title: Secondary macular hole formation after vitrectomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to report the incidence and the underlying ocular pathology of a macular hole (MH) that develops in vitrectomized eyes and to evaluate its prognosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective chart review was performed in patients who underwent vitrectomy between March 2004 and June 2009. Cases that developed an MH in vitrectomized eyes were identified, and the data from all ophthalmology examinations were collected. Patients with recurrent MHs after the initial MH surgery were excluded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 10 cases of secondary MH during a period of 64 months (incidence, 8 of 3,279 [0.24%]). Two cases of secondary MHs were not included in the calculations because the initial vitrectomies were performed before March 2004. The initial vitrectomy was performed on four eyes with vitreous hemorrhage caused by proliferative diabetic retinopathy, three eyes with retinal detachment from high myopia, one eye with combined retinal detachment with uveitis, one eye with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, and one eye with an epiretinal membrane. The macular pathology identified before MH formation included cystoid macular edema in two eyes, epiretinal membrane in four eyes, and no specific lesion in another four eyes. The secondary MHs were managed by additional vitrectomy, peeling of the internal limiting membrane, and intravitreal gas tamponade. Nine of 10 eyes achieved hole closure after the secondary surgery, and 8 eyes recovered their previous visual acuity; the other 2 eyes had visual loss within 2 Snellen chart lines, and none of the 9 patients had a recurrence during a mean follow-up of 20.7 months (range, 4-31 months).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The development of secondary MHs after vitrectomy is rare. Pathogenic mechanisms other than idiopathic MH may be involved in these cases. The anatomical and functional outcome of the secondary MHs that developed after vitrectomy was good, although the final visual acuity was dependent on the underlying ocular pathology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sun Ho
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Kyu Hyung
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Jeong Hun
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Jang Won
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Heo
authors.forename: Hyeong Gon
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Young Suk
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Hum
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chung
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D011379:Prognosis; D012167:Retinal Perforations / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology; D014821:Vitrectomy