Modeling missing binary outcome data in a successful web-based smokeless tobacco cessation program.
OBJECTIVE
To examine various methods to impute missing binary outcome from a web-based tobacco cessation intervention.


METHODS
The ChewFree randomized controlled trial used a two-arm design to compare tobacco abstinence at both the 3- and 6-month follow-up for participants randomized to either an enhanced web-based intervention condition or a basic information-only control condition.


METHODS
Internet in the United States and Canada.


METHODS
Secondary analyses focused upon 2523 participants in the ChewFree trial.


METHODS
Point-prevalence tobacco abstinence measured at 3- and 6-month follow-up.


RESULTS
The results of this study confirmed the findings for the original ChewFree trial and highlighted the use of different missing-data approaches to achieve intent-to-treat analyses when confronted with substantial attrition. The use of different imputation methods yielded results that differed in both the size of the estimated treatment effect and the standard errors.


CONCLUSIONS
The choice of imputation model used to analyze missing binary outcome data can affect substantially the size and statistical significance of the treatment effect. Without additional information about the missing cases, they can overestimate the effect of treatment. Multiple imputation methods are recommended, especially those that permit a sensitivity analysis of their impact.
Smolkowski
Keith
K
Oregon Research Institute, 1715 Franklin Boulevard, Eugene, OR 97403, USA. keiths@ori.org
Danaher
Brian G
BG
Seeley
John R
JR
Kosty
Derek B
DB
Severson
Herbert H
HH
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001521:Behavior Therapy / Q000379:methods; D015982:Bias; D002170:Canada; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D057194:Intention to Treat Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D020407:Internet; D008297:Male; D010352:Patient Dropouts / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015397:Program Evaluation; D013223:Statistics as Topic / Q000379:methods*; D013813:Therapy, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D020340:Tobacco Use Cessation / Q000379:methods*; D014030:Tobacco, Smokeless; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States