title: Evidence of genetic instability in tumors and normal nearby tissues.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Comprehensive analyses have recently been performed on many human cancer tissues, leading to the identification of a number of mutated genes but providing no information on the variety of mutations present in each of them. This information is of interest to understand the possible origin of gene mutations that cause tumors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We have analyzed the sequence heterogeneity of the transcripts of the human HPRT and G6PD single copy genes that are not considered tumor markers. Analyses have been performed on different colon cancers and on the nearby histologically normal tissues of two male patients. Several copies of each cDNA, which were produced by cloning the RT-PCR-amplified fragments of the specific mRNA, have been sequenced. Similar analyses have been performed on blood samples of two ostensibly healthy males as reference controls. The sequence heterogeneity of the HPRT and G6PD genes was also determined on DNA from tumor tissues. The employed analytical approach revealed the presence of low-frequency mutations not detectable by other procedures. The results show that genetic heterogeneity is detectable in HPRT and G6PD transcripts in both tumors and nearby healthy tissues of the two studied colon tumors. Similar frequencies of mutations are observed in patient genomic DNA, indicating that mutations have a somatic origin. HPRT transcripts show genetic heterogeneity also in healthy individuals, in agreement with previous results on human T-cells, while G6PD transcript heterogeneity is a characteristic of the patient tissues. Interestingly, data on TP53 show little, if any, heterogeneity in the same tissues.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings show that genetic heterogeneity is a peculiarity not only of cancer cells but also of the normal tissue where a tumor arises.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Geraci
authors.forename: Ida
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: D'Elia
authors.forename: Rosanna
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: del Gaudio
authors.forename: Rossella
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Di Giaimo
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003106:Colon / Q000378:metabolism*; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000235:genetics; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics; D005091:Exons / Q000235:genetics; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D018740:Genetic Heterogeneity; D042822:Genomic Instability; D005954:Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007041:Hypoxanthine Phosphoribosyltransferase / Q000235:genetics; D007438:Introns / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D009154:Mutation; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000235:genetics; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D018076:DNA, Complementary; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D005954:Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase; D007041:Hypoxanthine Phosphoribosyltransferase