title: Risk factors predicting onset and persistence of subthreshold expression of bipolar psychopathology among youth from the community.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine factors increasing the risk for onset and persistence of subthreshold mania and depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a prospective cohort community study, the association between risk factors [a family history of mood disorders, trauma, substance use, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and temperamental/personality traits] and onset of manic/depressive symptoms was determined in 705 adolescents. The interaction between baseline risk factors and baseline symptoms in predicting 8-year follow-up symptoms was used to model the impact of risk factors on persistence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Onset of manic symptoms was associated with cannabis use and novelty seeking (NS), but NS predicted a transitory course. Onset of depressive symptoms was associated with a family history of depression. ADHD and harm avoidance (HA) were associated with persistence of depressive symptoms, while trauma and a family history of depression predicted a transitory course.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Different risk factors may operate during onset and persistence of subthreshold mania and depression. The differential associations found for mania and depression dimensions suggest partly different underlying mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, South Limburg Mental Health Research and Teaching Network, EURON, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: M J A
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Tijssen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Van Os
authors.forename: H U
authors.initials: HU
authors.lastname: Wittchen
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lieb
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Beesdo
authors.forename: Marieke
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wichers
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D005106:Exploratory Behavior; D005260:Female; D040261:Harm Reduction; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D002189:Marijuana Abuse / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology; D010552:Personality Assessment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011594:Psychometrics; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult