title: Role of GlnR in acid-mediated repression of genes encoding proteins involved in glutamine and glutamate metabolism in Streptococcus mutans.
abstract: The acid tolerance response (ATR) is one of the major virulence traits of Streptococcus mutans. In this study, the role of GlnR in acid-mediated gene repression that affects the adaptive ATR in S. mutans was investigated. Using a whole-genome microarray and in silico analyses, we demonstrated that GlnR and the GlnR box (ATGTNAN(7)TNACAT) were involved in the transcriptional repression of clusters of genes encoding proteins involved in glutamine and glutamate metabolism under acidic challenge. Reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) analysis revealed that the coordinated regulation of the GlnR regulon occurred 5 min after acid treatment and that prolonged acid exposure (30 min) resulted in further reduction in expression. A lower level but consistent reduction in response to acidic pH was also observed in chemostat-grown cells, confirming the negative regulation of GlnR. The repression by GlnR through the GlnR box in response to acidic pH was further confirmed in the citBZC operon, containing genes encoding the first three enzymes in the glutamine/glutamate biosynthesis pathway. The survival rate of the GlnR-deficient mutant at pH 2.8 was more than 10-fold lower than that in the wild-type strain 45 min after acid treatment, suggesting that the GlnR regulon participates in S. mutans ATR. It is hypothesized that downregulation of the synthesis of the amino acid precursors in response to acid challenge would promote citrate metabolism to pyruvate, with the consumption of H(+) and potential ATP synthesis. Such regulation will ensure an optimal acid adaption in S. mutans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1 Jen Ai Road Section 1, Taipei, Taiwan 10051.
authors.forename: Pei-Min
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Yi-Ywan M
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Sung-Liang
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Singh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sher
authors.forename: Chern-Hsiung
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: Jean-San
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Chia
mesh_terms: D000143:Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000096:biosynthesis; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000378:metabolism; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D019343:Citric Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D017353:Gene Deletion; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D005973:Glutamine / Q000378:metabolism*; D006859:Hydrogen / Q000378:metabolism; D053858:Metabolic Networks and Pathways / Q000235:genetics; D050296:Microbial Viability / Q000187:drug effects; D005810:Multigene Family; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D019289:Pyruvic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D018085:Regulon; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013295:Streptococcus mutans / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000143:Acids; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D005973:Glutamine; D019343:Citric Acid; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D006859:Hydrogen; D019289:Pyruvic Acid; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate