title: The nine-year sustained cost-containment impact of swiss pilot physicians-pharmacists quality circles.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Six pioneer physicians-pharmacists quality circles (PPQCs) located in the Swiss canton of Fribourg (administratively corresponding to a state in the US) were under the responsibility of 6 trained community pharmacists moderating the prescribing process of 24 general practitioners (GPs). PPQCs are based on a multifaceted collaborative process mediated by community pharmacists for improving compliance with clinical guidelines within GPs' prescribing practices.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess, over a 9-year period (1999-2007), the cost-containment impact of the PPQCs.
  
  
  METHODS
  The key elements of PPQCs are a structured continuous quality improvement and education process; local networking; feedback of comparative and detailed data regarding costs, drug choice, and frequency of prescribed drugs; and structured independent literature review for interdisciplinary continuing education. The data are issued from the community pharmacy invoices to the health insurance companies. The study analyzed the cost-containment impact of the PPQCs in comparison with GPs working in similar conditions of care without particular collaboration with pharmacists, the percentage of generic prescriptions for specific cardiovascular drug classes, and the percentage of drug costs or units prescribed for specific cardiovascular drugs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the 9-year period, there was a 42% decrease in the drug costs in the PPQC group as compared to the control group, representing a $225,000 (USD) savings per GP only in 2007. These results are explained by better compliance with clinical and pharmacovigilance guidelines, larger distribution of generic drugs, a more balanced attitude toward marketing strategies, and interdisciplinary continuing education on the rational use of drugs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The PPQC work process has yielded sustainable results, such as significant cost savings, higher penetration of generics and reflection on patient safety, and the place of "new" drugs in therapy. The PPQCs may also constitute a solid basis for implementing more comprehensive collaborative programs, such as medication reviews, adherence-enhancing interventions, or disease management approaches.
authors.affiliation: Universities of Geneva and Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Niquille
authors.forename: Martine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ruggli
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Buchmann
authors.forename: Dominique
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jordan
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Bugnon
mesh_terms: D003363:Cost Control / Q000458:organization & administration*; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D004345:Drug Industry / Q000191:economics; D011307:Drug Prescriptions; D016568:Drugs, Generic / Q000191:economics; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D006801:Humans; D008332:Management Quality Circles / Q000458:organization & administration*; D040541:Marketing; D010594:Pharmacies; D010595:Pharmacists; D010820:Physicians; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011787:Quality of Health Care / Q000191:economics; D013557:Switzerland
chemical_list: D016568:Drugs, Generic