title: Genomic sequence of a mutant strain of Caenorhabditis elegans with an altered recombination pattern.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The original sequencing and annotation of the Caenorhabditis elegans genome along with recent advances in sequencing technology provide an exceptional opportunity for the genomic analysis of wild-type and mutant strains. Using the Illumina Genome Analyzer, we sequenced the entire genome of Rec-1, a strain that alters the distribution of meiotic crossovers without changing the overall frequency. Rec-1 was derived from ethylmethane sulfonate (EMS)-treated strains, one of which had a high level of transposable element mobility. Sequencing of this strain provides an opportunity to examine the consequences on the genome of altering the distribution of meiotic recombination events.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using Illumina sequencing and MAQ software, 83% of the base pair sequence reads were aligned to the reference genome available at Wormbase, providing a 21-fold coverage of the genome. Using the software programs MAQ and Slider, we observed 1124 base pair differences between Rec-1 and the reference genome in Wormbase (WS190), and 441 between the mutagenized Rec-1 (BC313) and the wild-type N2 strain (VC2010). The most frequent base-substitution was G:C to A:T, 141 for the entire genome most of which were on chromosomes I or X, 55 and 31 respectively. With this data removed, no obvious pattern in the distribution of the base differences along the chromosomes was apparent. No major chromosomal rearrangements were observed, but additional insertions of transposable elements were detected. There are 11 extra copies of Tc1, and 8 of Tc2 in the Rec-1 genome, most likely the remains of past high-hopper activity in a progenitor strain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our analysis of high-throughput sequencing was able to detect regions of direct repeat sequences, deletions, insertions of transposable elements, and base pair differences. A subset of sequence alterations affecting coding regions were confirmed by an independent approach using oligo array comparative genome hybridization. The major phenotype of the Rec-1 strain is an alteration in the preferred position of the meiotic recombination event with no other significant phenotypic consequences. In this study, we observed no evidence of a mutator effect at the nucleotide level attributable to the Rec-1 mutation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada. ann.rose@ubc.ca
authors.forename: Ann M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Rose
authors.forename: Nigel J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: O'Neil
authors.forename: Mikhail
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bilenky
authors.forename: Yaron S
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Butterfield
authors.forename: Nawar
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Malhis
authors.forename: Stephane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Flibotte
authors.forename: Martin R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marra
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Baillie
authors.forename: Steven J M
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Jones
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D017173:Caenorhabditis elegans / Q000235:genetics*; D055028:Comparative Genomic Hybridization; D004251:DNA Transposable Elements; D018509:DNA, Helminth / Q000235:genetics; D049751:Genome, Helminth; D008540:Meiosis; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016254:Mutagenesis, Insertional; D011995:Recombination, Genetic; D012091:Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D012984:Software
chemical_list: D004251:DNA Transposable Elements; D018509:DNA, Helminth