title: The impact of intragenic CpG content on gene expression.
abstract: The development of vaccine components or recombinant therapeutics critically depends on sustained expression of the corresponding transgene. This study aimed to determine the contribution of intragenic CpG content to expression efficiency in transiently and stably transfected mammalian cells. Based upon a humanized version of green fluorescent protein (GFP) containing 60 CpGs within its coding sequence, a CpG-depleted variant of the GFP reporter was established by carefully modulating the codon usage. Interestingly, GFP reporter activity and detectable protein amounts in stably transfected CHO and 293 cells were significantly decreased upon CpG depletion and independent from promoter usage (CMV, EF1 alpha). The reduction in protein expression associated with CpG depletion was likewise observed for other unrelated reporter genes and was clearly reflected by a decline in mRNA copy numbers rather than translational efficiency. Moreover, decreased mRNA levels were neither due to nuclear export restrictions nor alternative splicing or mRNA instability. Rather, the intragenic CpG content influenced de novo transcriptional activity thus implying a common transcription-based mechanism of gene regulation via CpGs. Increased high CpG transcription correlated with changed nucleosomal positions in vitro albeit histone density at the two genes did not change in vivo as monitored by ChIP.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology & Gene Therapy Unit, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Asli Petra
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: Doris
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Leikam
authors.forename: Simone
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Krinner
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Notka
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ludwig
authors.forename: Gernot
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Längst
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wagner
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016466:CHO Cells; D002460:Cell Line; D018899:CpG Islands; D006224:Cricetinae; D003412:Cricetulus; D019175:DNA Methylation; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D009707:Nucleosomes / Q000737:chemistry; D016366:Open Reading Frames; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis; D012326:RNA Splicing; D020871:RNA Stability; D017384:Sequence Deletion; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D009707:Nucleosomes; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins