title: Higher Healthy Eating Index-2005 scores associated with reduced symptoms of depression in an urban population: findings from the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity Across the Life Span (HANDLS) study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Depression affects more than 15 million Americans in a given year. Compared to physical health, less is known about the affect of diet quality on symptoms of depression.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study investigated the relationship between diet quality and reported symptoms of depression in a low-income urban population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects included 1,118 African-American and white adults, aged 30 to 64 years, living in Baltimore, MD, and represented a subsample of the initial examination and recruitment phase of the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life Span study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nutrition data were based on two 24-hour dietary recalls collected by trained interviewers using the US Department of Agriculture Automated Multiple Pass Method. Diet quality was calculated using the US Department of Agriculture Healthy Eating Index (HEI)-2005. Depressive symptoms were assessed by a trained interviewer using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale.
  
  
  METHODS
  Both linear and logistic regression analyses were used to examine whether or not diet quality was associated with depressive symptoms. The dependent variable was depressive symptoms and independent variables included HEI-2005, race, sex, age, education, income, and food-assistance program participation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean HEI-2005 score was 52.17+/-0.40 (out of 100). Mean Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale score was 11.64+/-0.25 (out of 40). Diet quality was significantly associated with reported symptoms of depression. However, income was a significantly stronger predictor of depression compared to diet quality, education, and sex.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Registered dietitians should be aware of relationships between psychological status and nutritional health when assisting clients to better manage their food choices to improve their overall health and quality of life.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health, Nutrition, and Exercise Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
authors.forename: Marie Fanelli
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Kuczmarski
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cremer Sees
authors.forename: Lawrence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hotchkiss
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Cotugna
authors.forename: Michele K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: Alan B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Zonderman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000375:Aging / Q000523:psychology; D015142:Baltimore / Q000453:epidemiology; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D004032:Diet / Q000592:standards*; D004034:Diet Surveys; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D016015:Logistic Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011594:Psychometrics; D011788:Quality of Life; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D044465:White People / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data