title: The ankle retinacula: morphological evidence of the proprioceptive role of the fascial system.
abstract: METHODS
  Research report.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the anatomical characteristics of the ankle retinacula and their relationship with the fasciae and muscles in healthy subjects and in patients with ankle sprain outcomes.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The role of the retinacula in proprioception has begun to emerge, but without clear anatomical bases or descriptions of their possible damage in patients with ankle sprain outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dissection, histological and immunohistochemical analysis of 27 legs. An in vivo radiological study by MRI was also performed on 7 healthy volunteers, 17 patients with outcomes of ankle sprain, and 3 amputated legs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The retinacula are thickenings of the deep fascia presenting bone or muscular connections. They are formed of 2-3 layers of parallel collagen fibre bundles, densely packaged with a little loose connective tissue, without elastic fibres but many nervous fibres and corpuscles. By MRI, the retinacula appeared as low-signal-intensity bands with a mean thickness of 1 mm. In patients with outcomes of ankle sprain, MR findings were abnormal retinacula thickness, signal intensity, and full-thickness gap.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The retinacula are not static structures for joint stabilisation, like the ligaments, but a specialisation of the fascia for local spatial proprioception of the movements of foot and ankle. Their anatomical variations and accessory bundles may be viewed as morphological evidence of the integrative role of the fascial system in peripheral control of articular motility.
authors.affiliation: Section of Anatomy, Department of Human Anatomy and Physiology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stecco
authors.forename: Veronica
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Macchi
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Porzionato
authors.forename: Aldo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Morra
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Parenti
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stecco
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Delmas
authors.forename: Raffaele
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: De Caro
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000671:Amputation, Surgical; D000842:Ankle / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000294:innervation; D016512:Ankle Injuries / Q000473:pathology; D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000294:innervation; D005205:Fascia / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000294:innervation / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005360:Fibula / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D010525:Peripheral Nerves / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000166:cytology; D011434:Proprioception / Q000502:physiology*; D013180:Sprains and Strains / Q000473:pathology; D055815:Young Adult