title: The trajectory patterns of parenting and the social competence of toddlers: a longitudinal perspective.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many studies have suggested that the daily emotional interactions between a child and his/her caregiver play a significant role in his/her development. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the trajectory patterns of parenting patterns of caregivers raising toddlers affect the social competence of the toddlers.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study participants were 246 dyads of 18-month-old children (baseline) and their caregivers, which was conducted as part of a Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) project. We used the Interaction Rating Scale (IRS) to evaluate the children's social competence. We assessed the child rearing environments by analyzing the caregivers' responses to the Index of Child Care Environment (ICCE).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that the children's total score on the IRS was significantly related to how frequently they sang songs together with their caregivers. Their score was also significantly related to how closely their caregiver worked with his/her partner in raising the child. These relationships did not change according to demographic information.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results confirm previous findings on the relationship between parenting patterns and children's social competence. In particular, the study shows that varied and continual parenting significantly affects a child's social competence.
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Science and Technology for Society, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sugisawa
authors.forename: Ryoji
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shinohara
authors.forename: Lian
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tong
authors.forename: Emiko
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Taeko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: Yoko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Onda
authors.forename: Yuri
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kawashima
authors.forename: Maki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hirano
authors.forename: Etsuko
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tomisaki
authors.forename: Yukiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mochizuki
authors.forename: Kentaro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Morita
authors.forename: Amarsanaa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gan-Yadam
authors.forename: Yuko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yato
authors.forename: Noriko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yamakawa
authors.forename: Tokie
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Anme
mesh_terms: D002657:Child Development; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D016015:Logistic Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D016487:Parenting; D012919:Social Behavior; D012931:Social Environment