title: Workplace secondhand smoke exposure in the U.S. trucking industry.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although the smoking rate in the United States is declining because of an increase of smoke-free laws, among blue-collar workers it remains higher than that among many other occupational groups.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated the factors influencing workplace secondhand smoke (SHS) exposures in the U.S. unionized trucking industry.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 2003 through 2005, we measured workplace SHS exposure among 203 nonsmoking and 61 smoking workers in 25 trucking terminals. Workers in several job groups wore personal vapor-phase nicotine samplers on their lapels for two consecutive work shifts and completed a workplace SHS exposure questionnaire at the end of the personal sampling.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median nicotine level was 0.87 microg/m3 for nonsmokers and 5.96 microg/m3 for smokers. As expected, smokers experienced higher SHS exposure duration and intensity than did nonsmokers. For nonsmokers, multiple regression analyses indicated that self-reported exposure duration combined with intensity, lack of a smoking policy as reported by workers, having a nondriver job, and lower educational level were independently associated with elevated personal nicotine levels (model R2 = 0.52). Nondriver job and amount of active smoking were associated with elevated personal nicotine level in smokers, but self-reported exposure, lack of a smoking policy, and lower educational level were not.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite movements toward smoke-free laws, this population of blue-collar workers was still exposed to workplace SHS as recently as 2005. The perceived (reported by the workers), rather than the official (reported by the terminal managers), smoking policy was associated with measured SHS exposure levels among the nonsmokers. Job duties and educational level might also be important predictors of workplace SHS exposure.
authors.affiliation: Exposure, Epidemiology, and Risk Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA. yhchiu@hsph.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Yueh-Hsiu
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.forename: Jaime E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Hart
authors.forename: Donna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Spiegelman
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Garshick
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Douglas W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Dockery
authors.forename: S Katharine
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Hammond
authors.forename: Francine
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Laden
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018986:Motor Vehicles; D009538:Nicotine / Q000378:metabolism; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014481:United States; D017132:Workplace / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; D009538:Nicotine