title: Using systematic reviews and meta-analyses to support regulatory decision making for neurotoxicants: lessons learned from a case study of PCBs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Epidemiologic weight-of-evidence reviews to support regulatory decision making regarding the association between environmental chemical exposures and neurodevelopmental outcomes in children are often complicated by lack of consistency across studies.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We examined prospective cohort studies evaluating the relation between prenatal and neonatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and neurodevelopment in children to assess the feasibility of conducting a meta-analysis to support decision making.
  
  
  METHODS
  We described studies in terms of exposure and end point categorization, statistical analysis, and reporting of results. We used this evaluation to assess the feasibility of grouping studies into reasonably uniform categories.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The current literature includes 11 cohorts of children for whom effects from prenatal or neonatal PCB exposures were assessed. The most consistently used tests included Brazelton's Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale, the neurologic optimality score in the neonatal period, the Bayley Scales of Infant Development at 5-8 months of age, and the McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities in 5-year-olds. Despite administering the same tests at similar ages, the studies were too dissimilar to allow a meaningful quantitative examination of outcomes across cohorts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These analyses indicate that our ability to conduct weight-of-evidence assessments of the epidemiologic literature on neurotoxicants may be limited, even in the presence of multiple studies, if the available study methods, data analysis, and reporting lack comparability. Our findings add support to previous calls for establishing consensus standards for the conduct, analysis, and reporting of epidemiologic studies in general, and for those evaluating the effects of potential neurotoxic exposures in particular.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Emory University School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Goodman
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Squibb
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Youngstrom
authors.forename: Laura Gutermuth
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Anthony
authors.forename: Lauren
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kenworthy
authors.forename: Paul H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Lipkin
authors.forename: Donald R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Mattison
authors.forename: Judy S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Lakind
mesh_terms: D004787:Environmental Pollution / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D005260:Female; D033161:Government Regulation; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D018811:Maternal Exposure; D015201:Meta-Analysis as Topic; D009420:Nervous System / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D009498:Neurotoxins / Q000633:toxicity*; D011050:Policy Making; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls / Q000633:toxicity*; D012196:Review Literature as Topic
chemical_list: D009498:Neurotoxins; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls