title: The diaphragm: a hidden but essential organ for the mammal and the human.
abstract: The diaphragm is the only organ which only and all mammals have and without which no mammals can live. The human is the only mammal which keeps the diaphragm parallel to the ground even during locomotion. Abdominal breathing mode maximizes the diaphragmatic motion using abdominal muscles, and control precisely exhaled air velocity. Controlled exhaled airflow generates sophisticated vocalization, singing, and finally the language. We propose novel nomenclatures for the mammal and the human. The former be the diaphragmal, and the latter be the horizontal diaphragmal, alias Homo cantale.
authors.affiliation: Division of Engineering Technology, JSOL Corporation, Tokyo, Japan. hirokokitaoka000@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Hiroko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kitaoka
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chihara
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D003964:Diaphragm / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000502:physiology; D008322:Mammals / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D011187:Posture; D012123:Pulmonary Ventilation / Q000502:physiology; D012119:Respiration