title: Cretaceous choristoderan reptiles gave birth to live young.
abstract: Viviparity (giving birth to live young) in fossil reptiles has been known only in a few marine groups: ichthyosaurs, pachypleurosaurs, and mosasaurs. Here, we report a pregnant specimen of the Early Cretaceous Hyphalosaurus baitaigouensis, a species of Choristodera, a diapsid group known from unequivocal fossil remains from the Middle Jurassic to the early Miocene (about 165 to 20 million years ago). This specimen provides the first evidence of viviparity in choristoderan reptiles and is also the sole record of viviparity in fossil reptiles which lived in freshwater ecosystems. This exquisitely preserved specimen contains up to 18 embryos arranged in pairs. Size comparison with small free-living individuals and the straight posture of the posterior-most pair suggest that those embryos were at term and had probably reached parturition. The posterior-most embryo on the left side has the head positioned toward the rear, contrary to normal position, suggesting a complication that may have contributed to the mother's death. Viviparity would certainly have freed species of Hyphalosaurus from the need to return to land to deposit eggs; taking this advantage, they would have avoided intense competition with contemporaneous terrestrial carnivores such as dinosaurs.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, 26 Baiwanzhuang Road, Beijing, 100037, China.
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.forename: Xiao-chun
authors.initials: XC
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Yen-nien
authors.initials: YN
authors.lastname: Cheng
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D005260:Female; D005580:Fossils; D010159:Palate / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D012104:Reptiles / Q000502:physiology*; D012886:Skull / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D052286:Viviparity, Nonmammalian