title: Characterization of mleR, a positive regulator of malolactic fermentation and part of the acid tolerance response in Streptococcus mutans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  One of the key virulence determinants of Streptococcus mutans, the primary etiological agent of human dental caries, is its strong acid tolerance. The acid tolerance response (ATR) of S. mutans comprises several mechanisms that are induced at low pH and allow the cells to quickly adapt to a lethal pH environment. Malolactic fermentation (MLF) converts L-malate to L-lactate and carbon dioxide and furthermore regenerates ATP, which is used to translocate protons across the membrane. Thus, MLF may contribute to the aciduricity of S. mutans but has not been associated with the ATR so far.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Here we show that the malolactic fermentation (mle) genes are under the control of acid inducible promoters which are induced within the first 30 minutes upon acid shock in the absence of malate. Thus, MLF is part of the early acid tolerance response of S. mutans. However, acidic conditions, the presence of the regulator MleR and L-malate were required to achieve maximal expression of all genes, including mleR itself. Deletion of mleR resulted in a decreased capacity to carry out MLF and impaired survival at lethal pH in the presence of L-malate. Gel retardation assays indicated the presence of multiple binding sites for MleR. Differences in the retardation patterns occurred in the presence of L-malate, thus demonstrating its role as co-inducer for transcriptional regulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that the MLF gene cluster is part of the early acid tolerance response in S. mutans and is induced by both low pH and L-malate.
authors.affiliation: Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research, Division of Cell Biology, Braunschweig, Germany. ale05@helmholtz-hzi.de
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lemme
authors.forename: Helena
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sztajer
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Wagner-Döbler
mesh_terms: D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D001665:Binding Sites; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D024202:Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay; D005285:Fermentation / Q000235:genetics; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D056426:Genetic Loci; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D049409:Luciferases, Firefly; D008291:Malate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D008293:Malates / Q000378:metabolism*; D005810:Multigene Family; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013295:Streptococcus mutans / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D013312:Stress, Physiological; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D015533:Transcriptional Activation
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D008293:Malates; D014157:Transcription Factors; D019344:Lactic Acid; C030298:malic acid; C037731:malolactic enzyme; D008291:Malate Dehydrogenase; D049409:Luciferases, Firefly