title: The effects of ultrasound and arsenic trioxide on neurogliocytoma cells and secondary activation of macrophages.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  As a new technique for clinical therapeutics, ultrasound has synergistic effects on traditional chemotherapy Arsenic trioxide (AS2O3), an apoptosis-inducing drug, has successfully been used in the treatment of some tumor types in recent years. Macrophages have both positive and negative effects on the occurrence and development of tumors. The aim of this study was to observe the effects of ultrasound and AS2O3 on a glioma cell line and the secondary activation of macrophages by cell death, in order to provide a theoretical basis for the clinical application of AS2O3 and ultrasound in glioma treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Different AS2O3 concentrations were used solely or combined with ultrasound in rat glioma C6 cells to induce cell death. The degree of C6 cell death was determined by Annexin V-FITC and PI double staining. The intracellular arsenium concentration and the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) from C6 cells were also measured. The supernatant of C6 cells was then used to stimulate macrophages. Finally, the activation of NF-kappaB and the secretion of TNF-alpha and TGF-beta1 by macrophages were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cell death increase in the group where ultrasound was used together with AS2O3 was significantly higher than that obtained by either ultrasound or AS2O3. The increase was also significantly higher than the sum of the increases in the ultrasound and the AS2O3 only groups. At the same AS2O3 concentration, additional treatment with ultrasound can significantly increase the intracellular arsenium concentration. The release of LDH from C6 cells showed a close, direct correlation with late apoptosis and necrosis, but did not exhibit an obvious correlation with early apoptosis. The activation of NF-kappaB and the secretion of TNF-alpha and TGF-beta1 in macrophages also showed a close direct correlation with late apoptosis and necrosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This in vitro study demonstrates that ultrasound may synergistically enhance the cell-killing effect by promoting AS2O3 to enter the C6 cells. Macrophages may be activated by killed C6 cells, especially by necrotic C6 cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
authors.forename: Yonggang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Yafang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Xiaoqian
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Zhi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Wu
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Yue
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D000077237:Arsenic Trioxide; D001152:Arsenicals / Q000494:pharmacology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D005910:Glioma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D008262:Macrophage Activation / Q000187:drug effects*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D009336:Necrosis / Q000139:chemically induced; D010087:Oxides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1 / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D001152:Arsenicals; D016328:NF-kappa B; D010087:Oxides; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D000077237:Arsenic Trioxide