title: Nitric oxide and downstream second messenger cGMP and cAMP enhance adipogenesis in primary human preadipocytes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Obesity is correlated with chronic low-grade inflammation. Thus the induction of inflammation could be used to stimulate adipose tissue formation in tissue-engineering approaches. As nitric oxide (NO) is a key regulator of inflammation, we investigated the effect of NO and its downstream signaling molecule guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) as well as adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) on preadipocytes in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  Preadipocytes were isolated from human subcutaneous adipose tissue, cultured until confluence, and differentiated. The NO donor diethylenetriamine (DETA)/NO (30-150 microm) was added during proliferation and differentiation. Additionally, cGMP/cAMP analogs 8-bromoguanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (8-Br-cGMP), 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)-guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (8-pCPT-cGMP) and 8-bromoadenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (8-Br-cAMP), and the adenylyl cyclase activator forskolin, specific guanylyl cyclase inhibitor 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ) and adenylyl cyclase inhibitor 2'-5'-dideoxyadenosine (ddA), were applied. Proliferation and differentiation were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  DETA/NO in combination with the standard differentiation procedure significantly enhanced maturation of precursor cells to adipocytes. Proliferation, in contrast, was inhibited in the presence of NO. The application of cGMP and cAMP, respectively, increased pre-adipocyte differentiation to an even higher extent than NO. Inhibitors of the underlying pathways caused a significant decrease in adipogenic conversion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results support the application of NO donors during transplantation of preadipocytes in a 3-dimensional setting to accelerate and optimize differentiation. The results suggest that, instead of the rather instable and reactive molecule NO, the application of cGMP and cAMP would be even more effective because these substances have a stronger adipogenic effect on preadipocytes and a longer half-life than NO. Also, by applying inhibitors of the underlying pathways, the induced inflammatory condition could be regulated to the desired level.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic Surgery, University Hospital of the RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany. hemmrich@gmx.de
authors.forename: Karsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hemmrich
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gummersbach
authors.forename: Nora Emilie
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Paul
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Goy
authors.forename: Christoph V
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Suschek
authors.forename: Klaus-Dietrich
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Kröncke
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pallua
mesh_terms: D000067956:Adenylyl Cyclase Inhibitors; D017667:Adipocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D050156:Adipogenesis / Q000187:drug effects*; D000328:Adult; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005576:Colforsin / Q000494:pharmacology; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006152:Cyclic GMP / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003634:DDT / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D006162:Guanylate Cyclase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010069:Oxadiazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D011810:Quinoxalines / Q000494:pharmacology; D015290:Second Messenger Systems / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D050151:Subcutaneous Fat / Q000166:cytology; D023822:Tissue Engineering
chemical_list: C095284:1H-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one; D000067956:Adenylyl Cyclase Inhibitors; D010069:Oxadiazoles; D011810:Quinoxalines; D005576:Colforsin; D009569:Nitric Oxide; C000849:bis(p-chlorophenyl)acetic acid; D003634:DDT; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D006162:Guanylate Cyclase; D006152:Cyclic GMP