Visualizing the molecular interactions of a nucleotide analog, GS-9148, with HIV-1 reverse transcriptase-DNA complex.
GS-9148 ([5-(6-amino-purin-9-yl)-4-fluoro-2,5-dihydro-furan-2-yloxymethyl]-phosphonic acid) is a dAMP (2'-deoxyadenosine monophosphate) analog that maintains its antiviral activity against drug-resistant HIV. Crystal structures for HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) bound to double-stranded DNA, ternary complexes with either GS-9148-diphosphate or 2'-deoxyadenosine triphosphate (dATP), and a post-incorporation structure with GS-9148 translocated to the priming site were obtained to gain insight into the mechanism of RT inhibition. The binding of either GS-9148-diphosphate or dATP to the binary RT-DNA complex resulted in the fingers subdomain closing around the incoming substrate. This produced up to a 9 A shift in the tips of the fingers subdomain as it closed toward the palm and thumb subdomains. GS-9148-diphosphate shows a similar binding mode as dATP in the nucleotide-binding site. Residues whose mutations confer resistance to nucleotide/nucleoside RT inhibitors, such as M184, Y115, L74, and K65, show little to no shift in orientation whether GS-9148-diphosphate or dATP is bound. One difference observed in binding is the position of the central ring. The dihydrofuran ring of GS-9148-diphosphate interacts with the aromatic side chain of Y115 more than does the ribose ring of dATP, possibly picking up a favorable pi-pi interaction. The ability of GS-9148-diphosphate to mimic the active-site contacts of dATP may explain its effective inhibition of RT and maintained activity against resistance mutations. Interestingly, the 2'-fluoro moiety of GS-9148-diphosphate was found in close proximity to the Q151 side chain, potentially explaining the observed moderately reduced susceptibly to GS-9148 conferred by Q151M mutation.
Lansdon
Eric B
EB
Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA. eric.lansdon@gilead.com
Samuel
Dharmaraj
D
Lagpacan
Leanna
L
Brendza
Katherine M
KM
White
Kirsten L
KL
Hung
Magdeleine
M
Liu
Xiaohong
X
Boojamra
Constantine G
CG
Mackman
Richard L
RL
Cihlar
Tomas
T
Ray
Adrian S
AS
McGrath
Mary E
ME
Swaminathan
S
S
D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D004247:DNA / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral; D006151:Guanosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D008958:Models, Molecular; D020125:Mutation, Missense; D011485:Protein Binding; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*
D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; D006151:Guanosine; D004247:DNA; C527398:GS-9148; C514824:reverse transcriptase, Human immunodeficiency virus 1; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase