title: The breast feeding mother and xenon anaesthesia: four case reports. Breast feeding and xenon anaesthesia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Four nursing mothers consented to anaesthesia for urgent surgery only on condition that their ability to breast feed would not be impaired.
  
  
  METHODS
  Following induction of general anaesthesia with propofol and remifentanil, 65-69% xenon supplemented with remifentanil was used as an inhalational anaesthetic for maintenance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After finishing surgery the women could be extubated between 2:52 and 7:22 minutes. The women were fully alert just minutes after extubation and spent about 45 minutes in the recovery room before discharge to a regular ward. They resumed regular breast feeding some time later. The propofol concentration in the blood was measured after 0, 30, 90, and 300 minutes and in the milk after 90 and 300 minutes. Just 90 minutes after extubation, the concentration of propofol in the milk was limited (> 3 mg/l) so that pharmacological effects on the babies were excluded after oral intake. Also, no traces of xenon gas were found in the maternal milk at any time. After propofol induction and maintenance of anaesthesia with xenon in combination with a water-soluble short-acting drug like remifentanil, the concentration of propofol in maternal milk is low (> 3 mg/l 90 min after anesthesia) and harmless after oral intake.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results, as well as the rapid elimination and absence of metabolism of xenon, are of great interest to nursing mothers. General anaesthesia with propofol for induction only, combined with remifentanil and xenon for maintenance, has not yet been described in breast feeding mothers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology/Intensive and Emergency Medicine/Pain Therapy, BG-Kliniken Bergmannstrost, Merseburger Strasse 165, Halle/Saale, (06112), Germany. Ralph.Stuttmann@Bergmannstrost.com.
authors.forename: Ralph
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stuttmann
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schäfer
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hilbert
authors.forename: Markus R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: Hans H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Maurer