title: Fetal general movements and brain sonography in a population at risk for preterm birth.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  General movements (GMs) assessed three months post term are related to brain injury and neurological outcome.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study GMs in fetuses and their predictive value for echogenicity changes in the fetal brain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective study of fetal GMs (classified as normal or abnormal) and echogenicity changes in the periventricular, basal ganglia/thalami area, and ventricular system (classified as absent, mild or moderate).
  
  
  METHODS
  121 fetuses from pregnancies affected by hypertensive disorders and/or preterm labour, at risk for preterm birth (26-34weeks gestational age).
  
  
  METHODS
  Prevalence of abnormal GMs, GM parameters (amplitude, speed and complexity), and moderate echogenicity changes in the fetal brain (periventricular >or=IB, intraventricular grade II/III, and basal ganglia/thalamus locally increased). Predictive values of GMs for clinical parameters and moderate echogenicity changes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  GMs were abnormal in 58%, with amplitude affected in 96%, and speed and complexity in 59%. Abnormal GMs correlated with oligohydramnios (p=0.002) and hypertensive disorders (p=0.015). Echogenicity changes of the brain were absent, mild and moderate in 27%, 39% and 31%, respectively. The sensitivity of GMs for moderate echogenicity changes in the three areas combined was 0.65, and the periventricular area 0.85, specificity both 0.44, negative predictive values 0.73 and 0.96 respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Qualitative abnormal GMs are frequent in fetuses of compromised pregnancies, and correlate with hypertensive disorders and oligohydramnios. The amplitude of GMs was most frequently affected. Abnormal GMs relate to moderate echogenicity changes especially in the periventricular area of the fetal brain, while normal GMs predict absence of moderate echogenicity changes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Research Institute MOVE, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: F M F
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Rosier-van Dunné
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: van Wezel-Meijler
authors.forename: M P S
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Bakker
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Odendaal
authors.forename: J I P
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: de Vries
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001479:Basal Ganglia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D001921:Brain / Q000196:embryology*; D002552:Cerebral Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D004453:Echoencephalography / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005324:Fetal Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D016104:Oligohydramnios / Q000503:physiopathology; D011225:Pre-Eclampsia / Q000503:physiopathology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011247:Pregnancy; D047928:Premature Birth / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011596:Psychomotor Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal