title: Lumbar spine movement patterns during prolonged sitting differentiate low back pain developers from matched asymptomatic controls.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Little is known about how lumbar spine movement influences mechanical changes and the potential injurious effects of prolonged flexion associated with seated postures. The purpose of this study was to examine the postural responses and pain scores of low back pain sufferers compared with asymptomatic individuals during prolonged sitting in order to understand the biomechanical factors that may be associated with sitting induced low back pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen participants with sitting-aggravated low back pain were age- and gender-matched with 16 asymptomatic participants. Tri-axial accelerometers were used to monitor lumbar spine angles during 90 minutes of seated computer work. Lumbar spine postures were examined using a movement pattern analysis of two types of postural adjustments, termed shifts (step-like adjustments larger than 5 degrees and fidgets (small change and return to approximately the same position).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The LBP group reported large significant increases (P < 0.0001) in low back pain while asymptomatic individuals reported little to no pain. On average, every participant fidgeted every 40 to 50 seconds. However, only the LBP sufferers demonstrated a significant increase (P=0.04) in the number of shifts over 90 minutes of seated work; the LBP group shifted every 4 minutes in the last 30 minutes of sitting compared to every 10 minutes for the asymptomatic group. LBP sufferers also demonstrated larger amplitudes of shifts and fidgets when compared to the asymptomatic group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Greater and more frequent movement was not beneficial and did not reduce pain in individuals with pre-existing LBP. Future work to understand the biomechanical effects of proactively inducing movement may help to explain the paradox of the relationship between movement and pain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Nadine M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Dunk
authors.forename: Jack P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Callaghan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016288:Computer Terminals; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae; D008297:Male; D016555:Matched-Pair Analysis; D009068:Movement; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D011187:Posture; D013997:Time Factors