title: Tool-making New Caledonian crows have large associative brain areas.
abstract: Animals with a high rate of innovative and associative-based behavior usually have large brains. New Caledonian (NC) crows stand out due to their tool manufacture, their generalized problem-solving abilities and an extremely high degree of encephalization. It is generally assumed that this increased brain size is due to the ability to process, associate and memorize diverse stimuli, thereby enhancing the propensity to invent new and complex behaviors in adaptive ways. However, this premise lacks firm empirical support since encephalization could also result from an increase of only perceptual and/or motor areas. Here, we compared the brain structures of NC crows with those of carrion crows, jays and sparrows. The brains of NC crows were characterized by a relatively large mesopallium, striatopallidal complex, septum and tegmentum. These structures mostly deal with association and motor-learning. This supports the hypothesis that the evolution of innovative or complex behavior requires a brain composition that increases the ability to associate and memorize diverse stimuli in order to execute complex motor output. Since apes show a similar correlation of cerebral growth and cognitive abilities, the evolution of advanced cognitive skills appears to have evolved independently in birds and mammals but with a similar neural orchestration.
authors.affiliation: C. & O. Vogt Institute of Brain Research, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Germany. cnotkaj@uni-duesseldorf.de
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mehlhorn
authors.forename: Gavin R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Hunt
authors.forename: Russell D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: Gerd
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rehkämper
authors.forename: Onur
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Güntürkün
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D001245:Association Learning / Q000502:physiology; D005075:Biological Evolution; D046368:Crows / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D005106:Exploratory Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D007360:Intelligence / Q000502:physiology; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D010802:Phylogeny; D013045:Species Specificity; D013687:Telencephalon / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D053001:Tool Use Behavior / Q000502:physiology*