title: A water-soluble parthenolide analogue suppresses in vivo prostate cancer growth by targeting NFkappaB and generating reactive oxygen species.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To characterize the molecular changes associated with DMAPT-induced prostate cancer cell death and its in vivo activity.
  
  
  METHODS
  CWR22Rv1 and PC-3 were subjected to flow cytometry, electrophoretic mobility shift assays, and Western blot studies to measure DMAPT's ability to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), inhibit NFkappaB DNA binding, and cause changes in anti-apoptotic proteins. N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) and short hairpin RNA (shRNA) were used to determine the contribution of ROS and JNK2 activation, respectively. The BrdU incorporation assay was used to measure proliferation and trypan blue studies assessed cell viability after DMAPT treatment. The in vivo activity of DMAPT as a single agent and in combination with bicalutamide or docetaxel was assessed in a subcutaneous xenograft model with athymic nude female mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  DMAPT generated ROS with subsequent JNK activation and inhibited NFkappaB DNA binding and expression of NFkappaB-regulated anti-apoptotic proteins. DMAPT increased necrotic and apoptotic cell death in a cell-type-dependent manner and both types of cell death were blocked by NAC. Additionally, shRNA JNK2 partially blocked the anti-proliferative activity of DMAPT. DMAPT inhibited CWR22Rv1 and PC-3 cellular proliferation by 100% with 10 and 20 microM respectively and in vivo, DMAPT was more effective at inhibiting growth than biclutamide (CWR22v1) and docetaxel (PC-3).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DMAPT promotes cell death by both generating ROS and inhibition of NFkappaB. Its in vivo activity supports the conduct of clinical trials in patients with castrate-resistant disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
authors.forename: Rajasubramaniam
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shanmugam
authors.forename: Praveen
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kusumanchi
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Crooks
authors.forename: Sundar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Neelakantan
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Matthews
authors.forename: Harikrishna
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakshatri
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Sweeney
mesh_terms: D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D048708:Cell Growth Processes / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D024202:Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D048056:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 9 / Q000378:metabolism; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D012717:Sesquiterpenes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013047:Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms
chemical_list: C524858:LC-1 compound; D016328:NF-kappa B; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D012717:Sesquiterpenes; D048056:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 9; D000111:Acetylcysteine