title: QT prolongation in the intensive care unit: commonly used medications and the impact of drug-drug interactions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Critically ill patients are at an increased risk to develop drug-drug interactions (DDIs). DDIs that increase the risk of QT prolongation, and ultimately torsades de pointes, can result in a medical emergency. Many clinicians are unaware of the risk of certain drug combinations that may precipitate QT prolongation in the intensive care unit (ICU). Additional DDI education and a review of management strategies could assist with prevention of future adverse outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  This review focuses on some commonly used medications in the ICU that may be involved in pharmacokinetic and/or pharmacodynamic DDIs leading to the development of QT prolongation and possibly torsades de pointes. Also, appropriate management strategies are discussed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ICU clinician will gain a better understanding of common medications used in the ICU and DDIs that put patients at risk for the development of QT prolongation and torsades de pointes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Medications that may cause QT prolongation are common in the ICU and DDIs need to be identified and prevented by the clinician to avoid a potentially life-threatening dysrrhythmia.
authors.affiliation: University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Critical Care Pharmacist, Medical Intensive Care Unit, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 200 Lothrop Street, PFG 01-01-01, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. smithburgerpl@upmc.edu
authors.forename: Pamela L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Smithburger
authors.forename: Amy L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Seybert
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Armahizer
authors.forename: Sandra L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Kane-Gill
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000700:Analgesics / Q000009:adverse effects; D000777:Anesthetics / Q000009:adverse effects; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D016638:Critical Illness; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D004347:Drug Interactions; D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D006329:Heart Conduction System / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000502:physiology; D008133:Long QT Syndrome / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000009:adverse effects; D012307:Risk Factors; D016171:Torsades de Pointes / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000502:physiology; D014883:Water-Electrolyte Imbalance / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D000700:Analgesics; D000777:Anesthetics; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents; C508600:IL6 protein, human; D015850:Interleukin-6; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha