title: Blood cadmium concentrations of male cigarette smokers are inversely associated with fruit consumption.
abstract: Decreased fruit and vegetable consumption, along with elevated blood cadmium concentrations, are frequently observed among cigarette smokers. Few studies have investigated whether the blood cadmium concentrations of cigarette smokers are associated with the consumption of antioxidative nutrients, as well as foods containing high concentrations of antioxidative nutrients and phytochemicals, such as fruits and vegetables. In this study, we aimed to determine where there is any relationship between blood cadmium concentration and the consumption of certain foods and nutrients in adult male smokers. Blood cadmium concentrations in whole blood samples from 546 adult men, whose pregnant wives were registered in the Mothers and Children's Environmental Health Study, were analyzed using the graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry method. Dietary intakes were assessed using a semiquantitative FFQ. Blood cadmium concentrations were higher in the smokers than in the nonsmokers (P < 0.001). Multiple regression analysis with covariates revealed that blood cadmium concentrations were negatively associated with intakes of fruit (P = 0.001), vitamin C (P = 0.035), and fiber (P = 0.049), but only in the smokers. These results warrant future studies to explore any mechanisms responsible for fruit's beneficial role against elevated blood cadmium concentrations in smokers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, College of Medicine, Ewha Woman's University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Hyesook
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Hee Jung
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Ji-Yun
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.forename: Eun-Hee
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Ha
authors.forename: Hyesook
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Mina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ha
authors.forename: Ja Hyeong
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Yun-Chul
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: Namsoo
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000975:Antioxidants; D002104:Cadmium / Q000097:blood*; D004032:Diet; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D012907:Smoking / Q000097:blood*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014675:Vegetables
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D002104:Cadmium