Health technologies for monitoring and managing diabetes: a systematic review.
BACKGROUND
The primary objective of this review was to determine the strength of evidence for the effectiveness of self-monitoring devices and technologies for individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) based on specific health-related outcome measures. Self-monitoring devices included those that assist patients with managing diabetes and preventing cardiovascular complications (CVCs). A secondary objective was to explore issues of feasibility, usability, and compliance among patients and providers.


METHODS
Study criteria included individuals >or=14 years and youth (7-14 years) with T1DM or T2DM, intervention with a self-monitoring device, assessment of clinical outcomes with the device, literature in English, and >or=10 participants. Relevant published literature was searched from 1985 to 2008. Randomized controlled trials and observational studies were included. Data were extracted for clinical outcomes, feasibility and compliance methods, and results. Selected studies were independently evaluated with a validated instrument for assessing methodological quality.


RESULTS
Eighteen trials were selected. Predominant types of device interventions included self-monitoring of blood glucose, pedometers, and cell phone or wireless technologies. Feasibility and compliance were measured in the majority of studies.


CONCLUSIONS
Self-monitoring of blood glucose continues to be an effective tool for the management of diabetes. Wireless technologies can improve diabetes self-care, and pedometers are effective lifestyle modification tools. The results of this review indicate a need for additional controlled trial research on existing and novel technologies for diabetes self-monitoring, on health outcomes associated with diabetes and CVCs, and device feasibility and compliance.
Russell-Minda
Elizabeth
E
Aging, Rehabilitation, and Geriatric Care Research Centre, Lawson Health Research Institute, Ontario, Canada.
Jutai
Jeffrey
J
Speechley
Mark
M
Bradley
Kaitlin
K
Chudyk
Anna
A
Petrella
Robert
R
D056044:Actigraphy / Q000295:instrumentation; D000293:Adolescent; D020811:Biomedical Technology / Q000295:instrumentation; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D015190:Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring / Q000295:instrumentation; D040421:Cell Phone; D002648:Child; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*; D019719:Diagnostic Equipment; D004867:Equipment Design; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D019983:Guideline Adherence; D006801:Humans; D010349:Patient Compliance; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior; D012648:Self Care; D016896:Treatment Outcome
D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human