title: Norwalk virus-like particles as vaccines.
abstract: Noroviruses (NoV) cause the great majority of epidemic nonbacterial gastroenteritis in humans. Expression of the capsid protein in recombinant systems, including insect and plant cells, yields assembly of virus-like particles (VLPs) that mimic the antigenic structure of authentic virions, and are relatively acid- and heat-stable. Norwalk virus (NV), the prototype NoV, has been studied extensively, and Norwalk virus-like particles (NVLPs) produced in insect cells and plants are immunogenic in mice and humans when delivered orally, stimulating the production of systemic and mucosal anti-NV antibodies. NVLPs are also highly immunogenic when delivered intranasally, provoking antibodies at levels similar to orally delivered VLP at much lower doses. Oral and nasal delivery of NVLPs efficiently produces antibodies at distal mucosal sites, which suggests that NVLPs could be used to deliver heterologous peptide antigens by production of genetic fusion chimeric capsid proteins. Examination of norovirus VLP surface structures and receptor binding motifs facilitates identification of potential sites for insertion of foreign peptides that will minimally affect the efficiency of VLP assembly and receptor binding. Thus, there is strong potential to use norovirus VLPs as vaccine-delivery vehicles.
authors.affiliation: Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, Biodesign Institute at Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA and Dept of Basic Medical Sciences, The University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix in Partnership with Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA. melissa.herbst-kralovetz@asu.edu
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Herbst-Kralovetz
authors.forename: Hugh S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Mason
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000276:immunology; D002460:Cell Line; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D006801:Humans; D018928:Immunity, Mucosal; D007313:Insecta; D051379:Mice; D009663:Norwalk virus / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D010944:Plants; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D022721:Vaccines, Virosome / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D014765:Viral Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D022721:Vaccines, Virosome; D014764:Viral Proteins; D014765:Viral Vaccines