title: Evaluation of balloon withdrawal forces with bare-metal stents, compared with Taxus and Cypher drug-eluting coronary stents: balloon, stent and polymer interactions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There have been reports of serious complications related to difficulty removing the deflated Taxus stent delivery balloon after stent deployment. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the Taxus SIBS polymer was "sticky" and associated with an increase in the force required to remove the stent delivery balloon after stent deployment, using a quantitative, ex-vivo model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Balloon-polymer-stent interactions during balloon withdrawal were measured with the Taxus Liberté, Liberté bare-metal stent (BMS; no polymer = control), the Cordis Cypher drug-eluting stent (DES; PEVA/PBMA polymer) and the BX Velocity (no polymer). We quantitatively measured the force required to remove the deflated stent delivery balloon from each of these stents in simulated vessels at 37 degrees C in a water bath. Balloon withdrawal forces were measured in straight (0 degree curve), mildly curved (20 degree curve) and moderately curved (40 degree curve) simulated vessel segments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average peak force required to remove the deflated balloon catheter from the Taxus Liberté DES, the Liberté BMS, the Cypher DES, and the Bx Velocity BMS were similar in straight segments, but were much greater for the Taxus Liberté in the moderately curved segments (1.4 lbs vs. 0.11 lbs, 0.11 lbs and 0.12 lbs, respectively; p < 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The SIBS polymer of the Taxus Liberté DES appears to be "sticky" and is associated with high forces required to withdraw the deflated balloon from the deployed stent in curved segments. This withdrawal issue may help to explain the clinical complications that have been reported with this device.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Research, Borgess Research Institute, Borgess Medical Center, 1521 Gull Road, Kalamazoo, MI 49048, USA.
authors.forename: Marvee
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Turk
authors.forename: Vishal
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Tim A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Fischell
mesh_terms: D015906:Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary / Q000295:instrumentation*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D020878:Device Removal; D054855:Drug-Eluting Stents; D004867:Equipment Design; D017276:Friction; D008670:Metals; D011108:Polymers; D015607:Stents
chemical_list: D008670:Metals; D011108:Polymers