title: Preadolescent tobacco smoke exposure leads to acute nicotine dependence but does not affect the rewarding effects of nicotine or nicotine withdrawal in adulthood in rats.
abstract: Epidemiological studies indicate that parental smoking increases the risk for smoking in children. However, the underlying mechanisms by which parental smoking increases the risk for smoking are not known. The aim of these studies was to investigate if preadolescent tobacco smoke exposure, postnatal days 21-35, affects the rewarding effects of nicotine and nicotine withdrawal in adult rats. The rewarding effects of nicotine were investigated with the conditioned place preference procedure. Nicotine withdrawal was investigated with the conditioned place aversion procedure and intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS). Elevations in brain reward thresholds in the ICSS paradigm reflect a dysphoric state. Plasma nicotine and cotinine levels in the preadolescent rats immediately after smoke exposure were 188 ng/ml and 716 ng/ml, respectively. Preadolescent tobacco smoke exposure led to the development of nicotine dependence as indicated by an increased number of mecamylamine-precipitated somatic withdrawal signs in the preadolescent tobacco smoke exposed rats compared to the control rats. Nicotine induced a similar place preference in adult rats that had been exposed to tobacco smoke or air during preadolescence. Furthermore, mecamylamine induced place aversion in nicotine dependent rats but there was no effect of preadolescent tobacco smoke exposure. Finally, preadolescent tobacco smoke exposure did not affect the elevations in brain reward thresholds associated with precipitated or spontaneous nicotine withdrawal. These studies indicate that passive exposure to tobacco smoke during preadolescence leads to the development of nicotine dependence but preadolescent tobacco smoke exposure does not seem to affect the rewarding effects of nicotine or nicotine withdrawal in adulthood.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
authors.forename: Hidetaka
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.forename: Mahendra
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bishnoi
authors.forename: Kim F M
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Keijzers
authors.forename: Irma A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: van Tuijl
authors.forename: Elysia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Small
authors.forename: Hina P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Rayna M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Bauzo
authors.forename: Firas H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Kobeissy
authors.forename: Sreedharan N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Sabarinath
authors.forename: Hartmut
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Derendorf
authors.forename: Adrie W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Bruijnzeel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001362:Avoidance Learning / Q000187:drug effects; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D003367:Cotinine / Q000097:blood; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D009538:Nicotine / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018733:Nicotinic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000187:drug effects; D012201:Reward; D012653:Self Stimulation / Q000187:drug effects; D012741:Sexual Maturation; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013997:Time Factors; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D018733:Nicotinic Antagonists; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; D009538:Nicotine; D003367:Cotinine