title: Metacognitions about smoking: a preliminary investigation.
abstract: Preliminary research has indicated that metacognitions are involved in smoking. In the present study, we aimed to investigate whether specific facets of metacognition play a role in explaining smoking initiation and perseveration. Twelve individuals, self-identified as regular smokers and scoring a positive value on the Fagerström Test of Nicotine Dependence, were assessed using a semi-structured interview to investigate the following: (1) whether they held positive and/or negative metacognitive beliefs about smoking; (2) what their main goal in smoking was, and how they knew if they had achieved their goal; (3) how they directed their focus of attention when smoking; and (4) what they perceived the advantages and disadvantages of these attentional strategies to be. Results indicated that participants endorsed both positive and negative metacognitive beliefs about smoking and that the goal of smoking was to regulate negative emotion and/or to enhance cognitive functioning. Participants reported that they relied either on an internal signal, such as improvement in the emotional/cognitive state, or on a physical sign, in the form of a finished cigarette, to determine if they had achieved their goal. During an episode of smoking, half of the participants reported focusing their attention internally on thoughts and feelings or the sensations of smoking. The remainder of participants reported either an exclusively external focus of attention (e.g., the environment) or a varied focus of attention. Most participants were able to identify advantages to their attentional strategies, whereas two reported perceived disadvantages. The implications of the findings are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Psychology Research Unit, School of Arts and Social Sciences, Kingston University, Kingston-Upon-Thames, UK. A.Nikcevic@kingston.ac.uk
authors.forename: Ana V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Nikčević
authors.forename: Marcantonio M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Spada
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention; D003469:Culture; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006040:Goals; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D007406:Interview, Psychological; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*; D012931:Social Environment; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult