Quality of life in relation to constipation among opioid users.
OBJECTIVE
Opioid users often experience constipation. In this study the impact of constipation on QoL was assessed in patients using opioids either for non-advanced illness or advanced illness.


METHODS
Patients using opioids, recruited via public pharmacies, were asked to complete questionnaires on opioid use, constipation and the EuroQol five-dimension questionnaire (EQ-5D). Patients with a severe non-curable disease and relatively short life-expectancy were classified as having an advanced illness; a disabling yet not directly life-threatening condition was defined as non-advanced illness. Constipation was assessed based on questions on opioid side-effects and laxative use. EQ-5D index scores were compared between patients with and without constipation using Wilcoxon two-samples test.


RESULTS
Questionnaires were returned by 588 patients with non-advanced illness, of whom 326 (55%) were classified as having constipation and by 113 patients with advanced illness, of whom 76 (67%) were classified as having constipation. The median EQ-5D index, a weighted health state index score with 1 = full health, was lower in patients with constipation than in patients without constipation (0.31 vs. 0.65, p< 0.01 for non-advanced illness and 0.41 vs. 0.61, p=0.12 for advanced illness).


CONCLUSIONS
The results of this study suggest that, in patients using opioids either for non-advanced illness or advanced illness, constipation negatively influences QoL. By separately analysing patients with advanced illness and patients with non-advanced illness, possible selective non-response and confounding was accounted for, but not completely solved.
PHARMO Institute for Drug Outcomes Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands. fernie.penning@pharmo.nl
Fernie J A
FJ
Penning-van Beest
Pieter
P
van den Haak
Rogier M
RM
Klok
Yves F D M
YF
Prevoo
Donald L
DL
van der Peet
Ron M C
RM
Herings
D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003248:Constipation / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000523:psychology*; D016208:Databases, Factual; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology; D011594:Psychometrics; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013315:Stress, Psychological; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
D000701:Analgesics, Opioid