title: Mineralization of s-triazine herbicides by a newly isolated Nocardioides species strain DN36.
abstract: A novel s-triazine-mineralizing bacterium-Nocardioides sp. strain DN36-was isolated from paddy field soil treated with ring-U-(14)C-labeled simetryn ([(14)C]simetryn) in a model paddy ecosystem (microcosm). In a tenfold-diluted R2A medium, strain DN36 liberated (14)CO(2) from not only [(14)C]simetryn but also three ring-U-(14)C-labeled s-triazines: atrazine, simazine, and propazine. We found that DN36 mineralized ring-U-(14)C-cyanuric acid added as an initial substrate, indicating that the bacterium mineralized s-triazine herbicides via a common metabolite, namely, cyanuric acid. Strain DN36 harbored a set of genes encoding previously reported s-triazine-degrading enzymes (TrzN-AtzB-AtzC), and it also transformed ametryn, prometryn, dimethametryn, atraton, simeton, and prometon. The findings suggest that strain DN36 can mineralize a diverse range of s-triazine herbicides. To our knowledge, strain DN36 is the first Nocardioides strain that can individually mineralize s-triazine herbicides via the ring cleavage of cyanuric acid. Further, DN36 could not grow on cyanuric acid, and the degradation seemed to occur cometabolically.
authors.affiliation: Chemistry Division, The Institute of Environmental Toxicology, 4321 Uchimoriya-machi, Joso-shi, Ibaraki, 303-0043, Japan. satsuma@iet.or.jp
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Satsuma
mesh_terms: D000192:Actinomycetales / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D001280:Atrazine / Q000378:metabolism; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D006540:Herbicides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D012839:Simazine / Q000378:metabolism; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D014227:Triazines / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D006540:Herbicides; D014227:Triazines; C033807:simetryn; C100057:ametryne; C004632:cyanuric acid; D001280:Atrazine; D012839:Simazine