title: Inhibitory activity of marine sponge-derived natural products against parasitic protozoa.
abstract: In this study, thirteen sponge-derived terpenoids, including five linear furanoterpenes: furospinulosin-1 (1), furospinulosin-2 (2), furospongin-1 (3), furospongin-4 (4), and demethylfurospongin-4 (5); four linear meroterpenes: 2-(hexaprenylmethyl)-2-methylchromenol (6), 4-hydroxy-3-octaprenylbenzoic acid (7), 4-hydroxy-3-tetraprenyl-phenylacetic acid (8), and heptaprenyl-p-quinol (9); a linear triterpene, squalene (10); two spongian-type diterpenes dorisenone D (11) and 11 beta-acetoxyspongi-12-en-16-one (12); a scalarane-type sesterterpene; 12-epi-deoxoscalarin (13), as well as an indole alkaloid, tryptophol (14) were screened for their in vitro activity against four parasitic protozoa; Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania donovani and Plasmodium falciparum. Cytotoxic potential of the compounds on mammalian cells was also assessed. All compounds were active against T. brucei rhodesiense, with compound 8 being the most potent (IC(50) 0.60 microg/mL), whereas 9 and 12 were the most active compounds against T. cruzi, with IC(50) values around 4 microg/mL. Compound 12 showed the strongest leishmanicidal activity (IC(50) 0.75 microg/mL), which was comparable to that of miltefosine (IC(50) 0.20 microg/mL). The best antiplasmodial effect was exerted by compound 11 (IC(50) 0.43 microg/mL), followed by compounds 7, 10, and 12 with IC(50) values around 1 microg/mL. Compounds 9, 11 and 12 exhibited, besides their antiprotozoal activity, also some cytotoxicity, whereas all other compounds had low or no cytotoxicity towards the mammalian cell line. This is the first report of antiprotozoal activity of marine metabolites 1-14, and points out the potential of marine sponges in discovery of new antiprotozoal lead compounds.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, TR-06330 Ankara, Turkey. iorhan@gazi.edu.tr
authors.forename: Ilkay
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Orhan
authors.forename: Bilge
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sener
authors.forename: Marcel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kaiser
authors.forename: Reto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Brun
authors.forename: Deniz
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tasdemir
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001688:Biological Products / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002460:Cell Line; D005663:Furans / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007211:Indoles / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D007893:Leishmania donovani / Q000187:drug effects; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000187:drug effects; D011161:Porifera / Q000737:chemistry*; D011528:Protozoan Infections / Q000188:drug therapy; D051381:Rats; D013729:Terpenes / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014345:Trypanosoma / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents; D001688:Biological Products; D005663:Furans; D007211:Indoles; D013729:Terpenes