title: GABA(A) alpha-1 subunit mediated desynchronization of elevated low frequency oscillations alleviates specific dysfunction in stroke--a case report.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The paradoxical effects of the hypnotic imidazopyridine zolpidem, widely reported in persistent vegetative state, have been replicated recently in brain-injured and cognitively impaired patients. However, the neuronal mechanisms underlying these benefits are yet to be demonstrated. We implemented contemporary neuroimaging methods to investigate sensorimotor and cognitive improvements, observed in stroke patient JP following zolpidem administration.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used Magnetic-Resonance-Imaging (MRI) and Magnetic-Resonance-Spectroscopy (MRS) to anatomically and chemically characterize stroke damage. Single-photon-emission-computed-tomography (SPECT) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) were used to identify changes in cerebrovascular perfusion and neuronal network activity in response to sub-sedative doses of zolpidem, zopiclone and placebo. Cognitive improvements were measured using the WAIS-III and auditory-verbal tasks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MRI and MRS revealed a lesion with complete loss of neuronal viability in the left temporal-parietal region; whilst SPECT indicated improved perfusion in the affected hemisphere following zolpidem. MEG demonstrated high-amplitude theta (4-10 Hz) and beta (15-30 Hz) oscillations within the peri-infarct region, which reduced in power coincident with zolpidem uptake and improvements in cognitive and motor function.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In JP, functional deficits and pathological oscillations appear coincidentally reduced following administration of low-dose zolpidem.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GABA(A) alpha-1 sensitive desynchronisation of pathological oscillations may represent a biomarker and potential therapeutic target in brain injury.
authors.affiliation: School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, UK. hallsd@aston.ac.uk
authors.forename: Stephen D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: Naoki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yamawaki
authors.forename: Alison E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: Ralf P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Clauss
authors.forename: Gavin L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Woodhall
authors.forename: Ian M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Stanford
mesh_terms: D001683:Biological Clocks / Q000187:drug effects*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D005073:Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory / Q000187:drug effects*; D018755:GABA Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D015225:Magnetoencephalography / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011725:Pyridines / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon / Q000379:methods; D000077334:Zolpidem
chemical_list: D018755:GABA Agonists; D011725:Pyridines; D000077334:Zolpidem