors.forename: Harald J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Freyberger
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maercker
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D000368:Aged; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D003130:Combat Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D015577:Geriatric Assessment / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D008889:Military Personnel / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012938:Social Perception; D012944:Social Support; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D017741:Survivors / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D047789:World War II