title: Comparative gene expression profiling between human cultured myotubes and skeletal muscle tissue.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A high-sensitivity DNA microarray platform requiring nanograms of RNA input facilitates the application of transcriptome analysis to individual skeletal muscle (SM) tissue samples. Culturing myotubes from SM-biopsies enables investigating transcriptional defects and assaying therapeutic strategies. This study compares the transcriptome of aneurally cultured human SM cells versus that of tissue biopsies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We used the Illumina expression BeadChips to determine the transcriptomic differences between tissue and cultured SM samples from five individuals. Changes in the expression of several genes were confirmed by QuantiGene Plex assay or reverse transcription real-time PCR. In cultured myotubes compared to the tissue, 1216 genes were regulated: 583 down and 633 up. Gene ontology analysis showed that downregulated genes were mainly associated with cytoplasm, particularly mitochondria, and involved in metabolism and the muscle-system/contraction process. Upregulated genes were predominantly related to cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum, and extracellular matrix. The most significantly regulated pathway was mitochondrial dysfunction. Apoptosis genes were also modulated. Among the most downregulated genes detected in this study were genes encoding metabolic proteins AMPD1, PYGM, CPT1B and UCP3, muscle-system proteins TMOD4, MYBPC1, MYOZ1 and XIRP2, the proteolytic CAPN3 and the myogenic regulator MYF6. Coordinated reduced expression of five members of the GIMAP gene family, which form a cluster on chromosome 7, was shown, and the GIMAP4-reduction was validated. Within the most upregulated group were genes encoding senescence/apoptosis-related proteins CDKN1A and KIAA1199 and potential regulatory factors HIF1A, TOP2A and CCDC80.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cultured muscle cells display reductive metabolic and muscle-system transcriptome adaptations as observed in muscle atrophy and they activate tissue-remodeling and senescence/apoptosis processes.
authors.affiliation: Nestlé Research Center, Vers-Chez-Les-Blanc, CH-1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Frederic
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Raymond
authors.forename: Sylviane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Métairon
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kussmann
authors.forename: Jaume
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Colomer
authors.forename: Andres
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nascimento
authors.forename: Emma
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mormeneo
authors.forename: Cèlia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: García-Martínez
authors.forename: Anna M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Gómez-Foix
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002648:Child; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D019295:Computational Biology; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000379:methods*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000235:genetics; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism*; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis