title: Semiclassical gaps in the density of states of chaotic Andreev billiards.
abstract: The connection of a superconductor to a chaotic ballistic quantum dot leads to interesting phenomena, most notably the appearance of a hard gap in its excitation spectrum. Here we treat such an Andreev billiard semiclassically where the density of states is expressed in terms of the classical trajectories of electrons (and holes) that leave and return to the superconductor. We show how classical orbit correlations lead to the formation of the hard gap, as predicted by random matrix theory in the limit of negligible Ehrenfest time tau{E}, and how the influence of a finite tau{E} causes the gap to shrink. Furthermore, for intermediate tau{E} we predict a second gap below E=pi variant Planck's/2pi/2tau{E} which would presumably be the clearest signature yet of tau{E} effects.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Jack
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kuipers
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Waltner
authors.forename: Cyril
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Petitjean
authors.forename: Gregory
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Berkolaiko
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Richter