title: Seasonal variation of pollution biomarkers to assess the impact on the health status of juvenile Pacific oysters Crassostrea gigas exposed in situ.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this study, a suite of sublethal stress biomarkers were analyzed in juveniles of the sentinel species, the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas, with a view to using them as pollution monitoring tools. The aim of this work was (1) to study baseline seasonal variations of biomarkers in different body compartments of C. gigas in the reference site and, after selecting biomarkers presenting no seasonal variations, (2) to compare responses of these biomarkers between contaminated and reference sites.
  
  
  METHODS
  Juvenile oysters were transplanted from Bouin (France), a reference site, to three different sites in Marennes-Oleron Bay (France), located in another water body and next to different contamination sources. Animals were exposed in situ for 3 months in summer, autumn, and winter. The following biomarkers were measured: superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in gills and digestive gland and lysozyme and phenoloxidase (PO) in plasma.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant seasonal variations for SOD in gills and digestive gland, GPx in gills, and PO in plasma were observed in the reference site. Significant differences in enzyme activity were observed between contaminated and reference sites for SOD in gills and digestive gland and PO in plasma, depending on the body compartment, the season, and/or the site.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, these data suggest the potential application of these biomarkers in C. gigas to provide ecologically relevant information and, therefore, to be used as biomarkers in coastal pollution monitoring.
authors.affiliation: Littoral, Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 6250, Université de La Rochelle-CNRS, 2, Rue Olympe de Gouges, 17000, La Rochelle, France. aluna1508@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Luna-Acosta
authors.forename: Paco
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bustamante
authors.forename: Joachim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Godefroy
authors.forename: Ingrid
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Fruitier-Arnaudin
authors.forename: Hélène
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Thomas-Guyon
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D049896:Crassostrea / Q000378:metabolism*; D004064:Digestive System / Q000378:metabolism; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000592:standards; D005880:Gills / Q000378:metabolism; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D014442:Monophenol Monooxygenase / Q000097:blood; D009113:Muramidase / Q000097:blood; D012621:Seasons; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D014873:Water Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D014873:Water Pollutants; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D014442:Monophenol Monooxygenase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D009113:Muramidase