Detection of refined olive oil adulteration with refined hazelnut oil by employing NMR spectroscopy and multivariate statistical analysis.
NMR spectroscopy was employed for the detection of adulteration of refined olive oil with refined hazelnut oil. Fatty acids and iodine number were determined by (1)H NMR, whereas (31)P NMR was used for the quantification of minor compounds including phenolic compounds, diacylglycerols, sterols, and free fatty acids (free acidity). Classification of the refined oils based on their fatty acids content and the concentration of their minor compounds was achieved by using the forward stepwise canonical discriminant analysis (CDA) and the classification binary trees (CBTs). Both methods provided good discrimination between the refined hazelnut and olive oils. Different admixtures of refined olive oils with refined hazelnut oils were prepared and analyzed by (1)H NMR and (31)P NMR spectroscopy. Subsequent application of CDA to the NMR data allowed the detection of the presence of refined hazelnut oils in refined olive oils at percentages higher than 5%. Application of the non-linear classification method of the binary trees offered better possibilities of measuring adulteration of the refined olive oils at a lower limit of detection than that obtained by the CDA method.
NMR Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, PO Box 2208, Voutes Campus, 710 03 Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
Alexia
A
Agiomyrgianaki
Panos V
PV
Petrakis
Photis
P
Dais
D004075:Diglycerides / Q000032:analysis; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000032:analysis; D005506:Food Contamination; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D000069463:Olive Oil; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000032:analysis*; D013261:Sterols / Q000032:analysis
D004075:Diglycerides; D005227:Fatty Acids; D000069463:Olive Oil; D010938:Plant Oils; D013261:Sterols