title: A concentration-independent method to measure exchange rates in PARACEST agents.
abstract: The efficiency of chemical exchange dependent saturation transfer (CEST) agents is largely determined by their water or proton exchange kinetics, yet methods to measure such exchange rates are variable and many are not applicable to in vivo measurements. In this work, the water exchange kinetics of two prototype paramagnetic agents (PARACEST) are compared by using data from classic NMR line-width measurements, by fitting CEST spectra to the Bloch equations modified for chemical exchange, and by a method where CEST intensity is measured as a function of applied amplitude of radiofrequency field. A relationship is derived that provides the water exchange rate from the X-intercept of a plot of steady-state CEST intensity divided by reduction in signal caused by CEST irradiation versus 1/omega(1)(2), referred to here as an omega plot. Furthermore, it is shown that this relationship is independent of agent concentration. Exchange rates derived from omega plots using either high-resolution CEST NMR data or CEST data obtained by imaging agree favorably with exchange rates measured by the more commonly used Bloch fitting and line-width methods. Thus, this new method potentially allows access to a direct measure of exchange rates in vivo, where the agent concentration is typically unknown.
authors.affiliation: GE Global Research, Niskayuna, New York, USA.
authors.forename: W Thomas
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Dixon
authors.forename: Jimin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.forename: Angelo J M
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Lubag
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ratnakar
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vinogradov
authors.forename: Ileana
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hancu
authors.forename: Robert E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Lenkinski
authors.forename: A Dean
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Sherry
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D007700:Kinetics; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008956:Models, Chemical
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media