title: Surface roughness of the restored enamel after orthodontic treatment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  After fixed appliance treatment, one concern is to restore the enamel surface as closely to its original state as possible. A variety of cleanup processes are available, but all are time-consuming and carry some risk of enamel damage. The purpose of this study was to examine tooth surfaces restored with different cleanup protocols.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-nine premolars extracted for orthodontic purposes were used. The 2 materials tested were Sof-Lex disks (3 M ESPE AG, Seefeld, Germany) and fiberglass burs (Stain Buster, Carbotech, Ganges, France). These were used alone and in combination with high- and low-speed handpieces, with which they were also compared. Eight groups were ultimately tested. All groups were compared with intact enamel, which served as the control group. From each group, 10 samples were examined with profilometry and 1 with scanning electron microscopy. Adhesive remnant index scores were recorded to ensure equal distributions for the groups. The time required for the cleanup processes and profilometry test results were also recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The fastest procedure was performed with high-speed handpieces, followed by low-speed handpieces. Sof-Lex disks and fiberglass burs required more time than carbide burs but did not result in significantly longer times for the cleanup procedure when combined with tungsten carbide-driven low- or high-speed handpieces or when used alone with low-speed handpieces. Although Sof-Lex disks were the most successful for restoring the enamel, it was not necessary to restore the enamel to its original surface condition. Generally, all enamel surface-roughness parameters were increased when compared with the values of intact enamel. The average roughness and maximum roughness depth measurements with Sof-Lex disks were statistically similar to measurements of intact enamel.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  No cleanup procedure used in this study restored the enamel to its original roughness. The most successful was Sof-Lex disks, which restored the enamel closer to its original roughness.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey. torunozer@gmail.com
authors.forename: Törün
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ozer
authors.forename: Güvenç
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Başaran
authors.forename: Jalen Devecioğlu
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Kama
mesh_terms: D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000293:injuries*; D003793:Dental Restoration, Permanent / Q000379:methods*; D019243:Enamel Microabrasion / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D009967:Orthodontic Appliances / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013499:Surface Properties