title: Orofacial findings in chronic granulomatous disease: report of twelve patients and review of the literature.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic granulomatous disease is an extremely rare primary immunodeficiency syndrome that can be associated with various oral complications. This can affect high number of patients. However, data on oral complications is sparse. Here we will review the literature and describe the orofacial findings in 12 patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The age range was 5-31 years. Oral findings were variable, and reflected a low level of oral hygiene. They included periodontitis, rampant caries, gingivitis, aphthous-like ulcers, and geographic tongue. One patient had white patches on the buccal mucosa similar to lichen planus. Another patient had a nodular dorsum of the tongue associated with fissured and geographic tongue. Biopsies from the latter two lesions revealed chronic non-specific mucositis. Panoramic radiographs showed extensive periodontitis in one patient and periapical lesions in another patient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with chronic granulomatous disease may develop oral lesions reflecting susceptibility to infections and inflammation. It is also possible that social and genetic factors may influence the development of this complication. Therefore, oral hygiene must be kept at an optimum level to prevent infections that can be difficult to manage.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Dentistry, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan. najla_dar_odeh@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Najla S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Dar-Odeh
authors.forename: Wail A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Hayajneh
authors.forename: Osama A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Abu-Hammad
authors.forename: Huda M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Hammad
authors.forename: Adel M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Al-Wahadneh
authors.forename: Najwa K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Bulos
authors.forename: Azmi M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Mahafzah
authors.forename: Maha S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Shomaf
authors.forename: Mohammed A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: El-Maaytah
authors.forename: Faris G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Bakri