title: An in vitro model of chronic wound biofilms to test wound dressings and assess antimicrobial susceptibilities.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The targeted disruption of biofilms in chronic wounds is an important treatment strategy and the subject of intense research. In the present study, an in vitro model of chronic wound biofilms was developed to assess the efficacy of antimicrobial treatments for use in the wound environment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using chronic wound isolates, assays of bacterial coaggregation established that aerobic and anaerobic wound bacteria were able to coaggregate and form biofilms. A constant depth film fermenter (CDFF) was used to develop wound biofilms in vitro, which were analysed using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The susceptibility of bacteria within these biofilms was examined in response to the most frequently prescribed 'chronic wound' antibiotics and a series of iodine- and silver-containing commercial antimicrobial products and lactoferrin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Defined biofilms were rapidly established within 1-2 days. Antibiotic treatment demonstrated that mixed Pseudomonas and Staphylococcus biofilms were not affected by ciprofloxacin (5 mg/L) or flucloxacillin (15 mg/L), even at concentrations equivalent to twice the observed peak serum levels. The results contrasted with the ability of povidone-iodine (1%) to disrupt the wound biofilm; an effect that was particularly pronounced in the dressing testing where iodine-based dressings completely disrupted established 7 day biofilms. In contrast, only two of six silver-containing dressings exhibited any effect on 3 day biofilms, with no effect on 7 day biofilms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This wound model emphasizes the potential role of the biofilm phenotype in the observed resistance to antibiotic therapies that may occur in chronic wounds in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Wound Biology Group, Tissue Engineering and Reparative Dentistry, Cardiff University School of Dentistry, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XY, UK. hillke1@cardiff.ac.uk
authors.forename: Katja E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: Sladjana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Malic
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: McKee
authors.forename: Tracy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rennison
authors.forename: Keith G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Harding
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Thomas
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000494:pharmacology; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D001458:Bandages; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D002939:Ciprofloxacin / Q000494:pharmacology; D005436:Floxacillin / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests / Q000379:methods; D008853:Microscopy / Q000379:methods; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning / Q000379:methods; D011206:Povidone-Iodine / Q000494:pharmacology; D011549:Pseudomonas / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012834:Silver / Q000494:pharmacology; D013210:Staphylococcus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014946:Wound Infection / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D012834:Silver; D005436:Floxacillin; D002939:Ciprofloxacin; D011206:Povidone-Iodine