title: Iron excess in recreational marathon runners.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Iron deficiency and anemia may impair athletic performance, and iron supplements are commonly consumed by athletes. However, iron overload should be avoided because of the possible long-term adverse health effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated the iron status of 170 male and female recreational runners participating in the Zürich marathon. Iron deficiency was defined either as a plasma ferritin (PF) concentration <15 microg/l (iron depletion) or as the ratio of the concentrations of transferrin receptor (sTfR) to PF (sTfR:log(PF) index) of > or =4.5 (functional iron deficiency).
  
  
  RESULTS
  After excluding subjects with elevated C-reactive protein concentrations, iron overload was defined as PF >200 microg/l. Iron depletion was found in only 2 out of 127 men (1.6% of the male study population) and in 12 out of 43 (28.0%) women. Functional iron deficiency was found in 5 (3.9%) and 11 (25.5%) male and female athletes, respectively. Body iron stores, calculated from the sTfR/PF ratio, were significantly higher (P<0.001) among male compared with female marathon runners. Median PF among males was 104 microg/l, and the upper limit of the PF distribution in males was 628 microg/l. Iron overload was found in 19 out of 127 (15.0%) men but only 2 out of 43 in women (4.7%). Gender (male sex), but not age, was a predictor of higher PF (P<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Iron depletion was present in 28% of female runners but in <2% of males, whereas one in six male runners had signs of iron overload. Although iron supplements are widely used by athletes in an effort to increase performance, our findings indicate excess body iron may be common in male recreational runners and suggest supplements should only be used if tests of iron status indicate deficiency.
authors.affiliation: Physiology and Behavior Group, Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mettler
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Zimmermann
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018798:Anemia, Iron-Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D056352:Athletes; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005293:Ferritins / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D007501:Iron / Q000097:blood*; D000090463:Iron Deficiencies; D019190:Iron Overload / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D019266:Iron, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D009752:Nutritional Status; D015995:Prevalence; D011990:Receptors, Transferrin / Q000378:metabolism; D012420:Running / Q000502:physiology*; D012737:Sex Factors
chemical_list: D019266:Iron, Dietary; D011990:Receptors, Transferrin; D005293:Ferritins; D007501:Iron