title: Teaching in small portions dispersed over time enhances long-term knowledge retention.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A primary goal of education is to promote long-term knowledge storage and retrieval.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  A prospective interventional study design was used to investigate our research question: Does a dispersed curriculum promote better short- and long-term retention over a massed course?
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants included 20 gastroenterology residents from the University of Calgary (N = 10) and University of Toronto (N = 10). Participants completed a baseline test of nutrition knowledge. The nutrition course was imparted to University of Calgary residents for 4 h occurring 1 h weekly over 4 consecutive weeks: dispersed delivery (DD). At the University of Toronto the course was taught in one 4h academic half-day: massed delivery (MD). Post-curriculum tests were administered at 1 week and 3 months to assess knowledge retention.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The baseline scores were 46.39 +/- 6.14% and 53.75 +/- 10.69% in the DD and MD groups, respectively. The 1 week post-test scores for the DD and MD groups were 81.67 +/- 8.57%, p < 0.001 and 78.75 +/- 4.43, p < 0.001 which was significantly higher than baseline. The 3-month score was significantly higher in the DD group, but not in the MD group (65.28 +/- 9.88%, p = 0.02 vs. 58.93 +/- 12.06%, p = 0.18). The absolute pre-test to 1-week post-test difference was significantly higher at 35.28 +/- 7.65% among participants in the DD group compared to 25.0 +/- 11.80% in the MD group, p = 0.048. Similarly, the absolute pre-test to 3-month post-test difference was significantly higher at 18.9 +/- 6.7% among the participants in the DD group, compared to 6.8 +/- 11.8% in the MD group, p = 0.021.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Long-term nutrition knowledge is improved with DD compared with MD.
authors.affiliation: University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N4N1, Canada. mkothand@ucalgary.ca
authors.forename: Maitreyi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Raman
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: McLaughlin
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Violato
authors.forename: Alaa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rostom
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Allard
authors.forename: Sylvain
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Coderre
mesh_terms: D000416:Alberta; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003071:Cognition; D003479:Curriculum; D004521:Educational Measurement; D005180:Faculty, Medical; D005762:Gastroenterology / Q000193:education / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D019359:Knowledge; D007858:Learning; D044623:Nutrition Therapy; D009864:Ontario; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011594:Psychometrics; D012577:Schools, Medical; D013663:Teaching; D013997:Time Factors