title: [Vaginal ectopia of urethra as a cause of chronic recurrent cystitis in women: diagnosis and treatment].
abstract: Ectopia of the urethral opening (female hypospadia) often causes chronic recurrent cystitis in women because of a retrograde delivery of urogenital infection from the introitus and vagina to the short wide urethra and urinary bladder. Etiologically, cystitis develops due to pathogenic vaginal microflora: Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma genitalium, Ureaplasma, urealyticum, Gardnerella vaginalis, Candida, E. coli and other gram-negative bacteria. In 64 female patients aged 16-57 years with female hypospadia (FH) the diagnosis was made by O'Donnel-Hirchhorn symptom. Identification of urinary and vaginal microflora was made using polymerase chain reaction. Radical treatment of chronic recurrent cystitis in FH is surgical transposition of the distal urethra and its opening in the typical place with pre- and perioperative anti-inflammatory therapy according to the pathogen or with drugs having combined antimycotic and antiprotosoic properties. One of such drugs safocid demonstrates a rapid therapeutic effect in mixed urogenital infections causing chronic recurrent cystitis in women.
authors.forename: T I
authors.initials: TI
authors.lastname: Derevianko
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003556:Cystitis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D014521:Urethra / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000601:surgery*; D014522:Urethral Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D013520:Urologic Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*