title: Circadian transitions in radiation dose-dependent augmentation of mRNA levels for DNA damage-induced genes elicited by accurate real-time RT-PCR quantification.
abstract: Molecular mechanisms of intracellular response after DNA-damage by exposure to ionizing radiation have been studied. In the case of cells isolated from living body of human and experimental animals, alteration of the responsiveness by physiological oscillation such as circadian rhythm must be considered. To examine the circadian variation in the response of p53-responsible genes p21, mdm2, bax, and puma, we established a method to quantitate their mRNA levels with high reproducibility and accuracy based on real-time RT-PCR and compared the levels of responsiveness in mouse hemocytes after diurnal irradiation to that after nocturnal irradiation. Augmentations of p21 and mdm2 mRNA levels with growth-arrest and of puma mRNA before apoptosis were confirmed by time-course experiment in RAW264.7, and dose-dependent increases in the peak levels of all the RNA were shown. Similarly, the relative RNA levels of p21, mdm2, bax, and puma per GAPDH also increased dose-dependently in peripheral blood and bone marrow cells isolated from whole-body-irradiated mice. Induction levels of all messages reduced by half after nighttime irradiation as compared with daytime irradiation in blood cells. In marrow cells, nighttime irradiation enhanced the p21 and mdm2 mRNA levels than daytime irradiation. No significant difference in bax or puma mRNA levels was observed between nighttime and daytime irradiation in marrow cells. This suggests that early-stage cellular responsiveness in DNA damage-induced genes is modulated between diurnal and nocturnal irradiation.
authors.affiliation: Treatment Research Team, Medical Treatment for High Dose Exposure Research Group, Research Center for Radiation Emergency Medicine, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan. ishihara@nirs.go.jp
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ishihara
authors.forename: Izumi
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Haruko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yakumaru
authors.forename: Minoru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chikamori
authors.forename: Fumiko
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ishihara
authors.forename: Mika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Akiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ishiwata
authors.forename: Ayako
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kurematsu
authors.forename: Akiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Satoh
authors.forename: Jun-ichi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ueda
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Akashi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21 / Q000378:metabolism; D004249:DNA Damage; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D051736:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mdm2 / Q000378:metabolism; D012313:RNA / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013997:Time Factors; D014916:Whole-Body Irradiation
chemical_list: D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012313:RNA; C497207:Mdm2 protein, mouse; D051736:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mdm2