On cobalt-chrome frameworks in implant dentistry.
BACKGROUND
Cobalt-chrome (CoCr) alloys have been used in dentistry in decades but very little is known about their behavior and biological impact as framework materials in implant dentistry. Furthermore, few studies have evaluated and compared the clinical and radiological results of abutment and abutment-free implant treatment concepts.


OBJECTIVE
To investigate in vitro CoCr and commercially pure (CP) titanium frameworks regarding precision of fit, estimated material degradation and possible adverse cellular responses. In addition, to retrospectively evaluate the clinical and radiological five-year outcome of abutment-free porcelain-veneered CoCr prostheses compared to acrylic-veneered CP titanium prostheses, with or without abutments.


METHODS
Paper I. Two groups of cast, sectioned and laser-welded frameworks were fabricated, either in a CoCr alloy or in CP titanium. A third group comprised computer numeric controlled (CNC) milled CP titanium frameworks. Measurements of fit were performed with a coordinate measuring machine. Paper IL Ion leakage from titanium implants, CoCr and CP titanium framework sections into artificial saliva was observed with mass spectrometry. Surface structures were registered with optical interferometry. Paper III. Viability of epithelial cells and fibroblasts cultured on CoCr and titanium specimens were evaluated with the Alamar Blue method. Specimen surface structures were registered with optical interferometry and cell morphology observed with SEM. Paper IV A test group (n = 40) comprised of patients treated with prostheses made at implant level in dental-porcelain veneered CoCr alloy (n = 15) or acrylic-veneered CP titanium (n = 25). A control group (n = 40) was provided with prostheses made at abutment level, in acrylic-veneered CNC-milled CP titanium. Clinical and radiological data were evaluated after five years.


RESULTS
Paper I. The transversal width decreased in CoCr frameworks, but increased in both groups of titanium frameworks. Less vertical distortions were present in the CNC-milled frameworks compared to the two other groups. Paper II. Significantly more cobalt ion leaked than titanium and chrome ions. Both framework sections and implants roughened after saliva exposure. Paper III. Both cell groups were more viable on titanium than on CoCr surfaces. The CoCr surfaces had a lower height deviation but were denser than the CP titanium surfaces. No major deviations from normal cell morphology were present. Paper IV. No significant differences in implant cumulative survival rates were demonstrated between the test and control groups after five years in function (98.6% and 97.6 %, respectively). No major differences in bone levels were demonstrated. Mucositis and veneer fracture were the most common complications in all groups.


CONCLUSIONS
None of the frameworks presented a perfect, completely "passive fit". There were indications of active corrosive processes for both implants and framework materials. Epithelial cells and fibroblasts preferred titanium to CoCr surfaces. The clinical outcomes of implant level prostheses made of porcelain-veneered CoCr or acrylic-veneered titanium seem comparable to acrylic-veneered titanium prostheses made at abutment level.
Hjalmarsson
Lars
L
Department of Prosthetic Dentistry/Dental Materials Science, Institute of Odontology, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden. lars.hjalmarsson@dll.se
D002857:Chromium; D003035:Cobalt; D000044:Dental Abutments; D003722:Dental Alloys; D015921:Dental Implants / Q000009:adverse effects; D019094:Dental Prosthesis, Implant-Supported / Q000379:methods; D003801:Dental Veneers; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium
D003722:Dental Alloys; D015921:Dental Implants; D002857:Chromium; D003035:Cobalt; D014025:Titanium