title: Survival in 19th Century Cities: The Larger the City, the Smaller Your Chances.
abstract: Using Union Army veterans' lifetime socioeconomic and health records, this essay finds a consistent and persistent hierarchy in survival rates and hazard ratios by urban size at and across three stages of life: birth, late adolescence, and death. This urban mortality penalty remains after controlling for variables associated with each individual veteran. The results of our geographical mobility analyses suggest that, with respect to these veterans, the search for an explanation should focus on late adolescence and adulthood as much as on early life. A complete explanation of the penalty requires a project of greater scope.
authors.affiliation: Professor of Economics at Loyola University Chicago, Adjunct Professor of Economics at Northwestern University, and a Senior Investigator at the Center for Population Economics at the University of Chicago (Email: lcain@northwestern.edu ).
authors.forename: Louis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cain
authors.forename: Sok Chul
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Hong