title: Exposure to alcohol in utero: Influence on cognitive function and learning in a northern elementary school population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To establish the prevalence of fetal alcohol exposure; to compare physical, behavioural and learning patterns of children with significant alcohol exposure in utero with those of a group of children exposed to minimal alcohol; to assess the usefulness of a fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)/fetal alcohol effect (FAE) score; and to provide feedback to parents, schools and communities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Parent questionnaire, complete physical examinations of children, psychometric tests of the children using elements of the Pediatric Early Elementary Examination (PEEX) and the Pediatric Examination of Educational Readiness (PEER), ADD-H comprehensive teachers rating scale (ACTeRS) score, the newly developed FAS/FAE Score, and the Brigance Comprehensive Inventory of Basic Skills to assess language and mathematical achievement. Testers were blinded to the results of the assessments and questionnaires.
  
  
  METHODS
  Grades 1 to 3 at Sir Alexander MacKenzie School in Inuvik, Northwest Territories.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-four per cent of mothers reported frequent or binge drinking, and 76% of mothers reported abstinence or moderate alcohol intake. There were significant ethnic differences; none of the Caucasian mothers reported frequent or binge drinking during pregnancy compared with 40% of Inuvialuit and 33% of Indian mothers. Children with exposure to frequent or binge drinking in utero had smaller palpebral fissures (2.3+/-0.1 cm versus 2.5+/-0.3 cm, P<0.01), smaller palpebral fissure to intercanthal distance ratios (0.77+/-0.05 versus 0.86+/-0.10, P<0.01) and smaller head circumferences (52.1+/-1.6 cm versus 53.6+/-1.6 cm, P<0.01) than those exposed to moderate drinking or abstinence. Children exposed to frequent or binge drinking in utero also demonstrated poorer coordination (P<0.005) and cortical function (P<0.01), attention problems, hyperactivity (ACTeRS), and poorer scholastic achievement in language (P<0.001) and mathematics (P<0.01) than their minimally exposed counterparts. In children in grades 2 and 3, a significant negative correlation was found between FAS/FAE scores and language (r=-0.55, P<0.001) and mathematical achievement (r=-0.28, P=0.20).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of drinking during pregnancy in the northern population studied was high, and exposure in utero was associated with physical abnormalities, difficulties with coordination and cortical function, and significant delays in language and mathematical achievement. The FAS/FAE score may be useful in predicting success or failure in language development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta;
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Godel
authors.forename: B E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: McCallum
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: C W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Macneil
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Liddell
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Shea