title: An epidemiologic study of voiding and bowel habits in Korean children: a nationwide multicenter study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the prevalence of abnormal voiding and bowel habits in healthy children, and to identify possible relationships between personal and familial factors and voiding and/or bowel habits.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomly selected cross-sectional study was conducted in 19,240 children (5-13 years old) nationwide in the Republic of Korea. Parents were asked to complete questionnaires, which included items about nocturnal enuresis, daytime dysfunctional voiding symptoms (DVSs), and abnormal bowel habits (ABHs). Rates and associated factors were investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall rates of DVS, ABH, and of both were 46.4%, 31.3%, and 18.4%, respectively, and nocturnal enuresis was reported in 919 (5.6%). Daytime dysfunctional voiding symptoms were as follows: increased voiding frequency in 419 (2.5%), decreased voiding frequency in 720 (4.4%), urgency in 2740 (16.6%), daytime incontinence in 1854 (11.2%), urge incontinence in 2775 (16.8%), and holding maneuvers or postponed voiding in 3888 (23.5%). ABHs were as follows: constipation by frequency in 1103 (6.7%), constipation by the Bristol scale in 1941 (11.8%), fecal incontinence in 1293 (7.8%), and difficult or painful defecation in 2609 (15.8%). Delayed stool control, history of urinary tract infection, and a double-income family were positively associated with DVS or ABH or both. Furthermore, fathers with a low level of education and a low income were found to be associated with higher risk of ABH or DVS or both.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Delayed stool control, a history of urinary tract infection, a low paternal level of education, a double-income family, and a lower family income had a negative effect on voiding or bowel habits in children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea.
authors.forename: Jae Min
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Sang Don
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Dong Ii
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Dong Deuk
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.forename: Kun Suk
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Su Yung
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Han Gwun
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Du Geon
authors.initials: du G
authors.lastname: Moon
authors.forename: Kwan Hyun
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Yong Hyun
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Ki Soo
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Pai
authors.forename: Hong Jin
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Suh
authors.forename: Jung Won
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Won Yeol
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Tae Sun
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Ha
authors.forename: Sang Won
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Han
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003248:Constipation / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005242:Fecal Incontinence / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D056910:Republic of Korea / Q000453:epidemiology; D014555:Urination Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*