title: Analysis of major complications associated with arterial catheterisation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Arterial catheterisation is used for continuous haemodynamic monitoring in patients undergoing surgery and in critical care units. Although it is considered a safe procedure, a major complication such as arterial occlusion and limb gangrene can occur.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the incidence, outcome and potential to avoid complications associated with arterial catheterisation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The number of arterial catheterisation was determined using an anaesthesiology and critical care medicine billing database over a period of 4 years (1 January 2003 to 31 December 2006). Possible major complications were identified from two hospital databases; all identified charts were screened and then reviewed by an expert panel that determined causation. A major complication was defined as requiring operative intervention and/or resulting in permanent harm.
  
  
  RESULTS
  15 (0.084%) major complications were identified among 17 840 instances of arterial catheterisation insertions. Of 15 arterial catheterisations, nine were performed in the operating room and six in the intensive care unit. Nine patients suffered ischaemic injury, which progressed to gangrene in three patients. Three patients developed haematoma that required surgical evacuation; two of these required vascular repair. One patient had compartment syndrome requiring fasciotomy and two patients had sheared catheter fragments that needed to be removed. All 15 patients had multiple comorbidities, and those in the operating room had an American Society of Anesthesiologists score of >or=3. Seven (46.6%) had arterial catheterisation done under emergent circumstances. Six (40%) died during hospitalisation because of complications unrelated to arterial catheterisation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Arterial catheterisation had a very low rate of major complications. They seem associated with high severity of illness and emergency surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Salmon
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Galhotra
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: DeVita
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Darby
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hilmi
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Simmons
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001158:Arteries; D002404:Catheterization / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003422:Critical Care; D005121:Extremities / Q000098:blood supply; D005260:Female; D005734:Gangrene / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D006406:Hematoma / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D006785:Hospitals, University / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D007511:Ischemia / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D061214:Patient Safety / Q000592:standards*; D010414:Pennsylvania; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult