title: Ubiquitination and SUMOylation of annexin A1 and helicase activity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  While annexin A1 in nuclei is proposed to be involved in cell transformation, its functions remain poorly understood. Since annexin A1 has the consensus motif, ¹⁶⁰LKRD, for SUMOylation as well as Ks, acceptors for ubiquitination that regulates localization and functions of proteins, we investigated SUMOylation and ubiquitination of annexin A1.
  
  
  METHODS
  SUMOylation and ubiquitination of bovine annexin A1 were biochemically tested in vitro by purified proteins, and were confirmed by cell experiments with L5178 lymphoma cells. Effects of the modifications on DNA helicase activity were measured by ssDNA binding activity and by dsDNA unwinding activity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SUMOylation of annexin A1 was catalyzed by Ubc9, while its ubiquitination was by Rad6-Rad 18. Ubiquitinated annexin A1 had higher affinity for damaged DNA, and promoted in vitro translesion DNA synthesis by Pol ß. In mouse lymphoma L5178Y tk(+/-) cells, levels of SUMOylated annexin A1 decreased by DNA damaging agents, MMS or As³, whereas those of ubiquitinated annexin A1 increased under the same conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These observations suggest but do not necessarily prove that ubiquitinated annexin A1 in nuclei may be involved in DNA damage response, while SUMOylated annexin A1 functions in proliferation-differentiation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ubiquitination of annexin A1 may play an important role in mutagenesis, an initial step of cell transformation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA. fhirata@wayne.edu
authors.forename: Fusao
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hirata
authors.forename: Lisa M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Thibodeau
authors.forename: Aiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hirata
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017305:Annexin A1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002417:Cattle; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000502:physiology; D004265:DNA Helicases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004277:DNA, Single-Stranded / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D016296:Mutagenesis; D011485:Protein Binding / Q000502:physiology; D025842:SUMO-1 Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D025801:Ubiquitin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D044763:Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzymes / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases; D054875:Ubiquitination / Q000502:physiology*; D000098843:Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzyme UBC9
chemical_list: D017305:Annexin A1; D004277:DNA, Single-Stranded; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C485954:RAD18 protein, human; D025842:SUMO-1 Protein; D025801:Ubiquitin; D044763:Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzymes; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases; D004265:DNA Helicases; D000098843:Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzyme UBC9