title: Development and validation of procedures for assessment of competency of non-pharmacists in extemporaneous dispensing.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop and validate procedures that may be suitable for assessment of competency of two groups of non-pharmacist staff (pharmacy students and trainee support staff) in extemporaneous dispensing. This is important given the prospect of remote supervision of community pharmacies in the UK.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analytical methods were validated according to International Conference on Harmonisation specifications and procedures were optimized to allow efficient drug extraction. This permitted straightforward determination of drug content in extemporaneously prepared lidocaine hydrochloride mouthwashes and norfloxacin creams and suspensions prepared by 10 participants recruited to represent the two groups of non-pharmacist staff.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All 10 participants had completed the extemporaneous dispensing of all three products within 90 min. Extraction and analysis took approximately 15 min for each lidocaine hydrochloride mouthwash and 30 min for each diluted norfloxacin cream and norfloxacin suspension. The mean drug concentrations in lidocaine hydrochloride mouthwashes and diluted norfloxacin creams were within what are generally accepted as being pharmaceutically acceptable limits for drug content (100 +/- 5%) for both groups of participants. There was no significant difference in the mean drug concentration of norfloxacin suspensions prepared by the participant groups. However, it was notable that only one participant prepared a suspension containing a norfloxacin concentration that was within pharmaceutically acceptable limits (101.51%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A laboratory possessing suitable equipment and appropriately trained staff could cope readily with the large number of products prepared, for example, by a cohort of pre-registration students. Consequently, the validated procedures developed here could usefully be incorporated into the pre-registration examination for pharmacy students and a final qualifying examination for dispensers and pharmacy technicians. We believe that this is essential if the public and the profession are to have confidence in extemporaneous dispensing carried out in the absence of a pharmacist.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, Belfast, UK. r.donnelly@qub.ac.uk
authors.forename: Ryan F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Donnelly
authors.forename: Martin J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: McNally
authors.forename: Johanne G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Barry
mesh_terms: D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods; D003157:Community Pharmacy Services / Q000592:standards*; D004339:Drug Compounding / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000592:standards; D009643:Norfloxacin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000592:standards; D010596:Pharmacy Technicians / Q000592:standards; D011361:Professional Competence; D013339:Students, Pharmacy; D006113:United Kingdom
chemical_list: D008012:Lidocaine; D009643:Norfloxacin