title: Overexpression of smoothened activates the sonic hedgehog signaling pathway in pancreatic cancer-associated fibroblasts.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Accumulating evidence suggests that cancer-associated stromal fibroblasts (CAF) contribute to tumor growth by actively communicating with cancer cells. Our aim is to identify signaling pathways involved in tumor-stromal cell interactions in human pancreatic cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  We established primary fibroblast cultures from human pancreatic adenocarcinomas and nonneoplastic pancreas tissues. To identify differentially expressed genes in CAFs, we did gene expression profiling of human pancreatic CAFs and nonneoplastic pancreatic fibroblasts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Hedgehog receptor Smoothened (SMO) was upregulated in CAFs relative to control fibroblasts. CAFs expressing SMO could transduce the Sonic hedgehog signal to activate Gli1 expression, and small interfering RNA knockdown of SMO blocked the induction of Gli1 in these cells. Stromal fibroblasts of human primary pancreatic adenocarcinomas overexpressed Smo compared with normal pancreatic fibroblasts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings implicate overexpression of Smo as a mechanism for the activation of Hedgehog signaling in human pancreatic CAFs and suggest that stromal cells may be a therapeutic target for Smo antagonists in pancreatic cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA.
authors.forename: Kimberly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Walter
authors.forename: Noriyuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Omura
authors.forename: Seung-Mo
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Griffith
authors.forename: Audrey
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vincent
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Borges
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Goggins
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D021441:Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D002460:Cell Line; D005260:Female; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D053823:Hedgehog Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000494:pharmacology; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015398:Signal Transduction; D000072086:Smoothened Receptor; D017154:Stromal Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D046888:Tissue Array Analysis; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000071676:Zinc Finger Protein GLI1
chemical_list: C400551:GLI1 protein, human; D053823:Hedgehog Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; C509239:SHH protein, human; C491023:SMO protein, human; D000072086:Smoothened Receptor; D014157:Transcription Factors; D000071676:Zinc Finger Protein GLI1