title: Brain interstitial fluid TNF-alpha after subarachnoid hemorrhage.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  TNF-alpha is an inflammatory cytokine that plays a central role in promoting the cascade of events leading to an inflammatory response. Recent studies have suggested that TNF-alpha may play a key role in the formation and rupture of cerebral aneurysms, and that the underlying cerebral inflammatory response is a major determinate of outcome following subrarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH).
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 14 comatose SAH patients who underwent multimodality neuromonitoring with intracranial pressure (ICP) and cerebral microdialysis as part of their clinical care. Continuous physiological variables were time-locked every 8h and recorded at the same point that brain interstitial fluid TNF-alpha was measured in brain microdialysis samples. Significant associations were determined using generalized estimation equations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Each patient had a mean of 9 brain tissue TNF-alpha measurements obtained over an average of 72h of monitoring. TNF-alpha levels rose progressively over time. Predictors of elevated brain interstitial TNF-alpha included higher brain interstitial fluid glucose levels (beta=0.066, p<0.02), intraventricular hemorrhage (beta=0.085, p<0.021), and aneurysm size >6mm (beta=0.14, p<0.001). There was no relationship between TNF-alpha levels and the burden of cisternal SAH; concurrent measurements of serum glucose, or lactate-pyruvate ratio.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Brain interstitial TNF-alpha levels are elevated after SAH, and are associated with large aneurysm size, the burden of intraventricular blood, and elevation brain interstitial glucose levels.
authors.affiliation: Division of Critical Care Neurology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA. kh2401@columbia.edu
authors.forename: Khalid A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Hanafy
authors.forename: Bartosz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Grobelny
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fernandez
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kurtz
authors.forename: E S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Connolly
authors.forename: Stephan A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Mayer
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schindler
authors.forename: Neeraj
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Badjatia
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003128:Coma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy; D045604:Extracellular Fluid / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007427:Intracranial Pressure; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D017551:Microdialysis; D008875:Middle Aged; D019289:Pyruvic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000628:therapy; D013997:Time Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D019344:Lactic Acid; D019289:Pyruvic Acid; D005947:Glucose