title: Drug treatment of Alzheimer's disease patients leads to expression changes in peripheral blood cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Increasing cholinergic activity has been the primary mechanism for treating dementia due to Alzheimer's disease. However, the effectiveness of cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs) is still widely debated. The identification of specific biomarkers capable of identifying patients more likely to respond to these treatments could potentially provide specific evidence to clearly address this controversy through patient stratification. The goal of this study was to determine the feasibility of discovering biomarkers specific for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Peripheral blood was collected from a cohort of patients treated with different ChEIs. Total RNA was isolated and profiled on the human Genome-Wide SpliceArray (GWSA) to test the feasibility of discriminating the different treatment subgroups of subjects based on the expression patterns generated from the Genome-Wide SpliceArray.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Specific expression differences were identified for the various treatment groups that lead to a clear separation between patients treated with ChEIs versus naïve patients when Principal Component Analysis was performed on probe sets selected for differential expression. In addition, specific probe sets were identified to be dependent on the inhibitor used among the treated patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Distinct separation between non-treated, galantamine, donepezil, and rivastigmine-treated patients was clearly identified based on small sets of expression probes. The ability to identify drug-specific treatment expression differences strengthens the potential for using peripheral gene signatures for the identification of individuals responding to drug treatment.
authors.affiliation: ExonHit Therapeutics Inc, Gaithersburg, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Margaret A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Calciano
authors.forename: Weiyin
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Snyder
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Einstein
mesh_terms: D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001773:Blood Cells / Q000187:drug effects*; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D000077265:Donepezil; D005702:Galantamine / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007189:Indans / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D046228:Microarray Analysis / Q000379:methods; D048448:Phenylcarbamates / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010880:Piperidines / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D012313:RNA / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000068836:Rivastigmine
chemical_list: D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D007189:Indans; D048448:Phenylcarbamates; D010880:Piperidines; D005702:Galantamine; D012313:RNA; D000077265:Donepezil; D000068836:Rivastigmine