title: Astaxanthin decreased oxidative stress and inflammation and enhanced immune response in humans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Astaxanthin modulates immune response, inhibits cancer cell growth, reduces bacterial load and gastric inflammation, and protects against UVA-induced oxidative stress in in vitro and rodent models. Similar clinical studies in humans are unavailable. Our objective is to study the action of dietary astaxanthin in modulating immune response, oxidative status and inflammation in young healthy adult female human subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants (averaged 21.5 yr) received 0, 2, or 8 mg astaxanthin (n = 14/diet) daily for 8 wk in a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Immune response was assessed on wk 0, 4 and 8, and tuberculin test performed on wk 8.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plasma astaxanthin increased (P < 0.01) dose-dependently after 4 or 8 wk of supplementation. Astaxanthin decreased a DNA damage biomarker after 4 wk but did not affect lipid peroxidation. Plasma C-reactive protein concentration was lower (P < 0.05) on wk 8 in subjects given 2 mg astaxanthin. Dietary astaxanthin stimulated mitogen-induced lymphoproliferation, increased natural killer cell cytotoxic activity, and increased total T and B cell subpopulations, but did not influence populations of Thelper, Tcytotoxic or natural killer cells. A higher percentage of leukocytes expressed the LFA-1 marker in subjects given 2 mg astaxanthin on wk 8. Subjects fed 2 mg astaxanthin had a higher tuberculin response than unsupplemented subjects. There was no difference in TNF and IL-2 concentrations, but plasma IFN-gamma and IL-6 increased on wk 8 in subjects given 8 mg astaxanthin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Therefore, dietary astaxanthin decreases a DNA damage biomarker and acute phase protein, and enhances immune response in young healthy females.
authors.affiliation: School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6376 USA. boonchew@wsu.edu.
authors.forename: Jean Soon
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Jong Hee
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Chyun
authors.forename: Yoo Kyung
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Larry L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Line
authors.forename: Boon P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Chew