Metabolic networking in Brunfelsia calycina petals after flower opening.
Brunfelsia calycina flowers change colour from purple to white due to anthocyanin degradation, parallel to an increase in fragrance and petal size. Here it was tested whether the production of the fragrant benzenoids is dependent on induction of the shikimate pathway, or if they are formed from the anthocyanin degradation products. An extensive characterization of the events taking place in Brunfelsia flowers is presented. Anthocyanin characterization was performed using ultraperfomance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time of flight-tandem mass specrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS). Volatiles emitted were identified by headspace solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS). Accumulated proteins were identified by 2D gel electrophoresis. Transcription profiles were characterized by cross-species hybridization of Brunfelsia cDNAs to potato cDNA microarrays. Identification of accumulated metabolites was performed by UPLC-QTOF-MS non-targeted metabolite analysis. The results include characterization of the nine main anthocyanins in Brunfelsia flowers. In addition, 146 up-regulated genes, 19 volatiles, seven proteins, and 17 metabolites that increased during anthocyanin degradation were identified. A multilevel analysis suggests induction of the shikimate pathway. This pathway is the most probable source of the phenolic acids, which in turn are precursors of both the benzenoid and lignin production pathways. The knowledge obtained is valuable for future studies on degradation of anthocyanins, formation of volatiles, and the network of secondary metabolism in Brunfelsia and related species.
Bar-Akiva
Ayelet
A
Department of Ornamental Horticulture, Agriculture Research Organization, The Volcani Center, PO Box 6, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel.
Ovadia
Rinat
R
Rogachev
Ilana
I
Bar-Or
Carmiya
C
Bar
Einat
E
Freiman
Zohar
Z
Nissim-Levi
Ada
A
Gollop
Natan
N
Lewinsohn
Efraim
E
Aharoni
Asaph
A
Weiss
David
D
Koltai
Hinanit
H
Oren-Shamir
Michal
M
D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000378:metabolism; D015180:Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional; D035264:Flowers / Q000378:metabolism*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D008954:Models, Biological; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D019657:Solanaceae / Q000378:metabolism*; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry
D000872:Anthocyanins; D010940:Plant Proteins