title: Active and passive smoking and risk of Parkinson's disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the association between active and passive smoking and the risk of Parkinson's disease (PD), a case-control study with 249 PD patients and 369 controls was carried out in Japan.
  
  
  METHODS
  Information on smoking was obtained through a self-administered questionnaire. Adjustment was made for age, sex, region of residence, educational level, and occupational exposure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ever having smoked cigarettes was associated with a reduced risk of PD [adjusted odds ratio = 0.38; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.24-0.59]. Risk for former smokers was intermediate between the high risk for never smokers and the low risk for current smokers. Adjusted odds ratios for former and current smokers were 0.51 (95% CI: 0.32-0.82) and 0.12 (95% CI: 0.05-0.26), respectively. There was an inverse dose-response gradient with pack-years smoked. No significant association was detected for passive smoking exposure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results appear to confirm data from previous epidemiological studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Yoshihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Miyake
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Fukushima
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kiyohara
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tsuboi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Oeda
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Miki
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kawamura
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sakae
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fukuyama
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hirota
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nagai
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution