title: Effect of the degree of osteoporosis on the biomechanical anchoring strength of the sacral pedicle screws: an in vitro comparison between unaugmented bicortical screws and polymethylmethacrylate augmented unicortical screws.
abstract: METHODS
  An in vitro laboratory study.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  (i) To evaluate the effect of osteoporotic degree in determining the strength of sacral screw fixation and (ii) to compare the strength of unaugmented bicortical pedicle screw and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) augmented unicortical pedicle screw in sacral fixation.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Screw loosening is a clinical problem in lumbosacral fusions, especially in osteoporotic patients. To improve the screw anchoring strength of sacrum, bicortical and PMMA augmented sacral pedicle screw fixation techniques are widely used in clinical practice. However, the biomechanical strength of the bicortical and PMMA augmented sacral screw fixations remains undetermined in different degrees of osteoporosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-five fresh osteoporotic cadavers were used in this study. According to the value of lumbar bone mineral density (BMD) assessed by DEXA, specimens were divided into 3 groups: group A (N=9): BMD=0.7 to 0.8 g/cm, group B (N=8): BMD=0.6 to 0.7 g/cm, and group C (N=8): BMD<0.6 g/cm. In each specimen, S1 pedicle screw was inserted bicortically on the left side, and S1 pedicle screw with PMMA augmentation was inserted unicortically on the right side of the sacrum. Following a dynamic cyclic loading from 30 to 250 N on the screw head for 2000 cycles, the subsidence displacement and axial pull-out strength of each screw were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No anchoring failure (defined as the subsidence displacement exceeding 2 mm within 2000 loading cycles) occurred in group A and B. However, in group C, 6 cases (75%) in bicortical fixation and 5 cases (63%) in PMMA augmented fixation failed during cyclic loading. In group A, no significant difference between the bicortical and PMMA augmented fixations was detected in terms of the subsidence and maximal pull-out strength. In group B, significantly less subsidence and higher maximal pull-out strength were demonstrated in the PMMA augmented technique than that in the bicortical fixation. Both techniques exhibited lower subsidence of the screw in group A than in group B. The bicortical technique exhibited higher maximum pull-out strength in group A than that in group B. However, statistical difference in terms of PMMA augmentation was not detected between group A and B.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For BMD value more than 0.70 g/cm, bicortical sacral pedicle screw fixation could obtain sufficient anchoring strength comparable with the PMMA augmented technique. When BMD value is within 0.6 to 0.7 g/cm, the PMMA augmented technique would be more beneficial in improving the fixation strength than the bicortical fixation. For BMD values less than 0.6 g/cm, early screw loosening may occur in both bicortical and PMMA augmented fixations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Xin-Ming
authors.initials: XM
authors.lastname: Zhuang
authors.forename: Bin-Sheng
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Zhao-Min
authors.initials: ZM
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Jia-Fang
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: William W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Lu
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001843:Bone Cements / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015519:Bone Density; D001863:Bone Screws; D002102:Cadaver; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D008422:Materials Testing; D008875:Middle Aged; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D019904:Polymethyl Methacrylate / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D011475:Prosthesis Failure; D012447:Sacrum / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016103:Spinal Fractures / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical
chemical_list: D001843:Bone Cements; D019904:Polymethyl Methacrylate