title: Implications of bacterial biofilms in chronic rhinosinusitis.
abstract: The recognition of sessile form of bacteria with particular features, known as biofilm, has given new insights to the understanding of pathogenesis of several chronic diseases, including Chronic Rhinosinusitis (CRS). In this article we review the main characteristics of biofilms, describe the current methods used to demonstrate biofilms in chronic rhinosinusitis and discuss the future directions of research in the field.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophtalmology, Otorhinolaryngology, and Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Edwin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tamashiro
authors.forename: Marcelo B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Antunes
authors.forename: James N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.forename: Noam A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Wilma T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Anselmo-Lima
mesh_terms: D018441:Biofilms / Q000254:growth & development*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D006801:Humans; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000382:microbiology; D012220:Rhinitis / Q000382:microbiology*; D012852:Sinusitis / Q000382:microbiology*