title: Pulmonary ground-glass nodules: increase in mass as an early indicator of growth.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare manual measurements of diameter, volume, and mass of pulmonary ground-glass nodules (GGNs) to establish which method is best for identifying malignant GGNs by determining change across time.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this ethics committee-approved retrospective study, baseline and follow-up CT examinations of 52 GGNs detected in a lung cancer screening trial were included, resulting in 127 GGN data sets for evaluation. Two observers measured GGN diameter with electronic calipers, manually outlined GGNs to obtain volume and mass, and scored whether a solid component was present. Observer 1 repeated all measurements after 2 months. Coefficients of variation and limits of agreement were calculated by using Bland-Altman methods. In a subgroup of GGNs containing all resected malignant lesions, the ratio between intraobserver variability and growth (growth-to-variability ratio) was calculated for each measurement technique. In this subgroup, the mean time for growth to exceed the upper limit of agreement of each measurement technique was determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The kappa values for intra- and interobserver agreement for identifying a solid component were 0.55 and 0.38, respectively. Intra- and interobserver coefficients of variation were smallest for GGN mass (P < .001). Thirteen malignant GGNs were resected. Mean growth-to-variability ratios were 11, 28, and 35 for diameter, volume, and mass, respectively (P = .03); mean times required for growth to exceed the upper limit of agreement were 715, 673, and 425 days, respectively (P = .02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mass measurements can enable detection of growth of GGNs earlier and are subject to less variability than are volume or diameter measurements.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University Medical Center, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands. b.j.dehoop@umcutrecht.nl
authors.forename: Bartjan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: de Hoop
authors.forename: Hester
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gietema
authors.forename: Saskia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: van de Vorst
authors.forename: Keelin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: Rob J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: van Klaveren
authors.forename: Mathias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Prokop
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D003074:Solitary Pulmonary Nodule / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*; D047368:Tumor Burden