title: Detection of viruses and virus-like particles in four species of wild and farmed bivalve molluscs in Alaska, U.S.A., from 1987 to 2009.
abstract: The U.S. Alaska Department of Fish and Game has regulatory oversight of the mariculture industry that is partially administered through a statewide shellfish health policy. Possession and transport of bivalve molluscs require development of indigenous pathogen histories from diagnostic examinations of wild and farmed populations. These examinations have resulted in the detection of various infectious agents and parasites including viruses: an aquareovirus and aquabirna-like virus isolated by fish cell culture, and papilloma- or polyoma- and herpes-like virus particles within bivalve cell intranuclear inclusion bodies observed by electron microscopy. This study summarizes these results in samples examined from 1987 to 2009 and is the first description of poikilothermic viruses from Alaskan waters isolated from or observed within the tissues of 4 species of bivalve molluscs: geoduck clam Panope abrupta, native littleneck clam Protothaca staminea, purple-hinged rock scallop Crassadoma gigantea and Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas.
authors.affiliation: Department of Fish and Game, Commercial Fisheries Division, Juneau Fish Pathology Laboratory, P.O. Box 115526, Juneau, Alaska 99811-5526, USA. ted.meyers@alaska.gov
authors.forename: Theodore R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Meyers
authors.forename: Tamara
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Burton
authors.forename: Wally
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: Norman
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Starkey
mesh_terms: D000413:Alaska / Q000453:epidemiology; D000818:Animals; D049872:Bivalvia / Q000648:ultrastructure / Q000821:virology*; D002460:Cell Line; D005399:Fishes; D013997:Time Factors; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary*