title: Chapter 1. Introduction. Recommendations and standard operating procedures for intensive care unit and hospital preparations for an influenza epidemic or mass disaster.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In December 2007, the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine established a Task Force to develop standard operating procedures (SOPs) for operating intensive care units (ICU) during an influenza epidemic or mass disaster.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To provide direction for health care professionals in the preparation and management of emergency ICU situations during an influenza epidemic or mass disaster, standardize activities, and promote coordination and communication among the medical teams.
  
  
  METHODS
  Based on a literature review and contributions of content experts, a list of essential categories for managing emergency situations in the ICU were identified. Based on three cycles of a modified Delphi process, consensus was achieved regarding the categories. A primary author along with an expert group drafted SOPs for each category.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Based on the Delphi cycles, the following key topics were found to be important for emergency preparedness: triage, infrastructure, essential equipment, manpower, protection of staff and patients, medical procedures, hospital policy, coordination and collaboration with interface units, registration and reporting, administrative policies and education.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The draft SOPs serve as benchmarks for emergency preparedness and response of ICUs to emergencies or outbreak of pandemics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel. charles.sprung@ekmd.huji.ac.il
authors.forename: Charles L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Sprung
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Bruria
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Adini
mesh_terms: D019985:Benchmarking; D004189:Disaster Planning / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000592:standards; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D014943:Global Health; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D006801:Humans; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000592:standards; D054527:Mass Casualty Incidents; D020380:Needs Assessment; D014218:Triage / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000592:standards