title: Clinical and ethical considerations in pharmacogenetic testing: views of physicians in 3 "early adopting" departments of psychiatry.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pharmacogenetic testing for polymorphisms affecting drug response and metabolism is now clinically available, and its use in psychiatry is expected to become more widespread. Currently, few clinical and ethical standards exist for the use of these new tests. As a step toward building consensus about testing, we assessed the attitudes and practices of psychiatrists at 3 academic departments of psychiatry where pharmacogenetic testing is clinically available. We hypothesized that testing would be used primarily in treatment-resistant illness and that clinicians would believe such tests carried little risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  Residents and faculty at 3 departments of psychiatry considered to be "early adopters" of pharmacogenetic testing were invited during the academic year 2006-2007 to complete an Internet-based survey, including questions regarding clinical practices and opinions about testing utility, risks, and necessary safeguards.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 75 respondents had ordered pharmacogenetic testing a mean of 20.86 times in the previous 12 months. Testing was judged most useful in cases of treatment-resistant depression and medication intolerance. There was a lack of consensus about the risks of testing, particularly the risk of secondary information about disease susceptibility. Respondents endorsed the use of several safeguards, including confidentiality, pretest and posttest counseling, and informed consent, but consensus about other safeguards was lacking. Women and those who had not ordered testing in the prior year were more concerned about risks and need for safeguards than were men and those who had recently ordered testing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Physicians at early adopting departments of psychiatry endorsed the clinical utility of pharmacogenetic testing and the use of some patient safeguards, but showed a lack of consensus about other safeguards and risks.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA. jhoop@mcw.edu
authors.forename: Jinger G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Hoop
authors.forename: Maria I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Lapid
authors.forename: Rene M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Paulson
authors.forename: Laura Weiss
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Roberts
mesh_terms: D000046:Academic Medical Centers; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D032921:Consensus; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; D004992:Ethics, Medical; D005260:Female; D005817:Genetic Counseling; D030661:Genetic Privacy / Q000941:ethics / Q000592:standards; D005820:Genetic Testing / Q000941:ethics* / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D007258:Informed Consent; D020407:Internet; D008297:Male; D010597:Pharmacogenetics / Q000941:ethics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010820:Physicians; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D011570:Psychiatry / Q000941:ethics* / Q000592:standards*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires