title: Captive coyotes compared to their counterparts in the wild: does environmental enrichment help?
abstract: This article attempts to determine the effects of environment (captive or wild) and a simple form of environmental enrichment on the behavior and physiology of a nonhuman animal. Specifically, analyses first compared behavioral budgets and stereotypic behavior of captive coyotes (Canis latrans) in kennels and pens to their counterparts in the wild. Second, experiments examined the effect of a simple form of environmental enrichment for captive coyotes (food-filled bones) on behavioral budgets, stereotypies, and corticosteroid levels. Overall, behavioral budgets of captive coyotes in both kennels and pens were similar to those observed in the wild, but coyotes in captivity exhibited significantly more stereotypic behavior. Intermittently providing a bone generally lowered resting and increased foraging behaviors but did not significantly reduce stereotypic behavior or alter corticosteroid levels. Thus, coyote behavior in captivity can be similar to that exhibited in the wild; in addition, although enrichment can affect proportions of elicited behaviors, abnormal behaviors and corticosteroid levels may require more than a simple form of environmental enrichment for their reduction.
authors.affiliation: USDA Wildlife Services National Wildlife Research Center, Logan, Utah, USA. john.shivik@aphis.usda.gov
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Shivik
authors.forename: Gemma L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.forename: Eric M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Gese
authors.forename: Britta
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Osthaus
mesh_terms: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000097:blood; D000827:Animal Welfare; D000818:Animals; D000835:Animals, Wild; D000836:Animals, Zoo / Q000502:physiology; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D046029:Coyotes / Q000097:blood / Q000502:physiology*; D004780:Environment, Controlled; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006799:Housing, Animal / Q000592:standards*; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology; D012919:Social Behavior; D013239:Stereotyped Behavior / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones