title: Metabolic control, self-care behaviors, and parenting in adolescents with type 1 diabetes: a correlational study.
abstract: The purpose of this pilot study was to explore relationships among metabolic control, self-care behaviors, and parenting in adolescents with type 1 diabetes.
  
  
  
  Twenty-nine adolescents (mean age, 14.1 years) and their parents participated. Metabolic control was determined by an average of 4 A1C values taken prior to study enrollment; self-care behaviors were measured with a 12-item self-report questionnaire; parenting style was evaluated using the Parenting Practices Report.
  
  
  
  The mean for A1C values was 8.5%; the mean for overall self-care behaviors was 4.93 (5 = usually). Participants rated themselves highest on the self-care behaviors of giving insulin shots when indicated and adjusting insulin when eating a lot. They ranked themselves lowest on eating a low-fat diet and testing urine for ketones. Parents tended to be more authoritative in their approaches to parenting than either authoritarian or permissive. A significant relationship was found between authoritative mothering and adolescent self-care behaviors and metabolic control. Regression analyses controlling for age and length of time with diabetes confirmed the significance of these relationships. Authoritative fathering positively correlated with the self-care behaviors of monitoring blood glucose, taking insulin, and not skipping meals. A relationship was also noted between permissive parenting by mothers/fathers and poorer metabolic outcomes. However, the permissive parenting correlations did not remain significant when controlling for age and length of time with diabetes.
  
  
  
  Clinicians may help prevent declining participation in self-care behaviors and metabolic control in adolescents with type 1 diabetes by working with parents, particularly mothers, and encouraging authoritative parenting.
authors.affiliation: Brigham Young University College of Nursing, Provo, Utah (Ms Greene)
authors.forename: Maia Stoker
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Greene
authors.affiliation: The College of Nursing, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah (Dr Mandleco)
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mandleco
authors.affiliation: The School of Family Life, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah (Dr Roper)
authors.forename: Susanne Olsen
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Roper
authors.affiliation: The School of Nursing, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia (Dr Marshall)
authors.forename: Elaine S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.affiliation: The Department of Counseling Psychology and Special Education, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah (Dr Dyches)
authors.forename: Tina
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dyches
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000523:psychology*; D005220:Fathers / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology*; D010551:Personality; D000297:Psychology, Adolescent; D012648:Self Care / Q000592:standards*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin