title: Simultaneous effects of nicotine, acrolein, and acetaldehyde on osteogenic-induced bone marrow cells cultured on plasma-sprayed titanium implants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the potential interaction/contribution of inductive and deleterious effects of tobacco compounds on human osteoblastic cells cultured on plasma-sprayed titanium implants exposed to combinations of nicotine, acrolein, and acetaldehyde. Cell response was assessed as proliferation and function.
  
  
  METHODS
  Titanium implants, seeded with human bone marrow-derived cells (first subculture), were cultured in osteogenic-inducing conditions for 28 days in the absence (control) and in the presence of tobacco compounds to assess (1) the dose-dependent profile of acrolein (0.01 to 0.12 mmol/L) and acetaldehyde (0.1 to 6 mmol/L) and (2) the effect of the simultaneous exposure to combinations of nicotine, acrolein, and acetaldehyde. In later experiments, seeded implants were exposed to two different concentrations of nicotine (1.2 mmol/L, known to have inductive effects on cell behavior, and 2.4 mmol/L, reported to elicit deleterious effects on cell behavior) with acrolein, acetaldehyde, or both, at a concentration that inhibits 50% (IC50).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Acrolein and acetaldehyde caused dose-dependent inhibitory effects at levels similar to and greater than 0.03 and 0.1 mmol/L, respectively; IC50 regarding cell viability/proliferation and alkaline phosphatase was 0.06 mmol/L for acrolein and 0.3 mmol/L for acetaldehyde. Matrix mineralization was prevented at levels higher than 0.03 mmol/L acrolein and 0.1 mmol/L acetaldehyde. Exposure to a combination of nicotine 1.2 mmol/L with acrolein (0.06 mmol/L), acetaldehyde (0.3 mmol/L), or both resulted in a cell behavior intermediate to that observed in nicotine-treated cultures (induced cell response) and aldehyde-treated cultures (deleterious cell response). On the other hand, exposure to nicotine 2.4 mmol/L with acrolein (0.06 mmol/L), acetaldehyde (0.3 mmol/L), or both caused cumulative cytotoxic responses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results suggest that interactions of tobacco compounds on osteoblasts might contribute to the overall effects of tobacco use on implant osseointegration and long-time survival.
authors.affiliation: Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Maria L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.forename: Joao C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Peres
authors.forename: Maria H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Fernandes
mesh_terms: D000079:Acetaldehyde / Q000633:toxicity*; D000171:Acrolein / Q000633:toxicity*; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000378:metabolism; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000187:drug effects*; D002113:Calcification, Physiologic / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D015921:Dental Implants; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004338:Drug Combinations; D006801:Humans; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D007477:Ions; D008297:Male; D009538:Nicotine / Q000633:toxicity*; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000187:drug effects*; D011506:Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D014025:Titanium; D014026:Nicotiana / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants; D004338:Drug Combinations; D007477:Ions; D011506:Proteins; D009538:Nicotine; D000171:Acrolein; D014025:Titanium; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; D000079:Acetaldehyde