title: Vascular endothelial growth factor-C induces lymphangitic carcinomatosis, an extremely aggressive form of lung metastases.
abstract: The lymphatic system is an important pathway for tumor dissemination to the lymph nodes, but to which extent it contributes to the formation of distant metastases remains unknown. We report that induction of lymphangiogenesis by vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) at the secondary site, in the lung, facilitates expansion of already disseminated cancer cells throughout the lung tissue. By using orthotopic spontaneous metastasis models in nude mice, we show that VEGF-C expression by tumor cells altered the pattern of pulmonary metastases from nodular to diffuse and facilitated disease progression. Metastases expressing VEGF-C were tightly associated with the airways, in contrast to the control cells that were scattered in the lung parenchyma, throughout the alveolar region. VEGF-C induced lung lymphangiogenesis and promoted intralymphatic spread of metastases in the lung and formation of tumor emboli in the pulmonary arteries. This pattern of metastasis corresponds to lymphangitic carcinomatosis metastatic phenotype in human cancer patients, an extremely aggressive pattern of pulmonary metastases. In accordance, pulmonary breast cancer metastases from patients which were classified as lymphangitic carcinomatosis showed high levels of VEGF-C expression in cancer cells. These data show that VEGF-C promotes late steps of the metastatic process and identify the VEGF-C/VEGF receptor-3 pathway as the target not only for prevention of metastases, but also for treatment of established metastatic disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncological Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA.
authors.forename: Suvendu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Das
authors.forename: Daniel S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Ladell
authors.forename: Simona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Podgrabinska
authors.forename: Vladimir
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ponomarev
authors.forename: Chandandeep
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nagi
authors.forename: John T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Fallon
authors.forename: Mihaela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Skobe
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000098:blood supply / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000556:secondary*; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D042583:Lymphangiogenesis; D008205:Lymphangitis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D042582:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: C467486:VEGFC protein, human; D042582:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C