title: The multifactorial etiology of inhibitor development in hemophilia: genetics and environment.
abstract: The most important complication in the treatment of hemophilia A patients today is the development of inhibitory antibodies against infused factor VIII (FVIII). Inhibitor development is caused by a complex interplay between both genetic and environmental factors. The risk of developing inhibitors is greatest in previously untreated patients with severe hemophilia A. Several genetic factors, such as a positive family history of inhibitors, ethnicity, FVIII genotype, and certain polymorphisms in immune modulatory genes, are associated with the risk of inhibitor development. Treatment-related factors, such as intensive treatment with FVIII for bleeds or surgery, are associated with a higher inhibitor risk. However, regular prophylaxis seems to have a protective effect on inhibitor development. Knowledge about the risk factors of inhibitor development is a condition for predicting and in the future possibly even preventing the development of inhibitors in patients with severe hemophilia A. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the potential risk factors of inhibitor development. At present, many uncertainties still remain that will require collaborative investigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands. s.c.gouw@umcutrecht.nl
authors.forename: Samantha C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Gouw
authors.forename: H Marÿke
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: van den Berg
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D019774:Blood Coagulation Factor Inhibitors / Q000235:genetics*; D004777:Environment; D005164:Factor IX / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005169:Factor VIII / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006467:Hemophilia A / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control; D002836:Hemophilia B / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D000949:Histocompatibility Antigens Class II / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000009:adverse effects; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D019774:Blood Coagulation Factor Inhibitors; D000949:Histocompatibility Antigens Class II; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D005169:Factor VIII; D005164:Factor IX