title: CC3/TIP30 affects DNA damage repair.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The pro-apoptotic protein CC3/TIP30 has an unusual cellular function as an inhibitor of nucleocytoplasmic transport. This function is likely to be activated under conditions of stress. A number of studies support the notion that CC3 acts as a tumor and metastasis suppressor in various types of cancer. The yeast homolog of CC3 is likely to be involved in responses to DNA damage. Here we examined the potential role of CC3 in regulation of cellular responses to genotoxic stress.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that forced expression of CC3 in CC3-negative cells strongly delays the repair of UV-induced DNA damage. Exogenously introduced CC3 negatively affects expression levels of DDB2/XPE and p21CIP1, and inhibits induction of c-FOS after UV exposure. In addition, exogenous CC3 prevents the nuclear accumulation of P21CIP in response to UV. These changes in the levels/localization of relevant proteins resulting from the enforced expression of CC3 are likely to contribute to the observed delay in DNA damage repair. Silencing of CC3 in CC3-positive cells has a modest delaying effect on repair of the UV induced damage, but has a much more significant negative affect on the translesion DNA synthesis after UV exposure. This could be related to the higher expression levels and increased nuclear localization of p21CIP1 in cells where expression of CC3 is silenced. Expression of CC3 also inhibits repair of oxidative DNA damage and leads to a decrease in levels of nucleoredoxin, that could contribute to the reduced viability of CC3 expressing cells after oxidative insult.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Manipulation of the cellular levels of CC3 alters expression levels and/or subcellular localization of proteins that exhibit nucleocytoplasmic shuttling. This results in altered responses to genotoxic stress and adversely affects DNA damage repair by affecting the recruitment of adequate amounts of required proteins to proper cellular compartments. Excess of cellular CC3 has a significant negative effect on DNA repair after UV and oxidant exposure, while silencing of endogenous CC3 slightly delays repair of UV-induced damage.
authors.affiliation: BioNovo Inc, 5858 Horton Street, Emeryville 94608, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Sylvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fong
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: Emma
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Shtivelman
mesh_terms: D000123:Acetyltransferases / Q000378:metabolism*; D002470:Cell Survival; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21 / Q000378:metabolism; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000528:radiation effects; D004260:DNA Repair; D006801:Humans; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010088:Oxidoreductases / Q000378:metabolism; D011740:Pyrimidine Dimers / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays
chemical_list: D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D011740:Pyrimidine Dimers; D014157:Transcription Factors; D010088:Oxidoreductases; C105231:nucleoredoxin; D000123:Acetyltransferases; C111246:HTATIP2 protein, human