title: Phase I pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of the oral MAPK/ERK kinase inhibitor PD-0325901 in patients with advanced cancers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of PD-0325901, a highly potent, selective, oral mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) kinase 1/2 inhibitor in advanced cancer patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-six patients received PD-0325901 at doses from 1 mg once daily to 30 mg twice daily (BID). Cycles were 28 days; three administration schedules were evaluated. Pharmacokinetic parameters were assessed and tumor biopsies were done to evaluate pharmacodynamics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Common adverse events were rash, diarrhea, fatigue, nausea, and visual disturbances including retinal vein occlusion (RVO; n = 3). Neurotoxicity was frequent in patients receiving >or=15 mg BID. The maximum tolerated dose, 15 mg BID continuously, was associated with late-onset RVO outside the dose-limiting toxicity window. An alternative dose and schedule, 10 mg BID 5 days on/2 days off, was therefore expanded; one RVO event occurred. Three of 48 evaluable patients with melanoma achieved confirmed partial responses; 10 had stable disease >or=4 months. PD-0325901 exposure was generally dose proportional. Doses >or=2 mg BID consistently caused >or=60% suppression of phosphorylated ERK in melanoma. Fifteen patients showed significant decreases (>or=50%) in Ki-67.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PD-0325901 showed preliminary clinical activity. The maximum tolerated dose, based on first cycle dose-limiting toxicities, was 15 mg BID continuously. However, 10 and 15 mg BID continuous dosing and 10 mg BID 5 days on/2 days off schedules were associated with delayed development of RVO; thus, further enrollment to this trial was stopped. Intermittent dose scheduling between 2 and 10 mg BID should be explored to identify a recommended dose with long-term PD-0325901 use.
authors.affiliation: Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA. lorussop@karmanos.org
authors.forename: Patricia M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: LoRusso
authors.forename: Smitha S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Krishnamurthi
authors.forename: John J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Rinehart
authors.forename: Lisle M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Nabell
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Malburg
authors.forename: Paul B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Chapman
authors.forename: Samuel E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: DePrimo
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bentivegna
authors.forename: Keith D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Wilner
authors.forename: Weiwei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Alejandro D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Ricart
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001549:Benzamides / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004159:Diphenylamine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D020714:Maximum Tolerated Dose; D008875:Middle Aged; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D015996:Survival Rate; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D001549:Benzamides; C506614:mirdametinib; D004159:Diphenylamine; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases