title: Are neighborhood-level characteristics associated with indoor allergens in the household?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Individual home characteristics have been associated with indoor allergen exposure; however, the influence of neighborhood-level characteristics has not been well studied. We defined neighborhoods as community districts determined by the New York City Department of City Planning.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We examined the relationship between neighborhood-level characteristics and the presence of dust mite (Der f 1), cat (Fel d 1), cockroach (Bla g 2), and mouse (MUP) allergens in the household.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using data from the Puerto Rican Asthma Project, a birth cohort of Puerto Rican children at risk of allergic sensitization (n = 261), we examined associations between neighborhood characteristics (percent tree canopy, asthma hospitalizations per 1,000 children, roadway length within 100 meters of buildings, serious housing code violations per 1000 rental units, poverty rates, and felony crime rates), and the presence of indoor allergens. Allergen cutpoints were used for categorical analyses and defined as follows: dust mite: >0.25 microg/g; cat: >1 microg/g; cockroach: >1 U/g; mouse: >1.6 microg/g.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serious housing code violations were statistically significantly positively associated with dust mite, cat, and mouse allergens (continuous variables), adjusting for mother's income and education, and all neighborhood-level characteristics. In multivariable logistic regression analyses, medium levels of housing code violations were associated with higher dust mite and cat allergens (1.81, 95%CI: 1.08, 3.03 and 3.10, 95%CI: 1.22, 7.92, respectively). A high level of serious housing code violations was associated with higher mouse allergen (2.04, 95%CI: 1.15, 3.62). A medium level of housing code violations was associated with higher cockroach allergen (3.30, 95%CI: 1.11, 9.78).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neighborhood-level characteristics, specifically housing code violations, appear to be related to indoor allergens, which may have implications for future research explorations and policy decisions.
authors.affiliation: Institute on Urban Health Research, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02130, USA. lrosenfe@hsph.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Lindsay
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rosenfeld
authors.forename: Rima
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rudd
authors.forename: Ginger L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Chew
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Emmons
authors.forename: Dolores
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Acevedo-García
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000485:Allergens / Q000032:analysis* / Q000276:immunology; D000818:Animals; D039741:Antigens, Dermatophagoides / Q000032:analysis; D060829:Arthropod Proteins; D016282:Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases / Q000032:analysis; D002028:Building Codes / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002415:Cats; D002648:Child; D003415:Crime / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003546:Cysteine Endopeptidases; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005191:Family Characteristics; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000032:analysis; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000193:education / Q000208:ethnology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006798:Housing / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D017533:Marital Status; D051379:Mice; D009035:Mothers / Q000193:education / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009519:New York City; D010526:Periplaneta / Q000276:immunology; D011203:Poverty / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011506:Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D039981:Pyroglyphidae / Q000276:immunology; D012111:Residence Characteristics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012923:Social Class; D014197:Trees
chemical_list: D000485:Allergens; D039741:Antigens, Dermatophagoides; D060829:Arthropod Proteins; D006023:Glycoproteins; D011506:Proteins; C035737:major urinary proteins; D003546:Cysteine Endopeptidases; C451159:Dermatophagoides farinae antigen f 1; D016282:Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases; C094699:allergen Bla g 2; C059296:Fel d 1 protein, Felis domesticus