title: Influence of coffee and caffeine consumption on atrial fibrillation in hypertensive patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Coffee and caffeine are widely consumed in Western countries. Little information is available on the influence of coffee and caffeine consumption on atrial fibrillation (AF) in hypertensive patients. We sought to investigate the relationship between coffee consumption and atrial fibrillation with regard to spontaneous conversion of arrhythmia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A group of 600 patients presenting with a first known episode of AF was investigated, and we identified 247 hypertensive patients. The prevalence of nutritional parameters was assessed with a food frequency questionnaire. Coffee and caffeine intake were specifically estimated. Left ventricular hypertrophy was evaluated by electrocardiogram (ECG) and echocardiogram. Coffee consumption was higher in normotensive patients. High coffee consumers were more frequent in normotensive patients compared with hypertensive patients. On the other hand, the intake of caffeine was similar in hypertensive and normotensive patients, owing to a higher intake in hypertensive patients from sources other than coffee. Within normotensive patients, we report that non-habitual and low coffee consumers showed the highest probability of spontaneous conversion (OR 1.93 95%CI 0.88-3.23; p=0.001), whereas, within hypertensive patients, moderate but not high coffee consumers had the lowest probability of spontaneous conversion (OR 1.13 95%CI 0.67-1.99; p=0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Coffee and caffeine consumption influence spontaneous conversion of atrial fibrillation. Normotensive non-habitual coffee consumers are more likely to convert arrhythmia within 48h from the onset of symptoms. Hypertensive patients showed a U-shaped relationship between coffee consumption and spontaneous conversion of AF, moderate coffee consumers were less likely to show spontaneous conversion of arrhythmia. Patients with left ventricular hypertrophy showed a reduced rate of spontaneous conversion of arrhythmia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Science, Section of Cardiology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via del pozzo, 71, 41100 Modena, Italy. annavittoria.mattioli@unimore.it
authors.forename: A V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Mattioli
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Farinetti
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Miloro
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pedrazzi
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mattioli
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000473:pathology*; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002110:Caffeine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003069:Coffee / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018450:Disease Progression; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D003069:Coffee; D002110:Caffeine