title: Developmental tumourigenesis: NCAM as a putative marker  for the malignant renal stem/progenitor cell population.
abstract: During development, renal stem cells reside in the nephrogenic blastema. Wilms' tumour (WT), a common childhood malignancy, is suggested to arise from the nephrogenic blastema that undergoes partial differentiation and as such is an attractive model to study renal stem cells leading to cancer initiation and maintenance. Previously we have made use of blastema-enriched WT stem-like xenografts propagated in vivo to define a 'WT-stem' signature set, which includes cell surface markers convenient for cell isolation (frizzled homolog 2 [Drosophila] - FZD2, FZD7, G-protein coupled receptor 39, activin receptor type 2B, neural cell adhesion molecule - NCAM). We show by fluorescenceactivated cell sorting analysis of sphere-forming heterogeneous primary WT cultures that most of these markers and other stem cell surface antigens (haematopoietic, CD133, CD34, c-Kit; mesenchymal, CD105, CD90, CD44; cancer, CD133, MDR1; hESC, CD24 and putative renal, cadherin 11), are expressed in WT cell sub-populations in varying levels. Of all markers, NCAM, CD133 and FZD7 were constantly detected in low-to-moderate portions likely to contain the stem cell fraction. Sorting according to FZD7 resulted in extensive cell death, while sorted NCAM and CD133 cell fractions were subjected to clonogenicity assays and quantitative RT-PCR analysis, exclusively demonstrating the NCAM fraction as highly clonogenic, overexpressing the WT 'stemness' genes and topoisomerase2A (TOP2A), a bad prognostic marker for WT. Moreover, treatment of WT cells with the topoisomerase inhibitors, Etoposide and Irinotecan resulted in down-regulation of TOP2A along with NCAM and WT1. Thus, we suggest NCAM as a marker for the WT progenitor cell population. These findings provide novel insights into the cellular hierarchy of WT, having possible implications for future therapeutic options.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Stem Cell Research Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Israel.|Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel.
authors.forename: Naomi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pode-Shakked
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Stem Cell Research Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Israel.
authors.forename: Sally
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Metsuyanim
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University, Israel.
authors.forename: Eithan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rom-Gross
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Sheba Medical Center, Israel.|Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel.
authors.forename: Yoram
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mor
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Sheba Medical Center, Israel.|Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel.
authors.forename: Eduard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fridman
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology and Sheba Cancer Research Center, Sheba Medical Center, Israel.
authors.forename: Itamar
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Goldstein
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology and Sheba Cancer Research Center, Sheba Medical Center, Israel.|Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel.
authors.forename: Ninette
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Amariglio
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology and Sheba Cancer Research Center, Sheba Medical Center, Israel.|Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel.
authors.forename: Gideon
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rechavi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology and Sheba Cancer Research Center, Sheba Medical Center, Israel.
authors.forename: Gilmor
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Keshet
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Stem Cell Research Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Israel.|Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dekel
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007223:Infant; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D014411:Neoplastic Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D019006:Neural Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000378:metabolism*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D009396:Wilms Tumor / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D019006:Neural Cell Adhesion Molecules