title: Clinical management of chronic testicular pain.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the causes and principles and recent concepts in the management of testicular pain.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Chronic testicular pain is a common presenting symptom in genitourinary surgery. Due to increased awareness of testicular cancer and in men's health more cases are likely to be referred.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature search was made for abstracts, original papers and review articles in the Cochrane Database, Medline and medical textbooks using the words 'testicular pain' and orchialgia to find the causes and mechanisms of testicular pain. The management and algorithm have been structured on evidence-based management strategies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The management of chronic testicular pain remains essentially based on clinical assessment. In recent years there have been advances in the non-surgical management of testicular pain mainly because of the emergence of pain relief as a specialty. However, in some cases pain control is a problem and may ultimately conclude with orchiectomy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The management of chronic testicular pain includes a careful assessment of testicular and extratesticular causes. Relief of symptoms is not always possible and gaining an insight into the patient's concerns and empathizing with their condition is paramount in helping them cope with their symptoms. Surgery should not be undertaken lightly for there is no guarantee that there will always be resolution of symptoms and the patient should be counseled accordingly.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Homerton University and St Bartholomew's Hospitals, London, UK.
authors.forename: Priyadarshi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Vivek
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mehta
authors.forename: Vinod H
authors.initials: VH
authors.lastname: Nargund
mesh_terms: D002908:Chronic Disease; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009919:Orchiectomy / Q000379:methods; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis*; D059408:Pain Management; D013733:Testicular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D013737:Testis / Q000473:pathology*; D014572:Urology / Q000379:methods*