title: Self-injury in autism as an alternate sign of catatonia: implications for electroconvulsive therapy.
abstract: Multiple reports show the efficacious usage of ECT for catatonia in individuals with autism. There are also a few reports showing that ECT improves self-injury in people with and without autism. In this hypothesis, self-injury in autism and other developmental disorders may be an alternate sign of catatonia, and as such an indication for electroconvulsive therapy. The issue is important because self-injury occurs at an increased rate in autistic and intellectually disabled individuals, but is poorly understood and often difficult to treat with psychological and pharmacological means. Self-injury may be considered a type of stereotypy, a classic symptom of catatonia that is exquisitely responsive to electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Historical and modern reports further support the association of self-injury, tics and catatonia. Central gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) dysfunction may provide an important explanatory link between autism, catatonia and self-injury. Therefore, people with autism and other developmental disorders who develop severe self-injury (with or without concomitant tics) should be assessed for catatonia, and ECT should be considered as a treatment option. Further studies of the utility of ECT as an accepted treatment for catatonia are warranted in the study of self-injury in autism.
authors.affiliation: Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 707 North Broadway St., Baltimore, MD 21209, USA. wachtel@kennedykrieger.org
authors.forename: Lee E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Wachtel
authors.forename: Dirk M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Dhossche
mesh_terms: D001321:Autistic Disorder / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D002389:Catatonia / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D004565:Electroconvulsive Therapy; D006801:Humans; D016728:Self-Injurious Behavior