title: Sulforaphane protects cortical neurons against 5-S-cysteinyl-dopamine-induced toxicity through the activation of ERK1/2, Nrf-2 and the upregulation of detoxification enzymes.
abstract: The degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra has been linked to the formation of the endogenous neurotoxin 5-S-cysteinyl-dopamine. Sulforaphane (SFN), an isothiocyanate derived from the corresponding precursor glucosinolate found in cruciferous vegetables has been observed to exert a range of biological activities in various cell populations. In this study, we show that SFN protects primary cortical neurons against 5-S-cysteinyl-dopamine induced neuronal injury. Pre-treatment of cortical neurons with SFN (0.01-1 microM) resulted in protection against 5-S-cysteinyl-dopamine-induced neurotoxicity, which peaked at 100 nM. This protection was observed to be mediated by the ability of SFN to modulate the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 and the activation of Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1/NF-E2-related factor-2 leading to the increased expression and activity of glutathione-S-transferase (M1, M3 and M5), glutathione reductase, thioredoxin reductase and NAD(P)H oxidoreductase 1. These data suggest that SFN stimulates the NF-E2-related factor-2 pathway of antioxidant gene expression in neurons and may protect against neuronal injury relevant to the aetiology of Parkinson's disease.
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, The University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, UK.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vauzour
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Buonfiglio
authors.forename: Giulia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Corona
authors.forename: Joselita
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chirafisi
authors.forename: Katerina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Vafeiadou
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Angeloni
authors.forename: Silvana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hrelia
authors.forename: Patrizia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hrelia
authors.forename: Jeremy P E
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Spencer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000166:cytology*; D004298:Dopamine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000633:toxicity; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D005978:Glutathione / Q000032:analysis; D005980:Glutathione Reductase / Q000378:metabolism; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000378:metabolism; D017879:Isothiocyanates; D051379:Mice; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D016660:NAD(P)H Dehydrogenase (Quinone) / Q000378:metabolism; D051267:NF-E2-Related Factor 2 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects*; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D013454:Sulfoxides; D013861:Thiocyanates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013880:Thioredoxin-Disulfide Reductase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D017879:Isothiocyanates; D051267:NF-E2-Related Factor 2; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D013454:Sulfoxides; D013861:Thiocyanates; C038667:5-S-cysteaminyldopamine; D016660:NAD(P)H Dehydrogenase (Quinone); C491732:Nqo1 protein, mouse; D005980:Glutathione Reductase; D013880:Thioredoxin-Disulfide Reductase; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; C016766:sulforaphane; D005978:Glutathione; D004298:Dopamine