title: Higher white blood cell counts are associated with an increased risk for metabolic syndrome and more severe psychopathology in non-diabetic patients with schizophrenia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Unequivocal evidence has emerged linking inflammation to the risk of metabolic problems. Previous research also has suggested a relationship between inflammation and schizophrenia. The present study examined whether white blood cell count (WBC), a marker of systemic inflammation, is associated with metabolic syndrome and psychiatric symptoms in non-diabetic patients with schizophrenia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Outpatients 19 to 75 years old diagnosed with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder participated in a multi-center, cross-sectional study. Vital signs and anthropometric measures were obtained. Fasting blood samples were collected to determine levels of glucose, lipids and WBC. Psychiatric symptoms were assessed using the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the sample of 199 patients, multiple logistic regression showed that WBC (log transformed) strongly predicted the condition of metabolic syndrome after potential confounding variables including age, gender, race, age of illness onset, family history of diabetes, smoking status and antipsychotic agent used were taken into consideration (odds ratio 47.2, 95% CI 3.4-658.7, p=0.004). On the other hand, significant correlations were found between WBC (log transformed) and BPRS-total score (r=0.18, p=0.014), negative symptom score (r=0.15, p=0.039) as well as anxious depression factor score (r=0.21, p=0.004) after potential confounding variables were taken into consideration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggested that WBC, a simple, readily available and inexpensive measure, may potentially be a useful marker to predict an increased risk for metabolic syndrome and more severe psychiatric symptoms in non-diabetic patients with schizophrenia.
authors.affiliation: Schizophrenia Program, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States. xfan@partners.org
authors.forename: Xiaoduo
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.forename: Emily Y
authors.initials: EY
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Freudenreich
authors.forename: Ju Hyung
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Dengtang
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Jijun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Zhenghui
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yi
authors.forename: Donald
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Goff
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Henderson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000502:physiology; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000209:etiology*; D007958:Leukocyte Count / Q000379:methods*; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008659:Metabolic Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011599:Psychopathology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose