title: Cortical sources of EEG rhythms are abnormal in down syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous studies have been inconclusive whether dominant resting state alpha rhythms are greater or lower in amplitude in subjects with Down syndrome (DS) when compared to control subjects, ample resting alpha rhythms being considered as a reflection of good mechanisms of cortical neural synchronization. Here we tested the hypothesis that when the effects of head volume conduction are taken into account by the normalization of the cortical sources of resting alpha rhythms, these sources are lower in amplitude in DS subjects than in controls in line with typical findings in Alzheimer's disease patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eyes-closed resting electroencephalographic (EEG) data were recorded in 45 DS subjects (25 males; mean age of 22.8years+/-0.7 standard error of mean (SEM)) and in 45 age-matched cognitively normal subjects (25 males; mean age of 22.4years+/-0.5 SEM). EEG rhythms of interest were delta (2-4Hz), theta (4-8Hz), alpha 1 (8-10.5Hz), alpha 2 (10.5-13Hz), beta 1 (13-20Hz), beta 2 (20-30Hz), and gamma (30-40Hz). Cortical EEG sources were estimated by low resolution electromagnetic tomography (LORETA) and normalized across all voxels and frequencies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Central, parietal, occipital, and temporal cortical sources of resting alpha and beta rhythms were lower in amplitude in the DS than control subjects, whereas the opposite was true for occipital delta cortical sources. A control analysis on absolute source values showed that they were globally larger in amplitude across several frequency bands in DS than control subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that normalized cortical sources of alpha rhythms are lower in amplitude in DS than control subjects, as it is typically found in Alzheimer's disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DS is accompanied by a functional impairment of cortical neuronal synchronization mechanisms in the resting state condition.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Foggia, Italy.
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Babiloni
authors.forename: Giorgio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Albertini
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Onorati
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Muratori
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Buffo
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Condoluci
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sarà
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pistoia
authors.forename: Fabrizio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vecchio
authors.forename: Paolo M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Rossini
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004314:Down Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008297:Male; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000503:physiopathology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D018579:Patient Selection; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted