Loneliness impairs daytime functioning but not sleep duration.
OBJECTIVE
To assess the prospective association between daily feelings of loneliness and subsequent feelings of daytime dysfunction indicative of poor sleep quality.


METHODS
Three consecutive end-of-day diaries were completed by a population-based sample of 215 adults (mean age = 57.5 years, SD = 4.4). Diary questions probed sleep duration, daytime dysfunction (i.e., fatigue, low energy, sleepiness), loneliness, physical symptoms, and depressed affect experienced that day. Chronic health condition data and body mass index were also obtained. Autoregressive cross-lagged panel models were used to examine the magnitude of reciprocal prospective associations between loneliness and daytime dysfunction.


METHODS
Unstandardized path coefficients adjusted for race/ethnicity, sleep duration, marital status, household income, chronic health conditions, and health symptom severity.


RESULTS
Daily variations in loneliness predicted subsequent feelings of daytime dysfunction (B = 0.16, p < .05), and daytime dysfunction predicted subsequent loneliness (B = 0.07, p < .05), adjusted for covariates. Loneliness continued to predict subsequent daytime dysfunction when depressed affect was held constant.


CONCLUSIONS
The effect of loneliness on daytime dysfunction was independent of sleep duration, suggesting that the same amount of sleep is less salubrious when individuals feel more socially isolated.
Department of Psychology and Center for Cognitive and Social Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA. hawkley@uchicago.edu
Louise C
LC
Hawkley
Kristopher J
KJ
Preacher
John T
JT
Cacioppo
D000203:Activities of Daily Living / Q000523:psychology*; D000339:Affect; D000368:Aged; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008132:Loneliness / Q000523:psychology*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008960:Models, Psychological; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D012934:Social Isolation; D013001:Somatoform Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D014851:Wakefulness