title: Parathyroid hormone-related protein induces hypertrophy in podocytes via TGF-beta(1) and p27(Kip1): implications for diabetic nephropathy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hypertrophy of podocytes is characteristic in diabetic nephropathy (DN). Previously, we observed the upregulation of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) and its receptor PTH1R, in experimental DN, associated with renal hypertrophy. Herein, we test the hypothesis that PTHrP participates in the mechanism of high glucose (HG)-induced podocyte hypertrophy.
  
  
  METHODS
  On mouse podocytes, hypertrophy was assessed by protein content/cell and [H(3)]leucine incorporation. Podocytes were stimulated with HG (25 mM), PTHrP(1-36) (100 nM), angiotensin II (AngII) (100 nM) or TGF-beta(1) (5 ng/mL) in the presence or absence of PTHrP-neutralizing antibodies (alpha-PTHrP), the PTH1R antagonist JB4250 (10 microM), PTHrP silencer RNA (siRNA) or TGF-beta(1) siRNA. Protein expression was analysed by western blot and immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HG-induced hypertrophy was abolished in the presence of either alpha-PTHrP or PTHrP siRNA. This effect was associated with an inhibition of the upregulation of TGF-beta(1) and p27(Kip1). JB4250 also inhibited HG-induced p27(Kip1) upregulation. Interestingly, whilst HG and AngII were unable to stimulate the expression of p27(Kip1) on PTHrP siRNA-transfected podocytes, TGF-beta(1) was still able to upregulate p27(Kip1) in these cells. Moreover, HG and PTHrP-induced hypertrophy as well as p27(Kip1) upregulation were abolished on TGF-beta(1) siRNA-transfected podocytes. Furthermore, the glomeruli of transgenic PTHrP-overexpressing mice showed a constitutive overexpression of TGF-beta(1) and p27(Kip1) to a degree similar to that of diabetic animals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PTHrP seems to participate in the hypertrophic signalling triggered by HG. In this condition, AngII induces the upregulation of PTHrP, which might induce the expression of TGF-beta(1) and p27(Kip1). These findings provide new insights into the protective effects of AngII antagonists in DN, opening new paths for intervention.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Renal Physiology and Experimental Nephrology, Department of Physiology, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Montserrat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Romero
authors.forename: Arantxa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ortega
authors.forename: Adriana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Izquierdo
authors.forename: Pilar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: López-Luna
authors.forename: Ricardo J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Bosch
mesh_terms: D000804:Angiotensin II / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D050760:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27 / Q000378:metabolism*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005947:Glucose / Q000009:adverse effects; D006984:Hypertrophy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D044162:Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000494:pharmacology; D050199:Podocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1 / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D044162:Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; C079957:parathyroid hormone-related peptide (1-36); D000804:Angiotensin II; D050760:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27; D005947:Glucose