Examining relationships among dialect variation, literacy skills, and school context in first grade.
OBJECTIVE
This study examined relationships between the use of nonmainstream American English dialects, literacy skills, and school environment among typically developing first graders (n = 617), of whom 48% were African American and 52% were White, in order to describe and better understand the difficulties many children from linguistically diverse backgrounds experience while learning to read.


METHODS
Using hierarchical linear modeling, the authors examined the linear and quadratic relationships between students' dialect variation (DVAR) and their vocabulary, phonological awareness, and word reading skills, taking into account school environment, specifically schoolwide socioeconomic status (SES).


RESULTS
The relationships between DVAR and literacy outcomes depended on the outcome of interest and school SES. However, children's race did not generally affect the trajectory or strength of the relationships between outcomes and dialect variation. For vocabulary and word reading, the association was nonlinear, that is, U-shaped, but this depended on school SES. For phonological awareness, a negative linear relationship was observed that did not depend on school SES.


CONCLUSIONS
The results inform theories on the relationship between DVAR and literacy achievement and suggest a more complex explanation of how nonmainstream American English dialect use might influence how young children learn to read.
Terry
Nicole Patton
NP
Department of Educational Psychology and Special Education, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA. npterry@gsu.edu
Connor
Carol McDonald
CM
Thomas-Tate
Shurita
S
Love
Michael
M
D001741:Black or African American; D002648:Child; D002663:Child Language; D004522:Educational Status; D004777:Environment; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D007807:Language Tests; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D017711:Nonlinear Dynamics; D010700:Phonetics; D011932:Reading; D012574:Schools; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013068:Speech Production Measurement; D014825:Vocabulary; D044465:White People