title: Heterokaryotic nuclear conditions and a heterogeneous nuclear population are observed by flow cytometry in Phytophthora infestans.
abstract: A simple and reliable method for preparation of whole nuclei of a common oomycete, Phytophthora infestans, is described for laser flow cytometry. The ease of preparation, the absence of detectable debris and aggregates, and the precision in determinations of DNA content per nucleus improve interpretation and understanding of the genetics of the organism. Phytophthora infestans is the pathogen that causes potato and tomato late blight. The genetic flexibility of P. infestans and other oomycete pathogens has complicated understanding of the mechanisms of variation contributing to shifts in race structure and virulence profiles on important agricultural crops. Significant phenotypic and genotypic changes are being reported in the apparent absence of sexual recombination in the field. Laser flow cytometry with propidium iodide is useful in investigating the nuclear condition of the somatic colony of field strains of P. infestans. The majority of the studied strains contain a single population of nuclei in nonreplicated diplophase. However, mean DNA content per nucleus varies considerably among isolates confirming the heterogeneity of the nuclear population in regard to C-value, for field isolates. Nuclear DNA content varies from 1.75x to 0.75x that of nuclei in a standard strain from central Mexico. Some strains contain two to three populations of nuclei with differing DNA contents in the mycelium and are heterokaryons. Such a range in DNA content suggests DNA-aneuploidy, but direct confirmation of aneuploidy will require microscopy of chromosomes. Heterokaryosis and populations of nuclei of differing DNA content necessarily confound standardized assays used worldwide in crop breeding programs for determination of race profiles and virulence phenotypes of this important pathogen.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Pathology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1311, USA.
authors.forename: Mursel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Catal
authors.forename: Louis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: Pavani
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tumbalam
authors.forename: Prissana
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wiriyajitsomboon
authors.forename: William W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Kirk
authors.forename: Gerard C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Adams
mesh_terms: D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism*; D005434:Flow Cytometry / Q000379:methods*; D025301:Hyphae / Q000166:cytology / Q000254:growth & development; D055750:Phytophthora infestans / Q000166:cytology* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism