Neck pain during combat operations: an epidemiological study analyzing clinical and prognostic factors.
STUDY DESIGN. Prospective observational study among soldiers medically evacuated out of theaters of combat operations for neck pain, with retrospective analysis of variables associated with return-to-duty.


OBJECTIVE
To provide an epidemiological overview of the burden of neck pain in deployed soldiers involved in combat operations and to identify factors associated with return-to-duty.


BACKGROUND
Neck pain represents one of the leading causes of medical evacuation out of theaters of combat operations. Yet when compared to other diagnostic categories, treatment outcomes, militarily defined as returning a soldier to duty, remain appallingly low.


METHODS
Demographic, military-specific, and outcome data were prospectively collected over a 2-week period at the Deployed Warrior Medical Management Center in Germany on 374 consecutive soldiers medically evacuated out of theaters of combat operations for a primary diagnosis pertaining to neck pain between 2004 and 2007. The 2-week period represents the maximal allowable time an evacuated soldier can spend in treatment before disposition (i.e., return to theater or evacuate to United States) is rendered. Electronic medical records were reviewed to examine the effect the following variables had on the categorical outcome measure, return-to-unit: age, gender, service-affiliation, rank and seniority, smoking history, coexisting psychiatric diagnosis, prior neck pain, mechanism of injury, whether or not the injury was combat-related, presence of headache, quality of symptoms, correlation with radiologic imaging, and referral to pain specialist.


RESULTS
Only 14% of service members returned to their units. Significant correlations were found between female gender and non-army service affiliation, and a service member returning to their unit. Weak trends toward returning to duty were noted for nonsmokers, absence of prior neck pain, concomitant psychiatric diagnosis, corresponding complaints of headache, and referral to a pain specialist.


CONCLUSIONS
The treatment of service members medically evacuated for neck pain at the main receiving center, the level IV military treatment facility in Landstuhl, Germany, is associated with a low return-to-unit rate. Future studies should consider whether treating personnel predisposed towards a positive outcome with the limited resources available can improve return-to-duty rates.
Cohen
Steven P
SP
Department of Anesthesiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21029, USA. scohen40@jhmi.edu
Kapoor
Shruti G
SG
Nguyen
Cuong
C
Anderson-Barnes
Victoria C
VC
Brown
Charlie
C
Schiffer
Dominique
D
Turabi
Ali
A
Plunkett
Anthony
A
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D057286:Electronic Health Records; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008889:Military Personnel; D019547:Neck Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D015995:Prevalence; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012737:Sex Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014857:Warfare; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*