title: Positive progesterone receptors and cell proliferation index: an independent association with breast cancer in males.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Breast cancer in males is an uncommon tumor whose management is extrapolated from that used in female breast cancer. This study compared the histopathological and immunohistochemical features of symptomatic breast cancers in males and females.
  
  
  METHODS
  A comparison was made between variables of breast cancers from 58 males and 155 females. A descriptive study, a bivariate analysis, and a multivariate analysis using logistic regression were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No differences were found in staging. Significant differences were seen in age (p<0.0005), proportion of papillary carcinoma (p=0.038) and proportion of tumors with an associated intraductal component (p=0.002). There was a greater proportion of males expressing estrogen (p=0.038) and progesterone (p<0.0005) receptors in their tumors, with a significantly higher proliferation index (p<0.0005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Breast cancer in males should be considered a condition biologically different from female breast cancer as a result of factors related to the different hormonal influences, reflected mainly in immunohistochemical differences.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, 30120 Murcia, Spain. antonio.pinero@carm.es
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Piñero
authors.forename: Belén
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ferri
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Polo
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Canteras
authors.forename: Joaquín
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sola
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bermejo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D018567:Breast Neoplasms, Male / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009376:Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D011980:Receptors, Progesterone