title: The fabrication of low-impedance nanoporous gold multiple-electrode arrays for neural electrophysiology studies.
abstract: Neural electrodes are essential tools for the study of the nervous system and related diseases. Low electrode impedance is a figure of merit for sensitive detection of neural electrical activity and numerous studies have aimed to reduce impedance. Unfortunately, most of these efforts have been tethered by a combination of poor functional coating adhesion, complicated fabrication techniques, and poor fabrication repeatability. We address these issues with a facile method for reliably producing multiple-electrode arrays with low impedance by patterning highly adherent nanoporous gold films using conventional microfabrication techniques. The high surface area-to-volume ratio of self-assembled nanoporous gold results in a more than 25-fold improvement in the electrode-electrolyte impedance, where at 1 kHz, 850 kOmega impedance for conventional Au electrodes is reduced to 30 kOmega for nanoporous gold electrodes. Low impedance provides a superior signal-to-noise ratio for detection of neural activity in noisy environments. We systematically studied the effect of film morphology on electrode impedance and successfully recorded field potentials from rat hippocampal slices. Here, we present our fabrication approach, the relationship between film morphology and impedance, and field potential recordings.
authors.affiliation: Center for Engineering in Medicine, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Erkin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Seker
authors.forename: Yevgeny
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Berdichevsky
authors.forename: Matthew R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Begley
authors.forename: Michael L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Reed
authors.forename: Kevin J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Staley
authors.forename: Martin L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Yarmush
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000502:physiology; D017097:Electric Impedance; D004566:Electrodes; D004594:Electrophysiology / Q000295:instrumentation*; D006046:Gold / Q000737:chemistry*; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology*; D016062:Porosity; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012834:Silver / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D012834:Silver; D006046:Gold