title: Erucylphosphohomocholine, the first intravenously applicable alkylphosphocholine, is cytotoxic to acute myelogenous leukemia cells through JNK- and PP2A-dependent mechanisms.
abstract: Alkylphospholipids and alkylphosphocholines (APCs) are promising antitumor agents, which target the plasma membrane and affect multiple signal transduction networks. We investigated the therapeutic potential of erucylphosphohomocholine (ErPC3), the first intravenously applicable APC, in human acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) cells. ErPC3 was tested on AML cell lines, as well as AML primary cells. At short (6-12 h) incubation times, the drug blocked cells in G2/M phase of the cell cycle, whereas, at longer incubation times, it decreased survival and induced cell death by apoptosis. ErPC3 caused JNK 1/2 activation as well as ERK 1/2 dephosphorylation. Pharmacological inhibition of caspase-3 or a JNK 1/2 inhibitor peptide markedly reduced ErPC3 cytotoxicity. Protein phosphatase 2A downregulation by siRNA opposed ERK 1/2 dephosphorylation and blunted the cytotoxic effect of ErPC3. ErPC3 was cytotoxic to AML primary cells and reduced the clonogenic activity of CD34(+) leukemic cells. ErPC3 induced a significant apoptosis in the compartment (CD34(+) CD38(Low/Neg) CD123(+)) enriched in putative leukemia-initiating cells. This conclusion was supported by ErPC3 cytotoxicity on AML blasts showing high aldehyde dehydrogenase activity and on the side population of AML cell lines and blasts. These findings indicate that ErPC3 might be a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of AML patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Anatomical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy. alberto.martelli@gmail.it
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Martelli
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Papa
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Tazzari
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ricci
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Evangelisti
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chiarini
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Grimaldi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cappellini
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Martinelli
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ottaviani
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pagliaro
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Horn
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bäsecke
authors.forename: L H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Lindner
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Eibl
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: McCubrey
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004883:Erucic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D015470:Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D048670:MAP Kinase Kinase 4 / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D000081082:Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; D010767:Phosphorylcholine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D054448:Precursor Cells, B-Lymphoid / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D054648:Protein Phosphatase 2 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D004883:Erucic Acids; D048670:MAP Kinase Kinase 4; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D000081082:Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; D010767:Phosphorylcholine; D054648:Protein Phosphatase 2; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C518520:erucylphosphohomocholine ErPC3