title: Static and dynamic gait parameters before and after multilevel soft tissue surgery in ambulating children with cerebral palsy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent studies have questioned the efficacy of releasing hip flexion contractures and the resulting ankle position after tendoachilles lengthening in ambulating children with cerebral palsy (CP).
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-three ambulatory children with CP underwent 96 soft tissue-lengthening procedures without bony surgery. Preoperative and postoperative clinical and computerized gait data were reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Static contractures improved reliably, with improvements in all areas measured, including hip flexion contracture (14 degree improvement), hip abduction (19 degree improvement), popliteal angle (26 degree improvement), and ankle dorsiflexion (11 degree improvement). The changes in computerized gait data were less uniform. The knees showed significant benefits, as evidenced by improved maximal knee extension in stance phase (37.3 degree preop and 19.9 degree postop) and at initial contact (51.6 degree preop and 34.8 degree postop). At the hip, a statistically significant improvement was only seen in maximum hip extension in stance phase (minimum hip flexion), and the magnitude of this change was only 4.6 degree (15.3 to 10.7 degree). There were no significant changes at the pelvis. At the ankle, the tendency was toward calcaneal gait after Achilles tendon lengthening, with excessive dorsiflexion seen both in stance (17.3 degree) and at toe off (-6.9 degree). Tempero-spatial parameters showed improved stride length, but no significant changes in gait velocity or cadence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The persistence of crouch postoperatively, though improved, likely limited the potential changes in hip kinematics. As this study excluded patients undergoing osseous surgery, it is possible that lever arm dysfunction may have contributed to the ongoing crouch. The results of this study suggest that static contractures and knee kinematics improve reliably after soft tissue surgery in children with CP, but that caution must be exercised when considering heel cord lengthening in these children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Therapeutic level II. See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
authors.affiliation: University of California Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90921, USA. nbernthal@mednet.ucla.edu
authors.forename: Nicholas M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Bernthal
authors.forename: Seth C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Gamradt
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Kay
authors.forename: Tishya A L
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Wren
authors.forename: Anna V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Cuomo
authors.forename: Jeremy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Reid
authors.forename: Joshua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bales
authors.forename: Norman Y
authors.initials: NY
authors.lastname: Otsuka
mesh_terms: D000125:Achilles Tendon / Q000601:surgery*; D000293:Adolescent; D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000503:physiopathology; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D002648:Child; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005684:Gait; D006616:Hip Contracture / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000503:physiopathology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016138:Walking