title: Optimal flow rate for antegrade cerebral perfusion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Antegrade cerebral perfusion is widely used in neonatal heart surgery, yet commonly used flow rates have never been standardized. The objective of this study was to determine the antegrade cerebral perfusion flow rate that most closely matches standard cardiopulmonary bypass conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine neonatal piglets underwent deep hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass at a total body flow of 100 mL/kg/min (baseline). Antegrade cerebral perfusion was conducted via innominate artery cannulation at perfusion rates of 10, 30, and 50 mL/kg/min in random order. Cerebral blood flow was measured using fluorescent microspheres. Regional oxygen saturation and cerebral oxygen extraction were monitored.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cerebral blood flow was as follows: baseline, 60 +/- 17 mL/100 g/min; antegrade cerebral perfusion at 50 mL/kg/min, 56 +/- 17 mL/100 g/min; antegrade cerebral perfusion at 30 mL/kg/min, 36 +/- 9 mL/100 g/min; and antegrade cerebral perfusion at 10 mL/kg/min, 13 +/- 6 mL/100 g/min. At an antegrade cerebral perfusion rate of 50 mL/kg/min, cerebral blood flow matched baseline (P = .87), as did regional oxygen saturation (P = .13). Antegrade cerebral perfusion at 30 mL/kg/min provided approximately 60% of baseline cerebral blood flow (P < .002); however, regional oxygen saturation was equal to baseline (P = .93). Antegrade cerebral perfusion at 10 mL/kg/min provided 20% of baseline cerebral blood flow (P < .001) and a lower regional oxygen saturation than baseline (P = .011). Cerebral oxygen extraction at antegrade cerebral perfusion rates of 30 and 50 mL/kg/min was equal to baseline (P = .53, .48) but greater than baseline (P < .0001) at an antegrade cerebral perfusion rate of 10 mL/kg/min. The distributions of cerebral blood flow and regional oxygen saturation were equal in each brain hemisphere at all antegrade cerebral perfusion rates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cerebral blood flow increased with antegrade cerebral perfusion rate. At an antegrade cerebral perfusion rate of 50 mL/kg/min, cerebral blood flow was equal to baseline, but regional oxygen saturation and cerebral oxygen extraction trends suggested more oxygenation than baseline. An antegrade cerebral perfusion rate of 30 mL/kg/min provided only 60% of baseline cerebral blood flow, but cerebral oxygen extraction and regional oxygen saturation were equal to baseline. An antegrade cerebral perfusion rate that closely matches standard cardiopulmonary bypass conditions is between 30 and 50 mL/kg/min.
authors.affiliation: Stanford University, Division of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, 300 Pasteur Drive, Falk Rm CV116C, Stanford, CA 94305-5407, USA. fhanley@stanford.edu
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.forename: Shoichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tsuda
authors.forename: R Kirk
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Riemer
authors.forename: Chandra
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ramamoorthy
authors.forename: V Mohan
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Reddy
authors.forename: Frank L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Hanley
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D010477:Perfusion / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards*; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D013552:Swine