title: Pain barriers: psychometrics of a 13-item questionnaire.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Research instruments that effectively measure key pain constructs without needlessly taxing participants are invaluable to investigative processes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purposes of this series of studies were to eliminate the redundancy of the commonly used 27-item pain tool, the Barriers Questionnaire (BQ-27); retain its theoretical domains; and maintain its psychometric properties in a new shortened version.
  
  
  METHODS
  The BQ-27 was reduced to 13 items using data from 259 patients with cancer by selecting the single item from each domain with the highest frequency of endorsement and including all of the items in the side effects subscale. We tested reliability of the BQ-13 using data from additional studies (n = 221 and 166) and used analysis of covariance (n = 221) to determine instrument sensitivity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the BQ-13 contained two constructs: pain management and side effects. The BQ-13 demonstrated internal consistency as a total scale (alpha = .73) and stability via 4-week test-retest reliability. In addition, the BQ-13 was sensitive, F(1,218) = 7.7, p = .006, to effects of a tailored multimedia educational intervention.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The BQ-13 retained theoretical constructs, eliminated redundant items likely to contribute to floor effects, maintained adequate internal consistency and stability reliability, and had sensitivity to intervention effects.
authors.affiliation: College of Nursing, Department of Health Systems Science, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Debra
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Boyd-Seale
authors.forename: Diana J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Wilkie
authors.forename: Young Ok
authors.initials: YO
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Marie L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Suarez
authors.forename: Hilary
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Molokie
authors.forename: Zhongsheng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Shiping
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zong
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003144:Communication Barriers; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000451:nursing / Q000523:psychology*; D009859:Oncology Nursing / Q000379:methods; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000451:nursing / Q000523:psychology*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods* / Q000451:nursing; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000379:methods; D036301:Qualitative Research; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*