title: Ambient temperature and risk of death from accidental drug overdose in New York City, 1990-2006.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mortality increases as ambient temperature increases. Because cocaine affects core body temperature, ambient temperature may play a role in cocaine-related mortality in particular. The present study examined the association between ambient temperature and fatal overdoses over time in New York City.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mortality data were obtained from the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner for 1990 to 2006, and temperature data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association. We used generalized additive models to test the relationship between weekly average temperatures and counts of accidental overdose deaths in New York City, controlling for year and average length of daylight hours.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found a significant relation between ambient temperature and accidental overdose fatality for all models where the overdoses were due in whole or in part to cocaine (all P < 0.05), but not for non-cocaine overdoses. Risk of accidental overdose deaths increased for weeks when the average temperature was above 24 degrees Celsius.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest a strong relation between temperature and accidental overdose mortality that is driven by cocaine-related overdoses rising at temperatures above 24 degrees Celsius; this is a substantially lower temperature than prior estimates. To put this into perspective, approximately 7 weeks a year between 1990 and 2006 had an average weekly temperature of 24 or above in New York City. Heat-related mortality presents a considerable public health concern, and cocaine users constitute a high-risk group.
authors.affiliation: VA National Serious Mental Illness Treatment Research and Evaluation Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA. amybohne@med.umich.edu
authors.forename: Amy S B
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Bohnert
authors.forename: Marta R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Prescott
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vlahov
authors.forename: Kenneth J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Tardiff
authors.forename: Sandro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Galea
mesh_terms: D001831:Body Temperature / Q000187:drug effects; D002423:Cause of Death / Q000639:trends; D003042:Cocaine / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000494:pharmacology; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000401:mortality*; D062787:Drug Overdose / Q000401:mortality; D006358:Hot Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D009519:New York City / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
chemical_list: D003042:Cocaine