title: Teratogenic potential of pholedrine: a sympathomimetic vasoconstrictive drug - a population-based case-control study.
abstract: Pholedrine was a frequently used drug for the treatment of severe hypotension in some countries, including Hungary. The possible teratogenic effect of pholedrine was not checked; therefore; the birth outcomes, particularly congenital abnormalities (CAs), of infants born to women treated with pholedrine during pregnancy, and pregnancy complications were evaluated in the population-based large dataset of the Hungarian Case-Control Surveillance System of Congenital Abnormalities. Cases with CA and their matched controls without CA born to mothers with pholedrine use during pregnancy were compared. Of 22 843 cases and 38 151 controls, 768 (3.4%) and 1509 (4.0%) were born to mothers with pholedrine treatment, respectively (adjusted odds ratios [OR] with 95% CI: 0.9, 0.8-1.0). There was no higher risk for any CA group in the offspring of mothers who used pholedrine during the second and/or third month of pregnancy (i.e. the critical period of most major CA). The mean gestational week at delivery and birthweight was similar in newborns of women with or without pholedrine treatment during pregnancy. The pattern of pregnancy complications was characteristic (lower incidence of preeclampsia/eclampsia, while higher incidence of severe nausea/vomiting and anemia), explained mainly by the underlying maternal hypotension. In conclusion, pholedrine treatment in pregnant women was not associated with a higher risk for CA or other adverse birth outcomes, such as preterm birth or low birthweight. The knowledge of the teratogenic potential of pholedrine may contribute to the evaluation of other sympathomimetic drugs.
authors.affiliation: Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis, University, School of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary.
authors.forename: Ferenc
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bánhidy
authors.forename: Nándor
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Acs
authors.forename: Erzsébet H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Puhó
authors.forename: Andrew E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Czeizel
mesh_terms: D000014:Abnormalities, Drug-Induced / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006814:Hungary / Q000453:epidemiology; D007022:Hypotension / Q000188:drug therapy*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008694:Methamphetamine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D011159:Population Surveillance; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D012306:Risk; D013565:Sympatholytics / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013723:Teratogens; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D013565:Sympatholytics; D013723:Teratogens; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D008694:Methamphetamine; C005877:pholedrine