title: Novel mixed-format real-time PCR assay to detect mutations conferring resistance to triazoles in Aspergillus fumigatus and prevalence of multi-triazole resistance among clinical isolates in the Netherlands.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was: (i) to study the prevalence of triazole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus isolates in the Netherlands; and (ii) to design rapid real-time PCR methods to identify such isolates.
  
  
  METHODS
  A novel mixed-format real-time PCR assay is described for the detection of mutations leading to triazole resistance in A. fumigatus. One set of PCR primers and a probe carrying a single fluorescent label in combination with a double-stranded DNA fluorescent dye allow simultaneous detection of (a) specific mutation(s) as well as of the amplified product that serves as an internal amplification control. The method was applied to a random collection of 209 clinical isolates from throughout the Netherlands and was compared with phenotypic susceptibility testing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of four triazole-resistant isolates were identified, resulting in a prevalence of resistant isolates of <2%. All four isolates contained an identical combination of mutations leading to multi-triazole resistance, as reported before by others. Molecular testing results were 100% concordant with phenotypic susceptibility testing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although in specific patient populations the prevalence of resistance in A. fumigatus may be an emerging problem, in the general population it is still relatively low. The novel real-time PCR format allows rapid and reliable identification of such isolates.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. c.klaassen@cwz.nl
authors.forename: Corné H W
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Klaassen
authors.forename: Hanneke A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: de Valk
authors.forename: Ilse M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Curfs-Breuker
authors.forename: Jacques F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Meis
mesh_terms: D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001228:Aspergillosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D001232:Aspergillus fumigatus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D026141:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Fungal; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests / Q000379:methods; D009154:Mutation; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*; D015995:Prevalence; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014230:Triazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D017931:DNA Primers; D014230:Triazoles