title: Parasystole due to re-entry as the possible mechanism of ventricular parasystole with second-degree entrance block.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In 1974, Kinoshita reported a case of 'irregular parasystole' due to type I second-degree entrance block. Since then, many cases of such 'irregular' parasystole have been reported by us. To explain the mechanism of 'irregular' parasystole, two theories have been suggested, namely, 'electrotonic modulation' by Jalife and Moe, and 'type I second-degree entrance block' by us. On the contrary, in 1960, Kinoshita et al. reported a case of concealed bigeminy for the first time. The electrocardiographic findings in concealed bigeminy have suggested that there are dual re-entrant pathways with markedly long effective refractory periods in the re-entrant pathway. We have suggested that parasystole may be caused by re-entry in such re-entrant pathways. In this article, attempts are made to explain the mechanism of all the electrocardiographic findings in our cases of parasystole by 'parasystole due to re-entry'.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using 24 studies on parasystole and 21 studies on concealed extrasystoles that we have reported over 50 years, as well as three exemplary cases in this article, attempts are made to explain all electrocardiographic findings in parasystole by 'parasystole due to re-entry'.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The electrocardiographic findings in our previous clinical cases of parasystole and concealed extrasystoles, as well as exemplary cases and diagrams in the present article, strongly suggest 'parasystole due to re-entry' as the mechanism of ventricular parasystole with second-degree entrance block.
authors.affiliation: Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan. kinoshita-s@mri.biglobe.ne.jp
authors.forename: Shinji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kinoshita
authors.forename: Takakazu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Katoh
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yoshida
mesh_terms: D006327:Heart Block / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006329:Heart Conduction System / Q000503:physiopathology; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D017574:Parasystole / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology