title: Biomechanical properties of concussions in high school football.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sport concussion represents the majority of brain injuries occurring in the United States with 1.6–3.8 million cases annually. Understanding the biomechanical properties of this injury will support the development of better diagnostics and preventative techniques.
  
  
  METHODS
  We monitored all football related head impacts in 78 high school athletes (mean age = 16.7 yr) from 2005 to 2008 to better understand the biomechanical characteristics of concussive impacts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using the Head Impact Telemetry System, a total of 54,247 impacts were recorded, and 13 concussive episodes were captured for analysis. A classification and regression tree analysis of impacts indicated that rotational acceleration (95582.3 rad·s−²), linear acceleration (996.1g), and impact location (front, top, and back) yielded the highest predictive value of concussion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These threshold values are nearly identical with those reported at the collegiate and professional level. If the Head Impact Telemetry System were implemented for medical use, sideline personnel can expect to diagnose one of every five athletes with a concussion when the impact exceeds these tolerance levels. Why all athletes did not sustain a concussion when the impacts generated variables in excess of our threshold criteria is not entirely clear, although individual differences between participants may play a role. A similar threshold to concussion in adolescent athletes compared with their collegiate and professional counterparts suggests an equal concussion risk at all levels of play.
authors.affiliation: Neurotrauma Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA. broglio@illinois.edu
authors.forename: Steven P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Broglio
authors.forename: Brock
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schnebel
authors.forename: Jacob J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Sosnoff
authors.forename: Sunghoon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.forename: Xingdong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Fend
authors.forename: Xuming
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Jerrad
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zimmerman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001924:Brain Concussion / Q000145:classification / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005538:Football / Q000293:injuries*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013686:Telemetry; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology