title: Effect of amphetamine on extracellular concentrations of amino acids in striatum in neurotensin subtype 1 and 2 receptor null mice: a possible interaction between neurotensin receptors and amino acid systems for study of schizophrenia.
abstract: Neurotensin (NT) is a tridecapeptide that acts as a neuromodulator in the central nervous system mainly through two NT receptors: NTS1 and NTS2. The present study was done to determine the roles of NTS1 and NTS2 on amino acid release in striatum with the use of NTS1 or NTS2 knockout ((-/-)) mice given d-amphetamine. Both NTS1(-/-) and NTS2(-/-) mice had lower extracellular concentrations of D-serine in striatum than did wild type (WT) mice. NTS2(-/-) but not NTS1(-/-) mice also had significantly lower basal concentrations of glutamate in striatum as compared to that for WT mice. Systemic administration of d-amphetamine (4 mg/kg, ip) increased glutamate release by 500% in WT mice, as compared to 300% in NTS2(-/-) mice, and 250% in NTS1(-/-) mice. Additionally, d-amphetamine injection caused a 4-fold increase in GABA release in both WT and NTS2(-/-) mice, but only a 2-fold increase in NTS1(-/-) mice. Therefore, NTS1 and NTS2 modulate basal release of D-serine and glutamate, and also d-amphetamine-induced GABA and glutamate release in striatum. These results provide further support for the involvement of NT receptors in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia and provide a better understanding of the imbalance of amino acid systems through investigation of a DA-based animal model.
authors.affiliation: Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA. li.zhimin@mayo.edu
authors.forename: Zhimin
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Yanqi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: Mona
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boules
authors.forename: Andres
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gordillo
authors.forename: Elliott
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Richelson
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D000661:Amphetamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003342:Corpus Striatum / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D005110:Extracellular Space / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D008959:Models, Neurological; D018028:Receptors, Neurotensin / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000378:metabolism; D012694:Serine / Q000378:metabolism; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; C490984:Ntsr2 protein, mouse; D018028:Receptors, Neurotensin; C114036:neurotensin type 1 receptor; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D012694:Serine; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; D000661:Amphetamine