title: Growth inhibition of androgen-responsive prostate cancer cells with brefeldin A targeting cell cycle and androgen receptor.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Androgen ablation is one of the viable therapeutic options for patients with primary hormone (androgen)-dependent prostate cancer. However, an antibiotic brefeldin A (BFA) has been shown to exhibit the growth inhibitory effect on human cancer cells. We thus investigated if BFA might inhibit proliferation of androgen-responsive prostate cancer LNCaP cells and also explored how it would be carried out, focusing on cell cycle and androgen receptor (AR).
  
  
  METHODS
  Androgen-mediated cellular events in LNCaP cells were induced using 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) as an androgenic mediator. Effects of BFA on non-DHT-stimulated or DHT-stimulated cell growth were assessed. Its growth inhibitory mechanism(s) was further explored; performing cell cycle analysis on a flow cytometer, assessing AR activity by AR binding assay, and analyzing AR protein expression using Western blot analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  DHT (1 nM) was capable of stimulating LNCaP cell growth by ~40% greater than non-stimulated controls, whereas BFA (30 ng/ml) completely inhibited such DHT-stimulated proliferation. Cell cycle analysis showed that this BFA-induced growth inhibition was associated with a ~75% reduction in the cell number in the S phase and a concomitant increase in the G1 cell number, indicating a G1 cell cycle arrest. This was further confirmed by the modulations of specific cell cycle regulators (CDK2, CDK4, cyclin D1, and p21WAF1), revealed by Western blots. In addition, the growth inhibition induced by BFA was accompanied by a profound (~90%) loss in AR activity, which would be presumably attributed to the significantly reduced cellular AR protein level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates that BFA has a potent growth inhibitory activity, capable of completely inhibiting DHT (androgen)-stimulated LNCaP proliferation. Such inhibitory action of BFA appears to target cell cycle and AR: BFA led to a G1 cell cycle arrest and the down-regulation of AR activity/expression, possibly accounting for its primary growth inhibitory mechanism. Thus, it is conceivable that BFA may provide a more effective therapeutic modality for patients with hormone-dependent prostate cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Srinivas
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rajamahanty
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Alonzo
authors.forename: Shahrad
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aynehchi
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Choudhury
authors.forename: Sensuke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Konno
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020126:Brefeldin A / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D056741:Cyclin D / Q000378:metabolism; D051357:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D051358:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4 / Q000378:metabolism; D013196:Dihydrotestosterone / Q000494:pharmacology; D016193:G1 Phase / Q000187:drug effects*; D006131:Growth Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D056741:Cyclin D; D006131:Growth Inhibitors; D011944:Receptors, Androgen; D013196:Dihydrotestosterone; D020126:Brefeldin A; C495894:CDK2 protein, human; C495900:CDK4 protein, human; D051357:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2; D051358:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4