Levels and distribution of brominated flame retardants in the soil of Harbin in China.
This study reports the presence of brominated flame retardants in the topsoil in and around Harbin, a city in northeastern China. Samples of soil were collected from 17 locations in 2006, and the levels of 9 polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs 17, 28, 47, 66, 99, 100, 153, 154, and 183) ranged from 2.45 to 55.9 pg/g dry weight (dw) with a mean of 26.3 pg/g dw. These levels are very low comparing with those for some cities in Europe and USA. BDE 209 and hexabromocyclododecane were the two dominant congeners, with mean concentrations of 520 pg/g dw and 1750 pg/g dw, respectively. The concentrations of the total nine PBDE congeners clearly decreased from urban areas to background, but the compositions of individual congeners differed. Proportions of heavier congeners decreased while those of lighter congeners increased, along urban-rural-background transect, providing evidence for an urban fractionation effect. Correlation analysis indicated similar sources for PBDEs, hexabromocyclododecane, and 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)-ethane from urban areas but pentabromoethylbenzene was probably present due to long-range atmospheric transport. Principal component analysis was used to determine the characteristics of the relationships among these brominated flame retardants in the field.
Wang
Xu
X
Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China. wangxuwst@126.com
Ren
Nanqi
N
Qi
Hong
H
Ma
Wanli
W
Li
Yifan
Y
D002681:China; D002849:Chromatography, Gas; D005411:Flame Retardants / Q000032:analysis*; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers / Q000032:analysis*; D012987:Soil / Q000032:analysis*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000737:chemistry*; D014505:Urban Population
D005411:Flame Retardants; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants