title: Utilizing virtual reality to improve the ecological validity of clinical neuropsychology: an FMRI case study elucidating the neural basis of planning by comparing the Tower of London with a three-dimensional navigation task.
abstract: Virtual reality (VR) was used to create an ecologically valid spatial-navigation task in hand with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to articulate the neural basis of planning behavior. A virtual version of a traditional planning measure, the Tower of London, was also developed to ascertain convergent and divergent validity in terms of planning behavior and functional neuroanatomy. This VR-fMRI case study experiment was performed at 3.0 Tesla on a young healthy male subject. The obtained image data suggest both convergent and divergent specificity between the two conditions in terms of location and overall intensity of activation. Overall, the present case study provides supportive evidence that the activity of various brain regions associated with planning tasks is largely modulated by the ecological validity of the measure being used. This finding may extend to all domains of inquiry in neuropsychological research and assessment when deductive conclusions are formulated on the results of neuropsychological test measures that could be considered contrived in nature.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Zachariah
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: Konstantine K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Zakzanis
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jovanovski
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Joordens
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mraz
authors.forename: Simon J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Graham
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011340:Problem Solving / Q000502:physiology*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D055815:Young Adult