title: Transforming growth factor-{beta} coordinately induces suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 and leukemia inhibitory factor to suppress osteoclast apoptosis.
abstract: Local release of TGF-beta during times of high bone turnover leads to elevated levels within the bone microenvironment, and we have shown that TGF-beta suppresses osteoclast apoptosis. Therefore, understanding the influences of TGF-beta on bone resorbing osteoclasts is critical to the design of therapies to reduce excess bone loss. Here we investigated the mechanisms by which TGF-beta sustains suppression of osteoclast apoptosis. We found TGF-beta rapidly increased leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) expression and secretion by phosphorylated mothers against decapentaplegic-dependent and -independent signaling pathways. TGF-beta also induced suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) expression, which was required for TGF-beta or LIF to promote osteoclast survival by. Blocking LIF or SOCS3 blocked TGF-beta promotion of osteoclast survival, confirming that LIF and SOCS3 expression are necessary for TGF-beta-mediated suppression of osteoclast apoptosis. Investigation of the mechanisms by which LIF promotes osteoclast survival revealed that LIF-induced expression of Bcl-X(L) and repressed Bcl-2 interacting domain expression by activating MAPK kinase, AKT, and nuclear factor-kappaB pathways. Suppression of Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription signaling further increased Bcl-X(L) expression and enhanced osteoclast survival, supporting that this pathway is not involved in prosurvival effects of TGF-beta and LIF. These data show that TGF-beta coordinately induces LIF and SOCS3 to promote prosurvival signaling. This alters the ratio of prosurvival Bcl2 family member Bcl-X(L) to proapoptotic family member Bcl-2 interacting domain, leading to prolonged osteoclast survival.
authors.affiliation: Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ruan
authors.forename: Larry
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pederson
authors.forename: Elizabeth W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Bradley
authors.forename: Ana-Maria
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Bamberger
authors.forename: Merry Jo
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Oursler
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D053605:Leukemia Inhibitory Factor / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D010010:Osteoclasts / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D051785:Smad Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D050826:Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D013997:Time Factors; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D051020:bcl-X Protein / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D053605:Leukemia Inhibitory Factor; D016328:NF-kappa B; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D051785:Smad Proteins; D050826:Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling Proteins; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D051020:bcl-X Protein; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt