title: Modulation in activation and expression of phosphatase and tensin homolog on chromosome ten, Akt1, and 3-phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1: further evidence demonstrating altered phosphoinositide 3-kinase signaling in postmortem brain of suicide subjects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3-K) signaling plays a crucial role in neuronal growth and plasticity. Recently, we demonstrated that suicide brain is associated with decreased activation and expression of selective catalytic and regulatory subunits of PI3-K. The present investigation examined the regulation and functional significance of compromised PI3-K in suicide brain at the level of upstream phosphatase and tensin homologue on chromosome ten (PTEN) and downstream substrates 3-phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1) and Akt.
  
  
  METHODS
  Messenger RNA expression of Akt1, Akt3, PTEN, and PDK1 by competitive reverse transcription polymerase polymerase chain reaction; protein expression of Akt1, Akt3, PTEN, PDK1, phosphorylated Akt1 (Ser473 and Thr308), phosphorylated PDK1, and phosphorylated PTEN by Western blot; and catalytic activities of Akt1, Akt3, and PDK1 by enzymatic assays were determined in prefrontal cortex and hippocampus obtained from suicide subjects and nonpsychiatric control subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant changes in the expression of Akt1 or Akt3 were observed; however, catalytic activity of Akt1, but not of Akt3, was decreased in prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of suicide subjects, which was associated with decreased phosphorylation of Akt1 at Ser473 and Thr308. The catalytic activity of PDK1 and the level of phosphorylated PDK1 were also decreased in both brain areas without any change in expression levels of PDK1. On the other hand, messenger RNA and protein expression of PTEN was increased, whereas the level of phosphorylated PTEN was decreased.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study demonstrates abnormalities in PI3-K signaling at several levels in brain of suicide subjects and suggests the possible involvement of aberrant PI3-K/Akt signaling in the pathogenic mechanisms of suicide.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatric Institute, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA. ydwivedi@psych.uic.edu
authors.forename: Yogesh
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Dwivedi
authors.forename: Hooriyah S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Rizavi
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Rosalinda C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Robert R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Conley
authors.forename: Ghanshyam N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Pandey
mesh_terms: D064413:3-Phosphoinositide-Dependent Protein Kinases; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015153:Blotting, Western; D005260:Female; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D051059:PTEN Phosphohydrolase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000502:physiology; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000378:metabolism*; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013405:Suicide
chemical_list: D064413:3-Phosphoinositide-Dependent Protein Kinases; D051059:PTEN Phosphohydrolase; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C494918:AKT1 protein, human; C578562:PDPK1 protein, human; C494929:PTEN protein, human