title: The infectivity of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana to insecticide-resistant and susceptible Anopheles arabiensis mosquitoes at two different temperatures.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Control of the major African malaria vector species continues to rely extensively on the application of residual insecticides through indoor house spraying or bed net impregnation. Insecticide resistance is undermining the sustainability of these control strategies. Alternatives to the currently available conventional chemical insecticides are, therefore, urgently needed. Use of fungal pathogens as biopesticides is one such possibility. However, one of the challenges to the approach is the potential influence of varied environmental conditions and target species that could affect the efficacy of a biological 'active ingredient'. An initial investigation into this was carried out to assess the susceptibility of insecticide-susceptible and resistant laboratory strains and wild-collected Anopheles arabiensis mosquitoes to infection with the fungus Beauveria bassiana under two different laboratory temperature regimes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Insecticide susceptibility to all four classes of insecticides recommended by WHO for vector control was tested on laboratory and wild-caught An. arabiensis, using standard WHO bioassay protocols. Mosquito susceptibility to fungus infection was tested using dry spores of B. bassiana under two temperature regimes (21 +/- 1 degrees C or 25 +/- 2 degrees C) representative of indoor conditions observed in western Kenya. Cox regression analysis was used to assess the effect of fungal infection on mosquito survival and the effect of insecticide resistance status and temperature on mortality rates following fungus infection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Survival data showed no relationship between insecticide susceptibility and susceptibility to B. bassiana. All tested colonies showed complete susceptibility to fungal infection despite some showing high resistance levels to chemical insecticides. There was, however, a difference in fungus-induced mortality rates between temperature treatments with virulence significantly higher at 25 degrees C than 21 degrees C. Even so, because malaria parasite development is also known to slow as temperatures fall, expected reductions in malaria transmission potential due to fungal infection under the cooler conditions would still be high.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results provide evidence that the entomopathogenic fungus B. bassiana has potential for use as an alternative vector control tool against insecticide-resistant mosquitoes under conditions typical of indoor resting environments. Nonetheless, the observed variation in effective virulence reveals the need for further study to optimize selection of isolates, dose and use strategy in different eco-epidemiological settings.
authors.affiliation: School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
authors.forename: Christophe K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Kikankie
authors.forename: Basil D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Brooke
authors.forename: Bart G J
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Knols
authors.forename: Lizette L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Koekemoer
authors.forename: Marit
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Farenhorst
authors.forename: Richard H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Hunt
authors.forename: Matthew B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Maureen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Coetzee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000235:genetics / Q000382:microbiology*; D052982:Beauveria / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000382:microbiology*; D007305:Insecticide Resistance; D007630:Kenya; D009032:Mosquito Control / Q000379:methods*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013172:Spores, Fungal / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D013696:Temperature