title: SRRM2, a potential blood biomarker revealing high alternative splicing in Parkinson's disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects about five million people worldwide. Diagnosis remains clinical, based on phenotypic patterns. The discovery of laboratory markers that will enhance diagnostic accuracy, allow pre-clinical detection and tracking of disease progression is critically needed. These biomarkers may include transcripts with different isoforms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We performed extensive analysis on 3 PD microarray experiments available through GEO and found that the RNA splicing gene SRRM2 (or SRm300), sereine/arginine repetitive matrix 2, was the only gene differentially upregulated among all the three PD experiments. SRRM2 expression was not changed in the blood of other neurological diseased patients versus the healthy controls. Using real-time PCR, we report that the shorter transcript of SRRM2 was 1.7 fold (p = 0.008) upregulated in the substantia nigra of PDs vs controls while the longer transcript was 0.4 downregulated in both the substantia nigra (p = 0.03) and amygdala (p = 0.003). To validate our results and test for the possibility of alternative splicing in PD, we performed independent microarray scans, using Affymetrix Exon_ST1 arrays, from peripheral blood of 28 individuals (17 PDs and 11 Ctrls) and found a significant upregulation of the upstream (5') exons of SRRM2 and a downregulation of the downstream exons, causing a total of 0.7 fold down regulation (p = 0.04) of the long isoform. In addition, we report novel information about hundreds of genes with significant alternative splicing (differential exonic expression) in PD blood versus controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The consistent dysregulation of the RNA splicing factor SRRM2 in two different PD neuronal sources and in PD blood but not in blood of other neurologically diseased patients makes SRRM2 a strong candidate gene for PD and draws attention to the role of RNA splicing in the disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America.
authors.forename: Lina A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Shehadeh
authors.forename: Kristine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Liyong
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Guevara
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Singer
authors.forename: Jeffery
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vance
authors.forename: Spyridon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Papapetropoulos
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017398:Alternative Splicing; D000679:Amygdala / Q000378:metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D005091:Exons; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics*; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013378:Substantia Nigra / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins; C414618:SRRM2 protein, human