title: Hospitalizations for invasive pneumococcal disease among human immunodeficiency virus-1 infected children, adolescents and young adults in the United States in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy and the conjugate pneumococcal vaccine.
abstract: We describe hospitalization trends of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) among human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals <25 years of age since the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) in the United States, using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample. We estimated national trends of IPD hospitalizations during 3 periods: 1994 to 1995 (pre-HAART and pre-PCV7 era); 1998 to 1999 (HAART and pre-PCV7 era); and 2004 to 2005 (HAART and early PCV7 era). The number of IPD hospitalizations among human immunodeficiency virus-infected children and youth <25 years in the United States declined by 78.7% between 1994/1995 and 2004/2005 (P = 0.03). This decrease was more pronounced among younger children.
authors.affiliation: Division of Reproductive Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA. apk3@cdc.gov
authors.forename: Athena P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Kourtis
authors.forename: Sascha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ellington
authors.forename: Pooja
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bansil
authors.forename: Denise J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Jamieson
authors.forename: Samuel F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Posner
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D015497:HIV-1; D000069443:Heptavalent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011008:Pneumococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000069443:Heptavalent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines