title: Mechanistic modeling of broth temperature in outdoor photobioreactors.
abstract: This study presents the first mechanistic model describing broth temperature in column photobioreactors as a function of static (location, reactor geometry) and dynamic (light irradiance, air temperature, wind velocity) parameters. Based on a heat balance on the liquid phase the model predicted temperature in a pneumatically agitated column photobioreactor (1 m(2) illuminated area, 0.19 m internal diameter, 50 L gas-free cultivation broth) operated outdoor in Singapore to an accuracy of 2.4 °C at the 95% confidence interval over the entire data set used (104 measurements from 7 different batches). Solar radiation (0 to 200 W) and air convection (-30 to 50 W)were the main contributors to broth temperature change. The model predicted broth temperature above 40 °C will be reached during summer months in the same photobioreactor operated in California, a value well over the maximum temperature tolerated by most commercial algae species. Accordingly, 18,000 and 5500 GJ year(-1) ha(-1) of heat energy must be removed to maintain broth temperature at or below 25 and 35 °C, respectively, assuming a reactor density of one reactor per square meter. Clearly, the significant issue of temperature control must be addressed when evaluating the technical feasibility, costs, and sustainability of large-scale algae production.
authors.affiliation: School of Engineering and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Quentin
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Béchet
authors.forename: Andy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shilton
authors.forename: Oliver B
authors.initials: OB
authors.lastname: Fringer
authors.forename: Raul
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Muñoz
authors.forename: Benoit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Guieysse
mesh_terms: D002708:Chlorella / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D006358:Hot Temperature; D008954:Models, Biological; D058433:Photobioreactors; D010788:Photosynthesis; D013472:Sunlight