title: Changes in and characteristics of admissions to treatment related to problematic prescription opioid use in Ontario, 2004-2009.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  North America is the region with the world's highest prescription opioid (PO) use. Non-medical use of prescription opioids and PO-related morbidity and mortality have strongly increased in the US in recent years. It is assumed that similar trends are occurring in Canada, but there is less empirical evidence to support this. Treatment demand for problematic PO use is an important indicator of PO-related morbidity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Levels and changes related to the caseload of PO-related treatment admissions were assessed using system-level data from the Drug and Alcohol Treatment Information System (DATIS), the reporting system for publicly funded addiction treatment services in the province of Ontario (Canada) for the period April 2004-March 2009 (n=500,217). In addition, basic socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of PO-related treatment admissions in the final year of study (n=10,125) were examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The number of PO-related treatment admissions in DATIS rose by 60%, and their prevalence in the total caseload increased from 9.4% to 15.7% in the study period. Three-quarters of PO-clients reported other problem substances; the most common co-occurring problem substance was cocaine/crack. The majority of PO-clients were <35 years of age, unemployed, and referred to treatment by others.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Demand for treatment for problematic PO use has risen substantially in Ontario in the past five years in the wider context of substantially increased overall PO use and related harms in Canada. The interaction dynamics between these different indicators need to be systematically examined and monitored as the basis for evidence-based interventions.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Applied Research in Mental Health and Addictions, Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. bfischer@sfu.ca
authors.forename: Benedikt
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.forename: Nadine
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rush
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rehm
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Urbanoski
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009864:Ontario / Q000453:epidemiology; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D055553:Prescription Drugs; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D055553:Prescription Drugs