title: Support for the vascular depression hypothesis in late-life depression: results of a 2-site, prospective, antidepressant treatment trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Research on vascular depression has used 2 approaches to subtype late-life depression, based on executive dysfunction or white matter hyperintensity severity.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the relationship of neuropsychological performance and white matter hyperintensity with clinical response in late-life depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two-site, prospective, nonrandomized controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Outpatient clinics at Washington University and Duke University.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 217 subjects aged 60 years or older met DSM-IV criteria for major depression, scored 20 or more on the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), and received vascular risk factor scores, neuropsychological testing, and magnetic resonance imaging; they were excluded for cognitive impairment or severe medical disorders. Fazekas rating was conducted to grade white matter hyperintensity lesions. Intervention Twelve weeks of sertraline treatment, titrated by clinical response. Main Outcome Measure Participants' MADRS scores over time.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Baseline neuropsychological factor scores correlated negatively with baseline Fazekas scores. A mixed model examined effects of predictor variables on MADRS scores over time. Baseline episodic memory (P = .002), language (P = .007), working memory (P = .01), processing speed (P < .001), executive function factor scores (P = .002), and categorical Fazekas ratings (P = .05) predicted MADRS scores, controlling for age, education, age of onset, and race. Controlling for baseline MADRS scores, these factors remained significant predictors of decrease in MADRS scores, except for working memory and Fazekas ratings. Thirty-three percent of subjects achieved remission (MADRS < or =7). Remitters differed from nonremitters in baseline cognitive processing speed, executive function, language, episodic memory, and vascular risk factor scores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Comprehensive neuropsychological function and white matter hyperintensity severity predicted MADRS scores prospectively over a 12-week treatment course with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in late-life depression. Baseline neuropsychological function differentiated remitters from nonremitters and predicted time to remission in a proportional hazards model. Predictor variables correlated highly with vascular risk factor severity. These data support the vascular depression hypothesis and highlight the importance of linking subtypes based on neuropsychological function and white matter integrity.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00045773.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid, Box 8134, St Louis, MO 63110, USA. yvette@npg.wustl.edu
authors.forename: Yvette I
authors.initials: YI
authors.lastname: Sheline
authors.forename: Carl F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Pieper
authors.forename: Deanna M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Barch
authors.forename: Kathleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Welsh-Bohmer
authors.forename: Kathleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Welsh-Boehmer
authors.forename: Robert C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: McKinstry
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: MacFall
authors.forename: Gina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: D'Angelo
authors.forename: Keith S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gersing
authors.forename: Consuelo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wilkins
authors.forename: Warren
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Steffens
authors.forename: Ranga R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Krishnan
authors.forename: P Murali
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Doraiswamy
mesh_terms: D017668:Age of Onset; D000368:Aged; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology*; D056344:Executive Function / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D020280:Sertraline / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors; D020280:Sertraline