In vitro biological activities of niloticane, a new bioactive cassane diterpene from the bark of Acacia nilotica subsp. kraussiana.
BACKGROUND
Acacia nilotica subsp. kraussiana was reported in African traditional medicine for the treatment of various ailments. Isolation of an active compound in this study from the bark extract may lead to the validation of its efficiency as a traditional crude drug.


OBJECTIVE
This study aimed to isolate active compound(s) from an ethyl acetate bark extract of Acacia nilotica subsp. kraussiana and to investigate some of its biological activity.


METHODS
The isolation process was carried out using bioassay-guided fractionation. The isolated compound was tested for antibacterial activity using the micro-dilution assay; anti-inflammatory activity using the COX-1 and COX-2 assays and investigated for inhibitory effect against acetylcholinesterase using the microplate assay.


RESULTS
A new bioactive compound was isolated and identified as a cassane diterpene, niloticane. Niloticane showed antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus with MIC values of 4 and 8microg/mL, respectively. With Gram-negative bacteria, niloticane showed weak activity. MIC values obtained were 16 and 33microg/mL against Klebsiella pneumonia and Escherichia coli, respectively. In the cyclooxygenase test, niloticane possessed activity with IC50 values of 28 and 210microM against COX-1 and COX-2, respectively. IC50 values observed with indomethacin (positive control) were 3.6microM for COX-1 and 189microM for COX-2. In the acetylcholinesterase test, niloticane showed anti-cholinesterase activity with an IC50 value of 4microM. IC50 values obtained by the galanthamine (positive control) was 2.0microM.


CONCLUSIONS
The results obtained support the traditional uses of the bark of Acacia nilotica subsp. kraussiana in African traditional medicine for the treatment of some ailments that relate to microbial diseases, inflammation and central nervous system disorders.
Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa.
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IM
Eldeen
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FR
Van Heerden
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Van Staden
D000045:Acacia / Q000737:chemistry*; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001412:Bacillus subtilis / Q000187:drug effects; D001681:Biological Assay; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000187:drug effects; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D004224:Diterpenes; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects; D020834:Ethnopharmacology; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects; D006094:Gram-Positive Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects; D016488:Medicine, African Traditional; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D031955:Rhamnus
D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D004224:Diterpenes; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1