title: Randomized trials of dopamine agonists in restless legs syndrome: a systematic review, quality assessment, and meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The use of dopamine agonists (DAs) for the treatment of restless legs syndrome (RLS) has been assessed in numerous randomized clinical trials (RCTs).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aims of this study were to assess the reporting quality of published RCTs according to the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) statement and to synthesize the study results in terms of efficacy and tolerability to inform the clinical management of RLS.
  
  
  METHODS
  PubMed and Cochrane Controlled Trials Register were searched for English-language RCTs that assessed the effects of DAs in RLS. Quality of reporting was measured using the proportion of 17 CONSORT checklist items included in each study. The 2 primary outcomes were pooled mean change from baseline in International RLS (IRLS) Study Group rating scale score (Deltamu) (95% CI) and relative risk (RR) (95% CI) of response based on the Clinical Global Impression-Improvement (CGI-I) scale score. The pooled proportions of adverse events (PAEs) (95% CI) were also estimated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighteen RCTs (N = 2848 patients) were included. Two of the 17 CONSORT checklist items were reported in 7 studies (39%) and 9 of the 17 items were reported in all 18 studies (100%). The differences in the IRLS scores and RR for CGI-I were significantly greater with pramipexole, ropinirole, rotigotine, and cabergoline compared with placebo. Results for heterogeneity were nonsignificant. The difference in Deltamu (95% CI) was significant with pramipexole (-6.63 [-9.15 to -4.10]) versus ropinirole (-3.64 [-4.76 to 2.51]) (P = 0.04). The difference between pramipexole and rotigotine was nonsignificant. The pooled PAEs (95% CI) for pramipexole, ropinirole, and rotigotine were 4.8% (2.0% to 8.7%), 10.2% (2.6% to 22.1%), and 7.6% (1.3% to 18.5%), respectively. In the trial of sumanirole, the PAE value was 2% (0% to 5.4%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on the findings from the meta-analysis, DAs were significantly more efficacious in the treatment of RLS compared with placebo.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomathematics, University of Thessaly School of Medicine, Larissa, Greece. zintza@med.uth.gr
authors.forename: Elias
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zintzaras
authors.forename: Georgios D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Kitsios
authors.forename: Afroditi A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Papathanasiou
authors.forename: Spiros
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Konitsiotis
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miligkos
authors.forename: Paraskevi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rodopoulou
authors.forename: George M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Hadjigeorgiou
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D018491:Dopamine Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015990:Placebo Effect; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012148:Restless Legs Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018491:Dopamine Agonists