title: Treatment of multiple sclerosis in children and adolescents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pediatric multiple sclerosis is an acquired inflammatory, demyelinating CNS disorder associated with recurrent episodes of neurologic dysfunction. Precise diagnosis is increasingly important as disease modifying therapies have been developed in adults and introduced into pediatric practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Literature published over the past two decades relating to pharmacologic treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) in adults and children is reviewed, with emphasis on current publications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This article reviews available research and clinical experience regarding treatment of acute episodes of CNS demyelination in children and adolescents, strategies for introduction and modification of disease-modifying therapies depending on disease course, and use of medication for symptomatic improvement in quality of life.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pharmacotherapy for MS has been studied in adults but to a significantly lesser extent in children or adolescents. However, children and adolescents have different biology than adults in terms of drug metabolism, immune mechanisms and incomplete maturity of CNS myelin. Effectiveness as well as long-term safety needs to be studied in children and adolescents.
authors.affiliation: Mayo College of Medicine, Mayo Pediatric MS Clinic, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA. kuntz.nancy@mayo.edu
authors.forename: Nancy L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Kuntz
authors.forename: Dorothee
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chabas
authors.forename: Bianca
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Weinstock-Guttman
authors.forename: Tanuja
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chitnis
authors.forename: E Ann
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Yeh
authors.forename: Lauren
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Krupp
authors.forename: Jayne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ness
authors.forename: Moses
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.forename: Emmanuelle
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Waubant
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D000068717:Glatiramer Acetate; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D016756:Immunoglobulins, Intravenous / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D010455:Peptides / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010951:Plasma Exchange / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D005938:Glucocorticoids; D016756:Immunoglobulins, Intravenous; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D010455:Peptides; D000068717:Glatiramer Acetate