title: Stereotactic electroencephalography with temporal grid and mesial temporal depth electrode coverage: does technique of depth electrode placement affect outcome?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Intracranial monitoring for temporal lobe seizure localization to differentiate neocortical from mesial temporal onset seizures requires both neocortical subdural grids and hippocampal depth electrode implantation. There are 2 basic techniques for hippocampal depth electrode implantation. This first technique uses a stereotactically guided 8-contact depth electrode directed along the long axis of the hippocampus to the amygdala via an occipital bur hole. The second technique involves direct placement of 2 or 3 4-contact depth electrodes perpendicular to the temporal lobe through the middle temporal gyrus and overlying subdural grid. The purpose of this study was to determine whether one technique was superior to the other by examining monitoring success and complications.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1997 and 2005, 41 patients underwent invasive seizure monitoring with both temporal subdural grids and depth electrodes placed in 2 ways. Patients in Group A underwent the first technique, and patients in Group B underwent the second technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Group A consisted of 26 patients and Group B 15 patients. There were no statistically significant differences between Groups A and B regarding demographics, monitoring duration, seizure localization, or outcome (Engel classification). There was a statistically significant difference at the point in time at which these techniques were used: Group A represented more patients earlier in the series than Group B (p < 0.05). The complication rate attributable to the grids and depth electrodes was 0% in each group. It was more likely that the depth electrodes were placed through the grid if there was a prior resection and the patient was undergoing a new evaluation (p < 0.05). Furthermore, Group A procedures took significantly longer than Group B procedures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this patient series, there was no difference in efficacy of monitoring, complications, or outcome between hippocampal depth electrodes placed laterally through temporal grids or using an occipital bur hole stereotactic approach. Placement of the depth electrodes perpendicularly through the grids and middle temporal gyrus is technically more practical because multiple head positions and redraping are unnecessary, resulting in shorter operative times with comparable results.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Epilepsy and Electroencephalography, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
authors.forename: Jamie J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Van Gompel
authors.forename: Fredric B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: W Richard
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Marsh
authors.forename: Kendall H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Gregory A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Worrell
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000679:Amygdala / Q000503:physiopathology; D038481:Anterior Temporal Lobectomy / Q000379:methods; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D002648:Child; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D004833:Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D038361:Neuronavigation / Q000379:methods; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013238:Stereotaxic Techniques; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000503:physiopathology; D013996:Time and Motion Studies; D014207:Trephining / Q000379:methods; D055815:Young Adult