title: Severe, short-duration (0-3 min) heat shocks (50-52 degrees C) inhibit the repair of DNA damage.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this study was to determine whether short-duration (15 s-3 min) high-temperature (50 degrees C) heat shocks inhibit the repair of DNA damage.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cultured HeLa cells were used. DNA damage was measured after UV exposure or X-irradiation. Three methods were used to measure DNA damage: alkaline comet assay with the endonuclease, UVDE, for single strand breaks and UV photoproducts, antibodies specific for cyclo-pyrimidine dimers (CPD) or for 6-4 photoproducts (64PP), and the appearance-resolution of gamma-H2AX foci for DNA double strand breaks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Heat shocks of 15-30 s at 50 degrees C inhibited repair of DNA damage after UV exposure or X-irradiation detected by the alkaline comet assay (after UV) or by persistence of gamma-H2AX foci (after X-rays). The phosphorylation of histone, H2AX, induced by 1 or 4 Gy of X-rays was inhibited in a time-dependent manner after 15-45 s at 52 degrees C. When the excision of UV-induced PP was measured, heat shocks of more than 60 s at 50 degrees C were required to show measurable inhibition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Severe (50 degrees C) short-duration (15 s or greater) heat shocks inhibit repair of UV-induced DNA damage. The ability to detect the inhibitory effects of very short, 15-60 s, heat shocks was assay dependent. The comet assay could detect repair inhibition after a 15-s heat shock. Detection of DNA damage by specific antibodies could only detect repair inhibition after 1-3-min heat shocks. Using the gamma-H2AX foci method 30 s at 50 degrees C induced a significant delay in the repair of DNA damage after 1 Gy of X-rays.
authors.affiliation: Radiation Oncology Department, Radiation and Cancer Biology Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63108, USA.
authors.forename: Joseph L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Roti Roti
authors.forename: Raj K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Pandita
authors.forename: Jason D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Mueller
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Novak
authors.forename: Eduardo G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Moros
authors.forename: Andrei
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Laszlo
mesh_terms: D020552:Comet Assay; D004249:DNA Damage; D004260:DNA Repair; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans