title: Cardiorenal syndrome and heart failure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Concomitant anemia, heart failure, and renal disease can be seen in a large proportion of patients with heart failure. The purpose of this review is to discuss the current definitions and mechanisms involved in this pathophysiological relationship, as well as the potential management and treatment options available for these patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dysfunctional heart can promote the dysfunction of the kidneys through a variety of pathophysiological mechanism, the reciprocal holds true as well. Heart failure has been considered as the most common type of cardiovascular complication seen in patients with renal failure. Central to this relationship lies anemia, which can be the result or the cause of either heart or kidney disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cardiorenal syndrome is a complex condition, which requires the collaboration and resources from cardiology, cardiac surgery, nephrology, and critical care. Of great importance is recognizing the presence of cardiorenal syndrome and appreciating the impact it can play on treatment options and survival.
authors.affiliation: University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Reinglas
authors.forename: Haissam
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Haddad
authors.forename: Ross A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mielniczuk
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D000740:Anemia / Q000150:complications*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004232:Diuretics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D006440:Hemofiltration; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D011379:Prognosis; D012084:Renin-Angiotensin System / Q000187:drug effects; D012307:Risk Factors; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014667:Vasopressins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors
chemical_list: D004232:Diuretics; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D014667:Vasopressins; D000241:Adenosine