title: Electromyographical assessment of passive, active assistive, and active shoulder rehabilitation exercises.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the electromyographical (EMG) activation levels of shoulder musculature during early rehabilitation exercises to regain active range of motion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Descriptive.
  
  
  METHODS
  University clinical research laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten asymptomatic volunteers (age, 25 +/- 5 years; height, 171 +/- 7 cm; weight, 78 +/- 15 kg).
  
  
  METHODS
  Fine-wire (supraspinatus and infraspinatus) and surface (anterior deltoid, upper trapezius, lower trapezius, and serratus anterior) electrodes recorded EMG activity from each muscle during 12 therapeutic exercises completed during a single testing session in random order.
  
  
  METHODS
  EMG root mean squared amplitude normalized to a percentage of maximum voluntary contraction (% MVC).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Passive exercises generated the lowest mean EMG activity (<10%) for all muscles studied. The standing active shoulder elevation exercises generated the greatest mean EMG activity with an upper boundary of 95% CI (40% MVC). Overall the active-assistive exercises generated a small (<10%) increase in muscle activity compared with the passive exercises for the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles, which was not a significant increase (P > .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This electrophysiological data in normal volunteers suggest that many exercises used during the early phase of rehabilitation to regain active elevation do not exceed 20% MVC. Progression from passive to active-assisted can potentially be performed without significantly increasing muscular activation levels exercises. Upright active exercises demonstrated a consistent and often a statistically significant increase in muscular activities supporting that these exercises should be prescribed later in a rehabilitation program.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Division of Athletic Training, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0200, USA. tluhl2@uky.edu
authors.forename: Timothy L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Uhl
authors.forename: Tiffany A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Muir
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lawson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004576:Electromyography / Q000379:methods*; D005081:Exercise Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D000070599:Shoulder Injuries; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000503:physiopathology*