title: Type 2 diabetes impairs pulmonary function in morbidly obese women: a case-control study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether the presence of type 2 diabetes and the degree of metabolic control are related to reduced pulmonary function in obese individuals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-five morbidly obese women (25 with type 2 diabetes [cases]--and 50 without diabetes [controls]) with a history of non-smoking and without prior cardiovascular or respiratory disease were prospective recruited for a case-control study in the outpatient obesity unit of a referral centre. Both groups were closely matched by age, BMI and waist circumference. Pulmonary function test included forced spirometry and static pulmonary volume measurements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Type 2 diabetic patients showed lower forced expiratory volume at 1 s (FEV1) (mean difference -11.6% of predicted [95% CI -20.4 to -2.8]; p = 0.011), and FEV1/forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC) ratio (mean difference -4.4% [95% CI -8.1 to -0.7]; p = 0.049), but a greater residual volume (RV) (mean difference 19.5% of predicted [95% CI 10.8-28.3]; p < 0.001). In addition, an obstructive ventilatory pattern was more frequent in diabetic patients. Significant negative correlations between FEV1 and fasting glucose, HbA1c and HOMA insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were detected. By contrast, RV was positively correlated with fasting glucose, HbA1c and HOMA-IR. Multiple linear regression analyses showed that fasting glucose and HbA1c independently predicted FEV1 and RV.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of diabetes and the degree of glycaemic control are related to respiratory function impairment in morbidly obese women. Therefore, the impact of type 2 diabetes on pulmonary function should be taken into consideration by those providing care for obese people.
authors.affiliation: CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit, Institut de Recerca Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Passeig Vall d'Hebron, 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain, alecube@vhebron.net
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lecube
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sampol
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Muñoz
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hernández
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mesa
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Simó
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008168:Lung / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009767:Obesity, Morbid / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012119:Respiration; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose