title: An environmental assessment of a small shallow lake (Little Black Lake, MI) threatened by urbanization.
abstract: A limnological survey was conducted of Little Black Lake, MI, and its tributaries during summer 2007. This small, shallow lake is located in a rapidly developing area of west Michigan. As such, our analytical approach and recommendations can serve as a model for other similar systems threatened by urbanization. Soluble reactive phosphorus and nitrate concentrations in both the inflows to (during baseflow) and Little Black Lake itself were low (≤0.007 and ≤270 mg/L, respectively). Nutrient concentrations increased during stormflow conditions, although the magnitude of the increase depended on the nutrient and sampling location. Macrophyte growth was extensive throughout most parts of the lake, with Chara and Potamogeton spp. present in most sites; based on the coefficient of conservatism, plant composition was indicative of good water quality conditions. Chlorophyll a concentration averaged 1.7 μg/L in Little Black Lake, with cryptophytes and cyanobacteria being the most dominant members (by biovolume) of the phytoplankton community. The fish community in Little Black Lake was dominated by bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) and pumpkinseed (L. gibbosus), with no invasive species observed. Overall, abiotic and biotic conditions indicate that Little Black Lake is in good ecological health despite increasing pressures of urbanization in its watershed. To maintain this status, it is recommended that the local municipalities develop a comprehensive watershed management plan and implement best management practices to limit nonpoint source pollutant loading to Little Black Lake.
authors.affiliation: Annis Water Resources Institute, Grand Valley State University, 740 West Shoreline Drive, Muskegon, MI 49441, USA. steinmaa@gvsu.edu
authors.forename: Alan D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Steinman
authors.forename: Mary E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Ogdahl
authors.forename: Carl R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Ruetz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002734:Chlorophyll / Q000032:analysis; D000077194:Chlorophyll A; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D005068:Eutrophication; D005618:Fresh Water; D008824:Michigan; D010839:Phytoplankton / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D014507:Urbanization; D015048:Zooplankton / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002734:Chlorophyll; D000077194:Chlorophyll A