A visual framework for sequence analysis using n-grams and spectral rearrangement.
BACKGROUND
Protein sequences are often composed of regions that have distinct evolutionary histories as a consequence of domain shuffling, recombination or gene conversion. New approaches are required to discover, visualize and analyze these sequence regions and thus enable a better understanding of protein evolution.


RESULTS
Here, we have developed an alignment-free and visual approach to analyze sequence relationships. We use the number of shared n-grams between sequences as a measure of sequence similarity and rearrange the resulting affinity matrix applying a spectral technique. Heat maps of the affinity matrix are employed to identify and visualize clusters of related sequences or outliers, while n-gram-based dot plots and conservation profiles allow detailed analysis of similarities among selected sequences. Using this approach, we have identified signatures of domain shuffling in an otherwise poorly characterized family, and homology clusters in another. We conclude that this approach may be generally useful as a framework to analyze related, but highly divergent protein sequences. It is particularly useful as a fast method to study sequence relationships prior to much more time-consuming multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis.


BACKGROUND
A software implementation (MOSAIC) of the framework described here can be downloaded from http://bioinformatics.org.au/mosaic/


BACKGROUND
m.ragan@uq.edu.au


BACKGROUND
Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
Stefan R
SR
Maetschke
Karin S
KS
Kassahn
Jasmyn A
JA
Dunn
Siew-Ping
SP
Han
Eva Z
EZ
Curley
Katryn J
KJ
Stacey
Mark A
MA
Ragan
D003196:Computer Graphics; D030562:Databases, Protein; D011506:Proteins / Q000737:chemistry; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D020539:Sequence Analysis, Protein / Q000379:methods*
D011506:Proteins