title: Mapping of atrial tachycardias after catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation: use of bi-atrial activation patterns to facilitate recognition of origin.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mapping and ablation of atrial tachycardias (ATs) secondary to catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation (AF) is often challenging due to the complex atrial substrate, different AT mechanisms, and potential origin not only in the left atrium (LA) but also from the right atrium (RA) and the adjacent thoracic veins.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study sought to develop an algorithm to facilitate localization of successful ablation regions based on limited activation data from simultaneous RA and coronary sinus (CS) recordings acquired from a single 20-pole catheter.
  
  
  METHODS
  Simultaneous lateral RA and CS atrial activation patterns (AAPs) from a 20-electrode catheter were analyzed for 155 successfully ablated ATs in 133 patients (age 58 +/- 9.6 years; 104 male [78.2%]) with prior ablation for AF. The first 125 ATs in 109 patients were analyzed retrospectively to define specific AAPs related to the location of critical AT sites as defined by effective ablation in 1 of 3 atrial regions. A classification algorithm was developed and tested retrospectively in a second blinded evaluation of the 125 previously analyzed ATs. The accuracy of the algorithm was then prospectively tested in 30 ATs in 24 patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven different lateral RA-CS activation patterns were identified as indicating AT origin from the left lateral atrium, septum, roof, or RA, with the pattern for some regions dependent on whether conduction block was present in common atrial flutter isthmuses. The algorithm derived identified the region of effective ablation with a sensitivity of 93%, a specificity of 97%, and a positive predictive value of 80% in the blinded analysis. In the prospective series, overall accuracy was 96%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Simultaneous assessment of RA and CS activation patterns from a single RA catheter suggests the likely region of origin of ATs that emerge after AF ablation, and may therefore facilitate ablation of these complex arrhythmias.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. dsteven@uke.de
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Steven
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Seiler
authors.forename: Kurt C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Roberts-Thomson
authors.forename: Keiichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Inada
authors.forename: William G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Stevenson
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000601:surgery*; D018780:Body Surface Potential Mapping; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D054326:Coronary Sinus; D004562:Electrocardiography; D004594:Electrophysiology; D005260:Female; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000294:innervation / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013617:Tachycardia, Supraventricular / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D013997:Time Factors