title: Ampullary cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This manuscript reviews the recent literature on ampullary cancer, including new staging definitions, histological characteristics and treatment options.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Recent publications emphasize the importance of the histological differentiation (intestinal vs. pancreatobiliary), which is one of the most important prognostic factors for ampullary cancer. These histological subtypes can be differentiated by immunohistochemistry: while positivity for mucin-2 (MUC2) and caudal homeobox gene transcription factor-2 (CDX2) excludes the pancreatobiliary subtype, positivity for MUC1 and cytokeratin-17 (CK17) excludes the intestinal subtype. Also, different mechanisms of cancer development have been described, which might be related to the type of differentiation. Due to the very low risk of lymphatic spread, local resections appear sufficient for well differentiated T1 cancer smaller than 1 cm, whereas larger, less differentiated or more invasive cancer requires a radical resection. As cancer with intestinal differentiation shares a similar biology with colon cancer, and the pancreatobiliary differentiation is close to ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreas, adjuvant chemotherapy should probably be given according to colon cancer (intestinal) and pancreatic cancer (pancreatobiliary), respectively. However, randomized trials are lacking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The recent research suggests that the histological differentiation of periampullary cancer is more important than the anatomical location (ampulla). Future studies are required to take this emerging issue into account.
authors.affiliation: Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Swiss HPB-Center, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Heinrich
authors.forename: Pierre-Alain
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Clavien
mesh_terms: D014670:Ampulla of Vater; D003138:Common Bile Duct Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans