title: Host-pathogen-biocontrol agent interaction as affected by sequential application of Na2CO3 and CaCl2.
abstract: Among the alternatives to synthetic postharvest fungicides encouraging results have been reported with biocontrol agents, and on Citrus fruits, their efficacy was improved when co-applied with GRAS compounds or with physical means. Still, the reason for this increased efficacy has not been explained and therefore a study was performed using orange fruit (Citrus sinensis Osbec. cv 'Washington navel') as host, P. digitatum as the pathogen, a yeast (Pichia guiliermondii, isolate 5A) as the biocontrol agent, white 2% Na2CO3 (SC) and 1% CaCl2 were employed as GRAS compounds. When treatments were combined salts were applied sequentially, and SC preceded CaCl2 followed by the yeast. As a result of large scale trait with inoculated and un-inoculated fruit a clear beneficial interaction occurred when treatments were combined. SC exerted a direct fungistatic activity and an indirect one by inducing scoparone in host tissue. Also the isolate A5 induced the phytoalexin accumulation and when combined with SC a greater accumulation occurred within the first 7 days post-treatment. The application of CaCl2 alone had no effect on pathogenesis, while when combined with SC or with the yeast, decay was towered. The yeast growth on an amended medium was negatively affected by the addition of SC; while in vivo this effect was missing. The antagonist growth in vivo was enhanced when applied together with 1% CaCl2 also when applied with SC. The results reported improve our knowledge on the complex interactions among host, pathogen and the antagonist as affected by SC and CaCl2.
authors.affiliation: Traversa la Crucca 3, loc. Baldinca, IT-07040-Li Punti Sassari, Italy. mariagiovanna.molinu@ispa.cnr.it
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Molinu
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Arras
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dore
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Venditti
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Petretto
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: D'Hallewin
mesh_terms: D002122:Calcium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002254:Carbonates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002957:Citrus / Q000382:microbiology; D003470:Culture Media; D018857:Food Packaging / Q000379:methods; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D010572:Pest Control, Biological / Q000379:methods; D010843:Pichia / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D002254:Carbonates; D003470:Culture Media; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; C005686:sodium carbonate; D002122:Calcium Chloride