title: The relationship between visual-spatial and auditory-verbal working memory span in Senegalese and Ugandan children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Using the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (K-ABC) Conant et al. (1999) observed that visual and auditory working memory (WM) span were independent in both younger and older children from DR Congo, but related in older American children and in Lao children. The present study evaluated whether visual and auditory WM span were independent in Ugandan and Senegalese children.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a linear regression analysis we used visual (Spatial Memory, Hand Movements) and auditory (Number Recall) WM along with education and physical development (weight/height) as predictors. The predicted variable in this analysis was Word Order, which is a verbal memory task that has both visual and auditory memory components.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both the younger (<8.5 yrs) and older (>8.5 yrs) Ugandan children had auditory memory span (Number Recall) that was strongly predictive of Word Order performance. For both the younger and older groups of Senegalese children, only visual WM span (Spatial Memory) was strongly predictive of Word Order. Number Recall was not significantly predictive of Word Order in either age group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is possible that greater literacy from more schooling for the Ugandan age groups mediated their greater degree of interdependence between auditory and verbal WM. Our findings support those of Conant et al., who observed in their cross-cultural comparisons that stronger education seemed to enhance the dominance of the phonological-auditory processing loop for WM.
authors.affiliation: International Psychiatric and Epidemiologic Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America. boivin@msu.edu
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Boivin
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bangirana
authors.forename: Rebecca  C
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shaffer
authors.forename: Rebecca C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006309:Hearing; D006801:Humans; D008568:Memory; D012675:Senegal; D014454:Uganda; D014785:Vision, Ocular