title: Analysis of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and downstream pathways in chordomas.
abstract: We have previously demonstrated that chordomas express activated platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFRB) and that treatment with imatinib, which is capable of switching off the activation of various receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) including PDGFRB, benefits a number of patients. The aim of this study was to identify the possible presence of other activated RTKs and their downstream signaling effectors. Cryopreserved material from 22 naïve sporadic chordomas was investigated for the presence of activated RTKs and their cognate ligands and downstream signaling effectors by means of human phospho-RTK antibody arrays, Western blotting, and molecular analysis; immunohistochemistry and fluorescence in situ hybridization were used to analyze the corresponding formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded samples. We detected activated PDGFRB, FLT3, and colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) of the PDGFR family and highly phosphorylated EGFR, HER2/neu, and (to a lesser extent) HER4 of the EGFR family. The detection of PDGFRB/PDGFB confirmed our previous data. The presence of activated EGFR was paralleled by the finding of high levels of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and transforming growth factor alpha (TGFalpha) and PDGFB co-expression and PDGFRB co-immunoprecipitation. Of the downstream effectors, the PI3K/AKT and RAS/MAPK pathways were both activated, thus leading to the phosphorylation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and 4E-BP1 among the regulators involved in translational control. Taken together, our results (i) provide a rationale for tailored treatments targeting upstream activated receptors, including the PDGFR and EGFR families; (ii) support the idea that a combination of upstream antagonists and mTOR inhibitors enhances the control of tumor growth; and (iii) indicate that the 4E-BP1/eIF4E pathway is a major regulator of protein synthesis in chordoma.
authors.affiliation: Experimental Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Tumori Milano, Via G. Venezian 1, 20133 Milano, Italy. elena.tamborini@istitutotumori.mi.it
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tamborini
authors.forename: Emanuela
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Virdis
authors.forename: Tiziana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Negri
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Orsenigo
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brich
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Conca
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gronchi
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stacchiotti
authors.forename: Giacomo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Manenti
authors.forename: Paolo G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Casali
authors.forename: Marco A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Pierotti
authors.forename: Silvana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pilotti
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001859:Bone Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D002817:Chordoma / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006801:Humans; D015151:Immunoblotting; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D047468:Immunoprecipitation; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases