title: Differential inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and TZM-bl cells by endotoxin-mediated chemokine and gamma interferon production.
abstract: Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin) is a frequent contaminant of biological specimens and is also known to be a potent inducer of beta-chemokines and other soluble factors that inhibit HIV-1 infection in vitro. Though lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has been shown to stimulate the production of soluble HIV-1 inhibitors in cultures of monocyte-derived macrophages, the ability of LPS to induce similar inhibitors in other cell types is poorly characterized. Here we show that LPS exhibits potent anti-HIV activity in phytohemagglutinin-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) but has no detectable anti-HIV-1 activity in TZM-bl cells. The anti-HIV-1 activity of LPS in PBMCs was strongly associated with the production of beta-chemokines from CD14-positive monocytes. Culture supernatants from LPS-stimulated PBMCs exhibited potent anti-HIV-1 activity when added to TZM-bl cells but, in this case, the antiviral activity appeared to be related to IFN-gamma rather than to beta-chemokines. These observations indicate that LPS stimulates PBMCs to produce a complex array of soluble HIV-1 inhibitors, including beta-chemokines and IFN-gamma, that differentially inhibit HIV-1 depending on the target cell type. The results also highlight the need to use endotoxin-free specimens to avoid artifacts when assessing HIV-1-specific neutralizing antibodies in PBMC-based assays.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
authors.forename: Anthony R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Geonnotti
authors.forename: Miroslawa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bilska
authors.forename: Xing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ochsenbauer
authors.forename: Tara G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Edmonds
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Kappes
authors.forename: Hua-Xin
authors.initials: HX
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.forename: Barton F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Haynes
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Montefiori
mesh_terms: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000187:drug effects; D057134:Antibodies, Neutralizing / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D019742:Chemokines, CC / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D004866:Equipment Contamination; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000378:metabolism; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009500:Neutralization Tests; D019779:Salmonella enterica / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D057134:Antibodies, Neutralizing; D019742:Chemokines, CC; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D007371:Interferon-gamma