title: Neural processing of reward and loss in girls at risk for major depression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Deficits in reward processing and their neural correlates have been associated with major depression. However, it is unclear if these deficits precede the onset of depression or are a consequence of this disorder.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether anomalous neural processing of reward characterizes children at familial risk for depression in the absence of a personal history of diagnosable disorder.
  
  
  METHODS
  Comparison of neural activity among children at low and high risk for depression as they process reward and loss.
  
  
  METHODS
  University functional magnetic resonance imaging facility.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirteen 10- to 14-year-old never-disordered daughters of mothers with recurrent depression ("high risk") and 13 age-matched never-disordered daughters with no family history of depression ("low risk"). Main Outcome Measure Neural activity, as measured using functional magnetic resonance imaging, in key reward and attention neural circuitry during anticipation and receipt of reward and loss.
  
  
  RESULTS
  While anticipating gains, high-risk participants showed less activation than did their low-risk counterparts in the putamen and left insula but showed greater activation in the right insula. When receiving punishment, high-risk participants showed greater activation in the dorsal anterior cingulate gyrus than did low-risk participants, who showed greater activation in the caudate and putamen.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Familial risk for depression affects neural mechanisms underlying the processing of reward and loss; young girls at risk for depression exhibit anomalies in the processing of reward and loss before the onset of depressive symptoms. Longitudinal studies are needed to examine whether these characteristics predict the subsequent onset of depression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Ian.Gotlib@stanford.edu
authors.forename: Ian H
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Gotlib
authors.forename: J Paul
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Hamilton
authors.forename: Rebecca E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Cooney
authors.forename: Manpreet K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Melissa L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Henry
authors.forename: Jutta
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Joormann
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012201:Reward; D012307:Risk Factors