title: The Taskload-Efficiency-Safety-Buffer Triangle--development and validation with air traffic management.
abstract: The Taskload-Efficiency-Safety-Buffer Triangle (TEST) was developed as a new computerised scaling tool for quickly visualising changes in and trade-offs between the three critical factors that determine the work situation of air traffic management (ATM), i.e. taskload, efficiency and safety-buffers. Based on a task analysis of ATM and backed up by the stress-strain model, an easy-to-interpret triangle was constructed and validated both in simulated and real ATM workplaces. Results from the validation studies show that TEST does not only reflect the most relevant task characteristics, but also provides additional insights in the controllers' working styles. The TEST tool can make ATM safety surveys more efficient and help supervisors to decide about optimal times for opening or closing additional sectors. Statement of Relevance: TEST is a new tool to assess taskload, efficiency and safety-buffers in a joint scaling. It reflects increases in taskload and effects of taskload on safety-buffers and efficiency, as well as trade-offs in opposite directions. This tool might be very useful to check sector capacity in ATM and other high risk environments.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Karl-Franzens University of Graz, Austria. wolfgang.kallus@uni-graz.at
authors.forename: K Wolfgang
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Kallus
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.forename: Hildegard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Winkler
authors.forename: Elisabeth M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Vormayr
mesh_terms: D000060:Accidents, Aviation / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003658:Decision Making, Computer-Assisted; D004526:Efficiency; D006801:Humans; D017146:Models, Organizational; D012449:Safety; D012984:Software; D013315:Stress, Psychological; D016526:Workload