title: Kinetics of immune cell infiltration in vaccinia virus keratitis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Vaccinia virus keratitis leading to blindness is a severe complication of smallpox vaccination. The clinical manifestations of vaccinia virus keratitis are similar to those of herpes simplex virus keratitis, a well-studied immunopathologic disease. Vaccinia virus keratitis is likely to involve an immunopathologic component, but little is known about the pathogenesis of the disease. The goal of this study was to determine type and kinetics of immune cell infiltration in the cornea during vaccinia virus keratitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rabbit eyes were trephined and inoculated with 1x10(5) pfu of the Dryvax strain of the vaccinia virus. On days 2, 4, 7, 10, 14, and 28 after infection, the animals were scored for clinical disease and eye sections were stained for B cells, CD4+ cells, CD8+ cells, and neutrophils. The eyelid, ciliary body, cornea, iris, iridocorneal angle, and choroid were examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Corneal vaccinia virus challenge resulted in the infiltration of B cells, CD4+ cells, CD8+ cells, and neutrophils into the cornea and eyelids. Neutrophils were the predominant cell type on days 2 and 3 after infection, whereas CD4+ cells were the predominant cell type detected in corneas on days 4 through 10. CD8+ cells and B cells peaked on day 10, but at lower levels than CD4+ cells and neutrophils.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that sequential migration of neutrophils, then CD4+ cells, plays an important role in vaccinia virus keratitis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Altmann
authors.forename: Megan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Toomey
authors.forename: Brittany
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nesbit
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: McIntyre
authors.forename: Jill
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Covert
authors.forename: Richard Redd
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Dubielzig
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Leatherberry
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Adkins
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: Curtis R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Brandt
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D003315:Cornea / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D005260:Female; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D007634:Keratitis / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology*; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology*; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D011817:Rabbits; D012160:Retina / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D012900:Smallpox Vaccine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014615:Vaccinia / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology*; D014616:Vaccinia virus / Q000276:immunology*; D014709:Vero Cells
chemical_list: D012900:Smallpox Vaccine