The yin and yang of B cells in graft rejection and tolerance.
Various lineages of B cells are being increasingly recognized as important players in the etiology and prognosis of both acute and chronic graft rejection. The role of immature, chronically activated B cells, as efficient antigen-presenting cells, supporting recalcitrant cell-mediated graft rejection and late lineage B cells driving humoral rejections, is being increasingly recognized. This review captures the recent literature on this subject and discusses the various roles of the B cell in renal graft rejection and conversely, also in graft tolerance, both in animal and human studies. In addition, novel therapies targeting specific B-cell lineages in graft rejection are also discussed, with a view to developing more targeted therapies for graft rejection.
Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. msarwal@stanford.edu
Valeriya
V
Zarkhin
Geetha
G
Chalasani
Minnie M
MM
Sarwal
D000818:Animals; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000276:immunology; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000276:immunology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000276:immunology; D007378:Interleukins / Q000276:immunology; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D051379:Mice; D023421:Models, Animal; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D023001:Transplantation Tolerance / Q000276:immunology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000276:immunology
D015703:Antigens, CD; D016207:Cytokines; D007378:Interleukins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D007371:Interferon-gamma