title: Nitrate modifies the assimilation pattern of ammonium and urea in wheat seedlings.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In certain plant species, ammonium or urea nutrition can cause negative effects on plant development which can result in toxic symptoms. Some authors suggest that the presence of nitrate can alleviate these symptoms by increasing ammonium and urea assimilation, avoiding its accumulation. In order to study this hypothesis, wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings were grown with various nitrogen supplies containing the main nitrogen forms (ammonium, nitrate and urea). Amino acids content and the activity of the three main enzymes involved in nitrogen assimilation (nitrate reductase, glutamine synthetase and urease) were studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The application of nitrate along with urea and/or ammonium was not associated with a time-sustained increase in the activity of glutamine synthetase and urease. Amino acid analysis revealed that nitrate induced changes in amino acid metabolism enhancing its concentration. Likewise the content of protein was also higher in nitrate-treated plants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that the effect of nitrate is compatible with a rapid and transient increase in the activity of glutamine synthetase and urease during the first hour after the onset of treatments. Nevertheless, a possible effect of nitrate reducing ammonium accumulation through the activation of alternative metabolic pathways different from that involving glutamine synthetase cannot be ruled out. Finally, nitrate effects on amino acid concentration indicate that, whereas ammonium assimilation takes place principally in the root, urea and nitrate assimilation occurred in the shoot, under the conditions of the experiment.
authors.affiliation: CIPAV-Roullier Group, Poligono Arazuri-Orcoyen, C/C N degrees 32, 31160 Orcoyen, Navarra, Spain.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Garnica
authors.forename: Fabrice
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Houdusse
authors.forename: Angel M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Zamarreño
authors.forename: Jose M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Garcia-Mina
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D005974:Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase / Q000378:metabolism*; D009566:Nitrates / Q000378:metabolism*; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds / Q000378:metabolism*; D036226:Seedlings / Q000378:metabolism; D014908:Triticum / Q000378:metabolism*; D014508:Urea / Q000378:metabolism*; D014510:Urease / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D009566:Nitrates; D010940:Plant Proteins; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; D014508:Urea; D014510:Urease; D005974:Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase