Family history, mammographic density, and risk of breast cancer.
OBJECTIVE
Mammographic density is a strong and highly heritable risk factor for breast cancer. The purpose of this study was to examine the extent to which mammographic density explains the association of family history of breast cancer with risk of the disease.


METHODS
We carried out three nested case-control studies in screening programs that included in total 2,322 subjects (1,164 cases and 1,158 controls). We estimated the independent and combined associations of family history and percent mammographic density at baseline with subsequent breast cancer risk.


RESULTS
After adjustment for age and other risk factors, compared with women with no affected first-degree relatives, percent mammographic density was 3.1% greater for women with one affected first-degree relative, and 7.0% greater for women with two or more affected relatives (P = 0.001 for linear trend across family history categories). The odds ratios for breast cancer risk were 1.37 [95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.10-1.72] for having one affected relative, and 2.45 (95% CI, 1.30-4.62) for having two or more affected relatives (P for trend = 0.0002). Adjustment for percent mammographic density reduced these odds ratios by 16% and 14%, respectively. Percent mammographic density explained 14% (95% CI, 4-39%) of the association of family history (at least one affected first-degree relative) with breast cancer risk.


CONCLUSIONS
Percent mammographic density has features of an intermediate marker for breast cancer, and some of the genes that explain variation in percent mammographic density might be associated with familial risk of breast cancer.
Martin
Lisa J
LJ
Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. lmartin@uhnres.utoronto.ca
Melnichouk
Olga
O
Guo
Helen
H
Chiarelli
Anna M
AM
Hislop
T Gregory
TG
Yaffe
Martin J
MJ
Minkin
Salomon
S
Hopper
John L
JL
Boyd
Norman F
NF
D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000235:genetics*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D008327:Mammography; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors