title: Effect of oleocanthal and its derivatives on inflammatory response induced by lipopolysaccharide in a murine chondrocyte cell line.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In joint diseases, cartilage homeostasis is disrupted by mechanisms that are driven by combinations of biologic factors that vary according to the disease process. In osteoarthritis (OA), biomechanical stimuli predominate, with up-regulation of both catabolic and anabolic factors. Likewise, OA progression is characterized by increased nitric oxide (NO) production, which has been associated with cartilage degradation. Given the relevance of cartilage degenerative diseases in our society, the development of a novel pharmacologic intervention is a critically important public health goal. Recently, oleocanthal isolated from extra virgin olive oil was found to display nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug activity similar to that of ibuprofen, a drug widely used in the therapeutic management of joint inflammatory diseases. We undertook this study to evaluate the effect of oleocanthal and its derivatives on the modulation of NO production in chondrocytes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cultured ATDC-5 chondrocytes were tested with different doses of oleocanthal and its derivatives. Cell viability was evaluated using the MTT assay. Nitrite accumulation was determined in culture supernatant using the Griess reaction. Inducible NO synthase (NOS2) protein expression was examined using Western blotting analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Oleocanthal and its derivatives decreased lipopolysaccharide-induced NOS2 synthesis in chondrocytes without significantly affecting cell viability at lower concentrations. Among the derivatives we examined, derivative 231 was the most interesting, since its inhibitory effect on NOS2 was devoid of cytotoxicity even at higher concentrations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This class of molecules shows potential as a therapeutic weapon for the treatment of inflammatory degenerative joint diseases.
authors.affiliation: Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Iacono
authors.forename: Rodolfo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gómez
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sperry
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Conde
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bianco
authors.forename: Rosaria
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Meli
authors.forename: Juan J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Gómez-Reino
authors.forename: Amos B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Oreste
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Gualillo
mesh_terms: D000447:Aldehydes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D000081004:Cyclopentane Monoterpenes; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000378:metabolism; D010636:Phenols / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000447:Aldehydes; D000081004:Cyclopentane Monoterpenes; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D010636:Phenols; C503534:oleocanthal; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II