High-intensity ion sources for accelerators with emphasis on H- beam formation and transport (invited).
This paper lays out the fundamental working principles of a variety of high-current ion sources for accelerators in a tutorial manner, and gives examples of specific source types such as dc discharge-driven and rf-driven multicusp sources, Penning-type, and electron cyclotron resonance-based sources while discussing those principles, pointing out general performance limits as well as the performance parameters of specific sources. Laser-based, two-chamber, and surface-ionization sources are briefly mentioned. Main aspects of this review are particle feed, ionization mechanism, beam formation, and beam transport. Issues seen with beam formation and low-energy transport of negative hydrogen-ion beams are treated in detail.
Keller
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AOT-ABS, Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663-MSH817, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA. rokion19@gmail.com