title: Prevalence of microalbuminuria among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus--a hospital-based study from north India.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Asian ethnicity is said to be a risk factor for microalbuminuria. Prevalence studies in native Asians, especially Indians, are scarce. The aim was to study the prevalence of microalbuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and to identify the associated risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight hundred consecutive patients attending the endocrine outpatient clinic were screened. Six hundred seventy patients were eligible for microalbuminuria screening. Urinalysis was done in a random spot urine sample using dipsticks. History, physical examination, and metabolic data were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age and body mass index of the study population were 52.13 +/- 9.9 years and 26.19 +/- 4.34 kg/m(2), respectively. The median duration of diabetes was 5 years. Microalbuminuria was found in 25.5% (95% confidence interval, 22.4-29%) and macroproteinuria in 16.2% (95% confidence interval, 13.5-19.1%). In patients with duration of diabetes less than 1 year, the prevalence of microalbuminuria was 24.7%, and that of macroproteinuria was 6.2%. The risk factors associated with microalbuminuria and macroproteinuria were glycated hemoglobin, retinopathy, and calcium channel blocker intake. However, waist circumference was negatively associated with macroproteinuria but not with microalbuminuria. This difference in the risk factors supports the newer concept that microalbuminuria and diabetic nephropathy are pathophysiologically different and may not be inextricably linked.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The high proportion of patients who present with albuminuria within the first year of diagnosis probably indicates longer duration of prior undiagnosed diabetes. Screening for asymptomatic diabetes and defining newer risk factors to identify those at risk for complications are essential to reduce the socioeconomic burden of diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kanakamani
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Ammini
authors.forename: Nandita
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: S N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Dwivedi
mesh_terms: D000419:Albuminuria / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000652:urine; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D016482:Urinalysis