title: Parallel assessment of prolonged neonatal distress by empathy-based and item-based scales.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the association between the empathy-based Faces Pain Scale-Revised (FPS-R) and the item-based Neonatal Pain, Agitation and Sedation Scale (N-PASS) when used to assess prolonged distress in term and preterm infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sequential prospective psychometric evaluations of distress, at 4-h intervals during a 48-h time period. FPS-R and N-PASS were employed in parallel by the nurses in charge in 44 term and preterm newborn infants.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the overall 48-h observation period, median FPS-R declined from 6/10 to 2/10 (p<0.001) while N-PASS did not change significantly. FPS-R and N-PASS showed strong correlation during the first 12h of observation (R(s)=0.786, p<0.001). During each of the following 12-h observation periods, the strength of this association decreased (12-24h: R(s)=0.781; 24-36 h: R(s)=0.675; 36-48 h: R(s)=0.658) while remaining significant (p<0.001). However, when used to categorize infants as being in distress or not, the rate of agreement between FPS-R and N-PASS showed little variation (0-12h: 79.6%, 12-24h: 88.6%; 24-36 h: 89.4%, 36-48 h: 84.9%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In newborn infants serially assessed over 48 h, there is a progressive divergence between FPS-R and N-PASS. There is, however, reason to extend the use of the FPS-R also to the neonatal arena, as the rate of agreement between N-PASS and FPS-R to categorize an infant as being in distress or not remains stable. Preference of item- or empathy-based assessment may be a question of personal philosophy rather than medical science.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neonatology, Charité University Medical Center, Berlin, Germany. lars.garten@charite.de
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Garten
authors.forename: Philipp
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Deindl
authors.forename: Gerd
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schmalisch
authors.forename: Boris
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Metze
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bührer
mesh_terms: D004645:Empathy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011594:Psychometrics