Light-induced activation of class II cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer photolyases.
Light-induced activation of class II cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD) photolyases of Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa has been examined by UV/Vis and pulsed Davies-type electron-nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) spectroscopy, and the results compared with structure-known class I enzymes, CPD photolyase and (6-4) photolyase. By ENDOR spectroscopy, the local environment of the flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) cofactor is probed by virtue of proton hyperfine couplings that report on the electron-spin density at the positions of magnetic nuclei. Despite the amino-acid sequence dissimilarity as compared to class I enzymes, the results indicate similar binding motifs for FAD in the class II photolyases. Furthermore, the photoreduction kinetics starting from the FAD cofactor in the fully oxidized redox state, FAD(ox), have been probed by UV/Vis spectroscopy. In Escherichia coli (class I) CPD photolyase, light-induced generation of FADH from FAD(ox), and subsequently FADH(-) from FADH, proceeds in a step-wise fashion via a chain of tryptophan residues. These tryptophans are well conserved among the sequences and within all known structures of class I photolyases, but completely lacking from the equivalent positions of class II photolyase sequences. Nevertheless, class II photolyases show photoreduction kinetics similar to those of the class I enzymes. We propose that a different, but also effective, electron-transfer cascade is conserved among the class II photolyases. The existence of such electron transfer pathways is supported by the observation that the catalytically active fully reduced flavin state obtained by photoreduction is maintained even under oxidative conditions in all three classes of enzymes studied in this contribution.
Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Asako
A
Okafuji
Till
T
Biskup
Kenichi
K
Hitomi
Elizabeth D
ED
Getzoff
Gebhard
G
Kaiser
Alfred
A
Batschauer
Adelbert
A
Bacher
Jun
J
Hidema
Mika
M
Teranishi
Kazuo
K
Yamamoto
Erik
E
Schleicher
Stefan
S
Weber
D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000201:enzymology*; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D003067:Coenzymes / Q000378:metabolism; D004255:Deoxyribodipyrimidine Photo-Lyase / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D004578:Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; D004579:Electron Transport; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000528:radiation effects; D005182:Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide / Q000378:metabolism; D005609:Free Radicals / Q000378:metabolism; D008027:Light; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D012275:Oryza / Q000201:enzymology*; D055668:Photochemical Processes / Q000528:radiation effects; D011487:Protein Conformation; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; D014982:Xenopus laevis
D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D003067:Coenzymes; D005609:Free Radicals; D005182:Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide; D004255:Deoxyribodipyrimidine Photo-Lyase