title: Congenital anomalies of upper extremities: prenatal ultrasound diagnosis, significance, and outcome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to assess the role of ultrasound in the prenatal characterization of fetal malformations of the upper extremities (MUE).
  
  
  METHODS
  Ultrasound findings, associated anomalies, pregnancy, and fetoneonatal outcome were analyzed in 100 fetuses with MUE, categorized after Swanson classification of hand congenital abnormalities. Follow-up information was available in all.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twelve cases had an isolated defect, while 88 showed associated abnormalities involving other organ systems. Fetuses with multiple malformations showed a 76% syndromic risk (32% chromosomal, 41% nonchromosomal), with unfavorable outcome in almost all cases (only 4 survivors, 2 with neurodevelopmental delay). In 27% of syndromic fetuses, the sonographic evidence of the MUE represented the key finding leading to the final diagnosis. The prognosis was usually favorable in cases of isolated defects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A thorough prenatal ultrasound characterization of fetal MUE can assist in the differential diagnosis of many syndromic conditions. When isolated, MUE tend to have a good outcome.
authors.affiliation: Fetal Medicine and Cardiology Unit, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Federico II of Naples, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Dario
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Paladini
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Greco
authors.forename: Gabriella
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sglavo
authors.forename: Maria Rosaria
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: D'Armiento
authors.forename: Ilaria
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Penner
authors.forename: Carmine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nappi
mesh_terms: D000032:Abortion, Therapeutic; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005820:Genetic Testing; D006801:Humans; D007621:Karyotyping; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D038062:Upper Extremity Deformities, Congenital / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*