title: A functional murine model of hindlimb demand ischemia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To date, murine models of treadmill exercise have been used to study general exercise physiology and angiogenesis in ischemic hindlimbs. The purpose of these experiments was to develop a murine model of demand ischemia in an ischemic limb to mimic claudication in humans. The primary goal was to determine whether treadmill exercise reflected a hemodynamic picture which might be consistent with the hyperemic response observed in humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  Aged hypercholesterolemic ApoE null mice (ApoE(-/-), n = 13) were subjected to femoral artery ligation (FAL) and allowed to recover from the acute ischemic response. Peripheral perfusion of the hindlimbs at rest was determined by serial evaluation using laser Doppler imaging (LDI) on days 0, 7, and 14 following FAL. During the experiments, mice were also assessed on an established five-point clinical ischemic score, which assessed the degree of digital amputation, necrosis, and cyanosis compared to the nonischemic contralateral limb. After stabilization of the LDI ratio (ischemic limb flux/contralateral nonischemic limb flux) and clinical ischemic score, mice underwent 2 days of treadmill training (10 min at 10 m/min, incline of 10 degrees ) followed by 60 min of daily treadmill exercise (13 m/min, incline of 10 degrees ) through day 25. An evaluation of preexercise and postexercise perfusion using LDI was performed on two separate occasions following the onset of daily exercise. During the immediate 15 min postexercise evaluation, LDI scanning was obtained in quadruplicate, to allow identification of peak flux ratios. Statistical analysis included unpaired t-tests and analysis of variance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After FAL, the LDI flux ratio reached a nadir between days 1 and 2, then stabilized by day 14 and remained stable through day 25. The clinical ischemic score stabilized at day 7 and remained stable throughout the rest of the experiment. Based on stabilization of both the clinical ischemic score and LDI ratio, exercise training began on day 15. The peak 15 min postexercise LDI ratio increased significantly compared to the preexercise ratio on day 17 (0.48 +/- 0.04 vs. 0.34 +/- 0.04, p < 0.05) and day 25 (0.37 +/- 0.03 vs. 0.27 +/- 0.03, p < 0.01). Within 2 hr of exercise, the LDI ratio returned to preexercise levels on both days 17 and 25.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinical and hemodynamic stabilization of limb perfusion is evident by 14 days after FAL. FAL followed by demand ischemia results in a reversible relative hyperemic response similar to that observed in exercising human claudicants. A murine model of FAL associated with demand ischemia may be useful to evaluate the metabolic, inflammatory, and flow-related changes associated with claudication in humans.
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Peck
authors.forename: Robert S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Crawford
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Abularrage
authors.forename: Virendra I
authors.initials: VI
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Mark F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Conrad
authors.forename: Jin Hyung
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Yoo
authors.forename: Michael T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Watkins
authors.forename: Hassan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Albadawi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D005263:Femoral Artery / Q000601:surgery; D006614:Hindlimb; D006940:Hyperemia / Q000503:physiopathology; D007383:Intermittent Claudication / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D007511:Ischemia / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D017078:Laser-Doppler Flowmetry; D008026:Ligation; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000098:blood supply*; D005082:Physical Exertion; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D013997:Time Factors; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D001057:Apolipoproteins E