title: Treatment of Acinetobacter infections.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Acinetobacter baumannii has emerged as a major cause of healthcare-associated infections. It commonly presents resistance to multiple antimicrobial agents, occasionally including carbapenems and polymyxins, and hence, it is considered the paradigm of multidrug-resistant (MDR) or pandrug-resistant (PDR) bacterium. MDR A. baumannii is a rapidly emerging pathogen, especially in the intensive care setting, causing infections including bacteremia, pneumonia/ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), meningitis, urinary tract infection, central venous catheter-related infection, and wound infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  All potential antimicrobial agents that are available for the treatment of Acinetobacter infections are presented. Emphasis was given to the management of nosocomial infections due to MDR A. baumannii and its close relatives, spp. 3 and 13TU. Areas covered include bloodstream infections, pneumonia or VAP, meningitis, urinary tract infection, skin and soft-tissue or wound infections due to Acinetobacter.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The antibiotics that are usually effective against A. baumannii infections include carbapenems, polymyxins E and B, sulbactam, piperacillin/tazobactam, tigecycline and aminoglycosides. Carbapenems (imipenem, meropenem, doripenem) are the mainstay of treatment for A. baumannii, though carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter strains have increasingly been reported worldwide in recent years. However, although well-designed trials of new therapeutic approaches are certainly required, the most important factor necessary to guide clinicians in their choice of empirical or targeted therapy should be knowledge of the susceptibility patterns of strains present in their own geographical area.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pooled data suggest that infections caused by A. baumannii, especially those with inappropriate treatment, are associated with considerable attributable mortality. The optimal treatment for A. baumannii nosocomial infections has not been established, especially for MDR strains. Therefore, well-designed clinical studies are necessary to guide clinicians on decisions regarding the best therapeutic approach for patients with MDR A. baumannii infections. In addition, new experimental studies are warranted to evaluate the activity and safety of peptides and other novel antibacterial agents for A. baumannii infections.
authors.affiliation: ICU, Henry Dunant Hospital, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Argyris
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Michalopoulos
authors.forename: Matthew E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Falagas
mesh_terms: D000151:Acinetobacter Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology; D040981:Acinetobacter baumannii / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000188:drug therapy; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; D006801:Humans
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents