title: Determinants of general practitioners' wages in England.
abstract: We analyse the determinants of annual net income and wages (net income/hours) of general practitioners (GPs) using data for 2271 GPs in England recorded during Autumn 2008. The average GP had an annual net income of £97,500 and worked 43 h per week. The mean wage was £51 per h. Net income and wages depended on gender, experience, list size, partnership size, whether or not the GP worked in a dispensing practice, whether they were salaried of self-employed, whether they worked in a practice with a nationally or locally negotiated contract, and the characteristics of the local population (proportion from ethnic minorities, rurality, and income deprivation). The findings have implications for pay discrimination by GP gender and ethnicity, GP preferences for partnership size, incentives for competition for patients, and compensating differentials for local population characteristics. They also shed light on the attractiveness to GPs in England of locally negotiated (personal medical services) versus nationally negotiated (general medical services) contracts.
authors.affiliation: UCLH/UCL Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Division of Research Strategy, UCL Research Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK. steve.morris@ucl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: Rosalind
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Goudie
authors.forename: Matt
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sutton
authors.forename: Hugh
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gravelle
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Elliott
authors.forename: Arne Risa
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Hole
authors.forename: Ada
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Bonnie
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sibbald
authors.forename: Diane
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Skåtun
mesh_terms: D003284:Contract Services / Q000191:economics; D004739:England; D005260:Female; D058005:General Practitioners / Q000191:economics*; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010317:Partnership Practice / Q000191:economics; D011907:Rate Setting and Review / Q000379:methods*; D012456:Salaries and Fringe Benefits / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012737:Sex Factors; D013222:State Medicine / Q000191:economics*