title: Prolonged high-dose intravenous magnesium therapy for severe tetanus in the intensive care unit: a case series.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tetanus rarely occurs in developed countries, but it can result in fatal complications including respiratory failure due to generalized muscle spasms. Magnesium infusion has been used to treat spasticity in tetanus, and its effectiveness is supported by several case reports and a recent randomized controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three Caucasian Greek men aged 30, 50 and 77 years old were diagnosed with tetanus and admitted to a general 12-bed intensive care unit in 2006 and 2007 for respiratory failure due to generalized spasticity. Intensive care unit treatment included antibiotics, hydration, enteral nutrition, early tracheostomy and mechanical ventilation. Intravenous magnesium therapy controlled spasticity without the need for additional muscle relaxants. Their medications were continued for up to 26 days, and adjusted as needed to control spasticity. Plasma magnesium levels, which were measured twice a day, remained in the 3 to 4.5 mmol/L range. We did not observe hemodynamic instability, arrhythmias or other complications related to magnesium therapy in these patients. All patients improved, came off mechanical ventilation, and were discharged from the intensive care unit in a stable condition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In comparison with previous reports, our case series contributes the following meaningful additional information: intravenous magnesium therapy was used on patients already requiring mechanical ventilation and remained effective for up to 26 days (significantly longer than in previous reports) without significant toxicity in two patients. The overall outcome was good in all our patients. However, the optimal dose, optimal duration and maximum safe duration of intravenous magnesium therapy are unknown. Therefore, until more data on the safety and efficacy of magnesium therapy are available, its use should be limited to carefully selected tetanus cases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Patras University Hospital, Rion, 26500, Greece. kmenelaos@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Menelaos
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Karanikolas
authors.forename: Dimitrios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Velissaris
authors.forename: Markos
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marangos
authors.forename: Vassilios
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Karamouzos
authors.forename: Fotini
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fligou
authors.forename: Kriton S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Filos