title: Prevalence of refractive errors and associated risk factors in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus SN-DREAMS, report 18.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report the prevalence of refractive errors and the associated risk factors in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus from an urban Indian population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Population-based, cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  One thousand eighty participants selected from a pool of 1414 subjects with diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  A population-based sample of 1414 persons (age >40 years) with diabetes (identified as per the World Health Organization criteria) underwent a comprehensive eye examination, including objective and subjective refractions.
  
  
  METHODS
  One thousand eighty subjects who were phakic in the right eye with best corrected visual acuity of > or =20/40 were included in the analysis for prevalence of refractive errors. Univariate and multivariate analyses were done to find out the independent risk factors associated with the refractive errors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean refraction was +0.20+/-1.72, and the Median, +0.25 diopters. The prevalence of emmetropia (spherical equivalent [SE], -0.50 to +0.50 diopter sphere [DS]) was 39.26%. The prevalence of myopia (SE <-0.50 DS), high myopia (SE <-5.00 DS), hyperopia (SE >+0.50 DS), and astigmatism (SE <-0.50 cyl) was 19.4%, 1.6%, 39.7%, and 47.4%, respectively. The advancing age was an important risk factor for the three refractive errors: for myopia, odds ratio (OR; 95% confidence interval [CI] 4.06 [1.74-9.50]; for hyperopia, OR [95% CI] 5.85 [2.56-13.39]; and for astigmatism, OR [95% CI] 2.51 [1.34-4.71]). Poor glycemic control was associated with myopia (OR [95% CI] 4.15 [1.44-11.92]) and astigmatism (OR [95% CI] 2.01 [1.04-3.88]). Female gender was associated with hyperopia alone) OR [95% CI] 2.00 [1.42-2.82].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present population-based study from urban India noted a high prevalence of refractive errors (60%) among diabetic subjects >40 years old; the prevalence of astigmatism (47%) was higher than hyperopia (40%) or myopia (20%).
authors.affiliation: Shri Bhagwan Mahavir Vitreoretinal Services, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Padmaja Kumari
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Rani
authors.forename: Rajiv
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Raman
authors.forename: Sudhir R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Rachapalli
authors.forename: Vaitheeswaran
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kulothungan
authors.forename: Govindasamy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kumaramanickavel
authors.forename: Tarun
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sharma
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001251:Astigmatism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006956:Hyperopia / Q000453:epidemiology*; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009216:Myopia / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology