Discovering the flight autostabilizer of fruit flies by inducing aerial stumbles.
Just as the Wright brothers implemented controls to achieve stable airplane flight, flying insects have evolved behavioral strategies that ensure recovery from flight disturbances. Pioneering studies performed on tethered and dissected insects demonstrate that the sensory, neurological, and musculoskeletal systems play important roles in flight control. Such studies, however, cannot produce an integrative model of insect flight stability because they do not incorporate the interaction of these systems with free-flight aerodynamics. We directly investigate control and stability through the application of torque impulses to freely flying fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) and measurement of their behavioral response. High-speed video and a new motion tracking method capture the aerial "stumble," and we discover that flies respond to gentle disturbances by accurately returning to their original orientation. These insects take advantage of a stabilizing aerodynamic influence and active torque generation to recover their heading to within 2 degrees in < 60 ms. To explain this recovery behavior, we form a feedback control model that includes the fly's ability to sense body rotations, process this information, and actuate the wing motions that generate corrective aerodynamic torque. Thus, like early man-made aircraft and modern fighter jets, the fruit fly employs an automatic stabilization scheme that reacts to short time-scale disturbances.
Ristroph
Leif
L
Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA. lgr24@cornell.edu
Bergou
Attila J
AJ
Ristroph
Gunnar
G
Coumes
Katherine
K
Berman
Gordon J
GJ
Guckenheimer
John
J
Wang
Z Jane
ZJ
Cohen
Itai
I
D000818:Animals; D004331:Drosophila melanogaster / Q000502:physiology*; D005426:Flight, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D008954:Models, Biological; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology; D013997:Time Factors; D014921:Wings, Animal / Q000502:physiology*