title: Urine lipoarabinomannan assay for tuberculosis screening before antiretroviral therapy diagnostic yield and association with immune reconstitution disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the utility of urine lipoarabinomannan (LAM) detection as a diagnostic screening test for tuberculosis (TB) in HIV-infected patients with advanced immuno deficiency and high prevalence of sputum smear-negative pulmonary disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  Unselected adults enrolling for antiretroviral therapy (ART) in a South African clinic were screened for TB with two sputum samples for fluorescence microscopy and mycobacterial liquid culture. LAM was measured in urine samples using a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sputum culture-positive TB was diagnosed in 58 patients (median CD4 cell count=78 cells/microliter) out of 235 patients screened (TB prevalence=0.25). Cultures were identified as positive after a mean of 24 days (SD=9 days). The sensitivity of sputum microscopy was just 0.14 (specificity=1.00), whereas that of LAM in concentrated urine was 0.38 (P<0.01; specificity=1.00). In those with CD4 cell counts of less than 50, 50-100 and more than 150 cells/microliter, the LAM assay sensitivities were 0.67, 0.41 and 0.13, respectively. Corresponding values for the combined use of the LAM assay and microscopy were 0.67, 0.53 and 0.21, respectively. Among TB patients, detectable LAM was very strongly associated with low CD4 cell counts and advanced clinical stage. All patients who developed TB immune reconstitution disease (n=5) had detectable urinary LAM at baseline.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The LAM assay has substantially superior sensitivity to sputum microscopy as a routine diagnostic TB screening test among patients with CD4 cell counts less than 100 cells/microliter. In one half of such patients, this assay could reduce the mean time to diagnosis by approximately 3 weeks. Furthermore, detectable urinary LAM may predict the development of TB immune reconstitution disease.
authors.affiliation: The Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, and Clinical Research Unit, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
authors.forename: Stephen D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Lawn
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: Katharina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kranzer
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vogt
authors.forename: Linda-Gail
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Bekker
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wood
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000652:urine*; D008297:Male; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013183:Sputum / Q000382:microbiology; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000652:urine; D053632:X-Linked Combined Immunodeficiency Diseases
chemical_list: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; C050016:lipoarabinomannan