title: Infant responses to maternal still face at 9 months predict social abilities at 18 months.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study investigated developmental change and stability in infant responses to the still-face (SF) situation, as well as predictive validity at age 18 months, focusing on autonomy and responsiveness.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 231 children (117 boys and 114 girls) and their Japanese mothers were observed in a face-to-face SF situation at two infant ages (4 and 9 months), as well as a caregiver-child teaching interaction at age 18 months. Each infant's facial expression, gaze direction, and vocalization were coded according to the SF paradigm, including the Natural Interaction (NI) and SF phases. Each child's Autonomy and Responsiveness to the Caregiver at age 18 months were both evaluated by means of the Interaction Rating Scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results indicated that negative facial expression and vocalization in the SF phases at age 9 months predicted the Autonomy rating at age 18 months, while positive facial expression and gaze toward the caregiver in the NI at age 9 months predicted the Responsiveness to Caregiver rating at age 18 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results are discussed in the context of developmental continuity and change in the children's social cognition and voluntary movements.
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Science and Technology for Society, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo, Japan. yato@lt.ritsumei.ac.jp
authors.forename: Yuko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yato
authors.forename: Daisuke
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Ryoji
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shinohara
authors.forename: Yuka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sugisawa
authors.forename: Emiko
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Lian
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tong
authors.forename: Noriko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yamakawa
authors.forename: Tokie
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Anme
authors.forename: Masatoshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kawai
authors.forename: Tadahiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Maeda
mesh_terms: D017028:Caregivers; D002657:Child Development; D005149:Facial Expression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D018730:Infant Behavior; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009034:Mother-Child Relations; D026684:Personal Autonomy; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012919:Social Behavior