title: A systematic review of the impact of sedation practice in the ICU on resource use, costs and patient safety.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients in intensive care units (ICUs) often receive sedation for prolonged periods. In order to better understand the impact of sub-optimal sedation practice on outcomes, we performed a systematic review, including observational studies and controlled trials which were conducted in sedated patients in the ICU and which compared the impact of changes in or different protocols for sedation management on economic and patient safety outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched Medline, Embase and CINAHL online literature databases from 1988 to 15th May 2008 and hand searched conferences. English-language studies set in the ICU, in sedated adult humans on mechanical ventilation, which reported the impact of sedation practice on cost and resource use and patient safety outcomes, were included. All abstracts were reviewed twice by two independent reviewers, with all conflicts resolved by a third reviewer, to check that they met the review inclusion criteria. Full-text papers of all included studies were retrieved and again reviewed twice against inclusion criteria. Data were doubly extracted from studies. Study aims, design, population, and outcomes including duration of mechanical ventilation, length of stay in ICU and hospital, costs and rates of mortality and adverse events were extracted. Due to heterogeneity between study designs and outcomes reported, no quantitative data synthesis such as meta-analysis was possible.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Included studies varied in design, patient population and aim, with the majority being before-after studies. Overall, studies showed that improvements in sedation practice, such as the introduction of guidelines and protocols, or daily interruption of sedation, were associated with improvements in outcomes including ICU and hospital length of stay, duration of mechanical ventilation, and costs. Mortality and the incidence of nosocomial infections were also reduced.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Systematic interventions to improve sedation practice and maintain patients at an optimal sedation level in the ICU may improve patient outcomes and optimize resource usage.
authors.affiliation: GE Healthcare, Pollards Wood, Nightingales Lane, Chalfont St, Giles, Bucks, UK. daniel.jackson@ge.com
authors.forename: Daniel L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: Clare W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Proudfoot
authors.forename: Kimberley F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Cann
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Walsh
mesh_terms: D054810:Deep Sedation / Q000191:economics*; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000191:economics*; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D017751:Safety Management