title: A comparative study of dexmedetomidine with midazolam and midazolam alone for sedation during elective awake fiberoptic intubation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the efficacy of dexmedetomidine with midazolam (DEX-MDZ) versus midazolam only (MDZ) for sedation during awake fiberoptic intubation (AFOI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized, double-blinded study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Academic medical center.
  
  
  METHODS
  55 ASA physical status I, II, III, and IV patients, aged 18-85 years, scheduled for non-emergency surgery with AFOI.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients received intravenous (IV) glycopyrrolate 0.2 mg premedication, oxygen by nasal cannula, and topical local anesthetics to the airway. MDZ subjects received IV midazolam 0.05 mg/kg with additional doses to achieve a Ramsay Sedation Scale (RSS) score of >or= 2. DEX-MDZ patients received midazolam 0.02 mg/kg followed by dexmedetomidine one microg/kg, then an infusion of dexmedetomidine 0.1 microg/kg/hr and titrated to 0.7 microg/kg/hr to achieve RSS>or=2.
  
  
  METHODS
  Observers' Assessment of Alertness/Sedation (OAA/S) and RSS were evaluated. The anesthesiologist rated AFOI ease of placement. Two observers rated patients' comfort and reaction to placement at three time points: preoxygenation, at introduction of the fiberoptic laryngoscope, and at introduction of the endotracheal tube (ET) before surgery. Following surgery, patients were asked if they recalled the AFOI and also to rate their satisfaction with the intubation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  DEX-MDZ patients were significantly calmer and more cooperative during AFOI and had fewer adverse reactions to AFOI than did the MDZ patients. They also were more satisfied with the AFOI (P < 0.001) than were the midazolam-only patients. There were no significant hemodynamic differences between the two subject groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dexmedetomidine in combination with low doses of midazolam is more effective than midazolam alone for sedation in AFOI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
authors.forename: Sergio D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Bergese
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Patrick Bender
authors.forename: Thomas D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: McSweeney
authors.forename: Soledad
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fernandez
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dzwonczyk
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sage
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016292:Procedural Sedation; D020927:Dexmedetomidine; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005336:Fiber Optic Technology; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam; D008875:Middle Aged; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D020927:Dexmedetomidine; D008874:Midazolam