title: The influence of posture on the estimation of daily salt intake by the second morning urine method.
abstract: The second morning urine (SMU) method was developed to evaluate daily salt intake, but the posture that should be adopted until the SMU collection remains unclear. This study investigated the influence of posture in hypertensive patients who underwent this test. The subjects were 100 patients who could collect 24-h urine samples correctly and were on a diet containing 7 g of salt per day. Their daily salt intake was estimated for three consecutive days in the recumbent, sitting, and sitting and standing positions (one posture each day). Estimated salt intake in the recumbent position (10.9+/-2.4 g day(-1)) was higher than in the sitting position (7.5+/-2.0 g day(-1)) and the sitting and standing position (6.3+/-1.7 g day(-1)). The salt intake estimated in the sitting and standing position was similar to that obtained by 24-h urine collection (6.3+/-1.6 g day(-1)) and was significantly (r=0.44, P<0.05) correlated with the 24-h urine value. The actual difference in estimated salt intake between the two methods was 0.0+/-1.7 g day(-1). There were no significant differences in estimated salt intake between the two methods in patients taking different classes of antihypertensive drugs. In conclusion, adopting the sitting and standing position until the SMU collection is important for the correct estimation of daily salt intake, and this method could replace the 24-h collection method because of its convenience, especially in outpatients.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Internal Medicine, Iwate Prefectural Central Hospital, Ueda, Morioka, Japan. kawamino@chuo-hp.jp
authors.forename: Minoru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kawamura
authors.forename: Tomoko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hashimoto
authors.forename: Masahiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Owada
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sugawara
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000652:urine*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010349:Patient Compliance; D011187:Posture; D012648:Self Care; D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary / Q000652:urine*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary; D003404:Creatinine