title: Recycling energy to restore impaired ankle function during human walking.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Humans normally dissipate significant energy during walking, largely at the transitions between steps. The ankle then acts to restore energy during push-off, which may be the reason that ankle impairment nearly always leads to poorer walking economy. The replacement of lost energy is necessary for steady gait, in which mechanical energy is constant on average, external dissipation is negligible, and no net work is performed over a stride. However, dissipation and replacement by muscles might not be necessary if energy were instead captured and reused by an assistive device.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We developed a microprocessor-controlled artificial foot that captures some of the energy that is normally dissipated by the leg and "recycles" it as positive ankle work. In tests on subjects walking with an artificially-impaired ankle, a conventional prosthesis reduced ankle push-off work and increased net metabolic energy expenditure by 23% compared to normal walking. Energy recycling restored ankle push-off to normal and reduced the net metabolic energy penalty to 14%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that reduced ankle push-off contributes to the increased metabolic energy expenditure accompanying ankle impairments, and demonstrate that energy recycling can be used to reduce such cost.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands. s.h.collins@tudelft.nl
authors.forename: Steven H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.forename: Arthur D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Kuo
mesh_terms: D000842:Ankle / Q000502:physiology*; D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D001186:Artificial Limbs; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D005528:Foot / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*