title: The effect of alcohol on radiographic progression in rheumatoid arthritis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Alcohol consumption reduces the risk of development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and significantly attenuates the development of erosive arthritis in animal models. It remains unknown whether alcohol consumption influences joint damage progression in RA. This study was undertaken to compare the rates of radiographic damage progression in alcohol drinkers and nondrinkers in a large prospective cohort of patients with RA.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients in the population-based Swiss Clinical Quality Management in RA registry database with at least 2 sequential radiographs were included. Joint erosions were assessed in 38 joints in the hands and feet using a validated scoring method. The rate of progression of erosions was analyzed using multivariate regression models for longitudinal data and was adjusted for potential confounders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study included 2,908 patients with RA with a mean of 4 sequential radiographs and 3.9 years of followup. A trend toward reduced radiographic progression existed in drinkers compared with nondrinkers, with a mean rate of erosive progression of 0.99% (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.89-1.09) and 1.13% (95% CI 1.01-1.26) at 1 year, respectively. Alcohol consumption displayed a J-shaped dose-response effect, with a more favorable evolution in occasional consumers (P = 0.01) and daily consumers (P = 0.001) as compared with nondrinkers, while heavy drinkers demonstrated worse radiographic evolution (P = 0.0001). We found significant effect modification by sex, with male drinkers displaying significantly less erosive progression compared with male nondrinkers (mean 0.86% [95% CI 0.70-1.03] versus 1.35% [95% CI 1.02-1.67]; P = 0.007).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings indicate a trend toward reduced radiographic progression in alcohol drinkers compared with nondrinkers, specifically in occasional and daily alcohol consumers. In particular, male patients with RA who consume alcohol demonstrate less radiographic progression than do male nondrinkers.
authors.affiliation: University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. Michael.J.Nissen@hcuge.ch
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Nissen
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gabay
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Scherer
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Finckh
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011859:Radiography; D012042:Registries / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012307:Risk Factors; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior; D017678:Sex Distribution; D013557:Switzerland / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D018501:Antirheumatic Agents