title: Ibuprofen and lipoic acid diamides as potential codrugs with neuroprotective activity.
abstract: Current evidences support the hypothesis that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and antioxidant therapy might protect against the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In the present work, our attention was focused on ibuprofen (IBU) used in clinical trails to prevent Alzheimer's disease, and (R)-alpha-lipoic acid (LA) considered as a potential neuroprotective agent in AD therapy. In particular, we investigated a series of lipophilic molecular combinations obtained by joining (R)-alpha-lipoic acid and ibuprofen via an amide bond. These new entities might allow targeted delivery of the parent drugs to neurons, where cellular oxidative stress and inflammation seem related to Alzheimer's disease. Our study included the synthesis of conjugates 1-3 and the evaluation of their physicochemical and in-vitro antioxidant properties. The new compounds are extremely stable in aqueous buffer solutions (pH = 1.3 and 7.4), and in rat and human plasma they showed a slow bioconversion to ibuprofen and (R)-alpha-lipoic acid. Codrugs 1-3 displayed in vitro free radical scavenging activity and were hydrolyzed more rapidly in brain tissue than in rat serum indicating that these new entities might allow targeted delivery of the parent drugs to neurons. The immunohistochemical analysis of Abeta (1-40) protein showed that Abeta-injected cerebral cortices treated with ibuprofen or compound 1 showed few plaques within capillary vessels and, in particular, Abeta (1-40) protein was less expressed in codrug-1-treated than in ibuprofen-treated cerebral cortex.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università G. D'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy.
authors.forename: Piera
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sozio
authors.forename: Eleonora
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: D'Aurizio
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Iannitelli
authors.forename: Amelia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cataldi
authors.forename: Susi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zara
authors.forename: Franco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cantalamessa
authors.forename: Cinzia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nasuti
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Di Stefano
mesh_terms: D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods; D003958:Diamide / Q000737:chemistry; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004355:Drug Stability; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007052:Ibuprofen / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011355:Prodrugs / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D008063:Thioctic Acid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000975:Antioxidants; D004338:Drug Combinations; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D011355:Prodrugs; D003958:Diamide; D008063:Thioctic Acid; D007052:Ibuprofen