title: Predicting virologic failure among HIV-1-infected children receiving antiretroviral therapy in Tanzania: a cross-sectional study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many HIV care and treatment programs in resource-limited settings rely on clinical and immunologic monitoring of antiretroviral therapy (ART), but accuracy of this strategy to detect virologic failure (VF) among children has not been evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional sample of HIV-infected children aged 1-16 years on ART >or=6 months receiving care at a Tanzanian referral center underwent clinical staging, CD4 lymphocyte measurement, plasma HIV-1 RNA level, and complete blood count. Associations with VF (HIV-1 RNA >or=400 copies/mL) were determined utilizing bivariable and multivariate analyses; accuracy of current clinical and immunologic guidelines in identifying children with VF was assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 206 children (median age 8.7 years, ART duration 2.4 years), 65 (31.6%) demonstrated VF at enrollment. Clinical and immunological criteria identified 2 (3.5%) of 57 children with VF on first-line therapy, exhibiting 3.5% sensitivity and 100% specificity. VF was associated with younger age, receipt of nevirapine vs. efavirenz-based regimen, CD4% < 25%, and physician documentation of maladherence (P < 0.05 on bivariable analysis); the latter 2 factors remained significant on multivariate logistic regression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates poor performance of clinical and immunologic criteria in identifying children with virologic failure. Affordable techniques for measuring HIV-1 RNA level applicable in resource-limited settings are urgently needed.
authors.affiliation: Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: Susan D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Emmett
authors.forename: Coleen K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Cunningham
authors.forename: Blandina T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Mmbaga
authors.forename: Grace D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Kinabo
authors.forename: Werner
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schimana
authors.forename: Mark E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Swai
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Bartlett
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Crump
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Reddy
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000480:Alkynes; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D048588:Benzoxazines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015704:CD4 Antigens / Q000097:blood; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003521:Cyclopropanes; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D019829:Nevirapine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000097:blood; D012008:Recurrence; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013636:Tanzania; D017211:Treatment Failure
chemical_list: D000480:Alkynes; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents; D048588:Benzoxazines; D015704:CD4 Antigens; D003521:Cyclopropanes; D012367:RNA, Viral; D019829:Nevirapine; C098320:efavirenz