Insulin signal transduction in normal cells and its role in carcinogenesis.
Convincing epidemiological evidence exists for a causal relationship between increased risk of cancer development and progression and type 2 diabetes mellitus as well as obesity. Though the underlying mechanisms remain elusive, in light of the well-described mitogenic actions of insulin, hyperinsulinaemia in the presence of insulin resistance is probably a key factor. In this short review, an overview over the insulin signalling cascade is given paying special attention to the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-K)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways which are involved in protein synthesis and cell growth.
Müssig
K
K
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology, and Clinical Chemistry, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
Häring
H-U
HU
D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D006946:Hyperinsulinism; D007328:Insulin / Q000502:physiology*; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D012016:Reference Values; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases
D007328:Insulin; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; C546842:MTOR protein, human