title: Passive airborne dust sampling with the electrostatic dustfall collector: optimization of storage and extraction procedures for endotoxin and glucan measurement.
abstract: We recently introduced a passive dust sampling method for airborne endotoxin and glucan exposure assessment-the electrostatic dustfall collector (EDC). In this study, we assessed the effects of different storage and extraction procedures on measured endotoxin and glucan levels, using 12 parallel EDC samples from 10 low exposed indoor environments. Additionally, we compared 2- and 4-week sampling with the prospect of reaching higher dust yields. Endotoxin concentrations were highest after extraction with pyrogen-free water (pf water) + Tween. Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-Tween yielded significantly (44%) lower levels, and practically no endotoxin was detected after extraction in pf water without Tween. Glucan levels were highest after extraction in PBS-Tween at 120 degrees C, whereas extracts made in NaOH at room temperature or 120 degrees C were completely negative. Direct extraction from the EDC cloth or sequential extraction after a preceding endotoxin extraction yielded comparable glucan levels. Sample storage at different temperatures before extraction did not affect endotoxin and glucan concentrations. Doubling the sampling duration yielded similar endotoxin and only 50% higher glucan levels. In conclusion, of the tested variables, the extraction medium was the predominant factor affecting endotoxin and glucan yields.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands. i.noss@uu.nl
authors.forename: Ilka
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Noss
authors.forename: Gert
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Doekes
authors.forename: Ingrid
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sander
authors.forename: Dick J J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Heederik
authors.forename: Peter S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Thorne
authors.forename: Inge M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Wouters
mesh_terms: D000391:Air Microbiology; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000032:analysis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000818:Animals; D004391:Dust / Q000032:analysis*; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D005374:Filtration; D005936:Glucans / Q000032:analysis*; D006798:Housing; D006801:Humans; D057230:Limit of Detection; D011091:Polyesters / Q000032:analysis; D011136:Polysorbates / Q000032:analysis; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013048:Specimen Handling / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D055672:Static Electricity; D013784:Textiles / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D004391:Dust; D004731:Endotoxins; D005936:Glucans; D011091:Polyesters; D011136:Polysorbates