title: Effect of indomethacin on bile acid-phospholipid interactions: implication for small intestinal injury induced by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
abstract: The injurious effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in the small intestine was not appreciated until the widespread use of capsule endoscopy. Animal studies found that NSAID-induced small intestinal injury depends on the ability of these drugs to be secreted into the bile. Because the individual toxicity of amphiphilic bile acids and NSAIDs directly correlates with their interactions with phospholipid membranes, we propose that the presence of both NSAIDs and bile acids alters their individual physicochemical properties and enhances the disruptive effect on cell membranes and overall cytotoxicity. We utilized in vitro gastric AGS and intestinal IEC-6 cells and found that combinations of bile acid, deoxycholic acid (DC), taurodeoxycholic acid, glycodeoxycholic acid, and the NSAID indomethacin (Indo) significantly increased cell plasma membrane permeability and became more cytotoxic than these agents alone. We confirmed this finding by measuring liposome permeability and intramembrane packing in synthetic model membranes exposed to DC, Indo, or combinations of both agents. By measuring physicochemical parameters, such as fluorescence resonance energy transfer and membrane surface charge, we found that Indo associated with phosphatidylcholine and promoted the molecular aggregation of DC and potential formation of larger and isolated bile acid complexes within either biomembranes or bile acid-lipid mixed micelles, which leads to membrane disruption. In this study, we demonstrated increased cytotoxicity of combinations of bile acid and NSAID and provided a molecular mechanism for the observed toxicity. This mechanism potentially contributes to the NSAID-induced injury in the small bowel.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics-Gastroenterology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Elizabeth J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Dial
authors.forename: Rand
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Doyen
authors.forename: Lenard M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Lichtenberger
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001647:Bile Acids and Salts / Q000378:metabolism*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002463:Cell Membrane Permeability / Q000187:drug effects; D003840:Deoxycholic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D004347:Drug Interactions; D031541:Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer; D006002:Glycodeoxycholic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007213:Indomethacin / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000187:drug effects; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D008081:Liposomes / Q000378:metabolism; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000187:drug effects; D010539:Permeability; D010743:Phospholipids / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D013657:Taurodeoxycholic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D001647:Bile Acids and Salts; D008081:Liposomes; D010743:Phospholipids; D003840:Deoxycholic Acid; D006002:Glycodeoxycholic Acid; D013657:Taurodeoxycholic Acid; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D007213:Indomethacin