title: A preterm infant with semilobar holoprosencephaly and hydrocephalus: a case report.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Holoprosencephaly (HPE) is a rare presentation in newborns. It refers to an incomplete or absent division of the prosencephalon or forebrain into distinct cerebral hemispheres.
  
  
  METHODS
  A preterm baby girl, first of dizygotic twins, born at 26 weeks of gestation to a 45 year old mother, was prenatally diagnosed with ventriculomegaly on fetal ultrasonogram. At birth the baby had frontal bossing with sun setting eyes and a full anterior fontanel. Initial head ultra-sonography (HUS) showed ventriculomegaly and semilobar holoprosencephaly, which was confirmed by computed tomography scan. Subsequently, the baby developed hydrocephalus that progressively increased. Eventually, the cerebrospinal fluid required drainage and a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt was placed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Holoprosencephaly has heterogeneous etiologies, including teratogenic and or a genetic basis. It is prudent to diagnose holoprosencephaly prenatally and determine the type to classify severity, complications and survival rate. It is also important to recognize that even with monozygotic twins only one twin may have HPE. The parents of a baby diagnosed with holoprosencephaly should be counseled about the poor prognosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, The Brooklyn Hospital Center, Brooklyn, New York 11201, USA. dr_guptaashish@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Ashish O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Leblanc
authors.forename: Krishna C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Janumpally
authors.forename: Pattaraporn
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tanya