ASKtheta, a group-III Arabidopsis GSK3, functions in the brassinosteroid signalling pathway.
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are plant hormones that regulate many processes including cell elongation, leaf development, pollen tube growth and xylem differentiation. GSK3/shaggy-like kinases (GSK) are critical regulators of intracellular signalling initiated by the binding of BR to the BRI1 receptor complex. Three GSKs have already been shown to relay BR responses, including phosphorylation of the transcriptional regulator BES1. However, recent studies indicate that one or more yet unidentified protein kinases are involved in BR signalling. Here, we show that the in vivo protein kinase activity of the group-III GSK, ASKtheta, was negatively regulated by BRI1. Arabidopsis thaliana plants with enhanced ASKtheta activity displayed a bri1-like phenotype. ASKtheta overexpressors accumulated high levels of brassinolide, castasterone and typhasterol, and were insensitive to BR. ASKtheta localized to the nucleus and directly phosphorylated BES1 and BZR1. Moreover, the BES1/BZR1-like transcription factor BEH2 was isolated as an ASKtheta interaction partner in a yeast two-hybrid screen. ASKtheta phosphorylated BEH2 both in vitro and in vivo. Overall, these data provide strong evidence that ASKtheta is a novel component of the BR signalling cascade, targeting the transcription factors BES1, BZR1 and BEH2.
Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria.
Wilfried
W
Rozhon
Juliane
J
Mayerhofer
Elena
E
Petutschnig
Shozo
S
Fujioka
Claudia
C
Jonak
D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics*; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D060406:Brassinosteroids; D002777:Cholestanols / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D010937:Plant Growth Regulators / Q000378:metabolism*; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D018749:RNA, Plant / Q000235:genetics; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013260:Steroids, Heterocyclic / Q000378:metabolism
D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; C456160:BES1 protein, Arabidopsis; C454444:BZR1 protein, Arabidopsis; D060406:Brassinosteroids; D002777:Cholestanols; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D010937:Plant Growth Regulators; D018749:RNA, Plant; D013260:Steroids, Heterocyclic; C083545:castasterone; D011494:Protein Kinases; C108270:BRI1 protein, Arabidopsis; C023623:brassinolide