title: Effect of premeal consumption of whey protein and its hydrolysate on food intake and postmeal glycemia and insulin responses in young adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dairy protein ingestion before a meal reduces food intake and, when consumed with carbohydrate, reduces blood glucose.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to describe the effect of whey protein (WP) or its hydrolysate (WPH) when consumed before a meal on food intake, pre- and postmeal satiety, and concentrations of blood glucose and insulin in healthy young adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two randomized crossover studies were conducted. WP (10-40 g) in 300 mL water was provided in experiment 1, and WP (5-40 g) and WPH (10 g) in 300 mL water were provided in experiment 2. At 30 min after consumption, the subjects were fed an ad libitum pizza meal (experiment 1) or a preset pizza meal (12 kcal/kg, experiment 2). Satiety, blood glucose, and insulin were measured at baseline and at intervals both before and after the meals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In experiment 1, 20-40 g WP suppressed food intake (P < 0.0001) and 10-40 g WP reduced postmeal blood glucose concentrations and the area under the curve (AUC) (P < 0.05). In experiment 2, 10-40 g WP, but not WPH, reduced postmeal blood glucose AUC and insulin AUC in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05). The ratio of cumulative blood glucose to insulin AUCs (0-170 min) was reduced by > or =10 g WP but not by 10 g WPH.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  WP consumed before a meal reduces food intake, postmeal blood glucose and insulin, and the ratio of cumulative blood glucose to insulin AUCs in a dose-dependent manner. Intact WP, but not WPH, contributes to blood glucose control by both insulin-dependent and insulin-independent mechanisms. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00988377 and NCT00988182.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Tina
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Akhavan
authors.forename: Bohdan L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Luhovyy
authors.forename: Peter H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Clara E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: G Harvey
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Anderson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006868:Hydrolysis; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008894:Milk Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019518:Postprandial Period; D012528:Satiety Response / Q000187:drug effects*; D000067816:Whey Proteins; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D007328:Insulin; D008894:Milk Proteins; D000067816:Whey Proteins