In vivo molecular imaging of somatostatin receptors in pancreatic islet cells and neuroendocrine tumors by miniaturized confocal laser-scanning fluorescence microscopy.
The aim of the study was to evaluate real time in vivo molecular imaging of somatostatin receptors (sstrs) using a handheld miniaturized confocal laser scan microscope (CLM) in conjunction with fluorescein-labeled octreotate (OcF) in healthy mice and murine models of neuroendocrine tumors. For CLM a small rigid probe (diameter 7 mm) with an integrated single line laser (488 nm) was used (optical slice thickness 7 mum; lateral resolution 0.7 mum). OcF was synthesized via Fmoc solid-phase peptide synthesis and purified by HPLC showing high-affinity binding to the sstr2 (IC(50) 6.2 nmol). For in vitro evaluation, rat and human pancreatic cancer cells were used and characterized with respect to its sstr subtype expression and functional properties. For in vivo confocal imaging, healthy mouse pancreatic islet and renal tubular cells as well as immunoincompetent nude mice harboring sstr-expressing tumors were evaluated. Incubation of sstr-positive cells with OcF showed a specific time- and dose-dependent staining of sstr-positive cells. CLM showed rapid internalization and homogenous cytoplasmatic distribution. After systemic application to mice (n = 8), specific time-dependent internalization and cytoplasmatic distribution into pancreatic islet cells and tubular cells of the renal cortex was recorded. After injection in tumor-harboring nude mice (n = 8), sstr-positive cells selectively displayed a cell surface and cytoplasmatic staining. CLM-targeted biopsies detected sstr-positive tumor cells with a sensitivity of 87.5% and a specificity of 100% as correlated with ex vivo immunohistochemistry. CLM with OcF permits real-time molecular, functional, and morphological imaging of sstr-expressing cell structures, allowing the specific visualization of pancreatic islet cells and neuroendocrine tumors in vivo.
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, I. Medical Clinic, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
C
C
Fottner
E
E
Mettler
M
M
Goetz
E
E
Schirrmacher
M
M
Anlauf
D
D
Strand
R
R
Schirrmacher
G
G
Klöppel
P
P
Delaney
M
M
Schreckenberger
P R
PR
Galle
M F
MF
Neurath
R
R
Kiesslich
M M
MM
Weber
D000818:Animals; D001667:Binding, Competitive; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D005452:Fluoresceins / Q000737:chemistry; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008819:Mice, Nude; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D008904:Miniaturization; D057054:Molecular Imaging; D018358:Neuroendocrine Tumors / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D015282:Octreotide / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D017481:Receptors, Somatostatin / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
D005452:Fluoresceins; D017481:Receptors, Somatostatin; C045132:4-carboxyfluorescein; C093733:somatostatin receptor 2; D015282:Octreotide