title: Effects of hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetics of nilotinib: an open-label, single-dose, parallel-group study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nilotinib is a second-generation BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitor approved for the treatment of patients who have imatinib-resistant Philadelphia chromosome-positive chronic myeloid leukemia in the chronic or accelerated phase or who are unable to tolerate imatinib. Nilotinib is metabolized in the liver via oxidation and hydroxylation pathways, mediated primarily by the cytochrome P450 3A4 isozyme. Interpatient variability in systemic exposure to nilotinib has been reported to range from 32% to 64%.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study compared the pharmacokinetics of nilotinib in subjects with hepatic impairment and subjects with normal hepatic function.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hepatic impairment was classified as mild (Child-Pugh grade A), moderate (Child-Pugh grade B), or severe (Child-Pugh grade C). Healthy control subjects were matched with hepatically impaired subjects by age (+/-10 years) and body weight (+/-20%). All subjects received a single oral dose of nilotinib 200 mg under fasted conditions, and serial blood samples were collected at specific times up to 120 hours after dosing. Serum nilotinib concentrations were measured using a validated LC-MS/MS assay with a lower limit of quantification of 2.5 ng/mL. The pharmacokinetic parameters analyzed were C(max), T(max), AUC(0-last), AUC(0-infinity), t(1/2), CL/F, and Vz/F. Tolerability assessments included adverse events (AEs), regular monitoring of clinical laboratory measures (eg, hematology, blood chemistry, urinalysis), physical examinations, vital signs, and ECGs. Each AE was evaluated in terms of its clinical significance, severity, duration, relation to study drug, and action taken.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study enrolled 18 subjects with hepatic impairment (all male; age range, 47-67 years; weight range, 73.9-103.9 kg) and 9 healthy controls (all male; age range, 36-62 years; weight range, 73.3-109.5 kg). Among subjects with hepatic impairment, 6 had mild impairment, 6 moderate impairment, and 6 severe impairment. The nilotinib AUC(0-infinity) was a mean of 35%, 35%, and 19% higher in subjects with mild, moderate, and severe impairment, respectively, compared with healthy controls. The nilotinib CL/F was lower in all hepatic-impairment groups compared with healthy controls. The mean (SD) t(1/2) was 15.1 (4.97) and 16.0 (9.13) hours in the mild-impairment and control groups, respectively, but was 21.6 (7.77) and 32.4 (10.7) hours in the moderate- and severe-impairment groups, respectively, reflecting the decrease in CL/F and/or increase in Vz/F in the latter 2 groups. All AEs were mild or moderate, and the frequency of AEs was not associated with the degree of hepatic impairment. AEs included abdominal pain (1 subject with mild impairment), dyspepsia (2 with mild impairment), flatulence (1 with severe impairment), nausea (1 with mild impairment), urinary tract infection (1 with mild impairment), back pain (1 each with mild impairment and severe impairment, 1 control subject), and headache (1 each with mild impairment and severe impairment).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After a single 200-mg dose, nilotinib pharmacokinetics were modestly affected by hepatic impairment. The extent of change in nilotinib exposure in subjects with hepatic impairment was generally within the range of variability that has been observed clinically. The results of this study suggest that dose adjustment may not be necessary in patients with hepatic impairment. Nilotinib should be used with caution, and careful clinical monitoring is recommended in this population. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00418626.
authors.affiliation: Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, Florham Park, New Jersey 07932-0675, USA. Ophelia.yin@novartis.com
authors.forename: Ophelia Q P
authors.initials: OQ
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gallagher
authors.forename: Chiaki
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Deirdre
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: Venkat
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sethuraman
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Tsu-Han
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Douglas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Heuman
authors.forename: Horst
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schran
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D019540:Area Under Curve; D016044:Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D048550:Hepatic Insufficiency / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D011743:Pyrimidines; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D016044:Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl; C498826:nilotinib