title: Intracerebral hemorrhage in cocaine users.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cocaine is a cause of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), but there are no large studies that have characterized the location, pathology, and outcome of patients with cocaine-associated ICH.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a retrospective analysis of all patients admitted to our stroke service from 2004 to 2007 who had nontraumatic ICH and urine drug screens positive for cocaine and compared them with similar patients who had negative drug screens for cocaine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 45 patients with cocaine-associated ICH and 105 patients with cocaine-negative ICH. There were no significant differences in age or gender, but there was a significantly higher incidence of black patients in the cocaine-positive group. Cocaine-associated ICH patients had higher admission blood pressures, significantly more subcortical hemorrhages, and higher rates of intraventricular hemorrhage compared to patients with cocaine-negative ICH. Cocaine-positive patients had worse functional outcome, defined as modified Rankin Scale score >3 at the time of discharge (OR, 4.90; 95% CI, 2.19-10.97), and were less likely to be discharged home or to inpatient rehabilitation. Patients with cocaine-associated ICH were nearly 3-times more likely to die during their acute hospitalization when compared to cocaine-negative patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Recent cocaine ingestion is associated with hemorrhages that occur more frequently in subcortical locations, have a higher risk of intraventricular hemorrhage, and have a poor prognosis compared to patients with cocaine-negative, spontaneous ICH.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA.
authors.forename: Sheryl
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Martin-Schild
authors.forename: Karen C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Albright
authors.forename: Hen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hallevi
authors.forename: Andrew D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Barreto
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Philip
authors.forename: Vivek
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Misra
authors.forename: James C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Grotta
authors.forename: Sean I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Savitz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D003042:Cocaine / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000652:urine; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D044469:Racial Groups; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D003042:Cocaine