Anomalies associated with a prominent azygos vein on echocardiography in the pediatric population.
BACKGROUND
Prominent azygos veins (PAVs) have been described with interrupted inferior venae cavae (IVCs) with heterotaxy. At the authors' institution, cases of PAVs with uninterrupted IVCs have been noted. The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence rate of PAVs and associated lesions by echocardiography.


METHODS
All patients with PAVs were collected; those with interrupted and uninterrupted IVCs were assigned to groups 1 and 2. Normal controls were assigned to group 3.


RESULTS
Among 15,849 patients from January 1, 2001, to March 31, 2008, 55 (0.3%) had PAVs, 42 (76%) in group 1 and 13 (24%) in group 2. Heterotaxy was prominent in group 1, whereas patients in group 2 had no heterotaxy. Patients in group 2 had more structurally normal hearts than those in group 1 (46% vs 14%, P<.01), partial anomalous pulmonary venous return, and one single ventricle. IVC measurements were the same in groups 2 and 3 (P=.65).


CONCLUSIONS
This study demonstrates that a PAV without IVC interruption is not associated with heterotaxy. Patients with PAVs should be carefully examined for partial anomalous pulmonary venous return.
Stanford University, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA. rpunn@stanford.edu
Rajesh
R
Punn
Inger
I
Olson
D001401:Azygos Vein / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male