title: Orange juice neutralizes the proinflammatory effect of a high-fat, high-carbohydrate meal and prevents endotoxin increase and Toll-like receptor expression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The intake of glucose or a high-fat, high-carbohydrate (HFHC) meal, but not orange juice, induces an increase in inflammation and oxidative stress in circulating mononuclear cells (MNCs) of normal-weight subjects.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the effect of orange juice on HFHC meal-induced inflammation and oxidative stress and the expression of plasma endotoxin and Toll-like receptors (TLRs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Three groups (10 subjects in each group) of normal, healthy subjects were asked to drink water or 300 kcal glucose or orange juice in combination with a 900-kcal HFHC meal. Blood samples were obtained before and 1, 3, and 5 h after the drinks and meal combinations were consumed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Protein expression of the NADPH oxidase subunit p47(phox), phosphorylated and total p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, and suppressor of cytokine signaling-3; TLR2 and TLR4 messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression; mRNA expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 in MNCs; and plasma concentrations of endotoxin and MMP-9 increased significantly after glucose or water were consumed with the meal but not when orange juice was consumed with the meal. The generation of reactive oxygen species by polymorphonuclear cells was significantly lower when orange juice was added to the meal than when water or glucose was added to the meal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of glucose or water and the HFHC meal induced oxidative and inflammatory stress and an increase in TLR expression and plasma endotoxin concentrations. In contrast, orange juice intake with the HFHC meal prevented meal-induced oxidative and inflammatory stress, including the increase in endotoxin and TLR expression. These observations may help explain the mechanisms underlying postprandial oxidative stress and inflammation, pathogenesis of insulin resistance, and atherosclerosis.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Husam
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ghanim
authors.forename: Chang Ling
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Sia
authors.forename: Manish
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Upadhyay
authors.forename: Mannish
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Upadhyay
authors.forename: Kelly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Korzeniewski
authors.forename: Prabhakar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Viswanathan
authors.forename: Sanaa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Abuaysheh
authors.forename: Priya
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mohanty
authors.forename: Paresh
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dandona
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001628:Beverages; D032084:Citrus sinensis; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit; D005947:Glucose / Q000494:pharmacology; D006098:Granulocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D019255:NADPH Oxidases / Q000378:metabolism; D028321:Plant Preparations / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D000071223:Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3 Protein; D050826:Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014867:Water / Q000494:pharmacology; D055815:Young Adult; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004731:Endotoxins; D028321:Plant Preparations; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C106644:SOCS3 protein, human; D000071223:Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3 Protein; D050826:Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling Proteins; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; D014867:Water; D019255:NADPH Oxidases; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; D005947:Glucose