title: The use of physicochemical methods to detect organic food soils on stainless steel surfaces.
abstract: Food processing surfaces fouled with organic material pose problems ranging from aesthetic appearance, equipment malfunction and product contamination. Despite the importance of organic soiling for subsequent product quality, little is known about the interaction between surfaces and organic soil components. A range of complex and defined food soils was applied to 304 stainless steel (SS) surfaces to determine the effect of type and concentration of soil on surface physicochemical parameters, viz surface hydrophobicity (DeltaG(iwi)), surface free energy (gamma(s)), Lifshitz van der Waals (gamma_LW(s)), Lewis acid base (gamma_AB(s)), electron acceptor (gamma_+(s) ) and electron donor (gamma_-(s) ) measurements. When compared to the control surface, changes in gamma_AB(s), gamma_+(s) and gamma_-(s) were indicative of surface soiling. However, soil composition and surface coverage were heterogeneous, resulting in complex data being generated from which trends could not be discerned. These results demonstrate that the retention of food soil produces changes in the physicochemical parameters of the surface that could be used to indicate the hygienic status of a surface.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK. k.a.whitehead@mmu.ac.uk
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Whitehead
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Benson
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Verran
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002611:Cheese / Q000032:analysis*; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D004866:Equipment Contamination; D005399:Fishes; D005525:Food-Processing Industry / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards*; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D006920:Hygiene / Q000592:standards; D008460:Meat / Q000032:analysis*; D009930:Organic Chemicals / Q000032:analysis; D013193:Stainless Steel / Q000737:chemistry*; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D009930:Organic Chemicals; D013193:Stainless Steel