title: Acute promyelocytic leukemia: what are the treatment options?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) represents a paradigm of therapeutic success in clinical hematology. Since the introduction of all-trans-retinoic-acid in the early 1980s, complete remission rates exceed 90% and the cure rate is > 70%. Notwithstanding, various questions concerning the management of APL remain unanswered.
  
  
  METHODS
  The aim of this article is to focus on still controversial issues in the management of APL, such as the role of arsenic trioxide as front-line therapy, the management of older unfit patients, the potential utility of gemtuzumab-ozogamycin and the effectiveness (if any) of maintenance therapy for patients in molecular remission. In addition, the possibility of reducing the intensity of post-remission therapy, which is associated with substantial morbidity in potentially cured patients, is discussed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Current and future therapeutic options for the treatment of newly diagnosed and relapsed APL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To date, the therapy of APL is the most successful example of differentiation therapy and its scientific history can serve as a model for subsequent development of similar treatments in other leukemias and cancers. However, treatment strategies continue to evolve rapidly, with particular focus on minimizing the early and late effects of cytotoxic chemotherapy.
authors.affiliation: Cardarelli Hospital, Division of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation Unit, Via Nicolò Piccinni 6, 80128 - Napoli, Italy. felicettoferrara@katamail.com
authors.forename: Felicetto
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ferrara
mesh_terms: D000617:Aminoglycosides / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000077237:Arsenic Trioxide; D001152:Arsenicals / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000079982:Gemtuzumab; D018380:Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation; D006801:Humans; D015473:Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010087:Oxides / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012074:Remission Induction; D055502:Secondary Prevention; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000617:Aminoglycosides; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D001152:Arsenicals; D010087:Oxides; D014212:Tretinoin; D000079982:Gemtuzumab; D000077237:Arsenic Trioxide