title: The potential of 3',5'-cyclic diguanylic acid (c-di-GMP) as an effective vaccine adjuvant.
abstract: 3', 5'-Cyclic diguanylic acid (c-di-GMP) is a bacterial intracellular signaling molecule that plays a crucial role in the regulation of bacterial motility, adhesion, cell-to-cell communication, exopolysaccharide synthesis, biofilm formation and virulence. The recent finding that c-di-GMP can act as a danger signal on eukaryotic cells has prompted the study of the immunostimulatory and immunomodulatory properties of c-di-GMP in an effort to determine whether c-di-GMP might be further developed as a potential vaccine adjuvant. In this review, we discussed the recent in vitro and in vivo studies of the immunostimulatory properties of c-di-GMP and the progress that has been made in the preclinical development of c-di-GMP as a potential vaccine adjuvant for systemic and mucosal vaccination.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Wangxue.Chen@nrc-cnrc.gc.ca
authors.forename: Wangxue
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Rhonda
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kuolee
authors.forename: Hongbin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yan
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D006152:Cyclic GMP / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D014612:Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D014612:Vaccines; C062025:bis(3',5')-cyclic diguanylic acid; D006152:Cyclic GMP