title: Superior longitudinal fasciculus and cognitive dysfunction in adolescents born preterm and at term.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To understand the relationship between cognition and white-matter structure in adolescents born preterm without obvious brain injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-two adolescents from a longitudinal study of child development were selected according to risk of developmental disorders at birth (born at term: eight males, five females; median age 16y 1mo, interquartile range 10mo; low risk preterm: four males, five females, median age 16y, range 4mo; high risk preterm: three males, seven females, median age 16y 2mo, range 1y 2mo) and reading ability (good: three males, eight females, median age 16y, range 7mo; average: six males, three females, median age 16y 10mo, range 1y; poor: six males, six females, median age 16y, range 6mo). Preterm birth was defined as a gestational age of 36 weeks or less and a birthweight of 1600g or less. All participants had normal clinical neuroimaging findings. We examined fractional anisotropy, radial diffusivity, and volume of three major white-matter fasciculi. The relationship between structural measures and birth risk, hemisphere, and cognitive ability (attention, lexical and sublexical decoding, auditory phonological awareness, and processing speed) were analysed using mixed-model regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Left-hemisphere superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF) fractional anisotropy and radial diffusivity were linked to reading-related skills (fractional anisotropy vs letter-word identification, r((30))=-0.37, p<0.05; fractional anisotropy vs phoneme reversal, r((30))=-0.34, p=0.05; radial diffusivity vs letter-word identification, r((30))=0.31, p<0.10; radial diffusivity vs phoneme reversal, r((30))=0.40, p<0.05), whereas right-hemisphere SLF fractional anisotropy was related to attention skills (fractional anisotropy vs inattentiveness, r((30))=-0.38, p<0.05). SLF volume decreased as these skills declined for adolescents born preterm (volume vs phoneme reversal, r((17))=0.58, p<0.01; volume vs inattentiveness, r((17))=-0.69, p<0.01), but not for those born at term.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The relationship between cognitive skills and SLF volume suggests that in adolescents born preterm, cryptic white-matter injury may exist, possibly related to oligodendrocyte or axonal loss, despite normal clinical neuroimaging.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA. richard.e.frye@uth.tmc.edu
authors.forename: Richard E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Frye
authors.forename: Khader
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hasan
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Malmberg
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Desouza
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Swank
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Landry
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D016880:Anisotropy; D001288:Attention; D001369:Axons / Q000473:pathology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010700:Phonetics; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013067:Speech Perception