title: In vitro study of thrombin on tubule formation and regulators of angiogenesis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Angiogenesis occurs within atherosclerotic plaques, and thrombin has been implicated in plaque progression by increasing smooth muscle cell proliferation and upregulating Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) receptor expression. This study investigated the effects of thrombin on key aspects of angiogenesis and expression of pro- and anti-angiogenic regulators: VEGF and Pigment Epithelial Derived Factor.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human umbilical smooth muscle cells (HUASMC) were exposed to vehicle or thrombin at 10 U/ml. To quantify cell proliferation, methyl tetrazolium salt (MTS) solution was added after exposure to thrombin for 24, 48 and 72 hours and the absorbance at 490nm recorded using a plate reader. For Real-time RT-PCR cells were exposed to thrombin for 24hr before analysis of VEGF and PEDF mRNA. A commercial Angiokit was used to construct an in vitro angiogenesis model to measure tubule formation and branching. After 12 days treatment with thrombin 10 U/ml, cells were fixed and the AngioSys 1.0 software was used to analyse tubule morphology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In comparison with controls, thrombin significantly increased HUASMC proliferation (p = 0.002, n = 11) and VEGF mRNA expression by 93% (n = 4, p = 0.024). However in the HUVEC/fibroblast co-cultures it decreased the number of junctions [132(9) vs 196(18), n = 6, p = 0.017] and tubules [537 (17) vs 589 (26), n = 6, p = 0.049], and tubule length [11393 (1601) vs 12195 (1014), n = 6, p = 0.044], indicating an anti-angiogenic effect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thrombin stimulates vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and VEGF expression, but attenuates endothelial cell-mediated growth of vascular tubules and branching of new vascular structures.
authors.affiliation: University of Nottingham, UK. malmowbh@yahoo.co.uk
authors.forename: Binhui
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pearson
authors.forename: Gillian
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Manning
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Donnelly
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002417:Cattle; D048708:Cell Growth Processes / Q000187:drug effects; D002460:Cell Line; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D005136:Eye Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000187:drug effects*; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000378:metabolism; D015843:Serpins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000378:metabolism; D013917:Thrombin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000378:metabolism; D000099174:Pigment Epithelium-Derived Factor
chemical_list: D005136:Eye Proteins; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors; D015843:Serpins; D013917:Thrombin; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D000099174:Pigment Epithelium-Derived Factor