title: NK cells influence both innate and adaptive immune responses after mucosal immunization with antigen and mucosal adjuvant.
abstract: NK cells were found to be recruited in a temporally controlled manner to the nasal-associated lymphoid tissue and the cervical lymph nodes of mice after intranasal immunization with Ag85B-early secreted antigenic target 6 kDa from Mycobacterium tuberculosis mixed with Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin as adjuvant. These NK cells were activated and secreted a diverse range of cytokines and other immunomodulators. Using Ab depletion targeting anti-asialo GM1, we found evidence for altered trafficking, impaired activation, and cytokine secretion of dendritic cells, macrophages, and neutrophils in immunized NK cell-depleted mice compared with control animals. Analysis of Ag-specific immune responses revealed an attenuated Ab and cytokine response in immunized NK cell-depleted animals. Systemic administration of rIL-6 but not rIFN-gamma significantly restored immune responses in mice depleted of NK cells. In conclusion, cytokine production, particularly IL-6, via NK cells and NK cell-activated immune populations plays an important role in the establishment of local innate immune responses and the consequent development of adaptive immunity after mucosal immunization.
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom. l.hall@ucc.ie
authors.forename: Lindsay J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Clare
authors.forename: Gordon
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dougan
mesh_terms: D000217:Acyltransferases / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology*; D056704:Adaptive Immunity; D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000818:Animals; D000942:Antigens, Bacterial / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology*; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D005677:G(M1) Ganglioside / Q000276:immunology; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000166:cytology* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D008212:Lymphocyte Depletion; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000942:Antigens, Bacterial; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; C093276:ESAT-6 protein, Mycobacterium tuberculosis; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D015850:Interleukin-6; D005677:G(M1) Ganglioside; C018835:asialo GM1 ganglioside; D000217:Acyltransferases; C121433:antigen 85B, Mycobacterium tuberculosis