title: Relationships between emerging measures of heart failure processes of care and clinical outcomes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies have not confirmed associations between some current performance measures for inpatient heart failure processes of care and postdischarge outcomes. It is unknown if alternative measures are associated with outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using data for 20,441 Medicare beneficiaries in OPTIMIZE-HF from March 2003 through December 2004, which we linked to Medicare claims data, we examined associations between hospital-level processes of care and patient outcomes. Performance measures included any beta-blocker for patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD); evidence-based beta-blocker for patients with LVSD; warfarin for patients with atrial fibrillation; aldosterone antagonist for patients with LVSD; implantable cardioverter-defibrillator for patients with ejection fraction < or =35%; and referral to disease management. Outcome measures were unadjusted and adjusted associations of each process measure with 60-day and 1-year mortality and cardiovascular readmission at the hospital level.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adjusted hazard ratios for 1-year mortality with a 10% increase in hospital- level adherence were 0.94 for any beta-blocker (95% CI, 0.90-0.98; P = .004), 0.95 for evidence-based beta-blocker (95% CI, 0.92-0.98; P = .004); 0.97 for warfarin (95% CI, 0.92-1.03; P = .33); 0.94 for aldosterone antagonists (95% CI, 0.91-0.98; P = .006); 0.92 for implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (95% CI, 0.87-0.98; P = .007); and 1.01 for referral to disease management (95% CI, 0.99-1.03; P = .21).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Several evidence-based processes of care are associated with improved outcomes, can discriminate hospital-level quality of care, and could be considered as clinical performance measures.
authors.affiliation: Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA. adrian.hernandez@duke.edu
authors.forename: Adrian F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Hernandez
authors.forename: Bradley G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Hammill
authors.forename: Eric D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Peterson
authors.forename: Clyde W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Yancy
authors.forename: Kevin A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Schulman
authors.forename: Lesley H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Curtis
authors.forename: Gregg C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Fonarow
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality*; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D006278:Medicare; D000451:Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010359:Patient Readmission / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D012042:Registries; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality; D014859:Warfarin / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D000925:Anticoagulants; D000451:Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists; D014859:Warfarin