title: In vitro toxicity studies of polymer-coated gold nanorods.
abstract: We evaluated cellular responses to polymer-treated gold nanorods, which were synthesized using the standard wet-chemistry method that utilizes hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). The nanorod dispersions were coated with either polystyrene sulfonate (PSS) or polyethylene glycol (PEG). Two sizes of nanorods were tested, with optical responses peaking at 628 and 773 nm. The cells were from mammary adenocarcinoma (SKBR3), Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO), mouse myoblast (C2C12) and Human Leukemia (HL60) cell lines. Their mitochondrial function following exposure to the nanorods were assessed using the MTS assay. We found PEGylated particles to have superior biocompatibility compared with PSS-coated nanorods, which showed substantial cytotoxicity. Electron microscopy showed no cellular uptake of PEGylated particles compared with their PSS counterparts. PEGylated gold nanorods also exhibited better dispersion stability in the presence of cell growth medium; PSS-coated rods tended to flocculate or cluster. In the case of the PSS particles, toxicity correlated with surface area across the two sizes of nanorods studied.
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Photonic Imaging Group, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Raja G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Rayavarapu
authors.forename: Wilma
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Petersen
authors.forename: Liesbeth
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hartsuiker
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chin
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Janssen
authors.forename: Fijs W B
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: van Leeuwen
authors.forename: Cees
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Otto
authors.forename: Srirang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Manohar
authors.forename: Ton G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: van Leeuwen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D003470:Culture Media / Q000494:pharmacology; D006046:Gold / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D006801:Humans; D008956:Models, Chemical; D043942:Nanotubes / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D013499:Surface Properties / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media; D011108:Polymers; D006046:Gold