title: Measuring health-related quality of life in Hungarian children with heart disease: psychometric properties of the Hungarian version of the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory 4.0 Generic Core Scales and the Cardiac Module.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the Hungarian version of the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL) Generic Core Scales and Cardiac Module.
  
  
  METHODS
  The PedsQL 4.0 Generic Core Scales and the PedsQL 3.0 Cardiac Module was administered to 254 caregivers of children (aged 2-18 years) and to 195 children (aged 5-18 years) at a pediatric cardiology outpatient unit. A postal survey on a demographically group-matched sample of the general population with 525 caregivers of children (aged 2-18 years) and 373 children (aged 5-18 years) was conducted with the PedsQL 4.0 Generic Core Scale. Responses were described, compared over subgroups of subjects, and were used to assess practical utility, distributional coverage, construct validity, internal consistency, and inter-reporter agreement of the instrument.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The moderate scale-level mean percentage of missing item responses (range 1.8-2.3%) supported the feasibility of the Generic Core Scales for general Hungarian children. Minimal to moderate ceiling effects and no floor effects were found on the Generic Core Scales. We observed stronger ceiling than floor effects in the Cardiac Module. Most of the scales showed satisfactory reliability with Cronbach's alpha estimates exceeding 0.70. Generally, moderate to good agreement was found between self- and parent proxy-reports in the patient and in the comparison group (intraclass correlation coefficient range 0.52-0.77), but remarkably low agreement in the perceived physical appearance subscale in the age group 5-7 years (0.18) and for the treatment II scale (problems on taking heart medicine) scale of the Cardiac Module in children aged 8-12 years (0.39). Assessing the construct validity of the questionnaires, statistically significant difference was found between the patient group and the comparison group only in the Physical Functioning Scale scores (p = 0.003) of the child self-report component, and in Physical (p = 0.022), Emotional, (p = 0.017), Psychosocial Summary (p = 0.019) scores and in the total HRQoL (health-related quality of life) scale score (p = 0.034) for parent proxy-report.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings generally support the feasibility, reliability and validity of the Hungarian translation of the PedsQL 4.0 Generic Core Scales and the PedsQL 3.0 Cardiac Module in Hungarian children with heart disease.
authors.affiliation: University of Debrecen Medical and Health Science Center, Department of Pediatrics, Nagyerdei krt, 98, Debrecen 4032, Hungary. berkesa@dote.hu
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Berkes
authors.forename: István
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Pataki
authors.forename: Mariann
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kiss
authors.forename: Csilla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kemény
authors.forename: László
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kardos
authors.forename: James W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Varni
authors.forename: Gábor
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mogyorósy
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D006814:Hungary; D008297:Male; D010372:Pediatrics; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000379:methods*; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results