title: CXCR7 functions as a scavenger for CXCL12 and CXCL11.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  CXCR7 (RDC1), the recently discovered second receptor for CXCL12, is phylogenetically closely related to chemokine receptors, but fails to couple to G-proteins and to induce typical chemokine receptor mediated cellular responses. The function of CXCR7 is controversial. Some studies suggest a signaling activity in mammalian cells and zebrafish embryos, while others indicate a decoy activity in fish. Here we investigated the two propositions in human tissues.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We provide evidence and mechanistic insight that CXCR7 acts as specific scavenger for CXCL12 and CXCL11 mediating effective ligand internalization and targeting of the chemokine cargo for degradation. Consistently, CXCR7 continuously cycles between the plasma membrane and intracellular compartments in the absence and presence of ligand, both in mammalian cells and in zebrafish. In accordance with the proposed activity as a scavenger receptor CXCR7-dependent chemokine degradation does not become saturated with increasing ligand concentrations. Active CXCL12 sequestration by CXCR7 is demonstrated in adult mouse heart valves and human umbilical vein endothelium.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The finding that CXCR7 specifically scavenges CXCL12 suggests a critical function of the receptor in modulating the activity of the ubiquitously expressed CXCR4 in development and tumor formation. Scavenger activity of CXCR7 might also be important for the fine tuning of the mobility of hematopoietic cells in the bone marrow and lymphoid organs.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Ulrike
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Naumann
authors.forename: Elisabetta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cameroni
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pruenster
authors.forename: Harsha
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mahabaleshwar
authors.forename: Erez
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Raz
authors.forename: Hans-Günter
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Zerwes
authors.forename: Antal
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rot
authors.forename: Marcus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Thelen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D054371:Chemokine CXCL11 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D054377:Chemokine CXCL12 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000378:metabolism; D004705:Endocytosis / Q000502:physiology; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D008024:Ligands; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism; D054387:Receptors, CXCR / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014162:Transfection; D015027:Zebrafish
chemical_list: C501896:ACKR3 protein, human; D054371:Chemokine CXCL11; D054377:Chemokine CXCL12; D008024:Ligands; D054387:Receptors, CXCR; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins