title: Development of a signal-inducing bone cement for magnetic resonance imaging.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a signal-inducing bone cement for musculoskeletal procedures in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Acrylic resins were mixed with contrast agents (CAs) and water. We determined the ideal concentration of the components and assessed feasibility in cadaveric bones in an open high-field MR scanner. The contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) in air and bone was evaluated and mechanical tests were achieved. We determined the amount of water that was not incorporated and measured the amount of CA released with photometric analysis. The cement was analyzed microscopically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Preparation and application of the CA-water-cement compound was feasible and its differentiation in MRI was clear. The maximal CNR(air) had a value of 157.5 (SD 18.3) in an interventional fast T1W turbo-spin echo (TSE) sequence. The compressive strength decreased with the amount of water added. Although nearly 50% of the water added was not incorporated in the cement, the CNR was sufficient for cement detection. The threshold for systemic toxicity of delivered CA was not reached and the microscopic analysis showed water bubbles in the cement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A signal-inducing bone cement is feasible for the use in MRI.
authors.affiliation: Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, University Charité, Berlin, Germany. florian.wichlas@charite.de
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wichlas
authors.forename: Hermann J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Bail
authors.forename: J Hermann
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Bail
authors.forename: Christian J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Seebauer
authors.forename: Rene
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schilling
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pflugmacher
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pinkernelle
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rump
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Streitparth
authors.forename: Ulf K
authors.initials: UK
authors.lastname: Teichgräber
authors.forename: K M Ulf
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Teichgräber
mesh_terms: D001843:Bone Cements / Q000032:analysis* / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004339:Drug Compounding / Q000379:methods; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging
chemical_list: D001843:Bone Cements