title: Tasks considered by veterinarians to cause them musculoskeletal discomfort, and suggested solutions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe veterinarians' perceptions of the causes of, and reasons for, work-related musculoskeletal discomfort (MSD), and to summarise their suggestions for ways to reduce the risk of MSD.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study administered online asked 2,112 veterinarians registered in New Zealand to indicate, using free-handed text, the three tasks that "will most likely lead to musculoskeletal aches and pains (MSD)", reasons "why are these tasks likely to be the most risky?", and "any solutions that you apply or know of ".
  
  
  RESULTS
  Complete questionnaires were returned by 828 veterinarians, a response rate of 39%. The tasks considered by veterinarians most likely to lead to MSD were lifting, surgery, rectal palpations, and animal handling. The main reasons why tasks were perceived to be most likely to lead to MSD were awkward posture, repetitive activities, and physical activity. The solutions suggested by veterinarians included provision of appropriate assistance and/or adequate staff, attention to correct manual handling techniques, provision of facilities to allow work to be carried out at a comfortable height, and regular rotation of jobs. Of the 39 solution categories, 16 (41%) could be categorised as those requiring a change in design of the work environment, and 15 (38%) involved training.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study indicate that veterinarians perceive the causes of work-related MSD to be related to physical rather than psychosocial factors. We propose that the findings reported in this study provide a useful starting point for the application of a participatory ergonomics approach for addressing the problem of MSD amongst veterinarians in New Zealand.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Ergonomics, Occupational Safety and Health, Department of Management, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand. scuffham@xtra.co.nz
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Scuffham
authors.forename: E C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Firth
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Stevenson
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Legg
mesh_terms: D000062:Accidents, Occupational; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D009520:New Zealand / Q000453:epidemiology; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D018634:Veterinarians; D055815:Young Adult