title: Invasive Haemophilus influenzae Disease, Europe, 1996-2006.
abstract: An international collaboration was established in 1996 to monitor the impact of routine Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccination on invasive H. influenzae disease; 14 countries routinely serotype all clinical isolates. Of the 10,081 invasive H. influenzae infections reported during 1996-2006, 4,466 (44%, incidence 0.28 infections/100,000 population) were due to noncapsulated H. influenzae (ncHi); 2,836 (28%, 0.15/100,000), to Hib; and 690 (7%, 0.036/100,000), to non-b encapsulated H. influenzae. Invasive ncHi infections occurred in older persons more often than Hib (median age 58 years vs. 5 years, p<0.0001) and were associated with higher case-fatality ratios (12% vs. 4%, p<0.0001), particularly in infants (17% vs. 3%, p<0.0001). Among non-b encapsulated H. influenzae, types f (72%) and e (21%) were responsible for almost all cases; the overall case-fatality rate was 9%. Thus, the incidence of invasive non-type b H. influenzae is now higher than that of Hib and is associated with higher case fatality.
authors.affiliation: Health Protection Agency, London, UK. shamez.ladhani@hpa.org.uk
authors.forename: Shamez
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ladhani
authors.forename: Mary P E
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Slack
authors.forename: Paul T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Heath
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: von Gottberg
authors.forename: Manosree
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chandra
authors.forename: Mary E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Ramsay
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006192:Haemophilus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D018073:Haemophilus Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006193:Haemophilus influenzae / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D019741:Haemophilus influenzae type b / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D017589:Immunization Programs; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009313:National Health Programs; D011159:Population Surveillance / Q000379:methods; D018074:Vaccines, Conjugate / Q000008:administration & dosage; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D018073:Haemophilus Vaccines; D018074:Vaccines, Conjugate