title: Disparities in ammonia, temperature, humidity, and airborne particulate matter between the micro-and macroenvironments of mice in individually ventilated caging.
abstract: Animal room environmental parameters typically are monitored with the assumption that the environment within the cage closely mirrors the room environment. This study evaluated that premise by examining macro- (room) and microenvironmental (cage) parameters in individually ventilated cages housing mice with variable amounts of bedding over a period of 17 d without cage changes. Intracage ammonia levels remained within recommended human guidelines but were higher than room levels, confirming that microisolation caging is efficient at preventing ammonia generated from animal waste from escaping into the room. Humidity and temperature within cages were consistently higher than room levels. Particles in the room predominantly consisted of fine particles (diameter less than 2.5 mum), presumably from the ambient atmosphere; some of these particles were found in the cage microenvironment. In addition, mouse activity within cages produced larger particles, and these particles contributed to substantially higher aerosol mass concentrations within the cage. These findings demonstrate that, although cage and room environmental parameters differ, knowledge of room environmental conditions can be used to predict certain conditions within the cage. This association is relevant in that typical animal care standard operating procedures rely on room measurements, not intracage measurements, which arguably are more important for assessing animal welfare. Further, location and ambient climate can influence particle concentrations in the room, and consequently within the animal cage, suggesting local weather patterns and air quality may account for variability among studies conducted at sites that are geographically divergent.
authors.affiliation: Department of Comparative Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Rosenbaum
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: VandeWoude
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Volckens
authors.forename: Thomase
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D000641:Ammonia / Q000032:analysis*; D000818:Animals; D004777:Environment; D005260:Female; D006799:Housing, Animal; D006813:Humidity; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis*; D013696:Temperature; D014691:Ventilation
chemical_list: D052638:Particulate Matter; D000641:Ammonia