title: Genetic predisposition to advanced glycation end products toxicity is related to prognosis of chronic hemodialysis patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) belong to uremic toxins and some pathological effects of AGEs are linked to RAGE (receptor for AGEs). Their precursors are detoxified by the glyoxalase (GLO) system. The A419C (E111A) polymorphism of the GLO I gene is associated with vascular disease in hemodialysis (HD) patients and some RAGE gene polymorphisms are implicated in various pathological states.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study the relationship of A419C GLO I and four RAGE polymorphisms (-429T/C, -374T/A, 2184A/G and Gly82Ser) in the prognosis of HD patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  The group studied consisted of 214 chronic HD patients prospectively followed up for 43 months. 100 patients died, 48 due to cardiovascular causes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Kaplan-Meier analysis showed a higher mortality rate in patient-mutated homozygotes for RAGE -429CC, RAGE 2184GG and GLO I 419CC. A higher hazard risk was confirmed by the Cox proportional hazards model when wild-type homozygotes were taken as reference: RAGE -429CC 2.28 (95% CI 1.04-4.99), RAGE 2184GG 3.16 (95% CI 1.44-6.93), and GLO I 419CC 1.75 (95% CI 1.08-2.86). Both RAGE polymorphisms were also associated with cardiovascular mortality: RAGE -429CC 3.54 (95% CI 1.37-9.14) and RAGE 2184GG 5.04 (95% CI 1.93-13.11).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In summary, our study shows for the first time a link between RAGE and GLO polymorphisms in the prognosis of HD patients.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic. marta.kalousova@seznam.cz
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kalousová
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jáchymová
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Germanová
authors.forename: Ales Antonín
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Kubena
authors.forename: Vladimír
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Tesar
authors.forename: Tomás
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zima
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000453:epidemiology; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000235:genetics* / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy; D007791:Lactoylglutathione Lyase / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D000067759:Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D014511:Uremia / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced; D000067759:Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic; D007791:Lactoylglutathione Lyase