title: Cognitive-behavioral therapy to promote smoking cessation among African American smokers: a randomized clinical trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The health consequences of tobacco smoking disproportionately affect African Americans, but research on whether efficacious interventions can be generalized to this population is limited. This study examined the efficacy of group-based cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for smoking cessation among African Americans.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants (N = 154; 65% female, M = 44 years old, mean cigarettes/day = 13) were randomly assigned to either (a) group CBT or (b) group general health education (GHE). Participants in both conditions received 6 sessions of counseling and 8 weeks of transdermal nicotine patches. The primary outcome variable was 7-day point prevalence abstinence (ppa), assessed at the end of counseling (2 weeks) and at 3- and 6-month follow-ups. Secondary outcomes included 24-hr ppa and 28-day continuous abstinence (assessed at 3 and 6 months).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intent-to-treat analyses demonstrated the hypothesized effects, such that 7-day ppa was significantly greater in the CBT than the GHE condition at the end of counseling (51% vs. 27%), at 3 months (34% vs. 20%), and at 6 months (31% vs. 14%). Results of a generalized linear mixed model demonstrated a significant effect of CBT versus GHE on 7-day ppa (odds ratio = 2.57, 95% CI [1.40, 4.71] and also an effect of time (p < .002). The Condition x Time interaction was not significant. Similar patterns of results emerged for 24-hour ppa and 28-day continuous abstinence. Results from per protocol analyses (i.e., participants who completed all aspects of the study) corroborate the intent-to-treat findings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate that intensive, group CBT smoking cessation interventions are efficacious among African American smokers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology.
authors.forename: Monica S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Webb
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology.
authors.forename: Denise Rodríguez
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: de Ybarra
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology.
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health.
authors.forename: Isildinha M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Reis
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology.
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Carey
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D000368:Aged; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006266:Health Education; D006801:Humans; D057194:Intention to Treat Analysis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009538:Nicotine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011615:Psychotherapy, Group / Q000379:methods; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000208:ethnology / Q000379:methods*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000208:ethnology / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D009538:Nicotine