title: The health implications of wastewater reuse in vegetable irrigation: a case study from Malamulele, South Africa.
abstract: Malamulele is located in an arid region where small-scale irrigation with wastewater is rife. A study was conducted to investigate the health implications of wastewater reuse in vegetable irrigation. Results showed that there are potential health hazards associated with this practice. The wastewater contained 103 helminth eggs/100 ml and zero helminth eggs for control group; vegetable wash water had 3 helminth eggs/100 ml for the exposed group and zero for control. The wastewater results exceeded the WHO guidelines whereas the vegetable wash water counts were within the guideline. Stool samples of farmers and their children indicated common infections with hookworm and Giardia lamblia. Hookworm infections were high (42%) among exposed group in comparison to the control group (27.5%). The farmers were able derive their livelihood from the sale of vegetables. The findings suggest that the health risks of using wastewater are real but can be managed by using the incomes that the farmers earn.
authors.affiliation: University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa. jabulani.gumbo@univen.ac.za
authors.forename: Jabulani Ray
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Gumbo
authors.forename: Eric Mathwalibona
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Malaka
authors.forename: John O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Odiyo
authors.forename: Lerato
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nare
mesh_terms: D000723:Ancylostomatoidea / Q000302:isolation & purification; D000818:Animals; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D018556:Crops, Agricultural / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000469:parasitology; D003889:Desert Climate; D005243:Feces / Q000469:parasitology; D016829:Giardia lamblia / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005873:Giardiasis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology; D006304:Health Status; D006725:Hookworm Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology; D006801:Humans; D011634:Public Health / Q000592:standards; D012306:Risk; D013019:South Africa; D014675:Vegetables / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000469:parasitology; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods*; D018508:Water Purification