title: Case report: Lung disease in World Trade Center responders exposed to dust and smoke: carbon nanotubes found in the lungs of World Trade Center patients and dust samples.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  After the collapse of the World Trade Center (WTC) on 11 September 2001, a dense cloud of dust containing high levels of airborne pollutants covered Manhattan and parts of Brooklyn, New York. Between 60,000 and 70,000 responders were exposed. Many reported adverse health effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this report we describe clinical, pathologic, and mineralogic findings in seven previously healthy responders who were exposed to WTC dust on either 11 September or 12 September 2001, who developed severe respiratory impairment or unexplained radiologic findings and underwent video-assisted thoracoscopic surgical lung biopsy procedures at Mount Sinai Medical Center. WTC dust samples were also examined. We found that three of the seven responders had severe or moderate restrictive disease clinically. Histopathology showed interstitial lung disease consistent with small airways disease, bronchiolocentric parenchymal disease, and nonnecrotizing granulomatous condition. Tissue mineralogic analyses showed variable amounts of sheets of aluminum and magnesium silicates, chrysotile asbestos, calcium phosphate, and calcium sulfate. Small shards of glass containing mostly silica and magnesium were also found. Carbon nanotubes (CNT) of various sizes and lengths were noted. CNT were also identified in four of seven WTC dust samples.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings confirm the previously reported association between WTC dust exposure and bronchiolar and interstitial lung disease. Long-term monitoring of responders will be needed to elucidate the full extent of this problem. The finding of CNT in both WTC dust and lung tissues is unexpected and requires further study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA. maoxin.wu@mssm.edu
authors.forename: Maoxin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Ronald E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Herbert
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Padilla
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moline
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mendelson
authors.forename: Virginia
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Litle
authors.forename: William D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Travis
authors.forename: Joan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gil
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004391:Dust / Q000032:analysis*; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008168:Lung / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon / Q000032:analysis*; D047851:September 11 Terrorist Attacks; D012906:Smoke / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D004391:Dust; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon; D012906:Smoke