title: Age-dependent DNA methylation of genes that are suppressed in stem cells is a hallmark of cancer.
abstract: Polycomb group proteins (PCGs) are involved in repression of genes that are required for stem cell differentiation. Recently, it was shown that promoters of PCG target genes (PCGTs) are 12-fold more likely to be methylated in cancer than non-PCGTs. Age is the most important demographic risk factor for cancer, and we hypothesized that its carcinogenic potential may be referred by irreversibly stabilizing stem cell features. To test this, we analyzed the methylation status of over 27,000 CpGs mapping to promoters of approximately 14,000 genes in whole blood samples from 261 postmenopausal women. We demonstrate that stem cell PCGTs are far more likely to become methylated with age than non-targets (odds ratio = 5.3 [3.8-7.4], P < 10(-10)), independently of sex, tissue type, disease state, and methylation platform. We identified a specific subset of 69 PCGT CpGs that undergo hypermethylation with age and validated this methylation signature in seven independent data sets encompassing over 900 samples, including normal and cancer solid tissues and a population of bone marrow mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (P < 10(-5)). We find that the age-PCGT methylation signature is present in preneoplastic conditions and may drive gene expression changes associated with carcinogenesis. These findings shed substantial novel insights into the epigenetic effects of aging and support the view that age may predispose to malignant transformation by irreversibly stabilizing stem cell features.
authors.affiliation: University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
authors.forename: Andrew E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Teschendorff
authors.forename: Usha
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Menon
authors.forename: Aleksandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gentry-Maharaj
authors.forename: Susan J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Ramus
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Weisenberger
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Mihaela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Campan
authors.forename: Houtan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Noushmehr
authors.forename: Christopher G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.forename: A Peter
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Maxwell
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Savage
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mueller-Holzner
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Marth
authors.forename: Gabrijela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kocjan
authors.forename: Simon A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Gayther
authors.forename: Allison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Beck
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: Peter W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Laird
authors.forename: Ian J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Widschwendter
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D019175:DNA Methylation / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D020868:Gene Silencing / Q000502:physiology*; D005796:Genes / Q000502:physiology; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D054928:Validation Studies as Topic; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor