title: Macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 is increased in individuals before type 2 diabetes diagnosis but is not an independent predictor of type 2 diabetes: the Whitehall II study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 (MIC-1) belongs to the transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta superfamily, and has been reported to be involved in energy homoeostasis and weight loss and to have anti-inflammatory properties. We hypothesized that decreased concentrations of MIC-1 would be associated with higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We designed a nested case-control study within the Whitehall II cohort and measured serum concentrations of MIC-1 by ELISA in 180 individuals without type 2 diabetes at baseline who developed type 2 diabetes during the follow-up period of 11.5+/-3.0 years and in 372 controls frequency-matched for age, sex, and body mass index with normal glucose tolerance throughout the study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MIC-1 concentrations at baseline were higher in cases (median (25/75th percentiles) 537.1 (452.7-677.4) pg/ml) than in controls (499.7 (413.8-615.4) pg/ml; P=0.0044). In the age- and sex-adjusted model, a 1-S.D. increase in MIC-1 (206.0 pg/ml) was associated with an odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of 1.21 (0.997; 1.46; P=0.054) for type 2 diabetes. Adjustment for waist circumference, cardiovascular risk factors, socioeconomic status, proinflammatory mediators, and glycemia abolished the association.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Baseline MIC-1 concentrations were increased, not decreased, in individuals before type 2 diabetes manifestation, but not independently associated with incident type 2 diabetes in multivariable analyses. This upregulation of MIC-1 could be part of an anti-inflammatory response preceding the onset of type 2 diabetes, which has been described before for interleukin-1 receptor antagonist and TGF-beta1.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Clinical Diabetology, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: Maren
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Carstensen
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Herder
authors.forename: Eric J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Brunner
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Strassburger
authors.forename: Adam G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Tabak
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Roden
authors.forename: Daniel R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Witte
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D055436:Growth Differentiation Factor 15 / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D055105:Waist Circumference
chemical_list: D055436:Growth Differentiation Factor 15