title: A conserved threonine residue in the juxtamembrane domain of the XA21 pattern recognition receptor is critical for kinase autophosphorylation and XA21-mediated immunity.
abstract: Despite the key role that pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) play in regulating immunity in plants and animals, the mechanism of activation of the associated non-arginine-aspartate (non-RD) kinases is unknown. The rice PRR XA21 recognizes the pathogen-associated molecular pattern, Ax21 (activator of XA21-mediated immunity). Here we show that the XA21 juxtamembrane (JM) domain is required for kinase autophosphorylation. Threonine 705 in the XA21 JM domain is essential for XA21 autophosphorylation in vitro and XA21-mediated innate immunity in vivo. The replacement of Thr(705) by an alanine or glutamic acid abolishes XA21 autophosphorylation and eliminates interactions between XA21 and four XA21-binding proteins in yeast and rice. Although threonine residues analogous to Thr(705) of XA21 are present in the JM domains of most RD and non-RD plant receptor-like kinases, this residue is not required for autophosphorylation of the Arabidopsis RD RLK BRI1 (brassinosteroid insensitive 1). The threonine 705 of XA21 is conserved only in the JM domains of plant RLKs but not in those of fly, human, or mouse suggesting distinct regulatory mechanisms. These results contribute to growing knowledge regarding the mechanism by which non-RD RLKs function in plant.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Xuewei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Mawsheng
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chern
authors.forename: Patrick E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Canlas
authors.forename: Caiying
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Deling
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ruan
authors.forename: Peijian
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: Pamela C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Ronald
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D047468:Immunoprecipitation; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D012275:Oryza / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D013912:Threonine / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020798:Two-Hybrid System Techniques
chemical_list: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D010940:Plant Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; C097148:Xa21 protein, Oryza sativa; C485184:enhanced green fluorescent protein; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D013912:Threonine; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases