title: Effects of cigarette smoking on the respiratory epithelium and its role in the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis.
abstract: The increasing consumption of cigarettes has aroused concerns about the development and worsening of diseases, particularly those related to the respiratory tract.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In this paper we review the evidence suggesting the effects of cigarette smoking on the respiratory epithelium and its role in the pathogenesis in chronic rhinosinusitis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although there is evidence supporting a link between smoking and CRS, studies suggest that there might be individual susceptibility to cigarette smoking causing the development and/or maintenance of CRS. Proper patient education to quit smoking as well as reinforcement of antismoking campaigns are extremely important to control this disease of major socio-economic impact.
authors.affiliation: Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo.
authors.forename: Edwin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tamashiro
authors.forename: Noam A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: James N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.forename: Wilma Terezinha Anselmo
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Lima
mesh_terms: D002908:Chronic Disease; D006801:Humans; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D020545:Respiratory Mucosa / Q000648:ultrastructure; D012220:Rhinitis / Q000209:etiology*; D012852:Sinusitis / Q000209:etiology*; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*