Generation of diversity in Streptococcus mutans genes demonstrated by MLST.
Streptococcus mutans, consisting of serotypes c, e, f and k, is an oral aciduric organism associated with the initiation and progression of dental caries. A total of 135 independent Streptococcus mutans strains from caries-free and caries-active subjects isolated from various geographical locations were examined in two versions of an MLST scheme consisting of either 6 housekeeping genes [accC (acetyl-CoA carboxylase biotin carboxylase subunit), gki (glucokinase), lepA (GTP-binding protein), recP (transketolase), sodA (superoxide dismutase), and tyrS (tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase)] or the housekeeping genes supplemented with 2 extracellular putative virulence genes [gtfB (glucosyltransferase B) and spaP (surface protein antigen I/II)] to increase sequence type diversity. The number of alleles found varied between 20 (lepA) and 37 (spaP). Overall, 121 sequence types (STs) were defined using the housekeeping genes alone and 122 with all genes. However pi, nucleotide diversity per site, was low for all loci being in the range 0.019-0.007. The virulence genes exhibited the greatest nucleotide diversity and the recombination/mutation ratio was 0.67 [95% confidence interval 0.3-1.15] compared to 8.3 [95% confidence interval 5.0-14.5] for the 6 concatenated housekeeping genes alone. The ML trees generated for individual MLST loci were significantly incongruent and not significantly different from random trees. Analysis using ClonalFrame indicated that the majority of isolates were singletons and no evidence for a clonal structure or evidence to support serotype c strains as the ancestral S. mutans strain was apparent. There was also no evidence of a geographical distribution of individual isolates or that particular isolate clusters were associated with caries. The overall low sequence diversity suggests that S. mutans is a newly emerged species which has not accumulated large numbers of mutations but those that have occurred have been shuffled as a consequence of intra-species recombination generating genotypes which can be readily distinguished by sequence analysis.
Infection Research Group, Dental Institute, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
Thuy
T
Do
Steven C
SC
Gilbert
Douglas
D
Clark
Farida
F
Ali
Clarissa C
CC
Fatturi Parolo
Marisa
M
Maltz
Roy R
RR
Russell
Peter
P
Holbrook
William G
WG
Wade
David
D
Beighton
D000103:Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase / Q000235:genetics; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000382:microbiology; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005941:Glucokinase / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D010802:Phylogeny; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D021122:Protein Subunits / Q000235:genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013045:Species Specificity; D013295:Streptococcus mutans / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000235:genetics; D014174:Transketolase / Q000235:genetics; D014448:Tyrosine-tRNA Ligase / Q000235:genetics
D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D021122:Protein Subunits; C095500:SodA protein, Bacteria; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D014174:Transketolase; D005941:Glucokinase; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins; D014448:Tyrosine-tRNA Ligase; D000103:Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase