title: In-vitro assessment of temperature rise in the pulp during orthodontic bonding.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In this in-vitro study, we evaluated the temperature changes in the pulp chamber during bracket bonding using 4 different light sources.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty intact extracted maxillary central incisors were used. The teeth were divided into 4 groups of 20 teeth each. Brackets (Mini Twin, Dentaurum, Ispringen, Germany) were bonded with Transbond XT (3M Unitek, Monrovia, Calif) adhesive and light cured with low-intensity halogen light for 40 seconds, high-intensity halogen light for 40 seconds, light-emitting diode (LED) light for 20 seconds, and plasma arc light (PAC) for 6 seconds. Light curing was performed 5 mm from tooth surfaces. A J-type thermocouple wire was positioned in the center of the pulp chamber. The results were analyzed with analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Tukey HSD test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ANOVA and the Tukey HSD test showed that pulp chamber temperature changes were influenced by the type of light source. All groups showed significant differences between each other (P <0.001). The intrapulpal temperature changes induced by different light sources were the following: high-intensity halogen (6.84 degrees C +/- 2.44 degrees C), low-intensity halogen (4.71 degrees C +/- 0.96 degrees C), LED (2.95 degrees C +/- 1.12 degrees C), and PAC (0.96 degrees C +/- 0.83 degrees C).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High- and low-intensity halogen light induced significantly higher intrapulpal temperature changes than did the LED and PAC. Except for the high intensity halogen light, orthodontic bonding with light-curing units did not exceed the critical 5.5 degrees C rise in temperature reported to produce pulpal damage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, and Chair, School of Dentistry, University of Inönü, Malatya, Turkey. siddikmalkoc@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Siddik
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Malkoç
authors.forename: Tancan
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Uysal
authors.forename: Serdar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Uşümez
authors.forename: Eren
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Işman
authors.forename: Asli
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Baysal
mesh_terms: D001831:Body Temperature; D055117:Curing Lights, Dental / Q000009:adverse effects; D003782:Dental Pulp / Q000293:injuries / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D055115:Light-Curing of Dental Adhesives / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016910:Orthodontic Brackets; D019279:Resin Cements
chemical_list: D019279:Resin Cements; C477790:Transbond XT