title: Dual blockade of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is safe and effective in reducing albuminuria in Asian type 2 diabetic patients with nephropathy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Blockade of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) by either the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE-I) or the angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) has been shown to reduce albuminuria and delay the progression of diabetic nephropathy. This study evaluated the effect of dual blockade of the RAAS by adding an ACEI or an ARB to the administration of either drug alone on albuminuria in Asian type 2 diabetic patients with nephropathy.
  
  
  METHODS
  34 patients were randomly assigned to receive either enalapril 20 mg or losartan 100 mg once daily for eight weeks. Following this, all patients received a combination of enalapril 10 mg and losartan 50 mg daily for eight weeks, followed by enalapril 20 mg and losartan 100 mg daily for another eight weeks. The blood pressure and 24-hour urinary albumin excretion (UAE) were monitored.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Following monotherapy with enalapril, there was a mean and standard error (SE) reduction in the UAE and mean arterial pressure (MAP) of 9.8 (SE 6.8) percent (p-value is 0.061) and 5.3 (SE 2.2) mmHg (p-value is 0.026), respectively; the reduction in UAE and MAP following monotherapy with losartan was by 10.9 (SE 14.1) percent (p-value is 0.053) and 4.5 (SE 1.9) mmHg (p-value is 0.034), respectively. Combination therapy with enalapril and losartan further reduced the UAE (11.2 [SE 8.7] percent, p-value is 0.009] despite there being no significant change in the MAP (-1.2 [SE 1.47] mmHg, p-value is 0.42). The adverse effects included dry cough (seven [19.4 percent] patients, resulting in the withdrawal of medication in two patients), and transient hyperkalaemia (two [six percent] patients).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dual blockade of the RAAS is safe and effective in reducing albuminuria in Asian type 2 diabetic patients with nephropathy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Sarawak General Hospital, Jalan Tun Ahmad Zaidi Adruce, Kuching, Malaysia. ftanhs@yahoo.co.uk
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Mukherjee
authors.forename: K O
authors.initials: KO
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: C F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Liew
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000188:drug therapy*; D047228:Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D044466:Asian People; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004656:Enalapril / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019808:Losartan / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D047228:Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D004656:Enalapril; D019808:Losartan