title: Electrolysed-reduced water dialysate improves T-cell damage in end-stage renal disease patients with chronic haemodialysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  T-cell damage by increased oxidative stress in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients undergoing chronic haemodialysis (HD) led to the increased T-cell apoptosis and the alteration of surface markers and Th1/Th2 ratio in CD4(+) T lymphocytes. Antioxidant electrolysed-reduced water (ERW) was used as the dialysate in ESRD patients undergoing chronic HD to test for improved oxidative stress-related T-cell apoptosis, alterations of surface markers and intracellular cytokine profile.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated apoptosis formation by annexin V, CD25-related surface markers, and cytokine ratio of Th1/Th2 in CD4(+) T lymphocytes and Tc1/Tc2 in CD8(+) T lymphocytes of 42 ESRD patients haemodialysed with ERW for 1 year.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In comparison to 12 healthy individuals, the ESRD patients had more T-cell apoptosis and less CD3(+), CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells and CD25/CD69/CD94/CD3(+) phenotypes at baseline. Lower intracellular IL-2 and IFN-gamma levels in the Th1/CD4(+) and Tc1/CD8(+) cells and higher intracellular IL-4, IL-6 and IL-10 levels in the Th2/CD4(+) and Tc2/CD8(+) cells were also noted in the ESRD patients. After a 1-year ERW treatment, the patients had a decrease in T-cell apoptosis and increases in CD3(+), CD4(+) and CD8(+) cell numbers and CD25/CD69/CD94/CD3(+) phenotypes in the T cells. The intracellular IL-2 and IFN-gamma levels in the Th1/Tc1 cells significantly (P < 0.05) increased and the intracellular IL-4, IL-6 and IL-10 levels in the Th2/Tc2 cells decreased. Furthermore, the Th1/Th2 and Tc1/Tc2 cytokine ratios were improved toward a normal status.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  One-year ERW treatment effectively ameliorated T-cell apoptosis, altered CD25-related surface markers and intracellular cytokine profile in the HD patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Kuo-Chin
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Shih-Ping
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: Chih-Ching
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Pu
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ou-Yang
authors.forename: Kun-Tai
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Shinkatsu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Morisawa
authors.forename: Kazumichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Otsubo
authors.forename: Chiang-Ting
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Chien
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015314:Dialysis Solutions / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D053645:Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha Subunit / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000097:blood / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000473:pathology; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000473:pathology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D015314:Dialysis Solutions; D053645:Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha Subunit; D015850:Interleukin-6; C118085:superoxidized water; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide