title: Winter active bumblebees (Bombus terrestris) achieve high foraging rates in urban Britain.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Foraging bumblebees are normally associated with spring and summer in northern Europe. However, there have been sightings of the bumblebee Bombus terrestris during the warmer winters in recent years in southern England. But what floral resources are they relying upon during winter and how much winter forage can they collect?
  
  
  RESULTS
  To test if urban areas in the UK provide a rich foraging niche for bees we set up colonies of B. terrestris in the field during two late winter periods (2005/6 & 2006/7) in London, UK, and measured their foraging performance. Fully automatic radio-frequency identification (RFID) technology was used in 2006/7 to enable us to record the complete foraging activity of individually tagged bees. The number of bumblebees present during winter (October 2007 to March 2008) and the main plants they visited were also recorded during transect walks. Queens and workers were observed throughout the winter, suggesting a second generation of bee colonies active during the winter months. Mass flowering shrubs such as Mahonia spp. were identified as important food resources. The foraging experiments showed that bees active during the winter can attain nectar and pollen foraging rates that match, and even surpass, those recorded during summer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  B. terrestris in the UK are now able to utilise a rich winter foraging resource in urban parks and gardens that might at present still be under-exploited, opening up the possibility of further changes in pollinator phenology.
authors.affiliation: School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Ralph J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Stelzer
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chittka
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Carlton
authors.forename: Thomas C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Ings
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001516:Bees / Q000502:physiology*; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D002947:Cities; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D009425:Nesting Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D054817:Pollination; D011156:Population Density; D013037:Spatial Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D013045:Species Specificity; D006113:United Kingdom