Anti-inflammatory properties of red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. Rubra) extract and suppression of nitric oxide production by its constituents.
Red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. Rubra) has been prescribed as an analgesic for arthritis pain in Indonesian traditional medicine. The surface color of the rhizome is purple because of the anthocyanidins in its peel. We prepared 40% ethanolic extract from dried red ginger (red ginger extract [RGE]) and evaluated its anti-inflammatory activity using acute and chronic inflammation models. In an acetic acid-induced mouse writhing model, RGE (10-100 mg/kg) suppressed both the frequency of writhing and the increase in permeability of abdominal capillaries. On the other hand, continuous treatment with RGE (10 mg/kg) significantly (P < .05) suppressed footpad edema in a rat adjuvant arthritis model. To clarify the anti-inflammatory mechanism of RGE, we examined the effect on prostaglandin (PG) and nitric oxide (NO) production from mouse leukemic monocytes (RAW264 cells) stimulated by lipopolysaccharide. RGE (3 and 10 microg/mL) significantly (P < .05) suppressed PGE(2) production, while it also suppressed NO production at 100 microg/mL. After bioassay-guided separation of RGE, we found that [6]-shogaol and gingerdiols suppressed NO production. Red dye fractions presumed to be proanthocyanidins also suppressed NO production at 100 microg/mL. Consequently, we found a potent suppressive effect of RGE on acute and chronic inflammation, and inhibition of macrophage activation seems to be involved in this anti-inflammatory effect. [6]-Shogaol, gingerdiols, and proanthocyanidins were identified as constituents that inhibited NO production.
Research and Development Division, Oryza Oil & Fat Chemical Co., Ltd., Ichinomiya, Aichi, Japan. kaihatsu@mri.biglobe.ne.jp
Hiroshi
H
Shimoda
Shao-Jie
SJ
Shan
Junji
J
Tanaka
Azusa
A
Seki
Joung-Wook
JW
Seo
Naoki
N
Kasajima
Satoru
S
Tamura
Yan
Y
Ke
Nobutoshi
N
Murakami
D019342:Acetic Acid; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001168:Arthritis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D002460:Cell Line; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004487:Edema / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D020939:Zingiber officinale / Q000737:chemistry*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D010936:Plant Extracts; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D015232:Dinoprostone; D019342:Acetic Acid