title: Evaluation of stress hormones in traumatic brain injury patients with gastrointestinal bleeding.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the local risk factors of traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients developing gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding during the early hospitalization in neurosurgery intensive care unit (NICU).
  
  
  METHODS
  From September 2005 to February 2006, 41 patients admitted to NICU and 13 healthy volunteers were involved in our study. Blood samples at 24 hours, 2-3 days and 5-7 days were obtained from each patient via arterial line at 8 a.m. to measure the concentrations of serum adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), total cortisol and gastrin. The collected serum was immersed in an ice bath and tested by the Immulite 1000 systems. Data were analyzed by SPSS 11.5.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Within 24 hours following TBI, the concentrations of total cortisol, ACTH and gastrin increased proportionally to the severity of injury, especially significant in the experimental group (P less than 0.05). The concentrations of ACTH and gastrin were higher in the GI bleeding positive group than in the GI bleeding negative group, (F equal to 1.413, P less than 0.253) for ACTH and (F equal to 9.371, P equal to 0.006) for gastrin. GI bleeding had a positive correlation with gastrin concentration (r equal to 0. 312, P less than 0.05) and a negative correlation with serum hemoglobin (Hb) (r equal to -0.420, P less than 0.01). The clinical incidence of GI bleeding was 24.39% (10/41) in the experimental group. Within 24 hours, GI bleeding had a strong correlation with gastrin concentration (OR equal to 26.643, P less than 0.05) and hematocrit (Hct) (OR equal to 5.385, P less than 0.05). High ACTH concentration ( larger than 100 pg/ml) increased the frequency of GI bleeding. For patients with severe TBI and treated with routine antacids, the incidence of GI bleeding was 40.91% (9/22) and the mortality rate was 20% (2/10).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low Glasgow coma scale scores, low Hb, high concentrations of gastrin and ACTH (larger than 100 pg/ml) are risk factors and can be predictive values for post-traumatic GI bleeding. Severe TBI patients have high risks of GI bleeding with high mortality.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, China.
authors.forename: Biteghe-Bi-Nzeng
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Alain-Pascal
authors.forename: Hui-jie
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Jian-ning
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone / Q000097:blood*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D005755:Gastrins / Q000097:blood*; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D005755:Gastrins; D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone