title: Morphological abnormalities of the thalamus in youths with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The role of the thalamus in the genesis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) remains poorly understood. The authors used anatomical MRI to examine the morphology of the thalamus in youths with ADHD and healthy comparison youths.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors examined 46 youths with ADHD and 59 comparison youths 8-18 years of age in a cross-sectional case-control study. Conventional volumes and measures of surface morphology of the thalamus served as the main outcome measures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A mixed-effects model comparing whole thalamic volumes revealed no significant differences between groups. Maps of the thalamic surface revealed significantly smaller regional volumes bilaterally in the pulvinar in youths with ADHD relative to comparison subjects. Post hoc analyses showed that ADHD patients who received stimulants (N=31) had larger conventional thalamic volumes than untreated youths with ADHD, and maps of the thalamic surface showed enlargement over the pulvinar in those receiving stimulants. Smaller regional volumes in the right lateral and left posterior thalamic surfaces were associated with more severe hyperactivity symptoms, whereas larger regional volumes in the right medial thalamic surfaces were associated with more severe symptoms of inattention.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings demonstrate reduced pulvinar volumes in youths with ADHD and indicate that this same area is relatively enlarged in patients treated with stimulants compared to those untreated. Associations of hyperactivity scores with smaller regional volumes on the lateral thalamic surface and inattention scores with larger regional volumes on the medial thalamic surface suggest the differential involvement of thalamic subcircuits in the pathogenesis of differing ADHD symptoms.
authors.affiliation: ivision of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York 10029, USA. iliyan.ivanov@mssm.edu
authors.forename: Iliyan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ivanov
authors.forename: Ravi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bansal
authors.forename: Xuejun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Hao
authors.forename: Hongtu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Cristoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kellendonk
authors.forename: Loren
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sanchez-Pena
authors.forename: Ann M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: M Mallar
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Chakravarty
authors.forename: Kristin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Klahr
authors.forename: Kathleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Durkin
authors.forename: Laurence L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Greenhill
authors.forename: Bradley S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Peterson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013788:Thalamus / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants