Biomechanical evaluation of different anterior cruciate ligament fixation techniques for hamstring graft.
BACKGROUND
A number of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) fixation techniques are currently in use. Slippage or failure of the graft by excessive loading or aggressive rehabilitation may result in an unstable knee. Load and slippage of the ACL graft varies according to the fixation technique used.


METHODS
Graft slippage, load to failure, and stiffness were evaluated using an animal model. Six soft tissue ACL fixation techniques and bone cement as a fixation device were tested: group A, Endo Button CL-Bio RCI; group B, Swing Bridge-Evolgate; group C, Rigidfix-Intrafix; group D, Bone Mulch-Washer Lock; group E, Transfix-Retroscrew; group F, Transfix-Deltascrew; group G, Kryptonite bone cement. Maximum failure load, stiffness, and slippage at the 1st and 1000th cycles and mode of failure were evaluated.


RESULTS
The maximum failure load was significantly higher in group B (1030 N) and significantly lower in group E (483 N) than in the others. The stiffness of group B (270 N/mm) was significantly higher than the others. As for the mode of failure, group C showed failure in the femoral side in all tests (four device ruptures and two tendon ruptures on the femoral side). All failures of the other groups occurred on the tibial side except one test in group A. All failures in group G were due to slippage of the tendons.


CONCLUSIONS
Load to failure and stiffness was significantly different between the ACL fixation techniques. All but one of the fixation techniques showed sufficient properties for adequate postoperative rehabilitation. Bone cement used as a fixation device in soft tissue grafts did not seem to provide adequate initial fixation suitable for early rehabilitation after ACL reconstruction.
Monaco
E
E
Kirk Kilgour Sports Injury Center, Sant'Andrea Hospital, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy.
Labianca
L
L
Speranza
A
A
Agrò
A M
AM
Camillieri
G
G
D'Arrigo
C
C
Ferretti
A
A
D000818:Animals; D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000601:surgery*; D000070598:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries; D001863:Bone Screws; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D034421:Sus scrofa; D053441:Suture Anchors; D013710:Tendons / Q000637:transplantation*