title: Community-based Randomized Controlled Trial of Non-pharmacological Interventions in Prevention and Control of Hypertension among Young Adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hypertension is a major chronic lifestyle disease. Several non-pharmacological interventions are effective in bringing down the blood pressure (BP). This study focuses on the effectiveness of such interventions among young adults.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To measure the efficacy of physical exercise, reduction in salt intake, and yoga, in lowering BP among young (20-25) pre-hypertensives and hypertensives, and to compare their relative efficacies.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was done in the urban service area of JIPMER. Pre-hypertensives and hypertensives, identified from previous studies, constituted the universe. The participants were randomized into one control and three interventional groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 113 subjects: 30, 28, 28 and 27 in four groups respectively participated for eight weeks: control (I), physical exercise (II) - brisk walking for 50-60 minutes, four days/week, salt intake reduction (III) - to at least half of their previous intake, and practice of yoga (IV) - for 30-45 minutes/day on at least five days/week.
  
  
  METHODS
  Efficacy was assessed using paired t test and ANOVA with Games Howell post hoc test. An intention to treat analysis was also performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 102 participants (29, 27, 25 and 21 in groups I, II, III and IV) completed the study. All three intervention groups showed a significant reduction in BP (SBP/DBP: 5.3/6.0 in group II, 2.6/3.7 in III, and 2.0/2.6 mm Hg in IV respectively). There was no significant change (SBP/DBP: 0.2/0.5 mmHg) of BP in control group (I). Physical exercise was most effective (considered individually); salt intake reduction and yoga were also effective.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Physical exercise, salt intake reduction, and yoga are effective non-pharmacological interventions in significantly reducing BP among young hypertensives and pre-hypertensives. These can therefore be positively recommended for hypertensives. There is also a case to deploy these interventions in the general population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Post-graduate Medical Education & Research (JIPMER), Puducherry-6, India.
authors.forename: Lg
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Saptharishi
authors.forename: Mb
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Soudarssanane
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Thiruselvakumar
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Navasakthi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mathanraj
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Karthigeyan
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sahai