title: Insulin resistance predicts mortality in nondiabetic individuals in the U.S.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Insulin resistance is a suspected causative factor in a wide variety of diseases. We aimed to determine whether insulin resistance, estimated by the homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), is associated with all-cause or disease-specific mortality among nondiabetic persons in the U.S.
  
  
  METHODS
  We determined the association between HOMA-IR and death certificate-based mortality among 5,511 nondiabetic, adult participants of the third U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988-1994) during up to 12 years of follow-up, after adjustment for potential confounders (age, sex, BMI, waist-to-hip ratio, alcohol consumption, race/ethnicity, educational attainment, smoking status, physical activity, C-reactive protein, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, plasma total and HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides).
  
  
  RESULTS
  HOMA-IR was significantly associated with all-cause mortality (adjusted hazard ratio 1.16 [95% CI 1.01-1.3], comparing successive quartiles of HOMA-IR in a linear model and 1.64 [1.1-2.5], comparing the top [HOMA-IR >2.8] to the bottom [HOMA-IR <or=1.4] quartile). HOMA-IR was significantly associated with all-cause mortality only in subjects with BMI <25.2 kg/m(2) (the median value) but not in subjects with BMI >or=25.2 kg/m(2). Subjects in the second, third, and fourth quartile of HOMA-IR appeared to have higher cardiovascular mortality than subjects in the lowest quartile of HOMA-IR. HOMA-IR was not associated with cancer-related mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HOMA-IR is associated with all-cause mortality in the nondiabetic U.S. population but only among persons with normal BMI. HOMA-IR is a readily available measure that can be used in the future to predict mortality in clinical or epidemiological settings.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System and University of Washington, Seattle Washington, USA.
authors.forename: Karlee J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Ausk
authors.forename: Edward J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Boyko
authors.forename: George N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Ioannou
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000401:mortality; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin