title: Family stress and BMI in young children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate if family stress and parental attachment style are associated with body mass index (BMI) in young children, and identify possible explanations.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional survey with a two-stage design was used. Parents of 873 children participated. They completed a demographic questionnaire, the Swedish Parenthood Stress Questionnaire (SPSQ), the Relationship Questionnaire (RQ) and reported their children's television-viewing habits (as a marker of physical activity). Children's height, weight and BMI were obtained from a general population-based register, BASTA. Associations with over- and underweight in children were assessed using multiple logistic regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Family stress indicated by SPSQ-score was associated with suboptimal BMI. Maternal, but not paternal, SPSQ-stress score was statistically significantly associated with overweight and underweight, with adjusted odds ratios (and 95% confidence interval) of 4.61 (3.11-6.84; p < 0.001) and 3.08 (1.64-5.81; p < 0.001) respectively. Associations between childhood BMI and parental attachment style were identified, but were not independent of maternal SPSQ-score.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings support a role for family stress in development of both overweight and underweight among young children. This is likely to be attributed to behavioural mechanisms but a more direct metabolic influence of stress could also be involved.
authors.affiliation: Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. christina.stenhammar@uppsala.se
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stenhammar
authors.forename: Gm
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Olsson
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bahmanyar
authors.forename: A-L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Hulting
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wettergren
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Edlund
authors.forename: Sm
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Montgomery
mesh_terms: D015992:Body Mass Index; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D050177:Overweight / Q000453:epidemiology; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D013690:Television / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013851:Thinness / Q000453:epidemiology