title: Activation of p38 MAPK pathway in the skull abnormalities of Apert syndrome Fgfr2(+P253R) mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Apert syndrome is characterized by craniosynostosis and limb abnormalities and is primarily caused by FGFR2 +/P253R and +/S252W mutations. The former mutation is present in approximately one third whereas the latter mutation is present in two-thirds of the patients with this condition. We previously reported an inbred transgenic mouse model with the Fgfr2 +/S252W mutation on the C57BL/6J background for Apert syndrome. Here we present a mouse model for the Fgfr2+/P253R mutation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We generated inbred Fgfr2(+/P253R) mice on the same C56BL/6J genetic background and analyzed their skeletal abnormalities. 3D micro-CT scans of the skulls of the Fgfr2(+/P253R) mice revealed that the skull length was shortened with the length of the anterior cranial base significantly shorter than that of the Fgfr2(+/S252W) mice at P0. The Fgfr2(+/P253R) mice presented with synostosis of the coronal suture and proximate fronts with disorganized cellularity in sagittal and lambdoid sutures. Abnormal osteogenesis and proliferation were observed at the developing coronal suture and long bones of the Fgfr2(+/P253R) mice as in the Fgfr2(+/S252W) mice. Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) was observed in the Fgfr2(+/P253R) neurocranium with an increase in phosphorylated p38 as well as ERK1/2, whereas phosphorylated AKT and PKCalpha were not obviously changed as compared to those of wild-type controls. There were localized phenotypic and molecular variations among individual embryos with different mutations and among those with the same mutation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our in vivo studies demonstrated that the Fgfr2 +/P253R mutation resulted in mice with cranial features that resemble those of the Fgfr2(+/S252W) mice and human Apert syndrome. Activated p38 in addition to the ERK1/2 signaling pathways may mediate the mutant neurocranial phenotype. Though Apert syndrome is traditionally thought to be a consistent phenotype, our results suggest localized and regional variations in the phenotypes that characterize Apert syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA. yingli.wang@mssm.edu
authors.forename: Yingli
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Miao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Victoria L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Uhlhorn
authors.forename: Xueyan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Inga
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Peter
authors.forename: Neus
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Martinez-Abadias
authors.forename: Cheryl A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Percival
authors.forename: Joan T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Richtsmeier
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Huso
authors.forename: Ethylin Wang
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Jabs
mesh_terms: D000168:Acrocephalosyndactylia / Q000378:metabolism*; D019943:Amino Acid Substitution; D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D051497:Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2 / Q000235:genetics*; D012886:Skull / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000378:metabolism; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D051497:Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases