title: Hepatocyte growth factor and the risk of ischemic stroke developing among postmenopausal women: results from the Women's Health Initiative.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a potent angiogenic factor and may play a role in the development and progression of atherosclerotic lesions, the underlying mechanism of cardiovascular disease. However, there have been no prospective studies examining the relationship between HGF levels and risk of stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a nested case-control study (972 incident stroke cases and 1:1 age-matched and race-matched controls) to prospectively evaluate the association between plasma HGF and risk of ischemic stroke within the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study, a cohort of postmenopausal women aged 50 to 79 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Baseline HGF levels were correlated positively with body mass index, systolic blood pressure, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, insulin resistance, and inflammatory markers, such as C-reactive protein, and inversely with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (all P<0.05). Baseline HGF levels were higher among cases than controls (geometric means, 601.8 vs 523.2 pg/mL; P=0.003). Furthermore, the risk of incident ischemic stroke was significantly greater among women in the highest vs lowest quartile of plasma HGF levels (OR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.12-1.91; P(trend)=0.003) in a conditional logistic regression model that adjusted for body mass index. These results were only slightly attenuated after further adjustment for additional stroke risk factors (OR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.04-1.85; P(trend)=0.023).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Circulating levels of HGF are associated with an increased risk of incident ischemic stroke, independent of obesity and other risk factors for cardiovascular disease, among postmenopausal women aged 50 to 79 years.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA. Swapnil.Rajpathak@einstein.yu.edu
authors.forename: Swapnil N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Rajpathak
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Sylvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wassertheil-Smoller
authors.forename: Howard D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Strickler
authors.forename: Robert C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Kaplan
authors.forename: Aileen P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: McGinn
authors.forename: Rachel P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Wildman
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rosenbaum
authors.forename: Thomas E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Rohan
authors.forename: Philipp E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Scherer
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cushman
authors.forename: Gloria Y F
authors.initials: GY
authors.lastname: Ho
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D017228:Hepatocyte Growth Factor / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000097:blood*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D016387:Women's Health
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D017228:Hepatocyte Growth Factor