title: Metabolic surgery: the role of the gastrointestinal tract in diabetes mellitus.
abstract: Several conventional methods of bariatric surgery can induce long-term remission of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM); novel gastrointestinal surgical procedures are reported to have similar effects. These procedures also dramatically improve other metabolic conditions, including hyperlipidemia and hypertension, in both obese and nonobese patients. Several studies have provided evidence that these metabolic effects are not simply the results of drastic weight loss and decreased caloric intake but might be attributable, in part, to endocrine changes resulting from surgical manipulation of the gastrointestinal tract. In this Review, we provide an overview of the clinical evidence that demonstrates the effects of such interventions-termed metabolic surgery-on T2DM and discuss the implications for future research. In light of the evidence presented here, we speculate that the gastrointestinal tract might have a role in the pathophysiology of T2DM and obesity.
authors.affiliation: Section of Gastrointestinal Metabolic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College/New York Presbyterian Hospital, 525 East 68th Street, P-714, New York, NY 10065, USA. frr2007@med.cornell.edu
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rubino
authors.forename: Sarah L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: R'bibo
authors.forename: Federica
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: del Genio
authors.forename: Madhu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mazumdar
authors.forename: Timothy E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: McGraw
mesh_terms: D050110:Bariatric Surgery / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D002149:Energy Intake; D019858:Enteroendocrine Cells; D005768:Gastrointestinal Hormones; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000601:surgery; D006949:Hyperlipidemias / Q000601:surgery; D006973:Hypertension / Q000601:surgery; D009765:Obesity / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D015431:Weight Loss
chemical_list: D005768:Gastrointestinal Hormones