title: Clearance after vasectomy: has the time come to modify the current practice?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Vasectomy is a simple, reliable and effective form of permanent contraception. Clearance after vasectomy has been the subject of much debate among urologists. Poor compliance with postvasectomy semen analysis is well recognized, with rates as low as 36%. This can leave the partner at risk of an unplanned pregnancy and, consequently, the surgeon at risk of litigation. Although there is no consensus about the requirements for postvasectomy clearance, urologists usually tend to request at least two azoospermic postvasectomy semen samples (PVSSs) before labelling patients as sterile. This study investigated whether simplifying the criteria for postvasectomy clearance can result in improved compliance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medline, Embase and Cochrane databases were searched for studies on postvasectomy clearance. The main focus of the search was on the timing and number of PVSSs, their impact on patients' compliance and the significance of the rare non-motile sperm (RNMS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  It has been found that patients' compliance decreases when more than one PVSS is requested. One azoospermic PVSS can be as indicative of sterility as two azoospermic samples. There have been calls for a uniform protocol recommending only one routine sperm sample taken 16 weeks postoperatively. This period will allow the vasa and seminal vesicles to become clear of spermatozoa. A significant proportion of men will have RNMS in their semen after vasectomy; only 1% will ultimately fail. Therefore, RNMS samples can, for practical purposes, be considered azoospermic and one PVSS, even if containing RNMS, should be considered sufficient for clearance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Provided that patients are adequately warned about the risk of vasectomy failure and appropriate consent is obtained, a single azoospermic PVSS at 16 weeks is sufficient for clearance. Patients with RNMS should be practically considered azoospermic and further sampling should be abandoned. This approach should improve patients' compliance. Evaluation in a prospective setting will be required to validate this conclusion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Whipps Cross University Hospital, London, UK. hamaattar@yahoo.co.uk
authors.forename: Kaka Hama
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Attar
authors.forename: Pratik
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gurung
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Holden
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Philp
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010349:Patient Compliance; D013076:Sperm Count / Q000592:standards; D014659:Vasectomy