Nursing home residence confounds gender differences in Medicare utilization an example of Simpson's paradox.
BACKGROUND
Gender differences in health care utilization in older Americans may be confounded by nursing home residence. Medicare data contain several files that can be used to create a measure of nursing home residence, but prior work has not addressed which best account for potential confounding. Simpson's paradox occurs when aggregated data support a different conclusion from what the disaggregated data show. We describe such a paradox that appeared when we sharpened our definition of "nursing home residence" while examining gender differences in Medicare utilization at the end of life.


METHODS
To understand gender-specific health care utilization at the end of life, we conducted a retrospective analysis of a national random sample of Medicare beneficiaries aged 66 or older who died in 2001 with Parts A and B data for 18 months before death. We sought to associate each of total hospital days and costs during the final 6 months of life with numbers of primary care physician visits in the 12 preceding months. In addition to demographics, comorbidities, and geography, "nursing home residence" was a potential confounder, which we imputed in two ways: 1) from skilled nursing facility bills in the Part A Medicare Provider Analysis and Review (MedPAR) file; and 2) from Berenson-Eggers-Type-of-Service codes indicating widely spaced doctor visits in nursing homes obtained from Medicare's carrier file.


CONCLUSIONS
Gender differences in Medicare utilization are strongly confounded by nursing home resident status, which can be imputed well from Medicare's carrier file, but not MedPAR.
Evans Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA. Andrea.Kronman@bmc.org
Andrea C
AC
Kronman
Karen M
KM
Freund
Amresh
A
Hanchate
Ezekiel J
EJ
Emanuel
Arlene S
AS
Ash
D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D004608:Eligibility Determination / Q000191:economics; D005260:Female; D005102:Health Expenditures; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D006278:Medicare / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009735:Nursing Homes / Q000191:economics*; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D012051:Reimbursement Mechanisms / Q000191:economics; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D017678:Sex Distribution; D013727:Terminal Care / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D019452:Terminally Ill / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014481:United States