title: Cerium oxide nanoparticles protect gastrointestinal epithelium from radiation-induced damage by reduction of reactive oxygen species and upregulation of superoxide dismutase 2.
abstract: The ability of rare earth cerium oxide (CeO(2)) nanoparticles to confer radioprotection against gastrointestinal epithelium was examined. The pretreatment of normal human colon cells (CRL 1541) with varying concentrations of CeO(2) nanoparticles 24 hours before single-dose radiation exposure conferred protection from radiation-induced cell death by reducing the amount of reactive oxygen species produced and increasing the expression of superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), in a dose-dependent manner. In subsequent experiments athymic nude mice were pretreated with intraperitoneal injections of CeO(2) nanoparticles before a single dose of radiation to the abdominal area. Immunohistochemical analysis show a decrease in TUNEL- and caspase 3-positive cells in the colonic crypt, 4 hours after radiation. In sharp contrast, a significant increase in SOD2 expression was observed. In the end, these studies suggest that CeO(2) nanoparticles protect the gastrointestinal epithelium against radiation-induced damage by (1) acting as free-radical scavengers and (2) increasing the production of SOD2 before radiation insult.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  In this study, the ability of rare earth cerium oxide (CeO(2)) nanoparticles to confer radioprotection was examined. The results suggest that CeO(2) nanoparticles protect the gastrointestinal epithelium against radiation-induced damage both by acting as free-radical scavengers and by increasing the production of SOD2 before radiation insult.
authors.affiliation: M.D. Anderson Cancer Center Orlando, Cancer Research Institute, Orlando, FL 32837, USA.
authors.forename: Jimmie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Colon
authors.forename: Nelson
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hsieh
authors.forename: Amber
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ferguson
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kupelian
authors.forename: Sudipta
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Seal
authors.forename: D Wayne
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Jenkins
authors.forename: Cheryl H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Baker
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002563:Cerium / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000166:cytology*; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009092:Mucous Membrane / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism*; D000099156:Superoxide Dismutase 2
chemical_list: D002563:Cerium; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D000099156:Superoxide Dismutase 2; C030583:ceric oxide