title: Comparison of yoga versus stretching for chronic low back pain: protocol for the Yoga Exercise Self-care (YES) trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Back pain, one of the most prevalent conditions afflicting American adults, is the leading reason for using complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) therapies. Yoga is an increasingly popular "mind-body" CAM therapy often used for relieving back pain and several small studies have found yoga effective for this condition. This study will assess whether yoga is effective for treating chronic low back pain compared with self care and exercise and will explore the mechanisms responsible for any observed benefits.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 210 participants with low back pain lasting at least 3 months will be recruited from primary care clinics of a large healthcare system based in Seattle. They will be randomized in a 2:2:1 ratio to receive 12 weekly yoga classes, 12 weekly conventional therapeutic exercise classes of comparable physical exertion, or a self-care book. Interviewers masked to participants' treatment group will assess outcomes at baseline and 6, 12 and 26 weeks after randomization. Primary outcomes will be back-related dysfunction and symptom bothersomeness. In addition, data will be collected on physical measurements (e.g., flexion) at baseline and 12 weeks and saliva samples will be obtained at baseline, 6 and 12 weeks. Information will be collected on specific physical, psychological, and physiological factors to allow exploration of possible mechanisms of action through which yoga could relieve back pain and dysfunction. The effectiveness of yoga will be assessed using analysis of covariance (using general estimating equations - GEE) within an intention-to-treat context. If yoga is found effective, further analyses will explore whether yoga's benefits are attributable to physical, psychological and/or physiological factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study will provide the clearest evidence to date about the value of yoga as a therapeutic option for treating chronic back pain, and if the results are positive, will help focus future, more in-depth, research on the most promising potential mechanisms of action identified by this study.
authors.affiliation: Group Health Research Institute, 1730 Minor Avenue, Suite 1600, Seattle, WA, USA. sherman.k@ghc.org
authors.forename: Karen J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Sherman
authors.forename: Daniel C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Cherkin
authors.forename: Andrea J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: Rene J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Hawkes
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Deyo
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wellman
authors.forename: Partap S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Khalsa
mesh_terms: D002908:Chronic Disease; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D006801:Humans; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D052580:Muscle Stretching Exercises; D010147:Pain Measurement; D020127:Recovery of Function; D012107:Research Design; D012648:Self Care; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014861:Washington; D015013:Yoga