title: Accuracy of ultrasound-guided injections of thoracolumbar articular process joints in horses: a cadaveric study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Arthrosis of the articular process joints (APJs) in the caudal thoracolumbar region of horses may cause back pain and subsequent reduced performance or lameness. Ultrasound-guided injections of the APJs of the equine back have been described only briefly in the literature.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate factors affecting the accuracy of intra-articular injections of the APJs in the caudal thoracolumbar region.
  
  
  METHODS
  One-hundred-and-fifty-four injections with blue dye were performed on APJs including the T14-L6 region in 12 horses subjected to euthanasia for reasons unrelated to back problems. The backs were subsequently dissected to verify the location of the injectate in relation to the APJs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-seven percent of the injections were found to be intra-articular and a total of 77% found to be within 2 mm of the joint capsule including the intra-articular deposits. Application of a medial approach and 18 gauge needle were significantly associated with an intra-articular injection or deposition close to the joint capsule. Operator, APJ (location) and back number (chronological) did not significantly affect the accuracy of injection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Injection of the vertebral APJ in the thoracolumbar region using ultrasound guidance is a reliable method, as most of the injections were either in or within 2 mm of the joint. Based on the findings of this cadaver study, the medial approach is expected to be the most accurate in live horses. Further investigations are required to evaluate the diagnostic and therapeutic potential of this method in clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Basic Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Groennegaardsvej 7, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Fuglbjerg
authors.forename: J V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Thomsen
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Berg
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001978:Bromphenol Blue / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002102:Cadaver; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006736:Horses / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D007270:Injections, Intra-Articular / Q000662:veterinary; D007592:Joint Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000662:veterinary*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013131:Spine / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D001978:Bromphenol Blue