title: A multilevel confirmatory factor analysis of the Practice Environment Scale: a case study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Practice Environment Scale (PES) data are collected from RNs in nursing units in hospitals that are members of the National Database of Nursing Quality Indicators (NDNQI). Patient and RN information are collected to aid in quality improvement and research at the nursing unit level. The data were collected from the individual RN, but items are worded so that analyses can be conducted at the individual, unit, or hospital level. There is a need to examine the validity of the PES at both the individual and the unit level.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe multilevel confirmatory factor analysis via a case study for investigating the validity of the PES, a measure of the nursing practice environment.
  
  
  METHODS
  The PES was administered to 72,889 RNs from 4,783 nursing units (16 unit types; e.g., critical care and obstetric) in 2007. The PES has 31 items in five different domains. A multilevel confirmatory factor analytic model was fit with a structure on the basis of the five domains. From this model, an estimate was sought between unit loadings and within unit loadings to investigate factorial, convergent, and discriminant validity at both the unit and the RN levels. To investigate criterion-related validity, the five PES domains were correlated with the seven job enjoyment items adapted from the National Database of Nursing Quality Indicators at the unit and RN levels (also using a multilevel model).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The multilevel factor analysis provides evidence of factorial, convergent, discriminant, and criterion-related validity at both the unit and the RN levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The PES is a valid instrument for use in quality improvement and research both at the unit and individual RN levels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Schools of Medicine and Nursing, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA. bgajewski@kumc.edu
authors.forename: Byron J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Gajewski
authors.forename: Diane K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Boyle
authors.forename: Peggy A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Frances
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Oberhelman
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dunton
mesh_terms: D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D006272:Health Facility Environment / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006801:Humans; D007400:Interprofessional Relations; D007588:Job Satisfaction; D009720:Nurse Clinicians / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015403:Nursing Evaluation Research; D009741:Nursing Staff, Hospital / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D019982:Organizational Case Studies / Q000458:organization & administration; D015279:Organizational Culture; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012931:Social Environment; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D016526:Workload / Q000523:psychology*; D017132:Workplace / Q000523:psychology