title: Multiple markers of inflammation and weight status: cross-sectional analyses throughout childhood.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein (CRP) are related to obesity in adults, but the association is less clear in children. Our objective was to examine relationships between multiple markers of inflammation and children's weight status; we hypothesized that the prevalence of inflammatory markers would increase as weight status increased.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of children in the United States aged 1 to 17 years in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999-2006. Children were categorized using weight-for-length when age <2 years and BMI for > or =2 years, as very obese (> or =99th percentile), obese (<99th and > or =95th percentile), overweight (<95th and > or =85th percentile), and healthy weight (>5th to < or =85th percentile) according to expert consensus. Our main outcome measures were high-sensitivity CRP and absolute neutrophil count, in addition to a novel third measure: ferritin controlled for iron status using a ferritin/transferrin ratio. We used Cox proportional hazards models to examine risk of abnormal values of inflammatory markers according to weight.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Increased risk of a CRP level of >1.0 mg/L was evident among very obese children from ages 3 to 5 years (hazard ratio [HR]: 2.29; P < .01) through 15 to 17 years (HR: 4.73; P < .01). Increased risk of abnormal neutrophil count among very obese children began at 6 to 8 years (HR: 2.00; P = .049), and increased prevalence of abnormal ferritin/transferrin ratio began at 9 to 11 years (HR: 7.06; P < .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Multiple inflammatory markers are strongly and positively associated with increasing weight status in children, and this relationship starts as young as age 3. Elevated inflammatory markers in very young obese children are particularly concerning, because inflammation may cause long-term, cumulative vascular damage. This deserves additional research via longitudinal design.
authors.affiliation: Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
authors.forename: Asheley Cockrell
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Skinner
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Steiner
authors.forename: Frederick W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Henderson
authors.forename: Eliana M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Perrin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology*; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005293:Ferritins / Q000097:blood; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000378:metabolism; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology*; D050177:Overweight / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology*; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D005293:Ferritins