title: A national survey of the management of congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction in the United kingdom.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To survey national variation in the management of congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction, particularly the timing of intervention and the use of nasolacrimal intubation, nasal endoscopy, and assistance from an ear, nose, and throat surgeon at different stages of management.
  
  
  METHODS
  A telephone survey was conducted of 100 ophthalmologists in the United Kingdom who were involved in the management of congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction. A sequential management protocol was established for each, including the nature of procedures, their timing, and the use of nasal endoscopy and ear, nose, and throat surgeons.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of those surveyed, 49% use the dye disappearance test for diagnosis. Eighty-four percent suggest lacrimal sac massage to parents. No surveyed ophthalmologists perform "office" probing or balloon dilation. Seventy-four percent perform initial probing after 1 year, with 25% using nasal endoscopy. If symptoms persist, 64.5% (60 of 93) repeat the probing, whereas 35.5% (33 of 93) intubate the lacrimal system. The use of nasal endoscopy increases to 50.5% (47 of 93). By the third intervention, 77.6% (45 of 58) perform lacrimal intubation, with 72.4% (42 of 58) using nasal endoscopy. All opt for dacryocystorhinostomy as the fourth intervention and 28.3% (13 of 46) perform this procedure themselves, whereas 71.7% (33 of 46) refer the patient to another practitioner. In total, 65% (65 of 100) use tubes at some stage of management, 58% (58 of 100) make some use of nasal endoscopy, and 33% (33 of 100) involve ear, nose, and throat surgeons.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on the results of this survey, huge variation exists in the management of congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction in the United Kingdom. Most ophthalmologists intervene soon after patients reach 1 year of age. The rate of nasal endoscopy increases with successive interventions, especially to aid with nasal intubation, either alone or with the assistance of ear, nose, and throat surgeons.
authors.affiliation: Southampton Eye Unit, Southampton University Hospital Trust, Southampton, Hampshire, UK.
authors.forename: Narman
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Puvanachandra
authors.forename: Sameer
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Trikha
authors.forename: Caroline J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: MacEwen
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: Peter R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Hodgkins
mesh_terms: D003608:Dacryocystorhinostomy / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007440:Intubation; D007767:Lacrimal Duct Obstruction / Q000151:congenital* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D009301:Nasolacrimal Duct; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology