title: Systemic spironucleosis in 2 immunodeficient rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta).
abstract: Spironucleus spp are parasites of fish and terrestrial vertebrates, including mice and turkeys, that rarely cause extraintestinal disease. Two rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) were experimentally inoculated with simian immunodeficiency virus mac251. Both progressed to simian acquired immune deficiency syndrome within 1 year of inoculation and developed systemic protozoal infections in addition to common opportunistic infections, including rhesus cytomegalovirus, rhesus lymphocryptovirus, and rhesus adenovirus. In the first case, the protozoa were associated with colitis, multifocal abdominal abscessation, and lymphadenitis. In the second case, they were one of a number of organisms associated with extensive pyogranulomatous pneumonia and colitis. Ultrastructural, molecular, and phylogenetic analysis revealed the causative organism to be a species of Spironucleus closely related to Spironucleus meleagridis of turkeys. This report is the first of extraintestinal infection with Spironucleus sp in higher mammals and expands the list of opportunistic infections found in immunocompromised rhesus macaques.
authors.affiliation: Harvard Medical School, Department of Pathology, New England Primate Research Center, One Pine Hill Drive, Southborough, MA 01772, USA.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kramer
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mejia
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: MacKey
authors.forename: K G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Mansfield
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016828:Diplomonadida / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005260:Female; D016867:Immunocompromised Host; D008253:Macaca mulatta / Q000469:parasitology*; D008297:Male; D008992:Monkey Diseases / Q000469:parasitology* / Q000473:pathology*; D010802:Phylogeny; D011529:Protozoan Infections, Animal / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology*; D016097:Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000150:complications