title: Aggravating factors for melasma: a prospective study in 197 Tunisian patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Melasma is a frequent cause of consultations at dermatology departments by dark-skinned patients in Tunisia.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate factors that influence melasma severity in a large Tunisian population.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 197 patients (188 women and 9 men), who attended Tunis Military Hospital for a consultation were included prospectively from August 2005 to August 2006. Disease severity was estimated using the Melasma Area and Severity Index (MASI). Aggravating factors were investigated using multiple logistic regressions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the women included, 14% presented phototype III, 45% phototype IV and 41% phototype V; 76% presented a centrofacial melasma phenotype, 23% a malar and 1% a mandibular phenotype. About 60% developed melasma before thirty. Sun exposure was reported as a triggering factor by 51% of women and as an aggravating factor by 84%. Pregnancy was reported as an aggravating factor by 51% of women who had been pregnant, and oral contraceptive use reported by 38% of women exposed to oral contraceptives. The risk of severe melasma was about three times higher for women with age at onset under 30, phototype V and major lifetime sun exposure and about 8 times higher for women exposed to oral contraceptives.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study identifies a number of factors associated with the severity of melasma. Further epidemiological studies in this type of population, in particular, to investigate triggering factors, are justified by the aesthetic damage caused by melasma in dark-skinned patients, lack of efficacy of existing treatments, non-compliance with photoprotection recommendations and the challenge of treatment.
authors.affiliation: Biometrics and Epidemiology Unit, CERIES, Neuilly sur Seine, France.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Guinot
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cheffai
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Latreille
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Dhaoui
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Youssef
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jaber
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Nageotte
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Doss
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008548:Melanosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014416:Tunisia