title: Invasive salmonellosis among children admitted to a rural Tanzanian hospital and a comparison with previous studies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The importance of invasive salmonellosis in African children is well recognized but there is inadequate information on these infections. We conducted a fever surveillance study in a Tanzanian rural hospital to estimate the case fraction of invasive salmonellosis among pediatric admissions, examine associations with common co-morbidities and describe its clinical features. We compared our main findings with those from previous studies among children in sub-Saharan Africa.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From 1 March 2008 to 28 Feb 2009, 1,502 children were enrolled into the study. We collected clinical information and blood for point of care tests, culture, and diagnosis of malaria and HIV. We analyzed the clinical features on admission and outcome by laboratory-confirmed diagnosis. Pathogenic bacteria were isolated from the blood of 156 (10%) children, of which 14 (9%) were S. typhi, 45 (29%) were NTS and 97 (62%) were other pathogenic bacteria. Invasive salmonellosis accounted for 59/156 (38%) bacteremic children. Children with typhoid fever were significantly older and presented with a longer duration of fever. NTS infections were significantly associated with prior antimalarial treatment, malarial complications and with a high risk for death.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Invasive salmonellosis, particularly NTS infection, is an important cause of febrile disease among hospitalized children in our rural Tanzanian setting. Previous studies showed considerable variation in the case fraction of S. typhi and NTS infections. Certain suggestive clinical features (such as older age and long duration of fever for typhoid whereas concomitant malaria, anemia, jaundice and hypoglycemia for NTS infection) may be used to distinguish invasive salmonellosis from other severe febrile illness.
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Medical Research-Amani Centre, Tanga, Tanzania. mtoveg2002@yahoo.co.uk
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mtove
authors.forename: Ben
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Amos
authors.forename: Lorenz
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: von Seidlein
authors.forename: Ilse
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hendriksen
authors.forename: Abraham
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mwambuli
authors.forename: Juma
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kimera
authors.forename: Rajabu
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mallahiyo
authors.forename: Deok Ryun
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: R Leon
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Ochiai
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Clemens
authors.forename: Hugh
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Reyburn
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Magesa
authors.forename: Jacqueline L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Deen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017954:Africa South of the Sahara / Q000453:epidemiology; D016470:Bacteremia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015897:Comorbidity; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D006780:Hospitals, Rural; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008288:Malaria / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D010343:Patient Admission / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012196:Review Literature as Topic; D012480:Salmonella Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012485:Salmonella typhi / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013636:Tanzania / Q000453:epidemiology; D014435:Typhoid Fever / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*