title: Determination of 6-thioguanosine diphosphate and triphosphate and nucleoside diphosphate kinase activity in erythrocytes: novel targets for thiopurine therapy?
abstract: 6-Thioguanine nucleotides are the sum of 6-thioguanosine 5'-monophosphate (TGMP), -diphosphate (TGDP), and -triphosphate (TGTP) representing essential metabolites involved in drug action of thiopurines. Elevated levels of TGDP have been associated with poor response to azathioprine therapy in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. The conversion of TGDP to TGTP is supposed to be catalyzed by nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDPK). The aim of this work was to investigate simultaneously individual 6-thioguanosine phosphate levels and NDPK activity in red blood cells (RBCs) of patients on azathioprine therapy. Ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography methods with fluorescence and ultraviolet detection were applied to quantify individual levels of 6-thioguanosine 5'-phosphates and NDPK activity, respectively, in RBCs. Recombinantly expressed NDPK isoforms A and B were unequivocally identified to catalyze the formation of TGTP (30.6 +/- 3.88 nmol x min x mg for NDPK A versus 41.2 +/- 1.05 nmol x min x mg for NDPK B). Comprehensive analyses on the stability of TGMP, TGDP, and TGTP and the reproducibility of NDPK activity in RBCs were performed to provide a reliable sampling protocol for clinical practice. Of note, isolation of RBCs within 6 hours followed by immediate storage at -80 degrees C is crucial for prevention of degradation of 5'-phosphates. In a clinical study of 37 patients on azathioprine, TGTP was the predominant 6-thioguanosine phosphate in RBCs. In contrast, three patients showed TGTP/(TGDP + TGTP) ratios of 57.2%, 64.3%, and 66% corresponding to elevated TGDP levels. NDPK activity ranged from 4.1 to 11.3 nmol x min x mg hemoglobin. No correlation between NDPK activity and the 6-thioguanosine phosphate levels was found. The question whether interindividual variability of NDPK activity may explain differences in 6-thioguanosine 5'-phosphates levels has to be investigated in a prospective large-scale study.
authors.affiliation: Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart and University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Karner
authors.forename: Shaojun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.forename: Elke
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schaeffeler
authors.forename: Markus F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Neurath
authors.forename: Klaus R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Herrlinger
authors.forename: Ute
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Hofmann
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schwab
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001379:Azathioprine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002384:Catalysis; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000639:trends*; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology*; D005260:Female; D006153:Guanosine Diphosphate / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood; D006160:Guanosine Triphosphate / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009701:Nucleoside-Diphosphate Kinase / Q000097:blood*; D011687:Purines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013873:Thionucleotides / Q000097:blood*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D011687:Purines; D013873:Thionucleotides; D006153:Guanosine Diphosphate; C032829:6-thioguanosine 5'-diphosphate; C032827:6-thioguanosine 5'-triphosphate; D006160:Guanosine Triphosphate; D009701:Nucleoside-Diphosphate Kinase; D001379:Azathioprine