title: Role of regulatory T cells in xenotransplantation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although much has been written about the biology of regulatory T cells (Tregs), their characterization and role in xenotransplantation has been limited. This review summarizes the recent literature supporting a role for Tregs in the cell-mediated xenoimmune response.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Studies in in-vitro assays systems have focused on the biology of natural Tregs, whereas in-vivo rodent models of induced tolerance to xenografts have implied an important role for CD4CD8 double-negative T cells. Although it was not unexpected that natural Tregs would have the capacity to modulate the T-cell-mediated response to xenografts, there are features that are different to what is seen in alloimmunity. The Tregs response to pig xenografts is more dependent on immunomodulatory cytokines such as IL-10, whereas in-vitro Tregs function in alloimmunity is focused strongly on cell contact mechanisms. In the acquired immune response, the majority of published findings have highlighted the properties of CD4CD8 double-negative Tregs, whereas little if anything has been written about the more familiar CD4CD25 Tregs, which has been well described with in-vivo models of acquired alloimmune tolerance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although many investigators feel there are unique opportunities for using cell-based immunomodulatory therapies in xenotransplantation, our current understanding of the biology of Treg response remains incomplete. These gaps in our understanding need to be overcome before Tregs can be realized therapeutically to modulate the strong cellular xenoimmune response.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney at Westmead Hospital, New South Wales, Australia. philip_oconnell@wsahs.nsw.gov.au
authors.forename: Philip J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: O'Connell
authors.forename: Shounan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yi
authors.forename: Emma M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Carrington
authors.forename: Andrew M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Lew
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000276:immunology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D006085:Graft Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007111:Immunity, Cellular; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013045:Species Specificity; D050378:T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D023001:Transplantation Tolerance; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents