title: Functional polymorphism of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) gene in alcohol dependence: family and case control study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) are extracellularly acting endopeptidases, whose substrates are extracellular matrix and adhesion proteins. In the gene polymorphism studies MMP-9 has been suggested to be involved in the pathogenesis of heart disease, cancer, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia. In animal models MMP-9 has been shown to play a key role in a variety of neuronal plasticity phenomena, including learning and memory as well as drug addiction.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 139 families, Caucasians, with no history of psychiatric disorder of ICD-10 other than alcohol or nicotine dependence. The control subjects were 136 unrelated individuals, matched for ethnicity and gender, with no mental disorder. Alcohol and family history of alcoholism were assessed by means of a structured interview, based on the Polish version of SSAGA (Semi-Structured Assessment on Genetics in Alcoholism).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found a statistically significant preferential transmission of the T allele (known to produce higher gene transcriptional activity) from parents to alcoholics (59%, p=0.046). In a case-control study genotype TT and T alleles were significantly more frequent in the alcoholics than in the controls (OR=2.6).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that the MMP-9 gene may play a role in the pathogenesis of alcohol dependence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland.
authors.forename: Agnieszka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Samochowiec
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grzywacz
authors.forename: Leszek
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kaczmarek
authors.forename: Przemyslaw
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bienkowski
authors.forename: Jerzy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Samochowiec
authors.forename: Paweł
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mierzejewski
authors.forename: Ulrich W
authors.initials: UW
authors.lastname: Preuss
authors.forename: Elzbieta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Grochans
authors.forename: Andrzej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ciechanowicz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000235:genetics*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005192:Family Health; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D056726:Genetic Association Studies / Q000379:methods; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000235:genetics*; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics*; D044465:White People / Q000235:genetics; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9