Immunoactive effects of cannabinoids: considerations for the therapeutic use of cannabinoid receptor agonists and antagonists.
The active constituents of Cannabis sativa have been used for centuries as recreational drugs and medicinal agents. Today, marijuana is the most prevalent drug of abuse in the United States and, conversely, therapeutic use of marijuana constituents are gaining mainstream clinical and political acceptance. Given the documented contributions of endocannabinoid signaling to a range of physiological systems, including cognitive function, and the control of eating behaviors, it is unsurprising that cannabinoid receptor agonists and antagonists are showing significant clinical potential. In addition to the neuroactive effects of cannabinoids, an emerging body of data suggests that both endogenous and exogenous cannabinoids are potently immunoactive. The central premise of this review article is that the immunological effects of cannabinoids should be considered in the context of each prescribing decision. We present evidence that the immunological effects of cannabinoid receptor agonists and antagonists are highly relevant to the spectrum of disorders for which cannabinoid therapeutics are currently offered.
Greineisen
William E
WE
Laboratory of Immunology and Signal Transduction, Department of Biology, Chaminade University, Honolulu, Hawaii 96816, USA.
Turner
Helen
H
D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D002186:Cannabinoids / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004333:Drug Administration Routes; D006636:Histamine Release / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D007111:Immunity, Cellular / Q000187:drug effects; D007165:Immunosuppression Therapy; D015212:Inflammatory Bowel Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000187:drug effects; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000188:drug therapy*; D043884:Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1 / Q000819:agonists*; D043885:Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*
D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D002186:Cannabinoids; D016207:Cytokines; D043884:Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1; D043885:Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2