title: Severe mental disorders in offspring with 2 psychiatrically ill parents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Studies of couples of psychiatric patients with children allow us to calculate the effects of double predispositions on morbid risk in the offspring, which is of interest for molecular genetic research and for genetic counseling.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the risks in offspring of receiving a diagnosis of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, unipolar depressive disorder, or any diagnosis from parents who both have received a diagnosis of schizophrenia or bipolar disorder.
  
  
  METHODS
  National register-based cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Denmark.
  
  
  METHODS
  A population-based cohort of 2.7 million persons born in Denmark, alive in 1968 or born later than 1968, with a register link to their mother and father and aged 10 years or older in 2007.
  
  
  METHODS
  Risk of schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, calculated as cumulative incidences by age 52 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The risk of schizophrenia in 270 offspring of 196 parent couples who were both admitted to a psychiatric facility with a diagnosis of schizophrenia was 27.3% (increasing to 39.2% when schizophrenia-related disorders were included) compared with 7.0% in 13 878 offspring from 8006 couples with only 1 parent ever admitted for schizophrenia and 0.86% in 2 239 551 offspring of 1 080 030 couples with neither parent ever admitted. The risk of bipolar disorder was 24.9% in 146 offspring of 83 parent couples who were ever admitted with bipolar disorder (increasing to 36.0% when unipolar depressive disorder was included) compared with 4.4% in 23 152 offspring from 11 995 couples with only 1 parent ever admitted and 0.48% in 2 239 553 offspring of 1 080 030 couples with neither parent ever admitted. Risks of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder in offspring of couples with 1 parent with schizophrenia and the other with bipolar disorder were 15.6% and 11.7%, respectively. The maximal risks of any psychiatric disorders in the offspring of parents both with schizophrenia or both with bipolar disorder were 67.5% and 44.2%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Derived risks may be informative for counseling. Patterns of transmission may support evolving assumptions about genetic overlap for traditional categories.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55454-1495, USA. gotte003@umn.edu
authors.forename: Irving I
authors.initials: II
authors.lastname: Gottesman
authors.forename: Thomas Munk
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Laursen
authors.forename: Aksel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bertelsen
authors.forename: Preben Bo
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Mortensen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D002648:Child; D016241:Child of Impaired Parents / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003718:Denmark / Q000453:epidemiology; D005220:Fathers / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D005817:Genetic Counseling; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012042:Registries / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012307:Risk Factors; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D012720:Severity of Illness Index