Gender disparities in medical expenditures attributable to hypertension in the United States.
OBJECTIVE
We sought to examine and attempt to explain gender disparities in hypertension-attributable expenditure among noninstitutionalized individuals in the United States.


METHODS
Using the 2001-2004 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey and the Aday and Andersen health care use model, we estimated hypertension-attributable health care expenditures for inpatient stay, outpatient visits, prescription drugs, office visits, and emergency room (ER) visits among men and women by applying the method of recycled prediction. Hypertensive individuals were identified using International Classification of Diseases, 9th edition, codes or self-report of a diagnosis of hypertension.


RESULTS
The adjusted mean hypertension-attributable expenditure per individual was significantly higher for women than for men for prescription drugs, inpatient stays, office visits, outpatient visits and ER visits expenditures. However, as age increased, the gender difference in adjusted mean expenditures became smaller and eventually reversed. This reversal occurred at different ages for different expenditures. For prescription drugs, office visits and outpatient expenditures, the reversal in expenditures occurred around age 50 to 59. The maximum difference was observed in outpatient expenditures, where women's average expenditure was $102 more than men's below age 45 but $103 less than men's above age 75. These differences remained significant even after controlling for predisposing, enabling, and need predictors of health care use.


CONCLUSIONS
Our findings imply that there are gender disparities in hypertension-related expenditures, but that this disparity depends on age. These findings support recent findings on gender disparities in heart diseases and raise the question of physicians' bias in their diagnostic or prognostic approaches to hypertension in men and women.
Basu
Rituparna
R
Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA. BasuR@pharmacy.ucsf.edu
Franzini
Luisa
L
Krueger
Patrick M
PM
Lairson
David R
DR
D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000191:economics; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000191:economics; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005102:Health Expenditures / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009819:Office Visits / Q000191:economics; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D055553:Prescription Drugs / Q000191:economics; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D017678:Sex Distribution; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D016387:Women's Health / Q000191:economics*
D055553:Prescription Drugs