title: Racial and gender differences in pressure ulcer development among nursing home residents in the Southeastern United States.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether there is a difference in the incidence of pressure ulcers (PU) between African American (AA) and White nursing home (NH) residents in the Southeastern United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Minimum Data Set were examined for 113,869 residents who were free of PU at NH admission during 1999-2002. Facility and neighborhood characteristics were abstracted from the Online Survey Certification and Reporting database and the 2000 U.S. Census respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of PU in NH among AAs and Whites was 4.7% (95% CI: 4.4-5.0) and 3.4 % (95% CI: 3.3-3.5) respectively. The association between race and PU development varied between males and females. Differences were noted between AA and White males who were dependent in mobility and between AA and White females who were bedfast and resided in facilities with less than 200 beds. Unlike for females, facility and neighborhood characteristics were not significant confounders in risk for PU incidence among males.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PU occurred more frequently in AAs than in Whites. Results suggest that racial differences are marked among males and females with specific characteristics. Interventions for reducing this disparity should target these at-risk groups.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Health, Social, and Community Research, Shaw University, 118 E. South Street, Raleigh NC 27601, USA. howardd@shawu.edu
authors.forename: Daniel L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.forename: Yhenneko J
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Taylor
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015992:Body Mass Index; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009735:Nursing Homes / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003668:Pressure Ulcer / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015144:Southeastern United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires