title: The glutamatergic compounds sarcosine and N-acetylcysteine ameliorate prepulse inhibition deficits in metabotropic glutamate 5 receptor knockout mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mice lacking metabotropic glutamate receptors 5 (mGluR5) exhibit reduced glutamatergic function and behavioral abnormalities, including deficits in prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the startle response that may be relevant to schizophrenia. Thus, these mice are an animal model that may be used for preclinical evaluation of potentially new classes of antipsychotic compounds. Recent clinical studies have suggested several compounds that modulate glutamatergic transmission through distinct mechanisms, such as potentiation of the N-methyl-D: -aspartate (NMDA) receptor glycine site, activation of group II mGluR, and activation of glutamate-cysteine antiporters, as being efficacious in the treatment of schizophrenia.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this work is to evaluate the effects of sarcosine (a selective inhibitor of the glycine transporter 1 [GlyT1]), LY379268 (a group II mGluR agonist), and N-acetylcysteine (a cysteine prodrug that indirectly activates cystine-glutamate antiporters to increase glutamate levels in the extrasynaptic space) on PPI deficits in mGluR5 knockout mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sarcosine and N-acetylcysteine, but not LY379268, ameliorated PPI deficits in mGluR5 knockout mice. The ability of N-acetylcysteine to restore PPI deficits was not blocked by the group II mGluR antagonist LY341495, indicating that the effects of N-acetylcysteine were not attributable to activation of group II mGluRs by glutamate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings provide evidence that the interactions between mGluR5 and NMDA receptors are involved in the regulation of PPI and suggest that activation of glutamate receptors, other than group II receptors, by increased endogenous glutamate transmission, may ameliorate the behavioral abnormalities associated with mGluR5 deficiency.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Tzu Chi University, 701, Section 3, Chung-Yang Road, Hualien, 970, Taiwan. hwei@mail.tcu.edu.tw
authors.forename: Hwei-Hsien
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Astrid
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stoker
authors.forename: Athina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Markou
mesh_terms: D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D027182:Amino Acid Transport System y+ / Q000819:agonists / Q000378:metabolism; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D019086:Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D018690:Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D050487:Glycine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009433:Neural Inhibition / Q000187:drug effects*; D064529:Receptor, Metabotropic Glutamate 5; D018094:Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate / Q000819:agonists / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000235:genetics; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000819:agonists / Q000378:metabolism; D013216:Reflex, Startle / Q000187:drug effects*; D012521:Sarcosine / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D027182:Amino Acid Transport System y+; D000596:Amino Acids; D019086:Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic; D018690:Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists; D050487:Glycine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; C578936:Grm5 protein, mouse; C118218:LY 379268; D064529:Receptor, Metabotropic Glutamate 5; D018094:Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; C493267:Slc6a9 protein, mouse; C492255:Slc7a11 protein, mouse; D000111:Acetylcysteine; D012521:Sarcosine