title: Ultrasonic Doppler measurements of blood flow velocity of rabbit retinal vessels using a 45-MHz needle transducer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study is to measure blood flow velocity of rabbit retinal vessels using a 45-MHz ultrasonic Doppler system with a needle transducer.
  
  
  METHODS
  A high-frequency pulsed Doppler system that utilizes a 45-MHz PMN-PT needle transducer was developed to measure retinal blood flow velocity in situ. The pulsed Doppler allowed the differentiation of retinal from choroidal blood flow velocity. The needle transducer was inserted into the vitreous cavity through a 20-gauge incision port to access the retinal vessels. The first phase of the experiment evaluated the reproducibility of the measurements. The second phase measured velocities at four positions from the optic disc edge to the distal part of each vessel in nine eyes for the temporal and six eyes for the nasal portions. The angle between the transducer and the retinal vessel at each site was measured in enucleated rabbit eyes to estimate and compensate for measurement errors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the first phase, the average measurement error was 5.97 +/- 1.34%. There was no significant difference comparing all eyes. In the second phase, the velocities gradually slowed from the disc edge to the distal part, and temporal velocities were faster than nasal velocities at all measurement sites.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrated the feasibility of reliably measuring retinal blood flow velocity using a 45-MHz ultrasonic Doppler system with a needle transducer.
authors.affiliation: Doheny Retina Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA, naomat2@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Naoki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Matsuoka
authors.forename: Dong-Guk
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Paeng
authors.forename: Ruimin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Hossein
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ameri
authors.forename: Walid
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Abdallah
authors.forename: Qifa
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Amani
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fawzi
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Shung
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Humayun
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D011817:Rabbits; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012171:Retinal Vessels / Q000502:physiology*; D014159:Transducers; D018617:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Pulsed / Q000295:instrumentation*