title: 3D powder printed calcium phosphate implants for reconstruction of cranial and maxillofacial defects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to investigate the processing and the possible use of 3D powder printed calcium phosphate implants for the reconstruction of cranial and maxillofacial defects.
  
  
  METHODS
  The fabrication of the implants was carried out with a commercial 3D powder printing system. Diluted phosphoric acid was printed onto tricalcium phosphate powder, leading to the formation of dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (Brushite). Hydrothermal conversion of the brushite matrices led to the formation of dicalcium phosphate anhydrous (Monetite).
  
  
  METHODS
  Bony defects were generated using a human cadaver skull. The implants were computer-aided designed (CAD) using a mirror imaging procedure following computed tomography of the skull. Specific implants were manufactured by the 3D powder printing rapid prototyping technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The processing chain from data acquisition to printing of the implants proved to be practical and uncomplicated. The individual implants showed a high degree of accuracy of fit. Mechanical and physical investigations revealed suitable characteristics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  3D powder printing of calcium phosphate cement material provides a promising new method for the manufacturing of biodegradable synthetic patient-specific craniofacial implants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery, University of Würzburg, Pleicherwall 2, 97070 Würzburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Uwe
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Klammert
authors.forename: Uwe
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Gbureck
authors.forename: Elke
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vorndran
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rödiger
authors.forename: Philipp
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Meyer-Marcotty
authors.forename: Alexander C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Kübler
mesh_terms: D020341:Absorbable Implants; D018786:Bone Substitutes; D002130:Calcium Phosphates; D017076:Computer-Aided Design; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008447:Maxillofacial Prosthesis; D011474:Prosthesis Design / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D018786:Bone Substitutes; D002130:Calcium Phosphates