title: Vitamins K and D status in stages 3-5 chronic kidney disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Vitamin K, vitamin K-dependent proteins, and vitamin D may be involved in the regulation of calcification in chronic kidney disease (CKD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Vitamin K and D status was measured as dietary intake, plasma phylloquinone, serum percent uncarboxylated osteocalcin (%ucOC), proteins induced by vitamin K absence (PIVKA-II), Vitamin K Epoxide Reductase single-nucleotide polymorphism, apolipoprotein E genotype, and plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) in 172 subjects with stage 3 to 5 CKD. Nutritional status was determined by subjective global assessment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subclinical vitamin K deficiency criteria was met by 6% (phylloquinone), 60% (%ucOC), and 97% (PIVKA-II) of subjects, whereas 58.3% and 8.6% had 25(OH)D insufficiency and deficiency, respectively. Dietary vitamin K intake was associated with higher phylloquinone and lower PIVKA-II. There were positive correlations between phylloquinone and the presence of stable weight, and the absence of subcutaneous fat loss or muscle wasting. 25(OH)D levels were positively associated with stable weight and albumin (P < 0.001). PIVKA-II levels were associated with apolipoprotein E genotype. Higher %ucOC and lower 25(OH)D were similarly associated with CKD stage, parameters of mineral metabolism, and urine albumin to creatinine ratio.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data indicate that a suboptimal vitamin K and D status is prevalent in patients with CKD. Sufficiency of both vitamins K and D was similarly predicted by measures of overall improved nutritional status. Proteinuria was associated with both a suboptimal vitamin D status as well as worse peripheral vitamin K status.
authors.affiliation: 3048C Etherington Hall, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada K7L 3V6. holdenr@kgh.kari.net
authors.forename: Rachel M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Holden
authors.forename: A Ross
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Morton
authors.forename: Jocelyn S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Garland
authors.forename: Andrey
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pavlov
authors.forename: Andrew G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Day
authors.forename: Sarah L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Booth
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000235:genetics; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D005819:Genetic Markers; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications*; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases / Q000235:genetics; D009752:Nutritional Status; D015675:Osteocalcin / Q000097:blood; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011498:Protein Precursors / Q000097:blood; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology; D011516:Prothrombin; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood*; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics; D014812:Vitamin K / Q000097:blood*; D010837:Vitamin K 1 / Q000097:blood; D014813:Vitamin K Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics; D064417:Vitamin K Epoxide Reductases; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001057:Apolipoproteins E; D015415:Biomarkers; D005819:Genetic Markers; D011498:Protein Precursors; D015675:Osteocalcin; D014812:Vitamin K; D014807:Vitamin D; C008208:acarboxyprothrombin; D010837:Vitamin K 1; D011516:Prothrombin; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases; D064417:Vitamin K Epoxide Reductases