title: Influence of different centrifugation protocols on equine semen preservation.
abstract: Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the impact of centrifugation on cooled and frozen preservation of equine semen. A standard centrifugation protocol (600 x g for 10 min=CP1) was compared to four protocols with increasing g-force and decreased time period (600 x g, 1200 x g, 1800 x g and 2400 x g for 5 min for CP2, 3, 4, and 5, respectively) and to an uncentrifuged negative control. In experiment 1, the influence of the different CPs on sperm loss was evaluated by calculating the total number of sperm cells in 90% of the supernatant. Moreover, the effect on semen quality following centrifugation was assessed by monitoring several sperm parameters (membrane integrity using SYBR14-PI, acrosomal status using PSA-FITC, percentage total motility (TM), percentage progressive motility (PM) and beat cross frequency (BCF) obtained with computer assisted sperm analysis (CASA)) immediately after centrifugation and daily during chilled storage for 3 d. The use of CP1 resulted in a sperm loss of 22%. Increasing the centrifugation force to 1800 x g and 2400 x g for 5 min led to significantly lower sperm losses (7.4% and 2.1%, respectively; P<0.05). Compared to the uncentrifuged samples, centrifugation of semen resulted in a better sperm quality after chilled storage. There were minimal differences between the CPs although total motility was lower for CP2 than for the other treatments (P<0.005). In experiment 2, the centrifuged samples were cryopreserved using a standard freezing protocol and analyzed immediately upon thawing. Samples centrifuged according to CP2 resulted in a higher BCF (P<0.005), whereas CP3 and CP5 yielded a lower BCF (P<0.05) when compared to CP1. There were no post thaw differences between CP1 and CP4. In experiment 3, DNA integrity of the different samples was analyzed using TUNEL. Although DNA integrity decreased over time, CP had no impact. In conclusion, the loss of sperm cells in the supernatant after centrifugation can be substantially reduced by increasing the g-force up to 1800 x g or 2400 x g for a shorter period of time (5 min) compared to the standard protocol without apparent changes in semen quality, resulting in a considerable increase in the number of insemination doses per ejaculate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, Belgium. maarten.hoogewijs@UGent.be
authors.forename: Maarten
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hoogewijs
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rijsselaere
authors.forename: Sarne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: De Vliegher
authors.forename: Emilie
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vanhaesebrouck
authors.forename: Catharina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: De Schauwer
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Govaere
authors.forename: Mirjan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Thys
authors.forename: Geert
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hoflack
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Van Soom
authors.forename: Aart
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: de Kruif
mesh_terms: D000177:Acrosome / Q000648:ultrastructure; D000818:Animals; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000648:ultrastructure; D002498:Centrifugation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D015925:Cryopreservation / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary; D004249:DNA Damage; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D006736:Horses; D006358:Hot Temperature; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D008297:Male; D012662:Semen Preservation / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D013076:Sperm Count; D013081:Sperm Motility; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000737:chemistry / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes