title: Individual design and rapid prototyping in reconstruction of orbital wall defects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined the application of individual digital design and rapid prototyping in the reconstruction of orbital wall defects for different stages of orbital volume (OV) changes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with unilateral post-traumatic orbital defects underwent individual digital design and rapid prototyping to manufacture specific titanium mesh implants to create ideal OV recovery. Features of orbital wall fracture deformities and OV changes were analyzed and measured with 3-Dimensional Medical Surface Rendering image software system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most cases involving enophthalmos and diplopia were rectified, except for 5 cases of enophthalmos and 2 cases of diplopia with fresh fractures and 11 cases of enophthalmos and 7 cases of diplopia cases with old fractures. Ocular movements and facial malformations were improved. The OV values between the uninjured and injured sides had a significant deviation (P < .05). The degree of enophthalmos had no significant deviation with OV changes pre- and postoperatively in the early fracture stages. The degree of enophthalmos in the old fracture stages had a significant deviation with OV changes pre- and postoperatively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study showed that orbital wall fractures can be diagnosed in early fracture stages and that the degree of long-term enophthalmos can be predicted with 3-Dimensional Medical Surface Rendering software. Our results suggest that early-stage orbital wall fractures should recover OV as early as possible, and that advanced stage orbital wall fractures should overcorrect OV. The degree of accuracy and rational of OV reconstruction can be improved by appropriate individual digitalization design and rapid prototyping technology.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, Peoples Republic of China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Lijuan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Long
authors.forename: Hang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Yunfeng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Weidong
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Tian
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004172:Diplopia / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D015841:Enophthalmos / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D005593:Fracture Fixation, Internal; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009915:Orbit / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D009917:Orbital Fractures / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D020273:Orbital Implants; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D013526:Surgical Mesh; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D055815:Young Adult; D015051:Zygomatic Fractures / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery