title: Mountain shadow phenomena. 2: The spike seen by an off-summit observer.
abstract: The oblique spike or contrast edge seen by an off-summit observer on a mountain shadow when the sun is low is shown to be a perspective effect that depends on the observer's position within the shadow. The degree of visibility of the shadow is due to contrast effects between differently illuminated aerosols. Numerical simulations are used to demonstrate these points.
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Lynch