title: DEGRO Practical Guidelines for palliative radiotherapy of breast cancer patients: brain metastases and leptomeningeal carcinomatosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To provide recommendations for palliative treatment of brain metastases (BM) and leptomeningeal carcinomatosis (LC) in breast cancer patients with specific emphasis on radiooncologic aspects.
  
  
  METHODS
  The breast cancer expert panel of the German Society of Radiation Oncology (DEGRO) performed a comprehensive survey of the literature comprising national and international guidelines, lately published randomized trials, and relevant retrospective analyses. The search included publications between 1995-2008 (PubMed and Guidelines International Network [G-I-N]). Recommendations were devised according to the panel's interpretation of the evidence referring to the criteria of EBM.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Aim of any treatment of BM and LC is to alleviate symptoms and improve neurologic deficits. Close interdisciplinary cooperation facilitates rapid diagnosis and onset of therapy, tailored to the individual and clinical situation. Treatment decisions for BM should be based on the allocation to three prognostic groups defined by recursive partitioning analysis (RPA). Karnofsky Performance Score (KPS) is the strongest prognostic parameter. Together with the extent of the disease, KPS determines whether excision or radiosurgery/stereotactic radiotherapy is feasible and if exclusive or additional whole-brain radiotherapy (WBRT) is indicated. With adequate therapy, survival may be up to 3 years. For LC, treatment is mostly indicated for patients with positive cytology or in case of strongly indicative signs and symptoms. Radiotherapy (WBRT and involved-field irradiation of bulky spinal lesions) and chemotherapy (systemically or intrathecally applied methotrexate, thiotepa and cytarabine) are both effective and may prolong survival from several weeks to 4-6 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Radiotherapy is an effective tool for palliative treatment of BM and LC.
authors.affiliation: Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany. petra.feyer@vivantes.de.|Klinik für Strahlentherapie, Radioonkologie und Nuklearmedizin, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Rudower Straße 48, 12351, Berlin, Deutschland. petra.feyer@vivantes.de.
authors.forename: Petra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Feyer
authors.affiliation: Municipal Hospital, Karlsruhe, Germany.
authors.forename: Marie-Luise
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Sautter-Bihl
authors.affiliation: University Hospital, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: Wilfried
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Budach
authors.affiliation: University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany.
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dunst
authors.affiliation: Formerly St. Vincentius Kliniken, Karlsruhe, Germany.
authors.forename: Wulf
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Haase
authors.affiliation: St. Clara Hospital, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Harms
authors.affiliation: University Hospital, Landeskrankenhaus Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.
authors.forename: Felix
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sedlmayer
authors.affiliation: University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Souchon
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Frederik
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wenz
authors.affiliation: University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Rolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sauer
mesh_terms: D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000556:secondary* / Q000601:surgery*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery*; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D016371:Cranial Irradiation; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D033183:Interdisciplinary Communication; D017567:Karnofsky Performance Status; D055756:Meningeal Carcinomatosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000556:secondary* / Q000601:surgery*; D010166:Palliative Care; D010348:Patient Care Team; D011379:Prognosis; D016634:Radiosurgery; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012189:Retrospective Studies