title: Physical heterogeneity increases biofilm resource use and its molecular diversity in stream mesocosms.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Evidence increasingly shows that stream ecosystems greatly contribute to global carbon fluxes. This involves a tight coupling between biofilms, the dominant form of microbial life in streams, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC), a very significant pool of organic carbon on Earth. Yet, the interactions between microbial biodiversity and the molecular diversity of resource use are poorly understood.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using six 40-m-long streamside flumes, we created a gradient of streambed landscapes with increasing spatial flow heterogeneity to assess how physical heterogeneity, inherent to streams, affects biofilm diversity and DOC use. We determined bacterial biodiversity in all six landscapes using 16S-rRNA fingerprinting and measured carbon uptake from glucose and DOC experimentally injected to all six flumes. The diversity of DOC molecules removed from the water was determined from ultrahigh-resolution Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS). Bacterial beta diversity, glucose and DOC uptake, and the molecular diversity of DOC use all increased with increasing flow heterogeneity. Causal modeling and path analyses of the experimental data revealed that the uptake of glucose was largely driven by physical processes related to flow heterogeneity, whereas biodiversity effects, such as complementarity, most likely contributed to the enhanced uptake of putatively recalcitrant DOC compounds in the streambeds with higher flow heterogeneity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest biophysical mechanisms, including hydrodynamics and microbial complementarity effects, through which physical heterogeneity induces changes of resource use and carbon fluxes in streams. These findings highlight the importance of fine-scale streambed heterogeneity for microbial biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in streams, where homogenization and loss of habitats increasingly reduce biodiversity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Freshwater Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Gabriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Singer
authors.forename: Katharina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Besemer
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schmitt-Kopplin
authors.forename: Iris
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hödl
authors.forename: Tom J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Battin
mesh_terms: D044822:Biodiversity; D018441:Biofilms; D002244:Carbon / Q000378:metabolism*; D017753:Ecosystem; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D009930:Organic Chemicals / Q000032:analysis; D045483:Rivers / Q000382:microbiology*; D014871:Water Microbiology; D014872:Water Movements
chemical_list: D009930:Organic Chemicals; D002244:Carbon; D005947:Glucose