title: Risk of prenatal depression: differences by race.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Approximately 20 million adults suffer from depressive illnesses each year and women are at least twice as likely as men to experience depressive disorders and symptoms. Empirical results have been mixed regarding racial differences in depression prevalence. Given that depression has negative effects on maternal outcomes, little has been explored in regard to prenatal depression across racial/ethnic groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a cross-sectional study. Data were abstracted from the 2006 National Inpatient Sample. A total of 877,579 women who delivered in a hospital in 2006 were identified. Presentation of depression at admission was the dependent variable. The independent variable was race/ethnicity that was categorized as White, African American, Hispanic, or other race. Patients' demographics, health insurance status, income level, and hospital characteristics were covariates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A little more than one percent (1.15%) of the women in the sample had depression as a comorbidity before the delivery. As compared with White women, African American women were much less likely to have the depression presentation (odds ratio (OR) [95% confidence interval (CI)] 0.43 [0.39, 0.47]), as were Hispanic women (OR [CI] 0.27 [0.25, 0.29]) and women of other races (OR [CI] 0.26 [0.23, 0.30]). Moreover, interactive effects between race/ethnicity and insurance status on the depression risk were also observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Counterintuitive findings that all minority women had lower depression risk as opposed to that of White women may indicate potential under-diagnosed depression and other mental illnesses among minority women. Further research is needed to examine whether the under-reporting or under-identification exists.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Care Administration and Policy, University of Nevada Las Vegas, 4505 Maryland Parkway, Box 453023, Las Vegas, NV 89154-3023, USA. jay.shen@unlv.edu
authors.forename: Jay J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Fang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Tara
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jackson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000523:psychology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000208:ethnology*; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D044465:White People / Q000523:psychology; D055815:Young Adult