Betaine inhibits toll-like receptor 4 expression in rats with ethanol-induced liver injury.
OBJECTIVE
To test whether ethanol feeding could induce Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) responses, assess the hepatoprotective effect of betaine and its inhibitive effect on TLR4 in animal models of alcoholic liver injury.


METHODS
Forty-eight female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups as control, model, low and high dose betaine groups. Except control group, all rats were fed with high fat-containing diet plus ethanol and fish oil gavages for 8 wk. Betaine was administered intragastrically after exposure of ethanol for 4 wk. The changes of liver histology were examined. The expression of TLR4 mRNA and protein was detected by RT-PCR and Western blot, respectively. The serum aminotransferase activity [alanine transarninase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST)], serum endotoxin, and liver inflammatory factors [tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), interleukin-18 (IL-18)] were also assayed.


RESULTS
Compared with control group, rats of model group developed marked liver injury, accompanied by an increase of ALT (159.41 +/- 7.74 U/L vs 59.47 +/- 2.34 U/L, P < 0.0001), AST (248.25 +/- 1.40 U/L vs 116.89 +/- 3.48 U/L, P < 0.0001), endotoxin (135.37 +/- 30.17 ng/L vs 44.15 +/- 7.54 ng/L, P < 0.0001), TNF-alpha (20.81 +/- 8.58 pg/mL vs 9.34 +/- 2.57 pg/mL, P = 0.0003), IFN-gamma (30.18 +/- 7.60 pg/mL vs 16.86 +/- 9.49 pg/mL, P = 0.0039) and IL-18 (40.99 +/- 8.25 pg/mL vs 19.73 +/- 9.31 pg/mL, P = 0.0001). At the same time, the expression of TLR4 mRNA and protein was markedly induced in the liver after chronic ethanol consumption (1.45 +/- 0.07 vs 0.44 +/- 0.04, P < 0.0001; 1.83 +/- 0.13 vs 0.56 +/- 0.08, P < 0.0001). Compared with model group, betaine feeding resulted in significant decreases of ALT (64.93 +/- 6.06 U/L vs 159.41 +/- 7.74 U/L, P < 0.0001), AST (188.73 +/- 1.11 U/L vs 248.25 +/- 1.40 U/L, P < 0.0001), endotoxin (61.80 +/- 12.56 ng/L vs 135.37 +/- 30.17 ng/L, P < 0.0001), TNF-alpha (9.79 +/- 1.32 pg/mL vs 20.81 +/- 8.58 pg/mL, P = 0.0003), IFN-gamma (18.02 +/- 5.96 pg/mL vs 30.18 +/- 7.60 pg/mL, P = 0.0008) and IL-18 (18.23 +/- 7.01 pg/mL vs 40.99 +/- 8.25 pg/mL, P < 0.0001). Betaine also improved liver steatosis. The expression levels of TLR4 mRNA or protein in liver tissues were significantly lowered (0.62 +/- 0.04 vs 1.45 +/- 0.07, P < 0.0001; and 0.65 +/- 0.06 vs 1.83 +/- 0.13, P < 0.0001). There was a statistical difference of TLR4 mRNA and protein expression between high- and low-dose betaine groups (0.62 +/- 0.04 vs 0.73 +/- 0.05, P < 0.0001, and 0.65 +/- 0.06 vs 0.81 +/- 0.09, P < 0.0001).


CONCLUSIONS
Betaine can prevent the alcohol-induced liver injury effectively and improve the liver function. The expression of TLR4 increases significantly in ethanol-fed rats and betaine administration can inhibit TLR4 expression.
Shi
Qing-Zhao
QZ
Department of Infectious Diseases, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, China.
Wang
Lu-Wen
LW
Zhang
Wei
W
Gong
Zuo-Jiong
ZJ
D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases / Q000097:blood; D001622:Betaine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001835:Body Weight; D019610:Cytoprotection; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000097:blood; D000431:Ethanol; D005260:Female; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000097:blood; D020382:Interleukin-18 / Q000097:blood; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D008108:Liver Diseases, Alcoholic / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D009929:Organ Size; D020011:Protective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood
D015415:Biomarkers; D004731:Endotoxins; D020382:Interleukin-18; D020011:Protective Agents; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C495347:Tlr4 protein, rat; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000431:Ethanol; D001622:Betaine; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases; D000410:Alanine Transaminase