Ancient DNA analyses exclude humans as the driving force behind late Pleistocene musk ox (Ovibos moschatus) population dynamics.
The causes of the late Pleistocene megafaunal extinctions are poorly understood. Different lines of evidence point to climate change, the arrival of humans, or a combination of these events as the trigger. Although many species went extinct, others, such as caribou and bison, survived to the present. The musk ox has an intermediate story: relatively abundant during the Pleistocene, it is now restricted to Greenland and the Arctic Archipelago. In this study, we use ancient DNA sequences, temporally unbiased summary statistics, and Bayesian analytical techniques to infer musk ox population dynamics throughout the late Pleistocene and Holocene. Our results reveal that musk ox genetic diversity was much higher during the Pleistocene than at present, and has undergone several expansions and contractions over the past 60,000 years. Northeast Siberia was of key importance, as it was the geographic origin of all samples studied and held a large diverse population until local extinction at approximately 45,000 radiocarbon years before present ((14)C YBP). Subsequently, musk ox genetic diversity reincreased at ca. 30,000 (14)C YBP, recontracted at ca. 18,000 (14)C YBP, and finally recovered in the middle Holocene. The arrival of humans into relevant areas of the musk ox range did not affect their mitochondrial diversity, and both musk ox and humans expanded into Greenland concomitantly. Thus, their population dynamics are better explained by a nonanthropogenic cause (for example, environmental change), a hypothesis supported by historic observations on the sensitivity of the species to both climatic warming and fluctuations.
Campos
Paula F
PF
Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, DK 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark.
Willerslev
Eske
E
Sher
Andrei
A
Orlando
Ludovic
L
Axelsson
Erik
E
Tikhonov
Alexei
A
Aaris-Sørensen
Kim
K
Greenwood
Alex D
AD
Kahlke
Ralf-Dietrich
RD
Kosintsev
Pavel
P
Krakhmalnaya
Tatiana
T
Kuznetsova
Tatyana
T
Lemey
Philippe
P
MacPhee
Ross
R
Norris
Christopher A
CA
Shepherd
Kieran
K
Suchard
Marc A
MA
Zazula
Grant D
GD
Shapiro
Beth
B
Gilbert
M Thomas P
MT
D000818:Animals; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics* / Q000266:history; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics / Q000266:history; D053476:Extinction, Biological; D005580:Fossils; D014644:Genetic Variation; D049690:History, Ancient; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D011157:Population Dynamics; D012418:Ruminants / Q000235:genetics*
D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial; D004247:DNA