title: Recurrent shoulder dystocia: a review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goals of this review were to determine the incidence of recurrent shoulder dystocia and the incidence of brachial plexus injury in such cases.
  
  
  METHODS
  A search of PubMed was conducted between 1980 and March 2009. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The search yielded 191 publications, of which 9 provided complete data; these were used to calculate the incidence of recurrent shoulder dystocia. The rate of shoulder dystocia in the prior pregnancies was 1.64% (31,311/1,911,014). Among 10,591 known subsequent vaginal births, the rate of recurrent shoulder dystocia was 12% (OR, 8.25; 95% CI, 7.77, 8.76). Brachial plexus injury occurred significantly more often during recurrent shoulder dystocia than during the first shoulder dystocia (4% vs. 1%; OR, 3.59; 95% CI, 2.44, 5.29; or 45/1000 vs. 13/1000 births).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  About 12% of parturients with a history of shoulder dystocia have a recurrent dystocia in the subsequent pregnancy, a risk of about 1 in 8. Brachial plexus injury occurs in 19/1000 vaginal births during the first episode of shoulder dystocia, and in 45/1000 vaginal births after recurrent dystocia.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Obstetricians & Gynecologist, Family Physicians.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  After completion of this educational activity, the reader will be able to compare the risk of primary versus recurrent shoulder dystocia. Formulate counseling and treatment strategies for pregnant women who have had a prior pregnancy complicated by shoulder dystocia. Assess the strength of the evidence suggesting the risk of recurrent shoulder dystocia.
authors.affiliation: Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Aurora Health Care, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
authors.forename: Jemel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bingham
authors.forename: Suneet P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Chauhan
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hayes
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gherman
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lewis
mesh_terms: D001917:Brachial Plexus / Q000293:injuries*; D004420:Dystocia / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D012008:Recurrence; D012782:Shoulder