title: Characterization of the nasal, sublingual, and oropharyngeal mucosa microbiota in cleft lip and palate individuals before and after surgical repair.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To delineate inherent differences in the microbial milieu in cleft palate patients compared with cleft lip patients and to document changes in microbial flora before and after cleft lip and palate repair.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective study of preoperative and postoperative culture results from the nasal, sublingual, and oropharyngeal surfaces of patients undergoing primary cleft lip repair and palate closure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Shriners Hospitals for Children, Galveston, Texas, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-nine patients were included in a 3-year period. Ten patients with isolated cleft lip underwent primary lip repair. Twenty-five patients with cleft lip and palate underwent primary lip repair, and 44 patients underwent palatoplasty.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cleft palate patients had a significantly higher rate of colonization by staphylococcal species, but not methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus , when compared to cleft lip patients (p=.0298; chi-square test). Closure of the palatal cleft coincided with significant decline in the prevalence of Klebsiella and Enterobacter species (p<.05; McNemar test). The only major complication, palatal dehiscence, was believed to be directly related to infection with group A beta-hemolytic streptococci.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite a high prevalence of potential pathogenic and enteric flora preoperatively in primary palate repair, postoperative wound infection is rare in the prospective study population. However, the presence of beta-hemolytic streptococci was associated with a higher risk of repair dehiscence; therefore, screening for Streptococci prior to surgery should be performed routinely.
authors.affiliation: University of Texas Medical Branch and Shriners Hospitals for Children, Galveston, Texas 77555, USA.
authors.forename: J Faridy
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Cocco
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Antonetti
authors.forename: John L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Burns
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Heggers
authors.forename: Steven J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Blackwell
mesh_terms: D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000601:surgery; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000601:surgery; D004754:Enterobacter; D005260:Female; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria; D006801:Humans; D007709:Klebsiella; D008297:Male; D055624:Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000382:microbiology*; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000382:microbiology*; D009960:Oropharynx / Q000382:microbiology; D011184:Postoperative Period; D057234:Preoperative Period; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013210:Staphylococcus; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013291:Streptococcus; D013529:Surgical Wound Dehiscence / Q000382:microbiology; D013530:Surgical Wound Infection / Q000382:microbiology*; D013781:Texas