title: Intravesical injections of botulinum toxin type A for management of neuropathic bladder: a comparison of two methods.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate and compare the efficacy of botulinum toxin intravesical injections with and without injections in external urethral sphincter in treating bladder hyper-reflexia in children suffering from myelomeningocele.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 60 patients with bladder hyper-reflexia due to myelomeningocele were randomly allocated to treatment groups A and B and were followed up for 6 months. Under cystoscopic guidance, 10 IU/kg of botulinum toxin A was injected into the detrusor muscle, sparing the trigone and ureteral orifices in group A. Group B received 8 IU/kg of toxin via the same method compared with group A and 2 IU/kg of toxin through 4 injections in external urethral sphincter. Conventional urodynamics, daily incontinence score, constipation, and creatinine level were evaluated at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months after intervention. Vesicoureteral reflux was also assessed before and after 3 months of injections.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All patients showed significant improvement in bladder capacity (P <.01), maximal detrusor pressure (P <.01), and detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia (P <.01) after 3 and 6 months of receiving injections. Significant improvement in postvoiding residual volume was observed only among patients of group B (P <.05). Both methods resulted in a significant reduction in daily incontinence grade, constipation, and vesicoureteral reflux (P <.05), but comparison between the study groups showed better outcomes for group B in relation to incontinency, constipation, vesicoureteral reflux, and creatinine level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Botulinum toxin type A injections in both sphincter and detrusor seems to have extra benefits such as decreasing postvoiding residual volume and more symptom diminution compared with intradetrusal injections alone.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Urology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Saeed
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Safari
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jamali
authors.forename: Peiman
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Habibollahi
authors.forename: Hamid
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Arshadi
authors.forename: Farideh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nejat
authors.forename: Abdol-Mohammad
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kajbafzadeh
mesh_terms: D000283:Administration, Intravesical; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002648:Child; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008591:Meningomyelocele / Q000150:complications; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D001750:Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D009465:Neuromuscular Agents; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A