title: Timing of initiation of antiretroviral drugs during tuberculosis therapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The rates of death are high among patients with coinfection with tuberculosis and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The optimal timing for the initiation of antiretroviral therapy in relation to tuberculosis therapy remains controversial.
  
  
  METHODS
  In an open-label, randomized, controlled trial in Durban, South Africa, we assigned 642 patients with both tuberculosis and HIV infection to start antiretroviral therapy either during tuberculosis therapy (in two integrated-therapy groups) or after the completion of such treatment (in one sequential-therapy group). The diagnosis of tuberculosis was based on a positive sputum smear for acid-fast bacilli. Only patients with HIV infection and a CD4+ cell count of less than 500 per cubic millimeter were included. All patients received standard tuberculosis therapy, prophylaxis with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and a once-daily antiretroviral regimen of didanosine, lamivudine, and efavirenz. The primary end point was death from any cause.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This analysis compares data from the sequential-therapy group and the combined integrated-therapy groups up to September 1, 2008, when the data and safety monitoring committee recommended that all patients receive integrated antiretroviral therapy. There was a reduction in the rate of death among the 429 patients in the combined integrated-therapy groups (5.4 deaths per 100 person-years, or 25 deaths), as compared with the 213 patients in the sequential-therapy group (12.1 per 100 person-years, or 27 deaths); a relative reduction of 56% (hazard ratio in the combined integrated-therapy groups, 0.44; 95% confidence interval, 0.25 to 0.79; P=0.003). Mortality was lower in the combined integrated-therapy groups in all CD4+ count strata. Rates of adverse events during follow-up were similar in the two study groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The initiation of antiretroviral therapy during tuberculosis therapy significantly improved survival and provides further impetus for the integration of tuberculosis and HIV services. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00398996.)
authors.affiliation: Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa. caprisa@ukzn.ac.za
authors.forename: Salim S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Abdool Karim
authors.forename: Kogieleum
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Naidoo
authors.forename: Anneke
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grobler
authors.forename: Nesri
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Padayatchi
authors.forename: Cheryl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Baxter
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: Tanuja
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gengiah
authors.forename: Gonasagrie
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nair
authors.forename: Sheila
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bamber
authors.forename: Aarthi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Munira
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pienaar
authors.forename: Wafaa
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: El-Sadr
authors.forename: Gerald
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Friedland
authors.forename: Quarraisha
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Abdool Karim
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D000328:Adult; D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006678:HIV / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010349:Patient Compliance / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000097:blood; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D019562:Viral Load; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents; D000995:Antitubercular Agents; D012367:RNA, Viral