title: Studies on nonionic surfactant bilayer vesicles of ciclopirox olamine.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Niosomal delivery can prove an alternative to improve the poor skin penetration and residence of the topical antifungal drugs that account for the long treatment regimes in cutaneous mycosis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate niosomes as carriers for dermal delivery of ciclopirox olamine (CPO), a broad spectrum antifungal drug.
  
  
  METHODS
  Niosomes were prepared by ethanol injection method using Span 60, cholesterol, diacetyl phosphate according to 3(2) factorial design and evaluated for physicochemical parameters, in vitro and ex vivo deposition in skin and stability study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Unilamellar CPO niosomes of size 170-280 nm, entrapment efficiency 38-68%, and sufficient electrokinetic stability were obtained. Percent drug deposition in artificial membrane varied from 12.75 to 92.74. Deposition of CPO into rat skin from niosomal dispersion and its gel was significantly higher than that of plain CPO solution and its marketed product. Obtained niosomes possessed sufficient stability on storage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increasing amounts of Span 60 and cholesterol increase the vesicle size probably because of entrapment of CPO-ionized molecules in the aqueous compartment and interaction of its unionized counterpart with the bilayer constituents leading to increase in bilayer thickness. Consequently, the percent entrapment efficiency also increased. However, increasing Span 60 levels decreased the in vitro percent drug deposition. This might be attributed to the larger size of vesicles produced by high amounts of surfactant that showed poor deposition. The optimized batch possessed sufficient stability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this investigation suggest that niosomes are promising tools for cutaneous retention of CPO.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
authors.forename: Karimunnisa Sameer
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Shaikh
authors.forename: Bothiraja
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chellampillai
authors.forename: Atmaram Pandurang
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Pawar
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000818:Animals; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000737:chemistry; D000077768:Ciclopirox; D003931:Diacetyl / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000737:chemistry; D004058:Diffusion; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D004339:Drug Compounding; D004355:Drug Stability; D005079:Excipients / Q000737:chemistry; D005782:Gels; D006601:Hexoses / Q000737:chemistry; D008081:Liposomes; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D011728:Pyridones / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism; D012869:Skin Absorption; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D004337:Drug Carriers; D005079:Excipients; D005782:Gels; D006601:Hexoses; D008081:Liposomes; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds; D011728:Pyridones; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D000077768:Ciclopirox; C005146:diacetyl phosphate; D002784:Cholesterol; D003931:Diacetyl; C009298:sorbitan monostearate