title: An investigation into human pandemic influenza virus (H1N1) 2009 on an Alberta swine farm.
abstract: On May 2, 2009 the Canadian Food Inspection Agency notified the World Organization for Animal Health that an emerging novel influenza A virus (pandemic H1N1 2009) had been confirmed on a swine farm in Alberta. Over a 4-week period pigs in this farrow-to-finish operation were clinically affected by respiratory disease consistent with an influenza A virus infection and the presence of active viral infection was confirmed in all production areas by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Despite clinical recovery of animals, there was reluctance by purchasers to receive animals from this operation due to concerns about the effect on both domestic and international markets. The owner decided to depopulate the entire herd due to impending welfare issues associated with overcrowding and economic concerns resulting from the inability to market these animals. Carcasses were rendered or composted and did not enter the human food or animal feed chain. The source of virus in this herd was determined to be an infected human. Zoonotic transmission to 2 individuals responding to the outbreak was suspected and recommendations to prevent occupational exposure are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Terrestrial Animal Health Division, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario. Krista.Howden@inspection.gc.ca
authors.forename: Krista J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Howden
authors.forename: Egan J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Brockhoff
authors.forename: Francois D
authors.initials: FD
authors.lastname: Caya
authors.forename: Laura J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: McLeod
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lavoie
authors.forename: Joan D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Ing
authors.forename: Janet M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Bystrom
authors.forename: Soren
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Alexandersen
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Pasick
authors.forename: Yohannes
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Berhane
authors.forename: Margaret E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Morrison
authors.forename: Julia M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Keenliside
authors.forename: Sonja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Laurendeau
authors.forename: Elizabeth B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Rohonczy
mesh_terms: D000416:Alberta / Q000453:epidemiology; D000818:Animals; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000662:veterinary*; D037901:Euthanasia, Animal; D006801:Humans; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology; D009976:Orthomyxoviridae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D013552:Swine; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology; D015047:Zoonoses