title: Prevalence and correlates of hypertension: a cross-sectional study among rural populations in sub-Saharan Africa.
abstract: Substantial evidence suggests an increasing burden of hypertension (HTN) in urban sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). However, data on HTN prevalence in rural SSA are sparse. In a cross-sectional study, we investigated magnitude and correlates of HTN in rural SSA. Study participants (N=1485), 18 years and above, were selected using a stratified random sampling technique from three villages (in Malawi, Rwanda and Tanzania) that participated in the Millennium Villages Project. Information on socio-demographic characteristics, risk factors and blood pressure measures was collected using standardized protocols. Prevalence of HTN and pre-HTN were 22 and 44%, respectively. Older age (P<0.001), higher body mass index (BMI) (P=0.07), television ownership (P=0.01) and less work-related vigorous physical activity (P=0.02) were associated with higher prevalence of HTN and higher blood pressure measures (all P<0.05). Frequent meat and fat intake were associated with higher HTN prevalence (trend P=0.02 and 0.07, respectively). Frequent fruit and vegetable intake was significantly associated with lower blood pressure measures (all P<0.05). HTN and pre-HTN are common in rural SSA. Modifiable risk factors (such as BMI, dietary intake and physical activity) are associated with HTN prevalence in this population, indicating potential opportunities for prevention measures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA. sderamirez@jhmi.edu@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: S Stewart
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: de Ramirez
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Enquobahrie
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nyadzi
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mjungu
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Magombo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ramirez
authors.forename: S Ehrlich
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Sachs
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Willett
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017954:Africa South of the Sahara / Q000453:epidemiology; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D044383:Black People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D015444:Exercise; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000208:ethnology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D016014:Linear Models; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015995:Prevalence; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior; D012424:Rural Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D057185:Sedentary Behavior / Q000208:ethnology; D013690:Television; D055815:Young Adult