title: Metabolism of the Neonicotinoid insecticides acetamiprid and thiacloprid by the yeast Rhodotorula mucilaginosa strain IM-2.
abstract: A yeast identified as Rhodotorula mucilaginosa strain IM-2 was able to degrade acetamiprid (AAP) and thiacloprid (THI) in sucrose mineral salt medium with half-lives of 3.7 and 14.8 days, respectively, while it did not degrade imidacloprid and imidaclothiz. Identification of metabolites indicated that R. mucilaginosa IM-2 selectively converted AAP and THI by hydrolysis of AAP to form an intermediate metabolite IM 1-3 and hydrolysis of THI to form an amide derivative, respectively. Metabolite IM 1-3 had no insecticidal activity, while the THI amide showed considerable insecticidal activity but was 15.6 and 38.6 times lower than the parent THI following oral ingestion and a contact test against the horsebean aphid Aphis craccivora , respectively. The inoculated R. mucilaginosa IM-2 displayed biodegradability of AAP and THI in clay soils.
authors.affiliation: Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yi-Jun
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.forename: Wei-Wei
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.forename: Ting
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Wen-Jian
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Zhong-Hua
authors.initials: ZH
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ge
authors.forename: Sheng
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yuan
mesh_terms: D002455:Cell Division; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D006868:Hydrolysis; D007306:Insecticides / Q000378:metabolism*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D011725:Pyridines / Q000378:metabolism*; D012248:Rhodotorula / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D012987:Soil; D013843:Thiazines / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D011725:Pyridines; D012987:Soil; D013843:Thiazines; C464485:acetamiprid; C417209:thiacloprid