Environmental factors and their timing in adult-onset multiple sclerosis.
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a common, complex neurological disease. Epidemiological data implicate both genetic and environmental factors in the etiology of MS, with various factors interacting with one another. Environmental exposures might occur long before the disease becomes clinically evident, as suggested by the wide range in onset age. In this Review, we examine the key time periods during which the environment might contribute to MS susceptibility, as well as the potential environmental factors involved. Understanding the nature of environmental influences in MS is highly relevant to the development of public health measures that are aimed at preventing this debilitating disease.
University Department of Clinical Neurology, Level 3, West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK.
Adam E
AE
Handel
Gavin
G
Giovannoni
George C
GC
Ebers
Sreeram V
SV
Ramagopalan
D000818:Animals; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D004777:Environment; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D006801:Humans; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors