Plasmodium vivax: induction of CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells during infection are directly associated with level of circulating parasites.
Circulation CD4(+)CD25(+)FoxP3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) have been associated with the delicate balancing between control of overwhelming acute malaria infection and prevention of immune pathology due to disproportionate inflammatory responses to erythrocytic stage of the parasite. While the role of Tregs has been well-documented in murine models and P. falciparum infection, the phenotype and function of Tregs in P. vivax infection is still poorly characterized. In the current study, we demonstrated that patients with acute P. vivax infection presented a significant augmentation of circulating Tregs producing anti-inflammatory (IL-10 and TGF-beta) as well as pro-inflammatory (IFN-gamma, IL-17) cytokines, which was further positively correlated with parasite burden. Surface expression of GITR molecule and intracellular expression of CTLA-4 were significantly upregulated in Tregs from infected donors, presenting also a positive association between either absolute numbers of CD4(+)CD25(+)FoxP3(+)GITR(+) or CD4(+)CD25(+)FoxP3(+)CTLA-4(+) and parasite load. Finally, we demonstrate a suppressive effect of Treg cells in specific T cell proliferative responses of P. vivax infected subjects after antigen stimulation with Pv-AMA-1. Our findings indicate that malaria vivax infection lead to an increased number of activated Treg cells that are highly associated with parasite load, which probably exert an important contribution to the modulation of immune responses during P. vivax infection.
Bueno
Lilian Lacerda
LL
Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
Morais
Cristiane Guimarães
CG
Araújo
Fernanda Fortes
FF
Gomes
Juliana Assis Silva
JA
Corrêa-Oliveira
Rodrigo
R
Soares
Irene Silva
IS
Lacerda
Marcus Vinícius
MV
Fujiwara
Ricardo Toshio
RT
Braga
Erika Martins
EM
D000328:Adult; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000378:metabolism; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology*; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000378:metabolism; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000378:metabolism; D020381:Interleukin-17 / Q000378:metabolism; D053645:Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha Subunit / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D008288:Malaria / Q000097:blood / Q000469:parasitology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010641:Phenotype; D010966:Plasmodium vivax / Q000235:genetics*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism
D015703:Antigens, CD; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen; C556706:CTLA4 protein, human; C418974:FOXP3 protein, human; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; D020381:Interleukin-17; D053645:Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha Subunit; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D016753:Interleukin-10; D007371:Interferon-gamma