title: A flow cytometry-based FRET assay to identify and analyse protein-protein interactions in living cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Försters resonance energy transfer (FRET) microscopy is widely used for the analysis of protein interactions in intact cells. However, FRET microscopy is technically challenging and does not allow assessing interactions in large cell numbers. To overcome these limitations we developed a flow cytometry-based FRET assay and analysed interactions of human and simian immunodeficiency virus (HIV and SIV) Nef and Vpu proteins with cellular factors, as well as HIV Rev multimer-formation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Amongst others, we characterize the interaction of Vpu with CD317 (also termed Bst-2 or tetherin), a host restriction factor that inhibits HIV release from infected cells and demonstrate that the direct binding of both is mediated by the Vpu membrane-spanning region. Furthermore, we adapted our assay to allow the identification of novel protein interaction partners in a high-throughput format.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presented combination of FRET and FACS offers the precious possibility to discover and define protein interactions in living cells and is expected to contribute to the identification of novel therapeutic targets for treatment of human diseases.
authors.affiliation: Heinrich-Pette-Institute for Experimental Virology and Immunology, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Carina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Banning
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Votteler
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.forename: Herwig
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Koppensteiner
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Warmer
authors.forename: Rudolph
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Reimer
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kirchhoff
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Schubert
authors.forename: Joachim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hauber
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schindler
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D001665:Binding Sites / Q000235:genetics; D002460:Cell Line; D005434:Flow Cytometry / Q000379:methods*; D031541:Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer / Q000379:methods*; D058851:GPI-Linked Proteins; D015693:Gene Products, nef / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D006367:HeLa Cells; D054298:Human Immunodeficiency Virus Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D047468:Immunoprecipitation; D019169:Jurkat Cells; D008164:Luminescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D009154:Mutation; D011485:Protein Binding; D025941:Protein Interaction Mapping / Q000379:methods*; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015302:Simian Immunodeficiency Virus / Q000378:metabolism; D014162:Transfection; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D054334:Viral Regulatory and Accessory Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000074010:Bone Marrow Stromal Antigen 2; D000086082:Viroporin Proteins
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D058851:GPI-Linked Proteins; D015693:Gene Products, nef; D054298:Human Immunodeficiency Virus Proteins; D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D014764:Viral Proteins; D054334:Viral Regulatory and Accessory Proteins; C094572:BST2 protein, human; D000074010:Bone Marrow Stromal Antigen 2; C514859:vpu protein, Human immunodeficiency virus 1; D000086082:Viroporin Proteins