title: Proton vs carbon ion beams in the definitive radiation treatment of cancer patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Relative to X-ray beams, proton [(1)H] and carbon ion [(12)C] beams provide superior distributions due primarily to their finite range. The principal differences are LET, low for (1)H and high for (12)C, and a narrower penumbra of (12)C beams. Were (12)C to yield a higher TCP for a defined NTCP than (1)H therapy, would LET, fractionation or penumbra width be the basis?
  
  
  METHODS
  Critical factors of physics, radiation biology of (1)H and (12)C ion beams, neutron therapy and selected reports of TCP and NTCP from (1)H and (12)C irradiation of nine tumor categories are reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Outcome results are based on low dose per fraction (1)H and high dose per fraction (12)C therapy. Assessment of the role of LET and dose distribution vs dose fractionation is not now feasible. Available data indicate that TCP increases with BED with (1)H and (12)C TCPs overlaps. Frequencies of GIII NTCPs were higher after (1)H than (12)C treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Assessment of the efficacy of (1)H vs(12)C therapy is not feasible, principally due to the dose fractionation differences. Further, there is no accepted policy for defining the CTV-GTV margin nor definition of TCP. Overlaps of (1)H and (12)C ion TCPs at defined BED ranges indicate that TCPs are determined in large measure by dose, BED. Late GIII NTCP was higher in (1)H than (12)C patients, indicating LET as a significant factor. We recommend trials of (1)H vs(12)C with one variable, i.e. LET. The resultant TCP vs NTCP relationship will indicate which beam yields higher TCP for a specified NTCP at a defined dose fractionation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Boston, MA, USA. hsuit@partners.org
authors.forename: Herman
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Suit
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: DeLaney
authors.forename: Saveli
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Goldberg
authors.forename: Harald
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Paganetti
authors.forename: Ben
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Clasie
authors.forename: Leo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gerweck
authors.forename: Andrzej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Niemierko
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: Jacob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Flanz
authors.forename: Josh
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hallman
authors.forename: Alexei
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Trofimov
mesh_terms: D002244:Carbon; D005214:Fast Neutrons / Q000627:therapeutic use; D063193:Heavy Ion Radiotherapy; D006801:Humans; D018499:Linear Energy Transfer; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D061766:Proton Therapy; D012062:Relative Biological Effectiveness
chemical_list: D002244:Carbon