title: Glibenclamide-loaded self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system: development and characterization.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop and characterize self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) of the poorly water-soluble drug, glibenclamide (GBD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Solubility of GBD was determined in various vehicles. Phase diagrams were constructed to identify efficient self-emulsification region using oils, surfactants, and cosurfactants in aqueous environment. Formulations were assessed for drug content, spectroscopic clarity, emulsification time, contact angle, zeta potential, particle size, and dissolution studies. On the basis of similarity and dissimilarity of particle size distribution, formulations were further characterized using principal component analysis and agglomerative hierarchy cluster analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the formulations prepared and evaluated, optimized formulation showed mean particle size between 15.65 and 32.70 nm after 24 hour postdilution in various media. Dilution volume had no significant effect on particle size. Transmission electron microscopy of these formulations confirmed the spherical shape of globules with no signs of coalescence of globules and precipitation of drug. The relevance of difference in t(50%) and percent dissolution efficiency were evaluated statistically by two-way ANOVA. Infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and X-ray diffraction studies indicated compatibility between drug, oil, and surfactants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study indicate that the self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system of GBD, owing to nanosize, has potential to enhance its absorption and without interaction or incompatibility between the ingredients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India.
authors.forename: Sandeep Kumar
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Priya Ranjan Prasad
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Verma
authors.forename: Balkishen
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Razdan
mesh_terms: D002152:Calorimetry, Differential Scanning; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D004339:Drug Compounding; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D004355:Drug Stability; D045703:Emulsifying Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D004655:Emulsions; D005905:Glyburide / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D009821:Oils / Q000737:chemistry; D044367:Phase Transition; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D012995:Solubility; D013055:Spectrophotometry, Infrared; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000737:chemistry; D013997:Time Factors; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D045703:Emulsifying Agents; D004655:Emulsions; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D009821:Oils; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D005905:Glyburide