title: Nutrient sensor O-GlcNAc transferase regulates breast cancer tumorigenesis through targeting of the oncogenic transcription factor FoxM1.
abstract: Cancer cells upregulate glycolysis, increasing glucose uptake to meet energy needs. A small fraction of a cell's glucose enters the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP), which regulates levels of O-linked beta-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), a carbohydrate posttranslational modification of diverse nuclear and cytosolic proteins. We discovered that breast cancer cells upregulate the HBP, including increased O-GlcNAcation and elevated expression of O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT), which is the enzyme catalyzing the addition of O-GlcNAc to proteins. Reduction of O-GlcNAcation through RNA interference of OGT in breast cancer cells leads to inhibition of tumor growth both in vitro and in vivo and is associated with decreased cell-cycle progression and increased expression of the cell-cycle inhibitor p27(Kip1). Elevation of p27(Kip1) was associated with decreased expression and activity of the oncogenic transcription factor FoxM1, a known regulator of p27(Kip1) stability through transcriptional control of Skp2. Reducing O-GlcNAc levels in breast cancer cells decreased levels of FoxM1 protein and caused a decrease in multiple FoxM1-specific targets, including Skp2. Moreover, reducing O-GlcNAcation decreased cancer cell invasion and was associated with the downregulation of matrix metalloproteinase-2, a known FoxM1 target. Finally, pharmacological inhibition of OGT in breast cancer cells had similar anti-growth and anti-invasion effects. These findings identify O-GlcNAc as a novel mechanism through which alterations in glucose metabolism regulate cancer growth and invasion and suggest that OGT may represent novel therapeutic targets for breast cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Caldwell
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Shahriari
authors.forename: T P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Lynch
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sethi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Vosseller
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Reginato
mesh_terms: D000117:Acetylglucosamine / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D050760:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27 / Q000378:metabolism; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D000072278:Forkhead Box Protein M1; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D055785:Gene Knockdown Techniques; D006801:Humans; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D017351:N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness / Q000473:pathology; D015513:Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D010641:Phenotype; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; C107585:FOXM1 protein, human; D000072278:Forkhead Box Protein M1; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; D015513:Oncogene Proteins; D050760:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27; D017351:N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferases; C449880:O-GlcNAc transferase; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; D000117:Acetylglucosamine