title: Effect of adjustable passive constraint on the failing left ventricle: a finite-element model study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Passive constraint is used to prevent left ventricular dilation and subsequent remodeling. However, there has been concern about the effect of passive constraint on diastolic left ventricular chamber stiffness and pump function. This study determined the relationship between constraint, diastolic wall stress, chamber stiffness, and pump function. We tested the hypothesis that passive constraint at 3 mm Hg reduces wall stress with minimal change in pump function.
  
  
  METHODS
  A three-dimensional finite-element model of the globally dilated left ventricle based on left ventricular dimensions obtained in dogs that had undergone serial intracoronary microsphere injection was created. The model was adjusted to match experimentally observed end-diastolic left ventricular volume and midventricular wall thickness. The experimental results used to create the model were previously reported. A pressure of 3, 5, 7, and 9 mm Hg was applied to the epicardium. Fiber stress, end-diastolic pressure-volume relationship, end-systolic pressure-volume relationship, and the stroke volume-end-diastolic pressure (Starling) relationship were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As epicardial constraint pressure increased, fiber stress decreased, the end-diastolic pressure-volume relationship shifted to the left, and the Starling relationship shifted down and to the right. The end-systolic pressure-volume relationship did not change. A constraining pressure of 2.3 mm Hg was associated with a 10% reduction in stroke volume, and mean end-diastolic fiber stress was reduced by 18.3% (inner wall), 15.3% (mid wall), and 14.2% (outer wall).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both stress and cardiac output decrease in a linear fashion as the amount of passive constraint is increased. If the reduction in cardiac output is to be less than 10%, passive constraint should not exceed 2.3 mm Hg. On the other hand, this amount of constraint may be sufficient to reverse eccentric hypertrophy after myocardial infarction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
authors.forename: Choon-Sik
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Jhun
authors.forename: Jonathan F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Wenk
authors.forename: Zhihong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Samuel T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Wall
authors.forename: Kay
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Hani N
authors.initials: HN
authors.lastname: Sabbah
authors.forename: Mark B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Ratcliffe
authors.forename: Julius M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Guccione
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002311:Cardiomyopathy, Dilated / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004285:Dogs; D004867:Equipment Design; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006353:Heart-Assist Devices; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D017725:Ventricular Pressure / Q000502:physiology