title: Investigating the levels and trends of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyl in sewage sludge.
abstract: A study was completed to investigate temporal trends of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs; aldrin, chlordane, dieldrin, heptachlor, hexachlorbenzene, and DDT) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in sewage sludge. Between 2004 and 2006 the concentration of OCPs and PCBs in Australian sewage sludge (n=829) was consistently <1000mugkg(-1) dry solids DS. Dieldrin, chlordane and DDE were detected in 68%, 27% and 13% at maximum concentrations of 770, 290 and 270 microgkg(-1) DS, respectively. Time series analysis (1995-2006) of OCPs and PCBs sewage sludge concentrations (n=2266) taken from six wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) of the same geographic region found that lindane, aldrin HCB, heptachlor, DDT, DDD and PCBs were infrequently detected (<8%). A correlation between dieldrin and chlordane levels was found (P<0.05) which provides evidence of similar environmental mechanisms facilitating movement of dieldrin and chlordane through environment compartments. It has taken more than 10years for dieldrin and chlordane to reduce to less than detectable concentrations in freshly generated sewage sludge in Australia following government restrictions. Internationally, reported sewage sludge OCP concentrations were consistently low and often less than detection limits. Therefore, OCPs are not considered to be a contaminant of regulatory concern for countries that phased out OCP use several decades ago. Concentrations of PCBs in sewage sludge were also consistently low and rarely exceeded European contaminant limits and therefore, regulatory limits may warrant review. The authors recommend that Australian authorities revise regulatory requirements for OCP and PCBs contaminant levels in sewage sludge destined for beneficial reuse as biosolids.
authors.affiliation: School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia; Water Quality Research Australia, Adelaide, Australia (formerly Co-operative Research Centre for Water Quality and Treatment-Wastewater Program, Melbourne, Australia). Electronic address: brad.clarke.aus@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Bradley O
authors.initials: BO
authors.lastname: Clarke
authors.affiliation: School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia; Water Quality Research Australia, Adelaide, Australia (formerly Co-operative Research Centre for Water Quality and Treatment-Wastewater Program, Melbourne, Australia).
authors.forename: Nichola A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Porter
authors.affiliation: School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Philip J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Marriott
authors.affiliation: Water Quality Research Australia, Adelaide, Australia (formerly Co-operative Research Centre for Water Quality and Treatment-Wastewater Program, Melbourne, Australia).
authors.forename: Judy R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Blackbeard
mesh_terms: D001315:Australia; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated / Q000032:analysis*; D010575:Pesticides / Q000032:analysis*; D012722:Sewage / Q000737:chemistry*; D013997:Time Factors; D018508:Water Purification
chemical_list: D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; D010575:Pesticides; D012722:Sewage