title: Conscripts of the infinite armada: systemic cancer therapy using nanomaterials.
abstract: The field of clinical nanomaterials is enlarging steadily, with more than a billion US dollars of funding allocated to research by US government agencies in the past decade. The first generation of anti-cancer agents using novel nanomaterials has successfully entered widespread use. Newer nanomaterials are garnering increasing interest as potential multifunctional therapeutic agents; these drugs are conferred novel properties, by virtue of their size and shape. The new features of these agents could potentially allow increased cancer selectivity, changes in pharmacokinetics, amplification of cytotoxic effects, and simultaneous imaging capabilities. After attachment to cancer target reactive-ligands, which interact with cell-surface antigens or receptors, these new constructs can deliver cytolytic and imaging payloads. The molecules also introduce new challenges for drug development. While nanoscale molecules are of a similar size to proteins, the paradigms for how cells, tissues and organs of the body react to the non-biological materials are not well understood, because most cellular and metabolic processes have evolved to deal with globular, enzyme degradable molecules. We discuss examples of different materials to illustrate interesting principles for development and future applications of these nanomaterial medicines with emphasis on the possible pharmacologic and safety hurdles for accomplishing therapeutic goals.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA. d-scheinberg@ski.mskcc.org
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Scheinberg
authors.forename: Carlos H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Villa
authors.forename: Freddy E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Escorcia
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: McDevitt
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000379:methods; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy*; D009423:Nervous System Neoplasms; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents