title: Evaluating respondent-driven sampling in a major metropolitan area: Comparing injection drug users in the 2005 Seattle area national HIV behavioral surveillance system survey with participants in the RAVEN and Kiwi studies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To empirically evaluate respondent-driven sampling (RDS) recruitment methods, which have been proposed as an advantageous means of surveying hidden populations.
  
  
  METHODS
  The National HIV Behavioral Surveillance system used RDS to recruit 370 injection drug users (IDU) in the Seattle area in 2005 (NHBS-IDU1). We compared the NHBS-IDU1 estimates of participants' area of residence, age, race, sex, and drug most frequently injected to corresponding data from two previous surveys, the RAVEN and Kiwi Studies, and to persons newly diagnosed with HIV/AIDS and reported from 2001 through 2005.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The NHBS-IDU1 population was estimated to be more likely to reside in downtown Seattle (52%) than participants in the other data sources (22%-25%), be older than 50 years of age (29% vs. 5%-10%), and report multiple races (12% vs. 3%-5%). The NHBS-IDU1 population resembled persons using the downtown needle exchange in age and race distribution. An examination of cross-group recruitment frequencies in NHBS-IDU1 suggested barriers to recruitment across different areas of residence, races, and drugs most frequently injected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The substantial differences in age and area of residence between NHBS-IDU1 and the other data sources suggest that RDS may not have accessed the full universe of Seattle area injection networks. Further empirical data are needed to guide the evaluation of RDS-generated samples.
authors.affiliation: Public Health - Seattle & King County, Seattle, WA, USA. richard.burt@kingcounty.gov
authors.forename: Richard D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Burt
authors.forename: Holly
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hagan
authors.forename: Keith
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sabin
authors.forename: Hanne
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Thiede
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D040343:Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System; D003625:Data Collection / Q000379:methods; D055030:Drug Users / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018579:Patient Selection; D012494:Sampling Studies; D017678:Sex Distribution; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology; D014504:Urban Health; D014861:Washington / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult