title: Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and its relation to histological grade, inducible nitric oxide synthase, matrix metalloproteinase-2, CD-34, Caspase-3, and CD8 in invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess by immunohistochemistry the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression in invasive ductal carcinoma and its possible correlation with the histological grade, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2), and other common immunohistochemical parameters (CD-34, Caspase-3, and CD8).
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a retrospective pathology archive study including 50 female patients and was performed in Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, and Sutcu Imam University, Kahraman Maras, Turkey. The routine hematoxylin-eosin staining and COX-2, iNOS, MMP-2, CD-34, CASP-3, and CD8 immunoperoxidase techniques were performed on paraffin-embedded tissues.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean value of COX-2 was 274.02+/-54.49 and MMP-2 was 263.42+/-54.30, whereas the mean iNOS values were 258.10+/-56.05. CD-34 staining also yielded positive results as 26.18+/-8.00. The mean value of CASP-3 was 284.06+/-41.2 and CD8 was 164.17+/-69.5. This reveals an inverse correlation between CASP-3 reactivity and CD8 (Spearman correlation [r]= -0.33, p=0.01). There was also an inverse correlation between iNOS reactivity and patients age (r = -0.29, p=0.03). There was a positive correlation with COX-2 and MMP-2 (p=0.00), but there was no relation with COX-2 and other parameters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  COX-2 expression is an important parameter for invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast. We found a positive correlation between COX-2 and MMP-2, whereas, we could not show direct correlation between COX-2 and iNOS, CD-34, CASP-3, and CD8.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey.
authors.forename: Esin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Atik
authors.forename: Bulent
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Akansu
authors.forename: Sevgi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bakaris
authors.forename: Nedim
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Aban
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D018952:Antigens, CD34 / Q000276:immunology*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D016827:CD8 Antigens / Q000276:immunology*; D044584:Carcinoma, Ductal / Q000201:enzymology / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D018952:Antigens, CD34; D016827:CD8 Antigens; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D053148:Caspase 3; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2