Oxidative stress responses of Daphnia magna exposed to TiO(2) nanoparticles according to size fraction.
Size is one of important factors determining titanium dioxide nanoparticle (TiO(2) NP) toxicity since penetration is eased with decreasing particle size and bioavailability is increased. The effect of particle size on oxidative stress against titanium dioxide nanoparticle (TiO(2) NP) exposure to Daphnia magna was investigated with both acute and chronic toxicity tests. Experiments on biochemical responses, repeatedly performed after size fractionation of the NPs using filtration, focused on the activities of four antioxidant enzymes: catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST). In the chronic bioassay, the mortality was significantly increased at TiO(2) NP concentrations of 5 and 10mg/L; however, no reduction of the reproduction ability was observed. Biochemical measurements showed that TiO(2) NP exposure significantly increased the antioxidant enzyme activities in D. magna. CAT, GPX and GST, but not SOD, showed a concentration-dependent increase. In terms of size fraction, particles ranging from 400 to 800nm exhibited an increase of antioxidant enzyme activities in GST and GPX. These biochemical level observations suggested that TiO(2) NP toxicity was mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation via oxidative stress in D. magna. The increased mortality at the concentration of 5mg/L in the chronic bioassay was attributed to accumulated TiO(2) NPs in the intestine of D. magna, which might induce effects such as oxidative stress relating to the induction of antioxidant enzymes.
Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 261 Cheom-dan Gwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-712, South Korea.
Ki Tae
KT
Kim
Stephen J
SJ
Klaine
Jaeweon
J
Cho
Sang-Hoon
SH
Kim
Sang D
SD
Kim
D000818:Animals; D005591:Chemical Fractionation; D003621:Daphnia / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004790:Enzyme Induction / Q000187:drug effects; D005374:Filtration; D008136:Longevity / Q000187:drug effects; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D010088:Oxidoreductases / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D010316:Particle Size; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*
D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C009495:titanium dioxide; D014025:Titanium; D010088:Oxidoreductases