Empirical view of opioid dependence.
BACKGROUND
The impact of opioid dependence on employers, managed care, and society is significant. Inappropriate use of narcotic analgesics leads to uncontrolled pain management, dependence, and may lead to patient deaths, creating a tremendous cost burden to the health care system.


OBJECTIVE
To provide an overview of the clinical and economic impact of treating opioid dependence on managed care, employers, and society.


CONCLUSIONS
An estimated 6% to 15% of people in the United States abuse drugs, and approximately 20% of Americans report using prescription opioids for nonmedical use. This is associated with an annual cost of nearly half a trillion dollars, taking into account the medical, economic, social, and criminal impact of this abuse. A recent study showed that patients who abuse opioids generate mean annual direct health care costs 8.7 times higher than nonabusers. The National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), conducted by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAM HSA), found that patients who report opioid abuse miss more than 2.2 days of work monthly, compared with the 0.83 days per month reported for the average person. Presenteeism and productivity are also affected by misuse and dependence on opioids.


CONCLUSIONS
The costs associated with opioid dependence are significant. Physicians, employers, and managed care organizations must be proactive in appropriately diagnosing and treating patients who suffer from substance abuse disorders in order to lessen this economic burden.
Ruetsch
Charles
C
Health Analytics, LLC, 9250 Bendix Rd. N., Ste. 240, Columbia, MD 21045, USA. Charles.Ruetsch@healthanalytic.com.
D000041:Absenteeism; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000191:economics; D002908:Chronic Disease; D017281:Cost of Illness; D004526:Efficiency; D017049:Employer Health Costs; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D008329:Managed Care Programs / Q000191:economics; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000191:economics / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D016896:Treatment Outcome
D000701:Analgesics, Opioid