title: Generation and characterization of inhibitory nanobodies towards thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  As activated thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFIa) is a potent antifibrinolytic enzyme, the development of TAFI inhibitors is a new promising approach in the development of profibrinolytic drugs. We, therefore, aimed to generate nanobodies, camelid-derived single-domain antibodies towards TAFI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This study reports the generation and characterization of a panel of 22 inhibitory nanobodies. This panel represents a wide diversity in mechanisms for interference with the functional properties of TAFI as the nanobodies interfere with various modes of TAFI activation, TAFIa activity and/or TAFI zymogen activity. Nanobodies inhibiting TAFIa activity and thrombin/thrombomodulin-mediated TAFI activation revealed profibrinolytic properties in a clot lysis experiment with exogenously added thrombomodulin (TM), whereas nanobodies inhibiting plasmin-mediated TAFI activation only revealed profibrinolytic properties in a clot lysis experiment without TM. The results of in vitro clot lysis experiments provided evidence that inhibitory nanobodies penetrate the clot better compared with inhibitory monoclonal antibodies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that the generated nanobodies are potent TAFI inhibitors and are a step forward in the development of a profibrinolytic drug. They might also be an excellent tool to unravel the role of the physiological activators of TAFI in various pathophysiological processes.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Buelens
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hassanzadeh-Ghassabeh
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Muyldermans
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gils
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Declerck
mesh_terms: D055162:Biocatalysis; D025901:Carboxypeptidase B2 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D036103:Nanotechnology; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors
chemical_list: D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D025901:Carboxypeptidase B2