title: [Impact of intrathecal morphine on the tolerance of early feeding after cesarean section].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Early feeding is well tolerated in patients undergoing caesarean section under general or regional anaesthesia. Intrathecal morphine is effective for postoperative analgesia but can induce nausea and vomiting which may hamper feeding. This study assessed prospectively the effects of intrathecal morphine on early feeding in patients undergoing caesarean section.
  
  
  METHODS
  After ethical committee approval, 66 consenting women scheduled for caesarean section were randomized to receive intrathecal morphine 0.1 mg (group M, n=32) or not ("control group", group C, n=34) at the time of intrathecal anaesthesia performed with a 3 ml mixture containing 8.6 mg bupivacaine, 64 microg clonidine and 4.3 microg sufentanil. Standard antiemetic prophylaxis (5 mg dexamethasone + 2 mg tropisetron) was administered intravenously in all patients after umbilical cord clamping. Standardized multimodal analgesia was initiated postoperatively with 1 g of paracetamol and 30 mg of ketorolac given every 6 hours. Analgesia was evaluated by a numeric rating scale (NRS) at 4 hours intervals and 10 mg of oral morphine was administered if the NRS score exceeded 3. All patients received a protein enriched solution, 8 hours after caesarean section and were allowed to eat solid food on postoperative day 1. Nausea and vomiting episodes, gas and/or stools emission, itching, NRS score and morphine consumption were recorded on the first, second and fourth postoperative hour and then every 4 hours during 48 hours.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nausea was significantly more frequent and persisted longer in group M. Vomiting occurred equally in both groups and stopped after feeding. Gas and/or stools emission appeared within 48 hours postoperatively in 72 and 77 % of patients in group M and group C respectively. Oral morphine consumption was significantly lower in group M (1.9+/-4 vs 6.5+/-7.3mg, p=0.006). When compared to group C, NRS were also lower in group M from the second to the 20th postoperative hour. Itching was observed more frequently and persisted longer in group M.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A small dose of intrathecal morphine provided adequate and prolonged pain relief after caesarean section but increased the incidence of nausea and vomiting despite anti-emetic prophylaxis. Oral food intake was not hampered by intrathecal morphine.
authors.affiliation: CHU Brugmann, 4 place A.-Van Gehucten, Brussels, Belgium. tshib.annie@hotmail.com
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tshibangu-N
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Motte-Neuville
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gepts
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bailly
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hirsoux
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002585:Cesarean Section; D004435:Eating; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011182:Postoperative Care; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D009020:Morphine