title: Microsatellite typing of clinical and environmental Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii isolates from Cuba shows multiple genetic lineages.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Human cryptococcal infections have been associated with bird droppings as a likely source of infection. Studies toward the local and global epidemiology of Cryptococcus spp. have been hampered by the lack of rapid, discriminatory, and exchangeable molecular typing methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We selected nine microsatellite markers for high-resolution fingerprinting from the genome of C. neoformans var. grubii. This panel of markers was applied to a collection of clinical (n = 122) and environmental (n = 68; from pigeon guano) C. neoformans var. grubii isolates from Cuba. All markers proved to be polymorphic. The average number of alleles per marker was 9 (range 5-51). A total of 104 genotypes could be distinguished. The discriminatory power of this panel of markers was 0.993. Multiple clusters of related genotypes could be discriminated that differed in only one or two microsatellite markers. These clusters were assigned as microsatellite complexes. The majority of environmental isolates (>70%) fell into 1 microsatellite complex containing only few clinical isolates (49 environmental versus 2 clinical). Clinical isolates were segregated over multiple microsatellite complexes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A large genotypic variation exists in C. neoformans var. grubii. The genotypic segregation between clinical and environmental isolates from pigeon guano suggests additional source(s) of human cryptococcal infections. The selected panel of microsatellite markers is an excellent tool to study the epidemiology of C. neoformans var. grubii.
authors.affiliation: Instituto Pedro Kouri, Havana, Cuba.
authors.forename: Maria-Teresa
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Illnait-Zaragozi
authors.forename: Gerardo F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Martínez-Machín
authors.forename: Carlos M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Fernández-Andreu
authors.forename: Teun
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Boekhout
authors.forename: Jacques F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Meis
authors.forename: Corné H W
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Klaassen
mesh_terms: D054458:Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003453:Cryptococcosis / Q000382:microbiology; D003455:Cryptococcus neoformans / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D003462:Cuba; D004271:DNA, Fungal / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D019075:Electrophoresis, Capillary; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005838:Genotype; D005843:Geography; D006801:Humans; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats / Q000235:genetics*; D016533:Mycological Typing Techniques; D010802:Phylogeny; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic
chemical_list: D004271:DNA, Fungal