title: Species composition, larval habitats, seasonal occurrence and distribution of potential malaria vectors and associated species of Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae) from the Republic of Korea.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Larval mosquito habitats of potential malaria vectors and related species of Anopheles from three provinces (Gyeonggi, Gyeongsangbuk, Chungcheongbuk Provinces) of the Republic of Korea were surveyed in 2007. This study aimed to determine the species composition, seasonal occurrence and distributions of Anopheles mosquitoes. Satellite derived normalized difference vegetation index data (NDVI) was also used to study the seasonal abundance patterns of Anopheles mosquitoes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mosquito larvae from various habitats were collected using a standard larval dipper or a white plastic larval tray, placed in plastic bags, and were preserved in 100% ethyl alcohol for species identification by PCR and DNA sequencing. The habitats in the monthly larval surveys included artificial containers, ground depressions, irrigation ditches, drainage ditches, ground pools, ponds, rice paddies, stream margins, inlets and pools, swamps, and uncultivated fields. All field-collected specimens were identified to species, and relationships among habitats and locations based on species composition were determined using cluster statistical analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In about 10,000 specimens collected, eight species of Anopheles belonging to three groups were identified: Hyrcanus Group - Anopheles sinensis, Anopheles kleini, Anopheles belenrae, Anopheles pullus, Anopheles lesteri, Anopheles sineroides; Barbirostris Group - Anopheles koreicus; and Lindesayi Group - Anopheles lindesayi japonicus. Only An. sinensis was collected from all habitats groups, while An. kleini, An. pullus and An. sineroides were sampled from all, except artificial containers. The highest number of Anopheles larvae was found in the rice paddies (34.8%), followed by irrigation ditches (23.4%), ponds (17.0%), and stream margins, inlets and pools (12.0%). Anopheles sinensis was the dominant species, followed by An. kleini, An. pullus and An. sineroides. The monthly abundance data of the Anopheles species from three locations (Munsan, Jinbo and Hayang) were compared against NDVI and NDVI anomalies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The species composition of Anopheles larvae varied in different habitats at various locations. Anopheles populations fluctuated with the seasonal dynamics of vegetation for 2007. Multi-year data of mosquito collections are required to provide a better characterization of the abundance of these insects from year to year, which can potentially provide predictive capability of their population density based on remotely sensed ecological measurements.
authors.affiliation: Division of Entomology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910-7500, USA. ruedapol@si.edu
authors.forename: Leopoldo M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Rueda
authors.forename: Tracy L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Heung Chul
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Sung-Tae
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Chong
authors.forename: Terry A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: Desmond H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Foley
authors.forename: Assaf
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Anyamba
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Edwin P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Pak
authors.forename: Richard C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Wilkerson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000145:classification* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D017753:Ecosystem; D004777:Environment; D005618:Fresh Water; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000469:parasitology* / Q000502:physiology; D007723:Korea; D007814:Larva / Q000502:physiology; D008288:Malaria / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology* / Q000635:transmission; D012275:Oryza; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011157:Population Dynamics; D017215:Satellite Communications; D012621:Seasons; D013045:Species Specificity