title: Image guidance and neuromonitoring in neurosurgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The localization of tumors and epileptogenic foci within the somatosensory or language cortex of the brain of a child poses unique neurosurgical challenges. In the past, lesions in these regions were not treated aggressively for fear of inducing neurological deficits. As a result, while function may have been preserved, the underlying disease may not have been optimally treated, and repeat neurosurgical procedures were frequently required. Today, with the advent of preoperative brain mapping, image guidance or neuronavigation, and intraoperative monitoring, peri-Rolandic and language cortex lesions can be approached directly and definitively with a high degree of confidence that neurosurgical function will be maintained.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The preoperative brain maps can now be achieved with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), functional MRI, magnetoencephalography, and diffusion tensor imaging. Image guidance systems have improved significantly and include the use of the intraoperative MRI. Somatosensory, motor, and brainstem auditory-evoked potentials are used as standard neuromonitoring techniques in many centers around the world. Added to this now is the use of continuous train-of-five monitoring of the integrity of the corticospinal tract while operating in the peri-Rolandic region.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We are in an era where continued advancements can be expected in mapping additional pathways such as visual, memory, and hearing pathways. With these new advances, neurosurgeons can expect to significantly improve their surgical outcomes further.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Wai Hoe
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.forename: Karim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mukhida
authors.forename: James T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Rutka
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D002648:Child; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000379:methods*; D018302:Neoplasms, Neuroepithelial / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D012640:Seizures / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery