title: Development of a new rehabilitation system based on a brain-computer interface using near-infrared spectroscopy.
abstract: We describe the set-up for an electrical muscle stimulation device based on near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), designed for use as a brain-computer interface (BCI). Employing multi-channel NIRS, we measured evoked cerebral blood oxygenation (CBO) responses during real motor tasks and motor-imagery tasks. When a supra-threshold increase in oxyhemoglobin concentration was detected, electrical stimulation (50 Hz) of the biceps brachii muscle was applied to the side contralateral to the hand grasping task or ipsilateral to the motor-imagery task. We observed relatively stable and reproducible CBO responses during real motor tasks with an average accuracy of 100%, and during motor imagery tasks with an average accuracy of 61.5%. Flexion movement of the arm was evoked in all volunteers in association with electrical muscle stimulation and no adverse effects were noted. These findings suggest that application of the electrical muscle stimulation system based on a NIRS-BCI is non-invasive and safe, and may be useful for the physical training of disabled patients.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurological Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. ntkfm@med.nihon-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Takafumi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nagaoka
authors.forename: Kaoru
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sakatani
authors.forename: Takayuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Awano
authors.forename: Noriaki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yokose
authors.forename: Tatsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hoshino
authors.forename: Yoshihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Murata
authors.forename: Yoichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Katayama
authors.forename: Akihiro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ishikawa
authors.forename: Hideo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Eda
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D018737:Hand Strength / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology; D012046:Rehabilitation / Q000379:methods*; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared / Q000379:methods*; D014584:User-Computer Interface