title: Freeze thaw: a simple approach for prediction of optimal cryoprotectant for freeze drying.
abstract: The present study evaluates freeze thaw as a simple approach for screening the most appropriate cryoprotectant. Freeze-thaw study is based on the principle that an excipient, which protects nanoparticles during the first step of freezing, is likely to be an effective cryoprotectant. Nanoparticles of rifampicin with high entrapment efficiency were prepared by the emulsion-solvent diffusion method using dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate (AOT) as complexing agent and Gantrez AN-119 as polymer. Freeze-thaw study was carried out using trehalose and fructose as cryoprotectants. The concentration of cryoprotectant, concentration of nanoparticles in the dispersion, and the freezing temperature were varied during the freeze-thaw study. Cryoprotection increased with increase in cryoprotectant concentration. Further, trehalose was superior to fructose at equivalent concentrations and moreover permitted use of more concentrated nanosuspensions for freeze drying. Freezing temperature did not influence the freeze-thaw study. Freeze-dried nanoparticles revealed good redispersibility with a size increase that correlated well with the freeze-thaw study at 20% w/v trehalose and fructose. Transmission electron microscopy revealed round particles with a size approximately 400 nm, which correlated with photon correlation spectroscopic measurements. Differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction suggested amorphization of rifampicin. Fourier transfer infrared spectroscopy could not confirm interaction of drug with AOT. Nanoparticles exhibited sustained release of rifampicin, which followed diffusion kinetics. Nanoparticles of rifampicin were found to be stable for 12 months. The good correlation between freeze thaw and freeze drying suggests freeze-thaw study as a simple and quick approach for screening optimal cryoprotectant for freeze drying.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology (Deemed University), Institute of Chemical Technology, N.P. Marg, Matunga (E), Mumbai 400019, Maharastra, India.
authors.forename: Praveen V
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Date
authors.forename: Abdul
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Samad
authors.forename: Padma V
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Devarajan
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D002152:Calorimetry, Differential Scanning; D003451:Cryoprotective Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D004655:Emulsions; D005079:Excipients / Q000737:chemistry; D005612:Freeze Drying / Q000379:methods*; D005615:Freezing; D007700:Kinetics; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D053758:Nanoparticles; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction; D014965:X-Rays
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D003451:Cryoprotective Agents; D004655:Emulsions; D005079:Excipients; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D011108:Polymers