title: Depression in relation to long-term control of glycemia, blood pressure, and lipids in patients with diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Little information is available about the association of depression with long-term control of glycemia, blood pressure, or lipid levels in patients with diabetes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether minor and major depression at study enrollment compared with no depression are associated with higher average HbA(1c), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and LDL cholesterol over the long term in patients with an indication for or receiving drug treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 3,762 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus enrolled in the Pathways Epidemiologic Study in 2001-2002 and followed for 5 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Depression was assessed at study enrollment using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). SBP and information on cardiovascular co-morbidity were abstracted from medical records, and LDL cholesterol and HbA(1c) measured during clinical care were obtained from computerized laboratory data during a median of 4.8 years' follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among those with an indication for or receiving drug treatment, after adjustment for demographic and clinical characteristics, average long-term HbA(1c), SBP, and LDL cholesterol did not differ in patients with comorbid diabetes and minor or major depression compared with those with diabetes alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The adverse effect of depression on outcomes in patients with diabetes may not be mediated in large part by poorer glycemic, blood pressure, or lipid control. Further study is needed of the biologic effects of depression on patients with diabetes and their relation to adverse outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98101-1448, USA. heckbert@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: Susan R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Heckbert
authors.forename: Carolyn M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Rutter
authors.forename: Malia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oliver
authors.forename: Lisa H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ciechanowski
authors.forename: Elizabeth H B
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Wayne J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Katon
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Von Korff
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis*; D001794:Blood Pressure; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003863:Depression / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013599:Systole
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D008055:Lipids; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human