title: Agricultural-related chemical exposures, season of conception, and risk of gastroschisis in Washington State.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to determine if periconceptional exposure to agrichemicals was associated with the development of gastroschisis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a retrospective, case-controlled study using Washington State Birth Certificate and US Geological Survey databases. Cases included all live-born singleton infants with gastroschisis. Distance between a woman's residence and site of elevated exposure to agrichemicals was calculated. Multivariate regression was used to estimate the association between surface water concentrations of agrichemicals and the risk of gastroschisis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight hundred five cases and 3616 control subjects were identified. Gastroschisis occurred more frequently among those who resided <25 km from a site of high atrazine concentration (odds ratio, 1.6). Risk was related inversely to the distance between the maternal residence and the closest toxic atrazine site. In multivariate analysis, nulliparity, tobacco use, and spring conception remained significant predictive factors for gastroschisis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Maternal exposure to surface water atrazine is associated with fetal gastroschisis, particularly in spring conceptions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington School of Medicine, 1959 NE Pacific St, Box 356460, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. sawaller@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: Sarah A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Waller
authors.forename: Kathleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Paul
authors.forename: Suzanne E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Peterson
authors.forename: Jane E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Hitti
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001280:Atrazine / Q000633:toxicity*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005306:Fertilization; D020139:Gastroschisis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006540:Herbicides / Q000633:toxicity*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D018811:Maternal Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010298:Parity; D011247:Pregnancy; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012621:Seasons; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D014861:Washington / Q000453:epidemiology; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D006540:Herbicides; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D001280:Atrazine