title: Cost of illness in patients with Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome.
abstract: We evaluated the health economic burden of patients with Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome (GTS) in Germany over a 3-month observation period. Direct and indirect costs were evaluated in 200 outpatients with GTS (mean age 35 +/- 11.5 years) in Germany. Patients were recruited from three outpatient departments that specialized in GTS and completed a semi-structured and self-rating interview with questionnaires screening for direct and indirect medical and non-medical costs, health status, depression, amount and severity of symptoms. Costs were obtained from various German medical economic resources. Indirect costs for lost productivity were calculated using the human capital approach. Costs were calculated from the point of view of healthcare and transfer payment providers and the individual patient. Multivariate regression analyses were performed to identify independent cost predictors. Costs are in year 2006-2007 values. Direct costs were 620 +/- 1,697.1euro, including rehabilitation 98.8 +/- 993.6euro, hospitalization 195.8 +/- 1,267.8euro, outpatient treatment 14.0 +/- 40.6euro, ancillary treatment 51.9 +/- 137.4euro. Drug costs were 223.1 +/- 430.4. The indirect medical costs amounted to 2,511.3 +/- 3,809.5euro for productivity loss and to 220.0 +/- 1,092euro for absenteeism. The following variables were found to impact on direct costs: employment status, occupational advancement, depression, quality of life, age. Disease severity had no influence on cost. Because of the earlier age of disease onset, indirect costs are higher than direct costs. Interestingly, disease severity did not influence the resource need in this population. Unfortunately, no cost of illness studies are available for comparison. Further health economic studies, especially cost-effectiveness studies, are necessary for a basis for rational resource allocation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Philipps-University Marburg, Rudolf-Bultmann-Str. 8, Marburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Ines
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Dodel
authors.forename: Jens Peter
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Reese
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Münchau
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Balzer-Geldsetzer
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wasem
authors.forename: Wolfgang H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Oertel
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dodel
authors.forename: Kirsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Müller-Vahl
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D000368:Aged; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003863:Depression / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology; D004651:Employment / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D005879:Tourette Syndrome / Q000191:economics* / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D055815:Young Adult