title: Error analysis for determination of accuracy of an ultrasound navigation system for head and neck surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The use of conventional CT- or MRI-based navigation systems for head and neck surgery is unsatisfactory due to tissue shift. Moreover, changes occurring during surgical procedures cannot be visualized. To overcome these drawbacks, we developed a novel ultrasound-guided navigation system for head and neck surgery. A comprehensive error analysis was undertaken to determine the accuracy of this new system.
  
  
  METHODS
  The evaluation of the system accuracy was essentially based on the method of error definition for well-established fiducial marker registration methods (point-pair matching) as used in, for example, CT- or MRI-based navigation. This method was modified in accordance with the specific requirements of ultrasound-guided navigation. The Fiducial Localization Error (FLE), Fiducial Registration Error (FRE) and Target Registration Error (TRE) were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In our navigation system, the real error (the TRE actually measured) did not exceed a volume of 1.58 mm(3) with a probability of 0.9. A mean value of 0.8 mm (standard deviation: 0.25 mm) was found for the FRE. The quality of the coordinate tracking system (Polaris localizer) could be defined with an FLE of 0.4 +/- 0.11 mm (mean +/- standard deviation). The quality of the coordinates of the crosshairs of the phantom was determined with a deviation of 0.5 mm (standard deviation: 0.07 mm).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results demonstrate that our newly developed ultrasound-guided navigation system shows only very small system deviations and therefore provides very accurate data for practical applications.
authors.affiliation: Aesculap AG, Tuttlingen, Germany. josef.kozak@aesculap.de
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kozak
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Krysztoforski
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kroll
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Helbig
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Helbig
mesh_terms: D006257:Head / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009333:Neck / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D013517:Otorhinolaryngologic Surgical Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards