title: Annual report on health care for children and youth in the United States: racial/ethnic and socioeconomic disparities in children's health care quality.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to explore the joint effect of race/ethnicity and insurance status/expected payer or income on children's health care quality.
  
  
  METHODS
  The analyses are based on data from a nationally representative random sample of children in the United States in 2004 and 2005 from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) and pediatric hospitalizations from a nationwide sample of hospitals in 2005 from the State Inpatient Databases disparities analysis file from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP). We provide estimates of differences in race/ethnicity within income and insurance/expected payer categories on key pediatric quality indicators to provide a more nuanced understanding of disparities in care for children. Our indicators of quality cover several domains from the Institute of Medicine report, including effectiveness, patient centeredness, timeliness, and patient safety.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Across a broad set of 23 quality indicators, findings indicate that racial/ethnic disparities vary by income levels and types of insurance. Key highlights include the finding that racial/ethnic differences within income or insurance/payer groups are more pronounced for some racial/ethnic groups than others. Hispanic children followed by Asian children had worse quality than whites as measured by the majority of quality indicators. Exceptions included rates of admissions for diabetes, admissions for gastroenteritis, accidental puncture during procedures, and decubitus ulcers. Many indicators showed less than ideal quality for all subgroups of children, even whites with private insurance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The extensive findings in this report make clear that patterns of racial/ethnic disparity vary by income and insurance/expected payer subgroup. However, disparities in quality are not similar across all measures of quality, and strategies to address these disparities need to be designed with these nuances in mind.
authors.affiliation: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA. terceira.berdahl@ahrq.hhs.gov
authors.forename: Terceira
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Berdahl
authors.forename: Pamela L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Owens
authors.forename: Denise
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dougherty
authors.forename: Marie C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: McCormick
authors.forename: Yuriy
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Pylypchuk
authors.forename: Lisa A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Simpson
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000847:Annual Reports as Topic; D002648:Child; D002662:Child Health Services / Q000592:standards*; D002669:Child Welfare; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006293:Health Promotion; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D019458:Insurance Coverage; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000592:standards; D011787:Quality of Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data* / Q000639:trends; D014481:United States; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data