title: Age and energy intake interact to modify cell stress pathways and stroke outcome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Age and excessive energy intake/obesity are risk factors for cerebrovascular disease, but it is not known if and how these factors affect the extent of brain damage and outcome in ischemic stroke. We therefore determined the interactions of age and energy intake on the outcome of ischemic brain injury, and elucidated the underlying mechanisms.
  
  
  METHODS
  We utilized a novel microchip-based immunoaffinity capillary electrophoresis technology to measure a panel of neurotrophic factors, cytokines, and cellular stress resistance proteins in brain tissue samples from young, middle-aged, and old mice that had been maintained on control or energy-restricted diets prior to middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mortality from focal ischemic stroke was increased with advancing age and reduced by an intermittent fasting (IF) diet. Brain damage and functional impairment were reduced by IF in young and middle-aged mice, but not in old mice. The basal and poststroke levels of neurotrophic factors (brain-derived neurotrophic factor and basic fibroblast growth factor), protein chaperones (heat shock protein 70 and glucose regulated protein 78), and the antioxidant enzyme heme oxygenase-1 were decreased, whereas levels of inflammatory cytokines were increased in the cerebral cortex and striatum of old mice compared with younger mice. IF coordinately increased levels of protective proteins and decreased inflammatory cytokines in young, but not in old mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reduction in dietary energy intake differentially modulates neurotrophic and inflammatory pathways to protect neurons against ischemic injury, and these beneficial effects of IF are compromised during aging, resulting in increased brain damage and poorer functional outcome.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
authors.forename: Thiruma V
authors.initials: TV
authors.lastname: Arumugam
authors.forename: Terry M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: Aiwu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Christopher H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Morrell
authors.forename: Mark P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Mattson
authors.forename: Ruiqian
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wan
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000375:Aging / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D016923:Cell Death; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D003342:Corpus Striatum / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D004038:Diet, Reducing; D046209:Electrophoresis, Microchip; D005215:Fasting / Q000378:metabolism*; D020244:Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011897:Random Allocation; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000378:metabolism / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D020521:Stroke / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D013997:Time Factors