title: BMPs: Options, indications, and effectiveness.
abstract: Alteration of the bone healing process with bone morphogenetic proteins offers a new perspective in orthopaedic surgery in those adverse situations that necessitate bone grafting. BMPs have been demonstrated to be effective and safe for human application and have an efficacy comparable with that of autologous bone grafting. Nevertheless, clinical trials with level 1 evidence are still limited in their ability to extrapolate robust and safe clinical conclusions for the possible indications mentioned in this article. Future research should refine issues regarding the relative effectiveness of bone morphogenetic proteins, the interaction between bone morphogenetic protein subtypes, and their specific effect on various target cell populations.
authors.affiliation: From the Academic Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom. pgiannoudi@aol.com
authors.forename: Peter V
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Giannoudis
authors.forename: Haralampos T
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Dinopoulos
mesh_terms: D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017102:Fracture Healing / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans
chemical_list: D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins