title: Establishment of the model of motorcyclist ejection injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To establish the device and model of motorcyclist ejection injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Based on our laboratory devices, a motorcyclist ejection injury simulation system was developed. A total of 18 pigs were approved by the local animal experimentation and ethics committee to serve as the motorcyclist substitutes. In this ejection motion, the animal rode freely at the motor driver seat and was straightly accelerated by means of our custom motorcyclist ejection injury simulation system. When it was speeded up to the preset velocity (v equal to 30, 40 or 50 km/h) at the preset position, the animal was ejected forward. Pathological and dynamic analyses were conducted, accompanied with the high-speed photograph, acceleration/velocity signal test, gross observation and light microscope examination as well as the abbreviated injury score-injury severity score (AIS-ISS) scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The high-speed photograph indicated that during the ejection procedure the motorcycle was first arrested and decelerated suddenly, and then the motorcycle driver was ejected forward, accompanied with the rotation motion in the air. Finally, the head, shoulder and thorax of the ejected animal impacted directly on the hard ground. Varying degrees of injury focusing on the liver, heart, lung and spleen were found. There existed a significant positive correlation between ISS and the ejection velocity of the motorcycle drivers (ISS equal to 16.7+/-2.9 for 30 km/h, 25.0+/-0.0 for 40 km/h and 37.3+/-1.0 for 50 km/h). The detailed injury characteristics were as follows: for the mildly injured animals, there were interlobar gaps or leaf gaps and lobar surface blood coagulation blocks in the liver, and mild lung hemorrhage; for the severely injured animals, there were liver comminuted laceration, moderate lung hemorrhage and heart injury. Animals suffering from the most severe injuries died half an hour later.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The new injury model stated in this paper has a high stability and good repeatability, and is likely to be helpful to deeply investigate the injury mechanisms and protection countermeasures of motorcyclist ejection injury.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China. chenhb1996@vip.163.com
authors.forename: Hai-bin
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Jian-jin
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Hang
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Da-wei
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Guang-yu
authors.initials: GY
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Zheng-guo
authors.initials: ZG
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic; D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D009049:Motorcycles; D013552:Swine; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology