title: The nightmares of sleep apnea: nightmare frequency declines with increasing apnea hypopnea index.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To clarify the association of reported nightmare recall with polysomnographically defined obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in a sleep laboratory population.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study included 393 individuals undergoing clinical polysomnography including a general intake questionnaire with questions on dream and nightmare recall frequency. Mean age was 50.5 and a range of 13 to 82 years, with 33% of the sample female and 67% male. Reported dream and nightmare recall were classified as infrequent when reported at less than once a month, or frequent when reported at a frequency greater than once per week.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean Apnea-hypopnea Index AHI was 34.9 (std. 32.0) indicating a high frequency of severe (AHI > 30) OSA in this clinical study population. Both AHI and Apnea Index (AI) were significantly higher (p = 0.000) for the grouping reporting infrequent nightmare recall. As the AHI score increased, the percent of participants with frequent nightmare recall decreased linearly.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with higher AHI report a lower nightmare frequency, indicating that significant OSA suppresses the cognitive experience of nightmare recall. Depressed nightmare recall may occur secondary to the REMS suppression know to occur in patients with significant OSA.
authors.affiliation: University of Colorado School of Medicine, Sleep Disorders Center of Southern Colorado, Pueblo, CO, USA. Pueo34@earthlink.net
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Pagel
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kwiatkowski
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004325:Dreams; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall; D008875:Middle Aged; D017286:Polysomnography; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D012895:Sleep, REM