title: Preprocedural score for risk of contrast-induced nephropathy in elective coronary angiography and intervention.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a simplified scoring system based on preprocedure clinical characteristics to predict contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) before elective coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  CIN is associated with increased mortality and morbidity following coronary angiography and PCI and accounts for increased hospital costs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Several baseline clinical characteristics of 1218 patients were considered as candidate univariate predictors of CIN (increase > or =0.5 mg/dl in serum creatinine within 5 days after contrast exposure). On the basis of the odds ratio at multivariate logistic regression, seven markers (with weighted scores) were identified as independent correlates of CIN: age at least 73 years (1), diabetes mellitus (2), left ventricular ejection fraction 45% or less (2), baseline serum creatinine value at least 1.5 mg/dl (2), baseline creatinine clearance 44 ml/min or less (2), posthydration creatinine > or = prehydration creatinine value (2) and one procedure effected within the past 72 h (3).
  
  
  RESULTS
  CIN occurred in 114 (9.4%) patients [range 1.1-52.1% for a low (< or =3) and very high (> or =9) risk score, respectively]; the odds of CIN increased significantly with each class (Cochran-Armitage chi-square, P < 0.0001) and the risk score allowed us to determine patients with low and high risk for postprocedure CIN (c-statistic = 0.86). These results were reproduced in a validation set.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Preprocedural clinical risk factors have different influences on the likelihood of CIN. Risk classification based on the most significant parameters can be used to predict CIN before contrast exposure. The simple scoring system proposed here provides a good estimate of the risk of CIN, allowing the interventional team to make adequate adjustment to the procedures.
authors.affiliation: Misericordia e Dolce Hospital, Prato, Italy. mauro.maioli@fastwebnet.it <mauro.maioli@fastwebnet.it>
authors.forename: Mauro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maioli
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Toso
authors.forename: Michela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gallopin
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Leoncini
authors.forename: Delio
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tedeschi
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Micheletti
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bellandi
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000139:chemically induced*; D000368:Aged; D015906:Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000009:adverse effects*; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014283:Triiodobenzoic Acids / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D014283:Triiodobenzoic Acids; C044834:iodixanol