title: Predicting cognitive dysfunctioning in nondemented patients early after stroke.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cognitive dysfunctioning (CDF) is an important issue in stroke, interfering with recovery and social dysfunctioning. We aimed to investigate the clinical and imaging correlates of CDF in patients with a first-ever subacute ischemic stroke and no dementia.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated CDF 15 days after stroke in a prospective cohort of consecutive patients with a Mini Mental State Examination score > or =23 using a comprehensive neuropsychological battery. CDF was ranked into 3 categories according to Z scores calculated for each test and adjusted for age and education. CDF was analyzed in relation to stroke features. Imaging was assessed using MRI. An ordinal regression procedure was used to determine the clinical correlates of CDF and to compute probabilities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cognitive evaluation was achieved in 177 consecutive patients (age 50.0 +/- 16.0 years). In bivariate analysis, CDF was associated with age, low level of education, depression, neurological deficit at day 15, stroke subtype, arterial territory and leukoaraiosis but not with stroke volume or location. The predictors of CDF were NIHSS score at day 15 (OR = 1.35; 95% CI = 1.05-1.73), middle cerebral artery infarct (OR = 2.96; 95% CI = 1.30-6.73), depression interacting with left stroke side (OR = 1.09; 95% CI = 1.03-1.15), and female gender interacting with high level of education (OR = 0.209; 95% CI = 0.085-0.514).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Stroke features correlate with CDF in nondemented patients. These simple criteria may help to predict CDF at bedside in the subacute phase after stroke and to recommend a neuropsychological evaluation for patients' management. Modeling CDF soon after stroke using simple neurological criteria may be a useful tool for designing clinical trials.
authors.affiliation: Unité d'Imagerie par Résonance Magnétique, Institut Fédératif de Recherche 1, CHU Grenoble, Grenoble, France. Assia.Jaillard@ujf-grenoble.fr
authors.forename: Assia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jaillard
authors.forename: Sylvie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Grand
authors.forename: Jean François
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Le Bas
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hommel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply; D020520:Brain Infarction / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D020521:Stroke / Q000145:classification / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology*; D013997:Time Factors