title: How black African and white British women perceive depression and help-seeking: a pilot vignette study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The detection of psychological problems of black African people has been found to be substantially lower, compared with white British and black Caribbean people. This may be due to differences in patients' perceptions of illness. Little research has been carried out on factors that may influence the help-seeking behaviour of black Africans.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess differences in the perceptions of depression of black African and white British women that may influence lower detection and to investigate whether there are ethnic group differences in reasons for not seeking formal help.
  
  
  METHODS
  A short quantitative illness perception measure, the Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire (BIPQ), was used in a community survey, using a standard text vignette methodology to control for variations in previous experiences of depression. Responses from women who indicated that they would not seek formal help for depressive symptoms were qualitatively analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Differences in perceptions of depression were found between black African (n = 73) and white British groups (n = 72) on five of the nine BIPQ dimensions. Black women were more likely to perceive depression to have less serious consequences; to be associated with fewer symptoms; to be less chronic; to be less amenable to treatment; and more frequently attributed depression to social factors. Over half the participants (n = 74) said they would not seek formal help for depressive symptoms. Six qualitative response categories emerged to explain non-consultation. The most common factor for both groups related to GP consultation difficulties. Significantly more white women cited preferring alternative help sources as a reason for non-consultation. The greater number of black women citing anti-medication beliefs was marginally significant. There were no differences between the ethnic groups in their use of the remaining three categories: illness characteristics; service constraints; and stigma/shame.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Differing perceptions of depression among black and white women could help explain GPs' lower detection rates of depressive problems of black women. Differences in views about the formal help available may explain ethnic differences in help-seeking.
authors.affiliation: Psychology Department, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, London, UK. june.brown@kcl.ac.uk
authors.forename: June S L
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Sarah J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Casey
authors.forename: Amanda J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Bishop
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Prytys
authors.forename: Naureen
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Whittinger
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Weinman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000349:Africa / Q000208:ethnology; D001294:Attitude to Health; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D006113:United Kingdom; D055815:Young Adult