title: A standardised study to compare prostate cancer targeting efficacy of five radiolabelled bombesin analogues.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)-based screening for prostate cancer (PC) has dramatically increased early diagnosis. Current imaging techniques are not optimal to stage early PC adequately. A promising alternative to PC imaging is peptide-based scintigraphy using radiolabelled bombesin (BN) analogues that bind to gastrin-releasing peptide receptors (GRPR) being overexpressed in PC. When labelled to appropriate radionuclides BN targeting of GRPRs may also provide applications for peptide radionuclide receptor therapy (PRRT). Assessment studies under identical experimental conditions allowing a reliable comparison of the potential of such analogues are lacking. This study was performed to evaluate and directly compare five promising radiolabelled BN analogues for their targeting efficacy for PC under standardised conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  The BN agonists [(111)In]DOTA-PESIN, [(111)In]AMBA, [(111)In]MP2346 and [(111)In]MP2653 and one antagonist [(99m)Tc]Demobesin-1 were evaluated in GRPR-overexpressing human PC-3 tumour-bearing mice to determine peptide stability in vivo, biodistribution and GRPR targeting potential by animal SPECT/CT imaging and ex vivo autoradiography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HPLC analysis of blood showed intact Demobesin-1 at 5 and 15 min after injection (64.1 +/- 1.6% and 41.0 +/- 01%, respectively) being much less for the other compounds. AMBA, the second most stable analogue, showed 36.1 +/- 2.7% and 9.8 +/- 1.1% intact peptide after 5 and 15 min. PC-3 tumour uptake at 1 h was comparable for Demobesin-1, AMBA, PESIN and MP2346 (3.0 +/- 0.4, 2.7 +/- 0.5, 2.3 +/- 0.5 and 2.1 +/- 0.9%ID/g, respectively), but very low for MP2653 (0.9 +/- 0.2%ID/g). In addition, MP2346 showed undesirably high uptake in the kidneys (7.9 +/- 1.9%ID/g) being significantly less for the other analogues. AMBA, MP2346 and PESIN revealed favourable increases in tumour to blood ratios over time while changes in tumour to kidney and pancreas ratios for Demobesin-1 from 1 to 24 h after injection were significantly better than for the other analogues. All analogues visualised PC-3 tumours by SPECT/CT and autoradiography.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the present study the BN antagonist Demobesin-1 was the best performing analogue showing superior in vivo stability, highest tumour uptake and retention while pancreatic and renal clearance were rapid. PESIN and AMBA were the best GRP agonists with sufficient in vivo stabilities as well as high tumour uptake and retention. Based on these results all three analogues deserve further evaluation for clinical use in PC patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. r.schroeder@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Rogier P J
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Schroeder
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Reneman
authors.forename: Marleen L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Melis
authors.forename: Wout A P
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Breeman
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: de Blois
authors.forename: Chris H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Bangma
authors.forename: Eric P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Krenning
authors.forename: Wytske M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: van Weerden
authors.forename: Marion
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de Jong
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001345:Autoradiography; D001839:Bombesin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004355:Drug Stability; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism*; D011786:Quality Control; D013194:Staining and Labeling; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D001839:Bombesin