title: Metabolic classification of South American Ilex species by NMR-based metabolomics.
abstract: The genus Ilex to which mate (Ilex paraguariensis) belongs, consists of more than 500 species. A wide range of metabolites including saponins and phenylpropanoids has been reported from Ilex species. However, despite the previous works on the Ilex metabolites, the metabolic similarities between species which can be used for chemotaxonomy of the species are not clear yet. In this study, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy-based metabolomics was applied to the classification of 11 South American Ilex species, namely, Ilex argentina, Ilex brasiliensis, Ilex brevicuspis, Ilex dumosa var. dumosa, I. dumosa var. guaranina, Ilex integerrima, Ilex microdonta, I. paraguariensis var. paraguariensis, Ilex pseudobuxus, Ilex taubertiana, and Ilex theezans. (1)H NMR combined with principal component analysis (PCA), partial least square-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) showed a clear separation between species and resulted in four groups based on metabolomic similarities. The signal congestion of (1)H NMR spectra was overcome by the implementation of two-dimensional (2D)-J-resolved and heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC). From the results obtained by 1D- and 2D-NMR-based metabolomics it was concluded that species included in group A (I. paraguariensis) were metabolically characterized by a higher amount of xanthines, and phenolics including phenylpropanoids and flavonoids; group B (I. dumosa var. dumosa and I. dumosa var. guaranina) with oleanane type saponins; group C (I. brasiliensis, I. integerrima, I. pseudobuxus and I. theezans) with arbutin and dicaffeoylquinic acids, and group D (I. argentina, I. brevicuspis, I. microdonta and I. taubertiana) with the highest level of ursane-type saponins. Clear metabolomic discrimination of Ilex species and varieties in this study makes the chemotaxonomic classification of Ilex species possible.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmacognosy, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Hye Kyong
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.lastname: Saifullah
authors.forename: Saifullah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Erica G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Sergio D Prat
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Kricun
authors.forename: Axel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Meissner
authors.forename: Sibel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Goraler
authors.forename: André M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Deelder
authors.forename: Young Hae
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Verpoorte
mesh_terms: D016000:Cluster Analysis; D030017:Ilex / Q000378:metabolism*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D055432:Metabolomics; D025341:Principal Component Analysis