title: Challenges faced by health workers in providing counselling services to HIV-positive children in Uganda: a descriptive study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The delivery of HIV counselling and testing services for children remains an uphill task for many health workers in HIV-endemic countries, including Uganda. We conducted a descriptive study to explore the challenges of providing HIV counselling and testing services to children in Uganda.
  
  
  METHODS
  A descriptive study was conducted in the districts of Kampala and Kabarole in Uganda. The data were collected using semi-structured individual interviews and focus group discussions with health workers who are involved in the care of HIV-positive children. Key informant interviews were conducted with the administrators of the 10 study healthcare institutions. Quantitative data were summarized using frequency tables, while qualitative data were analyzed using the content thematic approach.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Counselling children was reported to be a difficult exercise due to some children being unable to express themselves, being dependent on adults for their care, being fearful, and requiring more time to open up during counselling. This was compounded by some caretakers' unwillingness and difficulty to disclose the HIV status of their children. Other issues about the caretakers were: lack of consistency in caretakers; old age; sickness; and poverty. Health workers mentioned the following as some of the challenges they face in the delivery of HIV counselling and testing services for children: lack of counselling skills; failure to cope with the knowledge demand; difficulty to facilitate disclosure; heavy work load; and lack of other support services. Institutions were found to be constrained by limited space and lack of antiretrovirals for children.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The major challenges in the delivery of paediatric HIV services were related to the knowledge gap in paediatric HIV and the lack of counselling skills, as well as health system-related constraints. There is a need to train health workers in child-counselling skills, especially in the issues of disclosure, sexuality and sexual abuse, as well as in addressing fears related to death and an uncertain future, in order to improve paediatric HIV care. Provision of child-friendly services, guidelines and antiretroviral formulations for children may provide a window of hope to improve HIV counselling and testing services for children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda. jrujumba@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rujumba
authors.forename: Cissy L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Mbasaalaki-Mwaka
authors.forename: Grace
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ndeezi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003150:Community Health Workers / Q000523:psychology; D003376:Counseling; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014454:Uganda; D055815:Young Adult