title: Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modeling of an anti-interleukin-6 chimeric monoclonal antibody (siltuximab) in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Interleukin-6 (IL-6) induces tumor growth, invasion, metastasis, and angiogenesis. Siltuximab (CNTO 328) is a chimeric, murine-human monoclonal antibody that specifically binds human IL-6 with high affinity. C-reactive protein (CRP) can be a pharmacodynamic (PD) marker of IL-6 bioactivity. Reductions in CRP may correlate with clinical activity and IL-6 bioactivity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Starting-dose selection for this study was based on a previous siltuximab study in multiple myeloma patients. Pharmacokinetic (PK)/PD modeling explored the relationship between siltuximab PK and CRP suppression following i.v. siltuximab infusion in a three-part phase I/II study in 68 metastatic renal cell carcinoma patients. Modeling results were then used to simulate and determine which siltuximab dosage regimens would maintain CRP suppression below the lower limit of quantification (4 mg/L). Siltuximab was given at 1, 3, 6, or 12 mg/kg at weeks 1 and 4 and then every 2 weeks for 2 cycles in part 1; at 3 or 6 mg/kg every 3 weeks for 4 cycles in part 2; and at 6 mg/kg every 2 weeks for 6 cycles in part 3.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A two-compartment PK model adequately described the serum siltuximab concentration-time data. An inhibitory indirect response PD model examined the relationship between siltuximab concentrations and CRP suppression. PD parameter estimates seemed reliable and physiologically relevant. Simulations showed that 6 mg/kg siltuximab every 2 weeks or 9 mg/kg every 3 weeks would reduce serum CRP to below 4 mg/L.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using a stepwise design, PK/PD modeling was used to select the dose levels in this study. Furthermore, PK/PD modeling results were used to help select doses to be used in future siltuximab clinical development.
authors.affiliation: Centocor, Research & Development, Inc, Malvern, Pennsylvania, USA. TPuchals@its.jnj.com.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Puchalski
authors.forename: Uma
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Prabhakar
authors.forename: Qun
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Jiao
authors.forename: Birge
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Berns
authors.forename: Hugh M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Davis
mesh_terms: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D015850:Interleukin-6; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; C504234:siltuximab