title: Culture-negative peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients in Australia: predictors, treatment, and outcomes in 435 cases.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Reports of culture-negative peritoneal dialysis (PD)-associated peritonitis have been sparse, conflicting, and limited to small single-center studies. The aim of this investigation is to examine the frequency, predictors, treatment, and outcomes of culture-negative PD-associated peritonitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Observational cohort study using Australia and New Zealand Dialysis and Transplant Registry (ANZDATA) data.
  
  
  METHODS
  All Australian PD patients between October 1, 2003, and December 31, 2006.
  
  
  METHODS
  Demographic, clinical, and facility variables.
  
  
  METHODS
  Culture-negative PD-associated peritonitis occurrence, relapse, hospitalization, catheter removal, hemodialysis transfer, and death.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 4,675 patients who received PD in Australia during the study period, 435 episodes of culture-negative peritonitis occurred in 361 individuals. Culture-negative peritonitis was not associated with demographic or clinical variables. A history of previous antibiotic treatment for peritonitis was more common with culture-negative than culture-positive peritonitis (42% vs 35%; P = 0.01). Compared with culture-positive peritonitis, culture-negative peritonitis was significantly more likely to be cured using antibiotics alone (77% vs 66%; P < 0.001) and less likely to be complicated by hospitalization (60% vs 71%; P < 0.001), catheter removal (12% vs 23%; P < 0.001), permanent hemodialysis therapy transfer (10% vs 19%; P < 0.001), or death (1% vs 2.5%; P = 0.04). Relapse rates were similar between the 2 groups. Patients with relapsed culture-negative peritonitis were more likely to have their catheters removed (29% vs 10% [P < 0.001]; OR, 3.83; 95% CI, 2.00-7.32). Administration of vancomycin or cephalosporin in the initial empiric antibiotic regimen and the timing of catheter removal were not significantly associated with clinical outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Limited covariate adjustment. Residual confounding and coding bias could not be excluded.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Culture-negative peritonitis is a common complication with a relatively benign outcome. A history of previous antibiotic treatment is a significant risk factor for this condition.
authors.affiliation: Australia and New Zealand Dialysis and Transplant Registry, Adelaide, Australia.
authors.forename: Magid
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fahim
authors.forename: Carmel M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Hawley
authors.forename: Stephen P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: McDonald
authors.forename: Fiona G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Johan B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Rosman
authors.forename: Kathryn J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Wiggins
authors.forename: Kym M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Bannister
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001315:Australia; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010530:Peritoneal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010538:Peritonitis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents