Bolus remifentanil for chest drain removal in ICU: a randomized double-blind comparison of three modes of analgesia in post-cardiac surgical patients.
OBJECTIVE
We compared 1 versus 0.5 microg/kg bolus remifentanil versus placebo in alleviating pain due to chest drain removal. Effects on sedation, respiratory rate (RR), oxygen saturation, heart rate (HR) and blood pressure were also evaluated.


METHODS
Sixty patients following cardiac surgery were enrolled in this prospective, randomized, double-blind clinical trial. Patients were randomized to 1 or 0.5 microg/kg remifentanil or placebo. All received standardized analgesia. Visual analog scale (VAS) pain scores and cardio-respiratory data were recorded pre-procedure, at drain removal and at 2 min intervals post procedure.


RESULTS
Patients receiving remifentanil had statistically significantly less pain than placebo at drain removal [median (25-75%) VAS: 0.5 microg/kg remifentanil 1 (0-2) versus placebo 5 (3-6), P = 0.001; 1.0 microg/kg remifentanil 0 (0-2) versus placebo 5 (3-6), P = 0.0001]. VAS scores between remifentanil groups were equivalent. Remifentanil 1 microg/kg versus placebo at drain removal revealed significant reductions in HR [mean +/- standard deviation (SD): 76 +/- 15 versus 92 +/- 10, P = 0.01], blood pressure [mean +/- SD: 103 +/- 22 versus 131 +/- 14, P = 0.01] and RR [median (25-75%): 10 (8-12) versus 16 (14-18), P = 0.001]. Remifentanil 0.5 microg/kg versus placebo at drain removal revealed significant reductions in blood pressure [mean +/- SD: 116 +/- 19 versus 131 +/- 14, P = 0.02] and RR [median (25-75%): 12 (10-13) versus 18 (16-18), P = 0.001]. SpO(2) at drain removal was significantly reduced when comparing 1 microg/kg remifentanil versus placebo [median (25-75%): 94 (88-97) versus 97 (96-98), P = 0.049] but not 0.5 microg/kg remifentanil versus placebo. Two patients became apnoeic following 1 microg/kg remifentanil, necessitating respiratory support. Sedation scores in all groups were similar.


CONCLUSIONS
Bolus remifentanil at the tested doses delivers excellent analgesia, but 1 microg/kg remifentanil results in respiratory depression. Remifentanil bolus at 0.5 microg/kg is safe and effective for chest drain removal after heart surgery in ICU.
Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland. casey_eoin@hotmail.com
Eoin
E
Casey
Aoife
A
Lane
Dinesh
D
Kuriakose
Shane
S
McGeary
Niamh
N
Hayes
Dermot
D
Phelan
Donal
D
Buggy
D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D020878:Device Removal / Q000379:methods*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004322:Drainage / Q000295:instrumentation*; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D010880:Piperidines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011182:Postoperative Care; D000077208:Remifentanil; D035423:Thoracic Cavity; D019616:Thoracic Surgical Procedures
D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D010880:Piperidines; D000077208:Remifentanil