title: Self-administered Gerocognitive Examination (SAGE): a brief cognitive assessment Instrument for mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and early dementia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a self-administered cognitive assessment instrument to facilitate the screening of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and early dementia and determine its association with gold standard clinical assessments including neuropsychologic evaluation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adults aged above 59 years with sufficient vision and English literacy were recruited from geriatric and memory disorder clinics, educational talks, independent living facilities, senior centers, and memory screens. After Self-administered Gerocognitive Examination (SAGE) screening, subjects were randomly selected to complete a clinical evaluation, neurologic examination, neuropsychologic battery, functional assessment, and mini-mental state examination (MMSE). Subjects were identified as dementia, MCI, or normal based on standard clinical criteria and neuropsychologic testing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two hundred fifty-four participants took the SAGE screen and 63 subjects completed the extensive evaluation (21 normal, 21 MCI, and 21 dementia subjects). Spearman rank correlation between SAGE and neuropsychologic battery was 0.84 (0.76 for MMSE). SAGE receiver operating characteristics on the basis of clinical diagnosis showed 95% specificity (90% for MMSE) and 79% sensitivity (71% for MMSE) in detecting those with cognitive impairment from normal subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that SAGE is a reliable instrument for detecting cognitive impairment and compares favorably with the MMSE. The self-administered feature may promote cognitive testing by busy clinicians prompting earlier diagnosis and treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA. Scharre.1@osu.edu
authors.forename: Douglas W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Scharre
authors.forename: Shu-Ing
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Murden
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lamb
authors.forename: David Q
authors.initials: DQ
authors.lastname: Beversdorf
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kataki
authors.forename: Haikady N
authors.initials: HN
authors.lastname: Nagaraja
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Bornstein
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D019540:Area Under Curve; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003704:Dementia / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012372:ROC Curve