title: Liquid nitrogen cryotherapy for conjunctival lymphangiectasia: a case series.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report a case series of conjunctival lymphangiectasia treated with liquid nitrogen cryotherapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 1.5-mm Brymill cryoprobe was applied in a double freeze-thaw method after an incisional biopsy of a portion of the conjunctiva in patients with conjunctival lymphangiectasia. Freeze times were 1 to 2 seconds with thawing of 5 to 10 seconds between treatments. Patients were reexamined at 1 day, 2 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, and yearly following cryotherapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five eyes of 4 patients (3 male and 1 female) with biopsy-proven conjunctival lymphangiectasia underwent liquid nitrogen cryotherapy. The average patient age was 53 years. Ocular examination revealed large lymphatic vessels that were translucent and without conjunctival injection. Subjective symptoms included epiphora, ocular irritation, eye redness, and occasional blurred vision. After treatment with liquid nitrogen cryotherapy, the patients' symptoms and signs resolved within 2 weeks. Lymphangiectasia recurred twice in one patient, at 1 and 3 years postoperatively. In another patient, lymphangiectasia recurred at 6 months. The average time to recurrence in these 3 eyes was 18 months. Average length of follow-up was 24.5 months for all subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Liquid nitrogen cryotherapy may be an effective surgical alternative in the treatment of conjunctival lymphangiectasia. Cryotherapy may need to be repeated in some instances.
authors.affiliation: Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.
authors.forename: Frederick W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Fraunfelder
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003229:Conjunctival Diseases / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D017679:Cryotherapy / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008200:Lymphangiectasis / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D012008:Recurrence; D019233:Retreatment; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D009584:Nitrogen