title: Prenatal alcohol exposure and chronic mild stress differentially alter depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors in male and female offspring.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) is associated with numerous neurobehavioral alterations, as well as disabilities in a number of domains, including a high incidence of depression and anxiety disorders. Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) also alters hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) function, resulting in increased responsiveness to stressors and HPA dysregulation in adulthood. Interestingly, data suggest that pre-existing HPA abnormalities may be a major contributory factor to some forms of depression, particularly when an individual is exposed to stressors later in life. We tested the hypothesis that exposure to stressors in adulthood may unmask an increased vulnerability to depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors in PAE animals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male and female offspring from prenatal alcohol (PAE), pair-fed (PF), and ad libitum-fed control (C) treatment groups were tested in adulthood. Animals were exposed to 10 consecutive days of chronic mild stress (CMS), and assessed in a battery of well-validated tasks sensitive to differences in depressive- and/or anxiety-like behaviors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We report here that the combination of PAE and CMS in adulthood increases depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors in a sexually dimorphic manner. PAE males showed impaired hedonic responsivity (sucrose contrast test), locomotor hyperactivity (open field), and alterations in affiliative and nonaffiliative social behaviors (social interaction test) compared to control males. By contrast, PAE and, to a lesser extent, PF, females showed greater levels of "behavioral despair" in the forced swim test, and PAE females showed altered behavior in the final 5 minutes of the social interaction test compared to control females.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data support the possibility that stress may be a mediating or contributing factor in the psychopathologies reported in FASD populations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. kim_hellemans@carleton.ca
authors.forename: Kim G C
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Hellemans
authors.forename: Pamela
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Verma
authors.forename: Esther
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.forename: Wayne K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Allan H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: Joanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Weinberg
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000633:toxicity*; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000523:psychology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol