title: In vitro sun protection factor: still a challenge with no final answer.
abstract: In the past, several attempts have been made to develop in vitro methods for determining protection against UV radiation. To date however, there is no broadly accepted method. Various known and unknown parameters influence the transmission measurements of scattering films, such as the multifaceted compositions of sunscreens, the technical limitations of measurement devices as well as the difficulty to apply very thin films of sunscreen in a reproducible manner throughout different laboratories. In vitro data were measured in this multicenter study to compare possible methodologies and strategies for an in vitro approach to the sun protection factor (SPF). This publication will not present a final in vitro SPF test method, but it will point out which technical side effects may influence such a method. Influential factors such as the quality of spectrophotometer used, the amount of product applied, pretreatment of samples, time and temperature of equilibration, size of the measured surface, the application process or the calculation on the basis of standardized data are presented and discussed. Finally, a reduction of the standard deviations within single laboratories could be realized for in vitro SPF testing, but no improvement of the interlaboratory comparison was obtained. The development of a valid and reliable SPF in vitro test still remains a challenge, and further work is necessary to develop a satisfactory method.
authors.affiliation: Institut Dr. Schrader Hautphysiologie, Holzminden, Germany. Mathias.Rohr @ Schrader-Institute.de
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rohr
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Klette
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ruppert
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bimzcok
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Klebon
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Heinrich
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tronnier
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Johncock
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pflücker
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rudolph
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Flösser-Müller
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jenni
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kockott
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lademann
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Herzog
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bielfeldt
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mendrok-Edinger
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hanay
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zastrow
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008422:Materials Testing / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D013472:Sunlight / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013473:Sunscreening Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry*; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D013473:Sunscreening Agents