title: Empirical study of unipolar and bipolar configurations using high resolution single multi-walled carbon nanotube electrodes for electrophysiological probing of electrically excitable cells.
abstract: Identifying the neurophysiological basis underlying learning and memory in the mammalian central nervous system requires the development of biocompatible, high resolution, low electrode impedance electrophysiological probes; however, physically, electrode impedance will always be finite and, at times, large. Herein, we demonstrate through experiments performed on frog sartorius muscle that single multi-walled carbon nanotube electrode (sMWNT electrode) geometry and placement are two degrees of freedom that can improve biocompatibility of the probe and counteract the detrimental effects of MWNT/electrolyte interface impedance on the stimulation efficiency and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). We show that high aspect ratio dependent electric field enhancement at the MWNT tip can boost stimulation efficiency. Derivation of the sMWNT electrode's electrical equivalent indicates that, at low stimulus voltage regimes below 1 V, current conduction is mediated by charge fluctuation in the double layer obviating electrolysis of water, which is potentially toxic to pH sensitive biological tissue. Despite the accompanying increase in electrode impedance, a pair of closely spaced sMWNT electrodes in a two probe (bipolar) configuration maintains biocompatibility and enhances stimulation efficiency and SNR compared to the single probe (unipolar) configuration. For stimulus voltages below 1 V, the electrical equivalent verifies that current conduction in the two probe configuration still proceeds via charge fluctuation in the double layer. As an extracellular stimulation electrode, the two sMWNT electrodes comprise a current dipole that concentrates the electric field and the current density in a smaller region of sartorius; consequently, the bipolar configuration can elicit muscle fiber twitching at low voltages that preclude electrolysis of water. When recording field potentials, the bipolar configuration subtracts the potential between two points allowing for the detection of higher signal amplitudes. As a result, SNR is improved. These results indicate that use of the high aspect ratio MWNT in a bipolar configuration can achieve a biocompatible electrode that offers enhanced stimulation efficiency and higher SNR.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Electrical Engineering and Bioengineering, School of Engineering, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA 95053, USA.
authors.forename: Edward D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: de Asis
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.forename: Sally
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: Cattien V
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Nguyen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017097:Electric Impedance; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000295:instrumentation; D004573:Electrolytes; D004594:Electrophysiology / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D008839:Microelectrodes; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon / Q000737:chemistry*; D011892:Rana catesbeiana; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted
chemical_list: D004573:Electrolytes; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon