title: Stability, Continuity, and Similarity of Parenting Stress in European American Mothers and Fathers across their Child's Transition to Adolescence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE: Experiencing some degree of parenting stress is virtually unavoidable, particularly as children enter early adolescence and assert their independence. In this study, we examined how parenting stress attributed to the parent, the child, or the dyad changed in mean level and relative standing across their child's transition to adolescence. We also compared mothers and fathers from the same families in terms of parenting stress and explored how one parent's stress affected the other parent's stress.  DESIGN: Participants included 222 European American parents (111 mothers and 111 fathers), assessed when their children were 10 and 14 years old.  RESULTS: Parenting stress was highly stable from 10 to 14 years. Total parenting stress increased across time, and was attributable to stress due to increased parent-child dysfunctional interaction, not parental distress or stress due to child behavior. Mothers and fathers agreed moderately in their relative standing and in the average levels of parenting stress in the three different domains of parenting stress at each time point. Mothers' and fathers' stress across domains were sometimes related.  CONCLUSIONS: Mothers' and fathers' increased parenting stress across their child's transition to adolescence seems to derive from parent-child interaction rather than qualities of the parent or the child per se. Finding ways to maintain parent-child communication and closeness may protect parents and families from increased stress during this vulnerable time.
authors.affiliation: Diane L. Putnick, Child and Family Research,  Eunice Kennedy Shriver  National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Suite 8030, 6705 Rockledge Drive, Bethesda MD 20892-7971. Email:  putnickd@mail.nih.gov . Marc H. Bornstein, Charlene Hendricks, Kathleen M. Painter, and Joan T. D. Suwalsky are also at the  Eunice Kennedy Shriver  National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. W. Andrew Collins is at the University of Minnesota.
authors.forename: Diane L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Putnick
authors.forename: Marc H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Bornstein
authors.forename: Charlene
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hendricks
authors.forename: Kathleen M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Painter
authors.forename: Joan T D
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Suwalsky
authors.forename: W Andrew
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Collins