Circadian rhythms and metabolic syndrome: from experimental genetics to human disease.
The incidence of the metabolic syndrome represents a spectrum of disorders that continue to increase across the industrialized world. Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to metabolic syndrome and recent evidence has emerged to suggest that alterations in circadian systems and sleep participate in the pathogenesis of the disease. In this review, we highlight studies at the intersection of clinical medicine and experimental genetics that pinpoint how perturbations of the internal clock system, and sleep, constitute risk factors for disorders including obesity, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, thrombosis and even inflammation. An exciting aspect of the field has been the integration of behavioral and physiological approaches, and the emerging insight into both neural and peripheral tissues in disease pathogenesis. Consideration of the cell and molecular links between disorders of circadian rhythms and sleep with metabolic syndrome has begun to open new opportunities for mechanism-based therapeutics.
Maury
Eleonore
E
Northwestern University, Pancoe-ENH Pavilion Room 4405, 2200 Campus Dr, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
Ramsey
Kathryn Moynihan
KM
Bass
Joseph
J
D056930:ARNTL Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000378:metabolism; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D056926:CLOCK Proteins / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D016207:Cytokines / Q000502:physiology; D020920:Dyssomnias / Q000503:physiopathology; D004435:Eating / Q000502:physiology; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D025461:Feedback, Physiological; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006728:Hormones / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007249:Inflammation / Q000503:physiopathology; D008029:Lighting / Q000009:adverse effects; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology*; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D008875:Middle Aged; D054409:Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase / Q000502:physiology; D056564:Sirtuin 1 / Q000502:physiology; D012892:Sleep Deprivation / Q000503:physiopathology
D056930:ARNTL Transcription Factors; C538960:BMAL1 protein, human; D016207:Cytokines; D006728:Hormones; D056926:CLOCK Proteins; C538943:CLOCK protein, human; C538944:Clock protein, mouse; D054409:Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase; C085455:nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase, human; C447939:SIRT1 protein, human; D056564:Sirtuin 1