Safe and targeted anticancer efficacy of a novel class of antioxidant-conjugated difluorodiarylidenyl piperidones: differential cytotoxicity in healthy and cancer cells.
The development of smart anticancer drugs that can selectively kill cancer cells while sparing the surrounding healthy tissues/cells is of paramount importance for safe and effective cancer therapy. We report a novel class of bifunctional compounds based on diarylidenyl piperidone (DAP) conjugated to an N-hydroxypyrroline (NOH; a nitroxide precursor) group. We hypothesized that the DAP would have cytotoxic (anticancer) activity, whereas the NOH moiety would function as a tissue-specific modulator (antioxidant) of cytotoxicity. The study used four DAPs, namely H-4073 and H-4318 without NOH and HO-3867 and HO-4200 with NOH substitution. The goal of the study was to evaluate the proof-of-concept anticancer-versus-antioxidant efficacy of the DAPs using a number of cancerous (breast, colon, head and neck, liver, lung, ovarian, and prostate cancer) and noncancerous (smooth muscle, aortic endothelial, and ovarian surface epithelial) human cell lines. Cytotoxicity was determined using an MTT-based cell viability assay. All four compounds induced significant loss of cell viability in cancer cells, whereas HO-3867 and HO-4200 showed significantly less cytotoxicity in noncancerous cells. EPR measurements showed a metabolic conversion of the N-hydroxylamine function to nitroxide with significantly higher levels of the metabolite and superoxide radical-scavenging (antioxidant) activity in noncancerous cells compared to cancer cells. Western blot analysis showed that the DAP-induced growth arrest and apoptosis in cancer cells were mediated by inhibition of STAT3 phosphorylation at the Tyr705 and Ser727 residues and induction of apoptotic markers of cleaved caspase-3 and PARP. The results suggest that the antioxidant-conjugated DAPs will be useful as safe and effective anticancer agents for cancer therapy.
Selvendiran
Karuppaiyah
K
Department of Internal Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
Ahmed
Shabnam
S
Dayton
Alex
A
Kuppusamy
M Lakshmi
ML
Tazi
Mia
M
Bratasz
Anna
A
Tong
Liyue
L
Rivera
Brian K
BK
Kálai
Tamás
T
Hideg
Kálmán
K
Kuppusamy
Periannan
P
D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D015153:Blotting, Western; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004578:Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; D006801:Humans; D010881:Piperidones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects*
D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D010881:Piperidones; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor