Sulforaphane and alpha-lipoic acid upregulate the expression of the pi class of glutathione S-transferase through c-jun and Nrf2 activation.
The anticarcinogenic effect of dietary organosulfur compounds has been partly attributed to their modulation of the activity and expression of phase II detoxification enzymes. Our previous studies indicated that garlic allyl sulfides upregulate the expression of the pi class of glutathione S-transferase (GSTP) through the activator protein-1 pathway. Here, we examined the modulatory effect of sulforaphane (SFN) and alpha-lipoic acid (LA) or dihydrolipoic acid (DHLA) on GSTP expression in rat Clone 9 liver cells. Cells were treated with LA or DHLA (50-600 micromol/L) or SFN (0.2-5 micromol/L) for 24 h. Immunoblots and real-time PCR showed that SFN, LA, and DHLA dose dependently induced GSTP protein and mRNA expression. Compared with the induction by the garlic organosulfur compound diallyl trisulfide (DATS), the effectiveness was in the order of SFN > DATS > LA = DHLA. The increase in GSTP enzyme activity in cells treated with 5 micromol/L SFN, 50 micromol/L DATS, and 600 micromol/L LA and DHLA was 172, 75, 122, and 117%, respectively (P < 0.05). A reporter assay showed that the GSTP enhancer I (GPEI) was required for GSTP induction by the organosulfur compounds. Electromobility gel shift assays showed that the DNA binding of GPEI to nuclear proteins reached a maximum at 0.5-1 h after SFN, LA, and DHLA treatment. Super-shift assay revealed that the transcription factors c-jun and nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) were bound to GPEI. These results suggest that SFN and LA in either its oxidized or reduced form upregulate the transcription of the GSTP gene by activating c-jun and Nrf2 binding to the enhancer element GPEI.
Lii
Chong-Kuei
CK
Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
Liu
Kai-Li
KL
Cheng
Yi-Ping
YP
Lin
Ai-Hsuan
AH
Chen
Haw-Wen
HW
Tsai
Chia-Wen
CW
D000498:Allyl Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000494:pharmacology; D002460:Cell Line; D004247:DNA / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D004032:Diet; D020536:Enzyme Activators / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005737:Garlic / Q000737:chemistry; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000187:drug effects*; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D017879:Isothiocyanates; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D051267:NF-E2-Related Factor 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016755:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013440:Sulfides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013454:Sulfoxides; D008063:Thioctic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013861:Thiocyanates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects
D000498:Allyl Compounds; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D020536:Enzyme Activators; D017879:Isothiocyanates; D051267:NF-E2-Related Factor 2; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D010936:Plant Extracts; D016755:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D013440:Sulfides; D013454:Sulfoxides; D013861:Thiocyanates; C042577:diallyl trisulfide; D008063:Thioctic Acid; D004247:DNA; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; C016766:sulforaphane