title: What work has to be done to implement collaborative care for depression? Process evaluation of a trial utilizing the Normalization Process Model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is a considerable evidence base for 'collaborative care' as a method to improve quality of care for depression, but an acknowledged gap between efficacy and implementation. This study utilises the Normalisation Process Model (NPM) to inform the process of implementation of collaborative care in both a future full-scale trial, and the wider health economy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Application of the NPM to qualitative data collected in both focus groups and one-to-one interviews before and after an exploratory randomised controlled trial of a collaborative model of care for depression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Findings are presented as they relate to the four factors of the NPM (interactional workability, relational integration, skill-set workability, and contextual integration) and a number of necessary tasks are identified. Using the model, it was possible to observe that predictions about necessary work to implement collaborative care that could be made from analysis of the pre-trial data relating to the four different factors of the NPM were indeed borne out in the post-trial data. However, additional insights were gained from the post-trial interview participants who, unlike those interviewed before the trial, had direct experience of a novel intervention. The professional freedom enjoyed by more senior mental health workers may work both for and against normalisation of collaborative care as those who wish to adopt new ways of working have the freedom to change their practice but are not obliged to do so.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The NPM provides a useful structure for both guiding and analysing the process by which an intervention is optimized for testing in a larger scale trial or for subsequent full-scale implementation.
authors.affiliation: National Primary Care Research and Development Centre, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester UK. Linda.Gask@manchester.ac.uk
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gask
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bower
authors.forename: Karina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lovell
authors.forename: Diane
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Escott
authors.forename: Janine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Archer
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gilbody
authors.forename: Annette J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Lankshear
authors.forename: Angela E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Simpson
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Richards