title: Therapeutically relevant concentrations of raloxifene dilate pressurized rat resistance arteries via calcium-dependent endothelial nitric oxide synthase activation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) inhibit constriction of mammalian conduit arteries. However, it is unknown whether SERMs at therapeutically achievable concentrations could reduce vascular tone in resistance arteries. The present study aimed to examine roles of Ca(2+) influx in endothelium and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activation in dilatations induced by raloxifene, a second-generation SERM in myogenically active arteries.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Small mesenteric arteries from Sprague-Dawley rats were isolated and mounted in a pressure myograph for measurement of changes in vessel diameter. [Ca(2+)](i) images on native endothelial cells of intact arteries were determined by the fluorescence imaging technique, and phosphorylation of eNOS was assayed by Western blotting. Raloxifene (0.3 to 10 nmol/L) produced dilatations on established steady myogenic constriction. Female rat arteries dilated significantly more in response to raloxifene than male arteries. Raloxifene-induced dilatations of female arteries were blunted by N(G)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester but unaffected by 1400W, charybdotoxin plus apamin, wortmannin, or LY294002. Raloxifene (3 nmol/L) triggered rises in endothelial cell [Ca(2+)](i) and increased eNOS phosphorylation at Ser1177. Both effects were greater in arteries from female rats than in arteries from male rats. Increases in endothelial cell [Ca(2+)](i) and in eNOS phosphorylation were prevented by removal of extracellular Ca(2+) ions. Finally, ICI 182,780 did not affect the raloxifene-stimulated rise in endothelial cell [Ca(2+)](i), eNOS phosphorylation, and vasodilatations. Chronic raloxifene treatment reduced myogenic constriction in arteries from female but not male rats.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Raloxifene at therapeutically relevant concentrations inhibits myogenic constriction by an NO-dependent mechanism that causally involves the elevated [Ca(2+)](i) in endothelial cells and subsequent eNOS activation. Raloxifene dilates resistance arteries more effectively in female rats, indicating its significant gender-related action on endothelial cells in microcirculation.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Vascular Medicine, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Yau Chi
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Fung Ping
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.forename: Wing Tak
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Xiao Yu
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.forename: Lai Ming
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Yung
authors.forename: Chi Wai
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.forename: Suk Ying
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Tsang
authors.forename: Xiaoqiang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.forename: Zhen Yu
authors.initials: ZY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D000730:Androstadienes / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001030:Apamin / Q000494:pharmacology; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D020013:Calcium Signaling / Q000187:drug effects*; D018999:Charybdotoxin / Q000494:pharmacology; D002867:Chromones / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004958:Estradiol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D004965:Estrogen Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D000077267:Fulvestrant; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D008638:Mesenteric Arteries / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D009025:Morpholines / Q000494:pharmacology; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester / Q000494:pharmacology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D010052:Ovariectomy; D010766:Phosphorylation; D026902:Potassium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D020849:Raloxifene Hydrochloride / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D020845:Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012737:Sex Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D014655:Vascular Resistance / Q000187:drug effects; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000187:drug effects*; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000077191:Wortmannin
chemical_list: D000730:Androstadienes; D002867:Chromones; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D004965:Estrogen Antagonists; D009025:Morpholines; D026902:Potassium Channel Blockers; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D020845:Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D018999:Charybdotoxin; D000077267:Fulvestrant; D001030:Apamin; D009569:Nitric Oxide; C085911:2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one; D020849:Raloxifene Hydrochloride; D004958:Estradiol; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; C496316:Nos3 protein, rat; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester; D000077191:Wortmannin