title: Coronary artery calcification and coronary flow velocity in haemodialysis patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Decreased coronary flow reserve (CFR) is a marker of endothelial dysfunction, coronary artery calcification and inflammation, well-known cardiovascular risk factors in haemodialysis (HD) patients. In this study, we aimed to investigate the correlation of coronary artery calcification scores (CACS) with CFR in HD patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-four end-stage renal failure patients were enrolled in this study (38 males, 26 females). Thirty-nine healthy subjects (22 males, 17 females) were included in the control group. Biochemical parameters and acute-phase inflammation marker [high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP)] of patients were recorded before dialysis. The CACS were measured by electron beam computerized tomography method. CFR recordings were performed by trans-thoracic Doppler echocardiography. The relationship between CACS and CFR was evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean CACS was 281 +/- 589 and 29 patients had CACS < 10. Patients with CACS > 10 had significantly lower CFR values compared to patients with CACS < 10 (1.56 +/- 0.38 vs 1.84 +/- 0.53, P = 0.024). However, there was no difference in hs-CRP values between the groups. CFR was negatively correlated with CACS (r = -0.276, P = 0.030). In multiple stepwise regression analysis, CACS was found to be an independent variable for predicting CFR (P = 0.048). During a follow-up of 18 months, 10 patients had experience of cardiovascular events. Patients with CACS > 10 had significantly higher event rate [34.5% (10/29) vs 0% (0/24)] compared to those with CACS < 10 (P = 0.001). Patients who developed cardiovascular events had significantly higher mean CACS and lower CFR values than the remaining group (P = 0.019 and P = 0.039). All of four patients who died during follow-up were in the CFR < 2 and CACS > 10 groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CACS was associated with CFR in HD patients. However, we did not find any association of inflammation with CACS and CFR. This association between CFR and CACS might indicate two different (anatomical and functional) aspects of the common pathophysiology of the arterial system in HD patients.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey. ykcaliskan@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Yasar
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Caliskan
authors.forename: Mustafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Demirturk
authors.forename: Abdullah
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ozkok
authors.forename: Berna
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yelken
authors.forename: Tamer
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sakaci
authors.forename: Huseyin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Oflaz
authors.forename: Abdulkadir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Unsal
authors.forename: Alaattin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yildiz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012044:Regression Analysis; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed