title: From midlife to early old age: health trajectories associated with retirement.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies report contradictory findings regarding health effects of retirement. This study examines longitudinally the associations of retirement with mental health and physical functioning.
  
  
  METHODS
  The participants were 7584 civil servants from the Whitehall II cohort study aged 39-64 years at baseline and 54-76 years at the last follow-up. Self-reported mental health and physical functioning were assessed using the Short Form Medical Outcomes Survey questionnaire, and the scales were scored as T-scores (mean [SD] = 50 [10]). Retirement status and health were assessed with 6 repeated measurements over a 15-year period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The associations between retirement and health were dependent on age at retirement, reason for retirement, and length of time spent in retirement. Compared with continued employment, statutory retirement at age 60 and early voluntary retirement, respectively, were associated with 2.2 (95% confidence interval = 1.7 to 2.8) and 2.2 (1.7 to 2.7) points higher mental health and with 1.0 (0.6 to 1.5) and 1.1 (0.8 to 1.4) points higher physical functioning. Retirement due to ill health was associated with poorer mental health (-0.7 points [-1.62 to 0.2]) and physical functioning (-4.5 points [-5.1 to -3.9]). Within-subject analyses suggested a causal interpretation for statutory and voluntary retirement, but health selection for retirement due to ill health.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Longitudinal analyses of repeat data suggest that health status improves after statutory and voluntarily retirement, although the improvement seems to attenuate over time. By contrast, the association between retirement due to ill health and subsequent poor health seems to reflect selection rather than causation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom. markus.jokela@helsinki.fi
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jokela
authors.forename: Jane E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Ferrie
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gimeno
authors.forename: Tarani
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chandola
authors.forename: Martin J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Shipley
authors.forename: Jenny
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Head
authors.forename: Jussi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vahtera
authors.forename: Hugo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Westerlund
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Marmot
authors.forename: Mika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kivimäki
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008603:Mental Health; D008875:Middle Aged; D012179:Retirement; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013548:Sweden