title: Severe menopausal symptoms in mid-aged Latin American women can be related to their indigenous ethnic component.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Latin American women present more severe menopausal symptoms when compared to those from other regions of the world. Since this population is an ethnic blend of Caucasian and indigenous people, we sought to test the hypothesis that severe menopausal symptoms in Latin American women are associated with an indigenous origin.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess menopausal symptoms among two specific indigenous Latin American populations.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 573 natural postmenopausal indigenous women aged 45-59 years (288 Quechua (Peru) and 285 Zenú (Colombia)) living in isolated communities were surveyed with a general questionnaire and the Menopause Rating Scale (MRS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The total MRS score was significantly higher among Quechua women as compared to Zenú ones (22.7 ± 5.7 vs. 14.7 ± 2.5, p < 0.0001); both figures were higher than those described for Hispanic or European populations. Quechua women presented more intense somatic and psychological symptoms as compared to Zenú (8.8 ± 2.3 vs. 5.3 ± 1.8; and 7.8 ± 2.4 vs. 3.2 ± 1.7, p < 0.0001); however, both indigenous groups presented similar intense urogenital symptoms (6.1 ± 1.6 vs. 6.2 ± 1.4, not significant). These differences persisted after adjusting for age, years since menopause onset and parity. The percentage of women presenting severe somatic and psychological symptoms significantly increased with aging among Quechua. This was not the case for Zenú women. More than 90% of indigenous women (Quechua and Zenú) at all age intervals presented severe urogenital scores, a percentage that is much higher than that described in the world literature.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Severe menopausal symptoms found among Latin American women could be the result of their indigenous ethnic origin; the urogenital domain is the most affected.
authors.affiliation: Collaborative Group for Research of the Climacteric in Latin America (REDLINC).
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ojeda
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Monterrosa
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Blümel
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Escobar-López
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chedraui
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D001007:Anxiety / Q000208:ethnology; D018771:Arthralgia / Q000208:ethnology; D003105:Colombia / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000208:ethnology; D005006:Ethnicity; D005221:Fatigue / Q000208:ethnology; D005260:Female; D019584:Hot Flashes / Q000208:ethnology; D006801:Humans; D007508:Irritable Mood; D008875:Middle Aged; D010568:Peru / Q000453:epidemiology; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology*; D011788:Quality of Life; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000208:ethnology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires