title: Bioequivalence of single and multiple doses of venlafaxine extended-release tablets and capsules in the fasted and fed states: four open-label, randomized crossover trials in healthy volunteers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Venlafaxine extended-release (ER) tablets use osmotic pressure to deliver venlafaxine hydrochloride at a controlled rate over approximately 24 hours.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  These studies were conducted to evaluate the bioequivalence of venlafaxine ER tablets and capsules based on the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) definition.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four pharmacokinetic studies of the capsule (reference) and tablet (test) formulations were conducted in healthy adult volunteers. The first 2 were randomized, single-dose, 4-way crossover studies of either a 37.5-mg dose (study A) or a 75-mg dose (study B) of the reference and test products under fasting and fed conditions. The other 2 were randomized, 2-way crossover studies of either a single dose (study C) or multiple doses (study D) of venlafaxine ER 225 mg, delivered as one venlafaxine ER 225-mg tablet or one 150-mg + one 75-mg venlafaxine ER capsules under fed conditions. The primary outcome measures were the log-transformed C(max), AUC(0-t), and AUC(0-infinity). If the 90% CIs for the ratios of the least squares means of the primary outcome measures between the reference and test formulations fell within the regulatory range (80%-125%), the 2 formulations would be considered bioequivalent according to the FDA definition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-six subjects (21 men, 15 women; mean [SD] age, 28.0 [8.7] years; mean weight, 161.0 [26.0] lb) were enrolled in study A and completed all treatment periods. Thirty-six subjects were enrolled in study B, of whom 30 (22 men, 8 women; mean age, 33.5 [9.6] years; mean weight, 172.7 [23.9] lb) completed all treatment periods. Thirty-six subjects were enrolled in study C, of whom 28 (16 men, 12 women; mean age, 33.1 [12.9] years; mean weight, 160.6 [29.6] lb) completed the study. Thirty-four subjects were enrolled in study D, of whom 33 (29 men, 4 women; mean age, 26.0 [8.1] years; mean weight, 178.0 [30.3] lb) completed the study. In study A, the 90% CIs for the log-transformed ratio (test vs reference) of C(max), AUC(0-t), and AUC(0-infinity) in the fasted state were 95.58 to 107.48, 97.58 to 111.09, and 100.31 to 112.85, respectively; in the fed state, the corresponding values were 84.26 to 94.86, 93.49 to 106.58, and 98.98 to 111.91. In study B, the respective values in the fasted state were 113.07 to 126.10, 111.11 to 124.57, and 106.86 and 120.71; in the fed state, the values were 90.50 to 100.90, 96.80 to 108.50, and 95.05 to 107.21. In study C, fed values were 94.15 to 109.37, 103.8 to 115.85, and 102.64 to 113.39. In study D, which involved multiple doses, fed values for C(max) and AUC(0-t) were 82.26 to 88.77 and 101.16 to 109.45, respectively. Adverse effects included nausea, vomiting, dizziness, syncope, and somnolence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In these single- and multiple-dose studies, all doses of venlafaxine ER tablets tested met the FDA criterion for bioequivalence to the equivalent doses of venlafaxine ER capsules in the fed state. In the fasted state, the bioequivalence criterion was met for venlafaxine ER 37.5-mg tablets but not venlafaxine 75-mg tablets.
authors.affiliation: Upstate Pharma, LLC, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. cwright2@rpsweb.com
authors.forename: Clinton W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: Mark S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Aikman
authors.forename: Erica
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Werts
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Seabolt
authors.forename: Jean-Marc C
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Haeusler
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D018687:Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D019540:Area Under Curve; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002214:Capsules; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003511:Cyclohexanols / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013607:Tablets; D013810:Therapeutic Equivalency; D000069470:Venlafaxine Hydrochloride; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D018687:Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation; D002214:Capsules; D003511:Cyclohexanols; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D013607:Tablets; D000069470:Venlafaxine Hydrochloride