title: Embryonic gene expression among pollutant resistant and sensitive Fundulus heteroclitus populations.
abstract: Changes in gene expression, coupled with biochemical, physiological, and behavioral alterations, play a critical role in adaptation to environmental stress. Our goal was to explore ways natural populations may have adapted to local, polluted environments. We took advantage of natural populations of Fundulus heteroclitus, one of the few studied fish species in North America that has established resistant populations in highly contaminated urban estuaries. We analyzed morphology, physiology, and gene expression of developing F. heteroclitus embryos during late organogenesis (stage 31); these embryos were from both resistant and sensitive populations and were raised in a common, unpolluted environment. While cardiac heart rates show significant differences between embryos of parents from clean and heavily contaminated Superfund sites, time-to-stage, embryo morphology, and gene expression profile analyses do not differ significantly between untreated embryos from resistant and sensitive populations. Further evaluation that includes tissue-specific approaches in gene expression analysis and larger sample sizes may be necessary to highlight important phenotypes associated with mechanisms of sensitivity and resistance among natural F. heteroclitus embryo populations. Alternatively, population differences may be masked by developmental canalization, and biologically important differences between sensitive and resistant embryos may only manifest with exposure (e.g., be dependent on gene by environment interactions).
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Box 7633, North, Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7633, United States. Electronic address: gbozino@ncsu.edu.
authors.forename: Goran
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bozinovic
authors.affiliation: Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, United States. Electronic address: moleksiak@rsmas.miami.edu.
authors.forename: Marjorie F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Oleksiak
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000187:drug effects / Q000196:embryology / Q000502:physiology; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D023781:Fundulidae / Q000196:embryology* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental / Q000187:drug effects*; D005843:Geography; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D009656:North America; D015996:Survival Rate; D013997:Time Factors; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical