title: Apolipoprotein E genotype is associated with macular pigment optical density.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most common cause of blindness in older people in developed countries, and risk factors for this condition may be classified as genetic and environmental. Apolipoprotein E is putatively involved in the transport of the macular pigment (MP) carotenoids lutein (L) and zeaxanthin (Z) in serum and may also influence retinal capture of these compounds. This study was designed to investigate the relationship between macular pigment optical density (MPOD) and ApoE genotype.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a cross-sectional study of 302 healthy adult subjects. Dietary intake of L and Z was assessed by food frequency questionnaire, and MPOD was measured by customized heterochromatic flicker photometry. Serum L and Z were measured by HPLC. ApoE genotyping was performed by direct polymerase chain reaction amplification and DNA nucleotide sequencing from peripheral blood.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Genotype data were available on 300 of the 302 (99.3%) subjects. The mean (+/- SD) age of the subjects in this study was 47.89 +/- 11.05 (range, 21-66) years. Subjects were classed into one of three ApoE genotype groups, as follows: group 1, epsilon2epsilon2 or epsilon2epsilon3; group 2, epsilon3epsilon3; group 3, epsilon2epsilon4 or epsilon3epsilon4 or epsilon4epsilon4. All three groups were statistically comparable in terms of age, sex, body mass index, cigarette smoking, and dietary and serum levels of L and Z. There was a statistically significant association between ApoE genotype and MPOD. Subjects who had at least one epsilon4 allele had a higher MPOD across the macula than subjects without this allele (group 1 MPOD area, 0.70 +/- 0.40; group 2 MPOD area, 0.67 +/- 0.42; group 3 MPOD area, 0.85 +/- 0.46; one-way ANOVA, P = 0.014.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that ApoE genotype status is associated with MPOD. This association may explain, at least in part, the putative protective effect of the epsilon4 allele for AMD and is consistent with the view that apolipoprotein profile influences the transport and/or retinal capture of circulating L and/or Z.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Life Sciences, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland. edwardloane@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Loane
authors.forename: Gareth J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: McKay
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Nolan
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Beatty
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000235:genetics*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003720:Densitometry; D004032:Diet; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D014975:Lutein / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D055620:Optical Phenomena; D012160:Retina / Q000737:chemistry*; D012168:Retinal Pigments / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis*; D012907:Smoking; D024341:Xanthophylls / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis*; D055815:Young Adult; D065146:Zeaxanthins
chemical_list: D001057:Apolipoproteins E; D012168:Retinal Pigments; D024341:Xanthophylls; D065146:Zeaxanthins; D014975:Lutein