title: External fixation and centralization versus external fixation and ulnar osteotomy: the treatment of radial dysplasia using the resolved total angle of deformity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study is to compare preliminary external fixation and centralization to ulnar osteotomy with external fixation for the treatment of radial dysplasia as measured by the resolved total angle (RTA) of deformity.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a retrospective review of 11 patients (14 limbs) with radial dysplasia. The 3-dimensional deformity was measured by the RTA. Six patients (8 limbs, group 1) underwent correction of their angular deformity with preliminary external fixator distraction followed by centralization. Five patients (6 limbs, group 2) underwent ulnar osteotomy with external fixation. Mean age was 9 years, with a mean follow-up of 41 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Initial RTA was 112 degrees for group 1, which improved to 38 degrees postoperatively, but worsened to 71 degrees at follow-up. In group 2 the initial RTA was 88 degrees, which improved to 50 degrees, with a worsening to 95 degrees at follow-up. The RTA was found to have high interrater and intrarater reliability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The RTA defines the maximum deformity in radial dysplasia and is a reliable measure. Using the RTA, we showed that preliminary external fixation and centralization are more effective than ulnar osteotomy with external fixation, but both have a high recurrence rate.
  
  
  METHODS
  III.
authors.affiliation: American Family Children's Hospital, Madison, WI, USA. mccarthy@ortho.wisc.edu
authors.forename: James J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: McCarthy
authors.forename: Scott H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kozin
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tuohy
authors.forename: Emilie
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cheung
authors.forename: Richard S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Davidson
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Noonan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001848:Bone Diseases, Developmental / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016267:External Fixators; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010027:Osteotomy / Q000379:methods*; D011859:Radiography; D011884:Radius / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014457:Ulna / Q000601:surgery*