title: An auxiliary silencer and a boundary element maintain high levels of silencing proteins at HMR in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
abstract: Heterochromatin is notable for its capacity to propagate along a chromosome. The prevailing model for this spreading process postulates that silencing proteins are first recruited to silencer sequences and then spread from these sites independently of the silencers. However, we found that in Saccharomyces cerevisiae silencers also influence the extent of silenced chromatin domains. We compared the abilities of two different silencers, HMR-E and a telomeric repeat, to promote silencing and found that the HMR-E silencer contributed to an increased steady-state association of Sir proteins over a region of several kilobase pairs compared to the telomeric repeat, even though both silencers recruited similar levels of Sir proteins. We also discovered that, although the HMR-E silencer alone was sufficient to block transcription of the HMR locus, a secondary silencer, HMR-I, boosted the level of Sir proteins at HMR, apparently beyond the level necessary to repress transcription. Finally, we discovered that a tRNA(Thr) gene near HMR-I helped maintain silenced chromatin and transcriptional repression under conditions of reduced deacetylase activity. This study highlights the importance of auxiliary elements, such as HMR-I and the tRNA(Thr) gene, in enhancing the association of Sir silencing proteins with appropriate genomic locations, thereby buffering the capacity of silenced chromatin to assemble under suboptimal conditions.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy and Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
authors.forename: Patrick J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Lynch
authors.forename: Laura N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Rusche
mesh_terms: D000107:Acetylation; D020029:Base Pairing / Q000235:genetics; D002843:Chromatin / Q000235:genetics; D004251:DNA Transposable Elements / Q000235:genetics; D004720:Endonucleases / Q000378:metabolism; D020868:Gene Silencing; D005800:Genes, Fungal / Q000235:genetics; D056426:Genetic Loci / Q000235:genetics*; D038101:Insulator Elements / Q000235:genetics*; D011485:Protein Binding; D012363:RNA, Transfer, Thr / Q000235:genetics; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000235:genetics*; D037941:Silencer Elements, Transcriptional / Q000235:genetics*; D038281:Silent Information Regulator Proteins, Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000378:metabolism*; D016615:Telomere / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002843:Chromatin; D004251:DNA Transposable Elements; D012363:RNA, Transfer, Thr; D038281:Silent Information Regulator Proteins, Saccharomyces cerevisiae; D004720:Endonucleases