Effect of vaccination with modified vaccinia Ankara (ACAM3000) on subsequent challenge with Dryvax.
BACKGROUND
Despite the success of smallpox vaccination, the immunological correlates of protection are not fully understood. To investigate this question, we examined the effect of immunization with modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) on subsequent challenge with replication-competent vaccinia virus (Dryvax).


METHODS
Dryvax challenge by scarification was conducted in 36 healthy subjects who had received MVA (n = 29) or placebo (n = 7) in a previous study of doses and routes of immunization. Subjects were followed up for clinical take, viral shedding, and immune responses.


RESULTS
MVA administration attenuated clinical takes in 21 (72%) of 29 subjects, compared with 0 of 7 placebo recipients (P = .001). Attenuation was most significant in MVA groups that received 1 x 10(7) median tissue culture infective doses (TCID(50)) intradermally (P = .001) and 1 x 10(7) TCID(50) intramuscularly (P = .001). Both duration and peak titer of viral shedding were reduced in MVA recipients. Peak neutralizing antibody responses to vaccinia virus or MVA previously induced by MVA immunization were associated with attenuated takes (P = .02) and reduced duration (P = .001) and titer (P = .005) of viral shedding.


CONCLUSIONS
MVA immunization results in clinical and virologic protection against Dryvax challenge. Protection is associated with prior induction of neutralizing antibodies to MVA or vaccinia virus. MVA administered intradermally has protective and immunologic responses similar to those of a 10-fold-higher dose given subcutaneously.
Seaman
Michael S
MS
Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
Wilck
Marissa B
MB
Baden
Lindsey R
LR
Walsh
Stephen R
SR
Grandpre
Lauren E
LE
Devoy
Colleen
C
Giri
Ayush
A
Noble
Lizanne C
LC
Kleinjan
Jane A
JA
Stevenson
Kristen E
KE
Kim
Haesook T
HT
Dolin
Raphael
R
D000328:Adult; D057134:Antibodies, Neutralizing / Q000276:immunology; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000276:immunology; D004306:Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007271:Injections, Intradermal; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D008297:Male; D012900:Smallpox Vaccine / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013997:Time Factors; D014611:Vaccination; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology; D014616:Vaccinia virus / Q000276:immunology*; D017201:Virus Shedding; D055815:Young Adult
D057134:Antibodies, Neutralizing; D000914:Antibodies, Viral; C078786:DryVax vaccine; D012900:Smallpox Vaccine; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated