title: Ability of salt marsh plants for TBT remediation in sediments.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The capability of Halimione portulacoides, Spartina maritima, and Sarcocornia fruticosa (halophytes very commonly found in salt marshes from Mediterranean areas) for enhancing remediation of tributyltin (TBT) from estuarine sediments was investigated, using different experimental conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  The influence of H. portulacoides on degradation of the butyltin compounds was assessed in two different ways: (1) a 9-month ex situ study carried out in a site of Sado River estuary, center of Portugal, which used polluted sediments collected at other nonvegetated site from the same estuary; and (2) a 12-month laboratorial study, using both plant and sediment collected at a relatively clean site of Cávado River estuary, north of Portugal, the sediment being doped with TBT, DBT, and MBT at the beginning of the experiment. The role of both S. fruticosa and S. maritima on TBT remediation in sediments was evaluated in situ, in salt marshes from Marim channel of Ria Formosa lagoon, south of Portugal, which has large areas colonized by each one of these two plants. For estimation of microbial abundance, total cell counts of sediment samples were enumerated by the DAPI direct count method. Butyltin analyses in sediment were performed using a method previously validated, which consisted of headspace solid-phase micro-extraction combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after in situ ethylation (with tetraethylborate).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sediments colonized both ex situ and at lab by H. portulacoides displayed TBT levels about 30% lower than those for nonvegetated sediments with identical initial composition, after 9-12 months of plant exposure. In addition, H. portulacoides showed to be able of stimulating bacterial growth in the plant rhizosphere, which probably included degraders of TBT. In the in situ study, which compared the levels of TBT, DBT, and MBT in nonvegetated sediment and in sediments colonized by either S. maritima or S. fruticosa from the same area, TBT and DBT were only detected in nonvegetated sediment, whereas MBT was quantified in most samples.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This work demonstrated that H. portulacoides has potentiality to be used for enhancing TBT remediation in sediments from salted areas. The results observed in situ for S. maritima or S. fruticosa suggested that these two salt marsh plants also favored TBT remediation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Therefore, the application of halophytes in technologies for TBT remediation in sediments seems to be efficient both in situ and ex situ, cost effective, and nondestructive, despite the fact that they have been rarely used for this purpose so far.
authors.affiliation: CIMAR/CIIMAR - Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Pedro N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.forename: M Clara P
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Basto
authors.forename: Manuela F G M
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Machado
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Bordalo
authors.forename: M Teresa S D
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Vasconcelos
mesh_terms: D027703:Amaranthaceae / Q000378:metabolism*; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000737:chemistry*; D006109:Poaceae / Q000378:metabolism*; D012623:Seawater / Q000737:chemistry; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000378:metabolism; D014220:Trialkyltin Compounds / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D053833:Wetlands
chemical_list: D014220:Trialkyltin Compounds; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D012965:Sodium Chloride; C011559:tributyltin