title: Tetramethylpyrazine inhibits production of nitric oxide and inducible nitric oxide synthase in lipopolysaccharide-induced N9 microglial cells through blockade of MAPK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways, and suppression of intracellular reactive oxygen species.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the inhibitory effect of tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced over-production of nitric oxide (NO) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in N9 microglial cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  N9 cells were pretreated with vehicle or TMP and then exposed to LPS for the time indicated. Cell viability was determined by methylthiazoyltetrazolium (MTT) assay. Nitrite assay was performed by Griess reaction. Expression of iNOS mRNA was examined by RT-PCR. Protein levels of iNOS, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), ERK1/2, JNK, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and Akt were determined by western blot analysis. Formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was evaluated by fluorescence image system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TMP inhibited LPS-induced over-production of NO and iNOS in N9 cells. TMP also inhibited the NF-kappaB translocation from cytoplasm into nucleus of N9 cells. In addition, TMP showed blocking effect on the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, ERK1/2, JNK and Akt, but not PI3K. Further, TMP suppressed the formation of intracellular ROS in LPS-induced N9 cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TMP inhibited production of NO and iNOS in LPS-induced N9 cells through blocking MAPK and PI3K/Akt activation and suppressing ROS production.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Hong-Tao
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Yu-Guang
authors.initials: YG
authors.lastname: Du
authors.forename: Jun-Lin
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Wen-Juan
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Wen-Ming
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Zhu
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Ying-Xiong
authors.initials: YX
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Chao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002460:Cell Line; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D003600:Cytosol / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000633:toxicity; D051379:Mice; D017628:Microglia / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D051058:Oncogene Protein v-akt / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D000081082:Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; D011719:Pyrazines / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D000081082:Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; D011719:Pyrazines; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D051058:Oncogene Protein v-akt; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; C017953:tetramethylpyrazine