title: Noninvasive tools to assess liver disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Improved understanding of the pathophysiology of fibrosis and recent technological advances have resulted in the development of several serum biomarkers and imaging tools as noninvasive alternatives to biopsy. This review highlights some of the recent advances and potential application of these tools in clinical practice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Several newer approaches have been used to improve the semiquantitative histological assessment of fibrosis in relation to biomarker development. These include statistical considerations, smooth muscle actin morphometry, and emerging microscopy techniques to quantify fibrillar collagen. Serum marker panels, initially developed for determining disease stage in chronic hepatitis C infection, have now been adapted for use in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Genetic markers of disease progression have been validated, and newer proteomic technologies are increasingly being applied towards biomarker discovery. A sequential approach or the combination of serum markers and transient elastography is able to significantly reduce the need for biopsy for the diagnosis of cirrhosis. Serum markers also appear to provide useful prognostic information in end-stage liver disease. Newer imaging methods and breath tests require further validation, but appear promising adjunctive techniques for prediction of advanced stage fibrosis and providing functional assessment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Current noninvasive tools have potential diagnostic and prognostic utility for end-stage liver disease. Adapting these methods into clinical practice remains a challenge.
authors.affiliation: Duke Clinical Research Institute and Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA. keyur.patel@duke.edu
authors.forename: Keyur
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Patel
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D011379:Prognosis
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers