The importance of "shrinkage" in subgroup analyses.
OBJECTIVE
Subgroup analyses examine associations (eg, between treatment and outcome) within subsets of a larger study sample. The traditional approach evaluates the data in each of the subgroups independently. More accurate answers, however, may be expected when the rest of the data are considered in the analysis of each subgroup, provided there are 3 or more subgroups.


METHODS
We present a conceptual introduction to subgroup analysis that makes use of all the available data and then illustrate the technique by applying it to a previously published study of pediatric airway management. Using WinBUGS, freely available computer software, we perform an empirical Bayesian analysis of the treatment effect in each of the subgroups. This approach corrects the original subgroup treatment estimates toward a weighted average treatment effect across all subjects.


RESULTS
The revised estimates of the subgroup treatment effects demonstrate markedly less variability than the original estimates. Further, using these estimates will reduce our total expected error in parameter estimation compared with using the original, independent subgroup estimates. Although any particular estimate may be adjusted inappropriately, adopting this strategy will, on average, lead to results that are more accurate.


CONCLUSIONS
When multiple subgroups are considered, it is often inadvisable to ignore the rest of the study data. Authors or readers who wish to examine associations within subgroups are encouraged to use techniques that reduce the total expected error.
Lipsky
Ari M
AM
Department of Emergency Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1000 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90509, USA. aril@alum.mit.edu
Gausche-Hill
Marianne
M
Vienna
Muna
M
Lewis
Roger J
RJ
D001499:Bayes Theorem; D002648:Child; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D006801:Humans; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017214:Laryngeal Masks / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015233:Models, Statistical; D016017:Odds Ratio; D018401:Sample Size; D016896:Treatment Outcome