title: Using the Guidelines for Adolescent Preventive Services to estimate adolescent depressive symptoms in school-based health centers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study objective was to understand the relationship between depressive symptoms and demographic, behavioral, and environmental risk variables among adolescents attending school-based health centers (SBHCs) using the Guidelines for Adolescent Preventive Services (GAPS) questionnaires.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using GAPS questionnaires, we conducted a retrospective medical record review of 672 adolescents attending two Detroit-area school-based health clinics. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to determine which factors were associated with depressive symptoms while adjusting for other relevant factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 26.5% of adolescents reported depressive symptoms. Bivariate analysis revealed associations between depressive symptoms and female gender, older age, disordered eating, lack of physical activity, sexual activity, poor school performance, substance use of all types, violence, law trouble, and an abuse history. Multivariate regression models revealed that female gender, sexual activity, weapon carrying, law trouble, poor physical activity, and a history of abuse were most strongly related to self-reported depressive symptoms. Substance use was not a significant factor after controlling for potential confounders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Targeting the above factors during routine adolescent examinations may help providers at SBHCs and other clinics identify those at highest risk for depression and provide appropriate interventions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 101 E. Alexandrine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
authors.forename: Michael T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Kopec
authors.forename: Jaclyn
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Randel
authors.forename: Batool
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Naz
authors.forename: Monina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bartoces
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Monsur
authors.forename: Anne Victoria
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Neale
authors.forename: Kendra L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Schwartz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D016497:Adolescent Health Services; D000367:Age Factors; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008824:Michigan / Q000453:epidemiology; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D015995:Prevalence; D011314:Preventive Health Services; D011594:Psychometrics; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012572:School Health Services; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology