title: Event rates, hospital utilization, and costs associated with major complications of diabetes: a multicountry comparative analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diabetes imposes a substantial burden globally in terms of premature mortality, morbidity, and health care costs. Estimates of economic outcomes associated with diabetes are essential inputs to policy analyses aimed at prevention and treatment of diabetes. Our objective was to estimate and compare event rates, hospital utilization, and costs associated with major diabetes-related complications in high-, middle-, and low-income countries.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Incidence and history of diabetes-related complications, hospital admissions, and length of stay were recorded in 11,140 patients with type 2 diabetes participating in the Action in Diabetes and Vascular Disease (ADVANCE) study (mean age at entry 66 y). The probability of hospital utilization and number of days in hospital for major events associated with coronary disease, cerebrovascular disease, congestive heart failure, peripheral vascular disease, and nephropathy were estimated for three regions (Asia, Eastern Europe, and Established Market Economies) using multiple regression analysis. The resulting estimates of days spent in hospital were multiplied by regional estimates of the costs per hospital bed-day from the World Health Organization to compute annual acute and long-term costs associated with the different types of complications. To assist, comparability, costs are reported in international dollars (Int$), which represent a hypothetical currency that allows for the same quantities of goods or services to be purchased regardless of country, standardized on purchasing power in the United States. A cost calculator accompanying this paper enables the estimation of costs for individual countries and translation of these costs into local currency units. The probability of attending a hospital following an event was highest for heart failure (93%-96% across regions) and lowest for nephropathy (15%-26%). The average numbers of days in hospital given at least one admission were greatest for stroke (17-32 d across region) and heart failure (16-31 d) and lowest for nephropathy (12-23 d). Considering regional differences, probabilities of hospitalization were lowest in Asia and highest in Established Market Economies; on the other hand, lengths of stay were highest in Asia and lowest in Established Market Economies. Overall estimated annual hospital costs for patients with none of the specified events or event histories ranged from Int$76 in Asia to Int$296 in Established Market Economies. All complications included in this analysis led to significant increases in hospital costs; coronary events, cerebrovascular events, and heart failure were the most costly, at more than Int$1,800, Int$3,000, and Int$4,000 in Asia, Eastern Europe, and Established Market Economies, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Major complications of diabetes significantly increase hospital use and costs across various settings and are likely to impose a high economic burden on health care systems.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia. philipc@med.usyd.edu.au
authors.forename: Philip M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Clarke
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Glasziou
authors.forename: Anushka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chalmers
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Woodward
authors.forename: Stephen B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Harrap
authors.forename: Joshua A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Salomon
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D005102:Health Expenditures / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged