title: Explanations for the lower rates of diabetic neuropathy in Indian Asians versus Europeans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Risks of diabetes and cardiovascular disease are elevated worldwide in Indian Asians. However, risks of other diabetes-related complications, i.e., foot ulceration and amputation, also with a vascular basis, are substantially lower in Asians than in white Europeans in the U.K., possibly due to less neuropathy. We therefore compared signs, symptoms, and objective quantitative measures of diabetic neuropathy and their risk factors in Indian Asians and Europeans.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a cross-sectional study of a population-based sample of age- and sex-matched adults with type 2 diabetes of European (95 male and 85 female) and Asian (96 male and 84 female) descent in the U.K. Patients were assessed for neuropathic symptoms, signs, nerve conduction, autonomic function, and quantitative sensory testing. Peripheral vascular function and other potential risk factors for neuropathy were measured. RESULTS Mean nerve conduction velocity Z scores were better in Asians (mean +/- SD 0.07 +/- 0.62) than in Europeans (-0.11 +/- 0.60; P = 0.007) and were explained by the shorter height, fewer pack-years smoked, and higher transcutaneous oxygen levels (TCpO(2)) in Indian Asians (P value for ethnic comparison attenuated to 0.2). Small fiber neuropathy was less prevalent in Indian Asians compared with Europeans (odds ratio 0.58 [95% CI 0.37-0.93]; P = 0.02) and was primarily accounted for by better TCpO(2) (0.70 [0.40-1.21]; P = 0.2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Asians with diabetes have substantially less large and small fiber neuropathy than Europeans, despite comparable traditional risk factors. Independent from smoking, the lower risk of neuropathy in Asians is due to better skin microvascularization and may help explain the substantially reduced Asian foot ulcer risk.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Research Group, School of Biomedicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK. caroline.abbott@manchester.ac.uk
authors.forename: Caroline A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Abbott
authors.forename: Nishi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chaturvedi
authors.forename: Rayaz A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Malik
authors.forename: Eleanna
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Salgami
authors.forename: Allen P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Yates
authors.forename: Philip W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Pemberton
authors.forename: Andrew J M
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Boulton
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D044466:Asian People; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003929:Diabetic Neuropathies / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D008297:Male; D055806:Microvessels; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012867:Skin / Q000098:blood supply; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology; D044465:White People