title: Improving residents' end-of-life communication skills with a short retreat: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Internal medicine residents are largely unprepared to carry out end-of-life (EOL) conversations. There is evidence that these skills can be taught, but data from randomized controlled trials are lacking.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We studied whether a day-long communication skills training retreat would lead to enhanced performance of and confidence with specific EOL conversations. We also studied the effect of the retreat on residents' ability to respond to patient emotions.
  
  
  METHODS
  PGY-2 resident volunteers were randomly assigned to a retreat group or a control group. The retreat involved a combination of teaching styles and skills practice with standardized patients. All participants completed questionnaires and were evaluated carrying out two types of conversations (breaking bad news or discussing direction of care) with a standardized patient before (T1) and after (T2) the intervention phase. Conversations were audio-taped and later rated by a researcher blinded to group assignment and time of assessment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-nine residents agreed to randomization (88%) with 23 residents randomized to the retreat group and 26 to the control group. Compared to controls, retreat participants demonstrated higher T2 scores for breaking bad news, discussing direction of care, and responding to emotion. Comparing T2 to T1, the retreat group's improvement in responding to emotion was statistically significant. The retreat group's confidence improved significantly only for the breaking bad news construct.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A short course for residents can significantly improve specific elements of resident EOL conversation performance, including the ability to respond to emotional cues.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. eszmuilo@nmh.org
authors.forename: Eytan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Szmuilowicz
authors.forename: Areej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: el-Jawahri
authors.forename: Laurel
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chiappetta
authors.forename: Mihir
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kamdar
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Block
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002983:Clinical Competence / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003142:Communication; D003479:Curriculum; D004493:Education; D004521:Educational Measurement / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007087:Illinois; D007388:Internal Medicine / Q000193:education / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007396:Internship and Residency / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008404:Massachusetts; D010166:Palliative Care / Q000592:standards*; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D011594:Psychometrics; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013727:Terminal Care / Q000592:standards*; D014342:Truth Disclosure; D014481:United States