title: Genotype-phenotype correlation in tissue models of Brugada syndrome simulating patients with sodium and calcium channelopathies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Genetic defects in the sodium channel or in the calcium channel have been identified in patients with Brugada syndrome (BS). However, the differences in their genotype-phenotype correlations are still unclear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated the phenotypic differences and therapeutic effects between the sodium channel and calcium channel abnormalities in in vitro models of BS.
  
  
  METHODS
  We created two models of BS in 18 isolated and arterially perfused canine right ventricular preparations: (1) sodium channel dysfunction model (Na model, n = 11) by pilsicainide and pinacidil and (2) calcium channel dysfunction model (Ca model, n = 7) by verapamil; optically mapped action potentials (APs) on their transmural surface; and evaluated APs and electrocardiograms (ECGs) at pacing cycle lengths (CLs) of 2,000 and 1,000 ms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CL = 1,000 ms: Both models had coved-type ST elevation in the ECG, longer AP duration (APD) in the epicardium than in the endocardium, and a similar incidence of spontaneous ventricular arrhythmias. However, the Ca model had a higher incidence of T wave alternans (TWA) than the Na-model. CL = 2,000 ms: ECGs of the Ca model converted to saddleback-type ST elevation with shorter APDs in the epicardium than in the endocardium, whereas the Na model still had coved-type ST elevation and longer APDs in the epicardium. None of the Ca model preparations had ventricular arrhythmias or TWA, although the Na model had frequent ventricular arrhythmias and TWA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although both sodium channel and calcium channel dysfunction produced similar BS ECGs and arrhythmogenesis at 60 bpm, calcium channel dysfunction was associated with a higher incidence of TWA at 60 bpm, less ST elevation, and fewer arrhythmias at 30 bpm compared with sodium channel dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: Krannert Institute of Cardiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Morita
authors.forename: Douglas P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Zipes
authors.forename: Shiho T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Morita
authors.forename: Jiashin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials; D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D018780:Body Surface Potential Mapping; D053840:Brugada Syndrome / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology; D053447:Channelopathies / Q000235:genetics*; D004285:Dogs; D004699:Endocardium / Q000473:pathology; D005838:Genotype; D007545:Isoproterenol / Q000494:pharmacology; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D010496:Pericardium / Q000473:pathology; D010641:Phenotype; D020110:Pinacidil / Q000494:pharmacology; D015222:Sodium Channels / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D046509:Tissue Culture Techniques; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D014700:Verapamil / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D015222:Sodium Channels; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D020110:Pinacidil; D008012:Lidocaine; C042288:pilsicainide; D014700:Verapamil; D007545:Isoproterenol