[Criminal methods in archaeology--collaboration between Forensic Medicine Department, Pomeranian Medical University and the Archaeological Museum in Gdańsk].
BACKGROUND
During excavation works carried in the Old Town by the Archaeological Museum in Gdańsk, human remains were found which date back to the turn of the 12th and 13th centuries. On the basis of Gdańsk townsmen's skulls, Forensic Medicine Department, Pomeranian Medical University (PAM) performed the skull based face reconstruction of 8 individuals.


METHODS
In this study, we wanted to present possibilities of using Gierasimow reconstruction method for museum goals. Reconstruction is an anthropological method which aims at reconstructing bony elements of a skull and head soft tissue. The most commonly employed modern way of reconstruction is Gierasimow's method which is based on the observation of soft tissue thickness and its dependence on the form and level of development of different skull areas. Standards for tissue thickness were elaborated for various points (along the profile and transverse sections); they were based on the examination of soft tissue thickness performed on the corpse (for each sex separately). Deviations from the standards result from racial affiliation, age, and the level of development of adequate skull areas. The research scheme includes determination of sex and age, and collection of the detailed craniometrical and cranioscopic data with comprehensive description of the features which can affect the appearance of soft parts. After relevant measurements are done, the muscles are modeled. During the following stage, soft tissue thickness is marked in particular points as stalks and ridges. Next they are joined together to achieve the final effect of reconstruction. From this moment, finishing works are continued by a sculptor in cooperation with an anthropologist.


CONCLUSIONS
The results of research conducted by anthropologists, anatomists, morphologists, physicians and criminologists are of great importance and they convey both cognitive and practical meaning. Reconstructions appeal to human imagination, and for that reason they are also addressed to non-professional audience.
Kempińska-Podhorodecka
Agnieszka
A
Samodzielna Pracownia Biologii Medycznej Katedry Diagnostyki Laboratoryjnej i Medycyny Molekularnej, Pomorskiej Akademii Medycznej w Szczecinie, al. Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin.
Knap
Oktawian
O
Parafiniuk
Mirosław
M
D000365:Age Determination by Skeleton; D001106:Archaeology / Q000379:methods*; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D003395:Craniology; D003415:Crime / Q000145:classification* / Q000266:history*; D005260:Female; D018732:Forensic Anthropology / Q000379:methods*; D049691:History, Medieval; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D011044:Poland