Using the social entrepreneurship approach to generate innovative and sustainable malaria diagnosis interventions in Tanzania: a case study.
BACKGROUND
There have been a number of interventions to date aimed at improving malaria diagnostic accuracy in sub-Saharan Africa. Yet, limited success is often reported for a number of reasons, especially in rural settings. This paper seeks to provide a framework for applied research aimed to improve malaria diagnosis using a combination of the established methods, participatory action research and social entrepreneurship.


METHODS
This case study introduces the idea of using the social entrepreneurship approach (SEA) to create innovative and sustainable applied health research outcomes. The following key elements define the SEA: (1) identifying a locally relevant research topic and plan, (2) recognizing the importance of international multi-disciplinary teams and the incorporation of local knowledge, (3) engaging in a process of continuous innovation, adaptation and learning, (4) remaining motivated and determined to achieve sustainable long-term research outcomes and, (5) sharing and transferring ownership of the project with the international and local partner.


RESULTS
The SEA approach has a strong emphasis on innovation lead by local stakeholders. In this case, innovation resulted in a unique holistic research program aimed at understanding patient, laboratory and physician influences on accurate diagnosis of malaria. An evaluation of milestones for each SEA element revealed that the success of one element is intricately related to the success of other elements.


CONCLUSIONS
The SEA will provide an additional framework for researchers and local stakeholders that promotes innovation and adaptability. This approach will facilitate the development of new ideas, strategies and approaches to understand how health issues, such as malaria, affect vulnerable communities.
Department of Community Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada. lallen@ucalgary.ca
Lisa K
LK
Allen
Erin
E
Hetherington
Mange
M
Manyama
Jennifer M
JM
Hatfield
Guido
G
van Marle
D000818:Animals; D003153:Community Health Services / Q000458:organization & administration*; D003256:Community Participation; D055812:Community-Based Participatory Research / Q000458:organization & administration*; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008288:Malaria / Q000175:diagnosis*; D016730:Program Development; D015397:Program Evaluation; D012109:Research Support as Topic; D013636:Tanzania / Q000453:epidemiology