title: Cortisol, DHEAS, their ratio and the metabolic syndrome: evidence from the Vietnam Experience Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of these analyses was to examine the association of cortisol, DHEAS and the cortisol:DHEAS ratio with the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components. Design The analyses were cross-sectional.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were 4255 Vietnam era US army veterans. From military service files, telephone interviews and a medical examination, occupational, socio-demographic and health data were collected. MetS was ascertained from data on body mass index; fasting blood glucose or a diagnosis of diabetes; blood pressure or a diagnosis of hypertension; high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; and triglyceride levels. Contemporary morning fasted cortisol and DHEAS concentrations were determined. The outcomes were MetS and its components. Analysis was by logistic regression, first adjusting for age and then additionally for an array of candidate confounders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cortisol, although not in the fully adjusted analysis, and DHEAS were both related to MetS. Whereas high cortisol concentrations were associated with an increased risk of MetS, high DHEAS concentrations appeared protective. By far, the strongest associations with MetS were observed for the cortisol:DHEAS ratio; the higher the ratio, the greater the risk of having MetS. The ratio was also significantly related to four of the five MetS components.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The cortisol:DHEAS ratio is positively associated with MetS. Prospective analyses are needed to help untangle direction of causality, but this study suggests that the cortisol:DHEAS ratio is worthy of further study in this and other health contexts.
authors.affiliation: School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. a.c.phillips@bham.ac.uk
authors.forename: Anna C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: Douglas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Carroll
authors.forename: Catharine R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Gale
authors.forename: Janet M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Lord
authors.forename: Wiebke
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Arlt
authors.forename: G David
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Batty
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019314:Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood; D008875:Middle Aged; D014728:Veterans; D047829:Vietnam Conflict
chemical_list: D019314:Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate; D006854:Hydrocortisone