title: Experimental inoculation of pigs with pandemic H1N1 2009 virus and HI cross-reactivity with contemporary swine influenza virus antisera.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A novel A/H1N1 was identified in the human population in North America in April 2009. The gene constellation of the virus was a combination from swine influenza A viruses (SIV) of North American and Eurasian lineages that had never before been identified in swine or other species.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objectives were to (i) evaluate the clinical response of swine following experimental inoculation with pandemic H1N1 2009; (ii) assess serologic cross-reactivity between H1N1 2009 and contemporary SIV antisera; and (iii) develop a molecular assay to differentiate North American-lineage SIV from H1N1 2009.
  
  
  METHODS
  Experiment 1: Weaned pigs were experimentally infected with A/California/04/2009 (H1N1). Experiment 2: The cross-reactivity of a panel of US SIV H1N1 or H1N2 antisera with three isolates of pandemic A/H1N1 was evaluated. Experiment 3: A polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based diagnostic test was developed and validated on samples from experimentally infected pigs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In experiment 1, all inoculated pigs demonstrated clinical signs and lesions similar to those induced by endemic SIV. Viable virus and antigen were only detected in the respiratory tract. In experiment 2, serologic cross-reactivity was limited against H1N1 2009 isolates, notably among virus antisera from the same HA phylogenetic cluster. The limited cross-reactivity suggests North American pigs may not be fully protected against H1N1 2009 from previous exposure or vaccination and novel tests are needed to rapidly diagnose the introduction of H1N1 2009. In experiment 3, an RT-PCR test that discriminates between H1N1 2009 and endemic North American SIV was developed and validated on clinical samples.
authors.affiliation: Virus and Prion Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, ARS, Ames, IA, USA. amy.vincent@ars.usda.gov
authors.forename: Amy L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Vincent
authors.forename: Kelly M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Lager
authors.forename: Kay S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Faaberg
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Harland
authors.forename: Eraldo L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Zanella
authors.forename: Janice R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Ciacci-Zanella
authors.forename: Marcus E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Kehrli
authors.forename: Bruce H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Janke
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Klimov
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology; D003429:Cross Reactions; D006385:Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests; D006801:Humans; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000276:immunology* / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D009980:Influenza A virus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics; D009656:North America; D009976:Orthomyxoviridae Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D013552:Swine; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral