title: Polymorphisms of the DNA repair genes XPD and XRCC1 and the risk of age-related macular degeneration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Oxidative stress seems to be an important factor in the development of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The role of DNA repair mechanisms has also received attention recently in AMD pathogenesis. This case-control study was conducted to determine the frequency of polymorphisms in two DNA repair enzyme genes, xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group D (XPD), codons 312 and 751, and x-ray cross-complementing group 1 (XRCC1), codons 194 and 399, in patients with AMD and in disease-free control subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) were used to analyze XPD Asp312Asn and Lys751Gln and XRCC1 Arg194Trp and Arg399Gln in 120 patients with AMD (65 with dry type and 55 with wet type) and in age-matched 205 disease-free control subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Genotypic and allelic distributions of the polymorphisms were detected. For the XPD polymorphism, although the allele frequencies were not different between the patients and healthy control subjects, there was a significant difference between frequencies for the XPD751 Gln/Gln genotype in AMD patients (9%) and healthy control subjects (19%; P=0.02). The XPD751 Gln/Gln genotype seemed to have a protective effect against development of AMD (odds ratio, 0.41; 95% confidence interval, 0.19-0.88). Stratification by subtype of AMD revealed that the XPD751 Gln/Gln genotype was significantly lower only in the patients with dry type (P=0.02). These interactions remained nearly significant after Bonferroni correction (P<0.0125). Haplotype analysis for the two XPD polymorphisms revealed that the haplotype GC (312Asp-(751)Gln) was a protective haplotype against AMD. No statistically significant difference was found for the genotypic and allelic distributions of the polymorphisms in the XRCC1 gene between the patients and the control subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Polymorphism in XPD codon 751 may be associated with the development of AMD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Yeditepe University Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ebru
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Görgün
authors.forename: Mehmet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Güven
authors.forename: Mustafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Unal
authors.forename: Bahadir
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Batar
authors.forename: Gülgün S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Güven
authors.forename: Melda
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yenerel
authors.forename: Sinan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tatlipinar
authors.forename: Mehmet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Seven
authors.forename: Adnan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yüksel
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003062:Codon / Q000235:genetics; D004260:DNA Repair / Q000235:genetics*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000453:epidemiology; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D012307:Risk Factors; D000076105:X-ray Repair Cross Complementing Protein 1; D051759:Xeroderma Pigmentosum Group D Protein / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D003062:Codon; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D000076105:X-ray Repair Cross Complementing Protein 1; C000619371:XRCC1 protein, human; D051759:Xeroderma Pigmentosum Group D Protein; C497292:ERCC2 protein, human