title: Effects of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics on messenger RNA expression of caveolin-1, NOS, and genes regulating oxidative stress in the terminal ileum of formula-fed neonatal rats.
abstract: Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) afflicts extremely low birth weight neonates, and probiotics reduces its incidence and severity. NO is involved in the pathogenesis of NEC, and caveolin-1 regulates NO signaling. We tested the hypothesis that intestinal caveolin-1 and NOS are deficient in formula-fed neonatal rats and that supplementation with "Florastar Kids" and/or galacto-oligosaccharides and fructo-oligosaccharides preserves caveolin-1 and NOS. At birth (P0), neonatal rat pups were maternally fed or hand-gavaged with or without supplemented formula. Samples from the terminal ileum were analyzed for total NO metabolites, growth factors, and gene expression of caveolin-1, NOS isoforms, and antioxidants. Our data showed that formula feeding with and without supplementation resulted in significant growth restriction. Despite suboptimal nutrition, growth factors involved in intestinal repair and regeneration were increased in the neonatal rat ileum. Caveolin-1, endothelial NOS, and neuronal NOS were simultaneously down-regulated with formula feeding while inducible NOS was up-regulated. Superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase were up-regulated with supplementation. These data provide a probable mechanism for the benefits of supplemented formula for decreasing the severity of NEC by preserving the antioxidant systems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York 11203, USA. ad'souza@downstate.edu
authors.forename: Antoni
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: D'Souza
authors.forename: Lawrence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fordjour
authors.forename: Asma
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.forename: Dharmendra
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Gloria
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Valencia
authors.forename: Jacob V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Aranda
authors.forename: Kay D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Beharry
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D049628:Body Size; D051242:Caveolin 1 / Q000235:genetics*; D020345:Enterocolitis, Necrotizing / Q000201:enzymology / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007082:Ileum / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000254:growth & development / Q000473:pathology; D041943:Infant Formula; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000378:metabolism; D007335:Insulin-Like Growth Factor II / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000235:genetics*; D052248:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000235:genetics; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III / Q000235:genetics; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D056692:Prebiotics; D019936:Probiotics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; C495537:Cav1 protein, rat; D051242:Caveolin 1; D056692:Prebiotics; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; D007335:Insulin-Like Growth Factor II; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052248:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; C496322:Nos1 protein, rat; C496318:Nos2 protein, rat; C496316:Nos3 protein, rat; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase