title: Autonomic nervous dysfunction development in patients with primary Sjogren's syndrome: a follow-up study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate autonomic dysfunction (AD) development in patients with primary SS (pSS) and the associations between AD and clinical, inflammatory and serological features of pSS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-seven patients with pSS, who had previously been evaluated for AD, were included in the study. The patients were studied at baseline and at follow-up by objective autonomic reflex tests (ARTs) and by the autonomic symptom profile (ASP) questionnaire, evaluating AD symptoms. The median follow-up time was 5 years for the ART and 4 years for the ASP variables. The results were compared with previously investigated healthy ART controls and population-based ASP controls. Fatigue, anxiety and depression were assessed by the profile of fatigue and by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three of five ART variables as well as the ASP total score were significantly abnormal both at baseline and at follow-up in pSS patients in comparison with controls. When comparing ART and ASP results in pSS patients between baseline and follow-up, only the lowest diastolic blood pressure (lDBP) ratio significantly deteriorated during the follow-up period. The ART and ASP variables were not significantly correlated. However, the ASP total score significantly correlated with measurements of fatigue, anxiety and depression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both objective signs and subjective symptoms of parasympathetic and sympathetic dysfunction were seen in pSS patients, both at baseline and at follow-up. During follow-up, only the lDBP ratio was found to significantly deteriorate. AD symptoms were significantly associated with fatigue, anxiety and depression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Rheumatology, Malmö University Hospital, S-205 02 Malmö, Sweden. thomas.mandl@med.lu.se
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mandl
authors.forename: Oskar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Hammar
authors.forename: Elke
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Theander
authors.forename: Per
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wollmer
authors.forename: Bodil
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ohlsson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001007:Anxiety / Q000209:etiology*; D001342:Autonomic Nervous System Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology*; D005221:Fatigue / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012859:Sjogren's Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires