title: Cross-sectional area of the elephant corpus callosum: comparison to other eutherian mammals.
abstract: The current study reports our findings of the relationship between cross-sectional area of the corpus callosum and brain mass in over 100 eutherian mammal species. We were specifically interested in determining whether the elephant had a corpus callosum the size that would be expected for eutherian mammal with a brain mass of approximately 5000 g, or whether a different morphology had evolved. To answer this question we first analysed data from primates, other eutherian mammals and cetaceans, finding that primates and other eutherian mammals showed a positive allometric relationship between the two variables, such that larger brains had a relatively larger corpus callosum. Interestingly, primates have a slightly larger corpus callosum than other eutherian mammals, but showed a similar allometric scaling to this group. The cetaceans had a both absolutely and relatively small corpus callosum compared to other mammals and showed isometric scaling with brain mass. The six elephants studied herein had the largest absolute corpus callosums recorded to date; however, relative to the mass of their brain, the size of the corpus callosum was what would be expected of a typical eutherian mammal with a brain mass of approximately 5000 g. The data for elephants hinted at sexual dimorphism in size of the corpus callosum, with female elephants having both an absolute and relatively larger callosum than the males. If this observation is supported in future studies, the elephants will be the first non-primate species to show sexual dimorphism in this neural character. The results are discussed in both an evolutionary and functional context.
authors.affiliation: School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa. Paul.Manger@wits.ac.za
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Manger
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hemingway
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haagensen
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gilissen
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000502:physiology; D000717:Anatomy, Comparative / Q000379:methods; D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D002965:Classification; D003337:Corpus Callosum / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D004606:Elephants / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D007360:Intelligence / Q000502:physiology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008322:Mammals / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000502:physiology; D010802:Phylogeny; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D013045:Species Specificity