Intimidation: a concept analysis.
OBJECTIVE
Patient safety is being compromised by intimidating communication and ineffective teamwork among healthcare providers. The Joint Commission Update indicates that ineffective communication has been the leading root cause of the majority of sentinel events since 1996. Furthermore, the organizational implementation of policies and procedures for addressing this dangerous situation is now mandated by The Joint Commission Sentinel Event Alert. However, in order to consistently identify and address this problem, there must be a clear and universal definition of intimidation.


METHODS
The purpose of this article is to clarify the definition of intimidation in healthcare settings. Without this clarity, the role of intimidation as a precursor to the occurrence of medical errors will inevitably be obscured. The framework for concept analysis proposed by Walker and Avant is used to explicate the definition, attributes, antecedents, consequences, and cases of intimidation.


RESULTS
Analyzing the extent of the relationship between intimidation and medical errors will provide healthcare organizations and professionals with a foundation for the development of strategies to combat the effects of intimidation on medical errors and patient safety.


CONCLUSIONS
The necessity to create a culture of safety in healthcare settings is paramount.
Springfield Technical Community College, Amhert, MA, USA. lamontagne@stcc.edu
Clare
C
Lamontagne
D000374:Aggression; D003142:Communication; D003210:Concept Formation; D006272:Health Facility Environment; D006801:Humans; D007400:Interprofessional Relations; D007591:Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations; D019300:Medical Errors / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology*; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000517:prevention & control; D016272:Occupational Health; D015279:Organizational Culture; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care; D010348:Patient Care Team / Q000458:organization & administration*; D012307:Risk Factors; D017751:Safety Management / Q000458:organization & administration; D012919:Social Behavior; D014481:United States; D014754:Violence / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology; D017132:Workplace / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000523:psychology