title: Expectations about and experiences with insulin therapy contribute to diabetes treatment satisfaction in insulin-naïve patients with type 2 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate how patients' expectations about and experiences with insulin therapy contribute to diabetes treatment satisfaction.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Expectations about Insulin Therapy (EAITQ) and the Experience with Insulin Therapy Questionnaires (EWITQ) were administered at baseline and end-point, respectively to insulin-naïve patients with type 2 diabetes in a randomised trial comparing treatment algorithms for inhaled insulin. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated between EAITQ and EWITQ scores, patient characteristics and patient-reported outcomes measures. Wilcoxon Signed Rank test compared EAITQ and EWITQ item score distributions. Differences between EAITQ and EWITQ scores were calculated to categorize patients according to the extent to which their expectations were met by experiences (i.e. unmet, met, exceeded).
  
  
  RESULTS
  EAITQ and EWITQ data were available for 240 patients (61% male, mean age 58 years, mean diabetes duration 10 years, mean baseline HbA(1c) 8.4%). Increasingly positive expectations were significantly associated with greater self-efficacy; greater levels of positive experiences were significantly associated with greater positive expectations, shorter diabetes duration, less symptom distress, greater well-being, self-efficacy and diabetes treatment satisfaction. Overall, patients' experiences with inhaled insulin therapy were significantly more positive than their expectations: 58% patients' experiences exceeded expectations, 29% patients' experiences met expectations and 13% patients' experiences did not meet expectations. Post hoc tests indicated that treatment satisfaction scores differed among these groups (all p < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Expectations may not independently impact treatment satisfaction, but the relationship with experiences significantly contributes to it. The EAITQ and EWITQ may be useful tools for clinicians to better understand patients' expectations about and experiences with insulin therapy.
authors.affiliation: Global Health Outcomes, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA. naegelian@lilly.com
authors.forename: A N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Naegeli
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Hayes
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin