title: Decline in rejection in the first year after pediatric cardiac transplantation: a multi-institutional study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rejection is a major cause of morbidity and mortality after pediatric heart transplantation (HTx). Survival after pediatric HTx has improved over time, but whether there has been an era-related improvement in the occurrence of allograft rejection is unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Pediatric Heart Transplant Study (PHTS) database was queried for patients who underwent HTx from January 1993 to December 2005 to determine the incidence of rejection and identify factors associated with the first episode of rejection in the first year after HTx.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data were reviewed in 1,852 patients from 36 centers. The incidence of rejection declined over 13 years at a rate of -2.58 +/- 0.41 (p < 0.001) from approximately 60% to 40% (p < 0.001). The mean number of episodes of rejection also significantly fell at a rate of -0.05 +/- 0.01 per patient/year from 1.19 to 0.66 (p < 0.001). The incidence of rejection with hemodynamic compromise and death from rejection did not change. Multivariate analysis for the risk of a first rejection episode demonstrated decreased risk of rejection with later year of HTx (odds ratio [OR], 0.88; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.85-0.91; p < 0.001) and use of mechanical support (OR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.42-0.99; p = 0.046). Increased risk of rejection was associated with positive donor-specific crossmatch (OR, 1.85; 95% CI, 1.18-2.88; p = 0.007) and older recipient age (OR, 1.05; 95% CI, 1.02-1.07; p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the overall incidence and prevalence of rejection has substantially decreased over time in pediatric HTx recipients in the first year after HTx, the rate of rejection with hemodynamic compromise or death from rejection remains unchanged.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Children's Memorial Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA. JGossett@Childrensmemorial.org
authors.forename: Jeffrey G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Gossett
authors.forename: Charles E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Canter
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schechtman
authors.forename: Elizabeth D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Blume
authors.forename: Sherrie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rodgers
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Naftel
authors.forename: James K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Kirklin
authors.forename: Janet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Scheel
authors.forename: Fredrick J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Fricker
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kantor
authors.forename: Elfriede
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pahl
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D001706:Biopsy; D002648:Child; D016208:Databases, Factual; D004699:Endocardium / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D016027:Heart Transplantation; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology; D015995:Prevalence; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors