title: Sound production by singing humpback whales.
abstract: Sounds from humpback whale songs were analyzed to evaluate possible mechanisms of sound production. Song sounds fell along a continuum with trains of discrete pulses at one end and continuous tonal signals at the other. This graded vocal repertoire is comparable to that seen in false killer whales [Murray et al. (1998). J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 104, 1679-1688] and human singers, indicating that all three species generate sounds by varying the tension of pneumatically driven, vibrating membranes. Patterns in the spectral content of sounds and in nonlinear sound features show that resonating air chambers may also contribute to humpback whale sound production. Collectively, these findings suggest that categorizing individual units within songs into discrete types may obscure how singers modulate song features and illustrate how production-based characterizations of vocalizations can provide new insights into how humpback whales sing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA. emiii@buffalo.edu
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mercado
authors.forename: Jennifer N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: Adam A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Pack
authors.forename: Louis M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Herman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006254:Hawaii; D050640:Humpback Whale / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D008954:Models, Biological; D017711:Nonlinear Dynamics; D010699:Phonation; D011647:Puerto Rico; D012137:Respiratory System / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D012621:Seasons; D013018:Sound Spectrography; D013997:Time Factors; D014732:Vibration; D014828:Vocalization, Animal