title: Cognitive model of caregiving in psychosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is a long history of research into the attributes of carers of people with psychosis, but few interventions target their distress or their difficulties.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe an empirically based model of the relationships of those caring for people with psychosis to inform clinical and theoretical advances.
  
  
  METHODS
  We developed a model of informal carer relationships in psychosis, based on an integration of the literature elaborating the concept of expressed emotion. The model accounts for divergent outcomes of three relationship types: positive, overinvolved and critical/hostile relationships.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Good evidence supports a number of hypotheses concerning the origin and maintenance of these relationship outcomes, which relate to specific differences in carer attributions, illness perceptions, coping behaviour, social support, distress, depression and low self-esteem predicted by our model. We propose that interventions aimed at modifying the specific maintenance factors involved in the different styles of relationships will optimise therapeutic change both for service users with psychosis and for their carers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Family work in psychosis, which improves relationships through problem-solving, reduces service user relapse. It is now time to consider theory-based interventions focused on improving carer outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychiatry, London SE5 8AF, UK. elizabeth.kuipers@kcl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kuipers
authors.forename: Juliana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Onwumere
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bebbington
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D001294:Attitude to Health; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology*; D019260:Expressed Emotion; D005192:Family Health; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008960:Models, Psychological; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000451:nursing* / Q000523:psychology