Chance, bias, and confounding: threats to valid measurement of quality in the context of pediatric cardiac surgery.
Welke
Karl F
KF
Mary Bridge/Swedish Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery Program, Mary Bridge Children's Hospital and Health Center, 311 South L Street, Tacoma, WA 98415, USA. karl.welke@multicare.org
Diggs
Brian S
BS
Karamlou
Tara
T
D015982:Bias; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000401:mortality / Q000592:standards*; D002648:Child; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic / Q000592:standards; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000592:standards*; D010372:Pediatrics / Q000458:organization & administration; D013903:Thoracic Surgery / Q000592:standards