title: Risk factors and outcomes for the development of malignancy in lung and heart-lung transplant recipients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many factors may limit survival from lung and heartlung transplantation, including malignancy.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate factors associated with the development of malignancy following transplantation and its effect on survival by retrospectively reviewing a population of lung transplant recipients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from 342 consecutive lung transplant patients were collected. Results were analyzed by fitting variables into a multivariate logistic regression model predicting the development of post-transplant malignancies. Covariates were selected based on crude associations that reached a level of significance at P ≤ 0.10. Length of survival was analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-eight subjects developed post-transplant malignancies, which were the cause of death of 14 patients. Twenty-one patients had a pretransplant malignancy, of whom six developed a malignancy posttransplant--of these, two were fatal recurrences. No risk factors were significantly associated with all forms of post-transplant malignancy. When adjusted for age at transplantation and donor smoking history, Epstein-Barr virus seropositivity at the time of transplant was significantly associated with a reduced risk of a post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (OR 0.17; 95% CI 0.05 to 0.59). The median survival time in individuals without a post-transplant malignancy was significantly shorter than in those with a post-transplant malignancy (P = 0.018 Wilcoxon [Breslow]). This may be secondary to the length of time required to develop malignancy and the fact that not all malignancies that developed were fatal. The median time to develop malignancy was greater than two years. In addition, the 14 patients who died as a result of their malignancy had a significantly shorter survival time than the 44 who died because of nonmalignant causes (P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Malignancy was not associated with an overall decrease in survival time when compared with those who did not develop a malignancy. Risk factors specific for the development of malignancies remain difficult to specify.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Metcalfe
authors.forename: Demetrios J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Kutsogiannis
authors.forename: Kathy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: Antigone
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Oreopoulous
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mullen
authors.forename: Denis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Modry
authors.forename: Justin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Weinkauf
authors.forename: Dale C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Lien
authors.forename: Ken C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Stewart
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D016041:Heart-Lung Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate