title: Long-term stability and minimal detectable change of the cervical flexion-rotation test.
abstract: METHODS
  Reliability of clinical measurements over time.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the long-term stability and minimal detectable change (MDC) of the flexion-rotation test (FRT) measurements over days in subjects with cervicogenic headache (CGH).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The FRT is used by physical therapists to assist in identifying upper cervical movement impairment, as well as to gauge treatment effectiveness. Test-retest reliability for the FRT has been reported, but the stability of range-of-motion measures taken during the FRT over time and the MDC have not been investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen subjects with CGH were evaluated on headache-free days using the FRT by a blinded examiner at baseline, 2, 4, and 14 days later. An additional 10 asymptomatic subjects were included for blinding purposes. On each occasion, the examiner measured range of motion and determined whether the FRT was positive or negative.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For subjects with CGH, there was no significant change in FRT range of motion over days (P>.05). Intraclass correlation coefficients for intratester reliability were 0.95 (95% CI: 0.90 to 0.98) and 0.97 (95% CI: 0.94 to 0.99) for right and left rotation, respectively. MDC90 was 4.7 degrees for right rotation and 7 degrees for left rotation. Examiner interpretation of the FRT was consistent over time, with kappa = 0.92.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides evidence that FRT measurements are stable over time, and the MDC90 indicates that a change in FRT range of motion of at least 7 degrees is required to be confident that a change has occurred due to an intervention rather than measurement error.
authors.affiliation: School of Physiotherapy, Curtin Innovation Health Research Institute, Curtin University of Technology, Bentley, Western Australia. halltm@netspace.net.au
authors.forename: Toby
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: Kathy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Briffa
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hopper
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Robinson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015588:Observer Variation; D010808:Physical Examination / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D051298:Post-Traumatic Headache / Q000175:diagnosis*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012399:Rotation; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult