title: Activated CD4+ T cells enhance radiation effect through the cooperation of interferon-gamma and TNF-alpha.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Approaches that enhance radiation effect may lead to improved clinical outcome and decrease toxicity. Here we investigated whether activated CD4+ T cells (aCD4) can serve as an effective radiosensitizer.
  
  
  METHODS
  CD4+ T cells were activated with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 mAbs. Hela cells were presensitized with aCD4 or conditioned supernatant (aCD4S) or recombinant cytokines for 2 days, followed gamma-irradiation. The treated cells were cultured for an additional 2 to 5 days for cell proliferation, cell cycle, and western blot assays. For confirmation, other cancer cell lines were also used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Presensitization of tumor cells with aCD4 greatly increased tumor cell growth inhibition. Soluble factors secreted from activated CD4+ T cells were primarily responsible for the observed effect. IFN-gamma seemed to play a major role. TNF-alpha, though inactive by itself, significantly augmented the radiosensitizing activity of IFN-gamma. aCD4S, but not IFN-gamma or IFN-gamma/TNF-alpha combination, was found to enhance the gamma-irradiation-induced G2/M phase arrest. Bax expression was highly upregulated in Hela cells presensitized with aCD4S followed by gamma-irradiation. The radio-sensitizing activity of aCD4 is not uniquely observed with Hela cell line, but also seen with other cancer cell lines of various histology.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest possible molecular and cellular mechanisms that may help explain the radio-sensitization effect of activated lymphocytes, and may provide an improved strategy in the treatment of cancer with radiotherapy.
authors.affiliation: Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama 36604-1405, USA.
authors.forename: Yixiang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Soroosh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Radfar
authors.forename: Hung T
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Khong
mesh_terms: D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D002453:Cell Cycle; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D005720:Gamma Rays; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000378:metabolism*; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000379:methods; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D007371:Interferon-gamma