title: A MaSp2-like gene found in the Amazon mygalomorph spider Avicularia juruensis.
abstract: Two unique spidroins are present in the silk of the Amazon mygalomorph spider - Avicularia juruensis (Theraphosidae), and for the first time the presence and expression of a major ampullate spidroin 2-like in Mygalomorphae are demonstrated. Molecular analysis showed the presence of (GA)(n,) poly-A and GPGXX motifs in the amino acid sequence of Spidroin 2, the last being a motif described so far only in MaSp2 and Flag spidroins. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the previously known orthologous silk gene clusters, and placed this gene firmly within the orbicularian MaSp2 clade. Gene tree-species tree reconciliations show a pattern of multiple gene duplication throughout spider silk evolution, and pinpoint the oldest speciation in which MaSps must have been present in spiders on the mygalomorph-araneomorph split, 240 MYA. Therefore, while not refuting orb weaver monophyly, MaSp2s, and major ampullate silks in general cannot be classified as orbicularian synapomorphies, but have to be considered plesiomorphic for Opisthothelae. The evidence presented here challenges the simplified notion that mygalomorphs spin only one kind of silk, and adds to the suite of information suggesting a pattern of early niche diversification between Araneomorphae and Mygalomorphae. Additionally, mygalomorph MaSp2-like might accommodate mechanical demands arising from the arboreal habitat preference of Avicularia.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Biology, EMBRAPA Western Amazon, Brazil. daniela.bittencourt@cpaa.embrapa.br
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bittencourt
authors.forename: Katharina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dittmar
authors.forename: Randolph V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: Elíbio L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Rech
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D017344:Genes, Insect / Q000235:genetics*; D019476:Insect Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D013112:Spiders / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D019476:Insect Proteins