title: Healthy lifestyle habits and 10-year cardiovascular risk in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: an analysis of the impact of smoking tobacco in the CLAMORS schizophrenia cohort.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We analysed the impact of tobacco smoking over several healthy lifestyle habits along with the impact on 10-years cardiovascular event (CVE) risk in the CLAMORS schizophrenia cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  This analysis was performed within the scope of the CLAMORS study which included consecutive outpatients meeting DSM-IV criteria for schizophrenia spectrum disorder. Beside smoking history, data on usual healthy lifestyle habits included current exercise, saturated fat sparing diet, low-caloric diet, and daily dietary fibre, salt, caffeine and alcohol consumption were recorded. The 10-year CVE risk was calculated with Framingham function.
  
  
  RESULTS
  1704 patients (61.1% male), 18 to 74 years were examined. Prevalence of smoking was 54.54% (95% CI: 52.16%-56.90%) significantly higher than in age and sex matched general population subjects, 31.51% (31.49%-31.52%); OR=2.61 (2.37-2.87, p<0.0001). After controlling by confounders smokers showed a 10-year CVE risk excess versus non-smokers of 2.63 (2.16-3.09), p<0.001. Smoking cessation would reduce the likely of high/very high 10-year CVE risk (above 10%) by near 90% [OR=0.10 (0.06-0.18), p<0.0001]. Also, smokers were more likely to consume alcohol daily [4.13 (3.07-5.54), p<0.0001] and caffeine [3.39 (2.72-4.23), p<0.0001] than non-smoker patients with schizophrenia, and less likely to avoid daily consumption of salt [0.58 (0.43-0.78), p<0.0001], saturated fat [0.71 (0.56-0.91), p=0.006], high fibre diet [0.67 (0.53-0.84), p=0.001], or to follow a low-caloric diet [0.63 (0.48-0.81), p<0.0001]. Smokers also were less likely to do exercise habitually [0.62 (0.48-0.82, p=0.001].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared with the general population, patients with schizophrenia showed significant higher prevalence of smoking. Smokers who stop smoking would benefit by a near 90% reduction in the likely of 10-year cardiovascular event risk above 10%.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Psychiatry Area, University of Oviedo, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain. bobes@uniovi.es
authors.forename: Julio
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bobes
authors.forename: Celso
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Arango
authors.forename: Margarida
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Garcia-Garcia
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rejas
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000072038:Cardiac Rehabilitation; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D008875:Middle Aged; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D012306:Risk; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013030:Spain; D055815:Young Adult