title: Vitamins C and E to prevent complications of pregnancy-associated hypertension.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Oxidative stress has been proposed as a mechanism linking the poor placental perfusion characteristic of preeclampsia with the clinical manifestations of the disorder. We assessed the effects of antioxidant supplementation with vitamins C and E, initiated early in pregnancy, on the risk of serious adverse maternal, fetal, and neonatal outcomes related to pregnancy-associated hypertension.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a multicenter, randomized, double-blind trial involving nulliparous women who were at low risk for preeclampsia. Women were randomly assigned to begin daily supplementation with 1000 mg of vitamin C and 400 IU of vitamin E or matching placebo between the 9th and 16th weeks of pregnancy. The primary outcome was severe pregnancy-associated hypertension alone or severe or mild hypertension with elevated liver-enzyme levels, thrombocytopenia, elevated serum creatinine levels, eclamptic seizure, medically indicated preterm birth, fetal-growth restriction, or perinatal death.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 10,154 women underwent randomization. The two groups were similar with respect to baseline characteristics and adherence to the study drug. Outcome data were available for 9969 women. There was no significant difference between the vitamin and placebo groups in the rates of the primary outcome (6.1% and 5.7%, respectively; relative risk in the vitamin group, 1.07; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.91 to 1.25) or in the rates of preeclampsia (7.2% and 6.7%, respectively; relative risk, 1.07; 95% CI, 0.93 to 1.24). Rates of adverse perinatal outcomes did not differ significantly between the groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vitamin C and E supplementation initiated in the 9th to 16th week of pregnancy in an unselected cohort of low-risk, nulliparous women did not reduce the rate of adverse maternal or perinatal outcomes related to pregnancy-associated hypertension (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00135707).
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA.
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Leslie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Myatt
authors.forename: Catherine Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Spong
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Thom
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Hauth
authors.forename: Kenneth J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Leveno
authors.forename: Gail D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Pearson
authors.forename: Ronald J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Wapner
authors.forename: Michael W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Varner
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Thorp
authors.forename: Brian M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Mercer
authors.forename: Alan M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Peaceman
authors.forename: Susan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Ramin
authors.forename: Marshall W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Carpenter
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Samuels
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sciscione
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Harper
authors.forename: Wendy J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Saade
authors.forename: Yoram
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sorokin
authors.forename: Garland B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Anderson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D046110:Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D010298:Parity; D011225:Pre-Eclampsia / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000517:prevention & control; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First; D017211:Treatment Failure; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D004338:Drug Combinations; D014810:Vitamin E; D001205:Ascorbic Acid