title: Acute alcohol exposure induces apoptosis and increases histone H3K9/18 acetylation in the mid-gestation mouse lung.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Alcohol consumption causes cellular injury and excessive cell death. Recent studies indicate that ethanol can induce epigenetic alterations, particularly acetylation and methylation of histones and hypomethylation and hypermethylation of DNA. In the current study, we tested the hypothesis that acute exposure of pregnant mice to alcohol during mid-gestation can induce apoptosis and increase histone H3K9/18 acetylation in the fetal lung. The increased expression of histone H3K9/18 acetylation could alter the expression of genes that induce apoptosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  C57BL/6J mice at day 13.5 of gestation were injected intraperitoneally with 2 doses of 25% ethanol (experimental) or Ringer solution (control) at 4-hour intervals. The fetuses were retrieved at 1, 3, 12, and 24 hours after alcohol exposure. The lungs were processed for detection of apoptosis by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase biotin- deoxyuridine triphosphate (dUTP) nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay and for levels of acetylated histone H3K9/18 by immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the control lungs, apoptosis was observed in 0.22% and 0.25% of the mesenchymal and epithelial cells, respectively. In contrast, at 24 hours after alcohol injection at E13.5, 3.4% of the mesenchymal and 4.0% of the epithelial cells in the lung were undergoing apoptosis (TUNEL-positive; P < .005). The number of positively stained cells and levels of acetylated histone H3K9/18 staining significantly increased 1 hour after alcohol injection (P < .05) and returned to basal levels after 12 hours.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Acute alcohol exposure of pregnant mice at mid-gestation results in increased apoptosis in the fetal lung, and elevated levels of acetylated histone H3K9/18 precede the observation of apoptosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Xiangyuan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Prasra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gomutputra
authors.forename: Debra J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Wolgemuth
authors.forename: Laxmi V
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Baxi
mesh_terms: D000107:Acetylation; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D000431:Ethanol / Q000633:toxicity*; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D006657:Histones / Q000378:metabolism*; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D018811:Maternal Exposure; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D011247:Pregnancy
chemical_list: D006657:Histones; D000431:Ethanol