title: Viral shape-shifting: norovirus evasion of the human immune system.
abstract: Noroviruses are the most common cause of food-borne gastroenteritis worldwide, and explosive outbreaks frequently occur in community settings, where the virus can immobilize large numbers of infected individuals for 24-48 hours, making the development of effective vaccines and antiviral therapies a priority. However, several challenges have hampered therapeutic design, including: the limitations of cell culture and small-animal model systems; the complex effects of host pre-exposure histories; differential host susceptibility, which is correlated with blood group and secretor status; and the evolution of novel immune escape variants. In this Review, we discuss the molecular and structural mechanisms that facilitate the persistence of noroviruses in human populations.
authors.affiliation: University of North Carolina, Department of Epidemiology, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA.
authors.forename: Eric F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Donaldson
authors.forename: Lisa C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Lindesmith
authors.forename: Anna D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Lobue
authors.forename: Ralph S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Baric
mesh_terms: D017250:Caliciviridae Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D036022:Capsid Proteins / Q000276:immunology; D005759:Gastroenteritis / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D057131:Immune Evasion; D029322:Norovirus / Q000276:immunology* / Q000502:physiology; D014765:Viral Vaccines / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D036022:Capsid Proteins; D014765:Viral Vaccines