title: Insulin resistance increases the risk of urinary stone formation in a rat model of metabolic syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the association between metabolic syndrome and urinary stone disease, and whether insulin resistance associated with adiposity affects the risk of urinary stone formation, using a rat model of metabolic syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four-week-old male Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima 'Fatty' (OLETF, a model of human type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome) rats, and Long-Evans Tokushima (LETO, a non-diabetic control) rats (10 each) were given a standardized diet and free access to water. Body weight and serum and urinary biochemistry were determined every 4 weeks. Ten-week-old male OLETF and LETO rats were divided into three groups of nine each and treated with vehicle or oral administration of 3 or 10 mg/kg/day pioglitazone, an agent that improves insulin resistance. After 4 weeks, body weight and serum and urinary biochemistry were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The OLETF rats had significantly lower urinary pH and citrate excretion, and higher urinary uric acid and calcium excretion, than the LETO rats, with increases in body weight, serum triglyceride, glucose and insulin. The administration of pioglitazone to the OLETF rats for 4 weeks significantly increased urinary pH dose-dependently. There was no change in the urinary excretion of citrate, uric acid, calcium, oxalate or magnesium.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that metabolic syndrome causes the changes in urinary constituents, leading to increased risk of both uric acid and calcium stone formation. Improvement in insulin resistance, a central cause of metabolic syndrome, might prevent uric acid stone formation by raising urinary pH.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan. a-iba@ommc-hp.jp
authors.forename: Akinori
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Iba
authors.forename: Yasuo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kohjimoto
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mori
authors.forename: Tomomi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kuramoto
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nishizawa
authors.forename: Reona
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fujii
authors.forename: Yoshihito
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nanpo
authors.forename: Nagahide
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Matsumura
authors.forename: Yasuyo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shintani
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Inagaki
authors.forename: Isao
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hara
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D023421:Models, Animal; D000077205:Pioglitazone; D051381:Rats; D020334:Rats, Inbred OLETF; D020318:Rats, Long-Evans; D012307:Risk Factors; D045162:Thiazolidinediones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014545:Urinary Calculi / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D000077205:Pioglitazone