title: Galectin-9 exhibits anti-myeloma activity through JNK and p38 MAP kinase pathways.
abstract: Galectins constitute a family of lectins that specifically exhibit the affinity for beta-galactosides and modulate various biological events. Galectin-9 is a tandem-repeat type galectin with two carbohydrate recognition domains and has recently been shown to have an anti-proliferative effect on cancer cells. We investigated the effect of recombinant protease-resistant galectin-9 (hGal9) on multiple myeloma (MM). In vitro, hGal9 inhibited the cell proliferation of five myeloma cell lines examined, including a bortezomib-resistant subcell line, with IC(50) between 75.1 and 280.0 nM, and this effect was mediated by the induction of apoptosis with the activation of caspase-8, -9, and -3. hGal9-activated Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 MAPK signaling pathways followed by H2AX phosphorylation. Importantly, the inhibition of either JNK or p38 MAPK partly inhibited the anti-proliferative effect of hGal9, indicating the crucial role of these pathways in the anti-MM effect of hGal9. hGal9 also induced cell death in patient-derived myeloma cells, some with poor-risk factors, such as chromosomal deletion of 13q or translocation t(4;14)(p16;q32). Finally, hGal9 potently inhibited the growth of human myeloma cells xenografted in nude mice. These suggest that hGal9 is a new therapeutic target for MM that may overcome resistance to conventional chemotherapy.
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kuroda
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ashihara
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Oomizu
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Terui
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Taniyama
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Adachi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takagi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Horiike
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hatake
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yamauchi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hirashima
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Taniwaki
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001897:Boronic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D000069286:Bortezomib; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D037161:Galectins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006801:Humans; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D020930:MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009101:Multiple Myeloma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011719:Pyrazines / Q000494:pharmacology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects*; D014916:Whole-Body Irradiation; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D001897:Boronic Acids; D037161:Galectins; C105032:LGALS9 protein, human; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D011719:Pyrazines; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D000069286:Bortezomib; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D020930:MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases; C069937:MAP3K8 protein, human