title: Endoscopic placement of self-expandable metal stents for malignant colonic obstruction: long-term outcomes and complication factors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Self-expandable metal stents (SEMSs) are used for colonic obstruction palliatively and preoperatively.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Determine long-term efficacy, incidence of complications, and risk factors of SEMS placement for colonic obstruction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective review of SEMSs placed for malignant colorectal obstruction from 1999 to 2008.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tertiary-care center.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study involved 168 patients who underwent SEMS placement for palliation and 65 patients who underwent SEMS placement as a "bridge to surgery."
  
  
  METHODS
  Colonic SEMS placement.
  
  
  METHODS
  Stricture location, stent-induced complications, time to adverse events, need for reintervention.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Technical and immediate clinical success rates were 96% and 99% in the palliative group and 95% and 98% in the preoperative group. Forty-one patients (24.4%) in the palliative group had complications including perforation (9%), occlusion (9%), migration (5%), and erosion/ulcer (2%). Mean stent patency was 145 days in the palliative group. One hundred eight of 122 patients (88.5%) were free of obstruction from implantation until death. Preoperatively placed stents remained in situ for a mean of 25.4 days and remained patent until surgery in 73.8% of patients. Complications were present preoperatively in 23.1% of patients; 94% underwent elective colectomy. Univariate analysis identified males, complete obstruction, stent diameter < or = 22 mm, stricture dilation during SEMS insertion, and operator experience as significant risk factors for complication. In the palliative group, intraluminal lesions (27% vs 19%), bevacizumab (35% vs 23%), and distal colon placement of the stent (27% vs 13%) were also associated with higher complication rates as compared to extraluminal lesions, patients not treated with bevacizumab, and stents in the proximal colon, respectively. Bevacizumab therapy nearly tripled the risk of perforation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Retrospective analysis, single institution.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Colorectal SEMS placement is relatively safe and effective but with a complication rate of nearly 25%. Patient characteristics and technical variables appear to affect the outcome of SEMS therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Aaron J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Small
authors.forename: Nayantara
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Coelho-Prabhu
authors.forename: Todd H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Baron
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D000068258:Bevacizumab; D003108:Colonic Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000150:complications; D016099:Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007415:Intestinal Obstruction / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D015607:Stents; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D000068258:Bevacizumab