title: Neurosteroids and epilepsy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Neurosteroids are a family of compounds synthesized directly in the brain by transforming cholesterol into pregnenolone, which is then converted to compounds such as allopregnanolone and allotetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone. In view of their ability to modulate neurotransmission, neurosteroids may influence the clinical course of epileptic disorders. In this review, we highlight two emerging properties of neurosteroids, that is, their anticonvulsant and antiepileptogenic activities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  It has been shown that fluctuations in neurosteroid synthesis, such as those seen in response to stress or during the ovarian cycle, determine an increase in seizure threshold. Moreover, increased neurosteroid synthesis, presumably occurring in glial cells during epileptogenesis, delays the appearance of recurrent spontaneous seizures in an animal model of temporal lobe epilepsy; such an effect may be due to augmented tonic gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor-mediated inhibition. Finally, clinical trials with ganaxolone, an allopregnanolone analogue, have demonstrated beneficial effects in pharmacoresistant epileptic patients, whereas finasteride--which interferes with neurosteroid synthesis - facilitates seizures in catamenial epilepsy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The overall evidence suggests that neurosteroids may represent a novel therapeutic strategy in epileptic disorders and a future perspective to control epileptogenicity.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Biagini
authors.forename: Gabriella
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Panuccio
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Avoli
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008959:Models, Neurological; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000378:metabolism*; D012640:Seizures / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents