title: pH-Dependent metal ion toxicity influences the antibacterial activity of two natural mineral mixtures.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent studies have demonstrated that several mineral products sold for medicinal purposes demonstrate antimicrobial activity, but little is known about the physicochemical properties involved in antibacterial activity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using in vitro mineral suspension testing, we have identified two natural mineral mixtures, arbitrarily designated BY07 and CB07, with antibacterial activity against a broad-spectrum of bacterial pathogens. Mineral-derived aqueous leachates also exhibited antibacterial activity, revealing that chemical, not physical, mineral characteristics were responsible for the observed activity. The chemical properties essential for bactericidal activity against Escherichia coli were probed by testing antibacterial activity in the presence of metal chelators, the hydroxyl radical scavenger, thiourea, and varying pH levels. Chelation of the BY07 minerals with EDTA or desferrioxamine eliminated or reduced BY07 toxicity, respectively, suggesting a role of an acid-soluble metal species, particularly Fe(3+) or other sequestered metal cations, in mineral toxicity. This conclusion was supported by NMR relaxation data, which indicated that BY07 and CB07 leachates contained higher concentrations of chemically accessible metal ions than leachates from non-bactericidal mineral samples.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that the acidic environment of the hydrated minerals significantly contributes to antibacterial activity by increasing the availability and toxicity of metal ions. These findings provide impetus for further investigation of the physiological effects of mineral products and their applications in complementary antibacterial therapies.
authors.affiliation: School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America.
authors.forename: Tanya M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Cunningham
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Koehl
authors.forename: Jack S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Summers
authors.forename: Shelley E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Haydel
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D002021:Buffers; D002412:Cations; D002614:Chelating Agents / Q000737:chemistry; D003676:Deferoxamine / Q000737:chemistry; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000378:metabolism; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007477:Ions; D007501:Iron / Q000737:chemistry; D007700:Kinetics; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008670:Metals / Q000737:chemistry*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008903:Minerals / Q000737:chemistry; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D002021:Buffers; D002412:Cations; D002614:Chelating Agents; D007477:Ions; D008670:Metals; D008903:Minerals; D007501:Iron; D003676:Deferoxamine