title: Short period of preconditioning protects by decreasing the TNF-alpha and IL-6 values before laparoscopic surgery (a rat experiment).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Laparoscopy produces ischemia reperfusion injury mediated by inflammatory cytokines. Preconditioning is a protective maneuver in laparoscopic surgery; however, there is an argument in the literature about the length and number of the preconditioning sequence(s), thus the present study evaluates the effects of short (5 min) and long (10 min) periods of preconditioning on laparoscopy-induced inflammatory response.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-two rats were enrolled into 4 groups: control, laparoscopy, 5 min preconditioning and 10 min preconditioning groups, each containing 8 rats. Laparoscopy was performed by application of 60 min of pneumoperitoneum with 15 mmHg. The preconditioning maneuvers were performed before laparoscopy in respective groups. Following the cessation of experiment blood samples were obtained to determine the TNF-alpha and IL-6 levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Laparoscopy produced significantly increased levels of plasma TNF-alpha and IL-6 values as compared to the sham group. Five min preconditioning caused significant decrease in plasma TNF-alpha and IL-6 values compared to laparoscopy group. Although 10 min preconditioning caused partially decreased levels of TNF-alpha and IL-6 values, they were still higher than that of the 5 min preconditioning group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Preconditioning maneuvers longer than 5 min lose protective activity and begin to produce ischemia reperfusion injury. We found that 5 min of inflation followed by 5 min of deflation seems to protect against subsequent post-laparoscopic inflammatory response. Thus it is advisable not to use any preconditioning maneuvers longer than 5 min in order to avoid increasing the operation and anesthesia times.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Kocatepe University, Afyon, Turkey. drsezginyilmaz@gmail.com
authors.forename: Sezgin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yilmaz
authors.forename: Dagistan T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Arioz
authors.forename: Mustafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Altindis
authors.forename: Murat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Akaydin
authors.forename: Raike
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kalayci
authors.forename: Ahmet
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kahraman
authors.forename: Coskun
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Polat
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism*; D019194:Ischemic Preconditioning; D010535:Laparoscopy; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013997:Time Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha