title: Probing cytotoxicity of gadolinium hydroxide nanostructures.
abstract: Gadolinium hydroxide, Gd(OH)(3), nanostructures were examined for their possible use in imaging and tracking of cells and tissues by investigating their cellular interactions and cytotoxic behaviors. For this purpose, Gd(OH)(3) nanorods (length, several hundred nanometers; diameter, approximately 40 nm) and spherical nanoparticles (average diameter, <10 nm) were synthesized by solvothermal decomposition of gadolinium containing molecular precursors. After comprehensive characterization of material properties, human colon adenocarcinoma (Caco2) and human lung epithelial (A549) cells were incubated with Gd(OH)(3) nanostructures in concentrations up to 900 microg/mL to perform cytotoxicity assays (BrdU (5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine), WST-1 (4-[3-(4-iodophenyl)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)-2H-5-tetrazolio]-1,3-benzol-disulfonate)) and living/dead staining. As observed in all in vitro assays, the investigated Gd(OH)(3) nanostructures do not induce any significant cytotoxic effect, making them promising candidates for a new class of contrast agents, which may overcome the limitations of organic stains such as photobleaching and single usage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, 278-8510 Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hemmer
authors.forename: Yvonne
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kohl
authors.forename: Victoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Colquhoun
authors.forename: Hagen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Thielecke
authors.forename: Kohei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Soga
authors.forename: Sanjay
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mathur
mesh_terms: D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D005682:Gadolinium / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D006801:Humans; D049329:Nanostructures
chemical_list: D005682:Gadolinium