title: Agent-based modeling of endotoxin-induced acute inflammatory response in human blood leukocytes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Inflammation is a highly complex biological response evoked by many stimuli. A persistent challenge in modeling this dynamic process has been the (nonlinear) nature of the response that precludes the single-variable assumption. Systems-based approaches offer a promising possibility for understanding inflammation in its homeostatic context. In order to study the underlying complexity of the acute inflammatory response, an agent-based framework is developed that models the emerging host response as the outcome of orchestrated interactions associated with intricate signaling cascades and intercellular immune system interactions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An agent-based modeling (ABM) framework is proposed to study the nonlinear dynamics of acute human inflammation. The model is implemented using NetLogo software. Interacting agents involve either inflammation-specific molecules or cells essential for the propagation of the inflammatory reaction across the system. Spatial orientation of molecule interactions involved in signaling cascades coupled with the cellular heterogeneity are further taken into account. The proposed in silico model is evaluated through its ability to successfully reproduce a self-limited inflammatory response as well as a series of scenarios indicative of the nonlinear dynamics of the response. Such scenarios involve either a persistent (non)infectious response or innate immune tolerance and potentiation effects followed by perturbations in intracellular signaling molecules and cascades.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ABM framework developed in this study provides insight on the stochastic interactions of the mediators involved in the propagation of endotoxin signaling at the cellular response level. The simulation results are in accordance with our prior research effort associated with the development of deterministic human inflammation models that include transcriptional dynamics, signaling, and physiological components. The hypothetical scenarios explored in this study would potentially improve our understanding of how manipulating the behavior of the molecular species could manifest into emergent behavior of the overall system.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America.
authors.forename: Xu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.forename: Panagiota T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Foteinou
authors.forename: Steven E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Calvano
authors.forename: Stephen F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Lowry
authors.forename: Ioannis P
authors.initials: IP
authors.lastname: Androulakis
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology*; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006801:Humans; D007107:Immune System / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000276:immunology*; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D018448:Models, Immunological; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D011485:Protein Binding / Q000187:drug effects; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D012984:Software; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000378:metabolism; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D004731:Endotoxins; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D016328:NF-kappa B; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4