A 3-dimensional mathematic cylinder phantom for the evaluation of the fundamental performance of SPECT.
Degradation of SPECT images results from various physical factors. The primary aim of this study was the development of a digital phantom for use in the characterization of factors that contribute to image degradation in clinical SPECT studies.


METHODS
A 3-dimensional mathematic cylinder (3D-MAC) phantom was devised and developed. The phantom (200 mm in diameter and 200 mm long) comprised 3 imbedded stacks of five 30-mm-long cylinders (diameters, 4, 10, 20, 40, and 60 mm). In simulations, the 3 stacks and the background were assigned radioisotope concentrations and attenuation coefficients. SPECT projection datasets that included Compton scattering effects, photoelectric effects, and gamma-camera models were generated using the electron gamma-shower Monte Carlo simulation program. Collimator parameters, detector resolution, total photons acquired, number of projections acquired, and radius of rotation were varied in simulations. The projection data were formatted in Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) and imported to and reconstructed using commercial reconstruction software on clinical SPECT workstations.


RESULTS
Using the 3D-MAC phantom, we validated that contrast depended on size of region of interest (ROI) and was overestimated when the ROI was small. The low-energy general-purpose collimator caused a greater partial-volume effect than did the low-energy high-resolution collimator, and contrast in the cold region was higher using the filtered backprojection algorithm than using the ordered-subset expectation maximization algorithm in the SPECT images. We used imported DICOM projection data and reconstructed these data using vendor software; in addition, we validated reconstructed images.


CONCLUSIONS
The devised and developed 3D-MAC SPECT phantom is useful for the characterization of various physical factors, contrasts, partial-volume effects, reconstruction algorithms, and such, that contribute to image degradation in clinical SPECT studies.
Program in Health and Welfare, Graduate School of Comprehensive Scientific Research, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan. onisi@pu-hiroshima.ac.jp
Hideo
H
Onishi
Nobutoku
N
Motomura
Masaaki
M
Takahashi
Masamichi
M
Yanagisawa
Koichi
K
Ogawa
D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D012542:Scattering, Radiation; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon / Q000295:instrumentation*