title: Intake during repeated exposure to low- and high-energy-dense yogurts by different means of consumption.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An important question in the regulation of energy intake is whether dietary learning of energy content depends on the food's characteristics, such as texture. Texture might affect the duration of sensory exposure and eating rate.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to investigate whether a long sensory exposure, due to differences in means of consumption and in viscosity, enhances learned associations between sensory signals and metabolic consequences and hence facilitates energy intake compensation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 105 healthy young adults with a mean (+/-SD) age of 22 +/- 3 y and a body mass index (in kg/m(2)) of 21.6 +/- 1.7 participated in a parallel intervention in 3 groups: liquid yogurt with a straw (liquid/straw; n = 34), liquid yogurt with a spoon (liquid/spoon; n = 36), or semisolid yogurt with a spoon (semisolid/spoon; n = 35). Novel flavored yogurts were offered ad libitum for breakfast in 2 energy densities: low ( approximately 215 kJ/100 g) and high ( approximately 600 kJ/100 g). Subjects were repeatedly exposed to the yogurt products (10 times), and yogurt intake was measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intakes (P = 0.01) and eating rates (P = 0.01) were highest in the liquid/straw group. Average intakes over 10 exposures were 575 +/- 260 g for liquid/straw, 475 +/- 192 g for liquid/spoon, and 470 +/- 223 g for semisolid/spoon; average eating rates were 132 +/- 83 g/min for liquid/straw, 106 +/- 53 g/min for liquid/spoon, and 105 +/- 88 g/min for semisolid/spoon. No significant interaction for intake between intervention group, energy density, and repeated exposure was observed, and intakes of the low- and high-energy-dense yogurts did not change over time in any of the intervention groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We observed no energy intake compensation after repeated exposure to yogurt products. Differences in ad libitum yogurt intake could be explained by eating rate, which was affected by the different means of consumption. This trial was registered with the Dutch trial registration at http://www.trialregister.nl/trialreg/admin/rctview.asp?TC=1853 as NTR1853.
authors.affiliation: Top Institute FoodNutrition Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Pleunie S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Hogenkamp
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mars
authors.forename: Annette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stafleu
authors.forename: Cees
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: de Graaf
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004435:Eating / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning; D008297:Male; D012528:Satiety Response; D012677:Sensation; D014783:Viscosity; D015014:Yogurt; D055815:Young Adult