title: The use of bacteriophages of the family Cystoviridae as surrogates for H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in persistence and inactivation studies.
abstract: Two bacteriophages, phi6 and phi8, were investigated as potential surrogates for H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in persistence and chlorine inactivation studies in water. In the persistence studies, phi6 and phi8 remained infectious at least as long as the H5N1 viruses at both 17 and 28 degrees C in fresh water, but results varied in salinated water. The bacteriophage phi6 also exhibited a slightly higher chlorine resistance than that of the H5N1 viruses. Based upon these findings, the bacteriophages may have potential for use as surrogates in persistence and inactivation studies in fresh water.
authors.affiliation: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268, USA. adcock.noreen@epa.gov
authors.forename: Noreen J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Adcock
authors.forename: Eugene W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Rice
authors.forename: Mano
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sivaganesan
authors.forename: Justin D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Stallknecht
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Swayne
mesh_terms: D017126:Bacteriophage phi 6 / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D002713:Chlorine / Q000633:toxicity*; D053124:Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype; D054712:Salinity; D013696:Temperature; D038301:Virus Inactivation / Q000187:drug effects*; D014871:Water Microbiology
chemical_list: D002713:Chlorine