title: Geographic area variations in the Medicare health plan era.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prior research identified variations in care experiences across Medicare health plans (Medicare Advantage [MA]), but the relative amount of variation in MA and traditional fee-for-service (FFS) Medicare is unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Compare variation and correlations of beneficiary reports of care experiences across geographic areas in MA and FFS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using the 2001 to 2004 Medicare CAHPS surveys, we analyzed 14 measures of care experiences and preventive services reported by 433,092 MA beneficiaries (82% response rate) and 244,731 in FFS (69% response rate). We estimated hierarchical regression models with random effects for state, hospital referral region, and plan, adjusting for respondent characteristics. We examined the relative variation in FFS and MA scores across areas and among individual MA plans, the correlation between FFS and MA scores across areas, and variability relative to average MA-FFS differences in scores.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although MA and FFS scores are highly correlated, variation is greater in MA than FFS across states and local areas for almost all measures. MA plan variation within areas accounts for 25% to 50% of explained MA variation. MA-FFS differences are smaller than the standard deviations of differences across areas for 10 of 14 measures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Relative performance between MA and FFS may differ across areas and locally between individual plans and FFS. Quality improvement initiatives should address local system factors that affect both MA and FFS, and identify organizational factors that make some MA plans more successful in improving quality.
authors.affiliation: Yale School of Public Health, Yale School of Medicine, 60 College St #300C New Haven, CT 06520, USA. patricia.keenan@yale.edu
authors.forename: Patricia S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Keenan
authors.forename: Paul D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Cleary
authors.forename: A James
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: O'Malley
authors.forename: Bruce E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Landon
authors.forename: Lawrence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zaborski
authors.forename: Alan M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Zaslavsky
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D018588:Fee-for-Service Plans / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D006278:Medicare / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D020398:Medicare Part C / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008603:Mental Health; D011314:Preventive Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D019984:Quality Indicators, Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012111:Residence Characteristics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States