An on-line imitative test of speech-pattern contrast perception (OlimSpac): developmental effects in normally hearing children.
OBJECTIVE
The goal was to assess the effects of maturation and phonological development on performance, by normally hearing children, on an imitative test of auditory capacity (On-Line Imitative Test of Speech-Pattern Contrast Perception [OlimSpac]; Boothroyd, Eisenberg, & Martinez, 2006; Eisenberg, Martinez, & Boothroyd, 2003, 2007).


METHODS
Thirty-four hearing children (aged between 1;8 [years;months] and 6;7) were asked to imitate nonword utterances. Responses were evaluated by a blinded listener in an 8-alternative forced-choice task, giving information on the children's ability to convey, by imitation, information about 6 binary phonemic contrasts.


RESULTS
Four children declined participation. Among 30 children aged 2;7 or older, performance improved significantly with age and varied with contrast. All children 3 years of age or older attained passing scores (7 or 8 correct responses in 8 binary trials) on at least 5 of the 6 contrasts. Post-alveolar consonant place was the contrast most often failed.


CONCLUSIONS
When evaluated on a pass/fail basis, normally hearing children 3 years of age or older are likely to demonstrate auditory perception of most phonemic contrasts using this imitative test. Phonological development and other task-related factors have only a modest effect on performance by normally hearing children after 3 years of age. The effects of hearing loss, hearing age, sensory assistance, and listening experience in children with hearing loss remain to be determined.
Boothroyd
Arthur
A
San Diego State University, Department of Speech, Language, Hearing Sciences, 2550 Brant Street, San Diego, CA 92101, USA. aboothroyd@cox.net
Eisenberg
Laurie S
LS
Martinez
Amy S
AS
D000375:Aging; D002648:Child; D002663:Child Language; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D007100:Imitative Behavior; D007223:Infant; D007807:Language Tests; D008297:Male; D010700:Phonetics; D013060:Speech; D013067:Speech Perception; D013068:Speech Production Measurement