Does lithium protect against dementia?
OBJECTIVE
To investigate whether treatment with lithium in patients with mania or bipolar disorder is associated with a decreased rate of subsequent dementia.


METHODS
Linkage of register data on prescribed lithium in all patients discharged from psychiatric health care service with a diagnosis of mania or bipolar disorder and subsequent diagnoses of dementia in Denmark during a period from 1995 to 2005.


RESULTS
A total of 4,856 patients with a diagnosis of a manic or mixed episode or bipolar disorder at their first psychiatric contact were included in the study. Among these patients, 2,449 were exposed to lithium (50.4%), 1,781 to anticonvulsants (36.7%), 4,280 to antidepressants (88.1%), and 3,901 to antipsychotics (80.3%) during the study period. A total of 216 patients received a diagnosis of dementia during follow-up (103.6/10,000 person-years). During the period following the second prescription of lithium, the rate of dementia was decreased compared to the period following the first prescription. In contrast, the rates of dementia during multiple prescription periods with anticonvulsants, antidepressants, or antipsychotics, respectively, were not significantly decreased compared to the rate of dementia during the period with one prescription of these drugs.


CONCLUSIONS
Continued treatment with lithium was associated with a reduced rate of dementia in patients with bipolar disorder in contrast to continued treatment with anticonvulsants, antidepressants, or antipsychotics. Methodological reasons for these findings cannot be excluded due to the nonrandomized nature of the data.
Kessing
Lars Vedel
LV
Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Copenhagen. Copenhagen, Denmark. lars.kessing@rh.dk
Forman
Julie Lyng
JL
Andersen
Per Kragh
PK
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018692:Antimanic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D003704:Dementia / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003718:Denmark; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D018021:Lithium Chloride / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012042:Registries / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies
D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D018692:Antimanic Agents; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D018021:Lithium Chloride