title: Intake of fish and marine n-3 fatty acids in relation to coronary calcification: the Rotterdam Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Epidemiologic and experimental data suggest a cardioprotective effect of n-3 (omega-3) fatty acids from fish [eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) plus docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)].
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to examine the association of fish and EPA plus DHA intakes with coronary calcification in a general older population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Diet was assessed between 1990 and 1993 by using a semiquantitative 170-item food-frequency questionnaire. Coronary calcification was assessed approximately 7 y later by electron-beam computed tomography in 1570 asymptomatic cardiac subjects with complete dietary data (44% men, mean age of 64 y). Calcium scores according to Agatston's method were divided into < or = 10 (no/minimal coronary calcification), 11-400 (mild/moderate calcification), and > 400 (severe calcification). Prevalence ratios (PRs) for mild/moderate and severe calcification were obtained in categories of fish and EPA plus DHA intake. PRs were adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, diabetes mellitus, socioeconomic status, smoking, alcohol intake, physical activity, and dietary factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subjects with a fish intake > 19 g/d had a significantly lower prevalence of mild/moderate calcification (PR: 0.87; 95% CI: 0.78, 0.98; full model) than did subjects who consumed no fish. Subjects with a high fish intake also had a lower prevalence of severe calcification (PR: 0.88; 95% CI: 0.74, 1.04), which was borderline statistically significant. EPA plus DHA intake showed no significant associations (PR: 0.93 and 0.97, respectively; P > 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found a weak inverse association between fish intake and coronary calcification. If confirmed in other population-based studies, more research is warranted to determine which components in fish can inhibit vascular calcification.
authors.affiliation: Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Renate C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Heine-Bröring
authors.forename: Ingeborg A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Brouwer
authors.forename: Rozemarijn Vliegenthart
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Proença
authors.forename: Frank J A
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: van Rooij
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hofman
authors.forename: Matthijs
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oudkerk
authors.forename: Jacqueline C M
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Witteman
authors.forename: Johanna M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Geleijnse
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology; D000818:Animals; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003445:Crustacea; D004032:Diet; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004522:Educational Status; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015444:Exercise; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D005399:Fishes; D006801:Humans; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D014280:Triglycerides; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid