title: Association between kidney function and albuminuria with cardiovascular events in HIV-infected persons.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is now a leading cause of death in HIV-infected persons; however, risk markers for CVD are ill defined in this population. We examined the association between longitudinal measures of kidney function and albuminuria with risk of atherosclerotic CVD and heart failure in a contemporary cohort of HIV-infected individuals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We followed a national sample of 17 264 HIV-infected persons receiving care in the Veterans Health Administration for (1) incident CVD, defined as coronary, cerebrovascular, or peripheral arterial disease, and (2) incident heart failure. Rates of CVD and heart failure were at least 6-fold greater in the highest-risk patients with an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <30 mL/min per 1.73 m(2) and albuminuria > or =300 mg/dL versus those with no evidence of kidney disease (eGFR > or =60 mL/min per 1.73 m(2) and no albuminuria). After multivariable adjustment, eGFR levels 45 to 59, 30 to 44, and <30 mL/min per 1.73 m(2) were associated with hazard ratios for incident CVD of 1.46 (95% confidence interval, 1.15 to 1.86), 2.03 (1.47 to 2.82), and 1.99 (1.46 to 2.70) compared with eGFR > or =60 mL/min per 1.73 m(2). Similarly, albuminuria levels 30, 100, and > or =300 mg/dL had hazard ratios for CVD of 1.28 (1.09 to 1.51), 1.48 (1.15 to 1.90), and 1.71 (1.30 to 2.27) compared with absent albuminuria. The associations between eGFR and albuminuria with heart failure were larger in magnitude and followed the same trends.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this national sample of HIV-infected persons, eGFR and albuminuria levels were strongly associated with risk of CVD and heart failure. Kidney function and albuminuria provide complementary prognostic information that may aid CVD risk stratification in HIV-infected persons.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and University of California, San Francisco, USA. andy.choi@ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Andy I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Yongmei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Steven G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Deeks
authors.forename: Carl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Grunfeld
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Volberding
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Shlipak
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D014481:United States