title: Different DNA methylation patterns detected by the Amplified Methylation Polymorphism Polymerase Chain Reaction (AMP PCR) technique among various cell types of bulls.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study was to apply an arbitrarily primed methylation sensitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay called Amplified Methylation Polymorphism Polymerase Chain Reaction (AMP PCR) to investigate the methylation profiles of somatic and germ cells obtained from Holstein bulls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Genomic DNA was extracted from sperm, leukocytes and fibroblasts obtained from three bulls and digested with a methylation sensitive endonuclease (HpaII). The native genomic and enzyme treated DNA samples were used as templates in an arbitrarily primed-PCR assay with 30 sets of single short oligonucleotide primer. The PCR products were separated on silver stained denaturing polyacrylamide gels. Three types of PCR markers; digestion resistant-, digestion sensitive-, and digestion dependent markers, were analyzed based on the presence/absence polymorphism of the markers between the two templates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Approximately 1,000 PCR markers per sample were produced from 27 sets of primer and most of them (>90%) were digestion resistant markers. The highest percentage of digestion resistant markers was found in leukocytic DNA (94.8%) and the lowest in fibroblastic DNA (92.3%, P < or = 0.05). Spermatozoa contained a higher number of digestion sensitive markers when compared with the others (3.6% vs. 2.2% and 2.6% in leukocytes and fibroblasts respectively, P < or = 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The powerfulness of the AMP PCR assay was the generation of methylation-associated markers without any prior knowledge of the genomic sequence. The data obtained from different primers provided an overview of genome wide DNA methylation content in different cell types. By using this technique, we found that DNA methylation profile is tissue-specific. Male germ cells were hypomethylated at the HpaII locations when compared with somatic cells, while the chromatin of the well-characterized somatic cells was heavily methylated when compared with that of the versatile somatic cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics Gynaecology and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Henri Dunant Rd, Bangkok 10330, Thailand. pnawapen@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Nawapen
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Phutikanit
authors.forename: Junpen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Suwimonteerabutr
authors.forename: Dion
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Harrison
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: D'Occhio
authors.forename: Bernie
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Carroll
authors.forename: Mongkol
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Techakumphu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle / Q000235:genetics*; D019175:DNA Methylation / Q000235:genetics*; D005347:Fibroblasts; D005819:Genetic Markers / Q000235:genetics; D014644:Genetic Variation; D007962:Leukocytes; D008297:Male; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013094:Spermatozoa
chemical_list: D005819:Genetic Markers