title: The hospital standardised mortality ratio: a powerful tool for Dutch hospitals to assess their quality of care?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To use the hospital standardised mortality ratio (HSMR), as a tool for Dutch hospitals to analyse their death rates by comparing their risk-adjusted mortality with the national average.
  
  
  METHODS
  The method uses routine administrative databases that are available nationally in The Netherlands--the National Medical Registration dataset for the years 2005-2007. Diagnostic groups that led to 80% of hospital deaths were included in the analysis. The method adjusts for a number of case-mix factors per diagnostic group determined through a logistic regression modelling process.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In The Netherlands, the case-mix factors are primary diagnosis, age, sex, urgency of admission, length of stay, comorbidity (Charlson Index), social deprivation, source of referral and month of admission. The Dutch HSMR model performs well at predicting a patient's risk of death as measured by a c statistic of the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.91. The ratio of the HSMR of the Dutch hospital with the highest value in 2005-2007 is 2.3 times the HSMR of the hospital with the lowest value.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall hospital HSMRs and mortality at individual diagnostic group level can be monitored using statistical process control charts to give an early warning of possible problems with quality of care. The use of routine data in a standardised and robust model can be of value as a starting point for improvement of Dutch hospital outcomes. HSMRs have been calculated for several other countries.
authors.affiliation: Dr Foster Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London EC1A 9LA, UK. b.jarman@imperial.ac.uk
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jarman
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pieter
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: van der Veen
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Kool
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Aylin
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bottle
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Westert
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jones
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D015897:Comorbidity; D016208:Databases, Factual; D003953:Diagnosis-Related Groups / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D016015:Logistic Models; D009426:Netherlands; D010343:Patient Admission; D019984:Quality Indicators, Health Care / Q000592:standards*; D012372:ROC Curve; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D012737:Sex Factors