title: Microvascular response to calcium phosphate bone substitutes: an intravital microscopy analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose was to evaluate inflammatory and microcirculatory reactions after implantation of various calcium phosphate bone substitutes in an in vivo model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Calcium phosphate-based bone substitutes were implanted in dorsal skinfold chambers of mice. Intravital fluorescence microscopy was performed to measure inflammatory and microcirculatory reactions based on functional vessel density (FVD), capillary leakage, and relative white blood cell velocity (rWBCV).
  
  
  RESULTS
  An increase of FVD was observed in all groups and the capillary leakage grew with a level of significance (p < 0.001). The fraction of rolling and sticking leukocytes (rWBCV) was highest at the beginning of the trial and decreased during the course.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There are differences in microvascular soft tissue reactions between various calcium phosphate bone substitutes, but inflammatory reactions were moderate, and the results revealed no reasons which explain the sporadic failure of the tested substances under clinical conditions.
authors.affiliation: Chirurgische Klinik und Poliklinik, Berufsgenossenschaftliches Universitätsklinikum Bergmannsheil GmbH, Bürkle-de-la-Camp Platz 1, 44795, Bochum, Germany. bernd.roetman@rub.de
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Roetman
authors.forename: Andrej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ring
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Langer
authors.forename: Thomas A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Schildhauer
authors.forename: Gert
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Muhr
authors.forename: Manfred
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Köller
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D018786:Bone Substitutes; D002130:Calcium Phosphates; D019559:Capillary Leak Syndrome / Q000473:pathology*; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005549:Foreign-Body Reaction / Q000473:pathology*; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D036904:Leukocyte Rolling; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008833:Microcirculation / Q000502:physiology*; D055806:Microvessels / Q000473:pathology*; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000502:physiology; D012867:Skin / Q000098:blood supply; D012884:Skin Window Technique
chemical_list: D018786:Bone Substitutes; D002130:Calcium Phosphates; C020243:calcium phosphate