title: Pathogen entrapment by transglutaminase--a conserved early innate immune mechanism.
abstract: Clotting systems are required in almost all animals to prevent loss of body fluids after injury. Here, we show that despite the risks associated with its systemic activation, clotting is a hitherto little appreciated branch of the immune system. We compared clotting of human blood and insect hemolymph to study the best-conserved component of clotting systems, namely the Drosophila enzyme transglutaminase and its vertebrate homologue Factor XIIIa. Using labelled artificial substrates we observe that transglutaminase activity from both Drosophila hemolymph and human blood accumulates on microbial surfaces, leading to their sequestration into the clot. Using both a human and a natural insect pathogen we provide functional proof for an immune function for transglutaminase (TG). Drosophila larvae with reduced TG levels show increased mortality after septic injury. The same larvae are also more susceptible to a natural infection involving entomopathogenic nematodes and their symbiotic bacteria while neither phagocytosis, phenoloxidase or-as previously shown-the Toll or imd pathway contribute to immunity. These results firmly establish the hemolymph/blood clot as an important effector of early innate immunity, which helps to prevent septic infections. These findings will help to guide further strategies to reduce the damaging effects of clotting and enhance its beneficial contribution to immune reactions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology and Functional Genomics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Zhi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wilhelmsson
authors.forename: Pavel
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hyrsl
authors.forename: Torsten G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Loof
authors.forename: Pavel
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dobes
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Klupp
authors.forename: Olga
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Loseva
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mörgelin
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Iklé
authors.forename: Richard M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Cripps
authors.forename: Heiko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Herwald
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Theopold
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000276:immunology*; D001777:Blood Coagulation / Q000276:immunology*; D004330:Drosophila / Q000276:immunology; D029721:Drosophila Proteins / Q000276:immunology; D006458:Hemolymph / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D018805:Sepsis / Q000276:immunology; D019032:Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization; D011503:Transglutaminases / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D011503:Transglutaminases