title: Dietary intake of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid and diabetic nephropathy: cohort analysis of the diabetes control and complications trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the association between dietary n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFAs) and the degree and development of albuminuria in type 1 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed longitudinal data from 1,436 participants in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. We defined the average intake of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid from diet histories. Urinary albumin excretion rates (UAERs) were measured over 24 h; incident albuminuria was considered the first occurrence of an UAER >40 mg/24 h sustained for >or=1 year in normoalbuminuric individuals. RESULTS In a mean follow-up of 6.5 years, we observed a lower mean UAER (difference 22.7 mg/24 h [95% CI 1.6-43.8)]) in the top versus the bottom third of dietary n-3 LC-PUFAs, but we found no association with incident albuminuria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dietary n-3 LC-PUFAs appear inversely associated with the degree but not with the incidence of albuminuria in type 1 diabetes. These findings require further investigation in prospective studies.
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK. amanda.adler@addenbrookes.nhs.uk
authors.forename: Cheetin C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Sharp
authors.forename: Deborah J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Wexler
authors.forename: Amanda I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Adler
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid