title: Surgical navigation using three-dimensional computed tomography images fused intraoperatively with live video.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  For novice surgeons, successful laparoscopic radical nephrectomy depends on the treatment of the renal vessels, and the use of computed tomography assists in navigation during the surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  To navigate during surgery, three-dimensional volume-rendered images of the renal vessels, kidneys, and surrounding organs were created intraoperatively by the surgeon using an image-processing application. A surgeon adjusted the angle of view and the size of the images according to surgical views during the operation, using a wireless mouse enclosed in a sterilized bag. These images were simultaneously fused onto live video using image-capture software.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Novice surgeons easily constructed the augmented reality images intraoperatively and were able to successfully treat the renal vessels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of three-dimensional computed tomography volume-rendered images with live video is a valuable navigation system for use intraoperatively.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Inage-ward, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuhiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Yukio
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Naya
authors.forename: Satoki
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zenbutsu
authors.forename: Kazuhiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Araki
authors.forename: Shuko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Sho
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ohta
authors.forename: Naoki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nihei
authors.forename: Hiroyoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Tomohiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ichikawa
authors.forename: Tatsuo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Igarashi
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D007430:Intraoperative Care / Q000379:methods*; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014743:Videotape Recording / Q000379:methods*