title: CT characteristics of lung nodules present at diagnosis of extrapulmonary malignancy in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the CT characteristics of lung nodules present at diagnosis of extrapulmonary malignancies in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a retrospective analysis of CT images of children seen in our oncology service over a 6-year period. We included all children diagnosed with a non-CNS solid extrapulmonary malignancy or lymphoma who had also undergone chest CT at presentation. Images were reviewed for the presence of lung nodules; if present, the following nodular characteristics were recorded: sidedness, number, distribution, CT attenuation, shape, margins, calcification, and size. When available, pathology results were correlated with the nodules found on CT.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred eleven infants and children (age range, 14 days-17 years 10 months; median age, 11 years 8 months) had lung nodules on CT. The nodules showed a variety of patterns, but the most common findings were bilateral lung nodules (71 of 111 patients), between two and 10 in number (60 patients), peripheral distribution (98 patients), < or = 5 mm (48 patients), oval shape (45 patients), solid attenuation (74 patients), smoothly marginated (91 patients), and noncalcified (107 patients). Twenty-seven patients underwent biopsy. Seventeen biopsies showed benign lesions and nine, malignant lesions; the results for the remaining biopsy were inconclusive. In the subgroup of lung nodules that underwent biopsy, none of the CT characteristics was able to differentiate benignity from malignancy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lung nodules in children with extrapulmonary malignancies showed a variety of patterns on CT. In the subgroup of lung nodules that underwent biopsy, none of the nodule features studied on CT reliably differentiated benignity from malignancy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, 555 University Ave., Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada.
authors.forename: Cicero Torres
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: Joao Guilherme
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Amaral
authors.forename: Rahim
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Moineddin
authors.forename: Wendy
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Doda
authors.forename: Paul S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Babyn
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016015:Logistic Models; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009378:Neoplasms, Multiple Primary / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*