The efficacy of Hypericum perforatum (St John's wort) for the treatment of premenstrual syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
BACKGROUND
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a common condition. Some of the most widely prescribed medications are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), based on the hypothesized role of serotonin in the production of PMS symptoms. PMS sufferers, especially those experiencing mild to moderate symptoms, are often reluctant to take this form of medication and instead buy over-the-counter preparations to treat their symptoms, for which the evidence base with regard to efficacy is limited. Hypericum perforatum (St John's wort) influences the serotonergic system. As such, this widely available herbal remedy deserves attention as a PMS treatment.


OBJECTIVE
To investigate the effectiveness of Hypericum perforatum on symptoms of PMS.


METHODS
This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study was conducted between November 2005 and June 2007.


METHODS
Institute of Psychological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.


METHODS
36 women aged 18-45 years with regular menstrual cycles (25-35 days), who were prospectively diagnosed with mild PMS.


METHODS
Women who remained eligible after three screening cycles (n = 36) underwent a two-cycle placebo run-in phase. They were then randomly assigned to receive Hypericum perforatum tablets 900 mg/day (standardized to 0.18% hypericin; 3.38% hyperforin) or identical placebo tablets for two menstrual cycles. After a placebo-treated washout cycle, the women crossed over to receive placebo or Hypericum perforatum for two additional cycles.


METHODS
Symptoms were rated daily throughout the trial using the Daily Symptom Report. Secondary outcome measures were the State Anxiety Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory, Aggression Questionnaire and Barratt Impulsiveness Scale. Plasma hormone (follicle-stimulating hormone [FSH], luteinizing hormone [LH], estradiol, progesterone, prolactin and testosterone) and cytokine (interleukin [IL]-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, interferon [IFN]-gamma and tumour necrosis factor [TNF]-alpha) levels were measured in the follicular and luteal phases during Hypericum perforatum and placebo treatment.


RESULTS
Hypericum perforatum was statistically superior to placebo in improving physical and behavioural symptoms of PMS (p < 0.05). There were no significant effects of Hypericum perforatum compared with placebo treatment for mood- and pain-related PMS symptoms (p > 0.05). Plasma hormone (FSH, LH, estradiol, progesterone, prolactin and testosterone) and cytokine (IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, IFNgamma and TNFalpha) levels, and weekly reports of anxiety, depression, aggression and impulsivity, also did not differ significantly during the Hypericum perforatum and placebo cycles (p > 0.05).


CONCLUSIONS
Daily treatment with Hypericum perforatum was more effective than placebo treatment for the most common physical and behavioural symptoms associated with PMS. As proinflammatory cytokine levels did not differ significantly between Hypericum perforatum and placebo treatment, these beneficial effects are unlikely to be produced through this mechanism of action alone. Further work is needed to determine whether pain- and mood-related PMS symptoms benefit from longer treatment duration. Trial registration number (International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number Register) ISRCTN31487459.
Canning
Sarah
S
Institute of Psychological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK. s.e.canning@leeds.ac.uk
Waterman
Mitch
M
Orsi
Nic
N
Ayres
Julie
J
Simpson
Nigel
N
Dye
Louise
L
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006728:Hormones / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D020902:Hypericum / Q000737:chemistry*; D008875:Middle Aged; D008517:Phytotherapy; D028321:Plant Preparations / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011293:Premenstrual Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
D016207:Cytokines; D006728:Hormones; D028321:Plant Preparations