title: Meta-analysis of methods used to assess implant stability.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate correlations between Periotest, cutting torque or insertion torque, and/or the reverse torque test with resonance frequency analysis measurements.
  
  
  METHODS
  The combined search terms dental implant, primary stability, resonance frequency analysis, removal torque, vibration analysis, torque, Periotest, cutting torque, and insertion torque and specific inclusion and exclusion criteria were used to retrieve eligible articles published between 1998 and 2008 (up to April 1) from PubMed, EMBASE, OVID, The Cochrane Library databases, and 10 journals by hand-searching. The pooled P value was calculated with the Fisher method. The correlation coefficients (r) were combined using fixed and random effect models. Heterogeneity of the studies was tested by performing the homogeneity test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty articles were identified, but 3 studies were excluded because of limitations in study design. Studies that fulfilled the inclusion criteria fell into a variety of categories (11 human cadaver, 16 clinical, 15 animal, and 5 in vitro studies). Assessment of P values revealed that correlation between cutting torque or insertion torque and resonance frequency analysis was significant (6 studies; P = .0022). Correlation between Periotest and cutting torque or insertion torque was significant (1 study; P = .015), and correlations between resonance frequency analysis and reverse torque test values (1 study; P = .319; r = 0.405) and Periotest and resonance frequency analysis (P = .28) were insignificant. Nine articles provided r values, and cutting torque or insertion torque and resonance frequency analysis showed a statistically significant and direct relationship of 55.4% (P = .000). One study provided an r value of -0.149. A statistically significant and direct relationship of 87.6% was found between cutting torque or insertion torque and reverse torque (2 studies; P = .000).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This meta-analysis of 47 studies showed a statistically significant correlation between cutting torque or insertion torque and resonance frequency analysis.
authors.affiliation: CosmORAL Oral and Dental Health Polyclinics, Ankara, Turkey. mcehreli@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Murat Cavit
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Cehreli
authors.forename: Durdu
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Karasoy
authors.forename: Kivanc
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Akca
authors.forename: Steven E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Eckert
mesh_terms: D003758:Dental Implantation, Endosseous; D015921:Dental Implants; D017268:Dental Prosthesis Retention; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D020878:Device Removal; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D016348:Osseointegration; D010474:Percussion; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D019415:Torque; D014732:Vibration
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants