title: Opioid use patterns and health care resource utilization in patients prescribed opioid therapy with and without constipation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The main objective of this study was to compare the opioid use patterns, resource utilization, and costs of patients on opioid therapy who have constipation with those who do not.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective, observational matched cohort design
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients initiating opioid therapy between Jan. 1, 1999 and Dec. 31, 2005 were identified from a longitudinal insurance claims database. Patients had > or = 30 days of opioid use and continuous plan coverage for > or = 6 months before and > or = 12 months after their index date, defined as the date of the first pharmacy claim for an opioid. Constipation was defined as having one or more ICD-9 codes of 564.0 during the follow-up period. Patterns of opioid use and resource utilization were compared between patients with constipation and a demographically matched (1:1) cohort of opioid initiators without consti- pation using t-tests and Chi-square (chi2) tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 39,485 patients, of whom 2,519 (6.4%) had constipation. Most patients with constipation were female (66%) and > or = 45 years old (68%). Compared to controls, the constipation group had significantly higher rates of concurrent use of > or = 2 opioids (p < 0.0001), discontinuation, and switching between opioids. Patients with constipation had statistically significant higher hospital admissions, emergency room visits, home health services, nursing home care, physician office visits, other outpatient/ ancillary care, and laboratory tests. Patients with constipation had significantly higher mean all-cause costs for emergency, physician visits, nursing facility, home health, and prescription drug services compared to patients without constipation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Opioid-treated patients with constipation were found to have significant differences in opioid use patterns and significantly higher health care utilization and associated costs.
authors.affiliation: Global Health Outcomes Assessment, Pfizer Inc, 500 Arcola Road, E4269, Collegeville, PA,19426, USA. Shrividya.lyer@pfizer.com
authors.forename: Shrividya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Iyer
authors.forename: Keith L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Sean
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Candrilli
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003248:Constipation / Q000139:chemically induced*; D019992:Databases as Topic; D005260:Female; D005102:Health Expenditures; D006296:Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid