title: The management of left ventricular systolic dysfunction in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD) is frequently observed in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) and its presence is associated with a poor prognosis. Renin-angiotensin system (RAS) inhibition and beta-adrenergic blockade are the cornerstones of medical management for LVSD. Current guidelines advocate that CKD patients with advanced LVSD should receive these therapies. The extent to which these recommendations are followed is unclear. The goal of this study was to evaluate practice patterns for LVSD management across the spectrum of patients with advanced CKD, and to determine the rate of utilization of recommended therapies for LVSD.
  
  
  METHODS
  This cross-sectional study encompassed all long-term dialysis patients (n=299) and patients with advanced pre-dialysis CKD who were followed in a multidisciplinary clinic (n=176) at a tertiary care center in Toronto, Canada. Echocardiographic and pharmacotherapy data were sought for each patient. In patients with moderate-severe LVSD (ejection fraction <40%), we evaluated the extent to which optimal pharmacotherapy, defined as the receipt of a beta-adrenergic receptor blocker and a RAS inhibitor (an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or an angiotensin II receptor blocker), was applied. We then sought to identify factors to explain the usage of these therapies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 475 eligible patients, 387 had echocardiographic data available for analysis. Among these individuals, 34 (8.8%) had moderate-severe LVSD, of whom 23 (67.7%) were receiving optimal therapy. Non-receipt of optimal therapy could not be explained by hypotension, hyperkalemia, known drug sensitivities, or pill burden.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Approximately one-third of patients with advanced CKD and significant LVSD were not receiving optimal pharmacotherapy, in the absence of known contraindication or intolerance. Identifying and overcoming barriers to care will be crucial in order to enhance the management of this high-risk population.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. vera.dounaevskaia@utoronto.ca
authors.forename: Vera
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Dounaevskaia
authors.forename: Andrew T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Charytan
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: DiMeglio
authors.forename: Howard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Leong-Poi
authors.forename: Abdul
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Al-Hesayen
authors.forename: Marc B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Goldstein
authors.forename: Ron
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wald
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D047228:Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004363:Drug Utilization; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005260:Female; D019983:Guideline Adherence; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009864:Ontario; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000187:drug effects*; D013599:Systole; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014463:Ultrasonography; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D047228:Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents