title: Comparison of lactate, formate, and propionate as hydrogen donors for the reductive dehalogenation of trichloroethene in a continuous-flow column.
abstract: A continuous-flow column study was conducted to analyze the reductive dehalogenation of trichloroethene (TCE) with aquifer material with high content of iron oxides. The column was bioaugmented with the Point Mugu (PM) culture, which is a mixed microbial enrichment culture capable of completely transforming TCE to ethene (ETH). We determined whether lactate, formate, or propionate fermentation resulted in more effective dehalogenation. Reductive dehalogenation, fermentation, and sulfate, Fe(III), and Mn(IV) reduction were all exhibited within the column. Different steady-states of dehalogenation were achieved based on the concentration of substrates added, with effective transformation to ETH obtained when ample electron donor equivalents were provided. Most of the metabolic reducing equivalents were channeled to sulfate, Fe(III), and Mn(IV) reduction. When similar electron reducing equivalents were added, the most effective dehalogenation was achieved with formate, with 14% of the electron equivalents going towards dehalogenation reactions, compared to 6.5% for lactate and 9.6% for propionate. Effective dehalogenation was maintained over 1000 days of column operation. Over 90% of electron equivalents added could be accounted for by the different electron accepting processes in the column, with 50% associated with soluble and precipitated Fe(II) and Mn(II). Bulk Fe(III) and Mn(IV) reduction was rather associated with lactate and propionate addition than formate addition. Sulfate reduction was a competing electron acceptor reaction with all three electron donors. DNA was extracted from solid coupon samples obtained during the course of the experiment and analyzed using 16S rRNA gene clone libraries and quantitative PCR. Lactate and propionate addition resulted in a significant increase in Geobacter, Spirochaetes, and Desulfitobacterium phylotypes relative to "Dehalococcoides" when compared to formate addition. Results from the molecular biological analyses support chemical observations that a greater percentage of the electron donor addition was channeled to Fe(III) reduction when lactate and propionate were added compared to formate, and formate was more effective than lactate in supporting dehalogenation. The results demonstrate the importance of electron donor selection and competing electron acceptor reactions when implementing reductive dehalogenation remediation technologies.
authors.affiliation: School of Chemical, Biological, and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University, 102 Gleeson Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA. Mohammad.Azizian@oregonstate.edu
authors.forename: Mohammad F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Azizian
authors.forename: Ian P G
authors.initials: IP
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Behrens
authors.forename: Alfred M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Spormann
authors.forename: Lewis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Semprini
mesh_terms: D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000737:chemistry; D005561:Formates / Q000737:chemistry*; D054879:Halogenation; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000737:chemistry*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011422:Propionates / Q000737:chemistry*; D014241:Trichloroethylene / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D005561:Formates; D011422:Propionates; C030544:formic acid; D014241:Trichloroethylene; D019344:Lactic Acid