title: High-mobility group box-1 protein promotes angiogenesis after peripheral ischemia in diabetic mice through a VEGF-dependent mechanism.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  High-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) protein is a nuclear DNA-binding protein released from necrotic cells, inducing inflammatory responses and promoting tissue repair and angiogenesis. Diabetic human and mouse tissues contain lower levels of HMGB1 than their normoglycemic counterparts. Deficient angiogenesis after ischemia contributes to worse outcomes of peripheral arterial disease in patients with diabetes. To test the hypothesis that HMGB1 enhances ischemia-induced angiogenesis in diabetes, we administered HMGB1 protein in a mouse hind limb ischemia model using diabetic mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  After the induction of diabetes by streptozotocin, we studied ischemia-induced neovascularization in the ischemic hind limb of normoglycemic, diabetic, and HMGB1-treated diabetic mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that the perfusion recovery was significantly attenuated in diabetic mice compared with normoglycemic control mice. Interestingly, HMGB1 protein expression was lower in the ischemic tissue of diabetic mice than in normoglycemic mice. Furthermore, we observed that HMGB1 administration restored the blood flow recovery and capillary density in the ischemic muscle of diabetic mice, that this process was associated with the increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and that HMGB1-induced angiogenesis was significantly reduced by inhibiting VEGF activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study show that endogenous HMGB1 is crucial for ischemia-induced angiogenesis in diabetic mice and that HMGB1 protein administration enhances collateral blood flow in the ischemic hind limbs of diabetic mice through a VEGF-dependent mechanism.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Genetics, Department of Medicine, A. Gemelli University Hospital, Catholic University School of Medicine, Rome, Italy. f.biscetti@gmail.com
authors.forename: Federico
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Biscetti
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Straface
authors.forename: Raimondo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: De Cristofaro
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lancellotti
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rizzo
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Arena
authors.forename: Egidio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Stigliano
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pecorini
authors.forename: Kensuke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Egashira
authors.forename: Giulia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: De Angelis
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ghirlanda
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Flex
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D024243:HMGB1 Protein / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D006614:Hindlimb / Q000098:blood supply; D006801:Humans; D007511:Ischemia / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000098:blood supply; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000235:genetics; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000235:genetics; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D024243:HMGB1 Protein; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A