title: Anemia in diabetic patients at an internal medicine ward: clinical correlates and prognostic significance.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Characteristics and prognostic significance of anemia in hospitalized diabetic patients are unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 3145 unselected patients admitted to two Internal Medicine Departments, 872 (27.7%) of whom were diabetic. Forty diabetic patients died during the first hospitalization period. Out of the remaining 832 patients, 334 (40.2%) were anemic and evaluated for survival. In 87 diabetic patients, the cause of anemia was evident on admission, whereas the other 247 had to be further investigated for etiology of anemia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to non-anemic diabetic patients, the diabetic anemic patients were older (mean age 71.4 vs. 64.4 years, P<.001) and predominantly females (52.4% vs. 44.4%, P<.02). Of the 247 evaluated patients, 38% were deficient in iron, 12% in vitamin B(12) and/or folate, 54% had anemia of chronic disease, 47% suffered from heart failure, 39% had renal dysfunction and 22% were complex nursing care patients and/or had diabetic foot. On median follow-up of 19.2 months, mortality rate was higher in anemic compared to non-anemic diabetic patients (17.3% vs. 4%, P<.001), the main cause of death being infection. Male sex (P=.03), albuminuria (P=.01) and heart failure (P=.06) were associated with shorter survival, male sex being the most significant (OR 2.02, 95% CI 1.04-4.00).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Frequency of anemia was increased in diabetic patients admitted to the Internal Medicine Departments, compared to the studies performed on ambulatory patient populations. Anemia was multifactorial and associated with higher mortality, predominantly from infections. Males with albuminuria and heart failure were at higher risk of death.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine F, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center (affiliated to Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University), 70300 Zerifin, Israel.
authors.forename: Dorit
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Almoznino-Sarafian
authors.forename: Miriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shteinshnaider
authors.forename: Irma
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Tzur
authors.forename: Adina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bar-Chaim
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Iskhakov
authors.forename: Sylvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Berman
authors.forename: Shai
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Efrati
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Modai
authors.forename: Natan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Oleg
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Gorelik
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000740:Anemia / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009748:Nutrition Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric