title: Delivering the WISE (Whole Systems Informing Self-Management Engagement) training package in primary care: learning from formative evaluation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The WISE (Whole System Informing Self-management Engagement) approach encompasses creating, finding, and implementing appropriate self-care support for people with long-term conditions. A training package for primary care to introduce the approach was developed and underwent formative evaluation. This entailed exploring the acceptability of the WISE approach and its effectiveness in changing communication within consultations. The study aimed to refine the patient, practitioner, and patient level components of the WISE approach and translate the principles of WISE into an operational intervention deliverable through National Health Service training methods.
  
  
  METHODS
  Normalisation Process Theory provided a framework for development of the intervention. Practices were recruited from an inner city Primary Care Trust in NW England. All practice staff were expected to attend two afternoon training sessions. The training sessions were observed by members of the training team. Post-training audio recordings of consultations from each general practitioner and nurse in the practices were transcribed and read to provide a narrative overview of the incorporation of WISE skills and tools into consultations. Face-to-face semi-structured interviews were conducted with staff post-training.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two practices out of 14 deemed eligible agreed to take part. Each practice attended two sessions, although a third session on consultation skills training was needed for one practice. Fifty-four post-training consultations were recorded from 15 clinicians. Two members of staff were interviewed at each practice. Significant elements of the training form and methods of delivery fitted contemporary practice. There were logistical problems in getting a whole practice to attend both sessions, and administrative staff founds some sections irrelevant. Clinicians reported problems incorporating some of the tools developed for WISE, and this was confirmed in the overview of consultations, with limited overt use of WISE tools and missed opportunities to address patients' self-management needs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The formative evaluation approach and attention to normalisation process theory allowed the training team to make adjustments to content and delivery and ensure appropriate staff attended each session. The content of the course was simplified and focussed more clearly on operationalising the WISE approach. The patient arm of the approach was strengthened by raising expectations of a change in approach to self-care support by their practice.
authors.affiliation: National Primary Care Research and Development Centre, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK. anne.p.kennedy@manchester.ac.uk
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.forename: Carolyn
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chew-Graham
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Blakeman
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bowen
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gardner
authors.forename: Joanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Protheroe
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gask