title: Prognostic impact of ZAP-70 expression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: mean fluorescence intensity T/B ratio versus percentage of positive cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  ZAP-70 is an independent negative prognostic marker in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Usually, its expression is investigated by flow cytometric protocols in which the percentage of ZAP-70 positive CLL cells is determined in respect to isotypic control (ISO-method) or residual ZAP-70 positive T cells (T-method). These methods, however, beside suffering of an inherent subjectivity in their application, may give discordant results in some cases. The aim of this study was to assess the prognostic significance of these methods in comparison with another in which ZAP-70 expression was evaluated as a Mean-Fluorescence-Intensity Ratio between gated T and CLL cells (T/B Ratio-method).
  
  
  METHODS
  Cytometric files relative to ZAP-70 determination according to the three readouts were retrospectively reviewed on a cohort of 173 patients (test set), all with complete clinical and biological prognostic assessment and time-to-treatment (TTT) available. Findings were then validated in an independent cohort of 341 cases from a different institution (validation set).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The optimal prognostic cut-offs for ZAP-70 expression were selected at 11% (ISO-method) or 20% of positive cells (T-method), as well as at 3.0 (T/B Ratio-method) in the test set; these cut-offs yielded 66, 60 and 73 ZAP-70+ cases, respectively. Univariate analyses resulted in a better separation of ZAP-70+ vs. ZAP-70- CLL patients utilizing the T/B Ratio, compared to T- or ISO-methods. In multivariate analyses which included the major clinical and biological prognostic markers for CLL, the prognostic impact of ZAP-70 appeared stronger when the T/B-Ratio method was applied. These findings were confirmed in the validation set, in which ZAP-70 expression, evaluated by the T- (cut-off = 20%) or T/B Ratio- (cut-off = 3.0) methods, yielded 180 or 127 ZAP-70+ cases, respectively. ZAP-70+ patients according to the T/B Ratio-method had shorter TTT, both if compared to ZAP-70- CLL, and to cases classified ZAP-70+ by the T-method only.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We suggest to evaluate ZAP-70 expression in routine settings using the T/B Ratio-method, given the operator and laboratory independent feature of this approach. We propose the 3.0 T/B Ratio value as optimal cut-off to discriminate ZAP-70+ (T/B Ratio less than 3.0) from ZAP-70- (T/B Ratio more/equal than 3.0) cases.
authors.affiliation: Clinical and Experimental Onco-Hematology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, I.R.C.C.S., Aviano (PN), Italy.
authors.forename: Francesca M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Rossi
authors.forename: Maria Ilaria
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Del Principe
authors.forename: Davide
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rossi
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Irno Consalvo
authors.forename: Fabrizio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Luciano
authors.forename: Antonella
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zucchetto
authors.forename: Pietro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bulian
authors.forename: Riccardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bomben
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dal Bo
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fangazio
authors.forename: Dania
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Benedetti
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Degan
authors.forename: Gianluca
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gaidano
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Del Poeta
authors.forename: Valter
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gattei
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D007143:Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D015451:Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology; D016131:Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009154:Mutation; D011379:Prognosis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D051746:ZAP-70 Protein-Tyrosine Kinase / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D007143:Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains; D051746:ZAP-70 Protein-Tyrosine Kinase; C497261:ZAP70 protein, human