title: Periodontal status and A1C change: longitudinal results from the study of health in Pomerania (SHIP).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Infection may be a type 2 diabetes risk factor. Periodontal disease is a chronic infection. We hypothesized that periodontal disease was related to A1C progression in diabetes-free participants.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP) is a population-based cohort in Germany including 2,973 diabetes-free participants (53% women; aged 20-81 years). Participants were categorized into four groups according to increasing baseline periodontal disease levels (percentage of sites per mouth with attachment loss >or=5 mm, determined a priori); sample sizes for each respective category were 1,122, 488, 463, and 479 (241 participants were edentulous). Mean absolute changes (year 5 minus baseline) in A1C (DeltaA1C) were regressed across periodontal categories while adjusting for confounders (e.g., age, sex, smoking, obesity, physical activity, and family history).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Across baseline periodontal disease categories, DeltaA1C +/- SEM values were 0.023 +/- 0.02, 0.023 +/- 0.02, 0.065 +/- 0.03, and 0.106 +/- 0.03 (P(trend) = 0.02), yielding an approximate fivefold increase in the absolute difference in DeltaA1C when dentate participants in the highest versus lowest periodontal disease category were compared; these results were markedly stronger among participants with high-sensitivity C-reactive protein >or=1.0 mg/l (P(interaction) = 0.01). When individuals who had neither baseline periodontal disease nor deterioration in periodontal status at 5 years were compared with individuals with both poor baseline periodontal health and longitudinal periodontal deterioration, mean DeltaA1C values were 0.005 vs. 0.143% (P = 0.003).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Periodontal disease was associated with 5-year A1C progression, which was similar to that observed for a 2-SD increase in either waist-to-hip ratio or age in this population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Ryan T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Demmer
authors.forename: Moïse
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Desvarieux
authors.forename: Birte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Holtfreter
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: Henri
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wallaschofski
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nauck
authors.forename: Henry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Völzke
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kocher
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007239:Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D049629:Waist-Hip Ratio; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human