title: Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy for adolescents with bipolar disorder: treatment development and results from an open trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In adolescents and adults, bipolar disorder (BD) is associated with significant morbidity, mortality, and impairment in psychosocial and occupational functioning. IPSRT is an empirically supported adjunctive psychotherapy for adults with bipolar disorder, which has been shown to help delay relapse, speed recovery from a bipolar depressive episode, and increase occupational and psychosocial functioning in adults with BD. This study is designed to describe the adolescent-specific developmental adaptations made to IPSRT (i.e., IPSRT-A) and to report the results from an open trial of IPSRT-A with 12 adolescents with a bipolar spectrum disorder.
  
  
  METHODS
  Interpersonal and Social Rhythm Therapy was adapted to be developmentally relevant to adolescents with bipolar disorder. Twelve adolescents (mean age 16.5+/-1.3 years) diagnosed with a bipolar spectrum disorder participated in 16-18 sessions of adjunctive IPSRT-A over 20 weeks. Manic, depressive, and general symptoms and global functioning were measured at baseline, monthly during treatment, and at post-treatment. Adolescent satisfaction with treatment was also measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Feasibility and acceptability of IPSRT-A were high; 11/12 participants completed treatment, 97% of sessions were attended, and adolescent-rated satisfaction scores were high. IPSRT-A participants experienced significant decreases in manic, depressive, and general psychiatric symptoms over the 20 weeks of treatment. Participants' global functioning increased significantly as well. Effect sizes ranged from medium-large to large.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IPSRT-A appears to be a promising adjunctive treatment for adolescents with bipolar disorder. A current randomized controlled trial is underway to examine effects of adjunctive IPSRT-A on psychiatric symptoms and psychosocial functioning.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA. shlastal@uw.edu
authors.forename: Stefanie A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Hlastala
authors.forename: Julie S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kotler
authors.forename: Jon M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: McClellan
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: McCauley
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D011584:Psychology; D011613:Psychotherapy / Q000379:methods*