title: Infectious disease and risk of later celiac disease in childhood.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goal was to examine whether parent-reported infection at the time of gluten introduction increases the risk of future celiac disease (CD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Through the population-based All Infants in Southeast Sweden study, parents recorded data on feeding and infectious disease prospectively. Complete data on gluten introduction and breastfeeding duration were available for 9408 children. Those children had 42 826 parent-reported episodes of infectious disease in the first year of life (including 4003 episodes of gastroenteritis). We identified 44 children with biopsy-verified CD diagnosed after 1 year of age, and we used Cox regression to estimate the risk of future CD for children with infection at gluten introduction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighteen children with CD (40.9%) had an infection at the time of gluten introduction, compared with 2510 reference individuals (26.8%; P = .035). Few children had gastroenteritis at the time of gluten introduction (1 child with CD [2.3%] vs 166 reference individuals [1.8%]; P = .546). With adjustment for age at gluten introduction and breastfeeding duration, we found no association between a future diagnosis of CD and either any infection (adjusted hazard ratio: 1.8 [95% confidence interval: 0.9-3.6]) or gastroenteritis (adjusted hazard ratio: 2.6 [95% confidence interval: 0.2-30.8]) at the time of gluten introduction. We found no associations between breastfeeding duration, age at gluten introduction, and future CD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that parent-reported infection at the time of gluten introduction is not a major risk factor for CD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Karolinska Institute, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden. adina.welander@ki.se
authors.forename: Adina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Welander
authors.forename: Anna Röckert
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Tjernberg
authors.forename: Scott M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Montgomery
authors.forename: Johnny
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ludvigsson
authors.forename: Jonas F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Ludvigsson
mesh_terms: D002446:Celiac Disease / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007239:Infections / Q000150:complications*; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors