title: Circadian study of decompression sickness symptoms and response-associated variables in rats.
abstract: In order to study circadian rhythms and decompression sickness (DCS), we determined: 1) the baseline circadian time structure in noncompressed rats of potential response variables to compression/decompression (C/D), and 2) whether rats subjected to C/D display a circadian time-dependent difference in inflammatory response intensity and biological tolerance. Subgroups of male rats, standardized to a 12 h light/12 h dark schedule, were evaluated every 4 h over 24 h after they were either compressed to 683 kPa (group E) or remained at sea level (group C). During 60 min recovery, evaluation included gross DCS symptoms and pulmonary edema in all E rats, and cell counts, nitric oxide, protein, thromboxane B(2,) and leukotriene E(4) levels in survivors. Chi-square, ANOVA, and 24 h cosinor analyses were used to test for time-of-day effects. C/D exposures near the end of dark/activity or during light/resting were generally better tolerated, with lowest signs of DCS symptoms and lowest responses by most of the variables monitored. More deaths were observed in the first half of the dark/activity span. Of the 16 subsets of inflammatory-associated variables, overall increases were observed in 13 and decreases in 2. Significant or borderline significant circadian time effects were found in 14 variables in group C, 12 variables in group E, and 13 variables in response (E%C). Thus, nearly all baseline indices of DCS demonstrated circadian time-dependencies in the sea-level exposed control rats (group C), and nearly all were modified by the circadian time of C/D. Such time-of-day effects of DCS are potentially relevant to the operational concerns of occupations involving decompression exposures and the investigation of prevention and treatment intervention strategies of DCS.
authors.affiliation: Baromedical Laboratory, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030, USA. Bruce.D.Butler@uth.tmc.edu
authors.forename: Bruce D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Butler
authors.forename: Tina M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Little
authors.forename: Robert B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Sothern
authors.forename: Michael H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Smolensky
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D003665:Decompression Sickness / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000502:physiology; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D017999:Leukotriene E4 / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000097:blood; D017440:Photoperiod; D011506:Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D011654:Pulmonary Edema / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013929:Thromboxane B2 / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D011506:Proteins; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D013929:Thromboxane B2; D017999:Leukotriene E4