title: Cyclooxygenase-2 enhances alpha2beta1 integrin expression and cell migration via EP1 dependent signaling pathway in human chondrosarcoma cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, the inducible isoform of prostaglandin (PG) synthase, has been implicated in tumor metastasis. Interaction of COX-2 with its specific EP receptors on the surface of cancer cells has been reported to induce cancer invasion. However, the effects of COX-2 on migration activity in human chondrosarcoma cells are mostly unknown. In this study, we examined whether COX-2 and EP interaction are involved in metastasis of human chondrosarcoma.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that over-expression of COX-2 or exogenous PGE2 increased the migration of human chondrosarcoma cells. We also found that human chondrosarcoma tissues and chondrosarcoma cell lines had significant expression of the COX-2 which was higher than that in normal cartilage. By using pharmacological inhibitors or activators or genetic inhibition by the EP receptors, we discovered that the EP1 receptor but not other PGE receptors is involved in PGE2-mediated cell migration and alpha2beta1 integrin expression. Furthermore, we found that human chondrosarcoma tissues expressed a higher level of EP1 receptor than normal cartilage. PGE2-mediated migration and integrin up-regulation were attenuated by phospholipase C (PLC), protein kinase C (PKC) and c-Src inhibitor. Activation of the PLCbeta, PKCalpha, c-Src and NF-kappaB signaling pathway after PGE2 treatment was demonstrated, and PGE2-induced expression of integrin and migration activity were inhibited by the specific inhibitor, siRNA and mutants of PLC, PKC, c-Src and NF-kappaB cascades.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicated that PGE2 enhances the migration of chondrosarcoma cells by increasing alpha2beta1 integrin expression through the EP1/PLC/PKCalpha/c-Src/NF-kappaB signal transduction pathway.
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ju-Fang
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Yi-Chin
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Fong
authors.forename: Chih-Shiang
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Chun-Yin
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Hsien-Te
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Wei-Hung
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Chin-Jung
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: Long-Bin
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Jeng
authors.forename: Chih-Yi
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Chih-Hsin
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Tang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D002813:Chondrosarcoma / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D038982:Integrin alpha2beta1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000378:metabolism; D018078:Receptors, Prostaglandin E / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D058306:Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP1 Subtype; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D010738:Type C Phospholipases / Q000378:metabolism; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D019061:src-Family Kinases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D038982:Integrin alpha2beta1; D016328:NF-kappa B; C545635:PTGER1 protein, human; D018078:Receptors, Prostaglandin E; D058306:Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP1 Subtype; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D019061:src-Family Kinases; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D010738:Type C Phospholipases; D015232:Dinoprostone