title: Effect of humeral head defect size on glenohumeral stability: a cadaveric study of simulated Hill-Sachs defects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hill-Sachs lesions are often present with recurrent shoulder instability and may be a cause of failed Bankart repair.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Glenohumeral joint stability decreases with increasingly larger humeral head defects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Descriptive laboratory study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Humeral head defects, 1/8, 3/8, 5/8, and 7/8 of the humeral head radius, were created in 8 human cadaveric shoulders, simulating Hill-Sachs defects. Testing positions included 45 degrees and 90 degrees of abduction and 40 degrees of internal rotation, neutral, and 40 degrees of external rotation. Testing occurred at each defect size sequentially from smallest to largest for all abduction and rotation combinations. The humeral head was translated at 0.5 mm/s 45 degrees anteroinferiorly to the horizontal glenoid axis until dislocation. Distance to dislocation, defined as humeral head translation until it began to subluxate, was the primary outcome measure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant factors by ANOVA were rotation (P < .001) and defect size (P < .001). There was no difference for the 2 abduction angles. External rotation of 40 degrees significantly reduced distance to dislocation compared with neutral and 40 degrees internal rotation (P < .001). Osteotomies of 5/8 and 7/8 radius significantly decreased distance to dislocation over the intact state (P = .009 and P <.001, respectively). Post hoc analysis determined significant differences for the rotational positions. Decreased distance to dislocation occurred at 5/8 radius osteotomy at 40 degrees external rotation with 90 degrees of abduction (P = .008). For the 7/8 radius osteotomy at 90 degrees abduction, there was a decreased distance to dislocation for neutral and 40 degrees external rotation (P < .001); at 45 degrees abduction, there was a decreased distance to dislocation at 40 degrees external rotation (P <.001). With the humerus internally rotated, there was no significant change in distance to dislocation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Glenohumeral stability decreases at a 5/8 radius defect in external rotation and abduction. At 7/8 radius, there was a further decrease in stability at neutral and external rotation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Defects of 5/8 the humeral head radius may require treatment to decrease the failure rate of shoulder instability repair.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, St Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA.
authors.forename: Scott G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Kaar
authors.forename: Stephen D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Fening
authors.forename: Morgan H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Robb W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Colbrunn
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Miniaci
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002062:Bursitis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002102:Cadaver; D006801:Humans; D006811:Humerus / Q000293:injuries*; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D017006:Rotator Cuff / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012783:Shoulder Dislocation / Q000503:physiopathology*