title: Metallic ureteral stents: a cost-effective method of managing benign upper tract obstruction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The management of patients with upper urinary tract obstruction who are not candidates for definitive reconstruction often presents a challenge. We report our initial experience with the Resonance (Cook Urological, Spencer, IN) metallic ureteral stent for the management of benign ureteral obstruction and present a comparative cost analysis of metallic to standard polymer stent use.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were retrospectively gathered on all patients undergoing metallic ureteral stent placement for benign causes from July 2007 to February 2009. Baseline demographics, previous method of drainage, pre- and postoperative creatinine levels, procedural complications, stent-related side effects, and metallic stent dwell time were recorded. The cost of stent maintenance for polymer and metallic stents for a 12-month interval was calculated for each patient.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifteen stents were placed in 13 patients to manage obstruction due to a variety of benign etiologies. Metallic stents provided adequate drainage in 12/13 patients, but were discontinued prematurely in 3 patients (2 for voiding symptoms, 1 for hematuria). Eight patients had their metallic stents changed after a mean time of 11.6 months, with no encrustation. The yearly cost associated with polymer and metallic stent use was $23,999 and $11,183, respectively. This amounted to a $10,394 annual cost reduction (43%) for each patient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Metallic ureteral stents provide effective upper tract drainage for the majority of patients with benign upper tract obstruction, with significant cost benefit, largely because of the shorter exchange interval.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois 60153, USA. hector651@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Héctor L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: López-Huertas
authors.forename: Anthony J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Polcari
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Acosta-Miranda
authors.forename: Thomas M T
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Turk
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D006801:Humans; D008670:Metals / Q000191:economics*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015607:Stents / Q000191:economics*; D014513:Ureter / Q000473:pathology*; D014517:Ureteral Obstruction / Q000191:economics* / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D008670:Metals