title: Controlled release formulations of acephate: water and soil release kinetics.
abstract: Controlled release formulations of insecticide acephate (O,S-dimethyl acetylphosphoramidothioate) have been prepared using commercially available polyvinyl chloride, carboxy methyl cellulose and carboxy methyl cellulose with kaolinite. Kinetics of acephate release in soil and water from the different formulations was studied in comparison with the commercially available formulation 75 DF. Release from the commercial formulation was faster than the new controlled pesticide release (CR) formulations. Addition of clay in the carboxy methyl cellulose matrix reduced the rate of release. The diffusion exponent (n value) of acephate in water and soil ranged from 0.462 to 0.875 and 0.420 to 0.547 respectively in the tested formulations. The release was diffusion controlled with a half release time (T(1/2)) of 2.97 to 52.41 days in water and 2.98 to 76.38 days in soil from different matrices. The maximum release of acephate in water and soil from controlled released formulations occurred between 6.33 to 36.34 and 12.49 to 29.09 days respectively. The results suggest that depending upon the polymer matrix used, the application rate of acephate can be optimized to achieve insect control at the desired level and period.
authors.affiliation: Division of Agricultural Chemicals, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Keyath
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nisar
authors.forename: Jitendra
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Najam A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Shakil
authors.forename: Suresh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Walia
authors.forename: Balraj S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Parmar
mesh_terms: D000538:Aluminum Silicates / Q000737:chemistry; D002266:Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium / Q000737:chemistry; D000077215:Clay; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry*; D004058:Diffusion; D004787:Environmental Pollution / Q000517:prevention & control; D006207:Half-Life; D007306:Insecticides / Q000737:chemistry*; D007616:Kaolin / Q000737:chemistry; D007700:Kinetics; D009946:Organothiophosphorus Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D063088:Phosphoramides; D011143:Polyvinyl Chloride / Q000737:chemistry; D012987:Soil; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000538:Aluminum Silicates; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D007306:Insecticides; D009946:Organothiophosphorus Compounds; D063088:Phosphoramides; D012987:Soil; D014867:Water; D007616:Kaolin; C001969:acephate; D011143:Polyvinyl Chloride; D002266:Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium; D000077215:Clay