title: A prospective study of conventional transbronchial needle aspiration: performance and cost utility.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Conventional transbronchial needle aspiration (TBNA) is a cheap, minimally invasive tool for lung cancer staging and diagnosis. Endobronchial ultrasound-guided TBNA (EBUS-TBNA) is more sensitive but is more expensive and less widely available. We describe a prospective analysis of TBNA diagnostic, staging and cost utility in a centre in the UK.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To illustrate the potential diagnostic, staging and cost utility of a low cost conventional TBNA service.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective analysis of 79 TBNA procedures over a 2-year period was performed looking at performance and cost utility in a 'mixed' cohort with variable pre-test probability of malignancy (year 1) followed by a high probability cohort (year 2).
  
  
  RESULTS
  TBNA avoided mediastinoscopy in 25% of the cases overall (37% in high probability vs. 13% in the 'mixed' cohort, p = 0.03). The overall prevalence of malignancy was 84%, sensitivity 79%, negative predictive value 58% and accuracy 85%. Diagnostic utility varied with pre-test probability and nodal station. TBNA down-staged 8% of lung cancer patients to receive surgery and confirmed the pre-treatment stage (inoperability) in 74%. TBNA led to theoretical cost savings of GBP 560 per patient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TBNA can achieve a high diagnostic sensitivity for cancer in high probability patients and stage the majority appropriately, thereby avoiding unnecessary mediastinoscopies and reducing costs. It may also down-stage a minority to have surgery. TBNA is cheap, routinely available and learnable. As EBUS-TBNA will take time to develop due to its costs, all respiratory centres should perform TBNA at flexible bronchoscopy in suspected lung cancer with accessible mediastinal adenopathy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine, Glenfield Hospital, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK.
authors.forename: A R L
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Medford
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Agrawal
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Free
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Bennett
mesh_terms: D001707:Biopsy, Needle / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods; D017046:Cost Savings; D019160:Endosonography / Q000191:economics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000473:pathology*; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008481:Mediastinoscopy / Q000191:economics; D008482:Mediastinum; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional