Staging perspectives in neurodevelopmental aspects of neuropsychiatry: agents, phases and ages at expression.
Neurodevelopmental risk factors have assumed a critical role in prevailing notions concerning the etiopathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders. Staging, diagnostic elements at which phase of disease is determined, provides a means of conceptualizing the degree and extent of factors affecting brain development trajectories, but is concurrently specified through the particular interactions of genes and environment unique to each individual case. For present purposes, staging perspectives in neurodevelopmental aspects of the disease processes are considered from conditions giving rise to neurodevelopmental staging in affective states, adolescence, dopamine disease states, and autism spectrum disorders. Three major aspects influencing the eventual course of individual developmental trajectories appear to possess an essential determinant influence upon outcome: (i) the type of agent that interferes with brain development, whether chemical, immune system activating or absent (anoxia/hypoxia), (ii) the phase of brain development at which the agent exerts disruption, whether prenatal, postnatal, or adolescent, and (iii) the age of expression of structural and functional abnormalities. Clinical staging may be assumed at any or each developmental phase. The present perspective offers both a challenge to bring further order to diagnosis, intervention, and prognosis and a statement regarding the extreme complexities and interwoven intricacies of epigenetic factors, biomarkers, and neurobehavioral entities that aggravate currents notions of the neuropsychiatric disorders.
Archer
Trevor
T
Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Box 500, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden. trevor.archer@psy.gu.se
Kostrzewa
Richard M
RM
Beninger
Richard J
RJ
Palomo
Tomas
T
D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology; D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000196:embryology / Q000254:growth & development*; D018450:Disease Progression; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D058027:Neuropsychiatry / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D012307:Risk Factors