title: Longitudinal optical imaging of tumor metabolism and hemodynamics.
abstract: An important feature of tumor hypoxia is its temporal instability, or "cycling hypoxia." The primary consequence of cycling hypoxia is increased tumor aggressiveness and treatment resistance beyond that of chronic hypoxia. Longitudinal imaging of tumor metabolic demand, hemoglobin oxygen saturation, and blood flow would provide valuable insight into the mechanisms and distribution of cycling hypoxia in tumors. Fluorescence imaging of metabolic demand via the optical redox ratio (fluorescence intensity of FAD/NADH), absorption microscopy of hemoglobin oxygen saturation, and Doppler optical coherence tomography of vessel morphology and blood flow are combined to noninvasively monitor changes in oxygen supply and demand in the mouse dorsal skin fold window chamber tumor model (human squamous cell carcinoma) every 6 h for 36 h. Biomarkers for metabolic demand, blood oxygenation, and blood flow are all found to significantly change with time (p<0.05). These variations in oxygen supply and demand are superimposed on a significant (p<0.05) decline in metabolic demand with distance from the nearest vessel in tumors (this gradient was not observed in normal tissues). Significant (p<0.05), but weak (r<or=0.5) correlations are found between the hemoglobin oxygen saturation, blood flow, and redox ratio. These results indicate that cycling hypoxia depends on both oxygen supply and demand, and that noninvasive optical imaging could be a valuable tool to study therapeutic strategies to mitigate cycling hypoxia, thus increasing the effectiveness of radiation and chemotherapy.
authors.affiliation: Duke University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA. melissa.skala@duke.edu
authors.forename: Melissa C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Skala
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fontanella
authors.forename: Lan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lan
authors.forename: Joseph A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Izatt
authors.forename: Mark W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Dewhirst
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism; D015687:Cell Hypoxia / Q000502:physiology; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism; D016014:Linear Models; D051379:Mice; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods*; D009374:Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000378:metabolism*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D006454:Hemoglobins; D010100:Oxygen