title: Glucocorticoids reduce nitric oxide concentration in middle ear effusion from lipopolysaccharide induced otitis media.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Otitis media with effusion (OME) is a common childhood disease that is characterized by an accumulation of fluid in the middle ear. Chronic OME can also lead to sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). Nitric oxide (NO), an inflammatory mediator (IM) of OME, is a free radical known to regulate cell proliferation, cell death, and angiogenesis. Previous studies have shown that nitric oxide may cause SNHL through outer hair cell (OHC) cytotoxicity. This experiment was designed to determine whether glucocorticoids, dexamethasone, fluticasone propionate, or rimexolone, can reduce the concentration of NO in middle ear effusion (MEE).
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-three chinchillas were divided into 7 groups, vehicle vs. each glucocorticoid at 0.1% and 1.0% concentrations. Due to anesthesia complications, N ranged from 6 to 9 per group. Two hundred microlitres of each test article was injected into the bullae of each animal. Two hours later, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (0.3mg in solution) was added. Test articles were re-administered at 24 and 48h post-LPS induction. After 96h, animals were euthanized and the MEE was collected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All three glucocorticoids numerically reduced NO concentration in the middle ear when administered at 0.1%, but only FP showed a significant reduction. At 1.0% concentrations, all 3 steroids significantly reduced NO concentration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that glucocorticoid treatment reduces NO concentration in the MEE and may protect the ear from the SNHL caused by NO.
authors.affiliation: Division of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pudrith
authors.forename: Dusan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: You Hyun
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jahng
authors.forename: Biblia
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wall
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jung
mesh_terms: D000730:Androstadienes / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D002682:Chinchilla; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000494:pharmacology; D000068298:Fluticasone; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D010034:Otitis Media with Effusion / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism*; D011245:Pregnadienes / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000730:Androstadienes; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D011245:Pregnadienes; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D003907:Dexamethasone; D000068298:Fluticasone; C013769:rimexolone