title: Sumoylation of the Epstein-Barr virus BZLF1 protein inhibits its transcriptional activity and is regulated by the virus-encoded protein kinase.
abstract: The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) immediate-early protein BZLF1 (Z) mediates the switch between latent and lytic EBV infection. Z not only activates early lytic viral gene transcription but also plays a direct role in lytic viral genome replication. Although a small fraction of Z is known to be sumoylated, the effects of this posttranslational modification on various different Z functions have not been well defined. In this report, we show that only the lysine at amino acid residue 12 is required for the sumoylation of Z, and that Z can be sumoylated by SUMO isoforms 1, 2, and 3. We also demonstrate that the sumo-defective Z mutants ZK12A and ZK12R have enhanced transcriptional activity. The sumoylated and nonsumoylated forms of Z were found to have a similar cellular location, both being localized primarily within the nuclear matrix. The Z sumo-defective mutants were, however, partially defective for disrupting promyelocytic leukemia (PML) bodies compared to the ability of wild-type Z. In addition, we show that lytic viral genome replication does not require the sumoylation of Z, although a Z mutant altered at both amino acids 12 and 13 is replication defective. Furthermore, we show that the sumoylation of Z is greatly increased (from less than 1 to about 11%) in lytically induced 293 cells infected with an EBV mutant virus deleted for the EBV-encoded protein kinase (EBV-PK) compared to that of 293 cells infected with wild-type EBV, and that the overexpression of EBV-PK leads to the reduced sumoylation of Z in EBV-negative cells. Our results suggest that the sumoylation of Z helps to promote viral latency, and that EBV-PK inhibits Z sumoylation during viral reactivation.
authors.affiliation: McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 1400 University Ave., Madison, WI 53706, USA.
authors.forename: Stacy R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Hagemeier
authors.forename: Sarah J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Dickerson
authors.forename: Qiao
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.forename: Xianming
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Janet E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Mertz
authors.forename: Shannon C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Kenney
mesh_terms: D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000821:virology; D002460:Cell Line; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000821:virology; D015967:Gene Expression Regulation, Viral; D004854:Herpesvirus 4, Human / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational; D025841:Small Ubiquitin-Related Modifier Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000378:metabolism*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D014775:Virus Activation; D017735:Virus Latency; D014779:Virus Replication
chemical_list: C063676:BZLF1 protein, Herpesvirus 4, Human; D025841:Small Ubiquitin-Related Modifier Proteins; D015534:Trans-Activators; D014764:Viral Proteins; D011494:Protein Kinases