title: Cognitive-emotional hyperarousal as a premorbid characteristic of individuals vulnerable to insomnia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine whether cognitive-emotional hyperarousal is a premorbid characteristic of middle-aged and young good sleepers vulnerable to stress-related insomnia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Self-reported information was collected from two samples of 305 middle-aged and 196 young adults. From those adults, 149 middle-aged (50.34 +/- 4.47 years) and 85 young (20.19 +/- 1.31 years) good sleepers were selected for the present study. The Ford Insomnia Response to Stress Test (FIRST) was used to measure vulnerability to stress-related insomnia. Trait measures of personality, arousability, rumination, presleep arousal, and coping skills were entered as predictors in the linear regression models, at the same time controlling for gender, depression, and anxiety.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The regression models showed that arousability (beta = 0.546), neuroticism (beta = 0.413), perceived stress (beta = 0.375), and rumination (beta = 0.214) were associated with FIRST scores in middle-aged adults. Among young adults, the regression models revealed that presleep cognitive arousal (beta = 0.448), arousability (beta = 0.426), neuroticism (beta = 0.320), presleep somatic arousal (beta = 0.290), emotion-oriented coping (beta = 0.220), and rumination (beta = 0.212) were associated with FIRST scores. Finally, individuals with high FIRST scores did not show lower scores in measures of cognitive-emotional hyperarousal compared with chronic insomniacs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that cognitive-emotional hyperarousal may be a premorbid characteristic of subjects vulnerable to insomnia. It seems that maladaptive coping stress strategies and cognitive-emotional hyperarousal predispose to the development of insomnia and that interventions targeting these characteristics may be important in the prevention and treatment of chronic insomnia.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Julio
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fernández-Mendoza
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vela-Bueno
authors.forename: Alexandros N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Vgontzas
authors.forename: María José
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Ramos-Platón
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Olavarrieta-Bernardino
authors.forename: Edward O
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: Bixler
authors.forename: Juan José
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: De la Cruz-Troca
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological / Q000502:physiology; D000367:Age Factors; D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D004198:Disease Susceptibility / Q000175:diagnosis*; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010555:Personality Inventory; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014851:Wakefulness / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D055815:Young Adult