title: Selective expression of connective tissue growth factor in fibroblasts in vivo promotes systemic tissue fibrosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is a cysteine-rich secreted matricellular protein involved in wound healing and tissue repair. Enhanced and prolonged expression of CTGF has been associated with tissue fibrosis in humans. However, questions remain as to whether CTGF expression alone is sufficient to drive fibrosis. This study was undertaken to investigate whether CTGF alone is sufficient to cause fibrosis in intact animals and whether its effects are mediated through activation of transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) signaling or through distinct signal transduction pathways.
  
  
  METHODS
  We generated mice overexpressing CTGF in fibroblasts under the control of the fibroblast-specific collagen alpha2(I) promoter enhancer. Tissues such as skin, lung, and kidney were harvested for histologic analysis. Mouse embryonic fibroblasts were prepared from embryos (14.5 days postcoitum) for biochemical analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mice overexpressing CTGF in fibroblasts were susceptible to accelerated tissue fibrosis affecting the skin, lung, kidney, and vasculature, most notably the small arteries. We identified a marked expansion of the myofibroblast cell population in the dermis. RNA analysis of transgenic dermal fibroblasts revealed elevated expression of key matrix genes, consistent with a fibrogenic response. CTGF induced phosphorylation of p38, ERK-1/2, JNK, and Akt, but not Smad3, in transgenic mouse fibroblasts compared with wild-type mouse fibroblasts. Transfection experiments showed significantly increased basal activity of the CTGF and serum response element promoters, and enhanced induction of the CTGF promoter in the presence of TGFbeta.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate that selective expression of CTGF in fibroblasts alone causes tissue fibrosis in vivo through specific signaling pathways, integrating cues from the extracellular matrix into signal transduction pathways to orchestrate pivotal biologic responses relevant to tissue repair and fibrosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA. ssonnyla@mdanderson.org
authors.forename: Sonali
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sonnylal
authors.forename: Xu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Shi-Wen
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Leoni
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Naff
authors.forename: Caroline S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Van Pelt
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Leask
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Abraham
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bou-Gharios
authors.forename: Benoit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: de Crombrugghe
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001485:Basement Membrane / Q000473:pathology; D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000473:pathology; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000502:physiology; D003094:Collagen / Q000235:genetics; D024042:Collagen Type I; D055513:Connective Tissue Growth Factor / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000502:physiology; D005923:Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D007668:Kidney / Q000473:pathology; D007763:Lac Operon; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008222:Lymphokines; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008808:Mice, Inbred CBA; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000502:physiology; D011658:Pulmonary Fibrosis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology; D012867:Skin / Q000473:pathology; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C526318:CCN2 protein, mouse; D024042:Collagen Type I; D008222:Lymphokines; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; C092591:fibrosin; D055513:Connective Tissue Growth Factor; D003094:Collagen