title: A comparison of three types of autobiographical memories in old-old age: first memories, pivotal memories and traumatic memories.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Autobiographical memory enables us to construct a personal narrative through which we identify ourselves. Especially important are memories of formative events.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study describes autobiographical memories of people who have reached old-old age (85 years and above), studying 3 types of memories of particular impact on identity and adaptation: first memories, pivotal memories and traumatic memories. In this paper, we examine the content, characteristic themes and environments, and structural characteristics of each of the 3 types of memory.
  
  
  METHODS
  The participants were 26 persons from a larger longitudinal study with an average age of 91 years; half were men and the other half women. The study integrated qualitative and quantitative tools. An open-ended questionnaire included questions about the participants' life story as well as questions about the 3 types of memories. The responses were rated by 3 independent judges on dimensions of central themes and structural characteristics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  First memories had a more positive emotional tone, more references to characters from the participant's social circle, a stronger sense of group belonging, and a more narrative style than the other types of memories. Pivotal and traumatic memories were described as more personal than first memories.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The 3 types of memories reflect different stages in life development, which together form a sense of identity. They present experiences from the past on select themes, which may assist in the complex task of coping with the difficulties and limitations that advanced old age presents. Future research should examine the functional role of those memories and whether they enable the old-old to support selfhood in the challenging period of last changes and losses.
authors.affiliation: Herczeg Institute on Aging, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel. jiska @ post.tau.ac.il
authors.forename: Jiska
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cohen-Mansfield
authors.forename: Dov
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Shmotkin
authors.forename: Nitza
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Eyal
authors.forename: Yael
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Reichental
authors.forename: Haim
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hazan
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007062:Identification, Psychological; D007406:Interview, Psychological; D007557:Israel / Q000453:epidemiology; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory; D011939:Mental Recall; D033262:Narration; D012917:Social Adjustment; D012931:Social Environment; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires