title: Interactive bone drilling using a 2D pointing device to support Microendoscopic Discectomy planning.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To support preoperative planning of bone drilling for Microendoscopic Discectomy, we present a set of interactive bone-drilling methods using a general 2D pointing device.
  
  
  METHODS
  Unlike the existing methods, our framework has the following features: (1) the user can directly cut away arbitrary 3D regions on the volumetrically rendered image, (2) in order to provide a simple interface to end-users, our algorithms make 3D drilling possible through only a general-purpose wheel mouse, (3) to reduce both over-drilling and unnatural drilling of an unintended region, we introduce a smart depth control to ensure the continuity of the cutting operation and (4) a GPU-based rendering scheme for high-quality shading of clipped boundaries.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We applied our techniques to some CT data of specific patients. Several experiments confirmed that the user was able to directly drill a 3D complex region on a volumetrically rendered lumber spine through simple mouse operation. Also, our rendering scheme clearly visualizes time-varying drilled surfaces at interactive rates. By comparing simulation results to actual postoperative CT images, we confirmed the user interactively simulates similar cutting to that carried out in real surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We concluded our techniques perform mouse-based, direct drilling of complex 3D regions with high-quality rendering of drilled boundaries and contribute to preoperative planning of Microendoscopic Discectomy.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Information Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, Japan. keiho@e-growth.net
authors.forename: Keiho
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Imanishi
authors.forename: Megumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakao
authors.forename: Masahiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kioka
authors.forename: Masato
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mori
authors.forename: Munehito
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Kotaro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Minato
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D016287:Computer Peripherals; D003198:Computer Simulation; D017586:Diskectomy / Q000379:methods*; D019723:Endoscopes; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*; D014584:User-Computer Interface