title: G protein coupled receptors in embryonic stem cells: a role for Gs-alpha signaling.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Identification of receptor mediated signaling pathways in embryonic stem (ES) cells is needed to facilitate strategies for cell replacement using ES cells. One large receptor family, largely uninvestigated in ES cells, is G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). An important role for these receptors in embryonic development has been described, but little is known about GPCR expression in ES cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We have examined the expression profile of 343 different GPCRs in mouse ES cells demonstrating for the first time that a large number of GPCRs are expressed in undifferentiated and differentiating ES cells, and in many cases at high levels. To begin to define a role for GPCR signaling in ES cells, the impact of activating Gs-alpha, one of the major alpha subunits that couples to GPCRs, was investigated. Gs-alpha activation resulted in larger embryoid bodies (EBs), due, in part, to increased cell proliferation and prevented the time-related decline in expression of transcription factors important for maintaining ES cell pluripotency.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These studies suggest that Gs-alpha signaling contributes to ES cell proliferation and pluripotency and provide a framework for further investigation of GPCRs in ES cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America.
authors.forename: Brian T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Layden
authors.forename: Marsha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Newman
authors.forename: Fei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: William L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Lowe
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000235:genetics; D002460:Cell Line; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002772:Cholera Toxin / Q000494:pharmacology; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000166:cytology; D053595:Embryonic Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D019205:GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gs / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D051379:Mice; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / Q000235:genetics*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; D002772:Cholera Toxin; D019205:GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gs