title: Clinical and cost impact of intravenous proton pump inhibitor use in non-ICU patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the appropriateness of the indication and route of administration of proton-pump-inhibitors (PPIs) and their associated cost impact.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data collection was performed prospectively during a 6-mo period on 340 patients who received omeprazole intravenously during their hospital stay in non-intensive care floors. Updated guidelines were used to assess the appropriateness of the indication and route of administration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Complete data collection was available for 286 patients which were used to assess intravenous (IV) PPIs utilization. Around 88% of patients were receiving PPIs for claimed stress ulcer prophylaxis (SUP) indication; of which, only 17% met the guideline criteria for SUP indication, 14% met the criteria for non-steroidal-anti-inflammatory drugs-induced ulcer prophylaxis, while the remaining 69% were identified as having an unjustified indication for PPI use. The initiation of IV PPIs was appropriate in 55% of patients. Half of these patients were candidates for switching to the oral dosage form during their hospitalization, while only 36.7% of these patients were actually switched. The inappropriate initiation of PPIs via the IV route was more likely to take place on the medical floor than the surgical floor (53% vs 36%, P = 0.003). The cost analysis associated with the appropriateness of the indication for PPI use as well as the route of administration of PPI revealed a possible saving of up to $17,732.5 and $14,571, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study highlights the over-utilization of IV PPIs in non-intensive care unit patients. Restriction of IV PPI use for justified indications and route of administration is recommended.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, Lebanese American University, Byblos Campus, PO Box 36, 13-5053 Beirut, Lebanon. soumana.nasser@lau.edu.lb
authors.forename: Soumana C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Nasser
authors.forename: Jeanette G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Nassif
authors.forename: Hani I
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Dimassi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000897:Anti-Ulcer Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D004381:Duodenal Ulcer / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics; D005260:Female; D006757:Hospital Units / Q000191:economics; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous / Q000191:economics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009853:Omeprazole / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011446:Prospective Studies; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000897:Anti-Ulcer Agents; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors; D009853:Omeprazole