title: Dietary intake estimate for perfluorooctanesulphonic acid (PFOS) and other perfluorocompounds (PFCs) in UK retail foods following determination using standard addition LC-MS/MS.
abstract: The analysis of 252 food samples (UK-produced and imported) purchased from a variety of retail outlets in the UK was undertaken for the presence of perfluorooctanesulphonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and nine other perfluorocompounds (PFCs). A limit of quantification (LOQ) of 1 microg/kg was achieved for all target analytes, in all samples. Standard addition was used for quantification of PFC levels. All 11 of the targeted PFCs were detected in 75 individual food items. In 70% of the samples, including all meat other than offal, none of the analytes were present above the LOD. The highest levels found were 59 microg/kg perfluorooctanesulphonic acid (PFOS) and 63 microg/kg total PFCs (SigmaPFCs) in an eel sample, and 40 microg/kg PFOS (62 microg/kg SigmaPFCs) in a whitebait sample. The highest level in an offal sample was 10 microg/kg, in a wild roe deer liver. There were six samples with SigmaPFCs >15 microg/kg (fish, shellfish, crustaceans), a further seven samples with SigmaPFCs ranging 11-15 microg/kg (including a liver), nine with SigmaPFCs ranging 6-10 microg/kg (fish and livers), 31 with SigmaPFCs in the range 2-5 microg/kg (including kidneys, popcorn and processed peas) and a further 22 with SigmaPFCs close to the LOD of 1 microg/kg (including eggs and potatoes). These concentrations indicate that UK consumers are being exposed to a low level of PFC contamination from food. The estimated upper bound dietary intake of 10 ng/kg bodyweight (bw)/day of PFOS for average adult consumers is well below the 0.15 microg (150 ng)/kg bw tolerable daily intake (TDI) set by the European Food Safety Authority. The lower bound adult dietary intake estimate of 1 ng/kg bw/day is similar to estimates undertaken and reported in countries such as Canada, Germany and Spain.
authors.affiliation: Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, Food and Environment Research Agency, York YO411LZ, UK. don.clarke@fera.gsi.gov.uk
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Clarke
authors.forename: V A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Routledge
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Lloyd
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hird
authors.forename: D N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Mortimer
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gem
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D017738:Alkanesulfonic Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D000818:Animals; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D004032:Diet; D005399:Fishes; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007668:Kidney / Q000737:chemistry; D008099:Liver / Q000737:chemistry; D008452:Maximum Allowable Concentration; D008460:Meat / Q000032:analysis; D017747:Seafood / Q000032:analysis; D012758:Shellfish / Q000032:analysis; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D006113:United Kingdom
chemical_list: D017738:Alkanesulfonic Acids; D005466:Fluorocarbons; C076994:perfluorooctane sulfonic acid