Exposure of the Flemish population to brominated flame retardants: model and risk assessment.
Human exposure to brominated flame retardants (BFRs) varies widely throughout the world as it depends on country-related usage, production and legislation of these chemicals. US and UK exposure assessments show very diverse levels and patterns which in turn, are likely to differ from those in background exposed countries such as Belgium, where levels tend to be about an order of magnitude lower. The current study assessed human exposure to BFRs through the indoor and outdoor environment (e.g. dust, soil, and air) and food for all age groups in Flanders, Belgium. Most relevant food groups were identified based on a national food consumption survey and food items with Flemish origin were collected. Dust samples were collected using a standardized protocol in 43 homes and 10 offices throughout Flanders. Food, human milk and dust samples were analysed for their polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) and hexabromocyclodecane (HBCD) content using GC/MS and LC/MS-MS. An exposure model was developed including all analysed data, complemented with literature data. The model covered human exposure of infants, children and adults through human milk, food, dust/soil ingestion and air inhalation. Total human exposure was compared to the existing toxicological criteria and previous exposure estimates. In general, the exposure levels through human milk are consistent with those of a background exposed European population, whereas dust and food intake are at the low end of what has been reported in previous European intake assessments. Total average intake of SigmaHBCD and SigmaBDE(5) at 50th percentile (P50) levels by newborns equals 3.1 and 12.0ng/kg body weight (bw) day, respectively. This intake increases to 15.2 and 20.9ng/kgbwday for SigmaHBCD and SigmaBDE(5), for higher exposed newborns (95th percentile=P95 levels). Due to the limited database on health-based limit values for PBDEs and HBCD, it is difficult to assess the immediate health concern for any of the age groups, although the higher intake of newborns indicates the need for ongoing monitoring. For median exposed individuals, the average SigmaHBCD intake peaked at the age 3 to 6years with an intake of 6.59ng/kgbwday and declines to approximately 1ng/kgbwday at later age. SigmaBDE(5) intake exhibited a different profile compared to SigmaHBCD with maximal levels for newborns and a decline to approximately 0.7ng/kgbwday at adulthood.
Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
Laurence
L
Roosens
Unit Environmental Risk and Health, VITO, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium.
Christa
C
Cornelis
Laboratory for Ecophysiology, Biochemistry and Toxicology, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
Wendy
W
D'Hollander
Laboratory for Ecophysiology, Biochemistry and Toxicology, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
Lieven
L
Bervoets
Environment & Health Unit, Department of Environment, Nature and Energy, Flemish Government-Koning Albert II-laan 20, bus 8, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium.
Hans
H
Reynders
Environment & Health Unit, Department of Environment, Nature and Energy, Flemish Government-Koning Albert II-laan 20, bus 8, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium.
Karen
K
Van Campenhout
Unit Environmental Risk and Health, VITO, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium.
Rosette
R
Van Den Heuvel
Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
Hugo
H
Neels
Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; Laboratory for Ecophysiology, Biochemistry and Toxicology, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium. Electronic address: adrian.covaci@ua.ac.be.
Adrian
A
Covaci
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001530:Belgium; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D005411:Flame Retardants / Q000032:analysis*; D005506:Food Contamination; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D006842:Hydrocarbons, Brominated / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D015233:Models, Statistical; D018570:Risk Assessment; D055815:Young Adult
D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D005411:Flame Retardants; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers; D006842:Hydrocarbons, Brominated; C089796:hexabromocyclododecane