title: Diapocynin versus apocynin as pretranscriptional inhibitors of NADPH oxidase and cytokine production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
abstract: Apocynin has been extensively used as an inhibitor of NADPH oxidase (NOX) in many experimental models using phagocytic and non-phagocytic cells. Currently, there is some controversy about the efficacy of apocynin in non-phagocytic cells, but in phagocytes the reported results are consistent, which could be due to the presence of myeloperoxidase in these cells. This enzyme has been proposed as responsible for activating apocynin by generating its dimer, diapocynin, which is supposed to be the active compound that prevents NADPH oxidase complex assembly and activation. Here, we synthesized diapocynin and studied its effect on inhibition of gp91(phox) RNA expression. We found that diapocynin strongly inhibited the expression of gp91(phox)mRNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Only at a higher concentration, apocynin was able to exert the same effect. We also compared the apocynin and diapocynin efficacy as inhibitors of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) production in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated PBMC. Although apocynin did inhibit TNF-alpha production, diapocynin had a much more pronounced effect, on both TNF-alpha and IL-10 production. In conclusion, these findings suggest that the bioconversion of apocynin to diapocynin is an important issue not limited to enzymatic activity inhibition, but also for other biological effects as gp91(phox) mRNA expression and cytokine production. Hence, as diapocynin can be easily prepared from apocynin, a one-step synthesis, we recommend its use in studies where the biological effects of apocynin are searched.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Unesp-Univ Estadual Paulista, Rua Expedicionários do Brasil, 1621, CEP 14801-902, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marília P P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Kanegae
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Condino-Neto
authors.forename: Luis Alberto
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Pedroza
authors.forename: Ana Carolina
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: de Almeida
authors.forename: Jussara
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rehder
authors.forename: Luiz Marcos
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: da Fonseca
authors.forename: Valdecir F
authors.initials: VF
authors.lastname: Ximenes
mesh_terms: D000098:Acetophenones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics; D000074662:NADPH Oxidase 2; D019255:NADPH Oxidases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000098:Acetophenones; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D016207:Cytokines; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C527766:diapocynin; C056165:acetovanillone; C056558:CYBB protein, human; D000074662:NADPH Oxidase 2; D019255:NADPH Oxidases