title: Natural and man-made health hazards in rural Slovakia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is little information on health situation of the people of rural Slovak Republic. The rural environment is often a mixture of natural and man-made hazards, which under some conditions, might turn to be a health risk to humans.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to compare two regions of the Slovak Republic, two different hazards (natural and man-made), two different methods of health outcome measurement (routine statistics and individual diary based data).
  
  
  METHODS
  Ecological study design with focus on cancer incidence analysis was employed in case of natural hazard analysis. Standardized incidence ratios (SIR) were calculated and are presented in paper. Observational study design was employed to study rural gardening practices and their impact on health.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Statistically significant differences in SIR were found in rural areas of Spis-Gemer Region (SGR) among males for lip, oral cavity and larynx (1.60, CI 95% 1.12-2.34), respiratory (1.25, CI 95% 1.01-1.55) and digestive organ cancers (1.22, CI 95% 1.01-1.47); hematopoetic cancers are significantly elevated among males in rural areas as well (1.58, CI 95% 1.05-2.39). Pesticide use (83.1% of gardeners use pesticides) without any protective equipment is still widespread among gardeners in rural Slovak Republic (16.9%). The produced fruits and vegetables are substantial part of total fruit and vegetable consumption (51% in summer and 42.7% in winter season) increasing the risk of exposure to pesticides.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study shows that on ecological level, mortality and morbidity statistics could be used to assess human health status in linkage to broad exposure measures (urban-rural); on dose response level (arsenic in soil) this method lacks sensitivity. Health survey and diary method on the other hand are useful tools in analysis of rural health especially with respect to man-made hazards.
authors.affiliation: Unit for Health Promotion Research, University of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark. ggulis@health.sdu.dk
authors.forename: Gabriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gulis
authors.forename: Jana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kollarová
authors.forename: Zuzana
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Dietzová
authors.forename: Jana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Labancová
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Behanová
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ondrusová
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D001151:Arsenic / Q000633:toxicity; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D005260:Female; D051639:Gardening / Q000379:methods*; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D010575:Pesticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D011482:Protective Devices; D012423:Rural Health; D017678:Sex Distribution; D018154:Slovakia / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D010575:Pesticides; D001151:Arsenic