title: Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita: analysis of twelve cases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The term arthrogryposis multiplex congenita (AMC) refers to multiple joint contractures present at birth. AMC is not a specific disorder but is the consequence of neurological, muscular, connective tissue, and skeletal abnormalities or intrauterine crowding, which may lead to limitation of fetal joint mobility and the development of contractures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cases referred to our perinatology department for detailed examination were retrospectively analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twelve cases with AMC were detected during the antenatal period. The ultrasound features related to the "lack of movement" included limb abnormalities (multiple contractures, clenched hands, and clubbed feet), short umbilical cord, polyhydramnios, pulmonary hypoplasia, camptodactyly, and micrognathia. Five of the early detected cases (71%) were found to have increased nuchal translucency or nuchal fold. All of the cases at the third trimester resulted in neonatal death.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  First trimester screening may be useful for early diagnosis of AMC. Sonographic findings in late pregnancy might be helpful in predicting the prognosis. Due to the high recurrence risk, a specific screening program should be performed for the following pregnancies by examination of the fetus several times for movement and position of the limbs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics Clinic, Division of Perinatology, Haseki Training & Research Hospital, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dane
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dane
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Aksoy
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cetin
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yayla
mesh_terms: D001176:Arthrogryposis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006831:Polyhydramnios / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D011247:Pregnancy; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal