title: Age at Arrival, English Proficiency, and Social Assimilation Among U.S. Immigrants.
abstract: Are U.S. immigrants' English proficiency and social outcomes the result of their cultural preferences, or of more fundamental constraints? Using 2000 Census microdata, we relate immigrants' English proficiency, marriage, fertility and residential location variables to their age at arrival in the U.S., and in particular whether that age fell within the "critical period" of language acquisition. We interpret the differences between younger and older arrivers as effects of English-language skills and construct an instrumental variable for English-language skills. Two-stage-least-squares estimates suggest that English proficiency increases the likelihood of divorce and intermarriage. It decreases fertility and, for some, ethnic enclave residence. (JEL J24, J12, J13, J61).
authors.affiliation: Bleakley: Graduate School of Business, University of Chicago, 5807 South Woodlawn Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, Center for Research and Analysis of Migration, and National Bureau of Economic Research (email:  bleakley@chicagogsb.edu ); Chin: Department of Economics, University of Houston, 204 McElhinney Hall, Houston, TX 77204-5019, and National Bureau of Economic Research (email:  achin@uh.edu ).
authors.forename: Hoyt
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bleakley
authors.forename: Aimee
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chin