title: Evaluation, management, and outcome of focal bacterial infections (FBIs) in nontoxic infants under two months of age.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Well-appearing young infants with focal bacterial infections present to the emergency department (ED) and are often admitted for a sepsis evaluation of blood, urine, and spinal fluid. However, the risk of concomitant systemic infections (CSI) in this population is not well reported, specifically comparing febrile to afebrile infants. We hypothesized that afebrile, well-appearing infants under two months of age with a defined focal bacterial infection on exam have a very low risk of CSI.
  
  
  METHODS
  This retrospective study was conducted at an urban, academic, tertiary care pediatric hospital ED on patients seen from January 2000-December 2005. Eligible infants were less than 60 days of age, well-appearing on exam, and with normal-for-age vital signs who presented with a focal bacterial infection on exam. Exclusion criteria included immunodeficiency, indwelling catheter, previous admission for bacterial infection, or current use of systemic antibiotics. Main study outcome was risk of CSI in febrile and afebrile groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred ninety seven patients were included in the study population. Of these, 39 were febrile and 158 were afebrile. Four patients had a documented CSI: one case of S. pneumoniae bacteremia and three cases of E. coli urinary tract infection. Of these 4 infants, 3 were febrile (7.7% CSI risk) and 1 was afebrile (0.6%). Febrile infants had a significantly higher risk of CSI (OR 13.1, 95% CI 1.3, 129.5).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CSI is very uncommon in afebrile, well-appearing infants under 60 days of age with a focal bacterial infection.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Hospitalists of South Florida, Joe Dimaggio Children's Hospital, Hollywood, Florida, USA.
authors.forename: Gurpreet
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vidwan
authors.forename: Gary L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Geis
mesh_terms: D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005260:Female; D005490:Focal Infection / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D006295:Health Resources / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008485:Medical Audit; D009820:Ohio / Q000453:epidemiology; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D011008:Pneumococcal Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013290:Streptococcal Infections / Q000175:diagnosis; D013292:Streptococcus agalactiae / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000652:urine