title: Immunolocalization of gap junction protein connexin43 (GJA1) in the human retina and optic nerve.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Gap junctions are intercellular channels that have been implicated in the pathogenesis of neuronal death after central nervous system injury. This study determines the expression pattern of gap junction protein connexin43 in the human retina and optic nerve.
  
  
  METHODS
  An affinity-isolated polyclonal antibody to the C-terminal segment of the cytoplasmic domain of human connexin43 was used to determine connexin43 localization. Postmortem human eyes were examined by immunohistochemical staining of frozen sections using antibodies to connexin43. Antibody binding was detected using confocal microscopy and fluorochrome-conjugated secondary antibodies. Double-label immunohistochemistry identified the cell types expressing connexin43.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Connexin43 immunoreactivity was detected in the human retina on glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive astrocytes in the retinal ganglion cell layer and, to a lesser extent, on the processes of glutamine synthetase-labeled Müller cells. The retinal and choroidal circulations showed strong connexin43 immunolabeling. Dense connexin43 immunoreactivity was present between adjacent cells of the retinal pigment epithelium, and there was diffuse connexin43 immunoreactivity on GFAP-positive astrocytes in the optic nerve.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the human retina and optic nerve, connexin43 is present on glia, blood vessels, and epithelial cells. An understanding of the distribution of connexin43 in the normal retina and optic nerve may be used to evaluate changes associated with retinal and optic nerve disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Nathan M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Kerr
authors.forename: Cameron S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Clairton F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: de Souza
authors.forename: Kaa-Sandra
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Chee
authors.forename: William R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Good
authors.forename: Colin R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: Helen V
authors.initials: HV
authors.lastname: Danesh-Meyer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000378:metabolism; D018031:Connexin 43 / Q000378:metabolism*; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D019084:Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D009457:Neuroglia / Q000378:metabolism; D009900:Optic Nerve / Q000378:metabolism*; D012160:Retina / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D018031:Connexin 43; C500216:GJA1 protein, human