title: Vitamin/mineral supplements and calcium-based antacids increase maternal calcium intake.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The contributions of over-the-counter (OTC) calcium-based antacid medications and calcium-containing vitamin/mineral supplements to total calcium intake during pregnancy, have rarely been assessed. This study estimates the contributions of calcium-based antacids and vitamin/mineral supplements to maternal calcium intake.
  
  
  METHODS
  Over an 8-month period, a cohort of 724 prenatal class attendees (out of a possible 1100 participants) at >28 weeks gestation in Calgary, Alberta, completed an anonymous questionnaire on vitamin/mineral supplement intake and the use of calcium-based antacids. A subset of 264 women completed a self-reported calcium-modified food frequency questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The use of prenatal vitamins/minerals increased during pregnancy as did use of the single nutrients calcium and iron. Calcium-based antacids were used by 52% (n = 365) of pregnant women. Median intake of calcium from maternal diet alone was 1619 mg/d (mean intake, 1693 +/- 94), which rose to 2084 mg/d (mean intake, 2228 +/- 116) when diet, vitamin/mineral supplements, and antacids were considered. From diet alone, 18% had less than adequate intake (AI = 1000 mg/d) of calcium and 12% exceeded the tolerable upper intake level (UL = 2500 mg/d). Adding antacids reduced to 5% those below the AI and increased those surpassing the UL to 33%. No adverse events were reported at calcium intakes above the UL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vitamin/mineral supplements and calcium-based antacids increased total maternal calcium intake, resulting in fewer women with intakes < AI but also increasing the number of those with intakes > UL. It is suggested that health care providers discuss all sources of nutrient intake with pregnant clients, as cumulative intakes may unintentionally exceed recommended levels.
authors.affiliation: University of Calgary, Faculty of Nursing, 2500 University Drive NW Calgary Alberta, T2N 1N4 CANADA. cmannion@ucalgary.ca
authors.forename: Cynthia A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Mannion
authors.forename: Robin J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Lindop
mesh_terms: D000863:Antacids / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008903:Minerals / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D011247:Pregnancy; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014815:Vitamins / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D000863:Antacids; D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D008903:Minerals; D014815:Vitamins