title: Estrogen inhibits transforming growth factor beta signaling by promoting Smad2/3 degradation.
abstract: Estrogen is a growth factor that stimulates cell proliferation. The effects of estrogen are mediated through the estrogen receptors, ERalpha and ERbeta, which function as ligand-induced transcription factors and belong to the nuclear receptor superfamily. On the other hand, TGF-beta acts as a cell growth inhibitor, and its signaling is transduced by Smads. Although a number of studies have been made on the cross-talk between estrogen/ERalpha and TGF-beta/Smad signaling, whose molecular mechanisms remain to be determined. Here, we show that ERalpha inhibits TGF-beta signaling by decreasing Smad protein levels. ERalpha-mediated reductions in Smad levels did not require the DNA binding ability of ERalpha, implying that ERalpha opposes the effects of TGF-beta via a novel non-genomic mechanism. Our analysis revealed that ERalpha formed a protein complex with Smad and the ubiquitin ligase Smurf, and enhanced Smad ubiquitination and subsequent degradation in an estrogen-dependent manner. Our observations provide new insight into the molecular mechanisms governing the non-genomic functions of ERalpha.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba Science City, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan.
authors.forename: Ichiaki
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: Aki
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hanyu
authors.forename: Mitsutoshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wayama
authors.forename: Natsuka
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Goto
authors.forename: Yoko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Katsuno
authors.forename: Shohei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kawasaki
authors.forename: Yuka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakajima
authors.forename: Masashi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kajiro
authors.forename: Yoko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Komatsu
authors.forename: Akiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fujimura
authors.forename: Ryuichi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hirota
authors.forename: Akiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Murayama
authors.forename: Keiji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kimura
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Imamura
authors.forename: Junn
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yanagisawa
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D002465:Cell Movement; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004967:Estrogens / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006801:Humans; D047468:Immunoprecipitation; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000494:pharmacology; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects*; D051899:Smad2 Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D051900:Smad3 Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D025801:Ubiquitin / Q000378:metabolism; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha; D004967:Estrogens; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; C051321:SERPINE1 protein, human; C497782:SMAD2 protein, human; D051899:Smad2 Protein; D051900:Smad3 Protein; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D025801:Ubiquitin; C498342:SMURF1 protein, human; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases