title: Perceptual responses while wearing an American football uniform in the heat.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The protective equipment worn during American football has been shown to increase thermal strain; however, the perception of this increased heat has not been examined.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate perceptual responses of American football players while wearing different uniforms during exercise in the heat and to evaluate how these responses may be used to monitor athlete safety.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human Performance Laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten men with more than 3 years of competitive experience as football linemen (age = 23.8 +/- 1.3 years, height = 183.9 +/- 1.8 cm, mass = 117.4 +/- 3.5 kg, body fat = 30.1% +/- 1.7%) participated.
  
  
  METHODS
  On 3 occasions in hot, humid (33 degrees C, 48%-49% relative humidity) environmental conditions, participants completed 10 minutes of strenuous repetitive box lifting (RBL), 10 minutes of seated rest, and up to 60 minutes of treadmill walking. At each trial, they wore a different uniform condition: control (CON) clothing comprising shorts, socks, and sneakers; partial (PART) National Football League (NFL) uniform comprising the uniform without helmet or shoulder pads; or full (FULL) NFL uniform. Exercise, meals, and hydration status were controlled.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rectal temperature (T(re)), skin temperature (T(sk)), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), thermal perception (THM), perception of thirst (TST), and perception of muscle pain (MPN) were obtained for time points matched across trials.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nineteen of the 30 trials ended before 60 minutes of treadmill walking as a result of participant exhaustion. Mean treadmill time was longer for the CON condition (51.7 +/- 13.4 minutes) than for the PART (43.1 +/- 15.6 minutes; t(9) = 3.092, P = .01) or the FULL (36.2 +/- 13.2 minutes; t(9) = 4.393, P = .002) conditions. Neck and forearm T(sk) increased between the initial time point and the end of exercise in the PART (33.6 +/- 0.9 degrees C and 35.0 +/- 0.6 degrees C, respectively; F(2,18) = 9.034, P < .001) and the FULL (33.4 +/- 0.9 degrees C and 35.2 +/- 0.6 degrees C, respectively; F(2,18) = 21.011, P = .002) conditions. Rate of T(re) rise was greater in the FULL (0.042 +/- 0.010 degrees C/min) than in the PART (0.034 +/- 0.006 degrees C/min) condition (F(2,27) = 10.69, P = .04). We found a relationship at the post-RBL and final time points between RPE and THM (r = 0.75, P < .001 and r = 0.59, P < .001, respectively), RPE and TST (r = 0.76, P < .001 and r = 0.61, P < .001, respectively), and RPE and MPN (r = 0.63, P < .001 and r = 0.64, P < .001, respectively). The RPE was greater at the end of exercise in the PART (17 +/- 2) and FULL (18 +/- 1) conditions than in the CON (15 +/- 3) condition (F(2,18) = 7.403, P = .005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although no differences in perceptual scales existed between the PART and FULL conditions, the T(sk) and rate of T(re) increase differed, indicating that football athletes find it difficult to perceptually rate exercise conditions as potentially dangerous hyperthermia develops. In addition, correlations between the perceptual scales further defined perceptual responses during exercise in the heat.
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Mr Johnson is now at the Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA, USA. Evan.Johnson@med.navy.mil
authors.forename: Evan C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Matthew S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Ganio
authors.forename: Elaine C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Rebecca M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Lopez
authors.forename: Brendon P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: McDermott
authors.forename: Douglas J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Casa
authors.forename: Carl M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Maresh
authors.forename: Lawrence E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Armstrong
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001833:Body Temperature Regulation / Q000502:physiology; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology; D005538:Football; D018882:Heat Stress Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010465:Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D011482:Protective Devices; D019876:Sports Equipment; D013894:Thirst; D055815:Young Adult