title: Cardiovascular exercise training extends influenza vaccine seroprotection in sedentary older adults: the immune function intervention trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether cardiovascular exercise training resulted in improved antibody responses to influenza vaccination in sedentary elderly people who exhibited poor vaccine responses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Single-site randomized parallel-arm 10-month controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred forty-four sedentary, healthy older (69.9 +/- 0.4) adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Moderate (60-70% maximal oxygen uptake) cardiovascular exercise was compared with flexibility and balance training.
  
  
  METHODS
  The primary outcome was influenza vaccine response, as measured according to hemagglutination inhibition (HI) anti-influenza antibody titer and seroprotective responses (HI titer > or =40). Secondary measures included cardiovascular fitness and body composition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 160 participants enrolled, 144 (90%) completed the 10-month intervention with excellent compliance ( approximately 83%). Cardiovascular, but not flexibility, exercise intervention resulted in improvements in indices of cardiovascular fitness, including maximal oxygen uptake. Although not affecting peak (e.g., 3 and 6 weeks) postvaccine anti-influenza HI titers, cardiovascular exercise resulted in a significant increase in seroprotection 24 weeks after vaccination (30-100% dependent on vaccine variant), whereas flexibility training did not.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Participants randomized to cardiovascular exercise experienced improvements in influenza seroprotection throughout the entire influenza season, whereas those in the balance and flexibility intervention did not. Although there were no differences in reported respiratory tract infections, the exercise group exhibited reduced overall illness severity and sleep disturbance. These data support the hypothesis that regular endurance exercise improves influenza vaccine responses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA. woods1@illinois.edu
authors.forename: Jeffrey A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Woods
authors.forename: K Todd
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Keylock
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lowder
authors.forename: Victoria J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Vieira
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zelkovich
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dumich
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Colantuano
authors.forename: Kristin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lyons
authors.forename: Kurt
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Leifheit
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chapman-Novakofski
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: McAuley
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood*; D002319:Cardiovascular System; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D057185:Sedentary Behavior
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D007252:Influenza Vaccines