Addressing competencies for the future in the professional curriculum.
This paper reviews the literature, analyzes current and future practice, develops a list of competencies necessary for future pharmacists, and provides recommendations to pharmacy's academic enterprise regarding curricula of the future. Curricula of the future will center around 3 functional roles for pharmacists: patient-centered care, population-based care, and systems management; and must also foster the development of 5 cross-cutting abilities in student pharmacists: professionalism, self-directed learning, leadership and advocacy, interprofessional collaboration, and cultural competency. Future curricula must be developed in an evidence-based manner, focus less on information storage and retrieval, engage student pharmacists in a variety of highly interactive learning experiences, and expand experiential learning opportunities throughout all years.
Jungnickel
Paul W
PW
Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, AL 36849, USA. jungnpw@auburn.edu
Kelley
Kristi W
KW
Hammer
Dana P
DP
Haines
Stuart T
ST
Marlowe
Karen F
KF
D002983:Clinical Competence; D003157:Community Pharmacy Services; D003162:Competency-Based Education / Q000458:organization & administration; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D054521:Cultural Competency; D003479:Curriculum; D004521:Educational Measurement; D055317:Evidence-Based Practice; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D007400:Interprofessional Relations; D007857:Leadership; D010344:Patient Advocacy; D018802:Patient-Centered Care; D018794:Problem-Based Learning / Q000458:organization & administration; D024382:Professional Role; D012570:School Admission Criteria; D012580:Schools, Pharmacy / Q000458:organization & administration*; D013339:Students, Pharmacy