title: Cyclic GMP pathways in hepatic encephalopathy. Neurological and therapeutic implications.
abstract: Cyclic GMP (cGMP) modulates important cerebral processes including some forms of learning and memory. cGMP pathways are strongly altered in hyperammonemia and hepatic encephalopathy (HE). Patients with liver cirrhosis show reduced intracellular cGMP in lymphocytes, increased cGMP in plasma and increased activation of soluble guanylate cyclase by nitric oxide (NO) in lymphocytes, which correlates with minimal HE assessed by psychometric tests. Activation of soluble guanylate cyclase by NO is also increased in cerebral cortex, but reduced in cerebellum, from patients who died with HE. This opposite alteration is reproduced in vivo in rats with chronic hyperammonemia or HE. A main pathway modulating cGMP levels in brain is the glutamate-NO-cGMP pathway. The function of this pathway is impaired both in cerebellum and cortex of rats with hyperammonemia or HE. Impairment of this pathway is responsible for reduced ability to learn some types of tasks. Restoring the pathway and cGMP levels in brain restores learning ability. This may be achieved by administering phosphodiesterase inhibitors (zaprinast, sildenafil), cGMP, anti-inflammatories (ibuprofen) or antagonists of GABAA receptors (bicuculline). These data support that increasing cGMP by safe pharmacological means may be a new therapeutic approach to improve cognitive function in patients with minimal or clinical HE.
authors.affiliation: Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico de Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: Carmina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Montoliu
authors.forename: Regina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rodrigo
authors.forename: Pilar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Monfort
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Llansola
authors.forename: Omar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Cauli
authors.forename: Jordi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Boix
authors.forename: Nisrin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Elmlili
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Agusti
authors.forename: Vicente
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Felipo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006152:Cyclic GMP / Q000378:metabolism*; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D006501:Hepatic Encephalopathy / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D022124:Hyperammonemia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D007859:Learning Disabilities / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D051381:Rats; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D006152:Cyclic GMP