title: The hemodynamic effects of in-tandem carotid artery stenosis: implications for carotid endarterectomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It remains controversial whether patients with severe disease of the internal carotid artery and a coexisting stenotic lesion downstream would benefit from a carotid endarterectomy (CEA) of the proximal lesion. The aim of this study was to simulate the hemodynamic and wall shear effects of in-tandem internal carotid artery stenosis using a computational fluid dynamic (CFD) idealized model to give insight into the possible consequences of CEA on these lesions.
  
  
  METHODS
  A CFD model of steady viscous flow in a rigid tube with two asymmetric stenoses was introduced to simulate blood flow in arteries with multiple constrictions. The effect of varying the distance between the two stenoses, and the severity of the upstream stenosis on the pressure and wall shear stress (WSS) distributions on the second plaque, was investigated. The influence of the relative positions of the two stenoses was also assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The distance between the plaques was found to have minimal influence on the overall hemodynamic effect except for the presence of a zone of low WSS (range -20 to 30 dyne/cm2) adjacent to both lesions when the two stenoses were sufficiently close (<4 times the arterial diameter). The upstream stenosis was protective if it was larger than the downstream stenosis. The relative positions of the stenoses were found to influence the WSS but not the pressure distribution.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The geometry and positions of the lesions need to be considered when considering the hemodynamic effects of an in-tandem stenosis. Low WSS is thought to cause endothelial dysfunction and initiate atheroma formation. The fact that there was a flow recirculation zone with low WSS in between the two stenoses may demonstrate how two closely positioned plaques may merge into one larger lesion. Decision making for CEA may need to take into account the hemodynamic situation when an in-tandem stenosis is found. CFD may aid in the risk stratification of patients with this problem.
authors.affiliation: University Department of Radiology, Cambridge University Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, United Kingdom. ZYL22@cam.ac.uk
authors.forename: Zhi-Yong
authors.initials: ZY
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Taviani
authors.forename: Tjun
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Michael P F
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Sutcliffe
authors.forename: Jonathan H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Gillard
mesh_terms: D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D002343:Carotid Artery, Internal / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D016894:Endarterectomy, Carotid / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D018579:Patient Selection; D011300:Preoperative Care; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000502:physiology; D018570:Risk Assessment; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology