title: Recent nosocomial transmission and genotypes of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
abstract: METHODS
  Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is a serious health problem in Eastern European countries, including Latvia.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the proportion of tuberculosis, including MDR-TB cases, attributable to recent transmission and risk factors associated with clustering.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective nested case-control study. The data set incorporated a wide spectrum of social features, as well as genotypes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates determined by insertion sequence 6110 restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of PvuII cleaved genomic DNA and spoligotyping.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In comparison with non-clustered M. tuberculosis, the Beijing genotype (OR 12.15) and multidrug resistance (OR 5.61, P < 0.01) were associated with clustering. In comparison with clustered drug-susceptible M. tuberculosis, clustering of MDR M. tuberculosis was associated with Beijing genotype (OR 41.67), previous hospitalisation (OR 18.33) and previous TB treatment (OR 17.68, P < 0.05). Direct epidemiological links in hospitals were found for almost one third (32%) of MDR Beijing cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MDR cases were more likely to be found in clusters than drug-susceptible cases (74.0% vs. 33.6%). Recent nosocomial transmission of MDR-TB is an important risk factor for the spread of multiresistance, and is associated with the Beijing genotype. Special attention should be paid to infection control measures in hospitals and ambulatory treatment should be enforced.
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Infectology Centre of Latvia, Riga, Latvia; Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia. anda@tuberculosis.lv
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nodieva
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Jansone
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Broka
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Pole
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Skenders
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Baumanis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000553:Ambulatory Care; D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission*; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006761:Hospitals; D006801:Humans; D017053:Infection Control; D007844:Latvia / Q000453:epidemiology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D018088:Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial