title: Noninvasive testing, early surgery, and seizure freedom in tuberous sclerosis complex.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The unambiguous identification of the epileptogenic tubers in individuals with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) can be challenging. We assessed whether magnetic source imaging (MSI) and coregistration of (18)fluorodeoxyglucose PET (FDG-PET) with MRI could improve the identification of the epileptogenic regions noninvasively in children with TSC.
  
  
  METHODS
  In addition to standard presurgical evaluation, 28 children with intractable epilepsy from TSC referred from 2000 to 2007 had MSI and FDG-PET/MRI coregistration without extraoperative intracranial EEG.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Based on the concordance of test results, 18 patients with TSC (64%) underwent surgical resection, with the final resection zone confirmed by intraoperative electrocorticography. Twelve patients are seizure free postoperatively (67%), with an average follow-up of 4.1 years. Younger age at surgery and shorter seizure duration were associated with postoperative seizure freedom. Conversely, older age and longer seizure duration were linked with continued seizures postoperatively or prevented surgery because of nonlateralizing or bilateral independent epileptogenic zones. Complete removal of presurgery MSI dipole clusters correlated with postoperative seizure freedom.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Magnetic source imaging and (18)fluorodeoxyglucose PET/MRI coregistration noninvasively localized the epileptogenic zones in many children with intractable epilepsy from tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), with 67% seizure free postoperatively. Seizure freedom after surgery correlated with younger age and shorter seizure duration. These findings support the concept that early epilepsy surgery is associated with seizure freedom in children with TSC and intractable epilepsy.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Neurology, Mattel Children's Hospital at UCLA, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1752, USA. joycewu@mednet.ucla.edu
authors.forename: J Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Salamon
authors.forename: H E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Kirsch
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Mantle
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Nagarajan
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kurelowech
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Aung
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sankar
authors.forename: W D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Shields
authors.forename: G W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Mathern
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012640:Seizures / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology*; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014402:Tuberous Sclerosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery
chemical_list: D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18