Sexual issues in early and late stage cancer: a review.
BACKGROUND
Sexuality is an important aspect of life involving physical, psychological, interpersonal, and behavioral aspects. The aim of this review was to examine the literature regarding sexuality in advanced cancer patients, after taking into consideration the principal changes produced by the disease and its treatment.


METHODS
This review considered references through a search of PubMed by use of the search terms "advanced cancer," "palliative care," in combination with "sexuality" and/or "intimacy."


RESULTS
Surgery, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, radiotherapy, and drugs commonly given for the symptomatic treatment have relevant consequences on sexuality, also in the advanced stage of disease. Sexual dysfunction is a multifaceted issue and different causes may concomitantly have a role, including the psychological and clinical status. The existing clinical studies have shown important cultural barriers on sexuality. Sexuality is not considered a medical concern compared with the priority of treating cancer or symptoms. Although this issue is very private, unaddressed sexuality changes can be among the most negative influences on the social well being of a cancer patient. It is increasingly acknowledged that issues surrounding sexuality are an important factor in quality of life for patients with cancer and that sexuality is a legitimate area of concern in oncology and palliative care. Few studies have assessed sexuality in the advanced stage of disease. Nevertheless, advanced cancer patients are willing to talk about their sex lives and the impact of the disease on their sexual function.


CONCLUSIONS
To provide this component of care, professionals need to have good communication skills, an open and non-judgmental approach, and knowledge of the potential ramifications of disease and treatment of sexuality problems.
Pain Relief and Palliative Care Unit, La Maddalena Cancer Center, Via San Lorenzo 312, 90146 Palermo, Italy. terapiadeldolore@lamaddalenanet.it
Sebastiano
S
Mercadante
Valentina
V
Vitrano
Viviana
V
Catania
D018450:Disease Progression; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology*; D012735:Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological / Q000150:complications*; D020018:Sexual Dysfunctions, Psychological / Q000150:complications*; D019529:Sexuality