title: The prevalence of transmitted antiretroviral drug resistance in treatment-naive HIV-infected individuals in China.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Transmission of HIV drug resistance (TDR) gives rise to reduced efficacy of initial antiretroviral treatment and has become a public health concern.
  
  
  METHODS
  A nationwide survey on TDR was conducted in antiretroviral therapy-naive HIV-1-infected individuals from September 2004 to October 2005 in China. Drug resistance genotyping was performed on subjects' plasma samples. Drug resistance mutations were determined and scored by Stanford HIV Drug Resistance algorithm.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sequences were obtained from 676 individuals, of whom 61.2% were former plasma and blood donors, 17.3% were infected sexually, and 17.2% were intravenous drug users. Subtype B' HIV-1 strains were found in 73.5%, CRF01_AE in 13.9%, CRF07_BC in 6.2%, CRF08_BC in 2.7%, subtype C in 1.04%, subtype B in 0.9%, CRF02_AG in 0.4%, and B'/C intersubtype recombinant strains in 1.3% of the subjects. Twenty-six (3.8%) were found to harbor drug resistance strains. The rates of resistance to protease inhibitors, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, and nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors were 0.4%, 1.6%, and 2.1%, respectively. Though there was no significant difference in TDR rates between 2004 and 2005 (2.9% vs. 4.4%), an increased trend was observed in the rate of high-level drug resistance (0.8% in 2004 vs. 3.0% in 2005, P = 0.0634).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The rate of TDR was relatively low in China, as compared with those in developed countries. Surveys among recently HIV-infected subjects should be performed continually to ensure the success of the scale-up antiretroviral treatment.
authors.affiliation: National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Lingjie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xing
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shang
authors.forename: Jingyun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zhong
authors.forename: Laiyi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Hua
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Xuefeng
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Si
authors.forename: Shulin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Xinping
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Yiming
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shao
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D024921:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Viral; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents