Vascular preventive measures: the progression from asymptomatic to symptomatic atherosclerosis management. Evidence on usefulness of early diagnosis in women and children.
This review reports our experience in evaluating the progression from asymptomatic to symptomatic atherosclerosis in an evidence-based context. In particular, studies published in the last 5 years were analyzed in more detail and their relevance to cardiovascular prevention in women and children is discussed. The evaluation of carotid artery intima-media thickness by ultrasonography and the measurement of coronary artery calcification using computed tomography scanning can provide evidence for the presence and extent of atherosclerosis in adults. Intima-media thickness was demonstrated to predict prognosis and help in clinical decision making. Computed tomography estimates of advanced coronary atherosclerosis are markers of advanced atherosclerosis and are of value for screening adult men, but their value in women and children is doubtful owing to radiation risk. Intima-media thickness measurement, even when acknowledging its limitations, is a preferred approach, with the promising perspective of the availability of portable devices of lower cost in the near future. Further evaluation of the potential role for the emerging biomarkers and imaging techniques could clarify the clinical relevance of emerging risk profiles such as the metabolic syndrome. Ultrasound methods provide information regarding the extent and progression of early atherosclerotic abnormalities in women and in children and predict cardiovascular prognosis.
Preventive Services Department, AOU Federico II, Naples, Italy. fabiana.rubba@unina.it
Fabiana
F
Rubba
Marco
M
Gentile
Arcangelo
A
Iannuzzi
Salvatore
S
Panico
Amalia
A
Mattiello
Luigi
L
Quagliata
Maria
M
Triassi
Paolo
P
Rubba
D000328:Adult; D001158:Arteries / Q000473:pathology; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000378:metabolism; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D017536:Carotid Artery, Common / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002648:Child; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000737:chemistry; D019468:Disease Management; D018450:Disease Progression; D004548:Elasticity; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006938:Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D017540:Tunica Media / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014463:Ultrasonography
D008076:Cholesterol, HDL