title: Prevalence and risk factors for primary glaucomas in adult urban and rural populations in the Andhra Pradesh Eye Disease Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the prevalence of and risk factors for primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) in urban and rural populations in the Andhra Pradesh Eye Disease Study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A population-based, cross-sectional study using a stratified, random, cluster, and systematic sampling strategy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1996 and 2000, participants from 94 clusters in 1 urban and 3 rural areas representative of the population were included.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a detailed eye examination, including applanation tonometry, gonioscopy, and dilated fundus evaluation after ruling out risk of angle closure. Humphrey threshold 24-2 visual fields were performed when indicated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Glaucoma was diagnosed and categorized using International Society of Geographical and Epidemiological Ophthalmology criteria. The prevalence and risk factors for POAG and PACG in subjects aged > or = 40 years were compared between the urban and rural cohorts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 3724 subjects > or = 40 years, with 934 in the urban and 2790 in the rural cohort. The prevalence of POAG was greater in the urban compared with the rural cohort (4% vs 1.6%; P<0.001). Age and intraocular pressure (IOP) were risk factors for POAG in both cohorts. Blindness owing to POAG was 11.1% in the rural and 2.7% in the urban cohort. The prevalence of PACG (1.8% vs 0.7%; P<0.01), primary angle closure (PAC) (0.8% vs 0.2%; P = 0.02) and primary angle closure suspect (PACS; 3.5% vs 1.5%; P<0.01) were significantly different between the urban and rural cohorts. Increasing age was a risk factor in the urban cohort. Intraocular pressure was a risk factor in both the populations. Blindness owing to PACG was equal (20%) in both the populations. Female gender was a risk factor in the rural cohort (P = 0.032).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of both POAG and PACG was greater in urban than in the rural population. Intraocular pressure was a significant risk factor for both POAG and PACG in both cohorts. Increasing age was a significant risk factor for POAG in both cohorts and for PACG in the urban cohort. Female gender was a risk factor for PACG in the rural cohort. There was more blindness owing to PACG than to POAG.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The authors have no proprietary or commercial interest in any of the materials discussed in this article.
authors.affiliation: L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, Kallam Anji Reddy campus, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, India. gcs@lvpei.org
authors.forename: Chandrasekhar
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Garudadri
authors.forename: Sirisha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Senthil
authors.forename: Rohit C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Khanna
authors.forename: Krishniah
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sannapaneni
authors.forename: Harsha B Laxmana
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Rao
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D001766:Blindness / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D015812:Glaucoma, Angle-Closure / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005902:Glaucoma, Open-Angle / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006068:Gonioscopy; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D007429:Intraocular Pressure; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012424:Rural Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017678:Sex Distribution; D014065:Tonometry, Ocular; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D058609:Visual Field Tests; D014794:Visual Fields