title: Effect of mild renal dysfunction (s-crea 1.2-2.2 mg/dl) on presentation characteristics and short- and long-term outcomes of on-pump cardiac surgery patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study is to evaluate differences in patient presentation and short- and long-term outcomes between patients dichotomized by the level of preoperative s-creatinine (s-crea) without renal failure and to use EuroSCORE (ES) risk stratification for validating differences and for predictive purposes.
  
  
  METHODS
  A thousand consecutive cardiac surgery patients from January 1999 through May 2000 were analyzed. Patients with off-pump surgery or s-crea >200 micromol/l (>2.2 mg/dl) were excluded leaving 885 patients for analysis. Group 1 (n=703) had s-crea 0.5-1.2 mg/dl and Group 2 (n=182) had elevated s-crea 1.3-2.2 mg/dl but no renal insufficiency.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Group 2 patients were older (P<0.0001), had a higher percentage of males (P=0.008), had lower left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (P=0.001), had higher New York Heart Association (NYHA) classification (P<0.0001), had more diabetics (P=0.001) and had more patients with a history of congestive heart failure (CHF) (P<0.0001). Both additive ES (AES) and logistic ES (LES) variables were higher in Group 2 patients, AES 8.45+/-4.28% vs. 6.05+/-3.80% (P<0.0001) and LES 17.7+/-19.1% vs. 9.57+/-13.3% (P<0.0001). Proportions of emergency operations and use of intra-aortic balloon pulsation (IABP) support did not differ. There were more coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) with or without concomitant procedures in Group 1 but otherwise the procedures performed were similar. Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) times did not differ (P=0.1). Operative mortality was similar (P=0.06) but hospital mortality was higher in Group 2: 19/10.4% vs. 25/3.6% (P<0.0001), odds ratio (OR) 3.16. Total length of stay (LOS) and length of stay in the postoperative intensive care unit (ICU) did not differ. Postoperative renal failure (PORF) (s-crea increase to >2.25 mg/dl or >200 micromol/l) developed in 38/4.5% patients in Group 1 and in 41/22.5% patients in Group 2 (P<0.0001), OR=5.08. Follow-up all-cause mortality was higher in Group 2: 68/37.4% vs. 167/23.8% (P<0.0001), OR=1.91. Both ES definitions predicted hospital mortality, LOS, ICU, PORF and long-term mortality well, while increased s-crea predicted PORF and long-term mortality in both groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mild increase in s-crea is a marker for patients with increased cardiac risk factors and the risk for poor outcomes. Both ES definitions are highly predictive of the outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Heart Institute at Good Samaritan Hospital, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Los Angeles, USA. lathoracic@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Aarne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jyrala
authors.forename: Robert E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: Robin A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Jeffries
authors.forename: Gregory L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Kay
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality; D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass / Q000379:methods / Q000401:mortality*; D023921:Coronary Stenosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D007677:Kidney Function Tests; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011182:Postoperative Care / Q000379:methods; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011300:Preoperative Care / Q000379:methods; D011336:Probability; D011859:Radiography; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D003404:Creatinine