Identification of EP4 as a potential target for the treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer using a novel xenograft model.
More effective therapeutic approaches for castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) are urgently needed, thus reinforcing the need to understand how prostate tumors progress to castration resistance. We have established a novel mouse xenograft model of prostate cancer, KUCaP-2, which expresses the wild-type androgen receptor (AR) and which produces the prostate-specific antigen (PSA). In this model, tumors regress soon after castration, but then reproducibly restore their ability to proliferate after 1 to 2 months without AR mutation, mimicking the clinical behavior of CRPC. In the present study, we used this model to identify novel therapeutic targets for CRPC. Evaluating tumor tissues at various stages by gene expression profiling, we discovered that the prostaglandin E receptor EP4 subtype (EP4) was significantly upregulated during progression to castration resistance. Immunohistochemical results of human prostate cancer tissues confirmed that EP4 expression was higher in CRPC compared with hormone-naïve prostate cancer. Ectopic overexpression of EP4 in LNCaP cells (LNCaP-EP4 cells) drove proliferation and PSA production in the absence of androgen supplementation in vitro and in vivo. Androgen-independent proliferation of LNCaP-EP4 cells was suppressed when AR expression was attenuated by RNA interference. Treatment of LNCaP-EP4 cells with a specific EP4 antagonist, ONO-AE3-208, decreased intracellular cyclic AMP levels, suppressed PSA production in vitro, and inhibited castration-resistant growth of LNCaP-EP4 or KUCaP-2 tumors in vivo. Our findings reveal that EP4 overexpression, via AR activation, supports an important mechanism for castration-resistant progression of prostate cancer. Furthermore, they prompt further evaluation of EP4 antagonists as a novel therapeutic modality to treat CRPC.
Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
Naoki
N
Terada
Yosuke
Y
Shimizu
Tomomi
T
Kamba
Takahiro
T
Inoue
Atsushi
A
Maeno
Takashi
T
Kobayashi
Eijiro
E
Nakamura
Toshiyuki
T
Kamoto
Toshiya
T
Kanaji
Takayuki
T
Maruyama
Yoshiki
Y
Mikami
Yoshinobu
Y
Toda
Toshiyuki
T
Matsuoka
Yasushi
Y
Okuno
Gozoh
G
Tsujimoto
Shuh
S
Narumiya
Osamu
O
Ogawa
D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000601:surgery; D002369:Castration; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D006727:Hormone Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009281:Naphthalenes / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010654:Phenylbutyrates / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000601:surgery; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D018078:Receptors, Prostaglandin E / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D058309:Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP4 Subtype; D017211:Treatment Failure; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
C487890:4-(4-cyano-2-(2-(4-fluoronaphthalen-1-yl)propionylamino)phenyl)butyric acid; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D006727:Hormone Antagonists; D009281:Naphthalenes; C545650:PTGER4 protein, human; D010654:Phenylbutyrates; C545651:Ptger4 protein, mouse; D011944:Receptors, Androgen; D018078:Receptors, Prostaglandin E; D058309:Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP4 Subtype