title: Major infection after pediatric cardiac surgery: a risk estimation model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In pediatric cardiac surgery, infection is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. We created a model to predict risk of major infection in this population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using the Society of Thoracic Surgeons Congenital Heart Surgery Database, we created a multivariable model in which the primary outcome was major infection (septicemia, mediastinitis, or endocarditis). Candidate-independent variables included demographic characteristics, comorbid conditions, preoperative factors, and cardiac surgical procedures. We created a reduced model by backward selection and then created an integer scoring system using a scaling factor with scores corresponding to percent risk of infection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 30,078 children from 48 centers, 2.8% had major infection (2.6% septicemia, 0.3% mediastinitis, and 0.09% endocarditis). Mortality and postoperative length of stay were greater in those with major infection (mortality, 22.2% versus 3.0%; length of stay >21 days, 69.9% versus 10.7%). Young age, high complexity, previous cardiothoracic operation, preoperative length of stay more than 1 day, preoperative ventilator support, and presence of a genetic abnormality were associated with major infection after backward selection (p < 0.001). Estimated infection risk ranged from less than 0.1% to 13.3%; the model discrimination was good (c index, 0.79).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We created a simple bedside tool to identify children at high risk for major infection after cardiac surgery. These patients may be targeted for interventions to reduce the risk of infection and for inclusion in future clinical trials.
authors.affiliation: Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: Gregory M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Barker
authors.forename: Sean M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: O'Brien
authors.forename: Karl F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Welke
authors.forename: Marshall L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: Jeffrey P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: Daniel K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Benjamin
authors.forename: Eric D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Peterson
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jaggers
authors.forename: Jennifer S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004696:Endocarditis / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008480:Mediastinitis / Q000209:etiology*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D018805:Sepsis / Q000209:etiology*; D013530:Surgical Wound Infection