title: Mechanism and specificity of a symmetrical benzimidazolephenylcarboxamide helicase inhibitor.
abstract: This study examines the effects of 1-N,4-N-bis[4-(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)phenyl]benzene-1,4-dicarboxamide ((BIP)(2)B) on the NS3 helicase encoded by the hepatitis C virus (HCV). Molecular beacon-based helicase assays were used to show that (BIP)(2)B inhibits the ability of HCV helicase to separate a variety of RNA and DNA duplexes with half-maximal inhibitory concentrations ranging from 0.7 to 5 microM, depending on the nature of the substrate. In single turnover assays, (BIP)(2)B only inhibited unwinding reactions when it was preincubated with the helicase-nucleic acid complex. (BIP)(2)B quenched NS3 intrinsic protein fluorescence with an apparent dissociation constant of 5 microM, and in the presence of (BIP)(2)B, HCV helicase did not appear to interact with a fluorescent DNA oligonucleotide. In assays monitoring HCV helicase-catalyzed ATP hydrolysis, (BIP)(2)B only inhibited helicase-catalyzed ATP hydrolysis in the presence of intermediate concentrations of RNA, suggesting RNA and (BIP)(2)B compete for the same binding site. HCV helicases isolated from various HCV genotypes were similarly sensitive to (BIP)(2)B, with half-maximal inhibitory concentrations ranging from 0.7 to 2.4 microM. (BIP)(2)B also inhibited ATP hydrolysis catalyzed by related helicases from Dengue virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, and humans. (BIP)(2)B appeared to bind the HCV and human proteins with similar affinity (K(i) = 7 and 8 microM, respectively), but it bound the flavivirus proteins up to 270 times more tightly. Results are discussed in light of a molecular model of a (BIP)(2)B-HCV helicase complex, which is unable to bind nucleic acid, thus preventing the enzyme from separating double-stranded nucleic acid.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York 10595, USA.
authors.forename: Craig A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Belon
authors.forename: Yoji D
authors.initials: YD
authors.lastname: High
authors.forename: Tse-I
authors.initials: TI
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Frederik
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pauwels
authors.forename: David N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Frick
mesh_terms: D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D001483:Base Sequence; D001562:Benzimidazoles / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D002384:Catalysis; D016174:Hepacivirus / Q000201:enzymology*; D006801:Humans; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D020365:RNA Helicases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D013379:Substrate Specificity; D017361:Viral Nonstructural Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D012697:Serine Endopeptidases; D043583:Nucleoside-Triphosphatase; D053487:DEAD-box RNA Helicases; D000085242:Viral Proteases
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D001562:Benzimidazoles; D020365:RNA Helicases; D017361:Viral Nonstructural Proteins; C548685:1-N,4-N-bis(4-(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)phenyl)benzene-1,4-dicarboxamide; C084422:NS3 protein, hepatitis C virus; D012697:Serine Endopeptidases; D043583:Nucleoside-Triphosphatase; D053487:DEAD-box RNA Helicases; D000085242:Viral Proteases