title: Nox4-dependent H2O2 production contributes to chronic glutamate toxicity in primary cortical neurons.
abstract: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) can trigger neuronal cell death and has been implicated in a variety of neurodegenerative diseases as well as brain ischemia. Here, we demonstrate that chronic (but not acute) glutamate toxicity in primary cortical neuronal cultures is associated with hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) accumulation in the culture medium and that neurotoxicity can be eliminated by external catalase treatment. Neuronal cultures in Ca(2+)-free medium or treated with BAPTA showed reduced glutamate-induced H(2)O(2) generation, indicating that H(2)O(2) generation is Ca(2+)-dependent. Pharmacological and genetic approaches revealed that NADPH oxidase plays a role in glutamate-induced H(2)O(2) generation and that activation of NMDA and AMPA receptors is involved in this H(2)O(2) generation. The Nox4 siRNA reduced NMDA-induced H(2)O(2) production by 54% and cytotoxicity in parallel, suggesting that Nox4-containing NADPH oxidase functions NMDA receptor-mediated H(2)O(2) production resulting in neurotoxicity. These findings suggest that the modulation of NADPH oxidase can be used as a new therapeutic strategy for glutamate-induced neuronal diseases.
authors.affiliation: Aging Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 111 Gwahangno, Yuseong, Daejeon 305-806, Korea.
authors.forename: Jong Seong
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Ha
authors.forename: Jeong Eun
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Jae-Ran
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Chul-Sang
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Jin-Soo
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Maeng
authors.forename: Yun Soo
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Bae
authors.forename: Ki-Sun
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.forename: Sung Sup
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity*; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D016202:N-Methylaspartate / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D000074663:NADPH Oxidase 4; D019255:NADPH Oxidases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D034622:RNA Interference; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000235:genetics; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D018091:Receptors, AMPA / Q000378:metabolism; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D018091:Receptors, AMPA; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D016202:N-Methylaspartate; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D000074663:NADPH Oxidase 4; D019255:NADPH Oxidases; C422943:Nox4 protein, mouse; D002118:Calcium