title: Energy and macronutrient composition of breakfast affect gastric emptying of lunch and subsequent food intake, satiety and satiation.
abstract: Satiety and food intake are closely related to gastrointestinal transit and specifically gastric emptying. High-fat (HF) meals empty more slowly from the stomach yet are less satiating than isoenergetic low-fat (LF) meals. The current study examines how gastric emptying and satiety at lunch are affected by energy and macronutrient content of breakfast. Nine male volunteers consumed either (1) a HF breakfast, (2) a LF breakfast isoenergetic to HF (LFE) or (3) a LF breakfast of equal mass to HF (LFM). Gastric emptying half time measured using the sodium [(13)C] acetate breath test was delayed after HF compared to LF meals (HF: 102 + or - 11, LFE: 96 + or - 13, LFM: 95 + or - 13 min, mean + or - SD). Fullness increased and desire to eat decreased following the LFE breakfast measured using visual analogue scales. Eating a HF breakfast increased the energy, fat and protein from an ad libitum buffet meal given 4h after lunch. In conclusion, eating a HF breakfast delayed gastric emptying of lunch and increased food intake 7 h later compared to a LFM breakfast. These data suggest both mass and energy content of food regulate subsequent appetite and feeding and demonstrate the hyperphagic effect of a single HF meal.
authors.affiliation: University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland. mclegg@brookes.ac.uk
authors.forename: Miriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Clegg
authors.forename: Amir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shafat
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001069:Appetite Regulation / Q000502:physiology; D001944:Breath Tests; D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D004032:Diet; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004435:Eating / Q000502:physiology*; D002149:Energy Intake; D005502:Food; D005746:Gastric Emptying / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D006963:Hyperphagia; D008297:Male; D012527:Satiation / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004044:Dietary Proteins