title: Composite playground safety measure to correlate the rate of supracondylar humerus fractures with safety: an ecologic study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  More than 200,000 children are injured at playgrounds in the United States each year. Our goal was to introduce a composite measure of playground safety and use this instrument to correlate the incidence of supracondylar humerus fractures with playground safety in an ecologic study design.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used a novel "overall-safety rating," defined as a composite of 3 previously validated instruments (National Program for Playground Safety School score, surface depth compliance, and the use zone compliance) to measure the overall safety of all playgrounds within a region. The regions were rated from most to least safe based on average playground safety as measured by this new method. The incidence of supracondylar fractures was calculated using Hasbro Children's Hospital Emergency Department data and state of Rhode Island Census data from 1998 to 2006. The incidence was then correlated with playground safety as defined by our composite measure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with the neighborhood deemed the safest, the least safe district had 4.7 times greater odds of supracondylar humerus fracture. Overall composite safety score of the district was linearly correlated with the injury rate observed in the population at risk (R=0.98; P=0.04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using our novel composite playground safety score, we found that the incidence of supracondylar humerus fractures was increased in districts with playgrounds with lower scores, suggesting that improvements in playground infrastructure may potentially reduce the incidence of supracondylar humerus fractures, and other injuries, in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Level IV.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. parkmj82@gmail.com
authors.forename: Min Jung
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Keith
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Baldwin
authors.forename: Nomi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Weiss-Laxer
authors.forename: Jennifer B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Christian
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Mello
authors.forename: Craig
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Eberson
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Spiegel
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003257:Consumer Product Safety; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006810:Humeral Fractures / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D010988:Play and Playthings / Q000293:injuries*; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012237:Rhode Island / Q000453:epidemiology; D012306:Risk; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology