title: Lymphangiogenesis-independent resolution of experimental edema.
abstract: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C is necessary for lymphangiogenesis, and excess VEGF-C has been shown to be ameliorative for edema produced by lymphatic obstruction in experimental models. However, it has recently been shown that edema can resolve in the mouse tail even in the complete absence of capillary lymphangiogenesis when distal lymph fluid crosses the regenerating wound site interstitially. This finding has raised questions about the action of VEGF-C/VEGF receptor (VEGFR) signaling during the resolution of experimental edema. Here, the roles of VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3 signaling in edema resolution were explored. It was found that edema resolved following neutralization of either VEGFR-2 or VEGFR-3 in the mouse tail skin, which inhibited lymphangiogenesis. Neutralization of either VEGFR-2 or VEGFR-3 reduced angiogenesis at the site of obstruction at day 10 (9.2 +/- 1.2% and 11.5 +/- 1.0% blood capillary coverage, respectively) relative to controls (14.3 +/- 1.5% blood capillary coverage). Combined VEGFR-2/-3 neutralization more strongly inhibited angiogenesis (6.9 +/- 1.5% blood capillary coverage), leading to a reduced wound repair of the lymphatic obstruction and extended edema in the tail skin. In contrast, improved tissue repair of the obstruction site increased edema resolution. Macrophages in the swollen tissue were excluded as contributing factors in the VEGFR-dependent extended edema. These results support a role for VEGFR-2/-3-combined signaling in the resolution of experimental edema that is lymphangiogenesis independent.
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Engineering Department, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA.
authors.forename: Emily L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Ongstad
authors.forename: Echoe M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Bouta
authors.forename: Jaclynn E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Joseph S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Uzarski
authors.forename: Sara E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Gibbs
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Sabel
authors.forename: Vincent M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Cimmino
authors.forename: Melissa A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Jeremy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Goldman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002196:Capillaries / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D008196:Lymph / Q000378:metabolism; D042583:Lymphangiogenesis; D008209:Lymphedema / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008220:Lymphography; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013997:Time Factors; D042582:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C / Q000378:metabolism; D040301:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D040321:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-3 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D014945:Wound Healing
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; C511761:DC101 monoclonal antibody; D042582:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C; C495285:mF4-31C1 monoclonal antibody; C467483:vascular endothelial growth factor C, mouse; D040301:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2; D040321:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-3