title: D-Serine and a glycine transporter-1 inhibitor enhance social memory in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Glutamatergic abnormalities are involved in the etiology of schizophrenia. Clinical evidence demonstrates that positive modulation of "glycine modulatory sites" on N-methyl-D: -aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors improve cognitive deficits as well as positive and negative symptoms in schizophrenic patients.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In the present study, we investigated the effects of positive modulation of glycine sites on the NMDA receptor using an agonist of the glycine modulatory site, D: -serine, and a glycine transporter-1 inhibitor, (R)-(N-[3-(4'-fluorophenyl)-3-(4'-phenylphenoxy)propyl])sarcosine (NFPS). In particular, we focused on the effects on cognitive functioning using social recognition test in rats. We then compared these effects with those of an atypical antipsychotic clozapine and a typical antipsychotic haloperidol.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both D: -serine and NFPS significantly enhanced social memory in naïve rats, as did clozapine, while the typical antipsychotic haloperidol was ineffective. A noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist, MK-801, significantly impaired social memory, which was significantly attenuated by pretreatment with clozapine, but not with haloperidol. Likewise, NFPS significantly improved MK-801-disrupted cognition in the social recognition test. None of these drugs affected social interaction time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present results show that stimulation of the glycine modulatory sites on the NMDA receptor either directly with D: -serine or by blocking glycine transporter-1 enhances social memory and may be an effective approach for the treatment of the cognitive dysfunction observed in schizophrenic patients.
authors.affiliation: Discovery Pharmacology, Molecular Function and Pharmacology Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403 Yoshino-cho, Kita-ku, Saitama, Saitama, 331-9530, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshiharu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shimazaki
authors.forename: Ayaka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kaku
authors.forename: Shigeyuki
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chaki
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D003024:Clozapine / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016291:Dizocilpine Maleate / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004347:Drug Interactions; D050487:Glycine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D006220:Haloperidol / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000819:agonists* / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D012521:Sarcosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D012694:Serine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012919:Social Behavior; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D050487:Glycine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; C435025:N-(3-(4'-fluorophenyl)-3-(4'-phenylphenoxy)-3-(4'-phenylphenoxy)propyl)sarcosine; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D012694:Serine; D016291:Dizocilpine Maleate; D003024:Clozapine; D006220:Haloperidol; D012521:Sarcosine