Characterization of cyclic CSF flow in the foramen magnum and upper cervical spinal canal with MR flow imaging and computational fluid dynamics.
CSF flow has been shown to exhibit complex patterns in MR images in both healthy subjects and in patients with Chiari I. Abnormal CSF flow oscillations, according to prevailing opinion, cause syringomyelia and other clinical manifestations that affect some patients with the Chiari I malformation. For this article, we reviewed the literature on PC MR of CSF flow, collected the published CFD studies relevant to CSF flow, and performed flow simulations. PC MR creates cine and still images of CSF flow and measurements of flow velocities. CFD, a technique used to compute flow and pressure in liquid systems, simulates the CSF flow patterns that occur in a specific geometry or anatomy of the SAS and a specific volume of flow. Published PC MR studies show greater peak CSF velocities and more complex flow patterns in patients with Chiari I than in healthy subjects, with synchronous bidirectional flow one of the characteristic markers of pathologic flow. In mathematic models of the SAS created from high-resolution MR images, CFD displays complex CSF flow patterns similar to those shown in PC MR in patients. CFD shows that the pressure and flow patterns vary from level to level in the upper spinal canal and differ between patients with Chiari and healthy volunteers. In models in which elasticity and motion are incorporated, CFD displays CSF pressure waves in the SAS. PC MR and CFD studies to date demonstrate significant alterations of CSF flow and pressure patterns in patients with Chiari I. CSF flow has nonlaminar complex spatial and temporal variations and associated pressure waves and pressure gradients. Additional simulations of CSF flow supplemented by PC MR will lead to better measures for distinguishing pathologic flow abnormalities that cause syringomyelia, headaches, and other clinical manifestations in Chiari I malformations.
Scientific Computing Department, Simula Research Laboratory, Lysaker, Norway.
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S
Hentschel
K-A
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Mardal
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AE
Løvgren
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S
Linge
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V
Haughton
D001139:Arnold-Chiari Malformation / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002555:Cerebrospinal Fluid / Q000502:physiology*; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004548:Elasticity; D005539:Foramen Magnum / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008954:Models, Biological; D011312:Pressure; D011673:Pulsatile Flow / Q000502:physiology; D013115:Spinal Canal / Q000502:physiology*; D013346:Subarachnoid Space / Q000502:physiology; D013595:Syringomyelia / Q000503:physiopathology; D013599:Systole / Q000502:physiology