title: Metformin attenuates cardiac fibrosis by inhibiting the TGFbeta1-Smad3 signalling pathway.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The mechanism of the cardioprotective action of metformin is incompletely understood. We determined the role of metformin in cardiac fibrosis and investigated the mechanism.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten-week-old male mice (C57BL/6) were subjected to left ventricular pressure overload by transverse aortic constriction. Mice received metformin (200 mg/kg/day) or normal saline for 6 weeks. Metformin inhibited cardiac fibrosis (fibrosis area/total heart area: 0.6 +/- 0.3 vs. 3.6 +/- 0.9%, P < 0.01) induced by pressure overload and improved cardiac diastolic function (left ventricular end-diastolic pressure: 5.2 +/- 0.9 vs. 11.0 +/- 1.6 mmHg, P < 0.05). Metformin inhibited the pressure overload-induced transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta(1) production in mouse hearts and the TGF-beta(1)-induced collagen synthesis in cultured adult mouse cardiac fibroblasts (CFs). Metformin suppressed the phosphorylation of Smad3 in response to TGF-beta(1) in CFs. Metformin also inhibited the nuclear translocation and transcriptional activity of Smad3 in CFs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Metformin inhibited cardiac fibrosis induced by pressure overload in vivo and inhibited collagen synthesis in CFs probably via inhibition of the TGF-beta(1)-Smad3 signalling pathway. These findings provide a new mechanism for the cardioprotective effects of metformin.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China.
authors.forename: Han
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.forename: Xiaowei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.forename: Yongnan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: Zhizhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Youyi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D021581:Active Transport, Cell Nucleus; D000818:Animals; D001013:Aorta, Thoracic / Q000601:surgery; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003094:Collagen / Q000096:biosynthesis; D003250:Constriction; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005355:Fibrosis; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008687:Metformin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D010766:Phosphorylation; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects*; D051900:Smad3 Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D013997:Time Factors; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000187:drug effects; D017725:Ventricular Pressure / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D002316:Cardiotonic Agents; D051900:Smad3 Protein; C497791:Smad3 protein, mouse; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D003094:Collagen; D008687:Metformin