title: The effect of the combination of acids and tannin in diet on the performance and selected biochemical, haematological and antioxidant enzyme parameters in grower pigs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The abolition of in-feed antibiotics or chemotherapeutics as growth promoters have stimulated the swine industry to look for alternatives such as organic acids, botanicals, probiotics and tannin. The objective of the present study was to compare the effects of a combination of acids and tannin with diet with organic acids and diet without growth promoters on the growth performance and selected biochemical, haematological and antioxidant enzyme parameters in grower pigs. Tannin is more natural and cheaper but possibly with the same effectiveness as organic acids with regard to growth performance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-six 7 week old grower pigs, divided into three equal groups, were used in a three week feeding trial. Group I was fed basal diet, group II basal diet with added organic acids and group III basal diet with added organic and inorganic acids and tannin. Pigs were weighed before and after feeding and observed daily. Blood was collected before and after the feeding trial for the determination of selected biochemical, haematological and antioxidant enzyme parameters. One-way ANOVA was used to assess any diet related changes of all the parameters. Paired t-test was used to evaluate changes of blood parameters individually in each group of growers before and after feeding.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No clinical health problems related to diet were noted during the three week feeding trial. The average daily gain (ADG) and selected blood parameters were not affected by the addition to basal diet of either acids and tannin or of organic acids alone. Selected blood parameters remained within the reference range before and after the feeding trial, with the exception of total serum proteins that were below the lower value of reference range at both times. The significant changes (paired t-test) observed in individual groups before and after the feeding trial are related to the growth of pigs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diet with acids and tannin did not improve the growth performance of grower pigs but had no deleterious effects on selected blood parameters. The possibility of beneficial effects of adding acids and tannin in diets on growth performance over a longer period, however, could not be excluded.
authors.affiliation: University of Ljubljana, Veterinary faculty, Clinic for small animal medicine and surgery, Gerbiceva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stukelj
authors.forename: Zdravko
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Valencak
authors.forename: Mladen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Krsnik
authors.forename: Alenka Nemec
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Svete
mesh_terms: D000143:Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001772:Blood Cell Count / Q000662:veterinary; D001774:Blood Chemical Analysis; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology*; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary*; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011897:Random Allocation; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000097:blood; D013552:Swine / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D013634:Tannins / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D000143:Acids; D013634:Tannins; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase