title: Orphanin FQ/nociceptin not only blocks but also reverses behavioral adaptive changes induced by repeated cocaine in mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Orphanin FQ/nociceptin (OFQ/N), the endogenous ligand of the opioid receptor-like (ORL1) receptor, blocks cocaine sensitization in rats. In this study, we tested whether OFQ/N would block sensitization to the motor stimulatory and conditioned rewarding actions of cocaine in mice. We also examined whether OFQ/N, given to cocaine-sensitized mice, would reverse the sensitized response and whether it would prevent the amplified sensitized response induced by a second cocaine-sensitizing regimen in sensitized mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  ORL1 knockout and wild-type mice were treated with saline or OFQ/N before saline or cocaine on Days 1-3 and tested for sensitization on Day 8. Additionally, wild-type mice were treated similarly but tested for the conditioned rewarding action of cocaine, in which mice were tested for place preference before and after single conditioning with cocaine. Furthermore, mice were rendered sensitized, treated with saline or OFQ/N before saline or cocaine on Days 13-15, and received cocaine on Day 20 to test whether OFQ/N would reverse sensitization or block the amplified sensitized response induced by a second cocaine-sensitizing regimen in sensitized mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  OFQ/N blocked cocaine-induced psychomotor sensitization in wild-type but not knockout mice. It also blocked sensitization to the conditioned rewarding action of cocaine and reversed a preexisting locomotor sensitized response. Furthermore, OFQ/N prevented the amplified sensitized response that developed following a second cocaine sensitizing regimen given to sensitized mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results illustrate that OFQ/N not only blocks but also reverses maladaptive behavioral changes induced by repeated cocaine treatment in mice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, USA.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bebawy
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Marquez
authors.forename: Seroje
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Samboul
authors.forename: Drupad
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Parikh
authors.forename: Abdul
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hamid
authors.forename: Kabirullah
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lutfy
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000818:Animals; D001245:Association Learning / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D003042:Cocaine / Q000494:pharmacology; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000378:metabolism*; D003214:Conditioning, Classical / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D018765:Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D018847:Opioid Peptides / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D000097629:Nociceptin
chemical_list: D003042:Cocaine; D018765:Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors; D018847:Opioid Peptides; D000097629:Nociceptin