title: The maximum tolerated dose and biologic effects of 3-aminopyridine-2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (3-AP) in combination with irinotecan for patients with refractory solid tumors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  3-AP is a ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor and has been postulated to act synergistically with other chemotherapeutic agents. This study was conducted to determine the toxicity and antitumor activity of 3-AP with irinotecan. Correlative studies included pharmacokinetics and the effects of ABCB1 and UGT1A1 polymorphisms.
  
  
  METHODS
  The treatment plan consisted of irinotecan on day 1 with 3-AP on days 1-3 of a 21-day cycle. Starting dose was irinotecan 150 mg/m(2) and 3-AP 85 mg/m(2) per day. Polymorphisms of ABCB1 were evaluated by pyrosequencing. Drug concentrations were determined by HPLC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-three patients were enrolled, 10 men and 13 women. Tumor types included seven patients with pancreatic cancer, four with lung cancer, two with cholangiocarcinoma, two with mesothelioma, two with ovarian cancer, and six with other malignancies. Two patients experienced dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) at dose level 1, requiring amendment of the dose-escalation scheme. Maximal tolerated dose (MTD) was determined to be 3-AP 60 mg/m(2) per day and irinotecan 200 mg/m(2). DLTs consisted of hypoxia, leukopenia, fatigue, infection, thrombocytopenia, dehydration, and ALT elevation. One partial response in a patient with refractory non-small cell lung cancer was seen. Genotyping suggests that patients with wild-type ABCB1 have a higher rate of grade 3 or 4 toxicity than those with ABCB1 mutations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The MTD for this combination was 3-AP 60 mg/m(2) per day on days 1-3 and irinotecan 200 mg/m(2) on day 1 every 21 days. Antitumor activity in a patient with refractory non-small cell lung cancer was noted at level 1.
authors.affiliation: University of Wisconsin Paul P. Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, Madison, WI, 53792, USA.
authors.forename: Brian S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Dona B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Alberti
authors.forename: William R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Schelman
authors.forename: Jill M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kolesar
authors.forename: James P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Marnocha
authors.forename: Jens C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Eickhoff
authors.forename: S Percy
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Ivy
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wilding
authors.forename: Kyle D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Holen
mesh_terms: D018435:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B; D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1 / Q000235:genetics; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002166:Camptothecin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004357:Drug Synergism; D005260:Female; D014453:Glucuronosyltransferase / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D000077146:Irinotecan; D008297:Male; D020714:Maximum Tolerated Dose; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011725:Pyridines / Q000008:administration & dosage; D013882:Thiosemicarbazones / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D000099148:UGT1A1 Enzyme
chemical_list: D018435:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B; D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1; D002166:Camptothecin; D014453:Glucuronosyltransferase; D000077146:Irinotecan; D011725:Pyridines; D013882:Thiosemicarbazones; D000099148:UGT1A1 Enzyme; C513055:ABCB1 protein, human; C078157:3-aminopyridine-2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone