title: The application of membrane bioreactors as decentralised systems for removal of endocrine disrupting chemicals and pharmaceuticals.
abstract: The concentrations of some important endocrine disrupting chemicals and pharmaceuticals after various stages of wastewater treatment were investigated. The endocrine disrupting chemicals included natural and synthetic estrogenic and androgenic steroids. The pharmaceuticals included a series of sulfonamide antibiotics and trimethoprim. The removal efficiency of a membrane bioreactor (MBR) was investigated and compared with a conventional activated sludge (CAS) system. Samples were analysed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Results showed that the MBR and CAS systems effectively removed steroidal estrogens and androgens, but only partially eliminated the target antibiotics from wastewater. The MBR was shown to be more effective than the CAS system which was possibly attributed to the high solid retention time and concentration of biosolids in the MBR. The results highlight the potential wider application of MBRs for the removal of trace chemical contaminants in wastewater and their potential for use as decentralised wastewater treatment systems.
authors.affiliation: UNSW Water Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia. minh@student.unsw.edu.au
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Le-Minh
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Coleman
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: van Luer
authors.forename: T T T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Trang
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Watkins
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Stuetz
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification; D019149:Bioreactors; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000379:methods; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004703:Endocrine System / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000032:analysis; D012722:Sewage / Q000737:chemistry; D014295:Trimethoprim / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D012722:Sewage; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D014295:Trimethoprim