Outpatient versus inpatient laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a single center clinical analysis.
BACKGROUND
Outpatient laparoscopic cholecystectomy (OPLC) developed in the United States and other developed countries as one of the fast-track surgeries performed in ambulatory centers. However, this practice has not been installed as a routine practice in the major general hospitals and medical centers in China. We designed this case-control study to evaluate the feasibility, benefits, and safety of OPLC.


METHODS
Two hundred patients who had received laparoscopic cholecystectomy for various benign gallbladder pathologies from April 2007 to December 2008 at Jinling Hospital of Nanjing University School of Medicine were classified into two groups: OPLC group (100 patients), and control group (100), who were designated for inpatient laparoscopic cholecystectomy (IPLC). Data were collected for age, gender, indications for surgery, American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) class, operative time, blood loss during surgery, length of hospitalization, and intra- and post-operative complications. The expenses of surgery and in-hospital care were calculated and analyzed. The operative procedures and instrumentation were standardized for laparoscopic cholecystectomy, and the procedures were performed by two attending surgeons specialized in laparoscopic surgery. OPLC was selected according to the standard criteria developed by surgeons in our hospital after review. Reasons for conversion from laparoscopic to open cholecystectomy were recorded and documented.


RESULTS
One hundred patients underwent IPLC following the selection criteria for the procedure, and 99% completed the procedure. The median operative time for IPLC was 24.0 minutes, blood loss was 16.2 ml, and the time for resuming liquid then soft diet was 10.7 hours and 22.0 hours, respectively. Only one patient had postoperative urinary infection. The mean hospital stay for IPLC was 58.2 hours, and the cost for surgery and hospitalization was 8770.5 RMB yuan on average. Follow-up showed that 90% of the patients were satisfied with the procedure. In the OPLC group, 99% of the patients underwent the procedure with a median operative time of 21.6 minutes and bleeding of 14.7 ml. The patients took liquid 11.3 hours then soft diet 20.1 hours after surgery. The mean postoperative hospital stay was 28.5 hours. In this group, 89% of the patients were discharged within the first 24 hours, and the remaining 11% were released within 48 hours after surgery. Two patients developed local complications. The cost for surgery and hospitalization was 7235.7 RMB yuan, which was 17.5% less than that in the IPLC group. At follow-up, 94% of the patients were satisfied with the surgery and short hospital stay.


CONCLUSIONS
OPLC can effectively treat a variety of benign, non-acute gallbladder diseases with shortened waiting time and postoperative hospital stay. OPLC benefits the hospital with a rapid bed turnover rate, and reduces cost for surgery and hospitalization.
Ji
Wu
W
Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing 210002, China.
Ding
Kai
K
Li
Ling-Tang
LT
Wang
Dan
D
Li
Ning
N
Li
Jie-Shou
JS
D016063:Blood Loss, Surgical; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002681:China; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005705:Gallbladder Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007297:Inpatients; D007902:Length of Stay; D010045:Outpatients; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors