title: Healthy adolescents' neural response to reward: associations with puberty, positive affect, and depressive symptoms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Changes in reward-related behavior are an important component of normal adolescent affective development. Understanding the neural underpinnings of these normative changes creates a foundation for investigating adolescence as a period of vulnerability to affective disorders, substance use disorders, and health problems. Studies of reward-related brain function have revealed conflicting findings regarding developmental change in the reactivity of the striatum and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and have not considered puberty. The current study focused on puberty-specific changes in brain function and their association with mood.
  
  
  METHODS
  A sample of 77 healthy adolescents (26 pre-/early pubertal, 51 mid-/late pubertal) recruited in a narrow age range (mean = 11.94 years, SD = 0.75) were assessed for sexual maturation and circulating testosterone, completed a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) guessing task with monetary reward, and underwent experience sampling of mood in natural environments. For comparison, 19 healthy adults completed the fMRI assessment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adolescents with more advanced pubertal maturation exhibited less striatal and more mPFC reactivity during reward outcome than similarly aged adolescents with less advanced maturation. Testosterone was positively correlated with striatal reactivity in boys during reward anticipation and negatively correlated with striatal reactivity in girls and boys during reward outcome. Striatal reactivity was positively correlated with real-world subjective positive affect and negatively correlated with depressive symptoms. mPFC reactivity was positively correlated with depressive symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reward-related brain function changes with puberty and is associated with adolescents' positive affect and depressive symptoms. Increased reward-seeking behavior at this developmental point could serve to compensate for these changes.
authors.affiliation: University of Pittsburgh, USA. forbese@upmc.edu
authors.forename: Erika E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Forbes
authors.forename: Neal D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.forename: Mary L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: Stephen B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Manuck
authors.forename: Carol M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Worthman
authors.forename: Donna L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Moyles
authors.forename: Jill A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Tarr
authors.forename: Samantha R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Sciarrillo
authors.forename: Ronald E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Dahl
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect / Q000502:physiology*; D002648:Child; D003342:Corpus Striatum / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D005071:Evoked Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D010555:Personality Inventory / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011594:Psychometrics; D011627:Puberty / Q000502:physiology*; D012201:Reward; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D013739:Testosterone