title: Factors affecting the outcome of ureteroscopy in the management of ureteral stones in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify the factors involved in failure and post-operative complications of retrograde rigid ureteroscopy (URS) in the treatment of ureteric stones in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a retrospective study, including 33 children who underwent 34 rigid URS (one case bilateral) for obstructive ureteric stones over a period of 10 years. Patient age, sex, presenting symptoms, stone size and location, operative technique, surgical outcomes and complications were recorded. Ureteroscopy was done in a manner similar to that in adults. Statistical analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney U, the Chi-square or Fisher's exact test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 33 children (22 girls and 11 boys) with a mean age of 10.8 years (range 4-16 years) presenting 34 stones. The site of stones was pelvic in 24 cases (70.5%), iliac in 2 cases (6%) and lumbar in 8 cases (23.5%). The mean size of stones was 10.9 mm (5-22 mm). The success rate was 91%. There were no intraoperative complications. Post-operative complications rate was 21%. Factors associated with failure were size, localization of the stone, and delay of surgery. Factors associated with post-operative complications were size of the stone and operative time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The rigid URS in children is a reliable and effective treatment option in the management of ureteric stones. Favorable factors for success of the procedure are pelvic stone and stone size <10 mm.
authors.affiliation: Urology Department, Sahloul University Hospital, 4042, Sousse, Tunisia. mehdi@jaidane.org
authors.forename: Mehdi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jaidane
authors.forename: Adnen
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hidoussi
authors.forename: Adel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Slama
authors.forename: Wissem
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hmida
authors.forename: Nabil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ben Sorba
authors.forename: Faouzi
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mosbah
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D017211:Treatment Failure; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014514:Ureteral Calculi / Q000601:surgery*; D018666:Ureteroscopy