title: Postoperative continuous paravertebral anesthetic infusion for pain control in posterior cervical spine surgery: a case-control study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients who undergo posterior cervical spinal fusion procedures frequently experience significant postoperative pain. Use of a local anesthetic continuous infusion pump after surgery may improve these outcome variables.
  
  
  METHODS
  After posterior cervical spine fusion procedures, 25 consecutive patients received continuous infusion of 0.5% bupivacaine into the subfascial aspects of the wound via an elastomeric pump. Data were collected prospectively by third party assessment using standard nursing protocols. This included numeric pain scores and opiate use over the first 4 postoperative days (PODs), length of hospitalization, and complications. In a retrospective analysis, we compared each study patient to a control patient who did not receive the continuous infusion of bupivacaine. Demographic variables and surgical procedure were similar among matched cases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients receiving continuous local anesthetic infusion used significantly less narcotics (P < .05) during the first 4 PODs: 24.4% on day 1, 34.1% on day 2, 53.5% on day 3, and 58.1% on day 4. A lower average pain score was observed among study patients on each POD (P < .05): 31.5% less on day 1, 13.0% on day 2, 24.0% on day 3, and 35.7% on day 4. Patients with the infusion device were discharged home earlier (POD 4.9 versus 6.7; P = .024) and demonstrated improvement in time to ambulation, first bowel movement, and discontinuation of the patient-controlled analgesia machine. No complications were associated with the device.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with the local anesthetic continuous infusion device required less narcotics and reported lower pain scores than control patients on each of the first 4 PODs. These results suggest that continuous infusion of local anesthetic into the paravertebral tissue during the immediate postoperative period is a safe and effective technique that achieves lower pain scores and narcotic use and improves multiple postoperative outcome variables.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA. jelder@usc.edu
authors.forename: James B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Elder
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Hoh
authors.forename: Charles Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Michael Y
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007260:Infusion Pumps / Q000592:standards / Q000639:trends; D015918:Infusion Pumps, Implantable / Q000592:standards / Q000639:trends*; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000517:prevention & control; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D002045:Bupivacaine