title: Predictors of unfavourable seizure outcome in patients with epilepsy in Nepal.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite optimal medical therapy, a sizeable number of patients continue to have persistent seizures. We evaluated the association of pretreatment and treatment variables with unfavorable seizure outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with follow-up over 12 years in the Nepal Epilepsy Association were evaluated. Patients having seizures for at least a year and already on polytherapy after failure of two monotherapy trials were considered having unfavourable outcome. Variables under study were: age, sex, duration and frequency of seizures prior to treatment, type of seizure, neurological status, Computed Tomography (CT) finding, and failure of first anti-epileptic drug (AED). Bivariate analysis was done with Chi-square and Fisher exact tests. Potential interaction between variables was studied with a logistic regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Out of a total 529 consecutive patients, 490 were included in the study. Unfavorable seizure outcome was seen in 26.8% of patients. Among 284 patients who remained viable for analysis, bivariate analysis showed significant association of unfavorable outcome with frequency of seizure (p 0.01), abnormal neurological status (p 0.01) and failure of first AED (p 0.00), while no significant association was seen with age at onset (p 0.45), sex (p 0.47), duration of seizure (p 0.43), type of seizure (p 0.12), and presence of CT abnormality (p 0.46). The fitted regression model portended an unfavorable prognosis with failure of first AED and abnormal neurological status, however, failed to show significant association with frequency of seizure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Failure of first AED trial and associated neurological deficits are significant predictors of unfavorable seizure outcome.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Neurological and Allied Sciences, Lazimpat, Kathmandu, Nepal.
authors.forename: Subash
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lohani
authors.forename: Upendra P
authors.initials: UP
authors.lastname: Devkota
authors.forename: Hemav
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rajbhandari
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009390:Nepal; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012640:Seizures / Q000145:classification / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants