title: Respiratory changes with seizures in localization-related epilepsy: analysis of periictal hypercapnia and airflow patterns.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The rate of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) approaches 9 per 1,000 patient-years in patients with refractory epilepsy. Respiratory causes are implicated in SUDEP. We reported that ictal hypoxemia occurs in one-third of seizures in localization-related epilepsy. We now report on respiratory changes in the ictal/postictal period including changes in end-tidal CO₂ (ETCO₂) that correlate directly with alveolar CO(2) , allowing a precise evaluation of seizure-related respiratory disturbances.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred eighty-seven seizures were recorded in 33 patients with localization-related epilepsy, with or without secondarily generalized convulsions, undergoing video-electroencephalography (EEG) telemetry with recording of respiratory data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ictal/postictal ETCO₂ increase from baseline was 14 ± 11 mm Hg (11, -1 to 50) [mean ± standard deviation (SD) (median, range)]. ETCO₂ peak was at or above 50 mm Hg with 35 of 94 seizures, 60 mm Hg with 15, and 70 mm Hg with five seizures. Eleven of the 33 patients had seizures with ETCO₂ elevation above 50 mm Hg. The duration of ictal/postictal ETCO(2) increase above baseline was 424 ± 807 s (154, 4 to 6225). The duration of ictal apnea was 49 ± 46 s (31, 6-222); most ictal apneic events were central. Oxygen desaturation to 60% or less occurred with 10 seizures, including five that did not progress to generalized convulsions. Respiratory rate and amplitude increased postictally. The peak ictal ETCO₂ change and duration of change were not associated with apnea duration or seizure duration. Peak ETCO₂ change was significantly associated with contralateral seizure spread.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Severe and prolonged increases in ETCO₂ occur with seizures. Postictally, respiratory effort is not impaired. Ictally triggered ventilation-perfusion inequality from pulmonary shunting or transient neurogenic pulmonary edema may account for these findings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA. mseyal@ucdavis.edu
authors.forename: Masud
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Seyal
authors.forename: Lisa M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Bateman
authors.forename: Timothy E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Albertson
authors.forename: Tzu-Chun
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Chin-Shang
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods; D004828:Epilepsies, Partial / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006935:Hypercapnia / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012123:Pulmonary Ventilation / Q000502:physiology*; D012120:Respiration Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D056152:Respiratory Rate / Q000502:physiology; D013686:Telemetry / Q000379:methods; D014741:Video Recording / Q000379:methods; D055815:Young Adult