title: Cognitive-behavioral therapy for children with functional abdominal pain and their parents decreases pain and other symptoms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Unexplained abdominal pain in children has been shown to be related to parental responses to symptoms. This randomized controlled trial tested the efficacy of an intervention designed to improve outcomes in idiopathic childhood abdominal pain by altering parental responses to pain and children's ways of coping and thinking about their symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred children with persistent functional abdominal pain and their parents were randomly assigned to one of two conditions-a three-session intervention of cognitive-behavioral treatment targeting parents' responses to their children's pain complaints and children's coping responses, or a three-session educational intervention that controlled for time and attention. Parents and children were assessed at pretreatment, and 1 week, 3 months, and 6 months post-treatment. Outcome measures were child and parent reports of child pain levels, function, and adjustment. Process measures included parental protective responses to children's symptom reports and child coping methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children in the cognitive-behavioral condition showed greater baseline to follow-up decreases in pain and gastrointestinal symptom severity (as reported by parents) than children in the comparison condition (time x treatment interaction, P<0.01). Also, parents in the cognitive-behavioral condition reported greater decreases in solicitous responses to their child's symptoms compared with parents in the comparison condition (time x treatment interaction, P<0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An intervention aimed at reducing protective parental responses and increasing child coping skills is effective in reducing children's pain and symptom levels compared with an educational control condition.
authors.affiliation: School of Social Work, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105, USA. rlevy@uw.edu
authors.forename: Rona L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.forename: Shelby L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Langer
authors.forename: Lynn S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: Joan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Romano
authors.forename: Dennis L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Christie
authors.forename: Nader
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Youssef
authors.forename: Melissa M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: DuPen
authors.forename: Andrew D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Feld
authors.forename: Sheri A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Ballard
authors.forename: Ericka M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Welsh
authors.forename: Robert W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Jeffery
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: Melissa J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Coffey
authors.forename: William E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Whitehead
mesh_terms: D015746:Abdominal Pain / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*; D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome