title: Antenatal allopurinol for reduction of birth asphyxia induced brain damage (ALLO-Trial); a randomized double blind placebo controlled multicenter study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy is associated with development of cerebral palsy and cognitive disability later in life and is therefore one of the fundamental problems in perinatal medicine. The xanthine-oxidase inhibitor allopurinol reduces the formation of free radicals, thereby limiting the amount of hypoxia-reperfusion damage. In case of suspected intra-uterine hypoxia, both animal and human studies suggest that maternal administration of allopurinol immediately prior to delivery reduces hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy.
  
  
  METHODS
  The proposed trial is a randomized double blind placebo controlled multicenter study in pregnant women at term in whom the foetus is suspected of intra-uterine hypoxia.Allopurinol 500 mg IV or placebo will be administered antenatally to the pregnant woman when foetal hypoxia is suspected. Foetal distress is being diagnosed by the clinician as an abnormal or non-reassuring foetal heart rate trace, preferably accompanied by either significant ST-wave abnormalities (as detected by the STAN-monitor) or an abnormal foetal blood scalp sampling (pH < 7.20).Primary outcome measures are the amount of S100B (a marker for brain tissue damage) and the severity of oxidative stress (measured by isoprostane, neuroprostane, non protein bound iron and hypoxanthine), both measured in umbilical cord blood. Secondary outcome measures are neonatal mortality, serious composite neonatal morbidity and long-term neurological outcome. Furthermore pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics will be investigated.We expect an inclusion of 220 patients (110 per group) to be feasible in an inclusion period of two years. Given a suspected mean value of S100B of 1.05 ug/L (SD 0.37 ug/L) in the placebo group this trial has a power of 90% (alpha 0.05) to detect a mean value of S100B of 0.89 ug/L (SD 0.37 ug/L) in the 'allopurinol-treated' group (z-test2-sided). Analysis will be by intention to treat and it allows for one interim analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this trial we aim to answer the question whether antenatal allopurinol administration reduces hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy in neonates exposed to foetal hypoxia.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Clinical Trials, protocol registration system: NCT00189007.
authors.affiliation: Perinatal Center, University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands. j.j.kaandorp@gmail.com
authors.forename: Joepe J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Kaandorp
authors.forename: Manon J N L
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Benders
authors.forename: Carin M A
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Rademaker
authors.forename: Helen L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Torrance
authors.forename: Martijn A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Oudijk
authors.forename: Timo R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: de Haan
authors.forename: Kitty W M
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Bloemenkamp
authors.forename: Monique
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rijken
authors.forename: Maria G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: van Pampus
authors.forename: Arie F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Bos
authors.forename: Martina M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Porath
authors.forename: Sidarto Bambang
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Oetomo
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Willekes
authors.forename: A W Danilo
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Gavilanes
authors.forename: Maurice G A J
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Wouters
authors.forename: Ruurd M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: van Elburg
authors.forename: Anjoke J M
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Huisjes
authors.forename: Saskia C M J E R
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Bakker
authors.forename: Claudia A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: van Meir
authors.forename: Jeannette
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: von Lindern
authors.forename: Janine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Boon
authors.forename: Inge P
authors.initials: IP
authors.lastname: de Boer
authors.forename: Robbert Jp
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Rijnders
authors.forename: Corrie J W F M
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: Cuno S P M
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Uiterwaal
authors.forename: Ben Willem J
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Mol
authors.forename: Gerard H A
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Visser
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: van Bel
authors.forename: Jan B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Derks
mesh_terms: D000493:Allopurinol / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001238:Asphyxia Neonatorum / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005311:Fetal Hypoxia / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D020925:Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors / Q000097:blood; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D010751:Phosphopyruvate Hydratase / Q000097:blood; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011247:Pregnancy; D011295:Prenatal Care / Q000379:methods*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis; D064568:S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit; D009418:S100 Proteins / Q000097:blood; D014969:Xanthine Oxidase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors; D064568:S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit; D009418:S100 Proteins; C579160:S100B protein, human; D000493:Allopurinol; D014969:Xanthine Oxidase; D010751:Phosphopyruvate Hydratase