Cardiorenal syndrome and heart failure.
OBJECTIVE
Concomitant anemia, heart failure, and renal disease can be seen in a large proportion of patients with heart failure. The purpose of this review is to discuss the current definitions and mechanisms involved in this pathophysiological relationship, as well as the potential management and treatment options available for these patients.


RESULTS
Dysfunctional heart can promote the dysfunction of the kidneys through a variety of pathophysiological mechanism, the reciprocal holds true as well. Heart failure has been considered as the most common type of cardiovascular complication seen in patients with renal failure. Central to this relationship lies anemia, which can be the result or the cause of either heart or kidney disease.


CONCLUSIONS
Cardiorenal syndrome is a complex condition, which requires the collaboration and resources from cardiology, cardiac surgery, nephrology, and critical care. Of great importance is recognizing the presence of cardiorenal syndrome and appreciating the impact it can play on treatment options and survival.
Reinglas
Jason
J
University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada.
Haddad
Haissam
H
Davies
Ross A
RA
Mielniczuk
Lisa
L
D000241:Adenosine / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D000740:Anemia / Q000150:complications*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004232:Diuretics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D006440:Hemofiltration; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D011379:Prognosis; D012084:Renin-Angiotensin System / Q000187:drug effects; D012307:Risk Factors; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014667:Vasopressins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors
D004232:Diuretics; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D014667:Vasopressins; D000241:Adenosine