Low levels of antibodies against phosphorylcholine predict development of stroke in a population-based study from northern Sweden.
OBJECTIVE
Natural immunoglobulin M antibodies specific for phosphorylcholine (anti-PC) have been implicated in atherosclerosis. We have shown previously that high levels of anti-PC predict a slower progression of atherosclerosis in humans and that low levels of anti-PC are associated with higher risk for cardiovascular disease. Here we determine the association between anti-PC and the incidence of stroke.


METHODS
Using a nested case control study design, we examined 227 incident cases (125 men and 102 women) of first-time stroke and 455 age- and sex-matched controls identified during a 13-year time period (1985 to 1999) within the population-based cohorts of the Västerbotten Intervention Project (VIP) and the World Health Organization Monitoring Trends and Determinants in Cardiovascular Disease (WHO MONICA) project in Northern Sweden. Odds ratios of stroke with 95% CIs with adjustments for age, gender, smoking, serum cholesterol, diabetes, body mass index, and blood pressure were determined. Anti-PC levels were measured using ELISA.


RESULTS
A significant association between low levels of anti-PC at baseline and incident stroke was seen for the whole group of anti-PC levels below the 30th percentile (multivariately adjusted odds ratio, 1.62; CI, 1.11 to 2.35). Analyses of gender-specific associations indicated fairly strong associations for females, especially at the lowest 30th percentile (multivariately adjusted odds ratio, 2.65; CI, 1.41 to 4.95). No associations were noted for men.


CONCLUSIONS
Low anti-PC is a novel independent risk marker for development of stroke. Measurements of anti-PC could be used to identify immunodeficient subjects at an increased risk for stroke. The possibility that such subjects might be targets for novel modes of treatment such as immunotherapies deserves further investigation.
Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Roland
R
Fiskesund
Birgitta
B
Stegmayr
Göran
G
Hallmans
Max
M
Vikström
Lars
L
Weinehall
Ulf
U
de Faire
Johan
J
Frostegård
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000906:Antibodies / Q000097:blood*; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007075:Immunoglobulin M / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010767:Phosphorylcholine / Q000276:immunology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology
D000906:Antibodies; D007075:Immunoglobulin M; D010767:Phosphorylcholine