title: Effects of menstrual cycle on periodontal health and gingival crevicular fluid markers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fluctuations in sex steroid hormones, which are also noticeable through the menstrual cycle of women, may impact periodontal health. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of hormonal changes occurring in the menstrual cycle on gingival inflammation and the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6), prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)), tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA), and plasminogen activator inhibitor-2 (PAI-2).
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-five gingivitis patients and 25 periodontally healthy subjects having regular menstrual cycles were seen at menstruation (ME) (1 to 2 days of menstruation), ovulation (OV) (12 to 14 days), and premenstrual phases (PM) (22 to 24 days). GCF and saliva samples were collected and clinical parameters including plaque index and bleeding on probing were recorded at each menstrual phase. Salivary estrogen and progesterone levels were analyzed to determine exact menstrual cycle days. GCF levels of IL-6, PGE(2), t-PA, and PAI-2 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The percentages of sites with bleeding on probing were significantly higher in ME (60.85 +/- 18.36) and OV (58.92 +/- 25.04) than in the PM (40.12 +/- 20.10) phase in the gingivitis group (P <0.001; repeated measures analysis of variance), whereas it was similar for all phases in the healthy group (P >0.05; repeated measures analysis of variance). GCF levels of IL-6 were significantly elevated in gingivitis patients compared to healthy subjects in all phases (P = 0.004, P = 0.041, and P = 0.046 for ME, OV, and PM, respectively; Mann-Whitney U test). GCF levels of IL-6, PGE(2), t-PA, and PAI-2 were unchanged in different menstrual phases in both groups (P >0.05; Friedman test).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study suggests that changes in the sex steroid hormones during menstrual cycles might have a limited effect on the inflammatory status of gingiva, but GCF cytokine levels were not affected.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey. sema.cinar@ege.edu.tr
authors.forename: Sema
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Becerik
authors.forename: Ozgün
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ozçaka
authors.forename: Ayşe
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nalbantsoy
authors.forename: Gül
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Atilla
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Celec
authors.forename: Michal
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Behuliak
authors.forename: Gülnur
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Emingil
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D003774:Dental Plaque Index; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000032:analysis; D004967:Estrogens / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D005883:Gingival Crevicular Fluid / Q000737:chemistry*; D005884:Gingival Hemorrhage / Q000145:classification; D005891:Gingivitis / Q000145:classification / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000032:analysis; D008597:Menstrual Cycle / Q000502:physiology*; D008598:Menstruation / Q000502:physiology; D010060:Ovulation / Q000502:physiology; D010512:Periodontal Index; D017396:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 2 / Q000032:analysis; D011374:Progesterone / Q000032:analysis; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000032:analysis; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D004967:Estrogens; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones; D015850:Interleukin-6; D017396:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 2; D011374:Progesterone; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator; D015232:Dinoprostone