title: What psychosocial characteristics are associated with smoking cessation behavior and readiness to quit smoking among Japanese male ever-smokers with type 2 diabetes mellitus?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The relationship between psychosocial characteristics and smoking cessation behavior was examined among Japanese male eversmokers with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
  
  
  METHODS
  The psychosocial characteristics and smoking cessation behavior of 441 male ever-smokers with type 2 diabetes mellitus were investigated. Personality was assessed using an egogram (five ego states: the Critical Parent, Nurturing Parent, Adult, Free Child, and Adapted Child) and each patient was classified into a high score or low score group based on the median. The current smokers were divided into 2 categories according to their readiness to quit smoking.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In multivariate analyses, the ever-smokers with a high Adult score had a lower risk of current smoking (OR=0.67, 95%CI=0.41-0.93), the ever-smokers with a high Free Child score were over 3 times more likely to currently smoke (OR=3.12, 95%CI=1.97-4.97), and the ever-smokers who had a low educational background had a higher risk of current smoking (OR=3.02, 95% CI=1.73-5.28). In addition, the current smokers with a high Adult score had a lower risk of being in the immotive and precontemplation stage (OR=0.55, 95%CI=0.24-0.96). The current smokers who had a low educational background had a higher risk of being in the immotive and precontemplation stage (OR=2.13, 95%CI=1.08-5.42).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a need to develop a smoking cessation program for patients with high "Free Child" scores and a "low education level".
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Nursing, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan. a.fenton@liverpool.ac.uk
authors.forename: Akiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Morimoto
authors.forename: Naomi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Miyamatsu
authors.forename: Tomonori
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Okamura
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hozawa
authors.forename: Aya
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kadota
authors.forename: Miho
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Morinaga
authors.forename: Mihoko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ogita
authors.forename: Atsunori
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kashiwagi
authors.forename: Hirotsugu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ueshima
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D044466:Asian People; D001294:Attitude to Health; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000523:psychology*; D004522:Educational Status; D015438:Health Behavior; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000523:psychology*