title: Effectiveness of extended-duration transdermal nicotine therapy: a randomized trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tobacco dependence is a chronic, relapsing condition that may require extended treatment.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess whether extended-duration transdermal nicotine therapy increases abstinence from tobacco more than standard-duration therapy in adult smokers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Parallel randomized, placebo-controlled trial from September 2004 to February 2008. Participants and all research personnel except the database manager were blinded to randomization. (ClinicalTrials.gov registration number: NCT00364156)
  
  
  METHODS
  Academic center.
  
  
  METHODS
  568 adult smokers.
  
  
  METHODS
  In an unstratified small block-randomization scheme, participants were randomly assigned to standard therapy (Nicoderm CQ [GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina], 21 mg, for 8 weeks and placebo for 16 weeks) or extended therapy (Nicoderm CQ, 21 mg, for 24 weeks).
  
  
  METHODS
  The primary outcome was biochemically confirmed point-prevalence abstinence at weeks 24 and 52. Secondary outcomes were continuous and prolonged abstinence, lapse and recovery events, cost per additional quitter, and side effects and adherence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At week 24, extended therapy produced higher rates of point-prevalence abstinence (31.6% vs. 20.3%; odds ratio, 1.81 [95% CI, 1.23 to 2.66]; P = 0.002), prolonged abstinence (41.5% vs. 26.9%; odds ratio, 1.97 [CI, 1.38 to 2.82]; P = 0.001), and continuous abstinence (19.2% vs. 12.6%; odds ratio, 1.64 [CI, 1.04 to 2.60]; P = 0.032) versus standard therapy. Extended therapy reduced the risk for lapse (hazard ratio, 0.77 [CI, 0.63 to 0.95]; P = 0.013) and increased the chances of recovery from lapses (hazard ratio, 1.47 [CI, 1.17 to 1.84]; P = 0.001). Time to relapse was slower with extended versus standard therapy (hazard ratio, 0.50 [CI, 0.35 to 0.73]; P < 0.001). At week 52, extended therapy produced higher quit rates for prolonged abstinence only (P = 0.027). No differences in side effects and adverse events between groups were found at the extended-treatment assessment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The generalizability of the findings may be limited because participants were smokers without medical comorbid conditions who were seeking treatment, and differences in adherence across treatment groups were detected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transdermal nicotine for 24 weeks increased biochemically confirmed point-prevalence abstinence and continuous abstinence at week 24, reduced the risk for smoking lapses, and increased the likelihood of recovery to abstinence after a lapse compared with 8 weeks of transdermal nicotine therapy.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  National Institutes of Health.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, 3535 Market Street, Suite 4100, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Schnoll
authors.forename: Freda
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Patterson
authors.forename: E Paul
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Wileyto
authors.forename: Daniel F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Heitjan
authors.forename: Alexandra E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Shields
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Asch
authors.forename: Caryn
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lerman
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000328:Adult; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D012907:Smoking / Q000188:drug therapy*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D009538:Nicotine