title: Gene expression changes in the medial prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens following abstinence from cocaine self-administration.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many studies of cocaine-responsive gene expression have focused on changes occurring during cocaine exposure, but few studies have examined the persistence of these changes with cocaine abstinence. Persistent changes in gene expression, as well as alterations induced during abstinence may underlie long-lasting drug craving and relapse liability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Whole-genome expression analysis was conducted on a rat cocaine binge-abstinence model that has previously been demonstrated to engender increased drug seeking and taking with abstinence. Gene expression changes in two mesolimbic terminal fields (mPFC and NAc) were identified in a comparison of cocaine-naïve rats with rats after 10 days of cocaine self-administration followed by 1, 10, or 100 days of enforced abstinence (n = 6-11 per group). A total of 1,461 genes in the mPFC and 414 genes in the NAc were altered between at least two time points (ANOVA, p < 0.05; +/- 1.4 fold-change). These genes can be subdivided into: 1) changes with cocaine self-administration that do not persist into periods of abstinence, 2) changes with cocaine self-administration that persist with abstinence, 3) and those not changed with cocaine self-administration, but changed during enforced abstinence. qPCR analysis was conducted to confirm gene expression changes observed in the microarray analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Together, these changes help to illuminate processes and networks involved in abstinence-induced behaviors, including synaptic plasticity, MAPK signaling, and TNF signaling.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA. wfreeman@psu.edu
authors.forename: Willard M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Freeman
authors.forename: Melinda E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Lull
authors.forename: Kruti M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Brucklacher
authors.forename: Drake
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.forename: David C S
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Kent E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Vrana
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D003042:Cocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D018765:Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D015870:Gene Expression; D008297:Male; D009714:Nucleus Accumbens / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012646:Self Administration; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D018765:Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors; D003042:Cocaine