title: Reactive oxygen species and p38 mitogen-activated protein  kinase induce apoptotic death of U937 cells in response  to Naja nigricollis toxin-gamma.
abstract: The aim of the present study is to elucidate the signalling components related to Naja nigricollis toxin--induced apoptosis in human leukaemia U937 cells. It was found that toxin--induced apoptotic cell death was attributed mainly to activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (deltapsim). Subsequent modulation of Bcl-2 family member and cytochrome c release accompanied with activation of caspase-9 and -3 were involved in the death of U937 cells. SB202190 (p38 MAPK inhibitor) and N-acetylcysteine (antioxidant) significantly attenuated toxin--induced cell death and loss of deltapsim, and completely abolished the production of ROS. In contrast to N-acetylcysteine, degradation of Bcl-2/Bcl-XL and mitochondrial localization of Bax were notably decreased by SB202190. Inhibitors of electron transport (rotenone and antimycin A) or inhibitor of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (cyclosporine A) reduced the effect of toxin- on ROS generation, loss of deltapsim and cytochrome c release. Noticeably, pre-treatment with N-acetylcysteine or rotenone eliminated markedly ROS accompanied with reduction in p38 MAPK activation. Taken together, these results suggest that the cytotoxicity of toxin- is initiated by p38-MAPK-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction followed by ROS production and activation of caspases, and that ROS further augments p38 MAPK activation and mitochondrial alteration.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University - Kaohsiung Medical University Joint Research Center, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Wen-Hsin
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University - Kaohsiung Medical University Joint Research Center, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Long-Sen
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D000968:Antimycin A / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D004179:Cobra Cardiotoxin Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000494:pharmacology; D004546:Elapid Venoms / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D012402:Rotenone / Q000494:pharmacology; D020298:U937 Cells; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D004179:Cobra Cardiotoxin Proteins; D004546:Elapid Venoms; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C550831:toxin-gamma protein, Naja nigricollis; D012402:Rotenone; D000968:Antimycin A; D016572:Cyclosporine; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases