title: An exploration of the influences on clinical decision making and the culture of blood transfusion practise in cancer-related anaemia using an ethnographic methodology.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study seeks to explore the cultural practises, which shape the culture of transfusion, and to identify the key elements, which influence clinical decision making in blood transfusion in haemato-oncology and lung cancer patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  The assessment and decision making processes for blood transfusion were explored using fieldwork observation, six patient and nine clinician interviews based on ethnographic methodology. Data were analysed using thematic analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  First, the findings suggested that despite anaemia and transfusion being ubiquitous in this cancer setting, it sits low in the hierarchy of clinical concerns (The unimportance of anaemia). Second, there is a great deal of uncertainty surrounding the diagnosis and management of this clinical problem; but this uncertainty was acknowledged by both patients and clinicians (Acknowledging uncertainty). Third, clinicians and to some extent patients, are socialised into the practise of the sub-discipline (Socialisation in practise). Fourth, the haemoglobin level was used as a distinct fragment of information on which to assess for the presence of anaemia and base the decision to treat with blood transfusion (Disaggregation of the body).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The management of anaemia is not a priority in this setting; however, by understanding the complexity of factors for variation in practise in the clinical context, new models for learning transfusion skills can be developed. Furthermore, different collaborative groups could be organised to develop optimal transfusion practises, for example to include nurse-prescribing of blood components or by developing patient-centred decision making systems.
authors.affiliation: Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Guy's Hospital, New Maze Pond, St Thomas' St, London SE1 9RT, UK. Liz.bishop@rmh.nhs.uk
authors.forename: Liz
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bishop
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Faithfull
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Allan
mesh_terms: D000740:Anemia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D000884:Anthropology, Cultural; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D001803:Blood Transfusion / Q000379:methods*; D003657:Decision Making; D005260:Female; D019337:Hematologic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D006113:United Kingdom