title: Gas-permeable ethylene bags for the small scale cultivation of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 and other viruses in embryonated chicken eggs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Embryonated chicken eggs (ECE) are sometimes used for the primary isolation or passage of influenza viruses, other viruses, and certain bacteria. For small-scale experiments with pathogens that must be studied in biosafety level three (BSL3) facilities, inoculated ECE are sometimes manipulated and maintained in small egg incubators within a biosafety cabinet (BSC). To simplify the clean up and decontamination of an egg incubator in case of egg breakage, we explored whether ethylene breather bags could be used to encase ECE inoculated with pathogens. This concept was tested by determining embryo survival and examining virus yields in bagged ECE.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Virus yields acceptable for many applications were attained when influenza-, alpha-, flavi-, canine distemper-, and mousepox viruses were propagated in ECE sealed within ethylene breather bags.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For many small-scale applications, ethylene breather bags can be used to encase ECE inoculated with various viruses.
authors.affiliation: Energy and Life Sciences Division, Midwest Research Institute, 425 Volker Boulevard, Kansas City, Missouri, 64110, USA.
authors.forename: Sara B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Hamilton
authors.forename: Deirdre E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Daniels
authors.forename: William A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Sosna
authors.forename: Eric R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Jeppesen
authors.forename: Julie M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Owells
authors.forename: Micah D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Halpern
authors.forename: Kimberly S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: McCurdy
authors.forename: Jonathan O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Rayner
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Lednicky
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D002642:Chick Embryo; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D003264:Containment of Biohazards / Q000379:methods*; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005030:Ethylenes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D050296:Microbial Viability / Q000187:drug effects; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014776:Virus Cultivation; D014780:Viruses / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000302:isolation & purification*
chemical_list: D004202:Disinfectants; D005030:Ethylenes; C036216:ethylene