title: Carbofuran and its toxic metabolites provide forensic evidence for furadan exposure in vultures (Gyps africanus) in Kenya.
abstract: Forensic analysis of carbofuran residues in weathered tissue samples for evidence of Furadan exposure in vultures (Gps africanus) by HPLC gave concentration (mg/Kg dry tissue weight) ranges of bdl - 0.07 (carbofuran), bdl - 0.499 (3-ketocarbofuran) and 0.013-0.147 (3-hydroxycarbofuran) in beaks, bdl-0.65 (carbofuran), 0.024-0.190 (3-ketocarbofuran) and 0.017-0.098 (3-hydroxycarbofuran) in feet, 0.179-0.219 (3-ketocarbofuran) and 0.081-0.093 (3-hydroxycarbofuran) in crop content, 0.078-0.082 (3-ketocarbofuran) and 0.091-0.101 (3-hydroxycarbofuran) in muscle of a laced carcass and 0.006-0.014 (carbofuran), 0.590-1.010 (3-ketocarbofuran) and 0.095-0.135 (3-hydroxycarbofuran) in soil sampled from a poisoning site. These compounds were confirmed by GC-MS. The results showed that HPLC combined with GC-MS is suitable for forensic analysis of carbofuran residues in bird tissue samples and that forensic investigation should include its two toxic metabolites, 3-hydroxycarbofuran and 3-ketocarbofuran.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Maseno University, P.O. Box 333, 40105 Maseno, Kenya.
authors.forename: Peter O
authors.initials: PO
authors.lastname: Otieno
authors.forename: Joseph O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Lalah
authors.forename: Munir
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Virani
authors.forename: Isaac O
authors.initials: IO
authors.lastname: Jondiko
authors.forename: Karl-Werner
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Schramm
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000835:Animals, Wild; D002235:Carbofuran / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000506:poisoning; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D046093:Falconiformes; D053593:Forensic Toxicology / Q000379:methods*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D007306:Insecticides / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000506:poisoning / Q000633:toxicity*; D007630:Kenya; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D010573:Pesticide Residues; D002235:Carbofuran