Associations between jet lag and cortisol diurnal rhythms after domestic travel.
OBJECTIVE
Millions of adults in the United States travel abruptly across time zones each year. Nevertheless, the impact of traveling over relatively short distances (across 3 or fewer time zones) on diurnal patterning of typical physiological response patterns has yet to be studied in a large, epidemiological sample.


METHODS
The current research focuses on 764 middle-aged men comparing variations in diurnal cortisol regulation based on number of time zones traveled eastward or westward the day before.


METHODS
Participants provided samples of salivary cortisol at waking, 30-min postwaking, 10 a.m., 3 p.m., and bedtime.


RESULTS
Eastward travel was associated with a steeper salivary cortisol awakening response (p < .01) and lower peak (PEAK) levels of salivary cortisol the next morning (p < .05). Westward travel was associated with lower peak levels of cortisol the next morning (p < .05). Effect sizes for these differences ranged from Cohen's d = .29 to .47. Differences were not present for 2 days in their home environment.


CONCLUSIONS
The results provide evidence that traveling across time zones is associated with diurnal cortisol regulation and should be studied further to understand the subsequent impacts on health and well-being in large national samples.
Doane
Leah D
LD
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, USA. l-doane@northwestern.edu
Kremen
William S
WS
Eaves
Lindon J
LJ
Eisen
Seth A
SA
Hauger
Richard
R
Hellhammer
Dirk
D
Levine
Seymour
S
Lupien
Sonia
S
Lyons
Michael J
MJ
Mendoza
Sally
S
Prom-Wormley
Elizabeth
E
Xian
Hong
H
York
Timothy P
TP
Franz
Carol E
CE
Jacobson
Kristen C
KC
D000339:Affect / Q000502:physiology; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D004200:Diseases in Twins / Q000097:blood* / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood*; D020179:Jet Lag Syndrome / Q000097:blood* / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry; D014195:Travel / Q000523:psychology*; D014481:United States; D014728:Veterans / Q000523:psychology; D014851:Wakefulness / Q000502:physiology
D006854:Hydrocortisone