title: Growth factors, muscle function, and doping.
abstract: This article discusses the inevitable use of growth factors for enhancing muscle strength and athletic performance. Much effort has been expended on developing a treatment of muscle wasting associated with a range of diseases and aging. Frailty in the aging population is a major socioeconomic and medical problem. Emerging molecular techniques have made it possible to gain a better understanding of the growth factor genes and how they are activated by physical activity. The ways that misuse of growth factors may be detected and verified in athletes and future challenges for detecting manipulation of signaling pathways are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University College Medical School, University of London, London, England, UK. gb.goldspink@btinternet.com
authors.forename: Geoffrey
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Goldspink
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wessner
authors.forename: Harald
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tschan
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bachl
mesh_terms: D045930:Anabolic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000818:Animals; D054874:Athletic Performance; D004300:Doping in Sports; D006133:Growth Substances / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D019382:Human Growth Hormone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D006984:Hypertrophy; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D009124:Muscle Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism; D053580:Muscle Strength / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology*; D055435:Myostatin / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D017526:Receptor, IGF Type 1 / Q000502:physiology; D013314:Stress, Mechanical
chemical_list: D045930:Anabolic Agents; D006133:Growth Substances; D009124:Muscle Proteins; D055435:Myostatin; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D019382:Human Growth Hormone; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; D017526:Receptor, IGF Type 1