title: The effect of age and spontaneous exercise on the biomechanical and biochemical properties of chicken superficial digital flexor tendon.
abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate if spontaneous (nonforced active) exercise and age (maturation process) alter the biomechanical and biochemical properties of superficial digital flexor tendon. Chickens aged 1, 5, and 8 months were divided into two groups: caged and penned. The caged group was reared in an area of 0.5 m(2) (3 animals/cage), while the penned group was reared in an area of 60 m(2) (3 animals/area). For biochemical analysis, the tendon was divided into tensile and compressive regions for quantification of hydroxyproline and glycosaminoglycan content. Biomechanical properties were analyzed from tensile tests of intact tendons. The biomechanical measurements were taken at maximum load and maximum stress. In both the caged and penned groups, maximum load and energy absorption increased with maturation; however, the elastic modulus, maximum stress, and maximum strain did not increase with maturation. Exercise resulted in a higher load, stress, and elastic modulus in the fifth month. Collagen content increased with age in the penned group and with exercise in the fifth and eighth months. Exercise results in a higher expression of glycosaminoglycans in young tendons compared to mature tendons. Thus, low-intensity mechanical stimuli promote the synthesis and possible rearrangement of molecules in immature tendons, whereas inactivity leads to deleterious effects on the material properties (maximum stress and elastic modulus) during growth and maturation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Wilson
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Romero Nakagaki
authors.forename: Edson
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rosa Pimentel
authors.forename: Gustavo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pereira Benevides
authors.forename: Laurecir
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gomes
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002645:Chickens / Q000502:physiology*; D005552:Forelimb; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans / Q000378:metabolism; D006909:Hydroxyproline / Q000378:metabolism; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal; D013710:Tendons / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D014034:Toes / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D006025:Glycosaminoglycans; D006909:Hydroxyproline