title: Mortality among titanium dioxide workers at three DuPont plants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the mortality among workers employed at three titanium dioxide plants in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  We expanded and updated a cohort employed at titanium dioxide plants. Cause-specific standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) were calculated combined and stratified by plant for workers employed at least 6 months between 1935 and 2005.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No indications of excess mortality from any cause were found. All causes SMR increased with length of plant operation as did most cause-specific SMRs. With lung, the target organ of interest, no increases in malignant or nonmalignant respiratory disease were observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The mortality rates are comparable with the general US population. Increasing SMRs with length of plant operation is indicative of waning healthy worker effect with time since first employment. The results are comparable with other titanium dioxide cohort studies.
authors.affiliation: Center for Epidemiologic Research, Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-0117, USA. betsy.ellis@orau.org
authors.forename: Elizabeth D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Ellis
authors.forename: Janice
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Watkins
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Tankersley
authors.forename: Joyce
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Girardi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002617:Chemical Industry / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011159:Population Surveillance; D014025:Titanium / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: C009495:titanium dioxide; D014025:Titanium