title: Flowable glass ionomer cement as a liner: improving marginal adaptation of atraumatic restorative treatment restorations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study aims to evaluate the in vitro microleakage of two layers GIC proximal restorations in primary molars.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty primary molars received proximal cavity preparations and were randomly divided in two groups. G1 was restored with a regular powder/liquid ratio GIC. G2 firstly received a flowable layer of GIC and secondly a regular GIC layer. After 24h water storage (37 degrees C), the teeth were made impermeable with the exception of the restoration area and 1 mm of their surrounding, immersed in 0.5% methylene blue solution (4h), rinsed and sectioned mesio-distally. One side was polished and analyzed under light microscope. Replicates from the other side were observed under SEM. Microleakage evaluation was carried out by 3 evaluators.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The data analysis (Mann-Whitney) showed a significant (P<0.01) better result for G2. Regarding the SEM evaluation, irregularities were observed in the G1 at the tooth/GIC interface. For G2, it was not possible to observe any displacement of the GIC in relation to the tooth structure, which confirmed better adaptation as seen in the microleakage test.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  the insertion of a flowable GIC layer in proximal cavities before the insertion of a regular GIC layer improves the material adaptation to the tooth.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentsitry Amsterdam (ACTA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands. C.Bonifacio@acta.nl
authors.forename: Clarissa Calil
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Bonifácio
authors.forename: W Evert
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: van Amerongen
authors.forename: Tatiana Galindo
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Meschini
authors.forename: Daniela Prócida
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Raggio
authors.forename: Marcelo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bönecker
mesh_terms: D003736:Dental Cavity Lining / Q000379:methods*; D003737:Dental Cavity Preparation / Q000379:methods; D003763:Dental Leakage / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018772:Dental Marginal Adaptation; D003793:Dental Restoration, Permanent / Q000379:methods*; D003804:Dentin / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D008751:Methylene Blue; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008963:Molar; D011897:Random Allocation; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements; D008751:Methylene Blue