title: Circulating cycloxygenase-2 in patients with tobacco-related intraoral squamous cell carcinoma and evaluation of its peptide inhibitors as potential antitumor agent.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to quantitate circulating COX-2 levels in patients with tobacco-related intraoral cancer and to evaluate antitumor activities of COX-2 peptide inhibitors in vitro on KB cell lines.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used a novel biosensor-based surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technique for estimation of circulating COX-2 levels in 76 patients with oral cancer and 43 normal individuals. Antitumor activities of five COX-2 inhibitory peptides were evaluated using propidium iodide labeling and flow cytometry, alamar blue, MTS, and annexin-V binding assays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with oral cancer showed threefold increase in serum COX-2 level when compared to normal controls (P < 0.0001). Further, late-stage tumors and lymph node metastasis were associated with significant increase in serum COX-2 levels. Patients with higher circulating COX-2 also showed higher immunoreactivity to anti-COX-2 antibody in the lesions. The peptides significantly reduced viability and inhibited growth/proliferation, induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis in tumor cells. However, no such effect was observed either on normal human leukocytes or on MCF-7 cell line that did not over express COX-2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that SPR may be a useful proteomic technique for quantitative assessment of COX-2 and to identify patients with high-risk oral premalignant or occult cancer, as well as in monitoring response to novel COX-2 targeting strategies. Furthermore, COX-2 peptide inhibitors appear to be a new class of potent anticancer agent for human oral carcinoma.
authors.affiliation: Tumor Biology and Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India.
authors.forename: Vaishali
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kapoor
authors.forename: Abhay K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Sharmistha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dey
authors.forename: Suresh C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: Satya N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Das
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D010455:Peptides / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D020349:Surface Plasmon Resonance; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D010455:Peptides; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2