Practice Parameter: treatment of nonmotor symptoms of Parkinson disease [RETIRED]: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology.
Nonmotor symptoms (sleep dysfunction, sensory symptoms, autonomic dysfunction, mood disorders, and cognitive abnormalities) in Parkinson disease (PD) are a major cause of morbidity, yet are often underrecognized. This evidence-based practice parameter evaluates treatment options for the nonmotor symptoms of PD. Articles pertaining to cognitive and mood dysfunction in PD, as well as treatment of sialorrhea with botulinum toxin, were previously reviewed as part of American Academy of Neurology practice parameters and were not included here.



A literature search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Science Citation Index was performed to identify clinical trials in patients with nonmotor symptoms of PD published between 1966 and August 2008. Articles were classified according to a 4-tiered level of evidence scheme and recommendations were based on the level of evidence.



Sildenafil citrate (50 mg) may be considered to treat erectile dysfunction in patients with Parkinson disease (PD) (Level C). Macrogol (polyethylene glycol) may be considered to treat constipation in patients with PD (Level C). The use of levodopa/carbidopa probably decreases the frequency of spontaneous nighttime leg movements, and should be considered to treat periodic limb movements of sleep in patients with PD (Level B). There is insufficient evidence to support or refute specific treatments for urinary incontinence, orthostatic hypotension, and anxiety (Level U). Future research should include concerted and interdisciplinary efforts toward finding treatments for nonmotor symptoms of PD.
University of South Florida, Tampa, USA.
T A
TA
Zesiewicz
K L
KL
Sullivan
I
I
Arnulf
K R
KR
Chaudhuri
J C
JC
Morgan
G S
GS
Gronseth
J
J
Miyasaki
D J
DJ
Iverson
W J
WJ
Weiner
D001342:Autonomic Nervous System Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D014481:United States