title: Relationship between meaning in life and intensity of smoking: do gender differences exist?
abstract: Little is known about the relationship between smoking and meaning in life, although the association of meaninglessness with other addictive behaviours has been widely investigated. The aim of this study is to examine whether a relationship exists between meaning in life and intensity of smoking as measured by cigarettes smoked per day. The study population was 3506 current smokers from the Hungarostudy 2002 Hungarian representative cross-sectional survey. Age, educational level, marital status, subjective financial status, household income, coffee consumption, hazardous alcohol use, general well-being, anxiety, and depressive symptomatology were included in the analyses as covariates. On the bivariate level, life meaning was associated with smoking intensity in the total sample and among women (p < 0.001), while for males, only a tendency was found (p = 0.069). In the multivariate analyses, life meaning proved to be a significant negative predictor of smoking intensity for females (p = 0.005) even after controlling for the covariates, whereas in men, meaning in life completely lost its significance (p = 0.852). In the total sample, both meaning in life (p = 0.005) and its interaction with gender (p = 0.024) related to the dependent variable. Further research is needed to confirm these explorative findings concerning the protective role of life meaning against more intense smoking among women.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Behavioral Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary. konbar@net.sote.hu
authors.forename: Barna
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Konkolÿ Thege
authors.forename: Adrienne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stauder
authors.forename: Maria S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Kopp
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016739:Behavior, Addictive / Q000523:psychology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006814:Hungary / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D017533:Marital Status; D008875:Middle Aged; D011788:Quality of Life; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors