title: In vivo analysis of gut function and disease changes in a zebrafish larvae model of inflammatory bowel disease: a feasibility study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to develop a model of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in zebrafish larvae, together with a method for the rapid assessment of gut morphology and function in vivo thereby enabling medium-throughput compound screening.
  
  
  METHODS
  Assays were performed using larval zebrafish from 3-8 days postfertilization (d.p.f.) in 96-well plates. Gut morphology and peristalsis were observed in vivo using fluorescent imaging following ingestion of fluorescent dyes. IBD was induced by addition of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) to the medium within the well. Pathology was assessed in vivo using fluorescent imaging and postmortem by histology, immunohistochemistry, and electron microscopy. Therapeutic compounds were evaluated by coadministration with TNBS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A novel method of investigating gut architecture and peristalsis was devised using fluorescent imaging of live zebrafish larvae. Archetypal changes in gut architecture consistent with colitis were observed throughout the gut. Significant changes in goblet cell number and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) antibody staining were used to quantify disease severity and rescue. Prednisolone and 5-amino salicylic acid treatment ameliorated the disease changes. Candidate therapeutic compounds (NOS inhibitors, thalidomide, and parthenolide) were assessed and a dissociation was observed between efficacy assessed using a single biochemical measure (TNF-alpha staining) versus an assessment of the entire disease state.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gut physiology and pathology relevant to human disease state can be rapidly modeled in zebrafish larvae. The model is suitable for medium-throughput chemical screens and is amenable to genetic manipulation, hence offers a powerful novel premammalian adjunct to the study of gastrointestinal disease.
authors.affiliation: DanioLabs, Cambridge, UK. af425@cam.ac.uk
authors.forename: Angeleen
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fleming
authors.forename: Janusz
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jankowski
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Goldsmith
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D015212:Inflammatory Bowel Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D019804:Mesalamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D011239:Prednisolone / Q000494:pharmacology; D012717:Sesquiterpenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D013792:Thalidomide / Q000494:pharmacology; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D012717:Sesquiterpenes; C002669:parthenolide; D019804:Mesalamine; D013792:Thalidomide; D011239:Prednisolone