title: Gas emission into the atmosphere from controlled landfills: an example from Legoli landfill (Tuscany, Italy).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Landfill gas (LFG) tends to escape from the landfill surface even when LFG collecting systems are installed. Since LFG leaks are generally a noticeable percentage of the total production of LFG, the optimisation of the collection system is a fundamental step for both energy recovery and environmental impact mitigation. In this work, we suggest to take into account the results of direct measurements of gas fluxes at the air-cover interface to achieve this goal.
  
  
  METHODS
  During the last 5 years (2004-2009), 11 soil gas emission surveys have been carried out at the Municipal Solid Waste landfill of Legoli (Peccioli municipality, Pisa Province, Italy) by means of the accumulation chamber method. Direct and simultaneous measurements of CH(4) and CO(2) fluxes from the landfill cover (about 140,000 m(2)) have been performed to estimate the total output of both gases discharged into the atmosphere. Three different data processing have been applied and compared: Arithmetic mean of raw data (AMRD), sequential Gaussian conditional simulations (SGCS) and turning bands conditional simulations (TBCS). The total amount of LFG (captured and not captured) obtained from processing of direct measurements has been compared with the corresponding outcomes of three different numerical models (LandGEM, IPCC waste model and GasSim).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Measured fluxes vary from undetectable values (<0.05 mol m(-2) day(-1) for CH(4) and <0.02 mol m(-2) day(-1) for CO(2)) to 246 mol m(-2) day(-1) for CH(4) and 275 mol m(-2) day(-1) for CO(2). The specific CH(4) and CO(2) fluxes (flux per surface unit) vary from 1.8 to 7.9 mol m(-2) day(-1) and from 2.4 to 7.8 mol m(-2) day(-1), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The three different estimation methodologies (AMRD, SGCS and TBCS) used to evaluate the total output of diffused CO(2) and CH(4) fluxes from soil provide similar estimations, whereas there are some mismatches between these results and those of numerical LFG production models. Isoflux maps show a non-uniform spatial distribution, with high-flux zones not always corresponding with high-temperature areas shown by thermographic images.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The average value estimated over the 5-year period for the Legoli landfill is 245 mol min(-1) for CH(4) and 379 mol min(-1) for CO(2), whereas the volume percentage of CH(4) in the total gas discharged into the atmosphere varies from 29% to 51%, with a mean value of 39%. The estimated yearly emissions from the landfill cover is about 1.29 x 10(8) mol annum(-1) (2,100 t year(-1)) of CH(4) and 1.99 x 10(8) mol annum(-1) (8,800 t year(-1)) of CO(2). Considering that the CH(4) global warming potential is 63 times greater than that of CO(2) (20 a time horizon, Lashof and Ahuja 1990), the emission of methane corresponds to 130,000 t annum(-1) of CO(2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The importance of these studies is to provide data for the worldwide inventory of CH(4) and CO(2) emissions from landfills, with the ultimate aim of determining the contribution of waste disposal to global warming. This kind of studies could be extended to other gas species, like the volatile organic compounds.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Geoscience and Georesources-CNR, 56124, Pisa, Italy. b.raco@igg.cnr.it
authors.forename: Brunella
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Raco
authors.forename: Raffaele
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Battaglini
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lelli
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D001272:Atmosphere / Q000737:chemistry*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000032:analysis; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005740:Gases / Q000032:analysis*; D007558:Italy; D008697:Methane / Q000032:analysis; D012037:Refuse Disposal; D014866:Waste Products / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D005740:Gases; D014866:Waste Products; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D008697:Methane