title: Does the literature confirm superior clinical results in radiographically healed rotator cuffs after rotator cuff repair?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Because recurrent or persistent defects in the rotator cuff after repair are common, we sought to clarify the correlation between structural integrity of the rotator cuff and clinical outcomes through a systematic review of relevant studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medline, CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature), and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched for all literature published from January 1966 to December 2008 that used the key words shoulder, rotator cuff, rotator cuff tear, rotator cuff repair, arthroscopic, integrity, healed, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography arthrography (CTA), and ultrasound. The inclusion criteria were studies (Levels I to IV) that reported outcomes after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair in healed and nonhealed repairs based on ultrasound, CTA, and/or MRI. Exclusionary criteria were studies that included open repair or subscapularis repair and studies that did not define outcomes based on healed versus nonhealed but rather used another variable (i.e., repair technique). Data were abstracted from the studies including patient demographics, tear characteristics, surgical procedure, rehabilitation, strength, range of motion, clinical scoring systems, and imaging studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirteen studies were included in the final analysis: 5 used ultrasound, 4 used MRI, 2 used CTA, and 2 used combined CTA/MRI for diagnosis of a recurrent tear. Statistical improvement in patients who had an intact cuff at follow-up was seen in Constant scores in 6 of 9 studies; in University of California, Los Angeles scores in 1 of 2 studies; in American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons scores in 0 of 3 studies; and in Simple Shoulder Test scores in 0 of 2 studies. Increased range of motion in forward elevation was seen in 2 of 5 studies and increased strength in forward elevation in 5 of 8 studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that some important differences in clinical outcomes likely exist between patients with healed and nonhealed rotator cuff repairs. Further study is needed to conclusively define this difference and identify other important prognostic factors related to clinical outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Level IV, systematic review.
authors.affiliation: Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Rush Medical College of Rush University, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Slabaugh
authors.forename: Shane J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Nho
authors.forename: Robert C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Grumet
authors.forename: Joseph B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Shane T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Seroyer
authors.forename: Rachel M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Frank
authors.forename: Anthony A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Romeo
authors.forename: Matthew T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Provencher
authors.forename: Nikhil N
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Verma
mesh_terms: D001182:Arthroscopy; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D012008:Recurrence; D017006:Rotator Cuff / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D000070636:Rotator Cuff Injuries; D014945:Wound Healing