title: Catalytic oxygenation of phenols by arthropod hemocyanin, an oxygen carrier protein, from Portunus trituberculatus.
abstract: The hexamer (Pt-6Hc) of swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus hemocyanin (Pt-Hc) and one of its monomeric subunits (Pt-1Hc) have been purified and converted to an efficient phenol monooxygenase (phenolase) by treatment with urea. To explore the intrinsic chemical reactivity of the dicopper center of Pt-Hc, the spectroscopic features and phenol monooxygenase (phenolase) activity of the isolated proteins have been examined in detail. The oxy-forms involving a (mu-eta(2):eta(2)-peroxo)dicopper(II) species (oxy-Hc) of Pt-6Hc and Pt-1Hc are relatively stable in 0.5 M borate buffer (pH 9.0) even in the presence of a high concentration of urea (3 M) at 25 degrees C. The catalytic activity of monomeric Pt-1Hc in the oxygenation reaction (multi-turnover reaction) of 4-methylphenol to 4-methyl-1,2-dihydroxybenzene (4-methylcatechol) was higher than that of hexameric Pt-6Hc, and its catalytic activity was further accelerated by the addition of urea. Kinetic deuterium isotope effect analysis and Hammett analysis using a series of p-substituted phenol derivatives under anaerobic conditions (single-turnover reaction) have indicated that the monooxygenation reaction of phenols to catechols by the peroxo species of oxy-Hc proceeds via electrophilic aromatic substitution mechanism as in the case of tyrosinase (dinuclear copper monooxygenase). The effect of urea on the redox functions of oxy-Hc is discussed on the basis of spectroscopic analysis and reactivity studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Material and Life Science, Division of Advanced Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
authors.forename: Nobutaka
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fujieda
authors.forename: Aki
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yakiyama
authors.forename: Shinobu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Itoh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000737:chemistry*; D002384:Catalysis; D003445:Crustacea / Q000378:metabolism; D006433:Hemocyanins / Q000737:chemistry*; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases / Q000737:chemistry; D015394:Molecular Structure; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010100:Oxygen / Q000737:chemistry*; D010636:Phenols / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D010636:Phenols; D006433:Hemocyanins; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases; D010100:Oxygen