title: Side population increase after simulated transient ischemia in human dental pulp cell.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dental pulp is often exposed to ischemia in case of injury or inflammation because of narrow vascular openings at the apex and poor blood circulation in dental pulp tissue. Resident stem cell populations are thought to contribute to the postischemic regeneration process. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of simulated ischemia (serum deprivation and hypoxia) on side population (SP) stem cells of human dental pulp cells in order to provide a better understanding of the postischemic tissue repair and regeneration process.
  
  
  METHODS
  The proliferation of dental pulp cells (DPCs) after exposure to ischemic culture conditions (2% O2, 2% serum) for 24 hours and 48 hours was investigated by 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. The SP fraction was detected by Hoechst 33342 fluorescence flow cytometry, and the expression of SP marker ABCG2 was investigated by immunofluorescence. ABCG2 and OCT4 messenger RNA levels before and after transient ischemia were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Proliferation rate of DPCs was lower in 24- and 48-hour ischemic groups than control from day 5 to day 7. SP proportion was significantly higher 24 and 48 hours after simulated ischemic treatment, and immunofluorescence staining of ABCG2 also verified the increasing trend of side population. ABCG2 and OCT4 messenger RNA levels increased more than three folds in 48 hours ischemic group compared with control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Side population in dental pulp cells increase notably after transient simulated ischemic culture, suggesting that SP may participate in post-ischemic repair and regeneration process of dental pulp.
authors.affiliation: Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Jinming
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Xi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: Junqi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ling
authors.forename: Yijun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Qimei
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Gong
mesh_terms: D000070997:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2; D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D015687:Cell Hypoxia / Q000502:physiology; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D003782:Dental Pulp / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007511:Ischemia / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D050814:Octamer Transcription Factor-3 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D012038:Regeneration / Q000502:physiology; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C116614:ABCG2 protein, human; D000070997:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2; D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; D015415:Biomarkers; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D050814:Octamer Transcription Factor-3; C494173:POU5F1 protein, human; D012333:RNA, Messenger