title: Day-to-day variation of insulin requirements of patients with type 2 diabetes and end-stage renal disease undergoing maintenance hemodialysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate day-to-day variations of insulin needs in type 2 diabetic patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) on maintenance hemodialysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We developed a 24-h euglycemic clamp in patients who received an average of 2,200 calories in a standardized three-meal and two-snack regimen per day, adjusted to body size and sex. Intravenous insulin was adjusted every 30 min to achieve 5.5 +/- 1.1 mmol/l glycemia over 24 h prehemodialysis, during hemodialysis session, and 24 h posthemodialysis in 10 type 2 diabetic patients, aged 55.7 +/- 8.7 years with 11.9 +/- 4.5 years diabetes duration, undergoing maintenance hemodialysis for 2.3 +/- 2.3 years. Insulin requirements were derived from the dose of insulin administered to maintain euglycemia per period of time and day-to-day comparisons performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean capillary glycemia was 5.5 +/- 0.3 mmol/l prehemodialysis and 5.3 +/- 0.2 mmol/l posthemodialysis (P = 0.39). Pre- and posthemodialysis areas under the glucose curve were comparable. This was achieved by infusing 23.6 +/- 7.7 IU/24 h prehemodialysis vs. 19.9 +/- 4.9 IU/24 h posthemodialysis, indicating a 15.3% decrease posthemodialysis (P = 0.09). Basal insulin needs decreased from 0.4 +/- 0.1/h prehemodialysis to 0.3 +/- 0.1/h posthemodialysis (P = 0.01). Total boluses were decreased by 2.2 +/- 3.1 IU (P = 0.15). Changes in blood urea did not correlate with changes in insulin needs (r = 0.1, P = 0.79).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study has demonstrated a significant 25% reduction in basal insulin requirements the day after dialysis compared with the day before. No significant change in boluses was observed, and overall the reduction of total insulin requirements was -15% equivalent to -4 IU/day posthemodialysis of marginal statistical significance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon. eugene.sobngwi@newcastle.ac.uk
authors.forename: Eugene
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sobngwi
authors.forename: Sostanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Enoru
authors.forename: Gloria
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ashuntantang
authors.forename: Marcel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Azabji-Kenfack
authors.forename: Mesmin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dehayem
authors.forename: Arnold
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Onana
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Biwole
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kaze
authors.forename: Jean-François
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Gautier
authors.forename: Jean-Claude
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Mbanya
mesh_terms: D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects; D001806:Blood Urea Nitrogen; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D015309:Glucose Clamp Technique / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000628:therapy*; D008875:Middle Aged; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D014508:Urea / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D014508:Urea