title: Six-shogaol inhibits production of tumour necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1 beta and nitric oxide from lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We previously reported that 6-shogaol, a phenolic compound from ginger has antiinflammatory properties in a Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) model of mono-arthritic rats. In the present study, we investigated the effects of 6-shogaol on the production of inflammatory mediators from lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activated RAW 264.7 macrophages. These mediators (TNF-alpha, IL-1-beta and NO) and their output from macrophages are involved in various pathophysiological events of chronic inflammation and arthritis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Effects of 6-shogaol were investigated on the production of the mediators TNF-alpha, IL-1-beta and NO (measured as nitrate)from macrophages. Lipopolysaccharide activated RAW 264.7 macrophages were cultured in the presence and absence of 6-shogaol (2 microM, 10 microM and 20 microM) and ELISA was used to quantify the output of the mediators.
  
  
  RESULTS
  6-shogoal (2 microM, 10 microM and 20 microM) significantly inhibited the production of nitric oxide (NO), IL-1beta and TNF-alpha from the LPS activated RAW264.7 macrophages.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that macrophages are targets for the anti-inflammatory effects of 6-shogaol. Also, the inhibitory effects against TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and NO production from LPS activated macrophages are cellular mechanisms by which 6-shogaol produced its anti-inflammatory effects. These mechanisms provide an explanation of the protection by 6-shogaol against development of joint inflammation and cartilage degradation in CFA induced mono-arthritis that we previously demonstrated (1). Based on these results with 6-shogaol, there is evidence that it exhibits exploitable anti-inflammatory properties.
authors.affiliation: Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section, The University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica. arkene_levy@yahoo.com
authors.forename: A S A
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.forename: O R
authors.initials: OR
authors.lastname: Simon
mesh_terms: D002396:Catechols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002460:Cell Line; D006801:Humans; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: D002396:Catechols; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D010936:Plant Extracts; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D009569:Nitric Oxide; C040115:shogaol