title: Influence of gallate esterification on the activity of procyanidin B2 in androgen-dependent human prostate carcinoma LNCaP cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Present study assessed the influence of gallate esterification on the anti-cancer activity of procyanidin B2 (B2) in androgen-dependent human prostate carcinoma LNCaP cells employing B2-3,3'-di-O-gallate (B2-G(2)), two mono-gallate esters B2-3-O-gallate (B2-3G) and B2-3'-O-gallate (B2-3'G) and the parent compound B2, all isolated from grape seed extract (GSE).
  
  
  METHODS
  Study compounds were isolated from GSE by several chromatographic steps and structures determined by a combination of enzymatic hydrolysis, mass spectrometry and comparisons with standards. Cells, treated with these compounds, were assessed for viability and apoptosis and examined by western blotting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gallate esters B2-G(2), B2-3G and B2-3'G significantly decreased LNCaP cell viability; however, B2 and gallic acid were ineffective. Furthermore, only B2-G(2) also significantly decreased cell growth. Decreases in cell viability were largely due to apoptosis induction with B2-G(2) and B2-3'G exhibiting comparable effects, whereas B2-3G was less effective. In mechanistic studies, B2-G(2) and B2-3'G treatments caused caspases-9 and -3 and PARP cleavage, and down-regulated Bcl-2, Bcl-Xl and androgen receptor levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Together, our findings demonstrate anti-PCA efficacy of B2-G(2) and suggest that a gallate ester moiety at 3' position of procyanidin B2 contributes more extensively toward the biological activity of the di-gallate ester than esterification of position 3.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Denver, C238- P15, Research 2, 12700 19th Ave., Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA.
authors.forename: Shen-Chieh
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Chou
authors.forename: Manjinder
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kaur
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: Rajesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Agarwal
authors.forename: Chapla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Agarwal
mesh_terms: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D044946:Biflavonoids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000188:drug therapy*; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D002392:Catechin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases / Q000378:metabolism; D044945:Proanthocyanidins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry*; D027843:Vitis / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D044946:Biflavonoids; D044945:Proanthocyanidins; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; C479580:procyanidin B2; D002392:Catechin; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases; D020169:Caspases