title: Down-regulation of tyrosine aminotransferase at a frequently deleted region 16q22 contributes to the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma.
abstract: Loss of 16q is one of the most frequent alterations in many malignancies including hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC), suggesting the existence of a tumor suppressor gene (TSG) within the frequently deleted region. In this report we describe the identification and characterization of one candidate TSG, tyrosine aminotransferase gene (TAT), at 16q22.1. Loss of one TAT allele was detected in 27/50 (54%) of primary HCCs by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. In addition, homo-deletion of TAT alleles was detected in two cases. Down-regulation of TAT was detected in 28/50 (56%) of HCCs, which was significantly associated with the loss of TAT allele and hypermethylation of TAT 5' CpG island (CGI) region (P < 0.001). Functional studies found that TAT has a strong tumor suppressive ability. Introduction of the TAT gene into HCC cell lines could effectively inhibit colony formation in soft agar, foci formation, and tumor formation in nude mice. Further study found that the tumor suppressive mechanism of TAT was associated with its proapoptotic role in a mitochondrial-dependent manner by promoting cytochrome-c release and activating caspase-9 and PARP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Taken together, our findings suggest that TAT plays an important suppressive role in the development and progression of HCC.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: Sui-Sui
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.forename: Yi-Wu
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Lai-Shan
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Tai
authors.forename: Leilei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Kar Lok
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Kong
authors.forename: Kwan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Man
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Yingduan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Qian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Tao
authors.forename: Xin-Yuan
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Guan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000235:genetics*; D053453:Caspase 9 / Q000378:metabolism; D002885:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16 / Q000235:genetics; D018899:CpG Islands; D045304:Cytochromes c / Q000378:metabolism; D019175:DNA Methylation; D015536:Down-Regulation; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D017353:Gene Deletion; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000494:pharmacology; D014444:Tyrosine Transaminase / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D045304:Cytochromes c; D014444:Tyrosine Transaminase; D053453:Caspase 9