title: Dietary, lifestyle, and clinical predictors of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 activity in individuals without coronary artery disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Elevated lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A(2) (Lp-PLA(2)) may be positively associated with risk of coronary artery disease, yet little is known about potentially modifiable factors related to Lp-PLA(2).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to determine dietary, lifestyle, and clinical measures associated with Lp-PLA(2) activity.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured Lp-PLA(2) activity in 853 female participants of the Nurses' Health Study and 878 male participants of the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study who were free of cancer and cardiovascular disease. Multivariable linear regression models were used to assess the relation between potentially modifiable factors and Lp-PLA(2).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The replacement of 5% of energy from carbohydrates with energy from protein was associated with 2.2 nmol . min(-1) . mL(-1) lower levels of Lp-PLA(2) (95% CI: -3.1, -0.4) activity, and every 15-g/d increase in alcohol consumption was associated with 4.4 nmol . min(-1) . mL(-1) lower levels of Lp-PLA(2) activity (95% CI: -6.4, -2.4). Smoking (beta = 10.2; 95% CI: 4.8, 15.5), being overweight (beta = 7.5; 95% CI: 3.6, 11.3), aspirin use (beta = 6.0; 95% CI: 2.1, 10.0), hypercholesterolemia (beta = 15.0; 95% CI: 11.3, 18.8), and age (beta = 2.5; 95% CI: 1.34, 3.74) were associated with elevated Lp-PLA(2) activity, whereas postmenopausal hormone use (beta = -15.8; 95% CI: -19.4, -12.1) and cholesterol medication use (beta = -9.6; 95% CI: -18.2, -1.1) were inversely associated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found that not smoking, use of postmenopausal hormones, having a body mass index (in kg/m(2)) < or =25, increased alcohol consumption, and increased protein consumption all represent potential modifiable factors that may favorably influence Lp-PLA(2) activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston MA, USA.
authors.forename: Ida J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Hatoum
authors.forename: Jeanenne J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: Nancy R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: Frank B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Eric B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Rimm
mesh_terms: D043203:1-Alkyl-2-acetylglycerophosphocholine Esterase / Q000097:blood*; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001241:Aspirin / Q000009:adverse effects; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D004032:Diet; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002149:Energy Intake; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D008019:Life Style; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D050177:Overweight / Q000150:complications; D012016:Reference Values; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking
chemical_list: D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D043203:1-Alkyl-2-acetylglycerophosphocholine Esterase; D001241:Aspirin