Significance and outcome of left heart hypoplasia in fetal congenital diaphragmatic hernia.
OBJECTIVE
In patients with a left-sided congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), the left ventricle (LV) is often compressed and smaller than normal. The objective of this study was to investigate whether small left heart dimensions prenatally normalize after birth in patients with CDH, or whether prenatal indices of left heart size and flow predict postnatal outcome.


METHODS
Clinical and echocardiographic data were reviewed for patients diagnosed with left-sided CDH prenatally. Cardiac dimensions and flows were compared with normative data. Among liveborn patients, pre- and postnatal Z-scores of left heart structures were compared, and associations between prenatal indices and outcome were assessed.


RESULTS
Of 125 patients diagnosed prenatally with CDH, 111 had a left-sided defect. Of these, 85 were liveborn, including 20 with congenital heart disease. Gestational age-adjusted dimensions of fetal left heart structures, including aortic valve diameter, mitral valve (MV) diameter, LV long-axis, LV short-axis and LV volume, were all smaller than normal (P < 0.001). On average, the LV contributed 33 +/- 8% of combined ventricular output, lower than the normal 40-50%. Z-scores of left heart structures increased from the prenatal echocardiogram to the postnatal study, with average changes ranging from 0.56 +/- 1.68 (aortic valve) to 1.39 +/- 1.85 (LV volume). Among liveborn patients, there was no association between prenatal left heart Z-scores and postnatal survival.


CONCLUSIONS
Hypoplasia of and reduced flow through the left heart are common among fetuses with CDH. After birth and CDH repair, left heart dimensions generally normalize, with adequate size to support a biventricular circulation, even when there is very low flow through the left heart in mid- and late-gestation.
Vogel
M
M
Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital Boston and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
McElhinney
D B
DB
Marcus
E
E
Morash
D
D
Jennings
R W
RW
Tworetzky
W
W
D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005318:Fetal Heart / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005865:Gestational Age; D006548:Hernia, Diaphragmatic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D065630:Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital; D006801:Humans; D018636:Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D012016:Reference Values; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014463:Ultrasonography