title: Caffeine fatalities--do sales restrictions prevent intentional intoxications?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Caffeine is widely available in beverages and in different over-the-counter products, including tablets containing 100 mg caffeine. Because intentional fatal intoxications with caffeine occur, the maximum quantity of caffeine tablets that can be bought over the counter in a single purchase was restricted from 250 to 30 in Sweden in the year 2004. The objective of this article was to study the effect of this decision on the number of fatal caffeine intoxications.
  
  
  METHODS
  In Sweden 95% of all cases undergoing forensic autopsy are screened for a number of drugs including caffeine. All cases during January 1993-September 2009 with a caffeine concentration above 80 microg/g blood were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the study period toxicological investigations were performed in 83,580 forensic autopsies. Caffeine contributed to the fatal outcome in 20 cases (0.02%). Thirteen (65%) of these fatalities occurred before the introduction of the sales restriction. However, no fatal intoxications where caffeine contributed to the cause of death was recorded between May 2007 and September 2009.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overdoses of tablets containing caffeine can be fatal, suicides as well as accidents occur. Restricting the maximum quantity of caffeine tablets available over the counter seemed to be effective in preventing suicides because of caffeine although some time elapsed until the effect was noted. Further monitoring is required to ensure that the observed lower caffeine mortality is a sustained effect.
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Genetics and Forensic Toxicology, The National Board of Forensic Medicine, Linköping, Sweden.
authors.forename: Gunilla
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Thelander
authors.forename: Anna Kristina
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Jönsson
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Personne
authors.forename: Gunilla Sjölin
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Forsberg
authors.forename: Kristina Magnusson
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Lundqvist
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ahlner
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002110:Caffeine / Q000097:blood / Q000191:economics / Q000506:poisoning*; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000191:economics / Q000506:poisoning*; D003132:Commerce / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D062787:Drug Overdose / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000401:mortality*; D013405:Suicide / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult; D000092864:Suicide Prevention
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D002110:Caffeine