title: Polyaminergic agents modulate contextual fear extinction in rats.
abstract: Polyamines, such as spermidine and spermine, have been reported to improve memory retention through the activation of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDAr). However whether polyamine agonists and antagonists alter extinction remains unclear. In the current study, we investigated whether spermidine and polyamine antagonists that selectively block the NR2B subunit at the NMDAr alter the extinction of contextual conditioned fear in male Wistar rats. The bilateral intra-hippocampal administration of exogenous spermidine (2 nmol/site) immediately after, but not 6h after extinction training, facilitated the extinction of fear conditioning. The injection of the NMDAr antagonists arcaine (0.2 nmol/site), ifenprodil (20 nmol/site) and traxoprodil (0.2 nmol/site), disrupted fear extinction and, at doses that had no effect per se, reversed the facilitatory effect of spermidine on fear extinction. These results suggest that exogenous and endogenous polyamines facilitate the extinction of contextual conditioned fear through activation of NR2B subunit-containing NMDAr in the hippocampus. Since extinction-based exposure therapy is widely used as treatment for a number of anxiety-related disorders, including phobias and post-traumatic stress, the currently reported facilitation of extinction by polyaminergic agents suggest these compounds as putative candidates for drug development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Center of Exact and Natural Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, UFSM, Santa Maria, 97105-900 RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Guilherme Monteiro
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Gomes
authors.forename: Carlos Fernando
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Mello
authors.forename: Michelle Melgarejo
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: da Rosa
authors.forename: Guilherme Vargas
authors.initials: GV
authors.lastname: Bochi
authors.forename: Juliano
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Barron
authors.forename: Maribel Antonello
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Rubin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001645:Biguanides / Q000494:pharmacology; D003214:Conditioning, Classical / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D005108:Extinction, Psychological / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D005239:Fear / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D046352:Freezing Reaction, Cataleptic; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D018697:Nootropic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010880:Piperidines / Q000494:pharmacology; D011073:Polyamines / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D013095:Spermidine / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D001645:Biguanides; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; C121001:NR2B NMDA receptor; D018697:Nootropic Agents; D010880:Piperidines; D011073:Polyamines; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; C006624:arcaine; C010739:ifenprodil; D013095:Spermidine