title: Cigarette smoking as a risk factor for auditory problems.
abstract: Smoking is a public health concern and we are still unsure of its relation with auditory problems.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study the effects of cigarette smoking in auditory thresholds, in otoacoustic emissions and in their inhibition by the efferent olivocochlear medial system.
  
  
  METHODS
  144 adults from both genders, between 20 and 31 years of age, smoking and non-smoking individuals were submitted to conventional and high-frequency audiometry, transient stimuli otoacoustic emissions and suppression effect investigation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  smokers presented worse auditory thresholds in the frequencies of 12.500Hz in the right ear and 14,000 kHz in both ears. Regarding the otoacoustic emissions, smokers group presented a lower response level in the frequencies of 1,000Hz in both ears and 4,000Hz in the left ear. Among smokers there were more cases of cochlear dysfunction and tinnitus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that cigarette smoking has an adverse effect on the auditory system.
authors.affiliation: Hearing Disorder Program, Federal University of Sao Paulo.
authors.forename: Carolina Pamplona
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Paschoal
authors.forename: Marisa Frasson de
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Azevedo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001301:Audiometry, Pure-Tone / Q000379:methods; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006311:Hearing Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017084:Otoacoustic Emissions, Spontaneous / Q000502:physiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D055815:Young Adult