[Mechanism, treatment, and evaluation of obesity-induced insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes].
Obesity is a major cause of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. The altered glucose homeostasis is caused by faulty insulin signal transduction, which results in decreased glucose uptake by the muscle, altered lipogenesis, and increased glucose output by the liver. The etiology of this derangement in insulin signaling is related to a chronic inflammatory state, leading to the induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase and release of high levels of nitric oxide and reactive nitrogen species, which together cause posttranslational modifications in the signaling proteins. There are substantial differences in the molecular mechanisms of insulin resistance in muscle versus liver. Hormones and cytokines from adipocytes can enhance or inhibit both glycemic sensing and insulin signaling. The role of the central nervous system in glucose homeostasis also has been well established. Multi-pronged therapies aimed at rectifying obesity induced anomalies in both central nervous system and peripheral tissues may prove to be beneficial. The golden standard method to evaluate the insulin sensitivity is hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp.
Zhao
Wei-gang
WG
Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of Ministry of Health, Department of Endocrinology, PUMC Hospital, CAMS and PUMC, Beijing 100730, China.
Zhu
Hui-juan
HJ
D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000209:etiology*; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology
D007328:Insulin; D005947:Glucose