title: Subcutaneous allergen immunotherapy restores human dendritic cell innate immune function.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We recently reported that human blood dendritic cells from allergic subjects have impaired IFN-alpha production following toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9)-dependent innate immune stimulation. It is not known how subcutaneous allergen immunotherapy (SCIT) affects dendritic cell immune responses.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study is to determine how SCIT affects human dendritic cell function.
  
  
  METHODS
  Peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) were isolated from the blood of seven dust mite allergic subjects at baseline and upon reaching a standard SCIT maintenance dose that included dust mite and other aeroallergens. Cells were stimulated with various adaptive and innate immune receptor stimuli, or media alone for 20 h with secreted cytokine levels determined by ELISA. A portion of the cells were used to measure intracellular signalling proteins by flow cytometry. Humoral immune responses were measured from plasma.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SCIT resulted in a threefold increase in PBMC production of IFN-alpha in response to CpG at 100 nM (P=0.015) and at 500 nM (P=0.015), n=7. The predominant cell type known to produce IFN-alpha in response to CpG (CpG ODN-2216) and other TLR9 agonists is the pDC. As expected, a robust innate immune response from isolated pDCs was re-established among allergic subjects undergoing SCIT resulting in a fivefold increase in IFN-alpha production in response to CpG at 500 nM (P=0.046), n=7. In contrast, IL-6 production was unaffected by SCIT (P=0.468). Consistent with published reports, IgG4 blocking antibody increased 10-fold with SCIT (P=0.031), n=7. There was no significant increase in the frequency of pDCs or the expression of TLR9 that would account for the rise in IFN-alpha production.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Allergen immunotherapy increases dendritic cell TLR9-mediated innate immune function, which has previously been shown to be impaired at baseline in allergic subjects.
authors.affiliation: The Division of Clinical Immunology, The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA. jody.tversky@mssm.edu
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Tversky
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Bieneman
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Chichester
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Hamilton
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Schroeder
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000485:Allergens / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000276:immunology*; D040001:Dermatophagoides farinae / Q000276:immunology*; D003888:Desensitization, Immunologic / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D016898:Interferon-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000276:immunology; D008875:Middle Aged; D051217:Toll-Like Receptor 9 / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000485:Allergens; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D016898:Interferon-alpha; C495371:TLR9 protein, human; D051217:Toll-Like Receptor 9