Substituting snacks with strawberries and Sudokus: does restraint matter?
OBJECTIVE
Prior research demonstrates that fruit/vegetables and sedentary activities can serve as substitutes for high-calorie snack foods, when the behavioral costs for obtaining snack food increase. The current study investigated if fruit/vegetables are better substitutes for snacks than sedentary activities are and whether individual differences in dietary restraint play a role in how snacks are being substituted.


METHODS
Participants (n = 59) performed a concurrent schedules task, in which fruit/vegetables, sedentary activities, and snacks were simultaneously available. The response requirement for earning snacks increased per trial. Afterward, dietary restraint was measured.


METHODS
The amount of responses for snacks per trial and the amount of points earned for fruit/vegetables and sedentary activity per trial.


RESULTS
When snacks are harder to obtain, participants increased working for both fruit/vegetables and sedentary activities. No differences were found for dietary restraint in the way snacks were substituted. However, high-restrained participants worked harder for snack foods than low-restrained participants.


CONCLUSIONS
Fruit/vegetables and sedentary activities are both equally viable substitutes for high-calorie snacks. High-calorie snacks have a higher reinforcing value for highly restrained eaters.
Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands. janneke.giesen@maastrichtuniversity.nl
Janneke C A H
JC
Giesen
Remco C
RC
Havermans
Anita
A
Jansen
D000293:Adolescent; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002755:Choice Behavior; D004038:Diet, Reducing / Q000523:psychology*; D002149:Energy Intake; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D031985:Fragaria; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D006815:Hunger; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D012055:Reinforcement Schedule; D057185:Sedentary Behavior; D014675:Vegetables; D055815:Young Adult