title: Engineered heart tissue: a novel tool to study the ischemic changes of the heart in vitro.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Understanding the basic mechanisms and prevention of any disease pattern lies mainly on development of a successful experimental model. Recently, engineered heart tissue (EHT) has been demonstrated to be a useful tool in experimental transplantation. Here, we demonstrate a novel function for the spontaneously contracting EHT as an experimental model in studying the acute ischemia-induced changes in vitro.
  
  
  RESULTS
  EHT was constructed by mixing cardiomyocytes isolated from the neonatal rats and cultured in a ring-shaped scaffold for five days. This was followed by mechanical stretching of the EHT for another one week under incubation. Fully developed EHT was subjected to hypoxia with 1% O(2) for 6 hours after treating them with cell protective agents such as cyclosporine A (CsA) and acetylcholine (ACh). During culture, EHT started to show spontaneous contractions that became more synchronous following mechanical stretching. This was confirmed by the increased expression of gap junctional protein connexin 43 and improved action potential recordings using an optical mapping system after mechanical stretching. When subjected to hypoxia, EHT demonstrated conduction defects, dephosphorylation of connexin-43, and down-regulation of cell survival proteins identical to the adult heart. These effects were inhibited by treating the EHT with cell protective agents.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Under hypoxic conditions, the EHT responds similarly to the adult myocardium, thus making EHT a promising material for the study of cardiac functions in vitro.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Control, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku, Japan. katarerajesh@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Rajesh G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Katare
authors.forename: Motonori
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ando
authors.forename: Yoshihiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kakinuma
authors.forename: Takayuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sato
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D015687:Cell Hypoxia; D002470:Cell Survival; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018031:Connexin 43 / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006321:Heart / Q000502:physiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D015151:Immunoblotting; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D009200:Myocardial Contraction; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D009206:Myocardium / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D018031:Connexin 43; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt