title: Motor and sensory nerve conduction are affected differently by ice pack, ice massage, and cold water immersion.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is well known that reducing tissue temperature changes sensory and motor nerve conduction. However, few studies have compared the effect of different cold modalities on nerve conduction parameters.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of ice pack, ice massage, and cold water immersion on the conduction parameters of the sural (sensorial) and tibial motor nerves.
  
  
  METHODS
  An experimental study was conducted in which the participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 intervention groups (n=12 per group). Independent variables were cold modality and pre- and post-cooling measurement time. Dependent variables were skin temperature and nerve conduction parameters.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-six people who were healthy, with a mean (SD) age of 20.5 (1.9) years, participated in the study. Each group received 1 of the 3 cold modalities, applied to the right calf region for 15 minutes. Skin temperature and nerve conduction parameters were measured before and immediately after cooling.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All 3 modalities reduced skin temperature (mean=18.2 degrees C). There also was a reduction in amplitude and an increase in latency and duration of the compound action potential. Ice massage, ice pack, and cold water immersion reduced sensory nerve conduction velocity (NCV) by 20.4, 16.7, and 22.6 m/s and motor NCV by 2.5, 2.1, and 8.3 m/s, respectively. Cold water immersion was the most effective modality in changing nerve conduction parameters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The cooling area of the ice massage and ice pack was smaller than that of the cold water immersion. The examiner was not blinded to the treatment group. The population included only participants who were healthy and young.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All 3 modalities were effective in reducing skin temperature and changing sensory conduction at a physiological level that is sufficient to induce a hypoalgesic effect. The results suggest that cold water immersion, as applied in this study, is the most indicated modality for inducing therapeutic effects associated with the reduction of motor nerve conduction.
authors.affiliation: Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil.
authors.forename: Esperanza
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Herrera
authors.forename: Maria C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Sandoval
authors.forename: Diana M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Camargo
authors.forename: Tania F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Salvini
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D000328:Adult; D003080:Cold Temperature; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007053:Ice; D007101:Immersion; D008297:Male; D008405:Massage; D009046:Motor Neurons / Q000502:physiology*; D009431:Neural Conduction / Q000502:physiology*; D011984:Sensory Receptor Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D012881:Skin Temperature; D013979:Tibial Nerve / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D007053:Ice