School avoidance from the point of view of child and adolescent psychiatry: symptomatology, development, course, and treatment.
BACKGROUND
A considerable percentage of children and adolescents who avoid school have mental illnesses. This article reviews the typical manifestations, classification, development, course, and treatment of school-avoiding behavior.


METHODS
Based on a selective review of recent literature, we present findings on the psychopathologically relevant features of school-avoiding children and adolescents, including psychiatric diagnoses, developmental, family-related, and psychological test variables. The emphasis is placed on our own studies of the subject.


RESULTS
Although the evidence from the studies that have been performed to date is not definitive, the available findings show that school avoidance is associated with poor mental health and with unfavorable consequences onward into adulthood. Its causes include a number of individual and social stressors that place excessive demands on the affected children and adolescents and lead them to avoid school as a coping attempt.


CONCLUSIONS
Many preventive and therapeutic interventions are now available, but the existing measures need to be better coordinated, and more effort needs to be directed to the early recognition and treatment of school-avoiding behavior. Physicians should consider the possibility of mental illness. Rather than writing sick notes or prescribing mother-child treatments at health resorts, which rather tend to sustain the problem, they should refer patients promptly to a child and adolescent psychiatrist.
Knollmann
Martin
M
Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie des Kindes- und Jugendalters, LVR-Klinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Germany. martin.knollmann@lvr.de
Knoll
Susanne
S
Reissner
Volker
V
Metzelaars
Jana
J
Hebebrand
Johannes
J
D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D002669:Child Welfare / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D010554:Personality Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D015995:Prevalence; D000297:Psychology, Adolescent / Q000639:trends; D002666:Psychology, Child / Q000639:trends; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data