title: Novel spray freeze-drying technique using four-fluid nozzle-development of organic solvent system to expand its application to poorly water soluble drugs.
abstract: Spray freeze-drying (SFD) technique using four-fluid nozzle (4N), which is a novel particle design technique previously developed by authors, has been further developed to expand its application in pharmaceutical industry. The organic solvent was utilized as a spray solvent to dissolve the poorly soluble drug instead of conventional aqueous solution. Acetonitrile solution of the drug and aqueous solution of the polymeric carrier were separately and simultaneously atomized through 4N, and collided each other at the tip of nozzle edge. The spray mists were immediately frozen in the liquid nitrogen to form a suspension. Then, the iced droplets were freeze-dried to prepare the composite particles of the drug and carrier according to our proprietary method developed before. The resultant composite particles with phenytoin prepared by using acetonitrile (4N-SFD-MeCN system) were deeply characterized compared to those using aqueous solution (4N-SFD-aqua system) from morphological and physicochemical perspectives. The characteristic porous structure was observed in 4N-SFD-MeCN particles as well as 4N-SFD-aqua particles. However, it was found that the size and quantity of pore in 4N-SFD-MeCN particles were smaller than those of 4N-SFD-aqua particles. As a result, the former particles had 2- to 3-times smaller specific surface area than the latter particles independent of the type of carrier loaded. The slight difference of release profiles from the particles prepared between both systems was discussed from the microscopically structural viewpoint. In addition, ciclosporin was applied to organic solvent SFD system because this drug was poorly water soluble and cannot be applied to conventional aqueous SFD system. The release profiles from SFD particles were dramatically improved compared to the bulk material, suggesting that the new SFD technique using organic solvent has potential to develop the novel solubilized formulation for poorly water-soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs).
authors.affiliation: Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan. niwat@ccmfs.meijo-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Toshiyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Niwa
authors.forename: Hiroko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shimabara
authors.forename: Kazumi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Danjo
mesh_terms: D000097:Acetonitriles; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000737:chemistry; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000737:chemistry; D005612:Freeze Drying / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000737:chemistry; D010316:Particle Size; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000737:chemistry*; D010672:Phenytoin / Q000737:chemistry; D016062:Porosity; D012995:Solubility; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000097:Acetonitriles; D000927:Anticonvulsants; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D014867:Water; D010672:Phenytoin; D016572:Cyclosporine; C032159:acetonitrile