title: Enhanced absorption through damaged skin: an overview of the in vitro human model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Quantifying percutaneous absorption of topical drugs as well as those compounds relevant to occupational exposure is important for assessing delivery, efficacy and toxicology. Methods for assessing absorption are established for intact skin; however, what may be equally relevant is how much absorption occurs through damaged skin.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Embase database was accessed online in March 2009 in search of human in vitro studies measuring absorption through damaged or diseased skin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Few studies have measured absorption through damaged human skin in vitro but those that have demonstrate a modest but clear enhancement in absorption with enhancement favoring hydrophilic molecules.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Damaged or diseased skin may display a modest increase in absorption compared to intact skin; however, more studies with consistent methods and correlations to in vivo data are needed to fully elucidate how much absorption occurs through damaged skin.
authors.affiliation: Irvine School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gattu
authors.forename: H I
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Maibach
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism*; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D012869:Skin Absorption / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations