Utilization of wastewater originated from naturally fermented virgin coconut oil manufacturing process for bioextract production: physico-chemical and microbial evolution.
Production of virgin coconut oil via natural fermentation has led to large amount of wastes being generated, i.e., coconut pulp and wastewater containing coconut crème. Objective of this study is to gain more insight into the feasibility of utilization of such wastes as raw materials together with several types of wastes such as fish waste and/or pineapple peel for bioextract production. Chemical, physico-chemical and biological changes including phytotoxicity of the fermented mixture were closely monitored. Physical observation suggested that fermentation of bioextract obtained with fish waste appeared to be complete within the first month of fermentation while bioextract obtained using pineapple waste seemed to be complete after 8 months post-fermentation. Fermentation broth is of blackish color with alcoholic as well as acidic odour with no gas bubble and/or yeast film present on top of the surface. During the whole fermentation interval, several attributes of both bioextracts, e.g., pH, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and organic acids, were statistically different. Further, the total bacteria and lactic acid bacteria present in pineapple bioextract were statistically higher than those of the fish bioextract (p<0.01). The highest germination indices of 123 and 106 were obtained at 21 and 14 days post-fermentation for fish and pineapple bioextracts, respectively. In addition, qualities of both bioextracts conformed well with those specified by the Thai standard for liquid biofertilizer after 1 month fermentation. Results further showed that wastewater derived from virgin coconut oil manufacturing process could effectively be employed together with other types of wastes such as fish waste and pineapple peel for bioextract production. However, for the best bioextract quality, fermentation should be carefully planned since over fermentation led to bioextract of low qualities.
Tripetchkul
Sudarut
S
School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, ThaKham, BangKhuntien, Thailand. sudarut.tri@kmutt.ac.th
Kusuwanwichid
Sasithorn
S
Koonsrisuk
Songpon
S
Akeprathumchai
Saengchai
S
D000074263:Coconut Oil; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005285:Fermentation; D019649:Food Industry; D007220:Industrial Waste; D008829:Microbiology; D010938:Plant Oils; D014873:Water Pollutants
D007220:Industrial Waste; D010938:Plant Oils; D014873:Water Pollutants; D000074263:Coconut Oil