title: Chronic psychological stress alters body weight and blood chemistry in European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris).
abstract: One hallmark of chronic stress is a decrease in body weight that rebounds once chronic stress is alleviated. We applied chronic psychological stress by exposing European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) to a previously validated chronic stress protocol (CSP) consisting of 4 different randomly applied stressors per day. Experimental design consisted of a 21 day CSP (CSP1), a 60day recovery (R1), a second 14 day CSP (CSP2), and a second 30 day recovery (R2). Body weight decreased by approximately 5% during CSP1, but overshot to 5-10% above initial body weight during R1. To investigate underlying mechanisms, we periodically measured 12 biochemical analytes, including aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatine kinase (CK), bile acids, total protein, albumin, globulin, glucose, uric acid, calcium (Ca(++)), phosphorus (PHOS), potassium (K(+)), and sodium (Na(+)). AST and CK increased at the beginning of CSP1, suggesting muscle breakdown. Additionally, decreases in albumin and total protein paired with stable uric acid, but no associated change in glucose, suggested protein breakdown as a secondary energy source. Changes in blood parameters that occurred during CSP1 did not reverse during R1. During CSP2 and R2, weight loss and gain occurred in different proportions. CSP2 produced an approximate 15% decrease in body weight, but R2 resulted in only re-gaining 5% of this weight, although this was equivalent to the pre-CSP1 weight. In summary, protein metabolism appeared to mediate weight loss during chronic stress, but over-gaining weight was not a good indicator of recovery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Awerman
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Romero
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases / Q000097:blood; D001647:Bile Acids and Salts / Q000097:blood; D001798:Blood Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology*; D003402:Creatine Kinase / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D009132:Muscles / Q000201:enzymology; D046749:Starlings / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000097:blood* / Q000502:physiology; D013312:Stress, Physiological; D013315:Stress, Psychological; D013997:Time Factors; D015430:Weight Gain; D015431:Weight Loss
chemical_list: D001647:Bile Acids and Salts; D001798:Blood Proteins; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases; D003402:Creatine Kinase