Inhaled insulin: overview of a novel route of insulin administration.
Diabetes is a chronic disease characterized by inadequate insulin secretion with resulting hyperglycemia. Diabetes complications include both microvascular and macrovascular disease, both of which are affected by optimal diabetes control. Many individuals with diabetes rely on subcutaneous insulin administration by injection or continuous infusion to control glucose levels. Novel routes of insulin administration are an area of interest in the diabetes field, given that insulin injection therapy is burdensome for many patients. This review will discuss pulmonary delivery of insulin via inhalation. The safety of inhaled insulin as well as the efficacy in comparison to subcutaneous insulin in the various populations with diabetes are covered. In addition, the experience and pitfalls that face the development and marketing of inhaled insulin are discussed.
Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA. ldm@buffalo.edu
Lucy D
LD
Mastrandrea
D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D005947:Glucose / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D008168:Lung / Q000378:metabolism*; D055118:Medication Adherence; D012120:Respiration Disorders / Q000378:metabolism; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects
D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D005947:Glucose
glycemic control; hemoglobin A1c; inhalation; insulin; type 1 diabetes; type 2 diabetes