title: Pedigree and genetic study of a bilateral congenital microtia family.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Microtia can be defined as a malformation of the auricle; the varying severity that results can range from mild distortion of the anatomic landmarks to the complete absence of the ear. No specific study has been reported analyzing a family of several generations with bilateral congenital concha-type microtia so far.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors obtained medical records and blood samples from a Chinese family with bilateral congenital concha-type microtia that involved 56 members of five generations. There were 20 patients with bilateral congenital concha-type microtia in this pedigree, and 14 patients were still alive. Pedigree analysis and genetic study were carried out to obtain the information in this family.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With regard to pedigree, 35.7 percent of the members of this family were affected by bilateral congenital concha-type microtia and showed the possibility of autosomal dominant inheritance model. Missense mutation A deletion on site 76234730 in goosecoid gene exon 3 occurred in eight cases in the family, which resulted in a frame shift mutation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The goosecoid gene mutation in exon 3 may be involved in the malformation events in this family. The mutation can be accompanied by potential environmental risk factors, such as exposure to poison and hazardous materials, alcohol abuse, and disease during the mother's pregnancy. Further study is needed to clarify the relationship between the genetic and environmental factors associated with the congenital malformation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ear Reconstruction Center, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Peking Union Medical College, Shijingshan District, Beijing, China. zhangji@ecu.edu
authors.forename: Qingguo
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Jiao
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Yin
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D025063:Chromosome Disorders / Q000235:genetics*; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D017931:DNA Primers; D054644:Ear Auricle / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D051518:Fibroblast Growth Factor 3 / Q000235:genetics; D051956:Goosecoid Protein / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020125:Mutation, Missense; D010375:Pedigree
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; C496444:FGF3 protein, human; D051518:Fibroblast Growth Factor 3; C497992:GSC protein, human; D051956:Goosecoid Protein