Device-associated infections in the intensive care units of Cyprus: results of the first national incidence study.
BACKGROUND
Surveillance of healthcare-associated infections (HCAIs) has become an integral part of infection control programs in several countries, especially in the intensive care unit (ICU) setting. In contrast, surveillance data on the epidemiology of ICU-acquired infections in Cyprus are limited. The aim of this study was to assess the risk of ICU-acquired infections and to identify areas for improvement in Cypriot hospitals by comparing observed incidence rates with international benchmarks and by specifying the microbiological and antibiotic resistance profiles of infecting organisms.


METHODS
An active surveillance protocol was introduced in the ICUs of the four major public hospitals in Cyprus, based on the methodology of the US National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance system.


RESULTS
During February to December 2007, 2,692 patients who were hospitalized in ICUs for a mean length of stay of 5 days acquired 214 infections for an overall incidence rate of 15.8 infections per 1,000 patient-days [95% confidence interval (CI): 13.8-18.1]. Bloodstream infections, pneumonias and urinary tract infections accounted for 80.4% of all infections; of these, 87.8% were device-related. Central line-associated bloodstream infection (CL-BSI) posed the greatest risk (18.6 cases per 1,000 central line-days; 95% CI 14.9-22.9), followed by ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) (6.4 cases per 1,000 ventilator-days; 95% CI 4.5-8.8) and catheter-associated urinary tract infection (2.8 cases per 1,000 urinary catheter-days; 95% CI 1.9-4.1). Most frequently isolated pathogens included Pseudomonas aeruginosa (21.6% of all isolates), coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (11.7%), Enterococcus spp. (11.3%) and Staphylococcus aureus (9.2%). Overall, 29.8% of P. aeruginosa isolates were imipenem-resistant and 68.2% of S. aureus were methicillin-resistant. The crude excess mortality rate associated with ICU-acquired infections was 33.2% (95% CI 24.9-41.9%) and the mean post-infection stay in the ICUs was 21.6 days (95% CI 17.0-26.2).


CONCLUSIONS
In comparison to international benchmarks, the markedly high rate of CL-BSI, the high rate of VAP and the resistance patterns of major infecting pathogens identified in this study emphasize the need to improve current practices for appropriate use and management of invasive devices in Cypriot ICUs.
Infection Control Unit, University Hospital of Heraklion, 1352/71110, Crete, Greece. gikas@med.uoc.gr
A
A
Gikas
M
M
Roumbelaki
D
D
Bagatzouni-Pieridou
M
M
Alexandrou
V
V
Zinieri
I
I
Dimitriadis
E I
EI
Kritsotakis
D000328:Adult; D016470:Bacteremia / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D055499:Catheter-Related Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D003535:Cyprus / Q000453:epidemiology; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria; D016905:Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D006094:Gram-Positive Bacteria; D016908:Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011159:Population Surveillance; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric