title: Immunoscreening of the extracellular proteome of colorectal cancer cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The release of proteins from tumors can trigger an immune response in cancer patients involving T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes, which results in the generation of antibodies to tumor-derived proteins. Many studies aim to use humoral immune responses, namely autoantibody profiles, directly, as clinical biomarkers. Alternatively, the antibody immune response as an amplification system for tumor associated alterations may be used to indicate putative protein biomarkers with high sensitivity. Aiming at the latter approach we here have implemented an autoantibody profiling strategy which particularly focuses on proteins released by tumor cells in vitro: the so-called secretome.
  
  
  METHODS
  For immunoscreening, the extracellular proteome of five colorectal cancer cell lines was resolved on 2D gels, immobilized on PVDF membranes and used for serological screening with individual sera from 21 colorectal cancer patients and 24 healthy controls. All of the signals from each blot were assigned to a master map, and autoantigen candidates were defined based of the pattern of immunoreactivities. The corresponding proteins were isolated from preparative gels, identified by MALDI-MS and/or by nano-HPLC/ESI-MS/MS and exemplarily confirmed by duplex Western blotting combining the human serum samples with antibodies directed against the protein(s) of interest.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From 281 secretome proteins stained with autoantibodies in total we first defined the "background patterns" of frequently immunoreactive extracellular proteins in healthy and diseased people. An assignment of these proteins, among them many nominally intracellular proteins, to the subset of exosomal proteins within the secretomes revealed a large overlap. On this basis we defined and consequently confirmed novel biomarker candidates such as the extreme C-terminus of the extracellular matrix protein agrin within the set of cancer-enriched immunoreactivities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest, first, that autoantibody responses may be due, in large part, to cross-presentation of antigens to the immune system via exosomes, membrane vesicles released by tumor cells and constituting a significant fraction of the secretome. In addition, this immunosecretomics approach has revealed novel biomarker candidates, some of them secretome-specific, and thus serves as a promising complementary tool to the frequently reported immunoproteomic studies for biomarker discovery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Knappschaftskrankenhaus, IMBL, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Klein-Scory
authors.forename: Salwa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kübler
authors.forename: Hanna
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Diehl
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Eilert-Micus
authors.forename: Anke
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Reinacher-Schick
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Stühler
authors.forename: Bettina
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Warscheid
authors.forename: Helmut E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: Wolff
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schmiegel
authors.forename: Irmgard
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Schwarte-Waldhoff
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000737:chemistry; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D055354:Exosomes / Q000378:metabolism; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D020543:Proteome; D040901:Proteomics / Q000379:methods*; D017978:Receptors, Growth Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D020543:Proteome; D017978:Receptors, Growth Factor; C080030:agrin receptor