The flavonoid dioclein reduces the production of pro-inflammatory mediators in vitro by inhibiting PDE4 activity and scavenging reactive oxygen species.
Reactive oxygen species, cytokines and chemokines produced at inflammatory sites are pivotal events in the progression of many diseases. Flavonoids are well-known for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Here, we investigated the effects of the flavonoid dioclein on the production of mediators of inflammation in vitro and possible underlying mechanisms. Murine macrophages were pretreated with dioclein, rolipram, a PDE4 (cyclic nucleotide phosphosdiesterase type 4) inhibitor, or butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), an antioxidant, and then activated with LPS or LPS/IFN-gamma. The concentration of TNF-alpha, IL-6, CXCL1/KC, CCL2/JE, and nitric oxide (NO) was determined on culture supernatants. To evaluate potential mechanisms of action, dioclein was tested for inhibition of PDE4 activity and for antioxidant properties by chemiluminescence assays. Dioclein was efficient in reducing the production of cytokines, chemokines and NO in a concentration-dependent manner (from 5 to 50muM). Dioclein was more effective than BHT and rolipram, while having similar inhibitory effects to the combination of BHT plus rolipram. Dioclein inhibited PDE4 activity with an approximate IC(50) of 16.8+/-1.4muM and strongly reduced the concentration of reactive oxygen species in cell and cell-free systems, being more effective than the standard antioxidant BHT. The flavonoid dioclein possesses significant antioxidant and PDE4 inhibitory activity, showing that the substance may have substantial advantages over mechanisms of action already described for many flavonoids. Such effects account for the anti-inflammatory effects of dioclein, mainly by reducing the concentration of mediators of inflammation, such as cytokines, chemokines and reactive oxygen species by macrophages.
Guabiraba
Rodrigo
R
Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia - ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627. Pampulha, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte - MG, Brazil.
Campanha-Rodrigues
Ana Lucia
AL
Souza
Adriano L S
AL
Santiago
Helton C
HC
Lugnier
Claire
C
Alvarez-Leite
Jacqueline
J
Lemos
Virginia S
VS
Teixeira
Mauro M
MM
D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002084:Butylated Hydroxytoluene / Q000494:pharmacology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004347:Drug Interactions; D044950:Flavanones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D058988:Phosphodiesterase 4 Inhibitors; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D016897:Respiratory Burst / Q000187:drug effects; D020889:Rolipram / Q000494:pharmacology
D000975:Antioxidants; D016207:Cytokines; D044950:Flavanones; D005419:Flavonoids; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D058988:Phosphodiesterase 4 Inhibitors; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C094747:dioclein; D002084:Butylated Hydroxytoluene; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D020889:Rolipram