title: Predictors of outcome at 2 years of age after early intrauterine growth restriction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relative importance of antenatal and perinatal variables on short- and long-term outcome of preterm growth restricted fetuses with umbilical artery (UA) Doppler abnormalities.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a cohort study of 180 neonates with birth weight < 10(th) percentile, gestational age at delivery < 34 weeks and abnormal Doppler ultrasound examination of the UA. Various antenatal and perinatal variables were studied in relation to short- and long-term outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neonatal and overall mortality (up to 2 years of age) were predicted by low gestational age at delivery. Neonatal mortality was additionally predicted by absent or reversed UA end-diastolic flow, while the presence of severe neonatal complications and placental villitis were additional predictors of both infant (between 28 days and 1 year of postnatal life) and overall mortality. Placental villitis was found to be the only predictor of necrotizing enterocolitis. Low gestational age at delivery, male sex, abnormal cardiotocography, absent or reversed UA end-diastolic flow and the HELLP syndrome predicted respiratory distress syndrome. Abnormal neurodevelopmental outcome at 2 years was predicted by low birth weight (< 2.3(rd) percentile), fetal acidosis (UA pH < 7.00), and placental villitis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Less advanced gestation at delivery remains an important predictor of short-term outcome in growth-restricted fetuses. In addition, the presence of placental villitis may aid neonatologists in the early identification of infants at increased risk of necrotizing enterocolitis, death and abnormal neurodevelopment at 2 years of age. Abnormal neurodevelopment was related to low weight and acidosis at birth, indicating that the severity of malnutrition and fetal acidosis affect long-term outcome.
authors.affiliation: Perinatal Center, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands. H.Torrance@umcutrecht.nl
authors.forename: H L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Torrance
authors.forename: M C T
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Bloemen
authors.forename: E J H
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Mulder
authors.forename: P G J
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Nikkels
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Derks
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: de Vries
authors.forename: G H A
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Visser
mesh_terms: D000138:Acidosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000196:embryology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology; D002657:Child Development; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005317:Fetal Growth Retardation / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007226:Infant Mortality; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D010922:Placenta Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011247:Pregnancy; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal; D014469:Umbilical Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000196:embryology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D055815:Young Adult