title: Expressive language skills in Chinese Singaporean preschoolers with nonsyndromic cleft lip and/or palate.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The main objective of the present study was to examine THE EXPRESSIVE LANGUAGE SKILLS and obtain a prevalence estimate of expressive language IMPAIRMENT (not skills) in Chinese Singaporean preschoolers with nonsyndromic cleft lip and/or palate (CLP).
  
  
  METHODS
  A group of 43 Chinese Singaporean preschoolers aged 3 to 6 years with a diagnosis of nonsyndromic CLP was assessed using the Singapore English Action Picture Test (SEAPT). The SEAPT is an English Language screening tool standardised on typically developing English-Mandarin Chinese Singaporean preschoolers that assesses expressive vocabulary and grammatical usage. A grammar and/or information score below the 20(th) percentile on the SEAPT is indicative of an expressive language impairment. In addition, the medical records of this cohort were examined retrospectively for documentation of surgical timings, audiological history, articulation and resonance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Based on the results of the SEAPT, 33% of the preschoolers with CLP were identified as having a-possible expressive language impairment. Hence, the likelihood that a child with CLP with normal cognitive functioning will have an expressive language impairment is between 3.9 to 12.7 times more likely than in the general population. There was no statistical significance when comparisons were made between dominant language groups or CLP groups on SEAPT measures of information and grammar content. Significantly more males than females were identified with language difficulties, relative to the sex ratio in the sample. No significance was found for the other participant variables.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings of this study suggest that Chinese Singaporean preschoolers with CLP have more difficulty in the expressive use of grammar and vocabulary than their peers of typical development, with significantly more males affected than females. As language performance was not related to hearing, articulation or resonance; these early results suggest that a comprehensive investigation of cognition, literacy and family aggregation of communication disorders is urgently warranted to study other possible aetiologies for language impairment in children with CLP in Singapore.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Kandang Kerbau Women's and Children's Hospital, 100 Bukit Timah Road, Singapore 229899, Singapore. syou5193@uni.sydney.edu.au
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Purcell
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Ballard
mesh_terms: D044466:Asian People; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002681:China / Q000208:ethnology; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007803:Language Arts; D007805:Language Development Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*; D008297:Male; D012737:Sex Factors; D012846:Singapore; D014705:Verbal Behavior