Averaging spheres without target.
The design of averaging spheres without internal target is described. The performance of such spheres is analyzed theoretically and tested experimentally. In a final design, an efficiency of 40% is achieved for visible and near-uv wavelengths. The averaging effectiveness is characterized by signal variations of the order of 1 part in 10(4) for beam displacements of several 0.1 mm.
Mielenz
K D
KD
Eckerle
K L
KL