title: Epicardial neural ganglionated plexus of ovine heart: anatomic basis for experimental cardiac electrophysiology and nerve protective cardiac surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sheep are routinely used in experimental cardiac electrophysiology and surgery.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to (1) ascertain the topography and architecture of the ovine epicardial neural plexus (ENP), (2) determine the relationships of ENP with vagal and sympathetic cardiac nerves and ganglia, and (3) evaluate gross anatomic differences and similarities of ENP in humans, sheep, and other species.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ovine ENP and extrinsic sympathetic and vagal nerves were stained histochemically for acetylcholinesterase in whole heart and/or thorax-dissected preparations from 23 newborn lambs, with subsequent examination by stereomicroscope.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intrinsic cardiac nerves extend from the venous part of the ovine heart hilum along the roots of the cranial (superior) caval and left azygos veins to both atria and ventricles via five epicardial routes: dorsal right atrial, middle dorsal, left dorsal, right ventral, and ventral left atrial nerve subplexuses. Intrinsic nerves proceeding from the arterial part of the heart hilum along the roots of the aorta and pulmonary trunk extend exclusively into the ventricles as the right and left coronary subplexuses. The dorsal right atrial, right ventral, and middle dorsal subplexuses receive the main extrinsic neural input from the right cervicothoracic and right thoracic sympathetic T(2) and T(3) ganglia as well as from the right vagal nerve. The left dorsal is supplied by sizeable extrinsic nerves from the left thoracic T(4)-T(6) sympathetic ganglia and the left vagal nerve. Sheep hearts contained an average of 769 +/- 52 epicardial ganglia. Cumulative areas of epicardial ganglia on the root of the cranial vena cava and on the wall of the coronary sinus were the largest of all regions (P <.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite substantial interindividual variability in the morphology of ovine ENP, right-sided epicardial neural subplexuses supplying the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes are mostly concentrated at a fat pad between the right pulmonary veins and the cranial vena cava. This finding is in sharp contrast with a solely left lateral neural input to the human atrioventricular node, which extends mainly from the left dorsal and middle dorsal subplexuses. The abundance of epicardial ganglia distributed widely along the ovine ventricular nerves over respectable distances below the coronary groove implies a distinctive neural control of the ventricles in human and sheep hearts.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Anatomy, Kaunas University of Medicine, Kaunas, Lithuania.
authors.forename: Inga
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Saburkina
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rysevaite
authors.forename: Neringa
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pauziene
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mischke
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schauerte
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jalife
authors.forename: Dainius H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Pauza
mesh_terms: D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001401:Azygos Vein / Q000294:innervation; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures; D022062:Electrophysiologic Techniques, Cardiac / Q000379:methods*; D056149:Epicardial Mapping; D005725:Ganglia, Autonomic / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D006321:Heart / Q000294:innervation*; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000294:innervation; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000294:innervation; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000502:physiology; D010496:Pericardium / Q000294:innervation; D012756:Sheep; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D014630:Vagus Nerve / Q000033:anatomy & histology
chemical_list: D000110:Acetylcholinesterase