title: Acidification of calf bedding reduces fly development and bacterial abundance.
abstract: Environmental stressors, such as high fly density, can affect calf well-being. Sodium bisulfate (SBS) is an acidifier that reduces the pH of flooring and bedding, creating a medium that neither bacteria nor immature flies (also known as larvae or maggots) can thrive in. Two experiments were conducted to investigate the application of SBS to a mixture of rice hull calf bedding and calf slurry (BED) to reduce house fly (Musca domestica L.) larval density and the abundance of bacteria. In experiment 1, dish pans containing 1L of BED and 3,000 house fly eggs were treated with SBS at concentrations of 0, 8.9, 17.7, and 26.5g of SBS/0.05m(2) of BED (CON, LOW, MED, and HIGH, respectively), with each SBS concentration applied to 4 individual pans (16 pans total). Reapplication of the same SBS concentrations in each pan occurred 3 times/wk throughout the 23-d trial. Larval house fly survival was significantly reduced in all pans with SBS relative to CON pans, with lowest survival rates in the MED and HIGH pans (99% and 100% reduction, respectively). The mean pH for each treatment was inversely related to the SBS concentration. In experiment 2, pans containing 1L of BED and 3,000 house fly eggs were treated with either 0g of SBS (CON), 8.9g of SBS/0.05m(2) of BED with reapplication of the acidifier 3 times/wk (SB3x), or 8.9g of SBS/0.05m(2) of BED applied only once at 48h before the end of the 8 d-trial (SB48). Larval house fly survival and bacterial concentrations were reduced (90% larval reduction and 68% bacterial reduction) in the SB3x treatment relative to the CON. Mean pH was also reduced in SB3x pans relative to CON or SB48 pans. Overall, acidification of calf BED using the acidifier SBS resulted in a reduction of bacteria and house fly larval survival. This form of fly control might be expected to reduce adult fly production and, therefore, fly-related stress in calves.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis 95616, USA.
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Calvo
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Gerry
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: McGarvey
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Armitage
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Mitloehner
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects*; D001512:Bedding and Linens / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D005430:Floors and Floorcoverings; D006793:Houseflies / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D013431:Sulfates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D013431:Sulfates; C012036:sodium sulfate