title: Reducing the risk of fatal and disabling hypoglycaemia: a comparison of arterial blood sampling systems.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In 2008, the National Patient Safety Agency (NPSA) published a report after 42 incidents and two deaths where glucose-containing flush solutions were attached to the arterial line. The molar concentration of 5% glucose is 277 mmol litre(-1). Only a tiny amount of sample contamination will lead to an artificially high glucose. As the NPSA sought a solution, a bench model was constructed to compare the performance of three open and three closed arterial line systems in limiting sample contamination.
  
  
  METHODS
  All arterial line systems were set up in a standard manner and pressurized to 300 mm Hg with 5% glucose used as the flush solution. This was connected to the 'radial artery' using an 18 G needle representing the radial cannula. The radial artery was simulated using a wide-bore extension set with 'blood' flow at 60 ml min(-1). Blood was simulated by the addition of red dye to Hartmann's solution. Increasing multiples of arterial line dead space were aspirated and discarded. Blood samples were then obtained and glucose concentration was measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant glucose contamination (3 mmol litre(-1) +/-3.4) was detected in all open arterial line systems up to an aspiration volume of five times the dead space. No samples from the closed systems recorded glucose concentration >1 mmol litre(-1).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Recommended minimal discard volumes are inadequate in the presence of glucose as the flush solution and can lead to high blood glucose readings, inappropriate insulin use, and iatrogenic neuroglycopaenia. Our study demonstrates that the closed-loop arterial sampling system could be the universal solution sought by the NPSA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, UK. karlbrennan@talktalk.net
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Brennan
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Eapen
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Turnbull
mesh_terms: D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis*; D001800:Blood Specimen Collection / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D003951:Diagnostic Errors / Q000517:prevention & control; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D017751:Safety Management / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose