title: Energy and macronutrient requirements for physical fitness in exercising subjects.
abstract: Optimal nutritional intakes are critical for health- and skill-related physical fitness. This review details the effect of energy restriction and supplementation on physical fitness, discusses the optimal chronic macronutrient intakes for physical fitness in exercising subjects and finally overviews the impact of short-term intakes of carbohydrate and protein, before, during and after exercise, on physical fitness of athletes. The present standings highlight that it is essential that health care givers personalize nutritional advice to meet the specific needs of exercising individuals while applying the described recommendations. It reminds the difficulty of providing straight nutritional recommendations for physical fitness on the basis of evidence-based medicine.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Nutrition, Geneva University Hospital, Rue Gabrielle Perret-Gentil 24, 1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Laurence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Genton
authors.forename: Katarina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Melzer
authors.forename: Claude
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pichard
mesh_terms: D056352:Athletes; D031204:Caloric Restriction / Q000009:adverse effects; D004032:Diet; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000009:adverse effects; D002149:Energy Intake; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D010809:Physical Fitness; D057285:Precision Medicine / Q000379:methods; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004044:Dietary Proteins