title: Treatment evolution and new standards of care: implications for cost-effectiveness analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Traditional approaches to cost-effectiveness analysis have not considered the downstream possibility of a new standard of care coming out of the research and development pipeline. However, the treatment landscape for patients may change significantly over the course of their lifetimes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To present a Markov modeling framework that incorporates the possibility of treatment evolution into the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) that compares treatments available at the present time.
  
  
  METHODS
  . Markov model evaluated by matrix algebra. Measurements. The author evaluates the difference between the new and traditional ICER calculations for patients with chronic diseases facing a lifetime of treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The bias of the traditional ICER calculation may be substantial, with further testing revealing that it may be either positive or negative depending on the model parameters. The author also performs probabilistic sensitivity analyses with respect to the possible timing of a new treatment discovery and notes the increase in the magnitude of the bias when the new treatment is likely to appear sooner rather than later. Limitations. The modeling framework is intended as a proof of concept and therefore makes simplifying assumptions such as time stationarity of model parameters and consideration of a single new drug discovery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For diseases with a more active research and development pipeline, the possibility of a new treatment paradigm may be at least as important to consider in sensitivity analysis as other parameters that are often considered.
authors.affiliation: Sauder School of Business, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. steven.shechter@sauder.ubc.ca
authors.forename: Steven M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Shechter
mesh_terms: D001955:British Columbia; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D006801:Humans; D008390:Markov Chains; D015233:Models, Statistical; D005791:Patient Care / Q000191:economics* / Q000592:standards*; D011336:Probability; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years