Iron deficiency anemia and cardiac mortality in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction undergoing coronary stenting.
OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to assess cardiac mortality in patients with reduced ejection fraction (EF< or =45%) and anemia (Hb< or =12 g/dL) undergoing coronary stenting and to investigate whether iron-deficiency anemia influenced outcome when compared to non-anemic patients or patients with other types of anemia.


METHODS
One hundred twenty consecutive patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) between April 2003 and December 2005 were identified and followed for a median of 30 months. Patients were divided into 2 groups, anemic (Hb< or =12 g/dL) and non-anemic. Anemic patients were then divided into 3 sub-groups based on laboratory analysis and anemia work-up: iron-deficiency, malignancy-associated, and anemia of chronic disease (including chronic kidney disease). Mortality rates and cause of death were retrieved using both the Social Security database and the hospital records.


RESULTS
Thirty-one percent of patients had iron deficiency, 24% had a malignancy-associated anemia and 45% had anemia of chronic disease. Overall mortality was 12% of which 29% was cardiac death. All-cause and cardiac mortality were significantly higher in anemic vs. non-anemic patients, (31% vs. 6%, P<0.001, and 10% vs. 1%, P=0.016, respectively). Iron-deficiency anemia strongly predicted cardiac mortality (33% vs. 1% in non-anemic patients, P<0.001), while malignancy-associated anemia was the strongest predictor of non-cardiac death (57% vs. 4% in non-anemic patients, P<0.001). Anemia of chronic disease neither predicted cardiac nor non-cardiac death.


CONCLUSIONS
To the authors' knowledge, this is the first study to show that iron-deficiency anemia is a strong predictor of cardiac death when compared to patients with other types of anemia or to non-anemic patients.
Virginia Commonwealth University, Department of Internal Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA.
A
A
Varma
D L
DL
Appleton
A
A
Nusca
M J
MJ
Lipinski
E
E
Goudreau
M J
MJ
Cowley
M
M
Wittkamp
G W
GW
Vetrovec
A
A
Abbate
D000368:Aged; D018798:Anemia, Iron-Deficiency / Q000150:complications*; D015906:Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary; D005260:Female; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015607:Stents; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000150:complications*