title: Histochemical and fluorescent analyses of mitochondrial integrity in chick auditory neurons following deafferentation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Neurons rely exclusively on mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation to meet cellular energy demands, and disruption of mitochondrial function often precipitates neuronal cell death. Auditory neurons in the chick brain stem (n. magnocellularis [NM]) receive glutamatergic innervation exclusively from ipsilateral eighth nerve afferents. Cochlea removal permanently disrupts afferent support and ultimately triggers apoptotic cell death in 30-50% of ipsilateral, deafferented neurons. Here, we evaluated whether disruption of mitochondrial function occurs during deafferentation-induced neuronal cell death.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether mitochondrial dysfunction occurs preferentially within dying NM neurons.
  
  
  METHODS
  An experimental study. All birds underwent unilateral cochlea removal. Normally innervated neurons contralateral to surgery served as within-animal controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hatchling broiler chickens between 8 and 12 days of age served as subjects. A total of 62 birds were included in the study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cochlea removal was performed to deafferent ipsilateral NM neurons and trigger neuronal cell death.
  
  
  METHODS
  Following unilateral cochlea removal, birds were sacrificed 12, 24, 48, or 168 hours later, and brain tissue was harvested. Brainstems were sectioned through NM and evaluated histochemically for oxidative enzyme reaction product accumulation or reacted for Mitotracker Red, an indicator of mitochondrial membrane potential (m) and cytoplasmic TdT-mediated dUTP Nick-End Labeling (TUNEL), an indicator of cell death. Histochemical staining intensities for three mitochondrial enzymes, succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), cytochrome c oxidase (CO), and ATP synthase (ATPase) were measured in individual neurons and compared in ipsilateral and contralateral NM. Comparisons were made using unpaired t-tests (CO) or Kruskal Wallis one way ANOVA followed by Dunn's post hoc pairwise comparisons (ATPase, SDH). Mitotracker Red tissue was examined qualitatively for the presence of and extent of colocalization between Mitotracker Red and TUNEL label in NM.
  
  
  RESULTS
  RESULTS showed global upregulation of all three oxidative enzymes within deafferented NM neurons compared to contralateral, unperturbed NM neurons. In addition, differential SDH and ATPase staining intensities were detected across neurons within the ipsilateral nucleus, suggesting functional differences in mitochondrial metabolism across deafferented NM. Quantitative analyses revealed that deafferented neurons with preferentially elevated SDH and ATPase activities represent the subpopulation destined to die following cochlea removal. In addition, Mitotracker Red accumulated intensely within the subset of deafferented NM neurons that also exhibited cytoplasmic TdT-mediated dUTP Nick-End Labeling (TUNEL) and subsequently died.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Taken together, our results demonstrate that a subset of deafferented NM neurons, presumably those that die, preferentially upregulates SDH, perhaps via the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. These same neurons undergo ATPase uncoupling and an eventual loss of Deltapsi(m).
authors.affiliation: Auditory and Vestibular Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, USA.
authors.forename: Hope Elizabeth
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Karnes
authors.forename: Peter Nicholas
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Scaletty
authors.forename: Dianne
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Durham
mesh_terms: D000251:Adenosine Triphosphatases / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology*; D001306:Auditory Pathways / Q000473:pathology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D001933:Brain Stem / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D002645:Chickens; D003051:Cochlea / Q000601:surgery*; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV / Q000378:metabolism; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial / Q000502:physiology; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000502:physiology*; D011984:Sensory Receptor Cells / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D013385:Succinate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D013385:Succinate Dehydrogenase; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV; D000251:Adenosine Triphosphatases