title: Exploring the potential of Nelumbo nucifera rhizome on membrane stabilization, mast cell protection, nitric oxide synthesis, and expression of costimulatory molecules.
abstract: Immunomodulatory activity of Nelumbo nucifera rhizome was evaluated for its standardized extract (NNRE) with respect to betulinic acid. Various key parameters including erythrocyte membrane stabilization, inhibition of histamine release, reduction in nitric oxide production and depletion of expression of costimulatory molecules of macrophages were estimated. The result displayed that NNRE stabilized erythrocyte membrane significantly at 10 (42.05%) and 100 microg/mL (44.31%). Although considering the protection of mast cells from degranulation, NNRE showed 38.66% (100 microg/mL) and 69.66% (10 microg/mL) degranulation against compound 48/80 (C 48/80). NNRE at 1 and 5 microg/mL inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced activation of macrophages by decreasing the expression of costimulatory molecules. Expression of CD40, CD80, and CD86 by NNRE was seen significantly at 5 microg/mL compared to LPS-treated group. The extracts also inhibited the nitrite concentration at 1 and 5 microg/mL compared to LPS-treated group.
authors.affiliation: School of Natural Product Studies, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
authors.forename: Debajyoti
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mukherjee
authors.forename: Amlan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Biswas
authors.forename: Santanu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bhadra
authors.forename: Venkatesh
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pichairajan
authors.forename: Tapas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Biswas
authors.forename: Bishnu Pada
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Saha
authors.forename: Pulok K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Mukherjee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018122:B7-1 Antigen / Q000032:analysis; D051940:B7-2 Antigen / Q000032:analysis; D019013:CD40 Antigens / Q000032:analysis; D015550:Cell Degranulation / Q000187:drug effects; D019610:Cytoprotection; D004910:Erythrocyte Membrane / Q000187:drug effects*; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000187:drug effects; D006632:Histamine / Q000032:analysis; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D008407:Mast Cells / Q000187:drug effects*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D031653:Nelumbo; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D009573:Nitrites / Q000032:analysis; D053978:Pentacyclic Triterpenes; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D027343:Rhizome; D014315:Triterpenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D000094062:Betulinic Acid
chemical_list: D018122:B7-1 Antigen; D051940:B7-2 Antigen; D019013:CD40 Antigens; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D009573:Nitrites; D053978:Pentacyclic Triterpenes; D010936:Plant Extracts; D014315:Triterpenes; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D006632:Histamine; D000094062:Betulinic Acid