title: Effectiveness of the timing principle with high-dose rocuronium during rapid sequence induction with lidocaine, remifentanil and propofol.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The main purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of the timing principle with 1 mg kg(-1) rocuronium for rapid sequence intubation. As secondary outcomes, propofol and lidocaine with or without remifentanil were examined to note their effects on the cardiovascular responses to laryngoscopy and intubation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty patients were randomly allocated to one of two groups of 15 patients each: a lidocaine-treated group (L) and a lidocaine/remifentanil-treated group (LR). Thirty seconds after lidocaine 1 mg kg(-1) with or without infusion of remifentanil 1 microg kg(-1) min(-1), all patients received a bolus of rocuronium 1 mg kg(-1). Shortly afterwards, patients were given propofol 2-2.5 mg kg(-1). Intubating conditions and cardiovascular responses were observed 60 s after rocuronium. The time to spontaneous recovery of visible train-of-four (TOF) counts of 4 was observed at the thumb during 1.0-1.5% end-tidal sevoflurane and remifentanil anesthesia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All patients had excellent or good intubating conditions. Hypertension and tachycardia during laryngoscopy were well prevented in group LR, whereas they were significantly observed in group L. The times to reappearance of TOF counts of 4 were comparable in all groups [mean (SD); 63.6 (8.6) min in group L and 63.5 (11.6) min in group LR].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Application of the timing principle with 1 mg kg(-1) rocuronium is beneficial for rapid tracheal intubation. Co-administered lidocaine, remifentanil and propofol can definitely suppress cardiovascular responses during laryngoscopy and intubation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Surugadai Nihon University Hospital, 1-8-13, Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-8309, Japan. suzukit@cd5.so-net.ne.jp
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Mayu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aono
authors.forename: Naoko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fukano
authors.forename: Makiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: Shigeru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saeki
authors.forename: Setsuro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ogawa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000732:Androstanols / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000379:methods*; D008012:Lidocaine; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D003473:Neuromuscular Nondepolarizing Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010880:Piperidines; D015742:Propofol; D000077208:Remifentanil; D000077123:Rocuronium; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000732:Androstanols; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D003473:Neuromuscular Nondepolarizing Agents; D010880:Piperidines; D008012:Lidocaine; D000077208:Remifentanil; D000077123:Rocuronium; D015742:Propofol