title: HIV-1 gp41 fusion intermediate: a target for HIV therapeutics.
abstract: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection is initiated by the binding of gp120 envelope glyco-protein to its cell receptor (CD4) and a coreceptor (CXCR4 or CCR5), followed by a series of conformational changes in the gp41 transmembrane subunit. These changes include insertion of fusion peptide into the target cell membrane and association of C-heptad repeat (CHR) peptide with the N-heptad repeat (NHR) trimer, a pre-hairpin fusion intermediate. A stable six-helix bundle core is then formed, bringing the viral envelope and target cell membrane into close proximity for fusion. Peptides derived from the CHR region, such as T20 and C34, inhibit HIV-1 fusion by interacting with the gp41 fusion intermediate. A number of anti-HIV-1 peptides and small molecule compounds targeting the gp41 NHR-trimer have been identified. By combining HIV fusion/entry inhibitors targeting different sites in the gp41 fusion intermediate, a potent synergistic effect takes place, resulting in a potential new therapeutic strategy for the HIV infection/AIDS. Here, we present an overview of the current development of anti-HIV drugs, particularly those targeting the gp41 fusion intermediate.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Viral Immunology, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
authors.forename: Chungen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: Shuwen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Shibo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jiang
mesh_terms: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015195:Drug Design; D015700:HIV Envelope Protein gp41 / Q000187:drug effects*; D023581:HIV Fusion Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D019713:Receptors, CCR5 / Q000502:physiology; D019718:Receptors, CXCR4 / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D015700:HIV Envelope Protein gp41; D023581:HIV Fusion Inhibitors; D019713:Receptors, CCR5; D019718:Receptors, CXCR4