title: Genome wide association for addiction: replicated results and comparisons of two analytic approaches.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vulnerabilities to dependence on addictive substances are substantially heritable complex disorders whose underlying genetic architecture is likely to be polygenic, with modest contributions from variants in many individual genes. "Nontemplate" genome wide association (GWA) approaches can identity groups of chromosomal regions and genes that, taken together, are much more likely to contain allelic variants that alter vulnerability to substance dependence than expected by chance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We report pooled "nontemplate" genome-wide association studies of two independent samples of substance dependent vs control research volunteers (n = 1620), one European-American and the other African-American using 1 million SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) Affymetrix genotyping arrays. We assess convergence between results from these two samples using two related methods that seek clustering of nominally-positive results and assess significance levels with Monte Carlo and permutation approaches. Both "converge then cluster" and "cluster then converge" analyses document convergence between the results obtained from these two independent datasets in ways that are virtually never found by chance. The genes identified in this fashion are also identified by individually-genotyped dbGAP data that compare allele frequencies in cocaine dependent vs control individuals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These overlapping results identify small chromosomal regions that are also identified by genome wide data from studies of other relevant samples to extents much greater than chance. These chromosomal regions contain more genes related to "cell adhesion" processes than expected by chance. They also contain a number of genes that encode potential targets for anti-addiction pharmacotherapeutics. "Nontemplate" GWA approaches that seek chromosomal regions in which nominally-positive associations are found in multiple independent samples are likely to complement classical, "template" GWA approaches in which "genome wide" levels of significance are sought for SNP data from single case vs control comparisons.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Neurobiology Branch, National Institutes of Health Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America.
authors.forename: Tomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Drgon
authors.forename: Ping-Wu
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Donna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Walther
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hess
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nino
authors.forename: George R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Uhl
mesh_terms: D016000:Cluster Analysis; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000235:genetics*; D005787:Gene Frequency; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study; D006801:Humans; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide