title: Pulse oximeter plethysmographic waveform changes in awake, spontaneously breathing, hypovolemic volunteers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The primary objective of this study was to determine whether alterations in the pulse oximeter waveform characteristics would track progressive reductions in central blood volume. We also assessed whether changes in the pulse oximeter waveform provide an indication of blood loss in the hemorrhaging patient before changes in standard vital signs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pulse oximeter data from finger, forehead, and ear pulse oximeter sensors were collected from 18 healthy subjects undergoing progressive reduction in central blood volume induced by lower body negative pressure (LBNP). Stroke volume measurements were simultaneously recorded using impedance cardiography. The study was conducted in a research laboratory setting where no interventions were performed. Pulse amplitude, width, and area under the curve (AUC) features were calculated from each pulse wave recording. Amalgamated correlation coefficients were calculated to determine the relationship between the changes in pulse oximeter waveform features and changes in stroke volume with LBNP.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For pulse oximeter sensors on the ear and forehead, reductions in pulse amplitude, width, and area were strongly correlated with progressive reductions in stroke volume during LBNP (R(2) ≥ 0.59 for all features). Changes in pulse oximeter waveform features were observed before profound decreases in arterial blood pressure. The best correlations between pulse features and stroke volume were obtained from the forehead sensor area (R(2) = 0.97). Pulse oximeter waveform features returned to baseline levels when central blood volume was restored.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results support the use of pulse oximeter waveform analysis as a potential diagnostic tool to detect clinically significant hypovolemia before the onset of cardiovascular decompensation in spontaneously breathing patients.
authors.affiliation: Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA. susan.p.mcgrath@dartmouth.edu
authors.forename: Susan P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: McGrath
authors.forename: Kathy L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.forename: Suzanne M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Wendelken
authors.forename: Caroline A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Rickards
authors.forename: Victor A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Convertino
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001794:Blood Pressure; D001810:Blood Volume; D001811:Blood Volume Determination / Q000379:methods*; D002307:Cardiography, Impedance; D004423:Ear; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D005260:Female; D005385:Fingers; D005546:Forehead; D006801:Humans; D020896:Hypovolemia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008150:Lower Body Negative Pressure; D008297:Male; D008887:Military Medicine; D010092:Oximetry; D010991:Plethysmography; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012119:Respiration; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D013318:Stroke Volume; D013997:Time Factors; D014851:Wakefulness; D055815:Young Adult