title: The X-ray crystal structure of Escherichia coli succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase; structural insights into NADP+/enzyme interactions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In mammals succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH) plays an essential role in the metabolism of the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) to succinic acid (SA). Deficiency of SSADH in humans results in elevated levels of GABA and gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), which leads to psychomotor retardation, muscular hypotonia, non-progressive ataxia and seizures. In Escherichia coli, two genetically distinct forms of SSADHs had been described that are essential for preventing accumulation of toxic levels of succinic semialdehyde (SSA) in cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Here we structurally characterise SSADH encoded by the E coli gabD gene by X-ray crystallographic studies and compare these data with the structure of human SSADH. In the E. coli SSADH structure, electron density for the complete NADP+ cofactor in the binding sites is clearly evident; these data in particular revealing how the nicotinamide ring of the cofactor is positioned in each active site.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our structural data suggest that a deletion of three amino acids in E. coli SSADH permits this enzyme to use NADP+, whereas in contrast the human enzyme utilises NAD+. Furthermore, the structure of E. coli SSADH gives additional insight into human mutations that result in disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton Campus, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Christopher G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Langendorf
authors.forename: Trevor L G
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Key
authors.forename: Gustavo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fenalti
authors.forename: Wan-Ting
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Kan
authors.forename: Ashley M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Buckle
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Caradoc-Davies
authors.forename: Kellie L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Tuck
authors.forename: Ruby H P
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Law
authors.forename: James C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Whisstock
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites / Q000235:genetics; D020134:Catalytic Domain; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007700:Kinetics; D008958:Models, Molecular; D009154:Mutation; D009249:NADP / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D011485:Protein Binding; D011487:Protein Conformation; D013379:Substrate Specificity; D050644:Succinate-Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; D009249:NADP; D050644:Succinate-Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase; C547505:gabD protein, E coli