title: The pipeline still leaks and more than you think: a status report on gender diversity in biomedical engineering.
abstract: While the percentage of women in biomedical engineering is higher than in many other technical fields, it is far from being in proportion to the US population. The decrease in the proportion of women and underrepresented minorities in biomedical engineering from the bachelors to the masters to the doctoral levels is evidence of a still leaky pipeline in our discipline. In addition, the percentage of women faculty members at the assistant, associate and full professor levels remain disappointingly low even after years of improved recruitment of women into biomedical engineering at the undergraduate level. Worse, the percentage of women graduating with undergraduate degrees in biomedical engineering has been decreasing nationwide for the most recent three year span for which national data are available. Increasing diversity in biomedical engineering is predicted to have significant research and educational benefits. The barriers to women's success in biomedical engineering and strategies for overcoming these obstacles-and fixing the leaks in the pipeline-are reviewed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706-1609, USA. chesler@engr.wisc.edu
authors.forename: Naomi C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Chesler
authors.forename: Gilda
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Barabino
authors.forename: Sangeeta N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Bhatia
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Richards-Kortum
mesh_terms: D000124:Achievement; D001698:Biomedical Engineering; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008913:Minority Groups / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011153:Population; D012106:Research; D000078329:Workforce