title: Vacuum grasping as a manipulation technique for minimally invasive surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Laparoscopic surgery requires specially designed instruments. Bowel tissue damage is considered one of the most serious forms of lesion, specifically perforation of the bowel.
  
  
  METHODS
  An experimental setting was used to manipulate healthy pig bowel tissue via two vacuum instruments. During the experiments, two simple manipulations were performed for both prototypes by two experienced surgeons. Each manipulation was repeated 20 times for each prototype at a vacuum level of 60 kPa and 20 times for each prototype at a vacuum level of 20 kPa. All the manipulations were macroscopically assessed by two experienced surgeons in terms of damage to the bowel.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 160 observations, 63 ecchymoses were observed. All 63 ecchymoses were classified as not relevant and negligible. No serosa or seromuscular damages and no perforations were observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vacuum instruments such as the tested prototypes have the potential to be used as grasper instruments in minimally invasive surgery.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Industrial Design Engineering, Department of Applied Ergonomics and Design, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands. d.vonck@tudelft.nl
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vonck
authors.forename: R H M
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Goossens
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: van Eijk
authors.forename: I H J T
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: de Hingh
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Jakimowicz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D007422:Intestines / Q000293:injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D020706:Laparoscopes / Q000009:adverse effects; D010535:Laparoscopy; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation; D034421:Sus scrofa; D014618:Vacuum