title: Nasal reconstruction for maxillonasal dysplasia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Maxillonasal dysplasia, Binder type (Binder syndrome and nasomaxillary hypoplasia), is a spectrum of deficient nasomaxillary osteocartilaginous framework, deficient nasal soft tissues, and a short columella. The correction of these deformities is challenging, and results are often disappointing. Tissue expansion with multiple bone grafts for nasal augmentation from childhood has been advocated as a means to address the constricted soft tissues. However, bone grafts in children have been associated with unpredictable growth and resorption. Agreeing with the principle of serial nasal augmentation that commences in childhood, we used alloplastic material for tissue expansion followed by definitive reconstructive rhinoplasty at the completion of growth and orthognathic surgery as required. Definitive rhinoplasty mainly used a 1-piece costochondral graft cantilevered to the frontal bone.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-one patients over a period of 27 years were reviewed. The patients were divided into 2 groups based on the age of presentation, namely, prepubertal and postpubertal. The prepubertal group underwent serial tissue expansion of the constricted nasal envelope with customized silicone implants and final reconstruction by costochondral rhinoplasty at the end of puberty. The postpubertal group underwent 1-stage costochondral rhinoplasty. The definitive rhinoplasty used a cantilevered 1-piece costochondral graft retaining the dorsal periosteum that was dowelled into the frontal sinus wall.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the prepubertal group (n = 20), 41 silicone implants were placed in the childhood years for tissue expansion of the nasal envelope. One patient developed implant infection, and another required replacement after extrusion. Long-term follow-up showed minimal resorption of the costochondral graft in the pre-expanded prepubertal group and minimal to moderate graft resorption in the postpubertal group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Successful treatment of maxillonasal dysplasia is dependent on the following: an understanding of the underlying pathologic anatomy, namely, that of the constricted nasal tissues, serial tissue expansion of the nasal envelope in childhood, and definitive costochondral rhinoplasty at the end of growth. Early tissue expansion with the placement of alloplastic silicone implants effectively stretches the constricted nasal soft tissues in Binder syndrome to limit graft resorption after definitive nasal reconstruction with costochondral rib grafts. There is a possible role for similar tissue expansion in the postpubertal patient with alloplastic material before costochondral grafting if the soft tissues are inadequate. Long-term resorption of cantilevered, 1-piece, periosteum-covered costochondral grafts was minimal.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Maxillofacial Surgery, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Anthony D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Holmes
authors.forename: Shu Jin
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Greensmith
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Heggie
authors.forename: John G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Meara
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D002356:Cartilage / Q000637:transplantation; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006085:Graft Survival; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008313:Malocclusion, Angle Class III / Q000601:surgery; D019767:Maxillofacial Abnormalities / Q000601:surgery*; D009666:Nose / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000601:surgery; D056948:Orthognathic Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D019340:Osteotomy, Le Fort / Q000379:methods; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D019919:Prosthesis Implantation; D016459:Prosthesis-Related Infections / Q000209:etiology; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012225:Rhinoplasty / Q000379:methods; D012828:Silicones; D013577:Syndrome; D015626:Tissue Expansion / Q000379:methods; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D012828:Silicones