title: Three-year outcomes for Medicare beneficiaries who survive intensive care.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although hospital mortality has decreased over time in the United States for patients who receive intensive care, little is known about subsequent outcomes for those discharged alive.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess 3-year outcomes for Medicare beneficiaries who survive intensive care.
  
  
  METHODS
  A matched, retrospective cohort study was conducted using a 5% sample of Medicare beneficiaries older than 65 years. A random half of all patients were selected who received intensive care and survived to hospital discharge in 2003 with 3-year follow-up through 2006. From the other half of the sample, 2 matched control groups were generated: hospitalized patients who survived to discharge (hospital controls) and the general population (general controls), individually matched on age, sex, race, and whether they had surgery (for hospital controls).
  
  
  METHODS
  Three-year mortality after hospital discharge.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 35,308 intensive care unit (ICU) patients who survived to hospital discharge. The ICU survivors had a higher 3-year mortality (39.5%; n = 13,950) than hospital controls (34.5%; n = 12,173) (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR], 1.07 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.04-1.10]; P < .001) and general controls (14.9%; n = 5266) (AHR, 2.39 [95% CI, 2.31-2.48]; P < .001). The ICU survivors who did not receive mechanical ventilation had minimal increased risk compared with hospital controls (3-year mortality, 38.3% [n = 12,716] vs 34.6% [n=11,470], respectively; AHR, 1.04 [95% CI, 1.02-1.07]). Those receiving mechanical ventilation had substantially increased mortality (57.6% [1234 ICU survivors] vs 32.8% [703 hospital controls]; AHR, 1.56 [95% CI, 1.40-1.73]), with risk concentrated in the 6 months after the quarter of hospital discharge (6-month mortality, 30.1% (n = 645) for those receiving mechanical ventilation vs 9.6% (n = 206) for hospital controls; AHR, 2.26 [95% CI, 1.90-2.69]). Discharge to a skilled care facility for ICU survivors (33.0%; n = 11,634) and hospital controls (26.4%; n = 9328) also was associated with high 6-month mortality (24.1% for ICU survivors and hospital controls discharged to a skilled care facility vs 7.5% for ICU survivors and hospital controls discharged home; AHR, 2.62 [95% CI, 2.50-2.74]; P < .001 for ICU survivors and hospital controls combined).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a large US population of elderly individuals who survived the ICU stay to hospital discharge but who have a high mortality over the subsequent years in excess of that seen in comparable controls. The risk is concentrated early after hospital discharge among those who require mechanical ventilation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, 622 W 168th St, PH-527D, New York, NY 10032, USA. hw2125@columbia.edu
authors.forename: Hannah
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wunsch
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Guerra
authors.forename: Amber E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Barnato
authors.forename: Derek C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Angus
authors.forename: Guohua
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Walter T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Linde-Zwirble
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D006278:Medicare / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009026:Mortality / Q000639:trends*; D010351:Patient Discharge; D010359:Patient Readmission; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012306:Risk; D012866:Skilled Nursing Facilities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017741:Survivors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology