title: A randomized comparison of cardiocerebral and cardiopulmonary resuscitation using a swine model of prolonged ventricular fibrillation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cardiocerebral resuscitation (CCR) is reportedly superior to cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) for primary cardiac arrest in the prehospital setting. This study was done using a swine model of prolonged ventricular fibrillation (VF) to quantify the effect of the emergency medical services component of CCR with intraosseous access (CCR-IO) compared with standard CPR with intravenous access (CPR-IV) as it is typically performed during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) resuscitation in a prospective randomized fashion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-three animals were instrumented under anesthesia and VF was electrically induced. After 10 min of untreated VF, baseline characteristics were recorded, and animals were block randomized to one of two resuscitation schemes. The controls had mechanical chest compressions at 100/min with ventilations at a ratio of 30:2. Consistent with clinical practice, two 30-s pauses in chest compressions occurred to simulate attempts to accomplish endotracheal intubation at minutes 1 and 3 of CPR and successful IV access was simulated to occur three additional minutes after endotracheal intubation. The CCR group had continuous uninterrupted mechanical chest compressions at 100/min. No active ventilations were provided. A tibial IO needle was placed in real time for vascular access. Both groups received epinephrine (0.1 mg/kg) as soon as access became available followed by 2.5 min of chest compressions before the first 120 J rescue shock attempt. After successful rescue shock, standardized post-resuscitative care was provided to a 20-min endpoint. Failed rescue shock was followed by continued chest compressions with positive pressure ventilation in both groups, repeat doses of epinephrine (0.01 mg/kg) every 3 min, and rescue shock every minute as long as a shockable rhythm persisted. Group comparisons were assessed using descriptive statistics. Proportions with 95% confidence intervals were calculated for VF termination, ROSC, and survival.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Baseline characteristics and chemistries between the two groups at VF induction and after 10 min of non-treatment were mathematically the same. The proportions of VF termination (0.50 vs. 0.82), ROSC (0.30 vs. 0.59), and 20-min survival (0.19 vs. 0.40) all strongly favored the CCR-IO group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this swine model of witnessed VF arrest with no bystander-initiated resuscitation, CCR-IO resulted in substantial improvement in all three outcomes relative to typical emergency medical services provided CPR-IV.
authors.affiliation: The Department of Emergency Medicine, Baystate Medical Center/Tufts University School of Medicine, 759 Chestnut Street, Springfield, MA 01199, USA. timothy.mader@bhs.org
authors.forename: Timothy J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Mader
authors.forename: Adam R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Kellogg
authors.forename: Joshua K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Walterscheid
authors.forename: Cynthia C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Lodding
authors.forename: Lawrence D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Sherman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation / Q000379:methods*; D054022:Cerebrum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D047548:Defibrillators; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000379:methods*; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D017148:Infusions, Intraosseous; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D015996:Survival Rate; D013552:Swine; D013566:Sympathomimetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014693:Ventricular Fibrillation / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D013566:Sympathomimetics; D004837:Epinephrine