title: Glucose intolerance and reduced proliferation of pancreatic beta-cells in transgenic pigs with impaired glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide function.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The insulinotropic action of the incretin glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) is impaired in type 2 diabetes, while the effect of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is preserved. To evaluate the role of impaired GIP function in glucose homeostasis and development of the endocrine pancreas in a large animal model, we generated transgenic pigs expressing a dominant-negative GIP receptor (GIPR(dn)) in pancreatic islets.
  
  
  METHODS
  GIPR(dn) transgenic pigs were generated using lentiviral transgenesis. Metabolic tests and quantitative stereological analyses of the different endocrine islet cell populations were performed, and beta-cell proliferation and apoptosis were quantified to characterize this novel animal model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eleven-week-old GIPR(dn) transgenic pigs exhibited significantly reduced oral glucose tolerance due to delayed insulin secretion, whereas intravenous glucose tolerance and pancreatic beta-cell mass were not different from controls. The insulinotropic effect of GIP was significantly reduced, whereas insulin secretion in response to the GLP-1 receptor agonist exendin-4 was enhanced in GIPR(dn) transgenic versus control pigs. With increasing age, glucose control deteriorated in GIPR(dn) transgenic pigs, as shown by reduced oral and intravenous glucose tolerance due to impaired insulin secretion. Importantly, beta-cell proliferation was reduced by 60% in 11-week-old GIPR(dn) transgenic pigs, leading to a reduction of beta-cell mass by 35% and 58% in 5-month-old and 1- to 1.4-year-old transgenic pigs compared with age-matched controls, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The first large animal model with impaired incretin function demonstrates an essential role of GIP for insulin secretion, proliferation of beta-cells, and physiological expansion of beta-cell mass.
authors.affiliation: Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology and Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis, Gene Center, Ludwig Maximilians University (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Simone
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Renner
authors.forename: Christiane
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fehlings
authors.forename: Nadja
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Herbach
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hofmann
authors.forename: Dagmar C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: von Waldthausen
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kessler
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ulrichs
authors.forename: Irina
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Chodnevskaja
authors.forename: Vasiliy
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Moskalenko
authors.forename: Werner
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Amselgruber
authors.forename: Burkhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Göke
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pfeifer
authors.forename: Rüdiger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wanke
authors.forename: Eckhard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wolf
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D030801:Animals, Genetically Modified; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D000067757:Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D018149:Glucose Intolerance / Q000235:genetics; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D000078790:Insulin Secretion; D050417:Insulin-Secreting Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D018027:Receptors, Glucagon / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D000067757:Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor; D007328:Insulin; D018027:Receptors, Glucagon; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; D005947:Glucose