title: Pilot study of the prevalence, outcomes and detection of occult hypoperfusion in trauma patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Occult hypoperfusion (OH) is defined as hypoperfusion in the presence of normal vital signs. It is associated with increased length of stay (LOS) and increased mortality.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare four methods of detecting OH in adult major trauma patients at a level 1 trauma centre-base excess (BE), non-invasive cardiac index (CI), shock index (SI) and rate over pressure evaluation (ROPE).
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients meeting the Victorian Trauma Registry entrance criteria who presented with normal vital signs were enrolled. CI was obtained half hourly using an USCOM monitor. BE, SI and ROPE were obtained clinically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-four patients were enrolled. Mean injury severity score (ISS) was 19 (SD 11) and mean hospital LOS was 10 days (SD 8). Two patients (3%) died in hospital. Ten patients (16%) had OH detected by CI, seven (11%) by BE, four (6%) by SI and two (3%) by ROPE. There was a significant association between hospital LOS and BE (p<0.005). Agreement between BE and CI in detecting OH was poor to fair, kappa=0.25.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  OH is associated with increased hospital LOS and occurs in up to 16% of patients. BE performed best as a detection method.
authors.affiliation: Box Hill Hospital, Nelson Road, Box Hill 3128, Australia. Ogilvie.Thom@med.monash.edu.au
authors.forename: Ogilvie
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Thom
authors.forename: David McD
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Rachel E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Wolfe
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Myles
authors.forename: Henry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Krum
authors.forename: Rory
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wolfe
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D007511:Ischemia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D015995:Prevalence; D014739:Victoria; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000150:complications*