title: Angioedema beyond histamine: an educational case series.
abstract: Angioedema constitutes an important clinical problem that can cause significant morbidity and mortality. Correct management requires a prompt recognition and treatment of the acute event and identification of the underlying cause. Many cases are caused by non-allergic reactions and do not result from mediator release by degranulating mast cells and basophils, but are related to accumulation of plasma and tissue bradykinin. This case series aims primarily to describe some important causes of non-allergic bradykinin-induced angioedema. Particular emphasis is put on clinical particularities, differential diagnosis, diagnostic approach and correct therapeutic management, as bradykinin-mediated angioedema is unresponsive to antihistamines.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Allergology, Rheumatology University Hospital Antwerp, University Antwerp, Belgium.
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: De Knop
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Hagendorens
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: De Clerck
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Ebo
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000799:Angioedema / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000628:therapy; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D006852:Hydrochlorothiazide / Q000009:adverse effects; D017706:Lisinopril / Q000009:adverse effects; D019808:Losartan / Q000009:adverse effects; D008228:Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin / Q000150:complications; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014581:Urticaria / Q000150:complications
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D004338:Drug Combinations; C091365:hydrochlorothiazide, lisinopril drug combination; D006852:Hydrochlorothiazide; D017706:Lisinopril; D019808:Losartan