title: Mortality associated with caregiving, general stress, and caregiving-related stress in elderly women: results of caregiver-study of osteoporotic fractures.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the separate and combined effects of caregiver status and high stress on mortality risk over 8 years in elderly women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort study conducted in four U.S. communities followed from 1999/01 (baseline) to December 31, 2007.
  
  
  METHODS
  Home-based interviews.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three hundred seventy-five caregiver and 694 noncaregiver participants from the Caregiver-Study of Osteoporotic Fractures (Caregiver-SOF) who participated in the baseline Caregiver-SOF interview.
  
  
  METHODS
  Caregiver status was based on SOF respondents' self-report of performing one or more instrumental or basic activities of daily living for a relative or friend with impairments. Two measures of stress were used: Perceived Stress Scale and stress related to caregiving tasks. All-cause mortality was the outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Caregivers were more stressed than noncaregivers; 19.7% of caregivers and 27.4% of noncaregivers died. Mortality was lower in caregivers than noncaregivers (adjusted hazard ratio, (AHR)=0.74, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.56-0.89). High-stress respondents had greater mortality risk than low-stress respondents over the first 3 years of follow-up (AHR=1.81, 95% CI=1.16-2.82) but not in later years. Likewise, high-stress caregivers and noncaregivers had higher mortality risk than low-stress noncaregivers, although low-stress caregivers had significantly lower mortality than did noncaregivers, whether perceived stress or caregiving-related stress was measured (AHR=0.67 and 0.57). Similar results were observed in analyses comparing spouse caregivers with married noncaregivers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Short-term effects of stress, not caregiving per se, may increase the risk of health decline in older caregivers.
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Department, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA. lfredman@bu.edu
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fredman
authors.forename: Jane A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Cauley
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hochberg
authors.forename: Kristine E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Ensrud
authors.forename: Gheorghe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Doros
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000401:mortality*