title: Unfolding simulations reveal the mechanism of extreme unfolding cooperativity in the kinetically stable alpha-lytic protease.
abstract: Kinetically stable proteins, those whose stability is derived from their slow unfolding kinetics and not thermodynamics, are examples of evolution's best attempts at suppressing unfolding. Especially in highly proteolytic environments, both partially and fully unfolded proteins face potential inactivation through degradation and/or aggregation, hence, slowing unfolding can greatly extend a protein's functional lifetime. The prokaryotic serine protease alpha-lytic protease (alphaLP) has done just that, as its unfolding is both very slow (t(1/2) approximately 1 year) and so cooperative that partial unfolding is negligible, providing a functional advantage over its thermodynamically stable homologs, such as trypsin. Previous studies have identified regions of the domain interface as critical to alphaLP unfolding, though a complete description of the unfolding pathway is missing. In order to identify the alphaLP unfolding pathway and the mechanism for its extreme cooperativity, we performed high temperature molecular dynamics unfolding simulations of both alphaLP and trypsin. The simulated alphaLP unfolding pathway produces a robust transition state ensemble consistent with prior biochemical experiments and clearly shows that unfolding proceeds through a preferential disruption of the domain interface. Through a novel method of calculating unfolding cooperativity, we show that alphaLP unfolds extremely cooperatively while trypsin unfolds gradually. Finally, by examining the behavior of both domain interfaces, we propose a model for the differential unfolding cooperativity of alphaLP and trypsin involving three key regions that differ between the kinetically stable and thermodynamically stable classes of serine proteases.
authors.affiliation: Graduate Group in Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Neema L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Salimi
authors.forename: Bosco
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Agard
mesh_terms: D016000:Cluster Analysis; D019295:Computational Biology / Q000379:methods*; D056004:Molecular Dynamics Simulation; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D017510:Protein Folding; D055550:Protein Stability; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D012697:Serine Endopeptidases / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D013696:Temperature; D014357:Trypsin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D012697:Serine Endopeptidases; C021826:myxobacter alpha-lytic proteinase; D014357:Trypsin