title: Clinically significant behavior problems during the initial 18 months following early childhood traumatic brain injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study looked at the emergence of clinically significant problems in behavior, executive function skills, and social competence during the initial 18 months following traumatic brain injury (TBI) in young children relative to a cohort of children with orthopedic injuries (OI) and the environmental factors that predict difficulties postinjury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children, ages 3-7 years, hospitalized for severe TBI, moderate TBI, or OI were seen shortly after their injury (M = 40 days) and again 6 months, 12 months, and 18 months postinjury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Behavioral parent self-reports, demographic data, family functioning reports, and home environment reports were collected at injury baseline and each time point postinjury.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results suggest that, compared with the OI group, the severe TBI group developed significantly more externalizing behavior problems and executive function problems following injury that persisted through the 18-month follow-up. Minimal social competence difficulties appeared at the 18-month follow-up, suggesting a possible pattern of emerging deficits rather than a recovery over time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Predictors of the emergence of clinically significant problems included permissive parenting, family dysfunction, and low socioeconomic status. The findings are similar to those found in school-age children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA. chapmala@email.uc.edu
authors.forename: Leah A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Chapman
authors.forename: Shari L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Wade
authors.forename: Nicolay C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Walz
authors.forename: H Gerry
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Terry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Stancin
authors.forename: Keith O
authors.initials: KO
authors.lastname: Yeates
mesh_terms: D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors