title: Does symptom duration correlate negatively with outcome after posterior lumbar interbody fusion for chronic low back pain?
abstract: METHODS
  Original report.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the putative negative correlation between the duration of symptoms (DOS) and outcome after surgery for chronic low back pain (CLBP).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) is a well established treatment for CLBP. Anecdotally, a prolonged DOS is associated with a poor prognosis for recovery of CLBP. In one recent study, a DOS greater than 3 years predicted a poor prognosis for subsequent clinical improvement with CLBP.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients (n = 209) underwent PLIF for CLBP who had proven unresponsive to nonoperative management for at least 6 months. A wide variety of physical and mental outcome scores were simultaneously assessed pre- and after surgery: i.e., the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), SF-36 body score, SF-36 mental score, Visual Analogue Score (VAS) for back pain, VAS for leg pain, Hospital Anxiety Score (HAS), and Hospital Depression Score.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Despite a prolonged mean DOS of 84.3 ± 6.6 months, there was a significant postoperative improvement in all 7 outcome scores after PLIF. Significant improvement occurred in 181 patients (i.e., 86.6%) and was sustained at 51.6 ± 12.0 months follow-up. No significant correlation was found between DOS and any outcome score (ODI: rs = 0.013, P = 0.877; SF-36 bodily pain: rs = 0.013, P = 0.87; VAS for back pain: rs = 0.038, P = 0.656; VAS for leg pain: rs = 0.086, P = 0.310; HAS: rs = 0.511, P = 0.056; Hospital Depression Score: rs = 0.056, P = 0.509, or SF-36 mental score rs = 0.007, P = 0.935). No arbitrary DOS "cut-off" was found for which significantly different outcomes were recorded either side of the cut-off; or for which a significant correlation was revealed either side of the cut-off. Finally, no significant partial correlation was found between DOS and any outcome score after controlling for pain severity (VAS(back pain)) before surgery. There were no significant differences in terms of age, sex, or DOS between those with improved ODI scores less than 10 compared with those with improved ODI scores greater than 10.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The putative negative correlation between DOS and outcome was not observed under any analysis in our study. PLIF procured a rapid and sustained improvement in CLBP, even where the DOS was excessively prolonged; and even after having allowed for pain severity. Symptom chronicity, therefore, does not represent a poor prognostic indicator for CLBP outcome after PLIF: PLIF should be considered irrespective of DOS. Because DOS and pain severity are likely mediators of "central sensitization," the hypothesis that central sensitization may be prevalent in CLBP patients selected for PLIF is therefore questioned.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Spinal Surgery, University Hospital of North Tees, Hardwick, Stockton on Tees, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Laurence A G
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Marshman
authors.forename: Ata
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kasis
authors.forename: Manoj
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Krishna
authors.forename: Chandra K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Bhatia
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000601:surgery*; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000379:methods*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome