title: Effect of scaling up women's groups on birth outcomes in three rural districts in Bangladesh: a cluster-randomised controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Two recent trials have shown that women's groups can reduce neonatal mortality in poor communities. We assessed the effectiveness of a scaled-up development programme with women's groups to address maternal and neonatal care in three rural districts of Bangladesh.
  
  
  METHODS
  18 clusters (with a mean population of 27 953 [SD 5953]) in three districts were randomly assigned to either intervention or control (nine clusters each) by use of stratified randomisation. For each district, cluster names were written on pieces of paper, which were folded and placed in a bottle. The first three cluster names drawn from the bottle were allocated to the intervention group and the remaining three to control. All clusters received health services strengthening and basic training of traditional birth attendants. In intervention clusters, a facilitator convened 18 groups every month to support participatory action and learning for women, and to develop and implement strategies to address maternal and neonatal health problems. Women were eligible to participate if they were aged 15-49 years, residing in the project area, and had given birth during the study period (Feb 1, 2005, to Dec 31, 2007). Neither study investigators nor participants were masked to treatment assignment. In a population of 229 195 people (intervention clusters only), 162 women's groups provided coverage of one group per 1414 population. The primary outcome was neonatal mortality rate (NMR). Analysis was by intention to treat. This trial is registered as an International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial, number ISRCTN54792066.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We monitored outcomes for 36 113 births (intervention clusters, n=17 514; control clusters, n=18 599) in a population of 503 163 over 3 years. From 2005 to 2007, there were 570 neonatal deaths in the intervention clusters and 656 in the control clusters. Cluster-level mean NMR (adjusted for stratification and clustering) was 33.9 deaths per 1000 livebirths in the intervention clusters compared with 36.5 per 1000 in the control clusters (risk ratio 0.93, 95% CI 0.80-1.09).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For participatory women's groups to have a significant effect on neonatal mortality in rural Bangladesh, detailed attention to programme design and contextual factors, enhanced population coverage, and increased enrolment of newly pregnant women might be needed.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Women and Children First, the UK Big Lottery Fund, Saving Newborn Lives, and the UK Department for International Development.
authors.affiliation: Perinatal Care Project, Diabetic Association of Bangladesh, Shahbagh, Dhaka, Bangladesh. pcp@dab-bd.org
authors.forename: Kishwar
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Azad
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Barnett
authors.forename: Biplob
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Banerjee
authors.forename: Sanjit
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shaha
authors.forename: Kasmin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Arati Roselyn
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Rego
authors.forename: Shampa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Barua
authors.forename: Dorothy
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Flatman
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pagel
authors.forename: Audrey
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Prost
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ellis
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Costello
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001459:Bangladesh / Q000453:epidemiology; D003150:Community Health Workers; D003256:Community Participation; D036861:Delivery, Obstetric / Q000193:education; D003906:Developing Countries; D005260:Female; D006700:Home Childbirth; D006801:Humans; D007226:Infant Mortality; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008428:Maternal Mortality; D008875:Middle Aged; D011247:Pregnancy; D011295:Prenatal Care; D012423:Rural Health; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014930:Women; D055815:Young Adult