Determinants of general practitioners' wages in England.
We analyse the determinants of annual net income and wages (net income/hours) of general practitioners (GPs) using data for 2271 GPs in England recorded during Autumn 2008. The average GP had an annual net income of £97,500 and worked 43 h per week. The mean wage was £51 per h. Net income and wages depended on gender, experience, list size, partnership size, whether or not the GP worked in a dispensing practice, whether they were salaried of self-employed, whether they worked in a practice with a nationally or locally negotiated contract, and the characteristics of the local population (proportion from ethnic minorities, rurality, and income deprivation). The findings have implications for pay discrimination by GP gender and ethnicity, GP preferences for partnership size, incentives for competition for patients, and compensating differentials for local population characteristics. They also shed light on the attractiveness to GPs in England of locally negotiated (personal medical services) versus nationally negotiated (general medical services) contracts.
Morris
Stephen
S
UCLH/UCL Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Division of Research Strategy, UCL Research Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK. steve.morris@ucl.ac.uk
Goudie
Rosalind
R
Sutton
Matt
M
Gravelle
Hugh
H
Elliott
Robert
R
Hole
Arne Risa
AR
Ma
Ada
A
Sibbald
Bonnie
B
Skåtun
Diane
D
D003284:Contract Services / Q000191:economics; D004739:England; D005260:Female; D058005:General Practitioners / Q000191:economics*; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010317:Partnership Practice / Q000191:economics; D011907:Rate Setting and Review / Q000379:methods*; D012456:Salaries and Fringe Benefits / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012737:Sex Factors; D013222:State Medicine / Q000191:economics*