title: Development of traditional Chinese medicine clinical data warehouse for medical knowledge discovery and decision support.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is a scientific discipline, which develops the related theories from the long-term clinical practices. The large-scale clinical data are the core empirical knowledge source for TCM research. This paper introduces a clinical data warehouse (CDW) system, which incorporates the structured electronic medical record (SEMR) data for medical knowledge discovery and TCM clinical decision support (CDS).
  
  
  METHODS
  We have developed the clinical reference information model (RIM) and physical data model to manage the various information entities and their relationships in TCM clinical data. An extraction-transformation-loading (ETL) tool is implemented to integrate and normalize the clinical data from different operational data sources. The CDW includes online analytical processing (OLAP) and complex network analysis (CNA) components to explore the various clinical relationships. Furthermore, the data mining and CNA methods are used to discover the valuable clinical knowledge from the data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The CDW has integrated 20,000 TCM inpatient data and 20,000 outpatient data, which contains manifestations (e.g. symptoms, physical examinations and laboratory test results), diagnoses and prescriptions as the main information components. We propose a practical solution to accomplish the large-scale clinical data integration and preprocessing tasks. Meanwhile, we have developed over 400 OLAP reports to enable the multidimensional analysis of clinical data and the case-based CDS. We have successfully conducted several interesting data mining applications. Particularly, we use various classification methods, namely support vector machine, decision tree and Bayesian network, to discover the knowledge of syndrome differentiation. Furthermore, we have applied association rule and CNA to extract the useful acupuncture point and herb combination patterns from the clinical prescriptions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A CDW system consisting of TCM clinical RIM, ETL, OLAP and data mining as the core components has been developed to facilitate the tasks of TCM knowledge discovery and CDS. We have conducted several OLAP and data mining tasks to explore the empirical knowledge from the TCM clinical data. The CDW platform would be a promising infrastructure to make full use of the TCM clinical data for scientific hypothesis generation, and promote the development of TCM from individualized empirical knowledge to large-scale evidence-based medicine.
authors.affiliation: School of Computer and Information Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China.
authors.forename: Xuezhong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Shibo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Baoyan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Runsun
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Yinghui
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Yufeng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Hua
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Zhuye
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Xiufeng
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yan
mesh_terms: D001185:Artificial Intelligence; D003195:Computer Communication Networks; D057225:Data Mining; D003628:Database Management Systems; D019992:Databases as Topic; D020000:Decision Support Systems, Clinical; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D057286:Electronic Health Records; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D008516:Medicine, Chinese Traditional; D049490:Systems Biology; D018511:Systems Integration; D014584:User-Computer Interface
chemical_list: D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal