title: High sense of coherence in adolescence is a protective factor in the longitudinal development of ADHD symptoms.
abstract: The key feature of salutogenesis is that good health can be directly sustained by positive factors. The Sense of Coherence (SOC) scale was developed by Antonovsky as a measure related to the concept of salutogenesis including aspects of comprehensibility, manageability and meaningfulness.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim was to investigate whether Sense of Coherence can serve as a salutogenetic factor modifying the long-term development of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twin study of Child and Adolescent Development (TCHAD) is a longitudinal study of all twin pairs born in Sweden between May 1985 and December 1986. The present project is a sub-sample of 312 individuals (135 boys and 177 girls). At 16 years of age, the young persons and their parents were interviewed with K-SADS especially symptoms of ADHD. The young person also completed the SOC questionnaire. At 21 years of age, the young person completed a questionnaire about symptoms of ADHD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Higher (worse) ADHD scores at 16 years of age were associated with higher (worse) ADHD scores at 21 years of age. However, this relationship was stronger for lower (worse) SOC. A higher (better) SOC at 16 years was associated with lower (better) ADHD at 21 years and this relationship was stronger for higher (worse) ADHD at 16 years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A high Sense of Coherence in adolescence was a protective factor for the long-term development of ADHD.
authors.affiliation: Karolinska Institutet, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Unit, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. tobias.edbom@ki.se
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Edbom
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Malmberg
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lichtenstein
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Granlund
authors.forename: J-O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Larsson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D055815:Young Adult