title: The influence of continuing professional development portfolio records on pharmacy practice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to undertake an in-depth investigation of the influence of continuing professional development (CPD) portfolios on pharmacy practice in the hospital setting. The objectives were to explore the views of pharmacists regarding the contribution of CPD records to professional practice and examine the influence of time and experience on pharmacists' views of recording professional practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  A qualitative design was used to explore the views of pharmacists over 12 months. Pharmacists were stratified according to years of practice in the UK National Health Service (NHS). The methods used involved semi-structured in-depth face-to-face interviews. The interviews were undertaken at three time points. The pharmacists were gathered into three focus groups to test the consistency of the interviews. A purposive sampling method used nine NHS Teaching and Non-Teaching hospital pharmacists in the London area.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The participants included four males and five females, who had been qualified for between 0.1 and 21 years. Three key themes emerged for how CPD records contribute to practice: (1) lack of contribution to practice, (2) tacit contribution and (3) mentality. Overall, the recording process made little if any change in professional practice. The more experienced participants were less likely to be able to explain any changes in practice and there were no consistent changes in the views expressed over time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The contribution of CPD recording to enhancing practice in hospital pharmacists was difficult to demonstrate. This study has also illustrated the power relationships involving control mechanisms used by the NHS, and the UK pharmacists' regulatory body, which are discussed in the context of the Panopticon model of self-regulated behaviour. Further research is needed to establish the value of CPD recording.
authors.affiliation: Guy's & St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Pharmacy Department, Guy's Hospital, London. andrzej.kostrzewski@btinternet.com
authors.forename: Andrzej J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Kostrzewski
authors.forename: Soraya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dhillon
authors.forename: Danë
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Goodsman
authors.forename: Kevin M G
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Taylor
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D003625:Data Collection; D004282:Documentation; D004513:Education, Pharmacy, Continuing; D004739:England; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010595:Pharmacists / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000523:psychology; D010607:Pharmacy Service, Hospital / Q000458:organization & administration*; D017009:Professional Autonomy; D011364:Professional Practice; D013997:Time Factors