title: Frequent promoter hypermethylation of the APC and RASSF1A tumour suppressors in parathyroid tumours.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Parathyroid adenomas constitute the most common entity in primary hyperparathyroidism, and although recent advances have been made regarding the underlying genetic cause of these lesions, very little data on epigenetic alterations in this tumour type exists. In this study, we have determined the levels of promoter methylation regarding the four tumour suppressor genes APC, RASSF1A, p16(INK4A) and RAR-beta in parathyroid adenomas. In addition, the levels of global methylation were assessed by analyzing LINE-1 repeats.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The sample collection consisted of 55 parathyroid tumours with known HRPT2 and/or MEN1 genotypes. Using Pyrosequencing analysis, we demonstrate APC promoter 1A and RASSF1A promoter hypermethylation in the majority of parathyroid tumours (71% and 98%, respectively). Using TaqMan qRT-PCR, all tumours analyzed displayed lower RASSF1A mRNA expression and higher levels of total APC mRNA than normal parathyroid, the latter of which was largely conferred by augmented APC 1B transcription levels. Hypermethylation of p16(INK4A) was demonstrated in a single adenoma, whereas RAR-beta hypermethylation was not observed in any sample. Moreover, based on LINE-1 analyses, parathyroid tumours exhibited global methylation levels within the range of non-neoplastic parathyroid tissues.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results demonstrate that APC and RASSF1A promoter hypermethylation are common events in parathyroid tumours. While RASSF1A mRNA levels were found downregulated in all tumours investigated, APC gene expression was retained through APC 1B mRNA levels. These findings suggest the involvement of the Ras signaling pathway in parathyroid tumorigenesis. Additionally, in contrast to most other human cancers, parathyroid tumours were not characterized by global hypomethylation, as parathyroid tumours exhibited LINE-1 methylation levels similar to that of normal parathyroid tissues.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden. christofer.juhlin@ki.se
authors.forename: C Christofer
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Juhlin
authors.forename: Nimrod B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Kiss
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Villablanca
authors.forename: Felix
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Haglund
authors.forename: Jörgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nordenström
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Höög
authors.forename: Catharina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Larsson
mesh_terms: D000236:Adenoma / Q000378:metabolism; D025601:Adenomatous Polyposis Coli Protein / Q000235:genetics*; D018899:CpG Islands; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16 / Q000378:metabolism; D019175:DNA Methylation; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D017491:Genes, APC; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D020084:Long Interspersed Nucleotide Elements; D010280:Parathyroid Glands / Q000378:metabolism; D010282:Parathyroid Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D025601:Adenomatous Polyposis Coli Protein; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16; C411762:RASSF1 protein, human; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; C082925:retinoic acid receptor beta