title: Sixteen years of ICPC use in Norwegian primary care: looking through the facts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The International Classification for Primary Care (ICPC) standard aims to facilitate simultaneous and longitudinal comparisons of clinical primary care practice within and across country borders; it is also used for administrative purposes. This study evaluates the use of the original ICPC-1 and the more complete ICPC-2 Norwegian versions in electronic patient records.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a retrospective study of approximately 1.5 million ICPC codes and diagnoses that were collected over a 16-year period at 12 primary care sites in Norway. In the first phase of this period (transition phase, 1992-1999) physicians were allowed to not use an ICPC code in their practice while in the second phase (regular phase, 2000-2008) the use of an ICPC code was mandatory. The ICPC codes and diagnoses defined a problem event for each patient in the PROblem-oriented electronic MEDical record (PROMED). The main outcome measure of our analysis was the percentage of problem events in PROMEDs with inappropriate (or missing) ICPC codes and of diagnoses that did not map the latest ICPC-2 classification. Specific problem areas (pneumonia, anaemia, tonsillitis and diabetes) were examined in the same context.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Codes were missing in 6.2% of the problem events; incorrect codes were observed in 4.0% of the problem events and text mismatch between the diagnoses and the expected ICPC-2 diagnoses text in 53.8% of the problem events. Missing codes were observed only during the transition phase while incorrect and inappropriate codes were used all over the 16-year period. The physicians created diagnoses that did not exist in ICPC. These 'new' diagnoses were used with varying frequency; many of them were used only once. Inappropriate ICPC-2 codes were also observed in the selected problem areas and for both phases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results strongly suggest that physicians did not adhere to the ICPC standard due to its incompleteness, i.e. lack of many clinically important diagnoses. This indicates that ICPC is inappropriate for the classification of problem events and the clinical practice in primary care.
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer Science, University of Tromsø, 9037 Tromsø, Norway. taxiarchis.botsis@uit.no
authors.forename: Taxiarchis
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Botsis
authors.forename: Carl-Fredrik
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Bassøe
authors.forename: Gunnar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hartvigsen
mesh_terms: D002965:Classification / Q000379:methods; D057286:Electronic Health Records / Q000145:classification*; D006801:Humans; D009664:Norway; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000145:classification*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018875:Vocabulary, Controlled