title: Do nonphysical punishments reduce antisocial behavior more than spanking? a comparison using the strongest previous causal evidence against spanking.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The strongest causal evidence that customary spanking increases antisocial behavior is based on prospective studies that control statistically for initial antisocial differences. None of those studies have investigated alternative disciplinary tactics that parents could use instead of spanking, however. Further, the small effects in those studies could be artifactual due to residual confounding, reflecting child effects on the frequency of all disciplinary tactics. This study re-analyzes the strongest causal evidence against customary spanking and uses these same methods to determine whether alternative disciplinary tactics are more effective in reducing antisocial behavior.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study re-analyzed a study by Straus et al.1 on spanking and antisocial behavior using a sample of 785 children who were 6 to 9 years old in the 1988 cohort of the American National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. The comprehensiveness and reliability of the covariate measure of initial antisocial behavior were varied to test for residual confounding. All analyses were repeated for grounding, privilege removal, and sending children to their room, and for psychotherapy. To account for covarying use of disciplinary tactics, the analyses were redone first for the 73% who had reported using at least one discipline tactic and second by controlling for usage of other disciplinary tactics and psychotherapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The apparently adverse effect of spanking on antisocial behavior was replicated using the original trichotomous covariate for initial antisocial behavior. A similar pattern of adverse effects was shown for grounding and psychotherapy and partially for the other two disciplinary tactics. All of these effects became non-significant after controlling for latent comprehensive measures of externalizing behavior problems.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results are consistent with residual confounding, a statistical artifact that makes all corrective actions by parents and psychologists appear to increase children's antisocial behavior due to child effects on parents. Improved research methods are needed to discriminate between effective vs. counterproductive implementations of disciplinary tactics. How and when disciplinary tactics are used may be more important than which type of tactic is used.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Development and Family Science, 233 HES Bldg,, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA. Robert.Larzelere@okstate.edu
authors.forename: Robert E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Larzelere
authors.forename: Ronald B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.forename: Gail L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D032763:Behavior Control / Q000941:ethics / Q000379:methods* / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior; D002668:Child Rearing / Q000523:psychology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008425:Maternal Behavior / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D011613:Psychotherapy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011678:Punishment / Q000523:psychology; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D055815:Young Adult