title: [Study on the relations between smoking and the risk of age-specific lung cancer deaths in urban and rural areas of China].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the association between smoking and lung cancer mortality of residents living in the urban and rural areas of China.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using the national census data on causes of death and case-control studies, stratified analysis was conducted by parameters as geography and age, to calculate the risk ratios, excess risks, average years lost for life expectancy by smoking in males and females in 103 cities/counties in China.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Smoking increased the risks for lung cancer death in all ages older than 35 years of age, in urban and rural areas, through data analysis on 52 193 cases died from lung cancer in 1986 - 1988 and 307 934 matched controls in China. The risk ratio was 3.0 (95%CI: 2.9 - 3.1) with 53.0% excess for lung cancer deaths in the male smokers. The years lost for life expectancy were 18.5 in urban, and 17.7 in rural male smokers aged 35 to 69 years. Similarly, the risk ratio was 3.0 (95%CI: 2.9 - 3.1), with 26.0% excess for lung cancer deaths in female smokers. The life-expectancy lost was 13.0 and 20.4 for female smokers aged 35 to 69 years in urban and rural areas, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In both urban and rural areas, risk on lung cancer deaths caused by smoking in all males and females aged at 35 years and older had been significantly increased. Control of smoking prevalence should play a vital role in the prevention of the lung cancer death risks in China.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Institute, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100021, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-nong
authors.initials: XN
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.forename: Jing-mei
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Bo-qi
authors.initials: BQ
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Xian-jia
authors.initials: XJ
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.forename: Yan-ping
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Yuan-li
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Jun-yao
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000401:mortality