Red (anthocyanic) leaf margins do not correspond to increased phenolic content in New Zealand Veronica spp.
OBJECTIVE
Red or purple coloration of leaf margins is common in angiosperms, and is found in approx. 25 % of New Zealand Veronica species. However, the functional significance of margin coloration is unknown. We hypothesized that anthocyanins in leaf margins correspond with increased phenolic content in leaf margins and/or the leaf entire, signalling low palatability or leaf quality to edge-feeding insects.


METHODS
Five species of Veronica with red leaf margins, and six species without, were examined in a common garden. Phenolic content in leaf margins and interior lamina regions of juvenile and fully expanded leaves was quantified using the Folin-Ciocalteu assay. Proportions of leaf margins eaten and average lengths of continuous bites were used as a proxy for palatability.


RESULTS
Phenolic content was consistently higher in leaf margins compared with leaf interiors in all species; however, neither leaf margins nor more interior tissues differed significantly in phenolic content with respects to margin colour. Mean phenolic content was inversely correlated with the mean length of continuous bites, suggesting effective deterrence of grazing. However, there was no difference in herbivore consumption of red and green margins, and the plant species with the longest continuous grazing patterns were both red-margined.


CONCLUSIONS
Red margin coloration was not an accurate indicator of total phenolic content in leaf margins or interior lamina tissue in New Zealand Veronica. Red coloration was also ineffective in deterring herbivory on the leaf margin, though studies controlling for variations in leaf structure and biochemistry (e.g. intra-specific studies) are needed before more precise conclusions can be drawn. It is also recommended that future studies focus on the relationship between anthocyanin and specific defence compounds (rather than general phenolic pools), and evaluate possible alternative functions of red margins in leaves (e.g. antioxidants, osmotic adjustment).
Hughes
Nicole M
NM
Wake Forest University, Department of Biology, Winston-Salem, NC 27106-7325, USA. nikymhughes@gmail.com
Smith
William K
WK
Gould
Kevin S
KS
D000818:Animals; D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000378:metabolism*; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D007313:Insecta / Q000502:physiology; D009520:New Zealand; D010636:Phenols / Q000378:metabolism*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D013634:Tannins / Q000378:metabolism; D032264:Veronica / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*
D000872:Anthocyanins; D010636:Phenols; D013634:Tannins