title: Development and comparison of a minimally-invasive model of autologous clot pulmonary embolism in Sprague-Dawley and Copenhagen rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Experimental models of pulmonary embolism (PE) that produce pulmonary hypertension (PH) employ many different methods of inducing acute pulmonary occlusion. Many of these models induce PE with intravenous injection of exogenous impervious objects that may not completely reproduce the physiological properties of autologous thromboembolism. Current literature lacks a simple, well-described rat model of autlogous PE.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Test if moderate-severity autologous PE in Sprague-Dawley (SD) and Copenhagen (Cop) rats can produce persistent PH.
  
  
  METHODS
  blood was withdrawn from the jugular vein, treated with thrombin-Ca++ and re-injected following pretreatment with tranexamic acid. Hemodynamic values, clot weights and biochemical measurements were performed at 1 and 5 days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Infusion of clot significantly increased the right ventricular peak systolic pressure to 45-55 mm Hg, followed by normalization within 24 hours in SD rats, and within 5 days in COP rats. Clot lysis was 95% (24 hours) and 97% (5 days) in SD rats and was significantly lower in COP rats (70%, 24 hours; 87% 5 days). Plasma D-dimer was elevated in surgical sham animals and was further increased 8 hours after pulmonary embolism. Neither strain showed a significant increase in bronchoalveolar chemotactic activity, myeloperoxidase activity, leukocyte infiltration, or chemokine accumulation, indicating that there was no significant pulmonary inflammation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both SD and COP rats exhibited near complete fibrinolysis of autologous clot PE within 5 days. Neither strain developed persistent PH. Experimental models of PE designed to induce sustained PH and a robust inflammatory response appear to require significant, persistent pulmonary vascular occlusion.
authors.affiliation: Emergency Medicine Research, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC, USA. jwatts@carolinas.org.
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Runyon
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Gellar
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sanapareddy
authors.forename: Jeffrey A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Kline
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Watts