title: The acquisition of reading fluency in an orthographically transparent language (Italian): an eye movement longitudinal study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to examine longitudinally the acquisition of reading fluency in a shallow orthography from the very beginning using eye movement recordings. The development of reading fluency is easier to examine in shallow (such as German, Finnish, or Italian) rather than in opaque (such as English or French) orthographies because the former limit the presence of speed-accuracy trade-offs at early stages of acquisition. To date, only cross-sectional eye movement studies of reading development are available.
  
  
  METHODS
  One normally developing child was assessed at the very beginning of first grade and at the end of the first, second, and fifth grades. Eye movement parameters during reading, reading speed and accuracy in a standard reading test, and vocal reaction time at onset to single words varying in length were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Reading fluency improved dramatically during the first grade and progressively less thereafter: the word-length effect decreased abruptly by the end of the first grade and then less onwards. The rate of improvement closely followed a power function. This pattern held for standard reading tests, various eye movement parameters during reading, and vocal reaction times to single word onset.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These longitudinal observations indicate the rapid acquisition of reading fluency in a transparent orthography showing that the largest changes occurred within the first year of education.
authors.affiliation: Neuropsychology Unit, IRCSS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Scientific Institute for Research, Hospitalization and Health Care, Via Ardeatina, 306-00179 Rome, Italy. m.deluca@hsantalucia.it
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De Luca
authors.forename: Fabrizio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zeri
authors.forename: Donatella
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Spinelli
authors.forename: Pierluigi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zoccolotti
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005133:Eye Movements / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005403:Fixation, Ocular / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D007807:Language Tests; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D011932:Reading; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013997:Time Factors