title: Covalently linked immunomagnetic separation/adenosine triphosphate technique (Cov-IMS/ATP) enables rapid, in-field detection and quantification of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. in freshwater and marine environments.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Developing a rapid method for detection of faecal pollution is among the critical goals set forth by the Environmental Protection Agency in its revision of water quality criteria. The purpose of this study is to devise and test covalently linked antibody-bead complexes for faecal indicator bacteria (FIB), specifically Escherichia coli or Enterococcus spp., in measuring water quality in freshwater and marine systems.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Covalently linked complexes were 58-89% more robust than antibody-bead complexes used in previous studies. Freshwater and marine water samples analysed using covalently linked immunomagnetic separation/adenosine triphosphate quantification technique (Cov-IMS/ATP) and culture-based methods yielded good correlations for E. coli (R = 0·87) and Enterococcus spp. (R = 0·94), with method detection limits below EPA recreational water quality health standards for single standard exceedances (E. coli- 38 cells per 100 ml; Enterococcus spp. - 25 cells per 100 ml). Cov-IMS/ATP correctly classified 87% of E. coli and 94% of Enterococcus spp. samples based on these water quality standards. Cov-IMS/ATP was also used as a field method to rapidly distinguish differential loading of E. coli between two stream channels to their confluence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cov-IMS/ATP is a robust, in-field detection method for determining water quality of both fresh and marine water systems as well as differential loading of FIB from two converging channels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To our knowledge, this is the first work to present a viable rapid, in-field assay for measuring FIB concentrations in marine water environments. Cov-IMS/ATP is a potential alternative detection method, particularly in areas with limited laboratory support and resources, because of its increased economy and portability.
authors.affiliation: UCLA Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1593, USA.
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Griffith
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kaiser
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Jay
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000737:chemistry; D001493:Bathing Beaches; D016983:Enterococcus / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000382:microbiology; D018189:Immunomagnetic Separation / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012623:Seawater / Q000382:microbiology; D013997:Time Factors; D014871:Water Microbiology; D014873:Water Pollutants / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D014873:Water Pollutants; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate