title: Characterization of plant-derived saponin natural products against Candida albicans.
abstract: Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen capable of life-threatening disseminated infections particularly in immunocompromised patients. Resistance to many clinically used antifungal agents has created a need to identify and develop a new generation of compounds for therapeutic use. A compound screen to identify potential antifungal natural products was undertaken, identifying 12 saponins, some of which have not been previously described. In the Caenorhabditis elegans model, some saponins conferred nematode survival comparable to that of amphotericin B. Of the 12 antifungal saponins identified, two were selected for further analysis. C. albicans isolates were inhibited by these compounds at relatively low concentrations (16 and 32 microg mL(-1)) including isolates resistant to clinically used antifungal agents. C. albicans hyphae and biofilm formation were also disrupted in the presence of these natural products, and studies demonstrate that fungal cells in the presence of saponins are more susceptible to salt-induced osmotic stress. Although saponins are known for their hemolytic activity, no hemolysis of erythrocytes was observed at three times the minimal inhibitory concentration for C. albicans, suggesting the saponins may have a preference for binding to fungal ergosterol when compared to cholesterol. Importantly, when used in combination with photosensitizer compounds, the fungus displayed increased susceptibility to photodynamic inactivation due to the ability of the saponins to increase cell permeability, thereby facilitating penetration of the photosensitizers. The large proportion of compounds identified as antifungal agents containing saponin structural features suggests it may be a suitable chemical scaffold for a new generation of antifungal compounds.
authors.affiliation: Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA.
authors.forename: Jeffrey J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Coleman
authors.forename: Ikechukwu
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Okoli
authors.forename: George P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Tegos
authors.forename: Edward B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Holson
authors.forename: Florence F
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Hamblin
authors.forename: Eleftherios
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mylonakis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000187:drug effects*; D002177:Candidiasis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000187:drug effects; D015725:Fluconazole / Q000494:pharmacology; D006461:Hemolysis / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D009997:Osmotic Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D010777:Photochemistry; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012503:Saponins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012756:Sheep
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012503:Saponins; D015725:Fluconazole