title: Cytotoxic granule release dominates gag-specific CD4+ T-cell response in different phases of HIV infection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The activity of virus-specific T lymphocytes, among which those capable of a polyfunctional response against the viral protein gag, is crucial to control HIV infection.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study is to investigate the polyfunctionality of gag-specific T cells in different phases of HIV infection, analyzing markers related to T-helper cell 1 (Th1) and degranulation/cytotoxicity, and the production of Th1 cytokines in peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients experiencing an acute primary infection, long-term nonprogressors, patients naive for antiretroviral drugs, and patients taking HAART.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cells were stimulated with a pool of gag-derived peptides or with a superantigen (staphylococcal enterotoxin B). Using eight-color polychromatic flow cytometry, we analyzed the expression of interleukin-2, interferon-gamma, CD154, and CD107a by CD4 and CD8 T cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The main finding was that in all HIV-positive patients, about half gag-specific CD4 T cells were CD107a, that is, able to degranulate. CD4CD154 cells unable to produce Th1 cytokines were the second most represented population. Truly polyfunctional CD4 T cells were very rare and present only in a few long-term nonprogressors. Superantigen stimulation showed that CD4 T lymphocytes from all patients displayed a typical Th response, including interleukin-2 and interferon-gamma production, lacking CD107a expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In all the aforementioned phases of HIV infection, the large majority of gag-specific CD4 T lymphocytes cannot be identified by the sole expression of interleukin-2 and interferon-gamma, which is early impaired. Degranulation and helper functions other than Th1 cytokine production are the predominant features of HIV-specific CD4 lymphocytes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 287, Modena, Italy.
authors.forename: Elisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nemes
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bertoncelli
authors.forename: Enrico
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lugli
authors.forename: Marcello
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pinti
authors.forename: Milena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nasi
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Manzini
authors.forename: Serena
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Manzini
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Prati
authors.forename: Vanni
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Borghi
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cossarizza
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mussini
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015153:Blotting, Western; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D003602:Cytotoxicity, Immunologic / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D015683:Gene Products, gag / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000276:immunology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007111:Immunity, Cellular; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019562:Viral Load; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015683:Gene Products, gag