title: Surgical reconstruction of pelvic floor descent: anatomic and functional aspects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The human pelvic floor is a complex structure and pelvic floor dysfunction is seen frequently in females.
  
  
  METHODS
  This review focuses on the surgical reconstruction of the pelvic floor employing recent findings on functional anatomy. A selective literature research was performed by the authors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pelvic floor activity is regulated by 3 main muscular forces that are responsible for vaginal tension and suspension of the pelvic floor organs, bladder and rectum. A variety of symptoms can derive from pelvic floor dysfunctions, such as urinary urge and stress incontinence, abnormal bladder emptying, fecal incontinence, obstructive bowel disease syndrome and pelvic pain. These symptoms mainly derive, for different reasons, from laxity in the vagina or its supporting ligaments as a result of altered connective tissue. Pelvic floor reconstruction is nowadays driven by the concept that in case of pelvic floor symptoms, restoration of the anatomy will translate into restoration of the physiology and ultimately improve patients' symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The surgical reconstruction of the anatomy is almost exclusively focused on the restoration of the lax pelvic floor ligaments. Exact preoperative identification of the anatomical lesions is necessary to allow for exact anatomical reconstruction with respect to the muscular forces of the pelvic floor.
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Urology, Pediatric Urology and Andrology, Justus Liebig University Rudolf-Buchheim-Strasse 7 DE-35385 Giessen, Germany. wagenlehner@aol.com
authors.forename: F M E
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Wagenlehner
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bschleipfer
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Liedl
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gunnemann
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Petros
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Weidner
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000294:innervation / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D017773:Pelvic Floor / Q000294:innervation / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D017699:Pelvic Pain; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000601:surgery; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000601:surgery; D014572:Urology / Q000379:methods*