title: AT7519, A novel small molecule multi-cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, induces apoptosis in multiple myeloma via GSK-3beta activation and RNA polymerase II inhibition.
abstract: Dysregulated cell cycling is a universal hallmark of cancer and is often mediated by abnormal activation of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and their cyclin partners. Overexpression of individual complexes are reported in multiple myeloma (MM), making them attractive therapeutic targets. In this study, we investigate the preclinical activity of a novel small-molecule multi-CDK inhibitor, AT7519, in MM. We show the anti-MM activity of AT7519 displaying potent cytotoxicity and apoptosis; associated with in vivo tumor growth inhibition and prolonged survival. At the molecular level, AT7519 inhibited RNA polymerase II (RNA pol II) phosphorylation, a CDK9, 7 substrate, associated with decreased RNA synthesis confirmed by [(3)H] Uridine incorporation. In addition, AT7519 inhibited glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK-3beta) phosphorylation; conversely pretreatment with a selective GSK-3 inhibitor and shRNA GSK-3beta knockdown restored MM survival, suggesting the involvement of GSK-3beta in AT7519-induced apoptosis. GSK-3beta activation was independent of RNA pol II dephosphorylation confirmed by alpha-amanitin, a specific RNA pol II inihibitor, showing potent inhibition of RNA pol II phosphorylation without corresponding effects on GSK-3beta phosphorylation. These results offer new insights into the crucial, yet controversial role of GSK-3beta in MM and show significant anti-MM activity of AT7519, providing the rationale for its clinical evaluation in MM.
authors.affiliation: Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Disease Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. loredana_santo@dfci.harvard.edu
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Santo
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vallet
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hideshima
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cirstea
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ikeda
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pozzi
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Okawa
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gorgun
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Perrone
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Calabrese
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yule
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Squires
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ladetto
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boccadoro
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.forename: N C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Munshi
authors.forename: K C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Raje
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 / Q000378:metabolism*; D000071679:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D016513:Mice, SCID; D009101:Multiple Myeloma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D010880:Piperidines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012319:RNA Polymerase II / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*
chemical_list: C531230:4-(2,6-dichlorobenzoylamino)-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid piperidin-4-ylamide; D010880:Piperidines; D011720:Pyrazoles; C000605506:GSK3B protein, human; D000071679:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; C000605507:Gsk3b protein, mouse; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3; D012319:RNA Polymerase II