title: To think human out of the machine paradigm: Homo Ex Machina.
abstract: This article attempts to show that the metaphorical conception of human being as a machine takes a very specific epistemological standpoint. To make short the complex task of considering the implication of this paradigm for psychological and behavioral sciences, three important mismatches between the machine and the living human will be considered. Experience, agency and plasticity of human being are excluded in the scientific models and research activities when they are situated in the machine paradigm. For this reason, I claim that the machine paradigm does not offer the relevant frame for integrating results from various domains or approaches within human sciences, even if it can sometimes produce relevant scientific knowledge in certain domain at the scale of detailed investigation. Due to the importance of overcoming the fragmentation of scientific knowledge to solve the crisis in psychology, an "organic paradigm" should be elaborated which provides a new epistemological framework.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychology and Education, University of Neuchâtel, Espace L. Agassiz 1, 2001 Neuchâtel, Switzerland. alaric.kohler@unine.ch
authors.forename: Alaric
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kohler
mesh_terms: D001185:Artificial Intelligence; D001525:Behavioral Sciences; D015984:Causality; D003071:Cognition; D006801:Humans; D019359:Knowledge; D008960:Models, Psychological; D010684:Philosophy; D011582:Psychological Theory; D011593:Psychology, Social