title: Deep brain stimulation for psychiatric disorders.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Deep brain stimulation (DBS), an established treatment for some movement disorders, is now being used experimentally to treat psychiatric disorders as well. In a number of recently published case series, DBS yielded an impressive therapeutic benefit in patients with medically intractable psychiatric diseases.
  
  
  METHODS
  This review of the use of DBS to treat psychiatric disorders is based on literature retrieved from a selective Pubmed search for relevant keywords, reference works on the topic, and the authors' own research.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Studies have been performed on the use of DBS to treat medically intractable obsessive-compulsive disorder, depressive disorders, and Tourette syndrome. The case numbers in the cited publications were small, yet at least some of them involved a methodologically sound investigation. Thus, in some studies, the strength of the effect was controlled with a double-blinded interval in which the stimulation was turned off. In general, the primary symptoms were found to improve markedly, by 35% to 70%, although not all patients responded to the treatment. Adverse effects of DBS were very rare in most studies and could usually be reversed by changing the stimulation parameters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of DBS for psychiatric disorders that have been published to date are encouraging. They open up a new perspective in the treatment of otherwise intractable disorders. Nonetheless, the efficacy, mechanism of action, and adverse effects of DBS for this indication still need to be further studied in methodologically adequate trials that meet the highest ethical standard.
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Klinikum der Universität zu Köln, Germany. Jens.Kuhn@uk-koeln.de
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kuhn
authors.forename: Theo O J
authors.initials: TO
authors.lastname: Gründler
authors.forename: Doris
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lenartz
authors.forename: Volker
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sturm
authors.forename: Joachim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Klosterkötter
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Huff
mesh_terms: D035843:Biomedical Research / Q000639:trends*; D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000639:trends*; D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*