title: Altered cardiovascular adaptability in depressed patients without heart disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Despite its clinical importance and relevance for health care policy, the pathways between depression and stress regulation remain poorly understood. The objective of our study was to compare cardiovascular and autonomic responses to brief psychosocial stress in a group of severely depressed subjects without heart disease and a non-depressed control-group.
  
  
  METHODS
  We recorded cardiovascular and autonomic reactions to two different stress tasks including anger recall and mental arithmetic in a sample of 25 severely depressed and 25 non-depressed subjects. Aggregated data were compared with repeated-measures MANOVA. We used contrasts to evaluate different response patterns concerning cardiovascular and autonomic reactivity vs. recovery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Depressed subjects showed overall reduced high-frequency heart rate variability and an altered cardiovascular adaptability concerning heart rate, blood pressure, cardiac output, and, on a trend level, peripheral resistance. With few exceptions, we found no differences between reactivity vs. recovery response patterns.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results provide further evidence for altered cardiovascular reactivity and impaired cardiac autonomic functioning in depression. Further research is needed on psychophysiological response to either more disease-oriented or more personality-oriented stressors.
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Psychosomatic and General Clinical Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Thibautstrasse 2, Heidelberg, Germany. johannes.ehrenthal@med.uni-heidelberg.de
authors.forename: Johannes C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Ehrenthal
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Herrmann-Lingen
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fey
authors.forename: Henning
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schauenburg
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000502:physiology; D000328:Adult; D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology*; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D002302:Cardiac Output / Q000502:physiology*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012016:Reference Values; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014655:Vascular Resistance / Q000502:physiology*