title: A new bioimpedance research device (BIRD) for measuring the electrical impedance of acupuncture meridians.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this article is to introduce an electrical bioimpedance device that uses an old and little-known impedance measuring technique to study the impedance of the meridian and nonmeridian tissue segments.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three (3) pilot experimental studies involving both a tissue phantom (a cucumber) and 3 human subjects were performed using this BIRD-I (Bioimpedance Research Device) device. This device consists of a Fluke RCL meter, a multiplexer box, a laptop computer, and a medical-grade isolation transformer. Segment and surface sheath (or local) impedances were estimated using formulae first published in the 1930s, in an approach that differs from that of the standard four-electrode technique used in most meridian studies to date.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our study found that, when using a quasilinear four-electrode arrangement, the reference electrodes should be positioned at least 10 cm from the test electrodes to ensure that the segment (or core) impedance estimation is not affected by the proximity of the reference electrodes. A tissue phantom was used to determine the repeatability of segment (core) impedance measurement by the device. An applied frequency of 100 kHz was found to produce the best repeatability among the various frequencies tested. In another preliminary study, with a segment of the triple energizer meridian on the lower arm selected as reference segment, core resistance-based profiles around the lower arm showed three of the other five meridians to exist as local resistance minima relative to neighboring nonmeridian segments. The profiles of the 2 subjects tested were very similar, suggesting that the results are unlikely to be spurious.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In electrical bioimpedance studies, it is recommended that the measuring technique and device be clearly defined and standardized to provide optimal working conditions. In our study using the BIRD I device, we defined our standard experimental conditions as a test frequency of 100 kHz and the position of the reference electrodes of at least 10 cm from the test electrodes. Our device has demonstrated potential for use in quantifying the degree of electrical interconnection between any two surface-defined test meridian or nonmeridian segments. Issues arising from use of this device and the measurement Horton and van Ravenswaay technique were also presented.
authors.affiliation: Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Centre, Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Liverpool Hospital, University of New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Felix Wu Shun
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Chi Eung Danforn
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Warren
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D026881:Acupuncture / Q000295:instrumentation*; D015669:Acupuncture Points; D015670:Acupuncture Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D000328:Adult; D002138:Calibration; D003238:Connective Tissue / Q000502:physiology*; D004553:Electric Conductivity; D017097:Electric Impedance / Q000145:classification*; D004566:Electrodes; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D005712:Galvanic Skin Response; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016740:Meridians / Q000145:classification*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012107:Research Design