title: Physiological characterization of the cold-shock-induced humoral factor for wing color-pattern changes in butterflies.
abstract: Butterfly wing color patterns can be modified by the application of temperature shock to pupae immediately after pupation, which has been attributed to a cold-shock-induced humoral factor called cold-shock hormone (CSH). Here, we physiologically characterized CSH and pharmacological action of tungstate, using a nymphalid butterfly Junonia orithya. We first showed that the precise patterns of modification were dependent on the time-point of the cold-shock treatment after pupation, and confirmed that the modification properties induced in a cold-shocked pupa were able to be transferred to another pupa in a parabiosis experiment. Cold-shock application after removal of the head and prothorax together still produced modified wings, excluding major involvement of the brain-retrocerebral neuroendocrine complex. Furthermore, tungstate injection induced modifications even in individuals whose head and prothorax were removed. Importantly, transplantation of tracheae isolated from cold-shocked pupae induced modifications in the recipient wings. We identified a chemical peak in hemolymph of the cold-shocked individuals using HPLC, which corresponded to dopamine, and demonstrated that dopamine and its related biogenic amines have ability to induce small color-pattern changes. Taken together, the present study suggests that CSH is likely to be secreted from trachea-associated endocrine cells upon cold-shock treatment and that tungstate may change color patterns via its direct action on wings.
authors.affiliation: The BCPH Unit of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemistry, Biology and Marine Science, Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Shah H A
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Mahdi
authors.forename: Shinichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gima
authors.forename: Yuya
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tomita
authors.forename: Hideo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yamasaki
authors.forename: Joji M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Otaki
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002080:Butterflies / Q000502:physiology*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003080:Cold Temperature; D004121:Dimethyl Sulfoxide; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism; D055098:Endocrine Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D006458:Hemolymph / Q000737:chemistry; D007301:Insect Hormones / Q000378:metabolism*; D010858:Pigmentation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D011679:Pupa / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D013312:Stress, Physiological; D013997:Time Factors; D014132:Trachea / Q000166:cytology; D017973:Tungsten Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D014921:Wings, Animal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D007301:Insect Hormones; D017973:Tungsten Compounds; C045951:tungstate; D004298:Dopamine; D004121:Dimethyl Sulfoxide