title: An accurate substitution method for analyzing censored data.
abstract: When analyzing censored datasets, where one or more measurements are below the limit of detection (LOD), the maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) method is often considered the gold standard for estimating the GM and GSD of the underlying exposure profile. A new and relatively simple substitution method, called beta-substitution, is presented and compared with the MLE method and the common substitution methods (LOD/2 and LOD/square root(2) substitution) when analyzing a left-censored dataset with either single or multiple censoring points. A computer program was used to generate censored exposure datasets for various combinations of true geometric standard deviation (1.2 to 4), percent censoring (1% to 50%), and sample size (5 to 19 and 20 to 100). Each method was used to estimate four parameters of the lognormal distribution: (1) the geometric mean, GM; (2) geometric standard deviation, GSD; (3) 95th percentile, and (4) Mean for the censored datasets. When estimating the GM and GSD, the bias and root mean square error (rMSE) for the beta-substitution method closely matched those for the MLE method, differing by only a small amount, which decreased with increasing sample size. When estimating the Mean and 95th percentile the beta-substitution method bias results closely matched or bettered those for the MLE method. In addition, the overall imprecision, as indicated by the rMSE, was similar to that of the MLE method when estimating the GM, GSD, 95th percentile, and Mean. The bias for the common substitution methods was highly variable, depending strongly on the range of GSD values. The beta-substitution method produced results comparable to the MLE method and is considerably easier to calculate, making it an attractive alternative. In terms of bias it is clearly superior to the commonly used LOD/2 and LOD/square root(2) substitution methods. The rMSE results for the two substitution methods were often comparable to rMSE results for the MLE method, but the substitution methods were often considerably biased.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mathematics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA.
authors.forename: Gary H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Ganser
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hewett
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D015982:Bias; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D057230:Limit of Detection; D015233:Models, Statistical; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D012984:Software