title: Sodium valproate-induced congenital cardiac abnormalities in mice are associated with the inhibition of histone deacetylase.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Valproic acid, a widely used anticonvulsant drug, is a potent teratogen resulting in various congenital abnormalities. However, the mechanisms underlying valproic acid induced teratogenesis are nor clear. Recent studies indicate that histone deacetylase is a direct target of valproic acid.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the present study, we have used histological analysis and RT-PCR assays to examine the cardiac abnormalities in mice treated with sodium valproate (NaVP) and determined the effects of NaVP on histone deacetylase activity and the expression of heart development-related genes in mouse myocardial cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The experimental data show that NaVP can induce cardiac abnormalities in fetal mice in a dose-dependent manner. NaVP causes a dose-dependent inhibition of hitone deacetylase (HDAC) activity in mouse myocardial cells. However, the expression levels of HDAC (both HDAC1 and HDAC2) are not significantly changed in fetal mouse hearts after administration of NaVP in pregnant mice. The transcriptional levels of other heart development-related genes, such as CHF1, Tbx5 and MEF2, are significantly increased in fetal mouse hearts treated with NaVP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study indicates that administration of NaVP in pregnant mice can result in various cardiac abnormalities in fetal hearts, which is associated with an inhibition of histone deacetylase without altering the transcription of this enzyme.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, the Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Changlong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nan
authors.forename: Johnathon C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Rollo
authors.forename: Xupei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tian
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000139:chemically induced*; D056284:Histone Deacetylase 1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D056464:Histone Deacetylase 2 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D006655:Histone Deacetylases / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013723:Teratogens / Q000633:toxicity*; D014635:Valproic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; D013723:Teratogens; D014635:Valproic Acid; D056284:Histone Deacetylase 1; D056464:Histone Deacetylase 2; D006655:Histone Deacetylases