title: The ASRA evidence-based medicine assessment of ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia and pain medicine: Executive summary.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine charged an expert panel to examine the evidence basis for ultrasound guidance as a nerve localization tool in the clinical practices of regional anesthesia and interventional pain medicine.
  
  
  METHODS
  The panel searched, examined, and assessed the literature of ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia (UGRA) from the past 20 years. The qualities of studies were graded using the Jadad score. Strength of evidence and recommendations were graded using an accepted rating tool.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The panel made specific literature-based assessments concerning the relative advantages and limitations of UGRA relative to traditional nerve localization methods as they pertained to block characteristics and complications. Assessments and recommendations were made for upper and lower extremity, neuraxial, and truncal blocks and include pediatrics and interventional pain medicine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ultrasound guidance improves block characteristics (particularly performance time and surrogate measures of success) that are often block specific and that may impart an efficiency advantage depending on individual practitioner circumstances. Evidence for UGRA impacting patient safety is currently limited to the demonstration of improvements in the frequency of surrogate events for serious complications.
authors.affiliation: Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA. anejmn@vmmc.org
authors.forename: Joseph M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Neal
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Brull
authors.forename: Vincent W S
authors.initials: VW
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Stuart A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.forename: Jean-Louis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Horn
authors.forename: Spencer S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Colin J L
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: McCartney
authors.forename: Samer N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Narouze
authors.forename: Anahi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Perlas
authors.forename: Francis V
authors.initials: FV
authors.lastname: Salinas
authors.forename: Brian D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Sites
authors.forename: Ban Chi-ho
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Tsui
mesh_terms: D000776:Anesthesiology / Q000592:standards*; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000294:innervation; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D010146:Pain / Q000517:prevention & control; D010525:Peripheral Nerves / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012307:Risk Factors; D012955:Societies, Medical; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000592:standards*; D014481:United States; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000294:innervation