title: Training on a virtual reality simulator--is it really possible a correct evaluation of the surgeons' experience?
abstract: Laparoscopic simulators provide a safe and efficient means of acquiring surgical skills. It is well known that virtual reality training improves the performance of young surgeons. Most of the virtual reality simulators have construct validity and can differentiate between novice and expert surgeons. However, for some training modules and trainees categories the possibility to distinguish the real surgeon's experience is still discussed.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 14 young surgeons were evaluated during a 5 days postgraduate laparoscopic course using a LapSim Basic Skills, v. 3.0 simulator and a Virtual Laparoscopic Interface (VLI) hardware. The best performances of the surgeons were included in a MS Access database and statistical analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 6 males and 8 women with a mean age of 30.21 +/- 1.01 years old (range 26-38). Nine surgeons (64.28%) were young residents without any laparoscopic surgical experience (group I), and the other 5, had some laparoscopic surgical experience (10 to 30 laparoscopic procedures) (group II). During the instrument navigation task we found that both hands performances were significant better in group II--the navigation time was 12.43 +/- 1.31 vs 19.01 +/- 1.40 seconds for the left hand--p = 0.006 and 13.57 +/- 1.47 vs 22.18 +/- 3.16 seconds for the right hand--p = 0.032); the right instrument angular path degree was also shorter for experienced surgeons (153.17 +/- 16.72 vs 230.88 +/- 22.6 - p = 0.017). The same data were noted for the lifting and grasping module. However, the suturing module tasks revealed contradictory results: the group I residents recorded better performances then the group II surgeons: total time--677.06 +/- 111.48 vs 1122.65 +/- 166.62 seconds; p = 0.043; right instrument path (m)--15.62 +/- 2.47 vs 25.73 +/- 3.13; p = 0.028; right instrument angular path (degree)--3940.43 +/- 572.54 vs 6595.5597 +/- 753.26; p = 0.017.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Laparoscopic simulators are useful to evaluate the surgeons' experience; the parameters of the instrument navigation and lifting and grasping modules, which require a higher degree of eye-hand coordination, were better for residents with previous surgical experience and revealed a good transfer of training (TOT). The suturing module is less influenced by surgeons' experience. This result is probably explained by a lack of TOT.
authors.affiliation: "Gr.T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iaşi, School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, 1st Surgical Clinic, "St. Spiridon" Clinical Hospital Iaşi.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Moldovanu
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Târcoveanu
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lupaşcu
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dimofte
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Filip
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Vlad
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vasilescu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002983:Clinical Competence / Q000592:standards; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003194:Computer-Assisted Instruction / Q000295:instrumentation; D004503:Education, Medical, Graduate / Q000592:standards; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D013502:General Surgery / Q000193:education*; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy; D008297:Male; D012383:Romania; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014584:User-Computer Interface