title: Retrospective analysis for genetic improvement of hip joints of cohort labrador retrievers in the United States: 1970-2007.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Canine Hip Dysplasia (CHD) is a common inherited disease that affects dog wellbeing and causes a heavy financial and emotional burden to dog owners and breeders due to secondary hip osteoarthritis. The Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA) initiated a program in the 1960's to radiograph hip and elbow joints and release the OFA scores to the public for breeding dogs against CHD. Over last four decades, more than one million radiographic scores have been released.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The pedigrees in the OFA database consisted of 258,851 Labrador retrievers, the major breed scored by the OFA (25% of total records). Of these, 154,352 dogs had an OFA hip score reported between 1970 and 2007. The rest of the dogs (104,499) were the ancestors of the 154,352 dogs to link the pedigree relationships. The OFA hip score is based on a 7-point scale with the best ranked as 1 (excellent) and the worst hip dysplasia as 7. A mixed linear model was used to estimate the effects of age, sex, and test year period and to predict the breeding value for each dog. Additive genetic and residual variances were estimated using the average information restricted maximum likelihood procedure. The analysis also provided an inbreeding coefficient for each dog. The hip scores averaged 1.93 (+/-SD = 0.59) and the heritability was 0.21. A steady genetic improvement has accrued over the four decades. The breeding values decreased (improved) linearly. By the end of 2005, the total genetic improvement was 0.1 units, which is equivalent to 17% of the total phenotypic standard deviation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A steady genetic improvement has been achieved through the selection based on the raw phenotype released by the OFA. As the heritability of the hip score was on the low end (0.21) of reported ranges, we propose that selection based on breeding values will result in more rapid genetic improvement than breeding based on phenotypic selection alone.
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science & Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Yali
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.forename: Yachun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lust
authors.forename: Lan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Zhiwu
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Rory J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Todhunter
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001947:Breeding / Q000379:methods*; D004285:Dogs / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D006619:Hip Dysplasia, Canine / Q000235:genetics*; D006621:Hip Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D007178:Inbreeding; D008297:Male; D009985:Orthopedics / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000662:veterinary; D010375:Pedigree; D010641:Phenotype; D011859:Radiography; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States