title: Injectable candidate sealants for fetal membrane repair: bonding and toxicity in vitro.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was undertaken to test injectable surgical sealants that are biocompatible with fetal membranes and that are to be used eventually for the closure of iatrogenic membrane defects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dermabond (Ethicon Inc, Norderstedt, Germany), Histoacryl (B. Braun GmbH, Tuttlingen, Germany), and Tissucol (Baxter AG, Volketwil, Switzerland) fibrin glue, and 3 types of in situ forming poly(ethylene glycol)-based polymer hydrogels were tested for acute toxicity on direct contact with fetal membranes for 24 hours. For the determination of elution toxicity, extracts of sealants were incubated on amnion cell cultures for 72 hours. Bonding and toxicity was assessed through morphologic and/or biochemical analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Extracts of all adhesives were nontoxic for cultured cells. However, only Tissucol and 1 type of poly(ethylene glycol)-based hydrogel, which is a mussel-mimetic tissue adhesive, showed efficient, nondisruptive, nontoxic bonding to fetal membranes. Mussel-mimetic tissue adhesive that was applied over membrane defects that were created with a 3.5-mm trocar accomplished leak-proof closure that withstood membrane stretch in an in vitro model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A synthetic hydrogel-type tissue adhesive that merits further evaluation in vivo emerged as a potential sealing modality for iatrogenic membrane defects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Grozdana
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bilic
authors.forename: Carrie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Brubaker
authors.forename: Phillip B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Messersmith
authors.forename: Ajit S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Mallik
authors.forename: Thomas M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Quinn
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Haller
authors.forename: Elisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Done
authors.forename: Leonardo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gucciardo
authors.forename: Steffen M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Zeisberger
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zimmermann
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Deprest
authors.forename: Andreas H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Zisch
mesh_terms: D000650:Amnion / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000601:surgery*; D003487:Cyanoacrylates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D004659:Enbucrilate / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D005322:Premature Rupture of Fetal Membranes; D005332:Fetoscopy; D015718:Fibrin Tissue Adhesive / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D020100:Hydrogels / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008422:Materials Testing; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D014014:Tissue Adhesives / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D003487:Cyanoacrylates; D015718:Fibrin Tissue Adhesive; D020100:Hydrogels; D014014:Tissue Adhesives; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; C100832:octyl 2-cyanoacrylate; D004659:Enbucrilate