Development and validation of EMP-3: an instrument to measure physician's attitudes toward ethnic minority patients.
OBJECTIVE
The growing diversity of patient populations challenges health care providers. Physicians' attitudes and perceptions toward cultural diversity in health care could be partly contributing to difficulties in communication between physicians and ethnic minority patients. To evaluate these attitudes and perceptions, an instrument was developed and validated.


METHODS
A preliminary version of the instrument was developed through literature research and expert consultation and completed by 112 family physicians. Factor analysis was performed and reliability and construct validity tested.


RESULTS
The instrument revealed three factors that were interpreted as: (1) physicians' task perception and ideas on cultural differences in health and health care, (2) physicians' attitudes toward physician-patient communication with minority patients, and (3) physicians' perception of minority patients' needs in communication. Moderate but significant correlations were found between factors of the EMP-3 and practice organization, practice location, and physicians' gender. Several factors of the Jefferson Empathy Scale, the Patient Practitioner Orientation Scale, and the Health Beliefs and Attitude Scale related to the first two factors of the EMP-3.


CONCLUSIONS
This instrument, designed specifically to measure physicians' attitudes toward cultural diversity, showed moderate validity and reliability results. Further adaptations and evaluation could be useful.
De Maesschalck
Stephanie
S
Department of Family Medicine and Primary Health Care, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. Stephanie.demaesschalck@ugent.be
Willems
Sara
S
De Maeseneer
Jan
J
Deveugele
Myriam
M
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D003142:Communication; D005006:Ethnicity; D005194:Family Practice; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008913:Minority Groups; D016730:Program Development / Q000379:methods*