title: Effect of traditional Korean medicinal (TKM) triherbal extract on the innate immune system and disease resistance in Paralichthys olivaceus against Uronema marinum.
abstract: We report the effect of aqueous-, ethanol- and methanol-solvent-derived extracts of three traditional Korean herbs, Punica granatum, Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium and Zanthoxylum schinifolium, by monitoring the innate immune mechanisms, such as phagocytosis activity, respiratory burst activity, alternative complement activity and lysozyme activity and the functional immunity in terms of percentage mortality and relative percent survival (RPS) in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) against Uronema marinum (1 x 10(5)ciliates ml(-1)) for 30 days. Fish were intraperitoneally administered with 5, 50 and 100 mg kg(-1) body weight of each traditional Korean medicinal (TKM) solvent extract except the control and infected untreated groups. In all the treated groups at concentrations of 50 and 100 mg kg(-1) body weight, the chosen innate immune parameters were found significantly enhanced when compared to 0 mg kg(-1) dose. However, at 5 mg kg(-1) the tested immune parameters did not vary. Administration of TKM solvent extracts preceding the challenge with U. marinum for 30 days significantly reduced the percentage mortality with the consequent increase in RPS. Administration of 50 and 100 mg kg(-1) TKM solvent extracts clearly enhanced the innate immune responses and disease resistance in P. olivaceus against U. marinum.
authors.affiliation: Department of Aquatic Biomedical Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences & Marine and Environmental Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, South Korea. rhari123@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Ramasamy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Harikrishnan
authors.forename: Jaehyun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Heo
authors.forename: Chellam
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Balasundaram
authors.forename: Man-Chul
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Ju-Sang
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Yong-Jae
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Moon-Soo
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Heo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D011723:Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium / Q000276:immunology; D016798:Ciliophora / Q000276:immunology*; D016770:Ciliophora Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D003170:Complement Pathway, Alternative / Q000276:immunology; D005393:Fish Diseases / Q000276:immunology / Q000469:parasitology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D005432:Flounder; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000276:immunology*; D029561:Lythraceae / Q000276:immunology; D055670:Medicine, Korean Traditional; D009113:Muramidase / Q000276:immunology; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000276:immunology; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016897:Respiratory Burst / Q000276:immunology; D032106:Zanthoxylum / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts; D009113:Muramidase