Biological effect markers in exhaled breath condensate and biomonitoring in welders: impact of smoking and protection equipment.
OBJECTIVE
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of welding as well as the impact of smoking and protection measures on biological effect markers in exhaled breath condensate. Additionally, biomonitoring of chromium, aluminium and nickel in urine was performed to quantify internal exposure.


METHODS
Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) and urine samples of 45 male welders and 24 male non-exposed control subjects were collected on Friday pre-shift and after 8 h of work post-shift. In EBC, biological effect markers such as malondialdehyde, nitrite, nitrate, 3-nitrotyrosine, tyrosine, hydroxyproline, proline, H(2)O(2) and pH-value were measured while aluminium, nickel, and chromium were measured in the urine samples.


RESULTS
Although internal exposure to aluminium, nickel and chromium in this study was low, welders showed significantly increased concentrations of all these parameters at baseline compared to non-exposed controls. Moreover, welders had higher nitrate concentrations in EBC at baseline and after shift. Nitrate concentration was considerably lower after shift if personal protection equipment was used. H(2)O(2) was increased only when subjects smoked during shift.


CONCLUSIONS
It has been shown that welding-associated long-term and short-term health effects could be detected in a population of welders. The results also showed that using personal protection equipment is of high importance and H(2)O(2) may be an effect marker associated with smoking rather than with welding fumes, while nitrate in EBC seems to be sensitive to welding fume exposure.
Gube
Monika
M
Institute for Occupational and Social Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
Ebel
Joachim
J
Brand
Peter
P
Göen
Thomas
T
Holzinger
Karl
K
Reisgen
Uwe
U
Kraus
Thomas
T
D000328:Adult; D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000032:analysis; D000535:Aluminum / Q000652:urine; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D001944:Breath Tests; D002857:Chromium / Q000652:urine; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D045853:Exhalation; D015386:Hazardous Substances; D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000032:analysis; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D006909:Hydroxyproline / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000032:analysis; D008875:Middle Aged; D009532:Nickel / Q000652:urine; D009566:Nitrates / Q000032:analysis; D009573:Nitrites / Q000032:analysis; D009603:Nitroso Compounds / Q000032:analysis; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D011392:Proline / Q000032:analysis; D012134:Respiratory Protective Devices; D012907:Smoking / Q000378:metabolism*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis; D014896:Welding; D055815:Young Adult
C443112:3-nitrosotyrosine; D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D015415:Biomarkers; D015386:Hazardous Substances; D009566:Nitrates; D009573:Nitrites; D009603:Nitroso Compounds; D002857:Chromium; D014443:Tyrosine; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D009532:Nickel; D011392:Proline; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D000535:Aluminum; D006909:Hydroxyproline