title: Rivaroxaban-once daily, oral, direct factor Xa inhibition compared with vitamin K antagonism for prevention of stroke and Embolism Trial in Atrial Fibrillation: rationale and design of the ROCKET AF study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Atrial fibrillation (AF), the most common significant cardiac arrhythmia, increases the risk of stroke, particularly in the elderly. Warfarin is effective in reducing stroke risk but is burdensome to patients and is difficult to control. Rivaroxaban is an oral direct factor Xa inhibitor in advanced development as an alternative to warfarin for the prevention and treatment of thromboembolic disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  ROCKET AF is a randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, event-driven trial, which aims to establish the noninferiority of rivaroxaban compared with warfarin in patients with nonvalvular AF who have a history of stroke or at least 2 additional independent risk factors for future stroke. Patients are randomly assigned to receive rivaroxaban, 20 mg once daily (od), or dose-adjusted warfarin titrated to a target international normalized ratio (INR) of 2.5 (range 2.0-3.0, inclusive) using point-of-care INR devices to receive true or sham INR values, depending on the study drug allocation. The primary efficacy end point is a composite of all-cause stroke and noncentral nervous system systemic embolism. The primary safety end point is the composite of major and clinically relevant nonmajor bleeding events. Over 14,000 patients have been randomized at 1,100 sites across 45 countries, and will be followed until 405 primary outcome events are observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ROCKET AF study will determine the efficacy and safety of rivaroxaban as an alternative to warfarin for the prevention of thromboembolism in patients with AF.
authors.affiliation: Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC, USA.
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004617:Embolism / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D065427:Factor Xa Inhibitors; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced; D006801:Humans; D008499:Medical Records; D009025:Morpholines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D012107:Research Design; D012307:Risk Factors; D000069552:Rivaroxaban; D055502:Secondary Prevention; D020521:Stroke / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013876:Thiophenes / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D014812:Vitamin K / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D014859:Warfarin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D065427:Factor Xa Inhibitors; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D009025:Morpholines; D013876:Thiophenes; D014812:Vitamin K; D014859:Warfarin; D000069552:Rivaroxaban