title: Effects of organic-farming-compatible insecticides on four aphid natural enemy species.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The toxicities of pyrethrins + rapeseed oil, pyrethrins + piperonyl butoxide (PBO), potassium salts of fatty acids and linseed oil were assessed in the laboratory on the parasitic wasp Aphidius rhopalosiphi (Destefani-Perez), the ladybird Adalia bipunctata (L.), the rove beetle Aleochara bilineata (Gyll.) and the carabid beetle Bembidion lampros (Herbst.). The methods selected were residual contact toxicity tests on inert and natural substrates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both the pyrethrin products led to 100% mortality in the adult parasitic wasps and ladybird larvae on glass plates and plants. The pyrethrins + PBO formulation was toxic for B. lampros on sand and natural soil, but the pyrethrins + rapeseed oil formulation was harmless for this species. Insecticidal soaps were harmless for all these beneficial species. None of the tested products significantly affected the parasitism of the onion fly pupae by A. bilineata.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicated the potentially high toxicity of natural pyrethrins for beneficial arthropods. Although this toxicity needs to be confirmed in field conditions, the toxicity levels obtained in the laboratory were similar to or higher than those of several synthetic insecticides known to be toxic in the field. Insecticidal soaps could be considered as an alternative for aphid control in organic farming in terms of selectivity.
authors.affiliation: Centre Wallon de Recherches Agronomiques, Departement Lutte Biologique et Ressources Phytogénétiques, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium. Labecotox@cra.wallonie.be
authors.forename: Jean P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Jansen
authors.forename: Thibaut
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Defrance
authors.forename: Anne M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Warnier
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D000818:Animals; D001042:Aphids; D001688:Biological Products / Q000633:toxicity; D001517:Coleoptera / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D007306:Insecticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects; D010572:Pest Control, Biological; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000633:toxicity; D012915:Soaps / Q000633:toxicity; D014863:Wasps / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D001688:Biological Products; D007306:Insecticides; D011722:Pyrethrins; D012915:Soaps