title: Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate directly activates protein kinase C-beta to increase human neutrophil superoxide generation.
abstract: Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) is the most abundant steroid in the human circulation and is secreted by the adrenals in an age-dependent fashion, with maximum levels during the third decade and very low levels in old age. DHEAS is considered an inactive metabolite, whereas cleavage of the sulfate group generates dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), a crucial sex steroid precursor. However, here we show that DHEAS, but not DHEA, increases superoxide generation in primed human neutrophils in a dose-dependent fashion, thereby impacting on a key bactericidal mechanism. This effect was not prevented by coincubation with androgen and estrogen receptor antagonists but was reversed by the protein kinase C inhibitor Bisindolylmaleimide 1. Moreover, we found that neutrophils are unique among leukocytes in expressing an organic anion-transporting polypeptide D, able to mediate active DHEAS influx transport whereas they did not express steroid sulfatase that activates DHEAS to DHEA. A specific receptor for DHEAS has not yet been identified, but we show that DHEAS directly activated recombinant protein kinase C-beta (PKC-beta) in a cell-free assay. Enhanced PKC-beta activation by DHEAS resulted in increased phosphorylation of p47(phox), a crucial component of the active reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate complex responsible for neutrophil superoxide generation. Our results demonstrate that PKC-beta acts as an intracellular receptor for DHEAS in human neutrophils, a signaling mechanism entirely distinct from the role of DHEA as sex steroid precursor and with important implications for immunesenescence, which includes reduced neutrophil superoxide generation in response to pathogens.
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council Centre for Immune Regulation, School of Immunity & Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Radford
authors.forename: Keqing
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Joanne C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: McNelis
authors.forename: Angela E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hechenberger
authors.forename: Johann
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hofmann
authors.forename: Hema
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chahal
authors.forename: Wiebke
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Arlt
authors.forename: Janet M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Lord
mesh_terms: D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019314:Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007211:Indoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D008301:Maleimides / Q000494:pharmacology; D019255:NADPH Oxidases / Q000235:genetics; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D027361:Organic Anion Transporters / Q000235:genetics; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D064546:Protein Kinase C beta; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D007211:Indoles; D008301:Maleimides; D027361:Organic Anion Transporters; D013481:Superoxides; D019314:Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate; D019255:NADPH Oxidases; C060505:neutrophil cytosolic factor 1; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D064546:Protein Kinase C beta; C070515:bisindolylmaleimide I