title: Analysis of chemokines and soluble adhesion molecules in cytomegalovirus-positive renal transplant recipients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The relationship among cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and the serum level of chemokines and soluble adhesion molecules is not well studied. This study aimed to assess chemokines and soluble adhesion molecules in CMV-positive Saudi renal transplant recipients.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted in a tertiary hospital in Eastern Saudi Arabia over a 12-month period. All kidney transplant recipients who regularly attended the nephrology clinics were included (n = 150). Randomly selected age- and sex-matched individuals served as a control group (n = 158). CMV antibodies (IgG and IgM), chemokines and soluble adhesion molecules were measured using standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). CMV viral DNA was detected using real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 150 patients studied, 149 (n = 150) had detectable levels of Anti-CMV IgG antibodies (99.3%). In the control group, 113 (n = 158), blood donors had anti-CMV IgG antibodies (71.5%). Forty-one (n = 150) kidney transplant recipients were positive for anti-CMV IgM antibodies (27.3%), whereas only one (n = 158) blood donor had detectable anti-CMV IgM antibodies. All IgM positive samples contained CMV viral DNA. MCP-1, IL-8, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 levels were measured using ELISA. Of those, only MCP-1 and IL-8 were detectable. Eighteen kidney transplant recipients were positive for MCP-1 (12%). All MCP-1 patients were also anti-CMV IgM positive, while 5 patients had detectable levels of IL-8 (3.3%). All these patients were CMV IgM-positive.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The increase in chemokine levels during CMV infection may reflect a possible role for these molecules in the immunopathogenesis of CMV infection in this study population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia. oobeid@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Obeid E
authors.initials: OE
authors.lastname: Obeid
authors.forename: Alhusain J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Alzahrani
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000276:immunology*; D018925:Chemokines / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*; D003587:Cytomegalovirus; D003586:Cytomegalovirus Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D007075:Immunoglobulin M / Q000097:blood; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D012529:Saudi Arabia / Q000453:epidemiology; D014180:Transplantation
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; D018925:Chemokines; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007075:Immunoglobulin M