title: Stereotactic radiosurgery for symptomatic solitary cerebral cavernous malformations considered high risk for resection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A retrospective study was conducted to reassess the benefit and safety of stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) in patients with solitary cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) that bleed repeatedly and are poor candidates for surgical removal.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1988 and 2005 at the University of Pittsburgh, the authors performed SRS in 103 evaluable patients (57 males and 46 females) with solitary symptomatic CCMs. The mean patient age was 39.3 years. Ninety-eight percent of these patients had experienced 2 or more hemorrhages associated with new neurological deficits. Seventeen patients (16.5%) had undergone attempted resection before radiosurgery. Ninety-three CCMs were located in deep brain structures and 10 were in subcortical lobar areas of functional brain importance. The median malformation volume was 1.31 ml, and the median tumor margin dose was 16 Gy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The follow-up ranged from 2 to 20 years. The annual hemorrhage rate--that is, a new neurological deficit associated with imaging evidence of a new hemorrhage--before SRS was 32.5%. After SRS 22 hemorrhages were observed within 2 years (10.8% annual hemorrhage rate) and 4 hemorrhages were observed after 2 years (1.06% annual hemorrhage rate). The risk of hemorrhage from a CCM was significantly reduced after radiosurgery (p < 0.0001). Overall, new neurological deficits due to adverse radiation effects following SRS developed in 14 patients (13.5%), with most occurring early in our experience. Modifications in technique (treatment volume within the T2-weighted MR imaging-defined margin, use of MR imaging, and dose reduction for CCM in critical brainstem locations) further reduced risks after SRS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Data in this study provide further evidence that SRS is a relatively safe procedure that reduces the rebleeding rate for CCMs located in high-surgical-risk areas of the brain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery and Center for Image-Guided Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA. lunsfordld@upmc.edu
authors.forename: L Dade
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Lunsford
authors.forename: Aftab A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Ajay
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Niranjan
authors.forename: Hideyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kano
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Flickinger
authors.forename: Douglas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kondziolka
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D020786:Hemangioma, Cavernous, Central Nervous System / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D020300:Intracranial Hemorrhages / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D038361:Neuronavigation; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D019106:Postoperative Hemorrhage / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery; D016634:Radiosurgery / Q000009:adverse effects; D012086:Reoperation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012306:Risk; D055502:Secondary Prevention; D055815:Young Adult