title: Effects of traffic-related outdoor air pollution on respiratory illness and mortality in children, taking into account indoor air pollution, in Indonesia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effects of outdoor air pollution, taking into account indoor air pollution, in Indonesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  The subjects were 15,242 children from 2002 to 2003 Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey. The odds ratios and their confidence intervals for adverse health effects were estimated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Proximity increased the prevalence of acute respiratory infection both in urban and rural areas after adjusting for indoor air pollution. In urban areas, the prevalence of acute upper respiratory infection increased by 1.012 (95% confidence intervals: 1.005 to 1.019) per 2 km proximity to a major road. Adjusted odds ratios tended to be higher in the high indoor air pollution group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exposure to traffic-related outdoor air pollution would increase adverse health effects after adjusting for indoor air pollution. Furthermore, indoor air pollution could exacerbate the effects of outdoor air pollution.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan. saori_ksm@ybb.ne.jp
authors.forename: Saori
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kashima
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yorifuji
authors.forename: Toshihide
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tsuda
authors.forename: Juliani
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ibrahim
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Doi
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D062665:Epidemiological Monitoring; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007214:Indonesia / Q000453:epidemiology; D007223:Infant; D007226:Infant Mortality; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015995:Prevalence; D012140:Respiratory Tract Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D050497:Stillbirth / Q000453:epidemiology; D001335:Vehicle Emissions
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D052638:Particulate Matter; D001335:Vehicle Emissions