title: DNA/RNA markers for colorectal cancer risk in preserved stool specimens: a pilot study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Exfoliated cells in human stool offer excellent opportunities to non-invasively detect molecular markers associated with colorectal tumorigenesis, and to evaluate the effects of exposures to exogenous and endogenous carcinogenic or chemopreventive substances. This pilot study investigated the feasibility of determining DNA methylation and RNA expression simultaneously in stool specimens treated with a single type of nucleic acid preservatives.
  
  
  METHODS
  Stool specimens from 56 volunteers that were preserved up to a week with RNA later were used in this study. Bisulfite sequencing was used to determine methylation at 27 CpG loci on the estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) promoter. Taqman assay was used for quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reactions to measure cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mRNA expression. Subjects' basic demographic and other selected risk factors for colorectal cancer were captured through questionnaires and correlated with the levels of these markers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Less than 10% of the samples failed in individual assays. Overall, 24.0% of the CpG loci on the ESR1 promoter were methylated. COX2 expression and alcohol use were positively correlated; an inverse association was present between EGFR expression and cigarette smoking; and subjects using anti-diabetic medication had higher ESR1 methylation. In addition, higher EGFR expression levels were marginally associated with history of polyps and family history of colorectal cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study demonstrates that simultaneous analyses for DNA and RNA markers are feasible in stool samples treated with a single type of nucleotide preservatives. Among several associations observed, the association between EGFR expression and polyps deserves further investigation as a potential target for colorectal cancer screening. Larger studies are warranted to confirm some of our observations.
authors.affiliation: Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, 110 East Warren Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201, USA. katoi@karmanos.org
authors.forename: Ikuko
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.forename: Kawsar Z
authors.initials: KZ
authors.lastname: Badsha
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Land
authors.forename: Jordan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Nechvatal
authors.forename: Larry H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Matherly
authors.forename: Adi L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Tarca
authors.forename: Adhip P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Majumdar
authors.forename: Marc D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Basson
authors.forename: Jeffrey L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Ram
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001483:Base Sequence; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000235:genetics*; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*; D018899:CpG Islands / Q000235:genetics; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000235:genetics; D019175:DNA Methylation; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000032:analysis*; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000235:genetics; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha / Q000235:genetics; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry*; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm / Q000032:analysis*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; C506487:ESR1 protein, human; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D066246:ErbB Receptors