title: Extractable organic matter of standard reference material 1649a influences immunological response induced by pathogen-associated molecular patterns.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Lungs are permanently and simultaneously challenged by airborne microorganisms and airborne pollutants. Temporal increase of airborne particulate matter (APM), a potential carrier for extractable organic matter (EOM), degrades the situation of pulmonary patients. The Ah receptor (AhR) has been described as an important factor influencing the immunological challenge by viral infections. Molecular mechanisms underlying epidemiological observations are not well understood. Cytokine secretion (IL-6, IL-8, and TGF-beta) from human bronchial epithelial cells (Beas2B) was determined as an indicator for immune responses upon co-stimulation with an artificial analog of viral dsRNA [polyinosinic/polycytidylic acid, (PIC)] and EOM of Standard Reference Material 1649a (SRM). Since polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are major components of APM usually acting via the AhR, particular focus was on AhR involvement.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cytokine secretion was demonstrated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. To mimic the activation of organic matter during contact of particles with the human lung, Soxhlet extraction of SRM was performed. In some experiments, the AhR was blocked by alpha-naphthoflavone.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Microbial stimulation (PIC) induced Beas2B cytokine release, whereas isolated exposure to EOM of APM did not. Co-stimulation with EOM and PIC increased IL-8 secretion, whereas neither IL-6 nor TGF-beta was affected. Blocking of the AhR suppressed the release of IL-8.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Organic compounds adsorbed on airborne particulate matter influence the cytokine secretion of lung epithelial cells induced by pathogen-associated molecular patterns.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Further investigation of these observations is required to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying adverse health effects of APM reported in epidemiological studies.
authors.affiliation: Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany. kerstin.schaudt@zoo.uni-heidelberg.de
authors.forename: Kerstin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ulrich
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wölfle
authors.forename: Anja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mayer
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Heeg
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Braunbeck
authors.forename: Lothar
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Erdinger
authors.forename: Holger
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bartz
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000592:standards / Q000633:toxicity*; D001564:Benzo(a)pyrene; D001571:Benzoflavones / Q000633:toxicity; D001980:Bronchi / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D002460:Cell Line; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000592:standards / Q000633:toxicity*; D011066:Poly C / Q000633:toxicity; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000633:toxicity; D018336:Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D012015:Reference Standards; D020545:Respiratory Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D001571:Benzoflavones; D016207:Cytokines; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8; D052638:Particulate Matter; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D018336:Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D011066:Poly C; D001564:Benzo(a)pyrene; C011512:alpha-naphthoflavone