Cardiopulmonary response to inhalation of biogenic secondary organic aerosol.
An irradiation chamber designed for reproducible generation of inhalation test atmospheres of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) was used to evaluate cardiopulmonary responses in rodents exposed to SOA derived from the oxidation of alpha-pinene. SOA atmospheres were produced with 10:1 ratios of alpha-pinene:nitrogen oxides (NO(x)) and 10:1:1 ratios of alpha-pinene:nitrogen oxides:sulfur dioxide (SO(2)). SOA atmospheres were produced to yield 200 microg m(-3) of particulate matter (PM). Exposures were conducted downstream of honeycomb denuders employed to remove the gas-phase precursors and reaction products. Nose-only exposures were conducted with both rats (pulmonary effects) and mice (pulmonary and cardiovascular effects). Composition of the atmospheres was optimized to ensure that the SOA generated resembled SOA observed in previous irradiation studies, and contained specific SOA compounds of interest (e.g., organosulfates) identified in ambient air. Pulmonary and cardiovascular toxicity were measured in two different rodent species. In situ chemiluminescence and thiobarbituric acid- reactive substances (TBARS) were used to evaluate oxidative reactions in the F344 rats. ApoE(-/-) mice were exposed for 7 days and measurements of TBARS and gene expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), endothelin-1 (ET-1), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) were made in aorta. Pulmonary inflammatory responses in both species were measured by bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cell counts. No pulmonary inflammation was observed in either species. A mild response was observed in mouse aorta for the upregulation of HO-1 and MMP-9, but was not seen for ET-1. Overall, alpha-pinene-derived SOA, including SOA that included organosulfate compounds, revealed limited biological response after short-term inhalation exposures.
McDonald
Jacob D
JD
Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87108, USA. jmcdonal@lrri.org
Doyle-Eisele
Melanie
M
Campen
Matthew J
MJ
Seagrave
JeanClare
J
Holmes
Tom
T
Lund
Amie
A
Surratt
Jason D
JD
Seinfeld
John H
JH
Rohr
Annette C
AC
Knipping
Eladio M
EM
D000336:Aerosols; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000517:prevention & control; D000818:Animals; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000235:genetics; D001273:Atmosphere Exposure Chambers; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects*; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009930:Organic Chemicals / Q000633:toxicity*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000633:toxicity; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013458:Sulfur Dioxide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances / Q000378:metabolism
D000336:Aerosols; D000393:Air Pollutants; D001057:Apolipoproteins E; D009930:Organic Chemicals; D052638:Particulate Matter; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances; D013458:Sulfur Dioxide