title: Gender differences in the associations between childhood trauma and parental bonding in panic disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study is to evaluate the association between childhood trauma and the quality of parental bonding in panic disorder compared to non-clinical controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  123 patients and 123 paired controls were evaluated with the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview, the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire and the Parental Bonding Instrument.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Parental Bonding Instrument and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire were highly correlated. Panic disorder patients presented higher rates of emotional abuse (OR = 2.54, p = 0.001), mother overprotection (OR = 1.98, p = 0.024) and father overprotection (OR = 1.84, p = 0.041) as compared to controls. Among men with panic disorder, only mother overprotection remained independently associated with panic disorder (OR = 3.28, p = 0.032). On the other hand, higher father overprotection (OR = 2.2, p = 0.017) and less father warmth (OR = 0.48, p = 0.039) were independently associated with panic disorder among female patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher rates of different types of trauma, especially emotional abuse, are described in panic disorder patients as compared to controls. The differences regarding gender and parental bonding could be explained in the light of the psychodynamic theory.
authors.affiliation: Anxiety Disorders Program, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana Carolina Gaspar
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Seganfredo
authors.forename: Mariana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Torres
authors.forename: Giovanni Abrahão
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Salum
authors.forename: Carolina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Blaya
authors.forename: Jandira
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Acosta
authors.forename: Cláudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Eizirik
authors.forename: Gisele Gus
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Manfro
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009769:Object Attachment; D016584:Panic Disorder / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult