title: Diagnosis of bovine-associated parapoxvirus infections in humans: molecular and epidemiological evidence.
abstract: Orf virus, pseudocowpox virus and bovine papular stomatitis virus, are parapoxviruses, associated with domestic ruminants, which are capable of causing cutaneous infections in humans. Owing to virtually identical appearances in humans, clinical differentiation of these viruses is difficult. We discuss three recent occurrences of parapoxvirus infection, involving contact with domestic bovine and use a combination of molecular and epidemiological data in the diagnosis. These cases underscore the utility of modern diagnostic tools, along with species-specific contact information in acquiring a definitive diagnosis, in the case of suspected parapoxvirus infection.
authors.affiliation: Poxvirus Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA. aho3@cdc.gov
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: MacNeil
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lederman
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Reynolds
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Ragade
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Talken
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Friedman
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shwe
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Davidson
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: I K
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Damon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018157:Parapoxvirus / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary; D011213:Poxviridae Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000821:virology
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral