title: Predictors for survival of penetrating trauma using emergency department thoracotomy in an urban trauma center: the Cardiac Instability Score.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Emergency department thoracotomy (EDT) is a procedure used in an attempt to save lives of patients in extremis. This study aims to determine predictors of survival and futility by proposing a scoring scale that measures cardiac instability and its use in predicting survival of victims of penetrating trauma undergoing EDT.
  
  
  METHODS
  This retrospective study analyzes patients who underwent EDT during a 45-month period at Howard University Hospital, Washington, DC. Vital signs and Glasgow Coma scale (GCS) scores were analyzed at the scene and in the emergency department. A cardiac instability score (CIS) was devised to assign values to vital signs, and the GCS was based on scores from the emergency department.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Emergency department vital signs, female gender, absence of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), and high CIS were found to be statistically significant predictors of survival.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The CIS correlated with survival of patients who underwent EDT and was found to be statistically significant in determining the outcome of an EDT.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC 20060, USA.
authors.forename: Suryanarayana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Siram
authors.forename: Tolulope
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Oyetunji
authors.forename: Shaneeta M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Amal L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Khoury
authors.forename: Patricia M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Wendy R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Greene
authors.forename: Wayne A I
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Frederick
mesh_terms: D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006801:Humans; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013908:Thoracotomy / Q000401:mortality*; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014950:Wounds, Penetrating / Q000401:mortality*