Coherent diffractive imaging of biological samples at synchrotron and free electron laser facilities.
Coherent X-ray diffractive imaging (CXDI) is a new imaging technique that offers the potential to image non-crystalline materials to sub-nanometer resolutions. Here we review the progress in CXDI of biological samples at both synchrotron and free electron laser (FEL) sources. We outline the experimental design of a CXDI experiment and summarize the iterative phase retrieval techniques that are used to produce images from the measured diffraction patterns. We describe a selection of key experiments performed in bio-imaging with CXDI from synchrotron sources, and we discuss the proof-of-principle experiments performed at FLASH at DESY in Hamburg. Finally, we show through simulation that for realistic parameters of hard X-ray FELs a resolution of a few nanometers may be achieved for individual biological objects imaged with single pulses of FEL radiation. Furthermore, we revise how this resolution may be improved to the sub-nanometer range if we image multiple copies of samples with a reproducible structure.
Mancuso
A P
AP
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany.
Yefanov
O M
OM
Vartanyants
I A
IA
D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D004583:Electrons; D007834:Lasers; D017356:Synchrotrons; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction / Q000379:methods*