title: Posttranslational modifications, localization, and protein interactions of optineurin, the product of a glaucoma gene.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Glaucoma is a major blinding disease. The most common form of this disease, primary open angle glaucoma (POAG), is genetically heterogeneous. One of the candidate genes, optineurin, is linked principally to normal tension glaucoma, a subtype of POAG. The present study was undertaken to illustrate the basic characteristics of optineurin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lysates from rat retinal ganglion RGC5 cells were subjected to N- or O-deglycosylation or membrane protein extraction. The phosphorylation status was evaluated after immunoprecipitation. It was found that while phosphorylated, optineurin was neither N- nor O-glycosylated, and was by itself not a membrane protein. RGC5 and human retinal pigment epithelial cells were double stained with anti-optineurin and anti-GM130. The endogenous optineurin exhibited a diffuse, cytoplasmic distribution, but a population of the protein was associated with the Golgi apparatus. Turnover experiments showed that the endogenous optineurin was relatively short-lived, with a half-life of approximately 8 hours. Native blue gel electrophoresis revealed that the endogenous optineurin formed homohexamers. Optineurin also interacted with molecules including Rab8, myosin VI, and transferrin receptor to assemble into supermolecular complexes. When overexpressed, optineurin-green fluorescence protein (GFP) fusion protein formed punctate structures termed "foci" in the perinuclear region. Treatment of nocadazole resulted in dispersion of the optineurin foci. In addition, tetracycline-regulated optineurin-GFPs expressing RGC5 stable cell lines were established for the first time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study provides new information regarding basic characteristics of optineurin that are important for future efforts in defining precisely how optineurin functions normally and how mutations may result in pathology. The inducible optineurin-GFP-expressing cell lines are also anticipated to facilitate in-depth studies of optineurin. Furthermore, the demonstrations that optineurin is an aggregation-prone protein and that the foci formation is microtubule-dependent bear similarities to features documented in neurodegenerative diseases, supporting a neurodegenerative paradigm for glaucoma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America.
authors.forename: Hongyu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ying
authors.forename: Xiang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: BumChan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Beatrice Y J T
authors.initials: BY
authors.lastname: Yue
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D002460:Cell Line; D006031:Glycosylation; D006056:Golgi Apparatus / Q000378:metabolism; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D057066:Low Tension Glaucoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D018995:Myosin Heavy Chains / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011485:Protein Binding; D055503:Protein Multimerization; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational; D051381:Rats; D011990:Receptors, Transferrin / Q000378:metabolism; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012165:Retinal Ganglion Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D055213:Retinal Pigment Epithelium / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D035582:Transcription Factor TFIIIA / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; C409460:OPTN protein, human; D011990:Receptors, Transferrin; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D035582:Transcription Factor TFIIIA; C089785:myosin VI; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D018995:Myosin Heavy Chains