title: Induction of CD44 cleavage in articular chondrocytes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The hyaluronan receptor CD44 provides chondrocytes with a mechanism for sensing and responding to changes in the extracellular matrix. The purpose of this study was to document the fragmentation and loss of CD44 and to determine the likely mechanisms involved.
  
  
  METHODS
  A polyclonal anti-CD44 cytotail antibody was generated to detect CD44 fragmentation by Western blot analysis. Chondrocytes were isolated from human or bovine articular cartilage. Primary articular chondrocytes were treated with interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), hyaluronan oligosaccharides, or phorbol myristate acetate or were passaged and subcultured in monolayer to induce dedifferentiation. Conditions that altered the capacity of CD44 to transit into lipid rafts, or pharmacologic inhibitors of metalloproteinase or gamma-secretase activity were used to define the mechanism of fragmentation of CD44.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Chondrocytes from osteoarthritic cartilage exhibited CD44 fragmentation as low molecular mass bands, corresponding to the CD44-EXT and CD44-ICD bands. Following dedifferentiation of chondrocytes or treatment of primary chondrocytes with hyaluronan oligosaccharides, IL-1beta, or phorbol myristate acetate, CD44 fragmentation was enhanced. Subsequent culture of the dedifferentiated chondrocytes in 3-dimensional alginate beads rescued the chondrocyte phenotype and diminished the fragmentation of CD44. Fragmentation of CD44 in chondrocytes was blocked in the presence of the metalloproteinase inhibitor GM6001 and the gamma-secretase inhibitor DAPT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CD44 fragmentation, consistent with a signature pattern reported for sequential metalloproteinase/gamma-secretase cleavage of CD44, is a common metabolic feature of chondrocytes that have undergone dedifferentiation in vitro and osteoarthritic chondrocytes. Transit of CD44 into lipid rafts may be required for its fragmentation.
authors.affiliation: The Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27834-4354, USA.
authors.forename: Nobunori
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Cheryl B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Knudson
authors.forename: Sai
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Thankamony
authors.forename: Wataru
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ariyoshi
authors.forename: Liliana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mellor
authors.forename: Hee-Jeong
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Im
authors.forename: Warren
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Knudson
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000494:pharmacology; D053829:Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D000906:Antibodies / Q000494:pharmacology; D019556:COS Cells; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000494:pharmacology; D002417:Cattle; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D004151:Dipeptides / Q000494:pharmacology; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D018960:Hyaluronan Receptors / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000494:pharmacology; D021962:Membrane Microdomains / Q000502:physiology; D045726:Metalloproteases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000378:metabolism; D011480:Protease Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000906:Antibodies; C497483:CD44 protein, human; D002273:Carcinogens; D004151:Dipeptides; D018960:Hyaluronan Receptors; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; C078131:N-(2(R)-2-(hydroxamidocarbonylmethyl)-4-methylpentanoyl)-L-tryptophan methylamide; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D011480:Protease Inhibitors; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid; D053829:Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases; D045726:Metalloproteases; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate