title: A review of effects of particulate matter-associated nickel and vanadium species on cardiovascular and respiratory systems.
abstract: Many epidemiological investigations indicate that excess risks of mortality and morbidity may vary among specific PM(2.5) components. Nickel (Ni) and vanadium (V) particulate metal species may potentially be related to increasing respiratory and cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. This review focuses on exposure concentrations of these two species in various settings, their health effects based on epidemiological and toxicological studies and the underlying mechanisms. The evidence shows that environmental exposure concentrations of Ni and V in general setting are lower than the World Health Organization standard (V, 1 microg/m(3)/day) in 2000, or the European Environment Agency standard (Ni, 1 microg/m(3)/day) in 2003, but their associations with cardiopulmonary diseases can still be found. The toxicological mechanism can be explained by laboratory-based studies. Updated safe guidelines on environmental and human exposure of Ni and V are necessary in order to clarify the associations between them and cardiopulmonary diseases and provide environmental intervention policies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan.
authors.forename: Zhihong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Patsy Y K
authors.initials: PY
authors.lastname: Chau
authors.forename: H K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Wong
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000633:toxicity*; D002319:Cardiovascular System / Q000187:drug effects*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D009532:Nickel / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000592:standards / Q000633:toxicity*; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000633:toxicity*; D012137:Respiratory System / Q000187:drug effects*; D014639:Vanadium / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D052638:Particulate Matter; D014639:Vanadium; D009532:Nickel