Development of the Italian version of the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (TSK-I): cross-cultural adaptation, factor analysis, reliability, and validity.
METHODS
Evaluation of the psychometric properties of a translated and culturally adapted questionnaire.


OBJECTIVE
Translating, culturally adapting, and validating the Italian version of the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (TSK-I) to allow its use for Italian-speaking patients with low back pain.


BACKGROUND
Increasing attention is being given to standardized outcome measures as a means of improving interventions for low back pain. A translated form of the TSK in patients with low back pain has never been validated in the Italian population.


METHODS
The development of the TSK-I questionnaire involved its translation and back-translation, a final review by an expert committee, and testing of the prefinal version to establish its correspondence to the original English version. Psychometric testing included factor analysis, reliability by internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) and test-retest repeatability (Intraclass Coefficient Correlation), discriminant validity (Pearson correlation) by comparing TSK-I to a visual analogue scale, the Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire, Beck's Depression Inventory and Anxiety Inventory.


RESULTS
It took the authors 5 months to achieve a shared version of the TSK-I, which proved to be satisfactorily acceptable when administered to 178 subjects. Factor analysis indicated a 2-factor 13-item solution (38% of explained variance). The questionnaire showed acceptable internal consistency (alpha = 0.772) and high test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.956). Discriminant validity showed moderate to low correlations with visual analogue scale (r = 0.345), the Roland Morris Disability (r = 0.337), and Beck's Depression Inventory and Anxiety Inventory (r = 0.258 and r = 283). The subscales were also psychometrically analyzed.


CONCLUSIONS
The TSK was successfully translated into Italian, showing a good factorial structure and psychometric properties, and replicating the results of existing English versions of the questionnaire. Its use is recommended for research purposes.
Monticone
Marco
M
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Unit, Scientific Institute of Lissone (Milan), Salvatore Maugeri Foundation, IRCCS, Pavia, Italy. marco.monticone@fsm.it
Giorgi
Ines
I
Baiardi
Paola
P
Barbieri
Massimo
M
Rocca
Barbara
B
Bonezzi
Cesare
C
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy / Q000208:ethnology; D018953:Kinesiology, Applied / Q000379:methods; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010698:Phobic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D055815:Young Adult