Neurons and oligodendrocytes recycle sphingosine 1-phosphate to ceramide: significance for apoptosis and multiple sclerosis.
Both cultured neonatal rat hippocampal neurons and differentiated oligodendrocytes rapidly metabolized exogenous C(2)- and C(6)-ceramides to sphingosine (Sph) and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) but only minimally to C(16-24)-ceramides. Dihydrosphinolipids were unaffected but were increased by exogenous C(6)-dihydroceramide. Conversely, quantitative liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry technology showed that exogenous S1P (0.25-10 microm) was rapidly metabolized to both Sph (a >200-fold increase) and predominantly C(18)-ceramide (a >2-fold increase). Longer treatments with either C(2)-ceramide (>2.5 microm) or S1P (10 microm) led to apoptotic cell death. Thus, there is an active sphingolipid salvage pathway in both neurons and oligodendrocytes. Staurosporine-induced cell death was shown to be associated with decreased S1P and increased Sph and C(16/18)-ceramide levels. The physiological significance of this observation was confirmed by the analysis of affected white matter and plaques from brains of multiple sclerosis patients in which reduced S1P and increased Sph and C(16/18)-ceramides were observed.
Qin
Jingdong
J
Departments of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.
Berdyshev
Evgeny
E
Goya
Jonathan
J
Natarajan
Viswanathan
V
Dawson
Glyn
G
D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D017209:Apoptosis; D001344:Autopsy; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002518:Ceramides / Q000378:metabolism*; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008246:Lysophospholipids / Q000378:metabolism*; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism*; D009836:Oligodendroglia / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D019032:Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization; D013110:Sphingosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism
D002518:Ceramides; D008246:Lysophospholipids; C060506:sphingosine 1-phosphate; D013110:Sphingosine