title: Phylogenomic analyses reveal the evolutionary origin of the inhibin alpha-subunit, a unique TGFbeta superfamily antagonist.
abstract: Transforming growth factor-beta (TGFbeta) homologues form a diverse superfamily that arose early in animal evolution and control cellular function through membrane-spanning, conserved serine-threonine kinases (RII and RI receptors). Activin and inhibin are related dimers within the TGFbeta superfamily that share a common beta-subunit. The evolution of the inhibin alpha-subunit created the only antagonist within the TGFbeta superfamily and the only member known to act as an endocrine hormone. This hormone introduced a new level of complexity and control to vertebrate reproductive function. The novel functions of the inhibin alpha-subunit appear to reflect specific insertion-deletion changes within the inhibin beta-subunit that occurred during evolution. Using phylogenomic analysis, we correlated specific insertions with the acquisition of distinct functions that underlie the phenotypic complexity of vertebrate reproductive processes. This phylogenomic approach presents a new way of understanding the structure-function relationships between inhibin, activin, and the larger TGFbeta superfamily.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Edward L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Braun
authors.forename: Satomi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kohno
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Antenos
authors.forename: Eugene Y
authors.initials: EY
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Robert W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: S Jack
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Brandon C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Louis J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Guillette
authors.forename: Theodore S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Jardetzky
authors.forename: Teresa K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Woodruff
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D019556:COS Cells; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D019281:Dimerization; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D023281:Genomics; D006801:Humans; D007265:Inhibins / Q000378:metabolism*; D008954:Models, Biological; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; C094377:inhibin-alpha subunit; D007265:Inhibins