title: Association of testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin with metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance in men.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to assess the associations of testosterones and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) with metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance in men.
  
  
  METHODS
  We defined metabolic syndrome according to the National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Among men aged >or=20 years who participated in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (n = 1,226), the Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate the prevalence ratio and 95% CI of metabolic syndrome according to circulating concentrations of testosterones and SHBG.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjustment for age, race/ethnicity, smoking status, alcohol intake, physical activity level, LDL cholesterol, C-reactive protein, and insulin resistance, men in the first quartile (lowest) (prevalence ratio 2.16 [95% CI 1.53-3.06]) and second quartile of total testosterone (2.51 [1.86-3.37]) were more likely to have metabolic syndrome than men in the fourth quartile (highest, referent group) (P < 0.001 for linear trend). Similarly, men in the first quartile of SHBG (2.17 [1.32-3.56]) were more likely to have metabolic syndrome than men in the fourth quartile (P = 0.02 for linear trend). No significant associations of calculated free testosterone (P = 0.31 for linear trend) and bioavailable testosterone (P = 0.11 for linear trend) with metabolic syndrome were detected after adjustment for all possible confounders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low concentrations of total testosterone and SHBG were strongly associated with increased likelihood of having metabolic syndrome, independent of traditional cardiovascular risk factors and insulin resistance.
authors.affiliation: Division of Adult and Community Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. cli@cdc.gov
authors.forename: Chaoyang
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Earl S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Ford
authors.forename: Benyi
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Wayne H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Giles
authors.forename: Simin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D005215:Fasting; D006706:Homeostasis / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D056128:Obesity, Abdominal / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism; D015995:Prevalence; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012307:Risk Factors; D012738:Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin / Q000378:metabolism*; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014715:Vertebrobasilar Insufficiency / Q000097:blood; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D012738:Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin; D013739:Testosterone