title: Computed tomography of temporal bone fractures and temporal region anatomy in horses.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In people, specific classifications of temporal bone fractures are associated with clinical signs and prognosis. In horses, similar classifications have not been evaluated and might be useful establishing prognosis or understanding pathogenesis of certain types of trauma.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We hypothesized associations between temporal bone fracture location and orientation in horses detected during computed tomography (CT) and frequency of facial nerve (CN7) deficit, vestibulocochlear nerve (CN8) deficit, or temporohyoid osteoarthropathy (THO). Complex temporal region anatomy may confound fracture identification, and consequently a description of normal anatomy was included.
  
  
  METHODS
  All horses undergoing temporal region CT at our hospital between July 1998 and May 2008.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected retrospectively, examiners were blinded, and relationships were investigated among temporal bone fractures, ipsilateral THO, ipsilateral CN7, or ipsilateral CN8 deficits by Chi-square or Fischer's exact tests. Seventy-nine horses had CT examinations of the temporal region (158 temporal bones).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixteen temporal bone fractures were detected in 14 horses. Cranial nerve deficits were seen with fractures in all parts of the temporal bone (petrosal, squamous, and temporal) and, temporal bone fractures were associated with CN7 and CN8 deficits and THO. No investigated fracture classification scheme, however, was associated with specific cranial nerve deficits.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Without knowledge of the regional anatomy, normal structures may be mistaken for a temporal bone fracture or vice versa. Although no fracture classification scheme was associated with the assessed clinical signs, simple descriptive terminology (location and orientation) is recommended for reporting and facilitating future comparisons.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pownder
authors.forename: P V
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Scrivani
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bezuidenhout
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Divers
authors.forename: N G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Ducharme
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006736:Horses / Q000293:injuries*; D008297:Male; D013701:Temporal Bone / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000662:veterinary*