title: Polymorphisms in xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes and diet influence colorectal adenoma risk.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We have earlier shown that diet and xenobiotic metabolizing enzyme genotypes influence colorectal cancer risk, and now investigate whether similar associations are seen in patients with premalignant colorectal adenomas (CRA), recruited during the pilot phase of the Scottish Bowel Screening Programme.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nineteen polymorphisms in 13 genes [cytochrome P450 (P450), glutathione S-transferase (GST), N-acetyl transferase, quinone reductase (NQ01) and microsomal epoxide hydrolase (EPHX1) genes] were genotyped using multiplex PCR or Taqman-based allelic discrimination assays and analyzed in conjunction with diet, assessed by food frequency questionnaire, in a case-control study [317 CRA cases (308 cases genotyped), 296 controls]. Findings significant at a nominal 5% level are reported.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CRA risk was inversely associated with fruit (P=0.02, test for trend) and vegetable (P=0.001, test for trend) consumption. P450 CYP2C9*3 heterozygotes had reduced CRA risk compared with homozygotes for the reference allele [odds ratio (OR): 0.60; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.36-0.99], whereas CYP2D6*4 homozygotes (OR: 2.72; 95% CI: 1.18-6.27) and GSTM1 'null' individuals (OR: 1.43; 95% CI: 1.04-1.98) were at increased risk. The protective effect of fruit consumption was confined to GSTP1 (Ala114Val) reference allele homozygotes (OR: 0.49; 95% CI: 0.34-0.71, P=0.03 for interaction). CRA risk was not associated with meat consumption, although a significant interaction between red meat consumption and EPHX1 (His139Arg) genotype was noted (P=0.02 for interaction).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We report the novel associations between P450 genotype and CRA risk, and highlight the risk association with GSTM1 genotype, common to our CRA and cancer case-control series. In addition, we report a novel modifying influence of GSTP1 genotype on dietary chemoprevention. These novel findings require independent confirmation.
authors.affiliation: Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital.
authors.forename: Emma L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Northwood
authors.forename: Faye
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Elliott
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Forman
authors.forename: Jennifer H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Barrett
authors.forename: Murray J V
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Wilkie
authors.forename: Francis A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Carey
authors.forename: Robert J C
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Steele
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bishop
authors.forename: Gillian
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000123:Acetyltransferases / Q000235:genetics; D000236:Adenoma / Q000235:genetics*; D000368:Aged; D000483:Alleles; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*; D004032:Diet; D004851:Epoxide Hydrolases / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016660:NAD(P)H Dehydrogenase (Quinone) / Q000235:genetics; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D015262:Xenobiotics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015262:Xenobiotics; D016660:NAD(P)H Dehydrogenase (Quinone); D000123:Acetyltransferases; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D004851:Epoxide Hydrolases