title: Fish fatty acids alter markers of apoptosis in colorectal adenoma and adenocarcinoma cell lines but fish consumption has no impact on apoptosis-induction ex vivo.
abstract: Previous studies suggest that the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) eicosapenteinoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), constituents of fish oil, exert chemopreventive activity in colon cancer. One of the mechanisms involved is the facilitation of apoptosis. While a pro-apoptotic potential of n-3 PUFAs has been suggested, it is still unclear whether additional consumption of fish will also lead to comparable results. The aim of this study was to assess EPA- and DHA-mediated effects on endpoints of apoptosis and to use a novel biomarker-approach to measure modulation of apoptosis by consumption of fish. LT97 human colon adenoma and HT29 human colon adenocarcinoma cells were used to investigate modulation of apoptosis by EPA, DHA or linoleic acid (LA) using a set of endpoints, namely phosphatidylserine staining with Annexin-V (flow cytometry), Bcl-2 expression (Real-time RT-PCR), and Bid, caspase 3, 8 and 9 expression as well as PARP cleavage (Western Blot). Furthermore, faecal water (FW) of volunteers (n = 89) from a human trial intervening with fish was used to investigate changes in apoptosis by flow cytometry. DHA was more effective at inducing apoptosis than EPA. LT97 cells were more prone to DHA and EPA induced apoptosis than HT29 cells. Treatment of LT97 cells with FW from volunteers consuming fish did not result in any changes in apoptosis. Taken together, our results show that adenoma cells are highly susceptible to n-3 PUFA-induced apoptosis. By using a biomarker-approach (FW) to measure apoptosis-induction ex vivo no change in apoptosis after additional fish consumption was detectable.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Toxicology, Institute for Nutrition, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany. nina.habermann@gmail.com
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Habermann
authors.forename: Adrienne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schön
authors.forename: Elizabeth K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Lund
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Glei
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D051023:BH3 Interacting Domain Death Agonist Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism*; D061945:Caspase Inhibitors; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D004041:Dietary Fats; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D005395:Fish Oils / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D005396:Fish Products; D005399:Fishes; D019073:HT29 Cells / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D051023:BH3 Interacting Domain Death Agonist Protein; D015415:Biomarkers; D061945:Caspase Inhibitors; D004041:Dietary Fats; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D005395:Fish Oils; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases; D020169:Caspases