title: Evaluation of affordable screening markers to detect CD4+ T-cell counts below 200 cells/mul among HIV-1-infected Ugandan adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate validity of WHO staging, low body mass index (BMI) and anaemia in detecting HIV-infected adults with CD4+ T-cell counts < 200 cells/microl.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between October 1995 and April 2006, we screened Ugandans aged 16 or older at enrollment into an open cohort. We analysed highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART)-naïve HIV-infected patients with WHO stages 1-3 and complete data in a secondary cross-sectional study. Low BMI was a BMI < 18.5 kg/m(2). Anaemia was a haemoglobin level < 11 or 12 g/dl among women and men respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 2892 HAART-naïve patients, the median age was 32 years. 71% were women, 54% had WHO stage 3 AIDS, 34% had anaemia, 16% had a low BMI and 43% had CD4+ T-cell counts < 200 cells/microl. WHO stage 3 compared to combined WHO stages 1 and 2 had a sensitivity (95% CI) of 70% (67, 72) and a specificity of 57% (55, 60) respectively to detect CD4+ T-cell counts < 200 cells/microl. Anaemia compared to normal haemoglobin had sensitivity (95% CI) of 47% (44, 50) and a specificity of 76% (74, 78). Low BMI compared to normal BMI had sensitivity (95% CI) of 23% (20, 25) and a specificity of 89% (87, 90) against CD4+ T-cell counts < 200 cells/microl.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Only WHO stage 3 had reasonably high sensitivity in detecting CD4+ T-cell counts below 200 cells/microl in this setting. Targeted low-cost CD4 testing strategies are urgently needed to detect patients eligible for HAART in rural Africa and other resource-limited settings.
authors.affiliation: MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda. george.miiro@mrcuganda.org <george.miiro@mrcuganda.org>
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Miiro
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nakubulwa
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Watera
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Munderi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Floyd
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Grosskurth
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000740:Anemia / Q000175:diagnosis; D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D015992:Body Mass Index; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology; D015497:HIV-1; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014454:Uganda; D014944:World Health Organization; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents; D015415:Biomarkers; D006454:Hemoglobins