title: Fish-oil supplement has neutral effects on vascular and metabolic function but improves renal function in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Increased dietary fish-oil consumption is associated with a reduced risk of coronary heart events and has pronounced effects on dyslipidaemia. However, the effects of fish-oil supplement on vascular function and metabolic profile in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) are unclear.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a double-blind placebo-controlled trial, we randomized 97 Type 2 DM patients without prior cardiovascular disease to fish-oil (4 g/day, n = 49) or olive-oil (with equivalent calories, as placebo, n = 48) supplements for 12 weeks. Assessment of vascular function with brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and circulating levels of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), and metabolic parameters, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), oxidative stress markers and renal function were examined before and after the supplement.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Despite a significant reduction in serum triglycerides (-0.47 mmol/l, P < 0.01), 12-week supplement of fish oil did not improve vascular function as determined by FMD (+0.16%, P = 0.83) and circulating EPC count (+4 cells/microl, P = 0.78). Furthermore, fish-oil supplement did not have any significant treatment effects on hsCRP, oxidative stress, low- and high-density lipoprotein and glycated haemoglobin (HbA(1c)) (all P > 0.05). In contrast, serum creatinine was lower (-4.5 micromol/l, P = 0.01) in fish-oil-treated patients as compared with control subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrated that 12 weeks of fish-oil supplement had no significant beneficial effect on vascular endothelial function, but improved renal function without changes in endothelial function, metabolic profiles, blood pressure, inflammation or oxidative stress in patients with Type 2 DM.
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: C-Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: K-H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Yiu
authors.forename: S-W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tam
authors.forename: C-P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.forename: H-F
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Tse
mesh_terms: D001916:Brachial Artery / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000187:drug effects; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D005395:Fish Oils / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007677:Kidney Function Tests; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010919:Placebos; D012077:Renal Artery / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D005395:Fish Oils; D010919:Placebos; D002097:C-Reactive Protein