title: Mortality rate is not a valid indicator of quality differences between pediatric cardiac surgical programs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In order to detect statistically relevant differences in mortality rates, it is essential to have adequate sample sizes and event rates. Our hypothesis is that case volumes and mortality rates present in pediatric cardiac surgery are too low to allow the use of mortality to differentiate between hospitals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pediatric cardiac surgical operations performed at U.S. hospitals were identified in the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) Database 2000 to 2005 (21,709 operations from 161 hospitals). Hospital annual surgical volumes and in-hospital mortality rates for Risk Adjustment for Congenital Heart Surgery, version 1 (RACHS-1) categories and select individual operations were calculated. The actual case volumes were compared with thresholds necessary to detect a doubling and a 5 percentage point increase in the mortality rate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No hospital had a sufficient annual case volume to determine a doubling of or 5 percentage point increase in mortality for any individual operation and a minority (0% to 5.6%) had sufficient volume to detect these differences for specific RACHS-1 categories. Minimum hospital case volumes needed to detect a doubling of mortality from a benchmark ranged from 11 for RACHS-1 category 5 to 2,935 for RACHS-1 category 1. Minimum case volumes necessary to detect a 5 percentage point difference in mortality between two hospitals ranged from 173 for RACHS-1 category 1 to 1,483 for RACHS-1 category 5. Five hundred twenty-five patients were needed to detect a doubling of overall hospital mortality rate compared with another hospital. Only 1.6% (n = 4) of hospitals met this minimum caseload.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pediatric cardiac surgery operations are either performed too infrequently or have mortality rates that are too low to allow valid hospital quality comparisons to be based on mortality.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239-3098, USA. welkek@ohsu.edu
authors.forename: Karl F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Welke
authors.forename: Tara
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Karamlou
authors.forename: Ross M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Ungerleider
authors.forename: Brian S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Diggs
mesh_terms: D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000401:mortality / Q000592:standards*; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D017052:Hospital Mortality / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D011379:Prognosis; D019984:Quality Indicators, Health Care; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate / Q000639:trends; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology