title: Estimation of divergence time between two sibling species of the Anopheles (Kerteszia) cruzii complex using a multilocus approach.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Anopheles cruzii is the primary human Plasmodium vector in southern and southeastern Brazil. The distribution of this mosquito follows the coast of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Previous studies indicated that An. cruzii is a complex of cryptic species.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A multilocus approach using six loci, three circadian clock genes and three encoding ribosomal proteins, was implemented to investigate in more detail the genetic differentiation between the An. cruzii populations from Santa Catarina (southern Brazil) and Bahia States (northeastern Brazil) that represent two sibling species. The analysis revealed very high FST values and fixed differences between the two An. cruzii sibling species in all loci, irrespective of their function. An Isolation with Migration model was fit to the data using the IM program. The results reveal no migration in either direction and allowed a rough estimate of the divergence time between the two sibling species.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Population genetics analysis of An. cruzii samples from two Brazilian localities using a multilocus approach confirmed that they represent two different sibling species in this complex. The results suggest that the two species have not exchanged migrants since their separation and that they possibly diverged between 1.1 and 3.6 million years ago, a period of intense climatic changes.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Insetos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Av, Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro 21045-900, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luísa D  P
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Rona
authors.forename: Carlos J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Carvalho-Pinto
authors.forename: Camila J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Mazzoni
authors.forename: Alexandre A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Peixoto
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000235:genetics*; D001938:Brazil; D056925:Circadian Rhythm Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005260:Female; D051456:Gene Flow; D017344:Genes, Insect; D005828:Genetics, Population; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000235:genetics; D010802:Phylogeny; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D012269:Ribosomal Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D056925:Circadian Rhythm Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D012269:Ribosomal Proteins