title: [New technologies applied to the medication-dispensing process, error analysis and contributing factors].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Calculate error prevalence occurred in different medication-dispensing systems, the stages of occurrence, and contributing factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective observational study. The staging of the dispensing process were reviewed in five dispensing systems: Stock, Unitary-Dose dispensing systems (UDDS) without Computerized Prescription Order Entry (CPOE), CPOE-UDDS, Automated Dispensing Systems (ADS) without CPOE and CPOE-ADS. Dispensing errors were identified, together with the stages of occurrence of such errors and their contributing factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  2,181 errors were detected among 54,169 opportunities of error. Error-rate: Stock, 10.7%; no-CPOE-UDDS, 3.7%, CPOE-UDDS, 2.2%, no-CPOE-ADS, 20.7%; CPOE-ADS, 2.9%. Most frequent stage when error occurs: Stock, preparation of order; no-CPOE-UDDS and CPOE-UDDS, filling of the unit dose cart; no-CPOE-ADS and CPOE-ADS, filling of the ADS. Most frequent error: Stock, no-CPOE-ADS and CPOE-ADS, omission; CPOE-UDDS, different amount of drug and no-CPOE-UDDS, extra medication. Contributing factor: Stock, CPOE-ADS and no-CPOE-ADS, stock out/supply problems; CPOE-UDDS, inexperienced personnel and deficient communication system between professionals; no-CPOE-UDDS, deficient communication system between professionals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Applying new technologies to the dispensing process has increased its safety, particularly, implementation of CPOE has enabled to reduce dispensing errors.
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Farmacia, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Alvarez Díaz
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Delgado Silveira
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pérez Menéndez-Conde
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pintor Recuenco
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gómez de Salazar López de Silanes
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Serna Pérez
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mendoza Jiménez
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bermejo Vicedo
mesh_terms: D001331:Automation; D016303:Clinical Pharmacy Information Systems / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends; D055695:Electronic Prescribing / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006769:Hospitals, General; D006785:Hospitals, University; D006801:Humans; D050316:Medical Order Entry Systems / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends; D008508:Medication Errors / Q000145:classification / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008510:Medication Systems, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012371:Robotics; D013030:Spain