Almond (Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb) polyphenols: from chemical characterization to targeted analysis of phenolic metabolites in humans.
In this paper, a survey of our studies on almond polyphenols including their chemical characterization and further bioavailability in humans is reported. Combination of analytical techniques (LC-DAD/fluorescence, LC/ESI-MS and MALDI-TOF-MS) allowed us, for the first time, the identification of A- and B-type procyanidin, propelargonidin and prodelphinidin polymers in almond skins. Glucuronide, O-methyl glucuronide, sulfate and O-methyl sulfate derivatives of (epi)catechin, as well as the glucuronide conjugates of naringenin and isorhamnetin, and sulfate conjugates of isorhamnetin, together with conjugates of hydroxyphenylvalerolactones were detected in plasma and urine samples after the intake of almond skin polyphenols. In addition, numerous microbial-derived metabolites, including hydroxyphenylpropionic, hydroxyphenylacetic, hydroxycinnamic, hydroxybenzoic and hydroxyhippuric acids were also identified. Depending of the type of metabolite, maximum urinary excretion was attained at different time in comparison to the control group in the course of the 24-h period of urine excretion, allowing us to establish the onset of microbial metabolism.
Bartolomé
Begoña
B
Instituto de Fermentaciones Industriales (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain. bartolome@ifi.csic.es
Monagas
María
M
Garrido
Ignacio
I
Gómez-Cordovés
Carmen
C
Martín-Alvarez
Pedro J
PJ
Lebrón-Aguilar
Rosa
R
Urpí-Sardà
Mireia
M
Llorach
Rafael
R
Andrés-Lacueva
Cristina
C
D000328:Adult; D001682:Biological Availability; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D004435:Eating; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005511:Food Handling; D055951:Functional Food / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D010636:Phenols / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D010865:Pilot Projects; D059808:Polyphenols; D044945:Proanthocyanidins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D027861:Prunus / Q000737:chemistry*; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence; D019032:Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization; D055815:Young Adult
D005419:Flavonoids; D010636:Phenols; D059808:Polyphenols; D044945:Proanthocyanidins