title: The hyperphagic effect of ghrelin is inhibited in mice by a diet high in fat.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ghrelin is the only peripheral hormone known to increase food intake. It is released from the stomach and is thought to function as a signal of energy deficit and a meal initiator. We generated transgenic mice in which levels of bioactive ghrelin are increased in the stomach and circulation. These mice, as expected, are hyperphagic and glucose intolerant. We investigated whether exposure to a high-fat diet (HFD) would exacerbate this phenotype.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated the effect of HFD on energy and glucose homeostasis in ghrelin transgenic mice. We determined dietary preference; expression of hypothalamic neuropeptides that control food intake; and, using fast-performance liquid chromatography, the circulating forms of ghrelin. We measured food intake during continuous administration of ghrelin in wild-type mice fed either regular chow or an HFD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ghrelin transgenic mice were resistant to diet-induced obesity because of their reduced food intake. This was not caused by alterations to food preference, hypothalamic signaling of neuropeptides that control food intake, or the form of circulating acylated ghrelin. Long-term administration of ghrelin to wild-type mice failed to increase ingestion of an HFD but, as expected, increased intake of regular chow.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first report that diets high in fat inhibit the hyperphagic effect of ghrelin; these findings indicate that features of the diet are important determinants of ghrelin's function. This information is important for the development of anti-obesity drugs that target ghrelin signaling.
authors.affiliation: Department of Investigative Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: James V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Gardiner
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Patterson
authors.forename: Aysha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kent
authors.forename: Mohammed A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Ghatei
authors.forename: Stephen R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Bloom
authors.forename: Gavin A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Bewick
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002149:Energy Intake; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D054439:Ghrelin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006963:Hyperphagia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008808:Mice, Inbred CBA; D009043:Motor Activity
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats; D054439:Ghrelin