Bisbenzamidine derivative, pentamidine represses DNA damage response through inhibition of histone H2A acetylation.
BACKGROUND
MRE11 is an important nuclease which functions in the end-resection step of homologous recombination (HR) repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). As MRE11-deficient ATLD cells exhibit hyper radio-sensitivity and impaired DSB repair, MRE11 inhibitors could possibly function as potent radio-sensitizers. Therefore, we investigated whether a bisbenzamidine derivative, pentamidine, which can inhibit endoexonuclease activity, might influence DSB-induced damage responses via inhibition of MRE11.


RESULTS
We first clarified that pentamidine inhibited MRE11 nuclease activity and also reduced ATM kinase activity in vitro. Pentamidine increased the radio-sensitivity of HeLa cells, suggesting that this compound could possibly influence DNA damage response factors in vivo. Indeed, we found that pentamidine reduced the accumulation of gamma-H2AX, NBS1 and phospho-ATM at the sites of DSBs. Furthermore, pentamidine decreased HR activity in vivo. Pentamidine was found to inhibit the acetylation of histone H2A which could contribute both to inhibition of IR-induced focus formation and HR repair. These results suggest that pentamidine might exert its effects by inhibiting histone acetyltransferases. We found that pentamidine repressed the activity of Tip60 acetyltransferase which is known to acetylate histone H2A and that knockdown of Tip60 by siRNA reduced HR activity.


CONCLUSIONS
These results indicate that inhibition of Tip60 as well as hMRE11 nuclease by pentamidine underlies the radiosensitizing effects of this compound making it an excellent sensitizer for radiotherapy or chemotherapy.
Department of Genome Repair Dynamics, Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan. jkobayashi@house.rbc.kyoto-u.ac.jp
Junya
J
Kobayashi
Akihiro
A
Kato
Yosuke
Y
Ota
Reiko
R
Ohba
Kenshi
K
Komatsu
D000107:Acetylation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D064007:Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins; D001550:Benzamidines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D053903:DNA Breaks, Double-Stranded / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D004249:DNA Damage; D004260:DNA Repair / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D051747:DNA-Activated Protein Kinase / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005720:Gamma Rays; D055785:Gene Knockdown Techniques; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051548:Histone Acetyltransferases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D006657:Histones / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D000074443:Lysine Acetyltransferase 5; D000076228:MRE11 Homologue Protein; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D010419:Pentamidine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D011839:Radiation, Ionizing; D011995:Recombination, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism
D001550:Benzamidines; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D006657:Histones; C121766:MRE11 protein, human; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D010419:Pentamidine; D051548:Histone Acetyltransferases; C098489:KAT5 protein, human; D000074443:Lysine Acetyltransferase 5; C576324:ATM protein, human; C576597:ATR protein, human; D064007:Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins; D051747:DNA-Activated Protein Kinase; C497263:PRKDC protein, human; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D000076228:MRE11 Homologue Protein