title: Efficacy and safety of ticagrelor: a reversible P2Y12 receptor antagonist.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To summarize the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of ticagrelor, a selective P2Y12 receptor antagonist, and evaluate its role in the treatment of patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS).
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature search was conducted in MEDLINE (1966-November 2009), International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970-November 2009), and EMBASE (1990-November 2009) using the MeSH terms and key words AZD6140, ticagrelor, P2Y12 receptor antagonist, cardiovascular disease, ACS, atherothrombosis, and platelets.
  
  
  METHODS
  Selected studies evaluated the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety, and efficacy of ticagrelor for the treatment of ACS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ticagrelor selectively and reversibly blocks the P2Y12 receptor, inhibiting platelet aggregation and preventing amplification of platelet activation. Optimal dosing strategy as determined by ticagrelor's pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile is a loading dose of 180 mg followed by 90 mg by mouth twice daily. At these doses, greater platelet inhibition is observed with ticagrelor as compared to clopidogrel 75 mg once daily in both clopidogrel-experienced and -naïve patients. Studies in patients experiencing ACS concluded that ticagrelor reduced the rate of cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, stent thrombosis, and overall mortality compared to clopidogrel without increasing major bleeding when administered with standard therapy for ACS. There was no significant difference in the risk of stroke with ticagrelor compared to clopidogrel; however, intracranial bleeding was more common with ticagrelor. Ticagrelor is well tolerated; however, minor bleeding, dyspnea, hypotension, nausea, and ventricular pauses were reported more frequently than with clopidogrel. Reversible inhibition with ticagrelor may allow for more rapid surgical intervention after discontinuation, suggesting greater flexibility in treatment of ACS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ticagrelor's improved pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile builds upon the limitations of currently available P2Y12 receptor antagonists. Ticagrelor represents a promising approach for the prevention of cardiovascular events in patients with ACS.
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Section, Department of Veterans Affairs, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA.
authors.forename: Shawn D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Niren K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Juwon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yim
authors.forename: Benjamin J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Epstein
mesh_terms: D054058:Acute Coronary Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D000241:Adenosine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D000077144:Clopidogrel; D006801:Humans; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D058919:Purinergic P2 Receptor Antagonists; D058925:Receptors, Purinergic P2Y12; D000077486:Ticagrelor; D013988:Ticlopidine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: C548576:P2RY12 protein, human; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D058919:Purinergic P2 Receptor Antagonists; D058925:Receptors, Purinergic P2Y12; D000077144:Clopidogrel; D000077486:Ticagrelor; D000241:Adenosine; D013988:Ticlopidine