title: Pulse waveform characteristics predict cardiovascular events and mortality in patients undergoing coronary angiography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pulse waveform characteristics (Augmentation Index--AIx and pulse wave transit time) are measures of the timing and extent of arterial wave reflections. Although previous studies reported an independent association with cardiovascular morbidity, it remains to be established that waveform characteristics, derived from noninvasive pulse waveform analysis, predict cardiovascular outcomes independent of and additional to brachial blood pressure.
  
  
  METHODS
  We prospectively assessed AIx, heart-rate corrected AIx, and pulse wave transit time, using radial applanation tonometry and a validated transfer function to generate the aortic pressure curve, in 520 male patients undergoing coronary angiography. Primary endpoint was a composite of all-cause mortality, myocardial infarction, stroke, cardiac, cerebrovascular, and peripheral revascularization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During a follow-up of 49 months, 170 patients reached the primary endpoint. On the basis of Cox proportional hazards regression models, all pressure waveform characteristics predicted the primary endpoint. A 10% increase of AIx and heart-rate corrected AIx was associated with a 20.5% (95% confidence interval 6.5-36.4, P = 0.003) and 31.4% (95% confidence interval 13.2-52.6, P = 0.0004) increased risk of the primary endpoint, respectively. A 10-ms increase of pulse wave transit time was associated with a 20.8% (95% confidence interval 10.8-29.6, P = 0.0001) lower risk of the primary endpoint. In multiple adjusted models, AIx, heart-rate corrected AIx, and pulse wave transit time were independently associated with the combined endpoint even after adjustments for brachial blood pressure, age, extent of coronary artery disease, clinical characteristics, and medications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study provides evidence that pulse waveform characteristics consistently and independently predict cardiovascular events in coronary patients.
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Department, Klinikum Wels-Grieskirchen, Wels, Austria.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.forename: Michael F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: O'Rourke
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lassnig
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Porodko
authors.forename: Marcus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ammer
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rammer
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Eber
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001158:Arteries / Q000503:physiopathology; D001794:Blood Pressure; D001795:Blood Pressure Determination; D017023:Coronary Angiography / Q000379:methods*; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011674:Pulse