title: Hyperaldosteronism is associated with a decrease in number and altered growth factor expression of endothelial progenitor cells in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Aldosterone plays a role in hypertension, the pathogenesis of heart failure and vascular injury. However, little information exists about the possible influence of aldosterone on bone marrow derived endothelial progenitor cells (EPC), which are involved in the repair of damaged endothelium. This study was designed to determine the long- term in vivo influence of aldosterone on the number of EPC.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Wistar rats were equipped with a subcutaneous pump which released aldosterone (n=20) or placebo (n=20) over 28 days. The animals were either fed with or without the aldosterone antagonist spironolactone (each n=10). EPC were identified by the uptake of ac-LDL and BS-1. The expression of VEGF-2 receptor, VEGF, HGF, SDF1 and the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) in EPC was assessed by quantitative PCR. Finally, VEGF concentration was measured in the serum of all animals by ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The total number of EPC was significantly lowered by chronic aldosterone treatment. Spironolactone compensated the effect and lead to a 2-fold increase. While the SDF1 mRNA was not affected by aldosterone, HGF, MR2 and VEGF receptor mRNA were significantly downregulated in EPC. Strikingly spironolactone not only leads to increases in the mRNA expression in hyper-aldosteronemic animals but also exhibited significant increases above the control levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present data indicate that high levels of aldosterone impair the function and reduce the numbers of EPC and lead to a downregulation of VEGF and the VEGF receptor in vivo. Spironolactone antagonized these effects. MR blockade by spironolactone may therefore represent a future tool to enhance the response to cell based therapy.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Muscle Research and Molecular Cardiology, Dept. III of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Dennis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ladage
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Muscle Research and Molecular Cardiology, Dept. III of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Dept. I of Internal Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Nora
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Schützeberg
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Muscle Research and Molecular Cardiology, Dept. III of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Theresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dartsch
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Muscle Research and Molecular Cardiology, Dept. III of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Krausgrill
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Muscle Research and Molecular Cardiology, Dept. III of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Marcel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Halbach
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Muscle Research and Molecular Cardiology, Dept. III of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Carsten
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zobel
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Muscle Research and Molecular Cardiology, Dept. III of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany. Electronic address: muller.ehmsen@uni-koeln.de.
authors.forename: Jochen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Müller-Ehmsen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002452:Cell Count; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D006929:Hyperaldosteronism / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013148:Spironolactone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000502:physiology; D040301:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; C467498:vascular endothelial growth factor A, rat; D013148:Spironolactone; D040301:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2