Genome-wide SNP and haplotype analyses reveal a rich history underlying dog domestication.
Advances in genome technology have facilitated a new understanding of the historical and genetic processes crucial to rapid phenotypic evolution under domestication. To understand the process of dog diversification better, we conducted an extensive genome-wide survey of more than 48,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms in dogs and their wild progenitor, the grey wolf. Here we show that dog breeds share a higher proportion of multi-locus haplotypes unique to grey wolves from the Middle East, indicating that they are a dominant source of genetic diversity for dogs rather than wolves from east Asia, as suggested by mitochondrial DNA sequence data. Furthermore, we find a surprising correspondence between genetic and phenotypic/functional breed groupings but there are exceptions that suggest phenotypic diversification depended in part on the repeated crossing of individuals with novel phenotypes. Our results show that Middle Eastern wolves were a critical source of genome diversity, although interbreeding with local wolf populations clearly occurred elsewhere in the early history of specific lineages. More recently, the evolution of modern dog breeds seems to have been an iterative process that drew on a limited genetic toolkit to create remarkable phenotypic diversity.
Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
Bridgett M
BM
Vonholdt
John P
JP
Pollinger
Kirk E
KE
Lohmueller
Eunjung
E
Han
Heidi G
HG
Parker
Pascale
P
Quignon
Jeremiah D
JD
Degenhardt
Adam R
AR
Boyko
Dent A
DA
Earl
Adam
A
Auton
Andy
A
Reynolds
Kasia
K
Bryc
Abra
A
Brisbin
James C
JC
Knowles
Dana S
DS
Mosher
Tyrone C
TC
Spady
Abdel
A
Elkahloun
Eli
E
Geffen
Malgorzata
M
Pilot
Wlodzimierz
W
Jedrzejewski
Claudia
C
Greco
Ettore
E
Randi
Danika
D
Bannasch
Alan
A
Wilton
Jeremy
J
Shearman
Marco
M
Musiani
Michelle
M
Cargill
Paul G
PG
Jones
Zuwei
Z
Qian
Wei
W
Huang
Zhao-Li
ZL
Ding
Ya-Ping
YP
Zhang
Carlos D
CD
Bustamante
Elaine A
EA
Ostrander
John
J
Novembre
Robert K
RK
Wayne
D000818:Animals; D000829:Animals, Domestic / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D000835:Animals, Wild / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics; D001947:Breeding; D019295:Computational Biology; D004285:Dogs / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005202:Asia, Eastern / Q000208:ethnology; D016678:Genome / Q000235:genetics*; D006239:Haplotypes / Q000235:genetics*; D008877:Middle East / Q000208:ethnology; D010641:Phenotype; D010802:Phylogeny; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics*; D019596:Wolves / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics