title: Spontaneous recovery of the injured higher olfactory center in the terrestrial slug limax.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Of all organs and tissues in adult mammals, the brain shows the most limited regeneration and recovery after injury. This is one reason why treating neurological damage such as ischemic injury after stroke presents such a challenge. Here we report a novel mode of regeneration which the slug's cognitive center, the procerebrum, shows after surgical lesioning in the adult. It is well known that the land slug Limax possesses the capacity to demonstrate conditioned food aversion. This learning ability critically depends on the procerebrum, which is the higher olfactory center in the brain of the terrestrial mollusk.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the present study, after a 1-month recovery period post-surgical lesioning of the procerebrum we investigated whether the brain of the slug shows recovery from damage. We found that learning ability, local field potential oscillation, and the number of cells in the procerebrum (PC) all recovered spontaneously within 1 month of bilateral lesioning of the PC. Moreover, neurogenesis was enhanced in the lesioned PC. However, memory acquired before the surgery could not be retrieved 1 month after surgery although the procerebrum had recovered from injury by this time, consistent with the notion that the procerebrum is the storage site of odor-aversion memory, or deeply involved in the memory recall process.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings are the first to demonstrate that a brain region responsible for the associative memory of an adult organism can spontaneously reconstitute itself, and can recover its function following injury.
authors.affiliation: Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Sanuki, Kagawa, Japan. matsuor@kph.bunri-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Ryota
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Matsuo
authors.forename: Suguru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Murakami
authors.forename: Etsuro
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ito
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001362:Avoidance Learning / Q000502:physiology; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D001973:Bromodeoxyuridine / Q000378:metabolism; D004594:Electrophysiology; D049851:Gastropoda / Q000502:physiology*; D015870:Gene Expression; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology; D055495:Neurogenesis / Q000502:physiology*; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000235:genetics; D009812:Odorants; D009833:Olfactory Pathways / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D013997:Time Factors; D050496:Vesicular Glutamate Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D014945:Wound Healing
chemical_list: D050496:Vesicular Glutamate Transport Proteins; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D001973:Bromodeoxyuridine