title: Blood-brain barrier permeability for ammonia in patients with different grades of liver fibrosis is not different from healthy controls.
abstract: Increased blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability for ammonia is considered to be an integral part of the pathophysiology of hepatic encephalopathy (HE) in patients with liver cirrhosis. Increased glutamate-/glutamine-signal intensity in magnetic resonance spectroscopic studies of the brain in cirrhotic patients was explained as a consequence of increased cerebral ammonia uptake. As similar spectroscopic alterations are present in patients with liver fibrosis, we hypothesized that BBB permeability for ammonia is already increased in liver fibrosis, and thereby contributing to the development of HE. To test this hypothesis, cerebral perfusion and ammonia metabolism were examined through positron emission tomography with (15)O-water, respectively, (13)N-ammonia in patients with Ishak grades 2 and 4 fibrosis, cirrhosis, and healthy controls. There were neither global nor regional differences of cerebral blood flow, the rate constant of unidirectional transport of ammonia from blood into brain tissue, the permeability surface area product of the BBB for ammonia, the net metabolic clearance rate constant of ammonia from blood into glutamine in brain, or the metabolic rate of ammonia. The hypothesis that increased permeability of the BBB for ammonia in patients with liver fibrosis contributes to the later development of HE could not be supported by this study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Annemarie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Goldbecker
authors.forename: Ralph
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Buchert
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Berding
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bokemeyer
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lichtinghagen
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wilke
authors.forename: Björn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ahl
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Weissenborn
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000641:Ammonia / Q000378:metabolism*; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier / Q000378:metabolism*; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply / Q000378:metabolism; D002199:Capillary Permeability / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005973:Glutamine / Q000378:metabolism; D006501:Hepatic Encephalopathy / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008875:Middle Aged; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D005973:Glutamine; D000641:Ammonia