title: Vaginismus and dyspareunia: automatic vs. deliberate disgust responsivity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The difficulty of penetration experienced in vaginismus and dyspareunia may at least partly be due to a disgust-induced defensive response.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine if sex stimuli specifically elicit: (i) automatic disgust-related memory associations; (ii) physiological disgust responsivity; and/or (iii) deliberate expression of disgust/threat.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two single target Implicit Association Task (st-IAT) and electromyography (EMG) were conducted on three groups: vaginismus (N = 24), dyspareunia (N = 24), and control (N = 31) group.
  
  
  METHODS
  st-IAT, to index their initial disgust-related associations and facial EMG for the m. levator labii and m. corrugator supercilii regions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both clinical groups showed enhanced automatic sex-disgust associations. As a unique physiological expression of disgust, the levator activity was specifically enhanced for the vaginismus group, when exposed to a women-friendly SEX video clip. Also at the deliberate level, specifically the vaginismus group showed enhanced subjective disgust toward SEX pictures and the SEX clip, along with higher threat responses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Supporting the view that disgust is involved in vaginismus and dyspareunia, for both, clinical groups' sex stimuli automatically elicited associations with disgust. Particularly for the vaginismus group, these initial disgust associations persisted during subsequent validation processes and were also evident at the level of facial expression and self-report data. Findings are consistent with the notion that uncontrollable activated associations are involved in eliciting defensive reactions at the prospect of penetration seen in both conditions. Whereas deliberate attitudes, usually linked with the desire for having intercourse, possibly generate the distinction (e.g., severity) between these two conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: c.borg@rug.nl.
authors.forename: Charmaine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Borg
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: de Jong
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Centre Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Willibrord Weijmar
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Schultz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001244:Association; D003674:Defense Mechanisms; D004414:Dyspareunia / Q000523:psychology*; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010552:Personality Assessment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011594:Psychometrics; D011930:Reaction Time; D020018:Sexual Dysfunctions, Psychological / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D052065:Vaginismus / Q000523:psychology*