title: Noninvasive correlates of subdural grid electrographic outcome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate reasons for patients not proceeding to resective epilepsy surgery after subdural grid evaluation (SDE). To correlate noninvasive investigation results with invasive EEG observations in a set of patients with nonlesional brain MRIs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective study of adult epilepsy patients undergoing SDE during an 8-year period at Cleveland Clinic. Construction of semiquantitative "scores" and Bayesian predictors summarizing the localizing value and concordance between noninvasive parameters in a subset with nonlesional MRIs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred forty patients underwent SDE, 25 of whom were subsequently denied resective surgery. In 10 of 25, this was caused by a nonlocalizing subdural ictal EEG onset. Eight of 10 such patients were nonlesional on MRI. Among all nonlesional patients (n = 34 of 140), n1 = 10 of 34 patients had nonlocalizing and n2 = 24 of 34 had localizing, subdural ictal onsets. As groups, n1 and n2 were statistically disjoint relative to their noninvasive scores. Bayesian measures predictive of focal invasive ictal EEG were highest for complete concordance of noninvasive parameters, decreasing with lesser degrees of concordance. A localizing scalp interictal EEG was a particularly good Bayesian prognosticator.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A small but significant proportion of SDE patients are denied subsequent therapeutic resective surgery. This is due to several reasons, including a nonlocalizing intracranial ictal EEG. The majority of such patients have nonlesional MRIs. The noninvasive data may be summarized by a semiquantitative score, as well as Bayesian likelihood ratios, which correlate with subsequent invasive outcome. This approach may find use in the selection and counseling of potential surgical candidates offered SDE.
authors.affiliation: Section of Epilepsy, Department of Neurology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA. Giridhar.P.Kalamangalam@uth.tmc.edu
authors.forename: Giridhar P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Kalamangalam
authors.forename: Harold H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: Jayanthi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mani
authors.forename: Deepak K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Lachhwani
authors.forename: Shyam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Visweswaran
authors.forename: William M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Bingaman
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods*; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012535:Scalp; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D016896:Treatment Outcome