title: Increased frequency of metabolic syndrome and its individual metabolic abnormalities in Japanese patients with primary gout.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gout patients are frequently complicated with hypertension, obesity, dyslipidemia, and/or impaired glucose tolerance, which are components of the metabolic syndrome and risks for atherosclerotic diseases.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the relationship between metabolic syndrome and gout, as well as plasma concentrations of adipocytokines in gout patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  The frequency of metabolic syndrome as well as its constituents were investigated in 258 male gout patients and 111 males who attended an annual check-up examination. In addition, plasma concentrations of adipocytokines were measured in 107 of the patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gout patients had a higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome as compared with the controls (36.4% vs. 15.3%, P < 0.0001). In addition, frequencies of individual metabolic abnormalities, such as waist circumference >85 cm, hypertension, and hypertriglyceridemia, were significantly increased in the gout patients as compared with the controls. Furthermore, uric acid over-production gout had a significantly higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome as compared with uric acid under-excretion gout (48.6% vs. 32.4%, P < 0.001). The plasma concentrations of leptin and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 were significantly higher in the patients (P < 0.05, respectively), while that of adiponectin and the adiponectin/leptin ratio were significantly decreased in the gout patients as compared with the controls (P < 0.05, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome in gout patients may in part contribute to susceptibility to atherosclerotic diseases. Therefore, more attention should be paid to the presence of metabolic syndrome in gout patients to reduce their risk for cardiovascular disease complications.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan.
authors.forename: Taku
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Inokuchi
authors.forename: Zenta
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Tsutsumi
authors.forename: Sumio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Tsuneyoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ka
authors.forename: Yuji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Moriwaki
authors.forename: Tetsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
mesh_terms: D054392:Adipokines / Q000097:blood; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006073:Gout / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence
chemical_list: D054392:Adipokines