title: [-2]Proenzyme prostate specific antigen is more accurate than total and free prostate specific antigen in differentiating prostate cancer from benign disease in a prospective prostate cancer screening study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Due to the limited specificity of prostate specific antigen for prostate cancer screening, there is an ongoing search for adjunctive biomarkers. Retrospective studies have suggested that an isoform of proenzyme prostate specific antigen called [-2]proenzyme prostate specific antigen may enhance the specificity of prostate specific antigen based screening. We examined the usefulness of this isoform in a prospective prostate cancer screening study.
  
  
  METHODS
  From a population of 2,034 men undergoing prostate cancer screening we examined the relationship between the measurement of the [-2]isoform of proenzyme prostate specific antigen (p2PSA) and prostate cancer detection. Specifically we compared the usefulness of total prostate specific antigen, the ratio of free-to-total prostate specific antigen, the ratio of p2PSA-to-free prostate specific antigen, and a formula combining prostate specific antigen, free prostate specific antigen and p2PSA (the Beckman Coulter prostate health index or phi) to predict prostate cancer in men from the study undergoing prostate biopsy with a prostate specific antigen of 2.5 to 10 ng/ml and nonsuspicious digital rectal examination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Despite similar total prostate specific antigen (p = 0.88), percent free prostate specific antigen (p = 0.02) and %p2PSA (p = 0.0006) distinguished between positive and negative biopsy results. On ROC analysis %p2PSA (AUC 0.76) outperformed prostate specific antigen (AUC 0.50) and percent free prostate specific antigen (AUC 0.68) for differentiating between prostate cancer and benign disease. Setting the sensitivity at 88.5%, p2PSA led to a substantial improvement in specificity as well as positive and negative predictive values. The Beckman Coulter prostate health index (AUC 0.77) had the best overall performance characteristics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first prospective study to our knowledge to demonstrate that p2PSA provides improved discrimination between prostate cancer and benign disease in screened men with a prostate specific antigen of 2.5 to 10 ng/ml and a negative digital rectal examination.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA.
authors.forename: Brian V
authors.initials: BV
authors.lastname: Le
authors.forename: Christopher R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Griffin
authors.forename: Stacy
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Loeb
authors.forename: Gustavo F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Carvalhal
authors.forename: Donghui
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kan
authors.forename: Nikola A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Baumann
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Catalona
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D004792:Enzyme Precursors; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen; D011470:Prostatic Hyperplasia / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
chemical_list: D004792:Enzyme Precursors; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen