title: Frequency, prevention, outcome and treatment of  ventilator-associated tracheobronchitis: systematic  review and meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To clarify issues regarding the frequency, prevention, outcome, and treatment of patients with ventilator-associated tracheobronchitis (VAT), which is a lower respiratory tract infection involving the tracheobronchial tree, while sparing the lung parenchyma.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of relevant available data, gathered though searches of PubMed, Scopus, and reference lists, without time restrictions. A conservative random effects model was used to calculate pooled odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Out of the 564 initially retrieved articles, 17 papers were included. Frequency of VAT was 11.5%. Selective digestive decontamination was not proved an effective preventive strategy against VAT (OR: 0.62, 95% CI: 0.31e1.26). Presence, as opposed to the absence, of VAT was not associated with higher attributable mortality (OR: 1.02, 95% CI: 0.57e1.81). Administration of systemic antimicrobials (with or without inhaled ones), as opposed to placebo or no treatment, in patients with VAT was not associated with lower mortality (OR: 0.56, 95% CI: 0.27e1.14). Most of the studies providing relevant data noted that administration of antimicrobial agents, as opposed to placebo or no treatment, in patients with VAT was associated with lower frequency of subsequent pneumonia and more ventilator-free days, but without shorter length of intensive care unit stay or shorter duration of mechanical ventilation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Approximately one tenth of mechanically ventilated patients suffer from VAT. Antimicrobial treatment of patients with VAT may protect against the development of subsequent ventilator-associated pneumonia and improve weaning outcome.
authors.affiliation: Alfa Institute of Biomedical Sciences (AIBS), 151 23 Marousi, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Michalis
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Agrafiotis
authors.forename: Ilias I
authors.initials: II
authors.lastname: Siempos
authors.forename: Matthew E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Falagas
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001991:Bronchitis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014136:Tracheitis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents