title: Fluid consumption and sweating in National Football League and collegiate football players with different access to fluids during practice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Considerable controversy regarding fluid replacement during exercise currently exists.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare fluid turnover between National Football League (NFL) players who have constant fluid access and collegiate football players who replace fluids during water breaks in practices.
  
  
  METHODS
  Observational study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Respective preseason training camps of 1 National Collegiate Athletic Association Division II (DII) football team and 1 NFL football team. Both morning and afternoon practices for DII players were 2.25 hours in length, and NFL players practiced for 2.25 hours in the morning and 1 hour in the afternoon. Environmental conditions did not differ.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight NFL players (4 linemen, 4 backs) and 8 physically matched DII players (4 linemen, 4 backs) participated.
  
  
  METHODS
  All players drank fluids only from their predetermined individual containers. The NFL players could consume both water and sports drinks, and the DII players could only consume water.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured fluid consumption, sweat rate, total sweat loss, and percentage of sweat loss replaced. Sweat rate was calculated as change in mass adjusted for fluids consumed and urine produced.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean sweat rate was not different between NFL (2.1 +/- 0.25 L/h) and DII (1.8 +/- 0.15 L/h) players (F(1,12) = 2, P = .18) but was different between linemen (2.3 +/- 0.2 L/h) and backs (1.6 +/- 0.2 L/h) (t(14) = 3.14, P = .007). We found no differences between NFL and DII players in terms of percentage of weight loss (t(7) = -0.03, P = .98) or rate of fluid consumption (t(7) = -0.76, P = .47). Daily sweat loss was greater in DII (8.0 +/- 2.0 L) than in NFL (6.4 +/- 2.1 L) players (t(7) = -3, P = .02), and fluid consumed was also greater in DII (5.0 +/- 1.5 L) than in NFL (4.0 +/- 1.1 L) players (t(7) = -2.8, P = .026). We found a correlation between sweat loss and fluids consumed (r = 0.79, P < .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  During preseason practices, the DII players drinking water at water breaks replaced the same volume of fluid (66% of weight lost) as NFL players with constant access to both water and sports drinks.
authors.affiliation: Chester University, West Chester, PA 19383, USA. sfowkesgod@wcupa.edu
authors.forename: Sandra Fowkes
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Godek
authors.forename: Arthur R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Bartolozzi
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Peduzzi
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Heinerichs
authors.forename: Eugene
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Garvin
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sugarman
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Burkholder
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001833:Body Temperature Regulation; D003681:Dehydration / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D004326:Drinking; D005538:Football; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010806:Physical Education and Training; D012307:Risk Factors; D013546:Sweating / Q000502:physiology*; D014495:Universities; D014554:Urination / Q000502:physiology; D014882:Water-Electrolyte Balance