title: Risk factors for near-term myocardial infarction in apparently healthy men and women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Limited information is available regarding risk factors for the near-term (4 years) onset of myocardial infarction (MI). We evaluated established cardiovascular risk factors and putative circulating biomarkers as predictors for MI within 4 years of measurement.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a matched, nested case-control study (252 cases and 499 controls) drawing on 45 735 men and women participating in the Copenhagen City Heart Study and the Copenhagen General Population Study. Established risk factors and 17 putative biomarkers, including inflammation-sensitive plasma proteins (C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, alpha(l)-antitrypsin, complement 3), apolipoproteins (A1, B, E, B/A1 ratio), markers of iron overload (iron, transferrin, transferrin saturation), creatinine, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, and leukocytes (lymphocyte count, neutrophil count, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio) were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among women and men, only 13% and 50%, respectively, of those with near-term MI were classified as high risk by Framingham risk score at baseline. After adjustment for established risk factors, odds ratios for near-term MI, which compared highest to lowest quintiles, were 2.87(95% CI 1.51-5.48; P = 0.001) for alpha(l)-antitrypsin, 2.84(1.42-5.67; P = 0.003) for C-reactive protein, 1.97(1.09-3.57; P = 0.03) for creatinine, 1.99(1.09-3.65; P = 0.03) for fibrinogen, and 0.37(0.19-0.73; P = 0.004) for iron. The corresponding odds ratio for all biomarkers combined was 7.24 (3.28-16.0; P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We identified 5 biomarkers associated with increased near-term risk of MI independently of established risk factors. All putative biomarkers combined explained a 7-fold increase in the odds of near-term MI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Biochemistry and The Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark. brno@heh.regionh.dk
authors.forename: Børge G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Nordestgaard
authors.forename: Aram S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Adourian
authors.forename: Jacob J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Freiberg
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Pieter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Muntendam
authors.forename: Erling
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Falk
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000097:blood*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers