title: Verapamil eliminates the hierarchical nature of activation frequencies from the pulmonary veins to the atria during paroxysmal atrial fibrillation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is evidence that verapamil promotes the persistence of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF). Little is known about the underlying mechanisms.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of verapamil on dominant frequencies (DFs) in the pulmonary veins (PVs) and atria during paroxysmal AF with reference to its potential arrhythmogenicity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-three patients with paroxysmal AF were studied. Bipolar electrograms were recorded simultaneously during AF from the right atrial free wall (RAFW), coronary sinus (CS) and three PVs, or two PVs and the left atrial appendage (LAA). The DFs were obtained by fast Fourier transform analysis before and after infusion of verapamil (0.1 mg/kg, intravenously).
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline, the maximum DF among the PVs (6.9 +/- 0.9 Hz) was significantly higher than the DF in the RAFW (6.2 +/- 0.7 Hz), CS (5.7 +/- 0.5 Hz), or LAA (5.9 +/- 0.7 Hz) (P<.01); there was a substantial PV-to-atrial DF gradient (RAFW 0.7 +/- 0.9, CS 1.1 +/- 0.7, LAA 0.7 +/- 0.9 Hz). Verapamil increased the atrial DF to 6.9 +/- 0.8, 6.6 +/- 0.7, and 7.2 +/- 1.0 Hz in the RAFW, CS, and LAA, respectively (P<.0001) but did not affect the maximum PV DF (7.1 +/- 0.7 Hz). The PV-to-atrial DF gradient was eliminated after verapamil (RAFW 0.2 +/- 0.8, CS 0.5 +/- 0.6, LAA -0.4 +/- 0.8 Hz; P<.01 vs. baseline).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Verapamil increases the activation frequency in the atria but not in the PVs, eliminating the PV-to-atrial DF gradient during paroxysmal AF.
authors.affiliation: Division of Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, Shizuoka Saiseikai General Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasunori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kushiyama
authors.forename: Toshiyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Osaka
authors.forename: Eriko
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Yokoyama
authors.forename: Hideyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hasebe
authors.forename: Yusuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kuroda
authors.forename: Kaichiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kamiya
authors.forename: Itsuo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kodama
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D017115:Catheter Ablation; D054326:Coronary Sinus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000294:innervation / Q000473:pathology*; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D005583:Fourier Analysis; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000294:innervation / Q000473:pathology; D006329:Heart Conduction System / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011667:Pulmonary Veins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000294:innervation / Q000473:pathology*; D014700:Verapamil / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; D014700:Verapamil