Real-time ischemic condition monitoring in normoglycemic and hyperglycemic rats.
An increase in excitotoxic amino acid glutamate (GLU) concentration associated with neuronal damage might be the cause of the ischemic damage observed in stroke patients suffering from hyperglycemia. However, the effect has never been investigated by real-time in vivo monitoring. Therefore, this study examined the effects of the functional responses of ischemia-evoked electroencephalography (EEG), cerebral blood flow (%CBF) and DeltaGLU in hyperglycemia through real-time in vivo monitoring. Five Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with streptozocin (hyperglycemia) and five normal rats were used as the controls. Global ischemia was induced using an 11-vessel occlusion model. The experimental protocols consisting of 10 min pre-ischemic, 10 min ischemic and 40 min reperfusion periods were applied to both groups. Under these conditions, the responses of the ischemia-evoked EEG, %CBF and DeltaGLU were monitored in real time. The EEG showed flat patterns during ischemia followed by poor recovery during reperfusion. The peak reperfusion %CBF was decreased significantly in the hyperglycemia group compared to the control group (p < 0.05, n = 5). The extracellular DeltaGLU releases increased significantly during ischemia (p < 0.0001, n = 5) and reperfusion (p < 0.001, n = 5) in the hyperglycemia group compared to the control group. The decrease in reperfusion %CBF during short-term hyperglycemia might be related to the increased plasma osmolality, decreased adenosine levels and swollen endothelial cells with decreased vascular luminal diameters under hyperglycemic conditions. And, the increase in DeltaGLU during short-term hyperglycemia might be related to the neurotoxic effects of the high extracellular concentrations of DeltaGLU and the inhibition of GLU uptake.
Choi
Samjin
S
Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, South Korea.
Kang
Sung Wook
SW
Lee
Gi-Ja
GJ
Choi
Seok Keun
SK
Chae
Su-Jin
SJ
Park
Hun-Kuk
HK
Chung
Joo-Ho
JH
D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods; D005110:Extracellular Space / Q000378:metabolism; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000379:methods*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000503:physiopathology; D013311:Streptozocin; D013997:Time Factors
D018698:Glutamic Acid; D013311:Streptozocin