title: Pilot study of sentinel-node-based adoptive immunotherapy in advanced colorectal cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite optimal surgical treatment and modern adjuvant therapies, 50% of patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer die within 5 years. Immunotherapy offers an appealing complement to traditional chemotherapy, with possible long-term protection against tumor recurrences through immunological memory. We have conducted a pilot study of a novel adoptive immunotherapy, using autologous, in vitro expanded lymphocytes isolated from the tumor-draining sentinel lymph node.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sentinel nodes were recovered from 16 patients with disseminated or locally advanced, high-risk colorectal cancer. Single-cell suspensions of sentinel-node-acquired lymphocytes were clonally expanded in vitro in the presence of autologous tumor extract and returned as a transfusion. Patients were followed with clinical and radiological evaluations. Long-term survival was compared with traditionally treated controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sentinel-node-acquired CD4(+) Th1-lymphocytes could be clonally expanded in vitro and safely administered to all 16 patients without side-effects. In four out of nine stage IV patients, complete tumor regression occurred. Median survival time in the stage IV patients (n = 9) was 2.6 years, as compared with 0.8 years in conventionally treated controls. A dose-dependent effect with regards to reduced tumor burden and long-term survival was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sentinel-node-based adoptive immunotherapy is feasible; the method has shown no apparent side-effects and appears to convey therapeutic antitumor effects. Further studies are justified to determine its efficacy and precise role in the treatment of colorectal cancer.
authors.affiliation: Karolinska Institute, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Mona
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Karlsson
authors.forename: Per
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Marits
authors.forename: Kjell
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dahl
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dagöö
authors.forename: Sven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Enerbäck
authors.forename: Magnus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Thörn
authors.forename: Ola
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Winqvist
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D016219:Immunotherapy, Adoptive; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000276:immunology*; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D010865:Pilot Projects; D021701:Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy; D015996:Survival Rate; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology* / Q000637:transplantation; D016896:Treatment Outcome