title: Similarities and differences between working memory and long-term memory: evidence from the levels-of-processing span task.
abstract: Two experiments compared the effects of depth of processing on working memory (WM) and long-term memory (LTM) using a levels-of-processing (LOP) span task, a newly developed WM span procedure that involves processing to-be-remembered words based on their visual, phonological, or semantic characteristics. Depth of processing had minimal effect on WM tests, yet subsequent memory for the same items on delayed tests showed the typical benefits of semantic processing. Although the difference in LOP effects demonstrates a dissociation between WM and LTM, we also found that the retrieval practice provided by recalling words on the WM task benefited long-term retention, especially for words initially recalled from supraspan lists. The latter result is consistent with the hypothesis that WM span tasks involve retrieval from secondary memory, but the LOP dissociation suggests the processes engaged by WM and LTM tests may differ. Therefore, similarities and differences between WM and LTM depend on the extent to which retrieval from secondary memory is involved and whether there is a match (or mismatch) between initial processing and subsequent retrieval, consistent with transfer-appropriate-processing theory.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Washington University.
authors.forename: Nathan S
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-7619-4441
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Rose
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Washington University.
authors.forename: Joel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Myerson
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Washington University.
authors.forename: Henry L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Roediger
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Washington University.
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hale
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D003118:Color Perception / Q000502:physiology; D004193:Discrimination Learning; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology*; D008570:Memory, Short-Term / Q000502:physiology*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010364:Pattern Recognition, Visual / Q000502:physiology; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D012660:Semantics; D013997:Time Factors; D014825:Vocabulary; D055815:Young Adult