title: Regional variation in total cost per radical prostatectomy in the healthcare cost and utilization project nationwide inpatient sample database.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Surgical treatment for prostate cancer represents a large national health care expenditure. We determined whether state level variation in the cost of radical prostatectomy exists and whether we could explain this variation by adjusting for covariates associated with cost.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using the 2004 Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project National Inpatient Sample of 7,978,041 patients we identified 9,917 who were 40 years old or older with a diagnosis of prostate cancer who underwent radical prostatectomy without cystectomy. We used linear regression to examine state level regional variation in radical prostatectomy costs, controlling for the local area wage index, patient demographics, case mix and hospital characteristics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean +/- SD unadjusted cost was $9,112 +/- $4,434 (range $2,001 to $49,922). The unadjusted mean cost ranged from $12,490 in California to $4,650 in Utah, each significantly different from the mean of $8,903 in the median state, Washington (p <0.0001). After adjusting for all potential confounders total cost was highest in Colorado and lowest in New Jersey, which were significantly different from the median, Washington ($10,750 and $5,899, respectively, vs $8,641, p <0.0001). The model explained 85.9% of the variance with regional variation accounting for the greatest incremental proportion of variance (35.1%) and case mix variables accounting for an incremental 32.3%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The total cost of radical prostatectomy varies significantly across states. Controlling for known total cost determinants did not completely explain these differences but altered ordinal cost relationships among states. Cost variation suggests inefficiencies in the health care market. Additional studies are needed to determine whether these variations in total cost translate into differences in quality or outcome and how they may be translated into useful policy measures.
authors.affiliation: Robert Wood Johnson Clinical Scholars Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA. danil.makarov@yale.edu
authors.forename: Danil V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Makarov
authors.forename: Stacy
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Loeb
authors.forename: Adam B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Landman
authors.forename: Matthew E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.forename: Cary P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Gross
authors.forename: Douglas L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Leslie
authors.forename: David F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Penson
authors.forename: Rani A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Desai
mesh_terms: D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D016208:Databases, Factual; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011468:Prostatectomy / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000191:economics* / Q000601:surgery*; D014481:United States