Gated treatment delivery verification with on-line megavoltage fluoroscopy.
OBJECTIVE
To develop and clinically demonstrate the use of on-line real-time megavoltage (MV) fluoroscopy for gated treatment delivery verification.


METHODS
Megavoltage fluoroscopy (MVF) image sequences were acquired using a flat panel equipped for MV cone-beam CT in synchrony with the respiratory signal obtained from the Anzai gating device. The MVF images can be obtained immediately before or during gated treatment delivery. A prototype software tool (named RTReg4D) was developed to register MVF images with phase-sequenced digitally reconstructed radiograph images generated from the treatment planning system based on four-dimensional CT. The image registration can be used to reposition the patient before or during treatment delivery. To demonstrate the reliability and clinical usefulness, the system was first tested using a thoracic phantom and then prospectively in actual patient treatments under an institutional review board-approved protocol.


RESULTS
The quality of the MVF images for lung tumors is adequate for image registration with phase-sequenced digitally reconstructed radiographs. The MVF was found to be useful for monitoring inter- and intrafractional variations of tumor positions. With the planning target volume contour displayed on the MVF images, the system can verify whether the moving target stays within the planning target volume margin during gated delivery.


CONCLUSIONS
The use of MVF images was found to be clinically effective in detecting discrepancies in tumor location before and during respiration-gated treatment delivery. The tools and process developed can be useful for gated treatment delivery verification.
Tai
An
A
Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA. atai@mcw.edu
Christensen
James D
JD
Gore
Elizabeth
E
Khamene
Ali
A
Boettger
Thomas
T
Li
X Allen
XA
D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography; D005471:Fluoroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D056973:Four-Dimensional Computed Tomography; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000532:radiotherapy; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D012119:Respiration; D055425:Respiratory-Gated Imaging Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D012984:Software; D013131:Spine / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging