Effects of diet-induced obesity and voluntary wheel running on bone properties in young male C57BL/6J mice.
Both physical activity and body mass affect bone properties. In this study we examined how diet-induced obesity combined with voluntary physical activity affects bone properties. Forty 7-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were assigned to four groups evenly: control diet (C), control diet + running (CR), high-fat diet (HF, 60% energy from fat), and high-fat diet + running (HFR). After 21-week intervention, all mice were killed and the left femur was dissected for pQCT and mechanical measurements. Body mass increased 80% in HF and 62% in HFR, with increased epididymal fat pad weight and impaired insulin sensitivity. Except for total and trabecular volumetric bone mineral density (BMD), bone traits correlated positively with body mass, fat pad, leptin, and osteoprotegerin. Obesity induced by a high-fat diet resulted in increased femoral bone cross-sectional area, mineral content (BMC), polar moment of inertia, and mechanical parameters. Of the mice accessing the running wheel, those fed the control diet had thinner cortex and less total metaphyseal BMC and BMD, with enlarged metaphyseal marrow cavity, whereas mice fed the high-fat diet had significantly higher trabecular BMD and smaller marrow cavity. However, the runners had a weaker femoral neck as indicated by decreased maximum flexure load. These results suggest that voluntary running exercise affects bone properties in a site-specific manner and that there is a complex interaction between physical activity and obesity. Thus, both diet and exercise should be considered when optimizing the effects on body composition and bone, even though the underlying mechanisms remain partly unknown.
Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35 (LL), 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland.
Hongqiang
H
Ma
Sira
S
Torvinen
Mika
M
Silvennoinen
Rita
R
Rinnankoski-Tuikka
Heikki
H
Kainulainen
Jukka
J
Morko
Zhiqi
Z
Peng
Urho M
UM
Kujala
Paavo
P
Rahkila
Harri
H
Suominen
D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D015519:Bone Density / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005269:Femur / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D000078790:Insulin Secretion; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015675:Osteocalcin / Q000097:blood; D053244:Osteoprotegerin / Q000097:blood; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal / Q000502:physiology; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
D015415:Biomarkers; D004041:Dietary Fats; D007328:Insulin; D020738:Leptin; D053244:Osteoprotegerin; D015675:Osteocalcin