title: Urogenital disorders associated with oestrogen deficiency: the role of promestriene as topical oestrogen therapy.
abstract: Urogenital disorders associated with oestrogen deficiency affect many women throughout menopausal transition. Symptoms such as vaginal dryness, burning, pruritus, dyspareunia, urinary tract urgency/frequency and incontinence have a significant impact on the individual's quality of life. For younger and healthy menopausal women, systemic oestrogen replacement may improve both vasomotor and urogenital symptoms and will be the treatment of choice. However, a proportion of women on systemic therapy still experience symptoms associated with urogenital atrophy, and patients with oestrogen-dependent cancers may be at risk from systemic oestrogen replacement. For women with mainly urogenital symptoms, local oestrogen is a logical choice and it is often more effective than systemic hormone replacement therapy. Generally speaking, there are no contraindications to local therapy. In terms of which topical preparation to use, a wide range of products are available. Promestriene is an analogue of oestradiol which is minimally absorbed and it has been shown to be effective in reversing atrophic changes caused by oestrogen deficiency in women undergoing natural or surgically induced menopause. Given the absence of systemic activity, promestriene may be a good choice in women requiring purely locally oestrogen, and those who have survived, or who are at risk of breast cancer and who have severe vulvo-vaginal symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Department Obstetrícia e Ginecologia, Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia, Oporto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Clissold
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D004958:Estradiol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D004967:Estrogens / Q000172:deficiency*; D005260:Female; D052776:Female Urogenital Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological
chemical_list: D004967:Estrogens; D004958:Estradiol; C013657:promestriene