U12 type introns were lost at multiple occasions during evolution.
BACKGROUND
Two categories of introns are known, a common U2 type and a rare U12 type. These two types of introns are removed by distinct spliceosomes. The phylogenetic distribution of spliceosomal RNAs that are characteristic of the U12 spliceosome, i.e. the U11, U12, U4atac and U6atac RNAs, suggest that U12 spliceosomes were lost in many phylogenetic groups. We have now examined the distribution of U2 and U12 introns in many of these groups.


RESULTS
U2 and U12 introns were predicted by making use of available EST and genomic sequences. The results show that in species or branches where U12 spliceosomal components are missing, also U12 type of introns are lacking. Examples are the choanoflagellate Monosiga brevicollis, Entamoeba histolytica, green algae, diatoms, and the fungal lineage Basidiomycota. Furthermore, whereas U12 splicing does not occur in Caenorhabditis elegans, U12 introns as well as U12 snRNAs are present in Trichinella spiralis, which is deeply branching in the nematode tree. A comparison of homologous genes in T. spiralis and C. elegans revealed different mechanisms whereby U12 introns were lost.


CONCLUSIONS
The phylogenetic distribution of U12 introns and spliceosomal RNAs give further support to an early origin of U12 dependent splicing. In addition, this distribution identifies a large number of instances during eukaryotic evolution where such splicing was lost.
Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Box 440, SE-40530 Göteborg, Sweden.
Sebastian
S
Bartschat
Tore
T
Samuelsson
D000818:Animals; D017173:Caenorhabditis elegans / Q000235:genetics; D000460:Chlorophyta / Q000235:genetics; D056897:Choanoflagellata; D019295:Computational Biology; D017377:Diatoms / Q000235:genetics; D004748:Entamoeba histolytica / Q000235:genetics; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D020224:Expressed Sequence Tags; D007438:Introns; D010802:Phylogeny; D012342:RNA, Small Nuclear / Q000235:genetics*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D017381:Spliceosomes / Q000235:genetics*; D017160:Trichinella spiralis / Q000235:genetics
D012342:RNA, Small Nuclear; C096986:U12 small nuclear RNA