title: High mobility group box 1 is upregulated after spinal cord injury and is associated with neuronal cell apoptosis.
abstract: METHODS
  Cerebrocortical culture and rat spinal cord injury (SCI) model were used to examine the expression of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), TNF-alpha, and Rage by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemical examination. In addition, relationship between upregulation of HMGB1 and neural cells apoptosis was evaluated after SCI.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the upregulation of HMGB1, TNF-alpha, and Rage after SCI.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  It is known that the mode of delayed neuronal cell death after SCI is apoptosis. Apoptotic cell death is influenced by several injury-promoting factors which include pro-inflammatory cytokines. Inhibition of apoptosis promotes neurologic improvement following SCI. However, the factors which transmit inflammatory signaling following SCI have not yet been clarified in detail. HMGB1 was reported as an important mediator of inflammation. We examined the expression of HMGB1, TNF-alpha and Rage following acute SCI.
  
  
  METHODS
  Expression of HMGB1, TNF-alpha and Rage was examined by RT-PCR and immunohistochemical examination. Apoptotic cell death was evaluated by TUNEL methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HMGB1 was exported from nuclei to cytoplasm in active caspase-3 positive apoptotic cell in vitro. In addition, HMGB1, TNF-alpha, and Rage was expressed in same cell after NMDA treatment. RT-PCR revealed that expression of HMGB1 and TNF-alpha was upregulated following SCI. Immunohistochemical examination revealed that the numbers of HMGB1-, TNF-alpha-, and Rage-positive cells were increased following SCI. The number of TUNEL-positive cells was significantly increased at 12 hours after injury, and was maximal at 72 hours after injury. However, HMGB1- and TNF-alpha-positive cells were maximal in number 48 hours after injury, while Rage-positive cells were maximal in number at 24 hours after injury. These data suggest that HMGB1, TNF-alpha, and Rage were upregulated following SCI but preceding the apoptotic cell death.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that HMGB1 play a role in the induction of apoptosis via inflammatory reaction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, Japan.
authors.forename: Hideyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kawabata
authors.forename: Takao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Setoguchi
authors.forename: Kazunori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yone
authors.forename: Masakazu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Souda
authors.forename: Hiroki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.forename: Ko-ichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kawahara
authors.forename: Ikuro
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Maruyama
authors.forename: Setsuro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Komiya
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000235:genetics*; D002452:Cell Count; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000378:metabolism; D024243:HMGB1 Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D051379:Mice; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D000067759:Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae / Q000293:injuries / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D024243:HMGB1 Protein; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D000067759:Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha