title: Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 gene-associated disease: redefining genotype-phenotype correlation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) has emerged as the most prevalent genetic cause of Parkinson's disease (PD) among Caucasians. Patients carrying an LRRK2 mutation display significant variability of clinical and pathologic phenotypes across and within affected families.
  
  
  METHODS
  Herein, we review available clinical and pathologic data on patients with an LRRK2 mutation who have come to autopsy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-eight patients have been reported who presented clinically with PD; parkinsonism with resistance to levodopa, supranuclear gaze palsy, or autonomic dysfunction; or tremor and dementia. Pathology showed typical PD-type Lewy body disease (LBD) in most patients, whereas in others there was 'pure' nigral degeneration (one with TDP-43-positive inclusions), diffuse LBD, or tau-, alpha-synuclein- or ubiquitin-positive pathology reminiscent of progressive supranuclear gaze palsy, multisystem atrophy, and frontotemporal dementia with ubiquitin-positive inclusions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Such clinical and pathologic variability suggests Lrrk2 acts upstream from other proteins implicated in neurodegeneration. Specific mutations may be associated with alternative progressive supranuclear gaze palsy-like or 'pure' nigral degeneration phenotypes. A different effect on Lrrk2 kinase activity may play a role in such heterogeneity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wider
authors.forename: Dennis W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Dickson
authors.forename: Zbigniew K
authors.initials: ZK
authors.lastname: Wszolek
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D005192:Family Health; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study / Q000379:methods; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D000071158:Leucine-Rich Repeat Serine-Threonine Protein Kinase-2; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics*; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010641:Phenotype; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000235:genetics*; D025801:Ubiquitin / Q000378:metabolism; D016875:tau Proteins / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D025801:Ubiquitin; D016875:tau Proteins; C495280:LRRK2 protein, human; D000071158:Leucine-Rich Repeat Serine-Threonine Protein Kinase-2; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases