title: Depressive disorder and incident diabetes mellitus: the effect of characteristics of depression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that clinically significant depression detected in a population sample increases the risk of diabetes mellitus. The authors examined the effect of characteristics of depression frequently found in the community on the risk of incident diabetes mellitus.
  
  
  METHODS
  A large community sample of adults aged > or = 55 years (N=4,803) was assessed at baseline in a longitudinal three-wave epidemiological enquiry using a psychiatric interview and the Geriatric Mental State Schedule. Cases of depression were diagnosed according to standardized criteria, and diabetes was assessed using a risk factors questionnaire. Follow-up evaluations, conducted 2.5 and 5 years later, were completed to determine the incidence of diabetes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline, 379 case subjects with depression were identified. The risk of incident diabetes mellitus was higher among subjects with depression when compared with nondepressed subjects, and the association remained significant after controlling for potential confounders, including diabetes risk factors. The estimated rate of diabetes mellitus attributable to depression was 6.87%. An increased risk of diabetes mellitus was also associated with the following characteristics of depression: nonsevere depression, persistent depression, and untreated depression. Treatment with antidepressants was not associated with an increased risk of diabetes mellitus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinically significant depression is associated with a 65% increased risk of diabetes mellitus. Characteristics of depression frequently found in the community, namely nonsevere depression, persistent depression, and untreated depression, may play a role in the development of diabetes in a predominantly elderly adult population.
authors.affiliation: Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de la Salud (I+CS), Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Campayo
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: de Jonge
authors.forename: Juan F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Roy
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Saz
authors.forename: Concepción
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: de la Cámara
authors.forename: Miguel A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Quintanilla
authors.forename: Guillermo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Marcos
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Santabárbara
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lobo
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000523:psychology*; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D016012:Poisson Distribution; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012307:Risk Factors