title: Association between dietary calcium and vitamin D intake and cervical carcinogenesis among Japanese women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the association between dietary calcium and vitamin D intake and cervical neoplasia risk, we conducted a case-control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  We selected 405 incident cervical neoplasias (333 invasive carcinomas and 72 cervical intraepithelial neoplasias grade III (CIN3)) and 2025 age-matched non-cancer controls. Dietary information was collected using a semiquantitative food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ). The effect on cervical neoplasia risk was evaluated using conditional logistic regression models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The inverse association between invasive carcinoma and milk, yogurt and fish was observed. On the other hand, the marginally significant inverse association between CIN3 and tofu and green leafy vegetables was observed. Compared with the lowest quartile (Q1) of calcium intake, adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for each of the three upper quartiles (Q2, Q3 and Q4) on invasive carcinoma risk were 0.86 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.63-1.17), 0.50 (95% CI 0.34-0.73) and 0.68 (95% CI 0.48-0.97), respectively (P for trend=0.004). However, no association between calcium and cancer risk was evident among CIN3 cases (P for trend=0.528). Vitamin D intake showed a similar inverse association (Q2: OR 1.03, 95% CI 0.74-1.44; Q3: OR 0.80, 95% CI 0.56-1.15; and Q4: OR 0.64, 95% CI 0.43-0.94; P for trend=0.013). Similar to calcium, no association between vitamin D intake among CIN3 was evident (P for trend=0.109). An inverse association with calcium was evident in women whose vitamin D intake was low. However, this combined effect was not significant (invasive carcinoma: interaction P=0.819; and CIN3: interaction P=0.101).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found an inverse association between dietary calcium and vitamin D intake and cervical neoplasia risk among a group of Japanese women.
authors.affiliation: Deparment of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hosono
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matsuo
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kajiyama
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hirose
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kawase
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kidokoro
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakanishi
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hamajima
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kikkawa
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tajima
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tanaka
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000172:deficiency*; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004034:Diet Surveys; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008875:Middle Aged; D008892:Milk; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012307:Risk Factors; D017747:Seafood; D045730:Soy Foods; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D014675:Vegetables; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000150:complications*; D015014:Yogurt; D002578:Uterine Cervical Dysplasia / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D014807:Vitamin D; D002118:Calcium