title: Lead removal in young patients in view of lifelong pacing.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In young patients with or without a congenital heart disease, transvenous leads for pacemakers or implantable cardioverter defibrillators can cause later vascular obstruction or infection. Removal of non-functional leads is controversial as it bears the risk of vascular disrupture and embolizations. We report the data of a single centre for paediatric cardiology on efficiency and safety of transvenous lead removal.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between May 2005 and August 2009 in 22 patients with a mean age of 12.9 years (range: 3.6-29.5 years) removal of 28 transvenous leads (mean lead age: 5.1 years) was attempted. The main indications for removal were vascular obstruction, increased threshold, and lead dislocation. Commercially available retraction tools were used, if necessary. Twenty-five leads (89%) were retrieved with clinical success, of which 22 (79%) were removed with complete procedural success. In three leads the lead tips were retained, while three leads could not be retrieved. No major complications occurred. Additional interventions such as recanalization, balloon dilation, or stent implantation were performed as indicated. Procedure and X-ray times could be correlated to the implant age of the leads.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using non-electrical techniques, transvenous lead removal can be performed with a success rate of 89% in young patients. In the case of vessel obstructions, lead replacement combined with revascularization should be performed early, as the older the lead, the more prolonged and more hazardous the extraction procedure becomes. The use of new leads and precautionary implantation techniques may facilitate later lead removal.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Deutsches Kinderherzzentrum Sankt Augustin, Arnold Janssen Strasse 28, D-53757 Sankt Augustin, Germany. p.zartner@asklepios.com
authors.forename: Peter A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Zartner
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wiebe
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Toussaint-Goetz
authors.forename: Martin B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Schneider
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002404:Catheterization; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable; D020878:Device Removal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D004566:Electrodes; D005260:Female; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015607:Stents; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult