title: Open space loss and land inequality in United States' cities, 1990-2000.
abstract: Urban growth reduces open space in and around cities, impacting biodiversity and ecosystem services. Using land-cover and population data, we examined land consumption and open space loss between 1990 and 2000 for all 274 metropolitan areas in the contiguous United States. Nationally, 1.4 million ha of open space was lost, and the amount lost in a given city was correlated with population growth (r(272) = 0.85, P<0.001). In 2000, cities varied in per capita land consumption by an order of magnitude, from 459 m(2)/person in New York to 5393 m(2)/person in Grand Forks, ND. The per capita land consumption (m(2)/person) of most cities decreased on average over the decade from 1,564 to 1,454 m(2)/person, but there was substantial regional variation and some cities even increased. Cities with greater conservation funding or more reform-minded zoning tended to decrease in per capita land consumption more than other cities. The majority of developed area in cities is in low-density neighborhoods housing a small proportion of urban residents, with Gini coefficients that quantify this developed land inequality averaging 0.63. Our results suggest conservation funding and reform-minded zoning decrease per capita open space loss.
authors.affiliation: Worldwide Office, The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America. rob_mcdonald@TNC.ORG
authors.forename: Robert I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: McDonald
authors.forename: Richard T T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Forman
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kareiva
mesh_terms: D002947:Cities; D002958:City Planning / Q000379:methods*; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D017753:Ecosystem; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D011158:Population Growth; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States; D014507:Urbanization