title: Nitinol biliary stent versus surgery for palliation of distal malignant biliary obstruction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Curative resection of pancreatic and biliary malignancies is rare. Most tumors are inoperable at presentation, and palliation of jaundice often is the goal. Biliary decompression can be achieved by surgical diversion or endoscopic biliary stents. This study aimed to compare clinical outcomes between surgical bypass and endoscopic uncovered nitinol stents in the palliation of patients with malignant distal common bile duct obstruction.
  
  
  METHODS
  A multicenter, retrospective, cohort study investigated 86 patients with inoperable malignant distal common bile duct strictures at tertiary referral centers in Medellín, Colombia. These patients had undergone surgery (group 1) or placement of an uncovered 30-Fr self-expandable nitinol stent produced locally in Medellín, Colombia (group 2). The main outcome measurements included cumulative biliary patency, hospital stay, and patient survival.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study enrolled 86 patients (mean age, 66 years; range, 43-78 years) including 40 patients in group 1 and 46 patients in group 2. Both groups were similar in terms of age, gender, liver metastasis, and diagnosis. Technical success was achieved for 38 patients in group 1 (95%) and 43 patients in group 2 (93%). Functional biliary decompression was obtained in for 35 of the surgical patients (88%) and 42 of the stented patients (91%). Group 2 had lower rates for procedure-related mortality (2 vs. 7.5%; p = 0.01), a lower frequency of early complications (8.7 vs. 45%; p = 0.02), and a shorter hospital stay (median, 6 vs. 12 days; p = 0.01). Recurrent jaundice occurred for three patients in group 1 (7.5%) and eight patients in group 2 (17.3%) (p = 0.198). Late gastric outlet obstruction occurred for 12.5% of the patients in group 1 and 13% of the patients in group 2 (p = 0.73). Despite the early benefits of stenting, no significant difference in the median overall survival between the two groups was found (group 1, 163 days; group 2, 178 days; p = 0.11). The limitations of this study included the small number of patients and the retrospective design.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endoscopic stenting and surgery are effective palliation. The former is associated with fewer early complications and the latter with fewer late complications. Patients who do not qualify for curative resection may be better managed by stent placement. Surgery should be reserved for patients more likely to survive longer.
authors.affiliation: Hospital Pablo Tobón Uribe, Gastroenterología, Universidad de Antioquia, Grupo de Gastrohepatología, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellín, Colombia. rcastanoll@une.net.co
authors.forename: Rodrigo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Castaño
authors.forename: Tercio L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Lopes
authors.forename: Oscar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Alvarez
authors.forename: Victor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Calvo
authors.forename: Leticia P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Luz
authors.forename: Everson L A
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Artifon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000497:Alloys; D001650:Bile Duct Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002779:Cholestasis / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D019299:Decompression, Surgical; D013505:Digestive System Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D004322:Drainage; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010166:Palliative Care / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D015607:Stents; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000497:Alloys; C013616:nitinol