title: Three-dimensional assessment of the eruption path of the canine in individuals with bone-grafted alveolar clefts using cone beam computed tomography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the eruption path of the permanent maxillary canine during a 1-year period after secondary alveolar bone grafting and to (1) compare the canine eruption path on the cleft and noncleft side, (2) examine the number of congenially missing lateral incisors and the rate of canine impaction, and (3) examine the relationship between the eruption status of the canine and timing of alveolar bone grafting relative to age and canine root development using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT).
  
  
  METHODS
  Cone beam computed tomography scans for 17 nonsyndromic unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP), and four bilateral cleft lip and palate (BCLP) consecutive cases of alveolar bone grafting surgery were obtained after orthodontic expansion and before alveolar bone grafting and at least 1 year postsurgery on the Hitachi MercuRay CBCT machine. The DICOM files were imported into Dolphin 3D Imaging 10.5 and reoriented for consistency. The X, Y, and Z coordinates were determined for the canine cusp tip and root tip on both the cleft and noncleft sides. The direction of movement of the canine in 1 year was determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most canines on both the cleft and noncleft sides moved incisally, facially, and mesially. Twelve percent of the canines on the cleft side appeared to require surgical exposure. Eighty percent of the canines had less than half root development at the time of bone grafting. The amount of root development did not affect the outcome in terms of eruption amount or direction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most canines on both the cleft and noncleft side moved incisally, facially, and mesially.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA. sneha.oberoi@ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Snehlata
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Oberoi
authors.forename: Pawandeep
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gill
authors.forename: Radhika
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chigurupati
authors.forename: William Y
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Hatcher
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Vargervik
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D064728:Alveolar Bone Grafting / Q000379:methods*; D000848:Anodontia / Q000145:classification; D002648:Child; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000601:surgery; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000601:surgery; D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography / Q000379:methods*; D003481:Cuspid / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D007180:Incisor / Q000002:abnormalities; D008297:Male; D008437:Maxilla / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D009805:Odontogenesis / Q000502:physiology; D010155:Palatal Expansion Technique; D014078:Tooth Eruption / Q000502:physiology*; D014092:Tooth Root / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000254:growth & development; D014095:Tooth, Impacted / Q000145:classification; D014097:Tooth, Unerupted / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*