MRI-determined carotid artery flow velocities and wall shear stress in a mouse model of vulnerable and stable atherosclerotic plaque.
OBJECTIVE
We report here on the pre-clinical MRI characterization of an apoE-/- mouse model of stable and vulnerable carotid artery atherosclerotic plaques, which were induced by a tapered restriction (cast) around the artery. Specific focus was on the quantification of the wall shear stress, which is considered a key player in the development of the plaque phenotype.


METHODS
In vivo MRI was performed at 9.4 T. The protocol consisted of time-of-flight angiography, high-resolution T1- and T2-weighted black-blood imaging and phase-contrast flow velocity imaging as function of time in the cardiac cycle. Wall shear stress was determined by fitting the flow profile to a quadratic polynomial.


RESULTS
Time-of-flight angiography confirmed preservation of blood flow through the carotid arteries in all cases. T1- and T2-weighted MRI resulted in high-resolution images in which the position of the cast, luminal narrowing introduced by cast and plaque, as well as the arterial wall could be well identified. Laminar flow with low wall shear stress (11.2+/- 5.2 Pa) was measured upstream to the cast at the position of the vulnerable plaque. Downstream to the cast at the position of the stable plaque, the apparent velocities were low, which is consistent with vortices and an oscillatory nature of the flow.


CONCLUSIONS
Flow velocities and wall shear stress were successfully measured in this mouse model of stable and unstable plaque. The presented tools can be used to provide valuable insights in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
Biomedical NMR, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
Glenda S
GS
van Bochove
Roel
R
Straathof
Rob
R
Krams
Klaas
K
Nicolay
Gustav J
GJ
Strijkers
D000818:Animals; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography / Q000379:methods*; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D033081:Shear Strength