title: Autophagonizer, a novel synthetic small molecule, induces autophagic cell death.
abstract: Autophagy is an apoptosis-independent mechanism of cell death that protects the cell from environmental imbalances and infection by pathogens. We identified a novel small molecule, 2-(3-Benzyl-4-oxo-3,4,5,6,7,8-hexahydro-benzo[4,5]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-2-ylsulfanylmethyl)-oxazole-4-carboxylic acid (2-pyrrolidin-1-yl-ethyl)-amide (referred as autophagonizer), using high-content cell-based screening and the autophagosome marker EGFP-LC3. Autophagonizer inhibited growth and induced cell death in the human tumor cell lines MCF7, HeLa, HCT116, A549, AGS, and HT1080 via a caspase-independent pathway. Conversion of cytosolic LC3-I to autophagosome-associated LC3-II was greatly enhanced by autophagonizer treatment. Transmission electron microscopy and acridine orange staining revealed increased autophagy in the cytoplasm of autophagonizer-treated cells. In conclusion, autophagonizer is a novel autophagy inducer with unique structure, which induces autophagic cell death in the human tumor cell lines.
authors.affiliation: Chemical Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Translational Research Center for Protein Function Control, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: In-Kwon
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Yoon Sun
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Hye Jin
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: Ho Jeong
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Kwon
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis; D001343:Autophagy; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D011744:Pyrimidinones / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013876:Thiophenes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: C548735:2-(3-benzyl-4-oxo-3,4,5,6,7,8-hexahydrobenzo(4,5)thieno(2,3-d)pyrimidin-2-ylsulfanylmethyl)-oxazole-4-carboxylic acid (2-pyrrolidin-1-yl-ethyl)amide; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D011744:Pyrimidinones; D013876:Thiophenes