Estimation of dietary sources and flavonoid intake in a Spanish adult population (EPIC-Spain).
BACKGROUND
Epidemiologic studies have suggested associations between flavonoid intake and health benefits. Traditional Mediterranean diets consist of a high consumption of plant products rich in flavonoids.


OBJECTIVE
This study estimates dietary flavonoid intake and main food sources in a Mediterranean population (Spanish adults).


METHODS
The study included 40,683 subjects aged 35 to 64 years from northern and southern regions of Spain who were included in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition study Spanish cohort. Usual food intake was assessed by personal interviews using a computerized version of a validated diet history method. Expanded US Department of Agriculture databases for the flavonoid, isoflavone, and proanthocyanidin content were used.


RESULTS
The median and mean of total flavonoids were 269.17 and 313.26 mg/day, respectively. The most abundant flavonoid subgroup was proanthocyanidins (60.1%), followed by flavanones (16.9%), flavan-3-ols (10.3%), flavonols (5.9%), anthocyanidins (5.8%), flavones (1.1%), and isoflavones (<0.01%). The main sources of total flavonoid intake were apples (23%), red wine (21%), unspecified fruit (12.8%), and oranges (9.3%).


CONCLUSIONS
These results should be very useful for evaluating the relationships between flavonoid intake and several diseases.
Zamora-Ros
Raul
R
Nutrition and Food Science Department, XaRTA-INSA, Pharmacy School, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
Andres-Lacueva
Cristina
C
Lamuela-Raventós
Rosa M
RM
Berenguer
Toni
T
Jakszyn
Paula
P
Barricarte
Aurelio
A
Ardanaz
Eva
E
Amiano
Pilar
P
Dorronsoro
Miren
M
Larrañaga
Nerea
N
Martínez
Carmen
C
Sánchez
María J
MJ
Navarro
Carmen
C
Chirlaque
María D
MD
Tormo
María J
MJ
Quirós
J Ramón
JR
González
Carlos A
CA
D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D016208:Databases, Factual; D038441:Diet, Mediterranean; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D044950:Flavanones / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000032:analysis*; D005504:Food Analysis; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D007529:Isoflavones / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D044945:Proanthocyanidins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis; D013030:Spain; D014920:Wine
D044950:Flavanones; D005419:Flavonoids; D007529:Isoflavones; D044945:Proanthocyanidins; C013221:proanthocyanidin