title: The detection of Yersinia enterocolitica in surface water by quantitative PCR amplification of the ail and yadA genes.
abstract: Yersinia enterocolitica has been detected in surface water, and drinking untreated water is a risk factor for infection. PCR-based methods have been used to detect Y. enterocolitica in various sample types, but quantitative studies have not been conducted in water. In this study, quantitative PCR (qPCR)-based methods targeting the Yersinia virulence genes ail and yadA were used to survey the Grand River watershed in southern Ontario, Canada. Initial testing of reference strains showed that ail and yadA PCR assays were specific for pathogenic biotypes of Y. enterocolitica; however the genes were also detected in one clinical Yersinia intermedia isolate. A survey of surface water from the Grand River watershed showed that both genes were detected at five sampling locations, with the ail and yadA genes detected in 38 and 21% of samples, respectively. Both genes were detected more frequently at colder water temperatures. A screening of Yersinia strains isolated from the watershed showed that the ail gene was detected in three Y. enterocolitica 1A/O:5 isolates. Results of this study show that Yersinia virulence genes were commonly detected in a watershed used as a source of drinking water, and that the occurrence of these genes was seasonal.
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1.
authors.forename: Bo M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Cheyne
authors.forename: Michele I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Van Dyke
authors.forename: William B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Peter M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Huck
mesh_terms: D018829:Adhesins, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D001425:Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000382:microbiology*; D009864:Ontario; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*; D037521:Virulence Factors / Q000235:genetics*; D014881:Water Supply; D015008:Yersinia enterocolitica / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification*
chemical_list: D018829:Adhesins, Bacterial; C069712:Ail protein, Yersinia enterocolitica; D001425:Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D037521:Virulence Factors; C064832:YadA protein, Yersinia