title: Design, synthesis, and evaluation of anti-inflammatory, analgesic, ulcerogenicity, and nitric oxide releasing studies of novel indomethacin analogs as non-ulcerogenic derivatives.
abstract: Most non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) suffer from the deadlier gastrointestinal (GI) toxicities. The free -COOH group is responsible for the GI toxicity associated with all traditional NSAIDs. In the present research work, the main objective was to develop new chemical entities as potential anti-inflammatory agents with no GI toxicities. The results of synthesis and pharmacological screening of a series of hybrid molecules having general formula 2-(5-(5-(substituted phenyl)-2-oxo-ethylthio)-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-yl)-2-phenyl-1H-indol-1-yl)-2-oxoethyl nitrate are described. These compounds were tested in vivo for their anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and ulcerogenic properties, and subjected to histopathological studies. Compound 7c, 2-(5-(5-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-2-oxo-ethylthio)-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-yl)-2-phenyl-1H-indol-1-yl)-2-oxoethyl nitrate, was the most potent in this series. The compounds that showed significantly reduced GI ulcerogenicity also showed promising results in histopathological studies, and they were found to cause no mucosal injury. All the synthesized compounds were found to exhibit significant nitric oxide releasing activity in an in vitro method. In conclusion, the designed hybrid molecules were found to be significantly promising.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, AISSMS College of Pharmacy, Kennedy Road, Pune, Maharashtra, India. drugdesign1@gmail.com
authors.forename: Shashikant V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Bhandari
authors.forename: Jignesh K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Parikh
authors.forename: Kailash G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Bothara
authors.forename: Trupti S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Chitre
authors.forename: Deepak K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Lokwani
authors.forename: Titiksh L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Devale
authors.forename: Nileema S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Modhave
authors.forename: Vidya S
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Pawar
authors.forename: Santosh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Panda
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000494:pharmacology; D015195:Drug Design; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced; D007213:Indomethacin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D014456:Ulcer / Q000139:chemically induced*
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D007213:Indomethacin