title: Review article: percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy in infants and children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) placement is widely accepted in children needing long-term gastrostomy feeding and clinical experience has been accumulated using PEG in children for nearly three decades.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To discuss the current knowledge about clinical application of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy in children as well as associated complications and special aspects.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed literature on PEG, primarily in children, with a focus on complications, gastro-oesophageal reflux, potential benefits and parental perceptions. In addition to reviewing scientific literature, we considered clinical experience and judgment in developing recommendations for special aspects concerning PEG in children.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Since its introduction in 1980, the use of PEG in paediatric patients has become widely accepted. With expanded experience, the number of medical conditions for which PEG is indicated, as well as the use of new techniques has increased. Published reports have helped improve expertise in dealing with associated complications; however, several key issues remain unresolved such as the implications of gastro-oesophageal reflux associated with PEG placement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy insertion for enteral nutrition in children and adolescents is an efficient and safe technique, even in small children, and is associated with a tolerable complication rate.
authors.affiliation: Gastroenterology Unit, Children's Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fröhlich
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Richter
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Carbon
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Barth
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Köhler
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D000075202:Contraindications; D016099:Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D004750:Enteral Nutrition / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D005774:Gastrostomy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007430:Intraoperative Care / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D011182:Postoperative Care / Q000379:methods; D016896:Treatment Outcome