title: Contraindications for anticoagulation in older patients with atrial fibrillation; a narrative review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Oral anticoagulation (OAC) is the most effective treatment to prevent strokes in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). Many older patients are not prescribed OAC.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To explore which co-morbid conditions in older patients with AF have been associated with under-treatment with OAC, or were used as exclusion criteria for trials, or have been associated with increased risk of bleeding.
  
  
  METHODS
  A Pubmed search was conducted with the terms elderly, atrial fibrillation, stroke risk, bleeding risk, intracranial haemorrhage, cognition, fall risk, renal dysfunction, alcohol abuse, malignancy, polypharmacy, NSAID, under-treatment, under-use and under-prescription.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Higher age is associated with under-treatment. Patients with a higher risk of stroke show higher rates of bleeding complications. The associations of bleeding rates with possible contraindications are inconsistent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Published bleeding rates reflect selection bias, describing mainly relatively healthy older patients. The use of stratification schemes for stroke risk and for bleeding risk will have to be implemented.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The decision to prescribe OAC in older patients with AF remains a challenging task since bleeding risk is difficult to estimate reliably. Stratification schemes may be helpful.
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatric Medicine, Slotervaart Hospital, Louwesweg 6, 1066 EC Amsterdam, The Netherlands. geltu@slz.nl
authors.forename: Linda R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Tulner
authors.forename: Ingeborg M J A
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Kuper
authors.forename: Jos P C M
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: van Campen
authors.forename: Melvin R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Mac Gillavry
authors.forename: Vincent I H
authors.initials: VI
authors.lastname: Kwa
authors.forename: Cornelis H W
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Koks
authors.forename: Jos H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Beijnen
authors.forename: Desiderius P M
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Brandjes
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants