Abnormal activity in reward brain circuits in human narcolepsy with cataplexy.
OBJECTIVE
Hypothalamic hypocretins (or orexins) regulate energy metabolism and arousal maintenance. Recent animal research suggests that hypocretins may also influence reward-related behaviors. In humans, the loss of hypocretin-containing neurons results in a major sleep-wake disorder called narcolepsy-cataplexy, which is associated with emotional disturbances. Here, we aim to test whether narcoleptic patients show an abnormal pattern of brain activity during reward processing.


METHODS
We used functional magnetic resonance imaging in 12 unmedicated patients with narcolepsy-cataplexy to measure the neural responses to expectancy and experience of monetary gains and losses. We statistically compared the patients' data with those obtained in a group of 12 healthy matched controls.


CONCLUSIONS
Our results reveal that activity in the dopaminergic ventral midbrain (ventral tegmental area) was not modulated in narcolepsy-cataplexy patients during high reward expectancy (unlike controls), and that ventral striatum activity was reduced during winning. By contrast, the patients showed abnormal activity increases in the amygdala and in dorsal striatum for positive outcomes. In addition, we found that activity in the nucleus accumbens and the ventral-medial prefrontal cortex correlated with disease duration, suggesting that an alternate neural circuit could be privileged over the years to control affective responses to emotional challenges and compensate for the lack of influence from ventral midbrain regions. Our study offers a detailed picture of the distributed brain network involved during distinct stages of reward processing and shows for the first time, to our knowledge, how this network is affected in hypocretin-deficient narcoleptic patients.
Ponz
Aurélie
A
Department of Neuroscience, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Khatami
Ramin
R
Poryazova
Rositsa
R
Werth
Esther
E
Boesiger
Peter
P
Bassetti
Claudio L
CL
Schwartz
Sophie
S
D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005717:Games, Experimental; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation / Q000502:physiology; D009290:Narcolepsy / Q000473:pathology*; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000503:physiopathology; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D012201:Reward
D010100:Oxygen