title: Contrasting genetic paths to morphological and physiological evolution.
abstract: The relative importance of protein function change and gene expression change in phenotypic evolution is a contentious, yet central topic in evolutionary biology. Analyzing 5,199 mouse genes with recorded mutant phenotypes, we find that genes exclusively affecting morphological traits when mutated (dubbed "morphogenes") are grossly enriched with transcriptional regulators, whereas those exclusively affecting physiological traits (dubbed "physiogenes") are enriched with channels, transporters, receptors, and enzymes. Compared to physiogenes, morphogenes are more likely to be essential and pleiotropic and less likely to be tissue specific. Morphogenes evolve faster in expression profile, but slower in protein sequence and gene gain/loss than physiogenes. Thus, morphological and physiological changes have a differential molecular basis; separating them helps discern the genetic mechanisms of phenotypic evolution.
authors.affiliation: Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan, Republic of China. liaoby@nhri.org.tw
authors.forename: Ben-Yang
authors.initials: BY
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.forename: Meng-Pin
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Weng
authors.forename: Jianzhi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019295:Computational Biology / Q000379:methods; D030541:Databases, Genetic; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D023281:Genomics; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008954:Models, Biological; D008957:Models, Genetic; D009154:Mutation; D009693:Nucleic Acid Hybridization; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D010641:Phenotype