title: Characteristics of two types of stabilized nano zero-valent iron and transport in porous media.
abstract: Nano-scale zero-valent iron (NZVI) has been shown to be suitable for remediating contaminated aquifers. However, they usually aggregate rapidly and result in a very limited migration distance that inhibits their usefulness. This study employed poly acrylic acid (PAA) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) to synthesize two types of stabilized styles of NZVI with finer sizes (namely PNZVI and CNZVI). The mobility of stabilized NZVI was also demonstrated on the basis of transport in porous media. The results show that the PNZVI has a uniform particle size of 12 nm. However, tens of CNZVI particles with diameters of 1-3 nm were packed into secondary particles. Both the PNZVI and the CNZVI exhibited amorphous structures, and the stabilizer was bound to particle surfaces in the form of bidentate bridging via the carboxylic group, which could provide both electrostatic and steric repulsion to prevent particle aggregation. This study also proposes presumed stabilized configurations of PNZVI and CNZVI to reasonably illustrate their different dispersed suspension types. On the basis of the breakthrough curves and mass recovery, this study observed that the mobility of PNZVI in classic Ca(2+) concentration of groundwater was superior to CNZVI. Nonetheless, the mobility of CNZVI would be decreased less significantly than PNZVI when encountering high Ca(2+) concentrations (40 mM). Presumably, increasing the pore flow velocity would enhance the mobility of stabilized NZVI. Overall, the results of this study indicate that PNZVI has the potential to become an effective reactive material for in situ groundwater remediation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Engineering, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yu-Hao
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Hui-Hsin
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Tseng
authors.forename: Ming-Yen
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Wey
authors.forename: Min-Der
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D000180:Acrylic Resins / Q000737:chemistry; D000327:Adsorption; D002266:Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium / Q000737:chemistry; D052918:Environmental Restoration and Remediation / Q000379:methods*; D007501:Iron / Q000737:chemistry*; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D036103:Nanotechnology; D010316:Particle Size; D016062:Porosity; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000737:chemistry; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013499:Surface Properties; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry; D014877:Water Pollution, Chemical; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D000180:Acrylic Resins; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C006903:carbopol 940; D007501:Iron; D002266:Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium