title: Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells induce angiogenesis and promote bladder cancer growth in a rabbit model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effect of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in the process of tumor development and the possibility of MSCs differentiating into vascular endothelial cells in the tumor microenvironment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty male New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into 2 groups: a test group and a control group. MSCs were isolated and cultured by bone marrow cell adherence. The bladder tumor models were built by embedding a VX2 mass in swelled bladder mucosa in all of the rabbits (n = 20). One week later, 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole-labeling MSCs were transplanted into tumor tissue in the test group (n = 10). Culture medium was injected into the tumor tissue of the control group (n = 10). The maximum diameter of the tumor mass was measured by ultrasound at 2 and 4 weeks after the VX2 tumor mass was embedded. All animals were sacrificed at 4 weeks. The double labeling immunofluorescence for CD146 was performed to reveal whether engrafted cells can differentiate into vascular endothelial cells. Vascular density was compared between the 2 groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no significant difference in the maximum diameters of the tumor masses between the 2 groups at 2 weeks (test group 0.77 +/- 0.15 cm vs. control group 0.71 +/- 0.15 cm, p > 0.05). The maximum diameters appeared larger in the test group at 4 weeks (test group 3.82 +/- 0.94 cm vs. control group 2.28 +/- 0.54 cm, p < 0.05). Immunofluorescence studies revealed some engrafted MSCs expressing a vascular endothelial cell phenotype (CD146). Furthermore, vascular density was augmented in the test group in comparison to the control group (10.1 +/- 0.70/0.2 mm(2) vs. 8.24 +/- 0.81/0.2 mm(2), p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Engrafted MSCs can differentiate into vascular endothelial cells and contribute to angiogenesis in the tumor microenvironment, which may be the major pathway of promoting tumor growth.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, PR China.
authors.forename: Keqin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Benkang
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Dongqing
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Yaofeng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Changkuo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Haifeng
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Xianzhou
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Zhishun
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D016026:Bone Marrow Transplantation / Q000379:methods; D051929:CD146 Antigen / Q000096:biosynthesis; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D018450:Disease Progression; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000166:cytology; D008297:Male; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic; D011817:Rabbits; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D051929:CD146 Antigen