title: Underestimation of cognitive impairment by Mini-Mental State Examination versus the Montreal Cognitive Assessment in patients with transient ischemic attack and stroke: a population-based study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) is insensitive to mild cognitive impairment and executive function. The more recently developed Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), an alternative, brief 30-point global cognitive screen, might pick up more cognitive abnormalities in patients with cerebrovascular disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a population-based study (Oxford Vascular Study) of transient ischemic attack and stroke, the MMSE and MoCA were administered to consecutive patients at 6-month or 5-year follow-up. Accepted cutoffs of MMSE <27 and MoCA <26 were taken to indicate cognitive impairment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 493 patients, 413 (84%) were testable. Untestable patients were older (75.5 versus 69.9 years, P<0.001) and often had dysphasia (24%) or dementia (15%). Although MMSE and MoCA scores were highly correlated (r(2)=0.80, P<0.001), MMSE scores were skewed toward higher values, whereas MoCA scores were normally distributed: median and interquartile range 28 (26 to 29) and 23 (20 to 26), respectively. Two hundred ninety-one of 413 (70%) patients had MoCA <26 of whom 162 had MMSE > or =27, whereas only 5 patients had MoCA > or =26 and MMSE <27 (P<0.0001). In patients with MMSE > or =27, MoCA <26 was associated with higher Rankin scores (P=0.0003) and deficits in delayed recall, abstraction, visuospatial/executive function, and sustained attention.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The MoCA picked up substantially more cognitive abnormalities after transient ischemic attack and stroke than the MMSE, demonstrating deficits in executive function, attention, and delayed recall.
authors.affiliation: Stroke Prevention Research Unit, Level 6 West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK. sarah.pendlebury@clneuro.ox.ac.uk
authors.forename: Sarah T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Pendlebury
authors.forename: Fiona C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Cuthbertson
authors.forename: Sarah J V
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Welch
authors.forename: Ziyah
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Mehta
authors.forename: Peter M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Rothwell
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001037:Aphasia / Q000209:etiology*; D001288:Attention; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000150:complications*; D003071:Cognition; D003704:Dementia / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications*