title: Continuing impact of infectious diseases on childhood deaths in England and Wales, 2003-2005.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Data on the contribution of specific infections to childhood deaths in developed countries are limited.
  
  
  METHODS
  Infection-related deaths in children aged 28 days to 14 years who died in England and Wales between 2003 and 2005 were identified from routine anonymized death certificate dataset provided by the Office for National Statistics to the Health Protection Agency, using predefined International Classification of Diseases codes for infection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 1368 infection-related deaths documented, constituting 20% of all childhood deaths. An underlying medical condition was recorded in 50% (676 cases), the most common being prematurity in infants (322/660, 52%), cerebral palsy in 1 to 4 year olds (46/190, 24%), and malignancy (46/163, 28%) in 5 to 14 year olds. Of the 837 deaths where a pathogen was coded, 494 (59%) specified bacterial infection, 256 (31%) viral infection, and 69 (8%) fungal infection. Among deaths with recorded bacterial infections, a lower proportion of meningococcal and pneumococcal infections (14% [22/155] vs. 60% [205/339], P < 0.0001) and a higher proportion of Gram-negative enteric bacilli (78/155 cases [50%] vs. 17/339 cases [5%], P < 0.0001) were reported in children with and without documented underlying medical conditions, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Infections continue to make a major contribution to deaths in children, particularly among those with underlying conditions. Identification of the pathogens associated with childhood deaths should help prioritize the development of intervention strategies for reducing pediatric mortality. Linkage of death registrations to national infectious disease surveillance systems should be undertaken to strengthen monitoring of infectious deaths and evaluate the effect of interventions.
authors.affiliation: Immunisation Department, Centre for Infections, Health Protection Agency, London, United Kingdom. Shamez.Ladhani@hpa.org.uk
authors.forename: Shamez
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ladhani
authors.forename: Richard G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Pebody
authors.forename: Mary E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Ramsay
authors.forename: Theresa L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Lamagni
authors.forename: Alan P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Mike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sharland
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002423:Cause of Death; D002648:Child; D046688:Child Mortality / Q000639:trends*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007239:Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality*; D008297:Male; D014852:Wales / Q000453:epidemiology