Mammalian limb loading and chondral modeling during ontogeny.
The adaptive growth response of cartilage, or chondral modeling, can result in changes in joint and limb proportions during ontogeny and ultimately contribute to the adult form. Despite Hamrick's (1999) reevaluation of the mechanisms of chondral modeling, the process of chondral modeling remains poorly studied in animal models. Here, we characterize the macro- and microanatomical responses of the femoral growth plate, articular cartilage, and bone in 15 juvenile Sus scrofa domestica subjected to different locomotor activity patterns. The exercised animals exhibit thinner cartilage zones, greater cellularity and larger proliferative chondrocyte areas in the growth plate, as well as larger femoral dimensions and a more elongate femoral head compared with sedentary controls. In general, the growth plate demonstrates greater adaptive changes than articular cartilage. Moreover, chondrocyte hypertrophy and proliferation were found to be responsive to locomotor loading and thus more important factors in chondral modeling than the extracellular matrix variables that were examined herein. In sum, the underlying mechanisms of adaptive chondrogenesis and bone plasticity are key to informing evolutionary and translational studies regarding determinants of variation in joint form and function. Given the disparity between the predictions of chondral modeling theory and our experimental findings, this suggests a need for further evaluation of chondral modeling responses during ontogeny.
Hammond
Ashley S
AS
Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, One Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO 65212, USA.
Ning
Jie
J
Ward
Carol V
CV
Ravosa
Matthew J
MJ
D000818:Animals; D001846:Bone Development; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000254:growth & development / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D020219:Chondrogenesis; D005269:Femur / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D006132:Growth Plate / Q000254:growth & development / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D008297:Male; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal; D034421:Sus scrofa / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000254:growth & development; D016474:Weight-Bearing