title: Restoration of elbow extension after primary reconstruction in obstetric brachial plexus palsy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Elbow extension is important for the elbow joint, and it is more difficult to restore with microsurgery than elbow flexion. The purpose of this article is to describe the experience of the authors with elbow extension reconstruction in obstetric brachial plexus palsy patients. The outcomes were analyzed in relation to the type of brachial plexus lesion, timing of surgery, and the type of nerve reconstruction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-five children with obstetric brachial plexus palsy who underwent nerve reconstruction for elbow extension restoration were studied. The mean follow-up period was 6.4 years (range, 2-22 y). Reinnervation of the triceps muscle was accomplished with indirect neurotization of the posterior cord from intraplexus donors or with direct neurotization from extraplexus donors, such as the contralateral C7 and the intercostal nerves.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-seven (67%) of the 55 cases showed good or excellent results (>or=M3+). The average postoperative muscle grading for the triceps was 3.34+/-0.99 compared with 1.19+/-1.29 preoperatively (P<0.0001). Patients with C5 to C7 palsy achieved significantly stronger elbow extension than those with C5 to T1 palsy. In addition, the timing of surgery significantly influenced the final outcome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Elbow extension is one of big challenges to be restored, especially in obstetric brachial plexus palsy. In early cases (within 6 mo) intraplexus reconstruction of the posterior cord can give excellent results. In later cases, or in cases of multiple avulsions, extraplexus motor donors, which selectively targeted the triceps, can give variable results.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23501, USA. mrc@jkterzis.com
authors.forename: Julia K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Terzis
authors.forename: Zinon T
authors.initials: ZT
authors.lastname: Kokkalis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001720:Birth Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D020516:Brachial Plexus Neuropathies / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004551:Elbow Joint / Q000294:innervation*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008866:Microsurgery / Q000379:methods; D016067:Nerve Transfer / Q000379:methods; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D020127:Recovery of Function; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult