title: Establishing normative data on scapulothoracic musculature using handheld dynamometry.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Scapular strength deficits have been linked to shoulder dysfunction.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To establish normative data on the scapulothoracic musculature in normal subjects using a handheld dynamometer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Descriptive normative data study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Field research.
  
  
  METHODS
  172 subjects with varying levels of overhead activity.
  
  
  METHODS
  A handheld dynamometer was used to test the upper, middle, and lower trapezius; rhomboids; and serratus anterior.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 2-factor ANOVA was performed for each of the muscles by activity level and unilateral ratio by activity-level analyses. Post hoc analysis included multiple pairwise comparisons, using the Dunn-Bonferroni correction method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Activity level did not significantly affect the unilateral ratios: Elevation:depression was 2.5:1, upward:downward rotation was 1.5:1, and protraction:retraction was 1.25:1. A rank order from strongest to weakest was established through significant comparisons.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The unilateral ratios along with the rank order should be considered when discussing scapular rehabilitation protocols.
authors.affiliation: Armstrong Atlantic State University, USA.
authors.forename: Nichole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.forename: Kristen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ferguson
authors.forename: Britney W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Mobley
authors.forename: Bryan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Riemann
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Davies
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D053580:Muscle Strength; D053581:Muscle Strength Dynamometer; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012540:Scapula; D019534:Shoulder Impingement Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis*; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013909:Thorax; D055815:Young Adult