Detection and phylogenetic analysis of hepatitis A virus and norovirus in marine recreational waters of Mexico.
An investigation was conducted to determine hepatitis A virus (HAV) and norovirus (NV) presence in marine recreational waters (MRWs) from two Mexican tourists beaches (Altata and Mazatlan), located at the northwestern state of Sinaloa, Mexico. Also, Binary Logistic Regression (BLR) analyses were conducted between physicochemical parameters (temperature, turbidity and salinity) and viral organisms (HAV and NV). A total of 32 MRWs samples were collected from April to July of 2006. Samples were processed according to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) adsorption-elution method. Overall, 18 MRWs samples (56.3%) were positive for HAV and NV; 4 (22.2%) were obtained from Altata and 14 (77.8%) from Mazatlan. HAV was detected in 3 MRWs samples (9.4%) and NV in 15 samples (46.8%). Phylogenetic analysis showed the presence of genotype I sub genotype B for HAV and NV genogroup II. BLR analysis showed significant correlations between NV and physicochemical parameters (temperature, turbidity and salinity) (p=0.017, p=0.08, p=0.048, respectively). No significant correlation between physicochemical parameters and HAV was observed. The results indicated that MRW quality of Sinaloa beaches is affected by human faecal pollution. Viral surveillance programs should be implemented to minimize health risks to bathers.
Laboratorio de Microbiología Ambiental y de Alimentos, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. Carretera Eldorado Km. 5.5, AP 32-A, Campo El Diez, Culiacán, Sinaloa CP, 80129, Mexico.
Josefina León
JL
Félix
Yuridia Cháidez
YC
Fernandez
Jesús Salvador
JS
Velarde-Félix
Benigno Valdez
BV
Torres
Cristobal
C
Cháidez
D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005838:Genotype; D030041:Hepatitis A virus / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D008800:Mexico; D029322:Norovirus / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D009792:Oceans and Seas; D010802:Phylogeny; D011998:Recreation; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
D004279:DNA, Viral