title: Association between polymorphisms in human tumor necrosis factor-alpha (--308) and -beta (252) genes and development of gestational diabetes mellitus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study is to investigate if an association exists between single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and TNF-beta genes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The DNA was extracted and SNP in the human TNF-alpha and TNF-beta genes at positions -308 (G/A) and 252 (A/G), respectively, was analyzed using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. Plasma levels of TNF-alpha in different stages of pregnancy were quantified using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no significant difference in genotype and allele frequency of SNP at position -308 (G/A) in the promoter region of the human TNF-alpha gene as well as the SNP at position 252 (A/G) in the human TNF-beta gene between the GDM and control subjects. Using the logistic regression model, it was found that the SNP in the TNF-alpha as well as TNF-beta were not associated with development of GDM. In addition, the TNF-alpha levels in the plasma of GDM and control mothers were not significantly different.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the population studied, the SNP in position -308 (G/A) of the human TNF-alpha or in position 252 (A/G) of the human TNF-beta gene is not an independent risk factor or a predictor for GDM.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, International Medical University, 126, Jalan 19/155B, Bukit Jalil, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. shabnam_montazeri@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Shabnam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Montazeri
authors.forename: Sivalingam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nalliah
authors.forename: Ammu Kutty
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Radhakrishnan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008233:Lymphotoxin-alpha / Q000235:genetics*; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011247:Pregnancy; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D008233:Lymphotoxin-alpha; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha