title: Shear bond strength of three different nano-restorative materials to dentin.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the shear bond strength (SBS) of a nano-composite, a flowable nano-composite and a nano glass ionomer to dentin in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty human molars were ground flat, exposing the dentin surfaces, and they were randomly divided into five groups according to the restorative materials and adhesive systems used (n = 12/group). The restoratives were applied to all dentin surfaces according to the manufacturer's instructions, using a special jig (Ultradent) in the following manner: Group 1: a nano-composite (NC) (Filtek Supreme XT-3M ESPE) was applied with a two-step self-etch adhesive (SE) (Adper SE Plus-3M ESPE); Group 2: NC was applied with an etch&rinse adhesive (SB) (Adper Single Bond 2-3M ESPE); Group 3: a flowable nano-composite (FNC, Filtek Supreme XT Flow-3M ESPE) was applied with SE; Group 4: FNC was applied with SB and Group 5: a nanofilled resin-modified glass ionomer (Ketac N100-3M ESPE) was applied with Ketac Nano Primer (3M ESPE). The bonded specimens were stored in distilled water (37 degrees C, 24 hours) and tested for SBS in a universal testing machine (1 mm/minute). Two specimens from each group were subjected to SEM evaluations of the adhesive interfaces. Failure modes were determined using a stereomicroscope. The mean SBS values were calculated and the data were analyzed with the Kruskal Wallis and Mann-Whitney-U tests (p < 0.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean SBS values (MPa) for the groups were 13.64; 7.83; 11.20; 4.12 and 0.64 for Groups 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, respectively. Group 1 exhibited a significantly higher value than all the other groups; whereas, Group 5 had the lowest value (p < 0.05). The SE adhesive yielded higher bond values than the SB adhesive with NC and FNC restorative materials. Failure modes in all the groups were primarily adhesive.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results demonstrate the capacity of the current two-step self-etch adhesive to outperform the etch&rinse adhesive in conjunction with the two nano-restoratives tested.
authors.affiliation: Baskent University, School of Dentistry, Department of Conservative Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey. yoncako@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Yonca
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Korkmaz
authors.forename: Sevil
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gurgan
authors.forename: Esra
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Firat
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nathanson
mesh_terms: D000134:Acid Etching, Dental; D000268:Adhesiveness; D017438:Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate / Q000737:chemistry; D003188:Composite Resins / Q000737:chemistry; D001840:Dental Bonding; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation; D003804:Dentin / Q000648:ultrastructure; D017220:Dentin-Bonding Agents / Q000737:chemistry; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D053761:Nanocomposites / Q000737:chemistry; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000737:chemistry*; D019279:Resin Cements / Q000737:chemistry; D033081:Shear Strength; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D003188:Composite Resins; D003764:Dental Materials; D017220:Dentin-Bonding Agents; C467913:Filtek Flow; C474035:Filtek Supreme; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements; D019279:Resin Cements; C115612:single bond; D014867:Water; D017438:Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate