The nature of brain dysfunction in autism: functional brain imaging studies.
OBJECTIVE
Functional magnetic resonance imaging studies have had a profound impact on the delineation of the neurobiologic basis for autism. Advances in fMRI technology for investigating functional connectivity, resting state connectivity, and a default mode network have provided further detail about disturbances in brain organization and brain-behavior relationships in autism to be reviewed in this article.


RESULTS
Recent fMRI studies have provided evidence of enhanced activation and connectivity of posterior, or parietal-occipital, networks and enhanced reliance on visuospatial abilities for visual and verbal reasoning in high functioning individuals with autism. Evidence also indicates altered activation in frontostriatal networks for cognitive control, particularly involving anterior cingulate cortex, and altered connectivity in the resting state and the default mode network. The findings suggest that the specialization of many cortical networks of the human brain has failed to develop fully in high functioning individuals with autism.


CONCLUSIONS
This research provides a growing specification of to the neurobiologic basis for this complex syndrome and for the co-occurrence of the signs and symptoms as a syndrome. With this knowledge has come new neurobiologically based opportunities for intervention.
Minshew
Nancy J
NJ
University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Webster Hall, Suite 300, 3811 O'Hara Street, USA. minshewnj@upmc.edu
Keller
Timothy A
TA
D001321:Autistic Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000503:physiopathology