title: Association of Wolbachia with heartworm disease in cats and dogs.
abstract: Although the presence of adult Dirofilaria immitis in the pulmonary arteries and its associated arteritis and thromboembolic disease can explain some of the manifestations of canine and feline heartworm disease, the cause of other findings remains unclear. Cats with D. immitis antibodies but lacking adult parasites in the pulmonary arteries frequently develop histological lesions of the airways, resulting in a condition termed Heartworm-Associated Respiratory Disease. All D. immitis parasites harbor Wolbachia pipientis bacteria and D. immitis-infected animals can have circulating Wolbachia antibodies and pro-inflammatory Wolbachia antigens (WSP) deposited in tissues. Little is known about the role that Wolbachia plays in lung disease of animals naturally infected with D. immitis. The purpose of this study was to determine the contribution of Wolbachia to the pathogenesis of natural heartworm disease in cats and dogs. We hypothesized that animals having sufficient Wolbachia burden to be detected in lung tissue by immunohistochemistry and/or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) would have more severe pulmonary disease than those with bacteria below the limits of detection. We further hypothesized that animals that were immunoreactive to pro-inflammatory WSP would have more severe pulmonary lesions than those that were seronegative for WSP antibodies. Blood and lung tissue samples were collected from cats and dogs representing three different D. immitis infection statuses: heartworm-free, heartworm-exposed, heartworm-infected. There was a positive but weak correlation between the magnitude of D. immitis antibody titers and WSP titers in cats (r=0.57, p<0.001) and in dogs (r=0.39, p<0.001). Pulmonary lesions were more common in HW-infected animals than in HW-free animals. Pulmonary arteriolar occlusion was more common in HW-infected cats (57%; p=0.003) than in HW-infected dogs (17%). Although pulmonary lesions were most common in HW-infected animals, there was no clear additive effect when either Wolbachia DNA/WSP was detected in lung tissue or when circulating Wolbachia antibodies were detected. There were no significant differences in the magnitude of pulmonary lesion scores within each HW-infection status group regardless of whether Wolbachia DNA/WSP or antibodies were detected. The relationship between Wolbachia and lung pathology in heartworm-infected animals remains to be determined. The lack of clear evidence for a role of Wolbachia in heartworm disease creates a dilemma for veterinarians treating animals in D. immitis-endemic areas. Although the indiscriminant use of antibiotics should be avoided, many clinicians prescribe doxycycline based on the favorable responses observed in human filarial diseases and promising results from the first published studies of doxycycline use in D. immitis-infected dogs.
authors.affiliation: Maddie's Shelter Medicine Program, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 SW 16th Avenue, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dingman
authors.forename: Julie K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.forename: Laura H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Kramer
authors.forename: Calvin M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Lappin
authors.forename: Ellis C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Greiner
authors.forename: Charles H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Courtney
authors.forename: Sylvia J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Tucker
authors.forename: Rodrigo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Morchon
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000097:blood; D000909:Antibodies, Helminth / Q000097:blood; D002371:Cat Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000469:parasitology*; D002415:Cats; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D004183:Dirofilaria immitis / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology*; D004184:Dirofilariasis / Q000276:immunology / Q000469:parasitology*; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000469:parasitology*; D004285:Dogs; D007150:Immunohistochemistry / Q000662:veterinary; D008174:Lung Diseases, Parasitic / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000662:veterinary*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000662:veterinary; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D020577:Wolbachia / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; D000909:Antibodies, Helminth; D004269:DNA, Bacterial