title: The effects of nicotine, denicotinized tobacco, and nicotine-containing tobacco on cigarette craving, withdrawal, and self-administration in male and female smokers.
abstract: The effects of the acute administration of nicotine [through nicotine inhalers (NI) and placebo inhalers (PI)], nicotine-containing tobacco (NT), and denicotinized tobacco (DT), on smokers' subjective responses and motivation to smoke were examined in 22 smokers (12 male, 10 female; 11 low dependent, 11 high dependent). During four randomized blinded sessions, participants self-administered NI, PI, NT, or DT, and assessed their effects using Visual Analogue Scales and the Brief Questionnaire of Smoking Urges. They could then self-administer their preferred brand of cigarettes using a progressive ratio task. NT and DT were each associated with increased satisfaction and relaxation as well as decreased craving relative to the inhalers and NT increased ratings of stimulation relative to each of the other products. Both NT and DT delayed the onset of preferred tobacco self-administration relative to NI and PI but only NT reduced the total amount self-administered. Sex differences were evident in the effects of DT on withdrawal-related cravings with women experiencing greater DT-induced craving relief than men. Findings suggest that DT is effective in acutely reducing many smoking abstinence symptoms, especially in women, but a combination of nicotine and non-nicotine tobacco ingredients may be necessary to suppress smoking behavior.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS B3H 4J1,, Canada. Sean.Barrett@Dal.ca
authors.forename: Sean P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Barrett
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016739:Behavior, Addictive / Q000188:drug therapy*; D001944:Breath Tests / Q000379:methods; D002248:Carbon Monoxide / Q000032:analysis; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation / Q000187:drug effects; D009330:Nebulizers and Vaporizers; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017060:Patient Satisfaction / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012646:Self Administration; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012907:Smoking / Q000188:drug therapy*; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy*; D013997:Time Factors; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy*; D014026:Nicotiana
chemical_list: D009538:Nicotine; D002248:Carbon Monoxide