title: Seventy-year-old habitual volleyball players have larger tibial cross-sectional area and may be differentiated from their age-matched peers by the osteogenic index in dynamic performance.
abstract: The osteogenicity of a given exercise may be estimated by calculating an osteogenic index (OI) consisting of magnitude and rate of strain. Volleyball involves repetitive jumping and requires high power output and thus may be expected to be beneficial to bone and performance. The purpose of the present study was to examine if habitual volleyball playing is reflected in OI. Ten elderly habitual volleyball players [age 69.9 (SD 4.4) years] and ten matched controls volunteered [age 69.7 (4.2) years] as subjects. Distal tibia (d), tibial mid-shaft (50) and femoral neck (FN) bone characteristics were measured using pQCT and DXA. To estimate skeletal rigidity, cross-sectional area (ToA(50)), and compressive (BSI(d)) and bending strength indices (SSImax(50)) were calculated. Maximal performance was assessed with eccentric ankle plantar flexion, isometric leg press and countermovement jump (CMJ). A fast Fourier transform (FFT) was calculated from the acceleration of the center of mass during the CMJ. Maximal acceleration (MAG) and mean magnitude frequency (MMF) were selected to represent the constituents of OI. OI was calculated as the sum of the products of magnitudes and corresponding frequencies. Volleyball players had 7% larger ToA(50) and 37% higher power in CMJ, 15% higher MAG and 36% higher OI (P <or= 0.047) than the matched controls. No difference was observed in leg press, plantar flexion or the MMF (P >or= 0.646). In conclusion, habitual volleyball players may be differentiated from their matched peers by their dynamic jumping performance, and the differences are reflected in the magnitude but not rate of loading.
authors.affiliation: Neuromuscular Research Centre, Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä, P. O. Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland. timo.j.rantalainen@jyu.fi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rantalainen
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Linnamo
authors.forename: P V
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Komi
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Selänne
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Heinonen
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000054:Acceleration; D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005272:Femur Neck / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005583:Fourier Analysis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010012:Osteogenesis; D005082:Physical Exertion; D013977:Tibia / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D054798:Volleyball