title: Isolation, characterization and heterologous expression of a novel chitosanase from Janthinobacterium sp. strain 4239.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chitosanases (EC 3.2.1.132) hydrolyze the polysaccharide chitosan, which is composed of partially acetylated beta-(1,4)-linked glucosamine residues. In nature, chitosanases are produced by a number of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as by fungi, probably with the primary role of degrading chitosan from fungal and yeast cell walls for carbon metabolism. Chitosanases may also be utilized in eukaryotic cell manipulation for intracellular delivery of molecules formulated with chitosan as well as for transformation of filamentous fungi by temporal modification of the cell wall structures.However, the chitosanases used so far in transformation and transfection experiments show optimal activity at high temperature, which is incompatible with most transfection and transformation protocols. Thus, there is a need for chitosanases, which display activity at lower temperatures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This paper describes the isolation of a chitosanase-producing, cold-active bacterium affiliated to the genus Janthinobacterium. The 876 bp chitosanase gene from the Janthinobacterium strain was isolated and characterized. The chitosanase was related to the Glycosyl Hydrolase family 46 chitosanases with Streptomyces chitosanase as the closest related (64% amino acid sequence identity). The chitosanase was expressed recombinantly as a periplasmic enzyme in Escherichia coli in amounts about 500 fold greater than in the native Janthinobacterium strain. Determination of temperature and pH optimum showed that the native and the recombinant chitosanase have maximal activity at pH 5-7 and at 45 degrees C, but with 30-70% of the maximum activity at 10 degrees C and 30 degrees C, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A novel chitosanase enzyme and its corresponding gene was isolated from Janthinobacterium and produced recombinantly in E. coli as a periplasmic enzyme. The Janthinobacterium chitosanase displayed reasonable activity at 10 degrees C to 30 degrees C, temperatures that are preferred in transfection and transformation experiments.
authors.affiliation: Section of Genetics and Microbiology, Department of Agriculture and Ecology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Mads G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Johnsen
authors.forename: Ole C
authors.initials: OC
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stougaard
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D001483:Base Sequence; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D004795:Enzyme Stability; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015870:Gene Expression; D006026:Glycoside Hydrolases / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D042802:Oxalobacteraceae / Q000737:chemistry / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics; D016415:Sequence Alignment
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D006026:Glycoside Hydrolases; C019868:chitosanase