title: Employing complier average causal effect analytic methods to examine effects of randomized encouragement trials.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This article details the application of Complier Average Causal Effect (CACE) analysis to the examination of youth outcomes from adaptive substance use prevention trials.
  
  
  METHODS
  CACE analysis is illustrated using youth-reports of tobacco-use from ages 11 to 22, from the Adolescent Transitions Program, a family-focused randomized encouragement trial designed for delivery in the school setting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Female gender and early peer deviance predicted family engagement with active intervention components. Further, long-term reductions in youth tobacco use from age 11 to age 22 were found for families that engaged with treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CACE modeling techniques enable researchers to examine factors that predict engagement with core intervention components and to examine intervention effects specifically for youth who engaged with those components.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.
authors.forename: Arin M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Connell
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D015984:Causality; D002648:Child; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007604:Juvenile Delinquency; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008297:Male; D015233:Models, Statistical; D010349:Patient Compliance / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011594:Psychometrics; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000379:methods*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012574:Schools; D012737:Sex Factors; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D014505:Urban Population; D055815:Young Adult