title: Changes in cell morphology due to plasma membrane wounding by acoustic cavitation.
abstract: Acoustic cavitation-mediated wounding (i.e., sonoporation) has great potential to improve medical and laboratory applications requiring intracellular uptake of exogenous molecules; however, the field lacks detailed understanding of cavitation-induced morphologic changes in cells and their relative importance. Here, we present an in-depth study of the effects of acoustic cavitation on cells using electron and confocal microscopy coupled with quantitative flow cytometry. High resolution images of treated cells show that morphologically different types of blebs can occur after wounding conditions caused by ultrasound exposure as well as by mechanical shear and strong laser ablation. In addition, these treatments caused wound-induced nonlytic necrotic death resulting in cell bodies we call wound-derived perikarya (WD-P). However, only cells exposed to acoustic cavitation experienced ejection of intact nuclei and nearly instant lytic necrosis. Quantitative analysis by flow cytometry indicates that wound-derived perikarya are the dominant morphology of nonviable cells, except at the strongest wounding conditions, where nuclear ejection accounts for a significant portion of cell death after ultrasound exposure.
authors.affiliation: The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at Georgia Tech and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Robyn K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Schlicher
authors.forename: Joshua D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Hutcheson
authors.forename: Harish
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Radhakrishna
authors.forename: Robert P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Apkarian
authors.forename: Mark R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Prausnitz
mesh_terms: D002460:Cell Line; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000473:pathology* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D048429:Cell Size / Q000528:radiation effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D013010:Sonication / Q000379:methods*