Ocular side effects of anti-rheumatic medications: what a rheumatologist should know.
Nearly every drug may cause changes to ocular tissues through a variety of mechanisms. Medication overdoses, drug-drug interactions but also chronic administration of medications at the recommended doses may lead to ocular toxicity. The ocular side effects, screening for eye toxicity and treatment guidelines for anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive drugs commonly used by rheumatologists are reviewed herein.
Athens Eye Hospital, Second Eye Clinic, Athens, Greece.
V
V
Peponis
V C
VC
Kyttaris
S E
SE
Chalkiadakis
S
S
Bonovas
N M
NM
Sitaras
D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000963:Antimetabolites / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004164:Diphosphonates / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004347:Drug Interactions; D005128:Eye Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced*; D006801:Humans; D012216:Rheumatic Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012460:Sulfasalazine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use
D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000962:Antimalarials; D000963:Antimetabolites; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents; D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents; D004164:Diphosphonates; D012460:Sulfasalazine