title: Persistent depressive symptoms after acute coronary syndrome are associated with compromised white matter integrity in the anterior cingulate: a pilot study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Persistent depressive symptoms after acute coronary syndrome (ACS) are common and increase the risk of recurrent cardiac events and mortality. However, the neurobiological correlates of post-ACS depressive symptoms have not yet been studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three months after ACS, 22 patients were scanned for the presence of cerebral deep white matter changes and microstructural abnormalities in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. We used the Coffey Rating Scale of deep white matter changes and measures of fractional anisotropy derived from diffusion tensor imaging. Patients also completed the Beck Depression Inventory, and the number of cardiovascular comorbidities as well as modifiable cardiovascular risk factors were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Controlling for cardiovascular comorbidity, depressive symptom severity at 3 months was negatively related to fractional anisotropy in the ACC (r = -0.72, p < 0.001), but this association disappeared when controlling for cardiovascular risk factors (p = 0.21). In comparison to patients who were non-depressed at 3 months after hospitalization (n = 14), patients with persistent depressive symptoms (n = 8) exhibited more advanced deep white matter changes overall (p < 0.02), but not when controlling for cardiovascular comorbidity. Persistently depressed patients also had lower fractional anisotropy in the ACC (p < 0.05), but this effect disappeared when controlling for modifiable cardiovascular risk factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides the first evidence that persistent depressive symptoms after ACS are associated with vascular brain changes. Longitudinal studies are needed to determine whether depressive symptoms precede these changes or vice versa.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. michael.rapp @ charite.de
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Rapp
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rieckmann
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Lessman
authors.forename: Cheuk Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Paulino
authors.forename: Matthew M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Burg
authors.forename: Karina W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Davidson
mesh_terms: D054058:Acute Coronary Syndrome / Q000473:pathology* / Q000523:psychology; D000368:Aged; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006179:Gyrus Cinguli / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009413:Nerve Fibers, Myelinated / Q000473:pathology*; D010555:Personality Inventory / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011594:Psychometrics; D013223:Statistics as Topic