title: Smoking in pregnant women screened for an opioid agonist medication study compared to related pregnant and non-pregnant patient samples.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Little is known about the prevalence and severity of smoking in pregnant opioid dependent patients.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To first characterize the prevalence and severity of smoking in pregnant patients screened for a randomized controlled trial, Maternal Opioid Treatment: Human Experimental Research (MOTHER), comparing two agonist medications; and second, to compare the MOTHER screening sample to published samples of other pregnant and/or patients with substances use disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pregnant women (N = 108) screened for entry into an agonist medication comparison study were retrospectively compared on smoking variables to samples of pregnant methadone-maintained patients (N = 50), pregnant opioid or cocaine dependent patients (N = 240), non-pregnant methadone-maintained women (N = 75), and pregnant non-drug-addicted patients (N = 1,516).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of screened patients, 88% (n = 95) smoked for a mean of 140 months (SD = 79.0) starting at a mean age of 14 (SD = 3.5). This rate was similar to substance use disordered patients and significantly higher compared to general pregnant patients (88% vs. 22%, p < .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Aggressive efforts are needed to reduce/eliminate smoking in substance-abusing pregnant women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. hejones@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: H E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Heil
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: O'Grady
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kaltenbach
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Coyle
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Stine
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Selby
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Arria
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fischer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008691:Methadone / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009294:Narcotics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011247:Pregnancy; D015995:Prevalence; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D009294:Narcotics; D008691:Methadone