title: Cytokine production from sputum cells and blood leukocytes in asthmatics according to disease severity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although mild to moderate asthma is known to be Th2 driven, cytokines produced in refractory asthma might not fit the classical Th2 pattern.
  
  
  METHODS
  The aim of our study was to assess the cytokine production by sputum and blood cells from 15 refractory asthmatics (American Thoracic Society Criteria) compared to 15 mild untreated and 17 moderate treated asthmatics and 22 healthy subjects. Spontaneous production of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-6, IL-10, interferon-gamma, and tumor necrosis factor alpha was measured by immunotrapping after 24 h sputum or blood cell culture.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Moderate and refractory asthmatics were both characterized by a lower production of IL-6 from their airway cells compared to healthy subjects. However, the difference was no longer significant when expressing the results per gram of sputum. No significant difference between the three groups was found regarding other cytokines. As for cytokine production from blood, the three groups of asthmatics exhibited raised production of IL-4 when compared to healthy subjects, and this was true when results were expressed per blood volume or after normalization for total leukocyte cell count. Moderate asthmatics exhibited greater production of IL-10 when compared to refractory asthmatics and healthy subjects when results were normalized for total leukocyte cell count.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sputum cells from moderate and refractory asthmatics release less IL-6. While the systemic overproduction of IL-4 was observed through the all spectrum of asthma severity, moderate asthmatics exhibited greater systemic IL-10 production compared to refractory asthmatics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine, CHU Sart-Tilman, University of Liege, GIGA, Research Group i3, Liège, Belgium. mmanise@student.ulg.ac.be
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Manise
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schleich
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gusbin
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Godinas
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Henket
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Antoine
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Corhay
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Louis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001249:Asthma / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000032:analysis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D013183:Sputum / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016753:Interleukin-10; D015847:Interleukin-4