title: Modafinil reduces microsleep during partial sleep deprivation in depressed patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Sleep deprivation (SD) can induce a prompt decrease in depressive symptoms within 24h. Following the recovery night, however, a relapse into depression occurs in most patients. Recovery sleep, naps and even very short episodes of sleep (microsleep; MS) during SD have been shown to provoke a rapid relapse into depression. This study tested the hypothesis that modafinil reduces MS during SD and stabilizes the treatment response to PSD compared to placebo.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 28 patients (13 men, 15 women; age 45.1+/-12.1 years) with a major depressive episode and a cumulative daytime microsleep of five or more minutes were investigated using a double-blind placebo-controlled study design. All patients were treated with a stable mirtazapine monotherapy. A partial SD (PSD) was performed after one week. Additional morning treatment with modafinil vs. placebo started during PSD and was maintained over two weeks. Sleep-EEG and MS episodes were recorded with a portable EEG. Depression severity was assessed using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale before, during and after PSD and at follow-ups after one and two weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients treated with modafinil showed significantly reduced microsleep during PSD (11.63+/-15.99 min) compared to the placebo group (47.77+/-65.31 min). This suppression of MS was not associated with the antidepressive effect of PSD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared to placebo, modafinil was efficient in reducing daytime microsleep following partial sleep deprivation but did not enhance the antidepressive effects of PSD and did not stabilize antidepressive effects over two weeks.
authors.affiliation: Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel, Center of Affective Disorders and Depression and Center of Sleep Medicine, Basel/CH, Switzerland. johannes.beck@upkbs.ch
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Beck
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Hemmeter
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brand
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Muheim
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hatzinger
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Holsboer-Trachsler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D000077408:Modafinil; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012892:Sleep Deprivation / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012894:Sleep Stages / Q000187:drug effects*; D014851:Wakefulness / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D000077408:Modafinil