title: Survival study of natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery for rectosigmoid resection using transanal endoscopic microsurgery with or without transgastric endoscopic assistance in a swine model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The feasibility of transanal rectosigmoid resection with transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) was previously demonstrated in a swine nonsurvival model in which transgastric endoscopic assistance also was shown to extend the length of colon mobilized transanally.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 2-week survival study evaluating transanal endoscopic rectosigmoid resection with stapled colorectal anastomosis was conducted with swine using the transanal approach alone (TEM group, n = 10) or a transanal approach combined with transgastric endoscopic assistance (TEM + TG group, n = 10). Gastrotomies were created using a needleknife and balloon dilation, then closed using prototype T-tags. Outcomes were evaluated and compared between the groups using Student's t-test and Fisher's exact test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Relative to the TEM group, the average length of rectosigmoid mobilized in the TEM + TG group was 15.6 versus 10.5 cm (p < 0.0005), the length of the resected specimen was 9 versus 6.2 cm (p < 0.0005), and the mean operative time was 254.5 versus 97.5 min (p < 0.0005). Intraoperatively, no organ injury or major bleeding was noted. Two T-tag misfires occurred during gastrotomy closure and four small staple line defects requiring transanal repair including one in the TEM group and three in the TEM + TG group (p = 0.2). Postoperatively, there was no mortality, and the animals gained an average of 3.4 lb. Two major complications (10%) were identified at necropsy in the TEM + TG group including an intraabdominal abscess and an abdominal wall hematoma related to T-tag misfire. Gastrotomy closure sites and colorectal anastomoses were all grossly healed, with adhesions noted in 60 and 70% and microabscesses in 50 and 20% of the gastrotomy sites and colorectal anastomoses, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) for rectosigmoid resection using TEM with or without transgastric endoscopic assistance is feasible and associated with low morbidity in a porcine survival model. Transgastric assistance significantly prolongs the operative time but extends the length of the rectosigmoid mobilized transanally, with a nonsignificant increase in complication rates related to gastrotomy creation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 15 Parkman Street, WACC 460, Boston, MA 02114, USA. psylla@partners.org
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sylla
authors.forename: Dae Kyung
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Sohn
authors.forename: Sevdenur
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cizginer
authors.forename: Yusuf
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Konuk
authors.forename: Brian G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.forename: Denise W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Gee
authors.forename: Field F
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Willingham
authors.forename: Maylee
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: Mari
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mino-Kenudson
authors.forename: William R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Brugge
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Rattner
mesh_terms: D001003:Anal Canal; D000714:Anastomosis, Surgical / Q000379:methods; D000818:Animals; D012809:Colon, Sigmoid / Q000601:surgery*; D005773:Gastroscopy; D008297:Male; D008866:Microsurgery / Q000379:methods*; D023421:Models, Animal; D011351:Proctoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D012007:Rectum / Q000601:surgery*; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013552:Swine