Gender dimorphisms in progenitor and stem cell function in cardiovascular disease.
Differences in cardiovascular disease outcomes between men and women have long been recognized and attributed, in part, to gender and sex steroids. Gender dimorphisms also exist with respect to the roles of progenitor and stem cells in post-ischemic myocardial and endothelial repair and regeneration. Understanding how these cells are influenced by donor gender and the recipient hormonal milieu may enable researchers to further account for the gender-related disparities in clinical outcomes as well as utilize the beneficial effects of these hormones to optimize transplanted cell function and survival. This review discusses (1) the cardiovascular effects of sex steroids (specifically estradiol and testosterone); (2) the therapeutic potentials of endothelial progenitor cells, mesenchymal stem cells, and embryonic stem cells; and (3) the direct effect of sex steroids on these cell types.
Herrmann
Jeremy L
JL
Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
Abarbanell
Aaron M
AM
Weil
Brent R
BR
Manukyan
Mariuxi C
MC
Poynter
Jeffrey A
JA
Wang
Yue
Y
Coffey
Arthur C
AC
Meldrum
Daniel R
DR
D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002470:Cell Survival; D053595:Embryonic Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000637:transplantation*; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D004958:Estradiol / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D045164:Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D012038:Regeneration; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012737:Sex Factors; D013739:Testosterone / Q000378:metabolism; D016896:Treatment Outcome
D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones; D013739:Testosterone; D004958:Estradiol