title: Critical analysis of empiric antibiotic utilization: establishing benchmarks.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We critically evaluated empiric antibiotic practice in the surgical and trauma intensive care unit (STICU) with three specific objectives: (1) To characterize empiric antibiotics practice prospectively; (2) to determine how frequently STICU patients started on empiric antibiotics subsequently have a confirmed infection; and (3) to elucidate the complications associated with unnecessary empiric antibiotic therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We collected data prospectively using the Surgical Intensive Care-Infection Registry (SIC-IR) including all 1,185 patients admitted to the STICU for >2 days from March 2007 through May 2008. Empiric antibiotics were defined as those initiated because of suspected infections.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean patient age was 56 years and 62% were male. The mean STICU length of stay was eight days, and the mortality rate was 4.6%. Empiric antibiotics were started for 26.3% of the patients. The average length of antibiotic use was three days. Of the 312 patients started on empiric antibiotics, only 25.6% were found to have an infection. Factors associated with correctly starting empiric antibiotics were a longer STICU stay (5 vs. 3 days), prior antibiotics (29% vs. 17%), and mechanical ventilation (93% vs. 79%). Patients who were started on antibiotics without a subsequent confirmed infection were compared with patients not given empiric antibiotics. Incorrect use of empiric antibiotics was associated with younger age (p < 0.001), more STICU days (10.6 vs. 5.9 days; p < 0.001), more ventilator days (p < 0.001), more development of acute renal failure (24.1% vs. 12.1%; p < 0.001), and a significant difference in mortality rate (8.6% vs. 3.2%; p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After admission to the STICU, 26% of patients received at least one course of empiric antibiotics. Only 25.6% of these patients were confirmed to have an infection. These results provide key benchmark data for the critical care community to improve antibiotic stewardship.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio OH 44109-1998, USA. jclaridge@metrohealth.org
authors.forename: Jeffrey A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Claridge
authors.forename: Priscilla
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pang
authors.forename: William H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Leukhardt
authors.forename: Joseph F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Golob
authors.forename: Jeffrey W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Carter
authors.forename: Adam M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Fadlalla
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004358:Drug Therapy / Q000379:methods; D004363:Drug Utilization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents