title: Utilized friction when entering and exiting a dry and wet bathtub.
abstract: Bathtubs and showers are a common source of unintentional slips and falls. The goal of this study was to quantify the friction used by barefoot subjects entering and exiting a typical bathtub/shower enclosure under dry and wet conditions. Sixty subjects (30F, 30M) from three age groups (20-30 years, 40-50 years, 60-70 years) entered and exited a slip-resistant bathtub using six movement patterns (three entering and three exiting the tub) simulating actual use. Force plates installed in the tub floor and the slip-resistant deck outside the tub measured ground reaction forces, from which utilized friction and double support times were calculated. Overall, utilized friction varied from 0.102 to 0.442 (0.235+/-0.057) and was 0.058+/-0.040 lower in wet than dry conditions across all movement patterns (p<0.0001). During tub exiting movements, older subjects used less friction than young subjects (p<0.006). Utilized friction did not vary between genders (p>0.14). Double support times were longer in older subjects than in both young and middle-aged subjects for all movement patterns (p<0.0009) and longer under wet than dry conditions for all entry movements (p<0.0001). These data suggest that subjects regard the wet condition as more hazardous than the dry condition and adapt their utilized friction accordingly. These data also show that older subjects are more cautious than young subjects when confronted with the dual tasks of stepping over the tub's apron and transitioning to a surface perceived to be more slippery.
authors.affiliation: MEA Forensic Engineers & Scientists, 11-11151 Horseshoe Way, Richmond, BC, Canada V7A 4S5. gunter.siegmund@meaforensic.com
authors.forename: Gunter P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Siegmund
authors.forename: Jim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Flynn
authors.forename: Daniel W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Mang
authors.forename: Dennis D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Chimich
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Gardiner
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls / Q000517:prevention & control; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001494:Baths; D005260:Female; D017276:Friction; D006801:Humans; D008124:Locomotion; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011434:Proprioception; D013499:Surface Properties