title: Participation of endogenous opioids in the inhibition of the spinal generator for ejaculation in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A spinal pattern generator controls the expression of ejaculation. When this ejaculation generator is activated it can be phasically controlled, at a spinal level, by intrinsic mechanisms that eventually lead to the establishment of both short- and long-lasting inhibitory processes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the hypothesis that endogenous opioids participate in the control of ejaculation by exerting an inhibitory influence upon the spinal generator for ejaculation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Electromyographic recordings of the ejaculatory motor pattern recorded in the bulbospongiosus muscles were obtained as physiological markers of ejaculation.
  
  
  METHODS
  By using a model for the study of ejaculation in spinal male rats, we analyze the effects of the intravenous injection of the opioid agonist morphine and the opioid antagonist naloxone on the expression of the ejaculatory motor pattern. In addition, the effect of pre-treatment with systemic naloxone on the establishment of the inhibition of the ejaculatory motor pattern resulting from its repeated sensory-induced elicitation was evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data obtained show that: (i) the i.v. injection of morphine (1-10 mg/rat) inhibits whereas that of naloxone (1-10 mg/rat) induces the expression of the genital ejaculatory motor pattern; (ii) naloxone pretreatment dose-dependently blocks the inhibitory effects of the high dose of morphine upon the rhythmic motor pattern of ejaculation; (iii) the inhibition of the ejaculatory response induced by repeated urethral stimulation can be delayed, and the ejaculatory capacity augmented, by naloxone injection (10 mg/rat).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Together, these evidences support the notion that endogenous opioids modulate the activity of the spinal generator for ejaculation by exerting an inhibitory influence.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Comportamiento Reproductivo, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Av. Universidad No. 1, Col. La Loma Xicohtencatl, Tlaxcala 90000, Mexico. miguel_carro@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Carro-Juárez
authors.forename: Gabriela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Manzo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004542:Ejaculation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D004576:Electromyography; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D009020:Morphine / Q000494:pharmacology; D009046:Motor Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009132:Muscles / Q000502:physiology; D009270:Naloxone / Q000494:pharmacology; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D009294:Narcotics / Q000494:pharmacology; D018847:Opioid Peptides / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D009294:Narcotics; D018847:Opioid Peptides; D009270:Naloxone; D009020:Morphine