title: Lung cancer risk associated with occupational exposure to nickel, chromium VI, and cadmium in two population-based case-control studies in Montreal.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nickel, chromium VI, and cadmium have been identified as lung carcinogens in highly exposed cohorts. The purpose of this study was to examine the etiological link between lung cancer and these metals in occupations, that usually entail lower levels of exposure than those seen in historical cohorts.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two population-based case-control studies were conducted in Montreal, from 1979 to 1986 and from 1996 to 2001, comprising 1,598 cases and 1,965 controls. A detailed job history was obtained to evaluate lifetime occupational exposure to many agents, including nickel, chromium VI, and cadmium compounds.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lung cancer odds ratios were increased only among former or non-smokers: 2.5 (95% CI: 1.3-4.7) for nickel exposure, 2.4 (95% CI: 1.2-4.8) for chromium VI, and 4.7 (95% CI: 1.5-14.3) for cadmium. The metals did not increase risk among smokers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While excess risks due to these metal compounds were barely discernable among smokers, carcinogenic effects were seen among non-smokers.
authors.affiliation: Département de Médecine Sociale et Préventive, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
authors.forename: Rachelle
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Beveridge
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pintos
authors.forename: Marie-Elise
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Parent
authors.forename: Jérome
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Asselin
authors.forename: Jack
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Siemiatycki
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002104:Cadmium / Q000633:toxicity*; D002274:Carcinogens, Environmental / Q000633:toxicity*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002857:Chromium / Q000633:toxicity*; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009532:Nickel / Q000633:toxicity*; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011792:Quebec / Q000453:epidemiology; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D002274:Carcinogens, Environmental; D002104:Cadmium; D002857:Chromium; C074702:chromium hexavalent ion; D009532:Nickel