title: Pharmaceutical interventions for emotionalism after stroke.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Antidepressants may be useful in the treatment of abnormal crying associated with stroke. This is an update of a Cochrane Review first published in 2004.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether pharmaceutical treatment reduces the frequency of emotional displays in people with emotionalism after stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the trials registers of the Cochrane Stroke Group and the Cochrane Depression Anxiety and Neurosis Group (last searched August 2009). In addition, we searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library Issue 3, 2009), MEDLINE (1966 to May 2008), EMBASE (1980 to May 2008), CINAHL (1982 to May 2008), PsycINFO (1967 to May 2008), Arts and Humanities Index (1991 to May 2008), BIOSIS Previews (2002 to May 2008), Science Citation Index (1992 to May 2008), Social Sciences Citation Index (1991 to May 2008), Sociological Abstract/Sociofile (1974 to May 2008), ISI Web of Science (2002 to May 2008), reference lists, clinical trials registers, conference proceedings and dissertation abstracts. We also contacted authors, researchers and pharmaceutical companies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised and quasi-randomised controlled trials comparing psychotropic medication to placebo in people with stroke and emotionalism (also known as emotional lability or pathological crying and laughing).
  
  
  METHODS
  We obtained data for people who no longer met the criteria for emotionalism, and on reduction in frequency of crying. Primary analyses were the proportion of patients who met the criteria for emotionalism at the end of treatment. Secondary outcomes included emotionalism and depression scores, cognitive function, death, activities of daily living and adverse effects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We included seven trials involving 239 participants. Data were available for five trials with 213 participants. Five trials showed large effects of treatment: 50% reduction in emotionalism, diminished tearfulness, improvements (reduction) in lability, tearfulness and scores on the Pathological Laughter and Crying Scale. However, confidence intervals were wide indicating that treatment may have had only a small positive effect, or even a small negative effect (in one trial). Only two studies systematically reported adverse events; no discernible differences were seen between groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Antidepressants can reduce the frequency and severity of crying or laughing episodes. The effect does not seem specific to one drug or class of drugs. Our conclusions must be qualified by several methodological deficiencies in the studies. More reliable data are required before recommendations can be made about the treatment of post-stroke emotionalism.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological and Mental Health, The George Institute for International Health, PO Box M201, Missenden Road, Sydney, NSW, Australia, 2050.
authors.forename: Maree L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Hackett
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Craig S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Judith A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Horrocks
authors.forename: Allan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: House
mesh_terms: D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003448:Crying / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D007845:Laughter / Q000523:psychology*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D020521:Stroke / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents