A survey on two years of medication regulation in horse races in Iran.
BACKGROUND
The present survey evaluated the use of prohibited substances cases in the first 2 years of medication regulation in horseracing in Iran so that the impact of these regulations on the level of positive cases over the period could be assessed.


OBJECTIVE
To determine the prevalence of positive tests for prohibited substances in horse races during 2 years of a drugs testing programme in Iran.


METHODS
A total of 656 horses that were winners or second in races were tested during the 2 year study. In the first year 354 horses (209 males and 145 females) and in the second year 302 horses (155 males and 147 females) were tested. In the 2 years, 306 were found to be positive. Urine samples were taken from candidate horses and sent to the Central Doping Laboratory. Blood samples were taken from those horses where a urine sample could not be taken within one hour. Detection and measurement of prohibited substances were carried out by ELISA, GC and HPLC using standard methods.


RESULTS
Thirty-two percent of males were positive for prohibited substances, which was not significantly different from the percentage of females (25.5%). In the second year, of the 302 horses tested for prohibited substances, 33.5% of males were positive, again similar to females (33.3%). Almost 83% of horses tested positive for prohibited substances once in the first year, 15% tested positive twice and 2% tested positive 3 times. In the second year 78% tested positive once, 15% tested positive twice and 7% tested positive 3 times. Morphine was the most used prohibited substance and was detected 42 times during the survey, followed by caffeine and phenylbutazone. Morphine was also the most used drug in combination with other drugs in both years.


CONCLUSIONS
Morphine and caffeine were the most popular prohibited substances found in the measurements. As these substances were found in the environment and food stuffs, their presence in the samples may be due to unintentional feeding of contaminated materials (bread, hay and chocolate).
Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
S
S
Lotfollahzadeh
M R
MR
Mokhber-Dezfouli
P
P
Tajik
S
S
Bokaie
D G
DG
Watson
D000818:Animals; D004300:Doping in Sports; D005260:Female; D006736:Horses; D007880:Legislation, Drug; D008297:Male; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000652:urine*; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal; D013997:Time Factors
D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations