title: Hollow fiber-liquid-phase microextraction of fungicides from orange juices.
abstract: Liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) based on polypropylene hollow fibers was evaluated for the extraction of the post-harvest fungicides thiabendazole (TBZ), carbendazim (CBZ) and imazalil (IMZ) from orange juices. Direct LPME was performed without any sample pretreatment prior to the extraction, using a simple home-built equipment. A volume of 500 microL of 840 mM NaOH was added to 3 mL of orange juice in order to compensate the acidity of the samples and to adjust pH into the alkaline region. Analytes were extracted in their neutral state through a supported liquid membrane (SLM) of 2-octanone into 20 microL of a stagnant aqueous solution of 10 mM HCl inside the lumen of the hollow fiber. Subsequently, the acceptor solution was directly subjected to analysis. Capillary electrophoresis (CE) was used during the optimization of the extraction procedure. Working under the optimized extraction conditions, LPME effectively extracted the analytes from different orange juices, regardless of different pH or solid material (pulp) present in the sample, with recoveries that ranged between 17.0 and 33.7%. The analytical performance of the method was evaluated by liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC/MS). This technique provided better sensitivity than CE and permitted the detection below the microg L(-1) level. The relative standard deviations of the recoveries (RSDs) ranged between 3.4 and 10.6%, which are acceptable values for a manual microextraction technique without any previous sample treatment, using a home-built equipment and working under non-equilibrium conditions (30 min extraction). Linearity was obtained in the range 0.1-10.0 microg L(-1), with r=0.999 and 0.998 for TBZ and IMZ, respectively. Limits of detection were below 0.1 microg L(-1) and are consistent with the maximum residue levels permitted for pesticides in drinking water, which is the most restrictive regulation applicable for these kinds of samples. It has been demonstrated the suitability of three-phase LPME for the extraction of pesticides from citrus juices, suppressing any pretreatment step such as filtration or removal of the solid material from the sample, that may potentially involve a loss of analyte.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Medio Ambiente, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Ctra. de La Coruña km 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain. barahona@inia.es
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Barahona
authors.forename: Astrid
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gjelstad
authors.forename: Stig
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pedersen-Bjergaard
authors.forename: Knut Einar
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Rasmussen
mesh_terms: D001628:Beverages / Q000032:analysis*; D032084:Citrus sinensis / Q000737:chemistry*; D004350:Drug Residues / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D005659:Fungicides, Industrial