title: An assessment of microbiological water quality of six water source categories in north-east Uganda.
abstract: Target 7C of the Millennium Development Goals is to "halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation". However, the corresponding indicator measures the "proportion of population using an improved drinking water source". This raises the question of whether "safe" and "improved" can be used interchangeably. This paper tests this hypothesis by comparing microbiological water quality in 346 different water sources across the District of Amuria in Uganda to each other and to defined standards, including the WHO drinking water standard of zero TTC per 100 ml, and the Ugandan national standard of 50 TTC per 100 ml. The water sources were grouped into six different categories: boreholes, protected springs, covered hand dug wells, open hand dug wells, open water and roofwater harvesting. The paper concludes that the ranking from the highest to the lowest microbiological quality water was: boreholes, protected springs and roofwater harvesting, open and covered hand dug wells, open water. It also concludes that sanitary surveys cannot be used to predict water quality precisely; however they are an essential component of the monitoring of safe water supplies.
authors.affiliation: Cranfield University, Centre for Water Science, Cranfield, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, UK.
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Parker
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Youlten
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dillon
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nussbaumer
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Carter
authors.forename: S F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Tyrrel
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Webster
mesh_terms: D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D005618:Fresh Water; D006801:Humans; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014454:Uganda; D014871:Water Microbiology; D014873:Water Pollutants / Q000032:analysis; D014881:Water Supply / Q000592:standards*
chemical_list: D014873:Water Pollutants