title: Bronchoscopes of the twenty-first century.
abstract: Over the past century, bronchoscopy has become an essential tool for pulmonologists and thoracic surgeons, who for many years have employed bronchoscopy with such therapeutic modalities as laser therapy, electrocautery, cryotherapy, and stent placement. Over the past decade, advanced imaging techniques, such as autofluoresence bronchoscopy, electromagnetic navigation, narrow-band imaging, confocal fluorescence microendoscopy, and endobronchial ultrasound, have greatly expanded the diagnostic utility of bronchoscopy. This article reviews the technological advances in the field of diagnostic bronchoscopy.
authors.affiliation: Interventional Pulmonology, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, 1830 East Monument Street, 5th Floor, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
authors.forename: Lonny
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yarmus
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Feller-Kopman
mesh_terms: D001707:Biopsy, Needle / Q000379:methods; D020680:Bronchoscopes / Q000639:trends; D001999:Bronchoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence