title: HMGB1 activates nuclear factor-κB signaling by RAGE and increases the production of TNF-α in human umbilical vein endothelial cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  High mobility group box chromosomal protein 1 (HMGB1) is a lately discovered candidate molecule identified as an important extracellular mediator in systemic inflammation. Systemic inflammation results in endothelial cell activation and microvascular injury. In the present study, we investigated the effects of HMGB1 on the activation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and defined pathways activated by HMGB1.
  
  
  METHODS
  HUVECs obtained by collagenase treatment of umbilical cord veins were stimulated in vitro with HMGB1. The activation of HUVECs was studied regarding (i) the kinetics of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) production in HUVECs, (ii) HMGB1-induced up-regulation of receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), (iii) HMGB1-induced nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) in HUVECs, (iv) the activation of signalling transduction pathways.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HUVECs activation was stimulated by HMGB1 partially in a RAGE-dependent manner. Additionally, the HMGB1-induced activation of HUVECs was significantly inhibited by anti-RAGE monoclonal antibody and Ethyl pyruvate (EP) that had been shown to be an effective anti-inflammatory agent. Short-term prestimulation of HUVECs with HMGB1 caused a time-dependent increase in the secretion of TNF-α and expression of RAGE. Furthermore, HMGB1 stimulation resulted in nuclear translocation of transcription factor NF-κB. Most importantly, pretreatment with anti-RAGE monoclonal antibody significantly decreased the amounts of TNF-α and inhibited the nuclear translocation of NF-κB. Additionally in HUVECs cultures, EP specifically inhibited activation of NF-κB signaling pathway that are critical for TNF-α release.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, Our data present a link between HMGB1and RAGE function of endothelial cells and demonstrate the pathway activated by HMGB1. These findings may provide a novel therapeutic strategy to improve the endothelial cells function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First Hospital, China Medical University, Bei-er Road 92, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China.
authors.forename: Zheng-Gang
authors.initials: ZG
authors.lastname: Luan
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Ping-Ting
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Xiao-Chun
authors.initials: XC
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Cheng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Ren-Xuan
authors.initials: RX
authors.lastname: Guo
mesh_terms: D000906:Antibodies / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000378:metabolism; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D024243:HMGB1 Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism*; D021381:Protein Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D011773:Pyruvates / Q000494:pharmacology; D000067759:Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism*; D014471:Umbilical Veins / Q000166:cytology
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D024243:HMGB1 Protein; D016328:NF-kappa B; D011773:Pyruvates; D000067759:Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C046522:ethyl pyruvate