title: Endocrine hypertension: diagnosis and management of a complex clinical entity.
abstract: Hypertension is a major contributor to vascular morbidity and mortality. Endocrine hypertension (EH) refers to secondary hypertension caused by specific endocrine abnormalities. The significance of EH is that the identification of the underlying disorder and its management may lead to partial or complete normalization of blood pressure. When EH is suspected thorough investigation with biochemical and imaging testing are necessary to establish or exclude mineralocorticoid, catecholamine, glucocorticoid, thyroid, parathyroid or growth hormone disorders as well as rare hereditary syndromes. In addition, it is important to differentiate benign from malignant tumors. The present review provides an update on the pathophysiology and clinical presentation of EH. We also discuss the diagnostic work-ups and therapeutic strategies.
authors.affiliation: Endocrinology Clinic, Hippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Panagiotis
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Anagnostis
authors.forename: Asterios
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Karagiannis
authors.forename: Konstantinos
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tziomalos
authors.forename: Vasilios G
authors.initials: VG
authors.lastname: Athyros
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kita
authors.forename: Dimitri P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Mikhailidis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D004700:Endocrine System Diseases / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male