title: Dynamics of glutamatergic signaling in the mushroom body of young adult Drosophila.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The mushroom bodies (MBs) are paired brain centers located in the insect protocerebrum involved in olfactory learning and memory and other associative functions. Processes from the Kenyon cells (KCs), their intrinsic neurons, form the bulk of the MB's calyx, pedunculus and lobes. In young adult Drosophila, the last-born KCs extend their processes in the alpha/beta lobes as a thin core (alpha/beta cores) that is embedded in the surrounding matrix of other mature KC processes. A high level of L-glutamate (Glu) immunoreactivity is present in the alpha/beta cores (alpha/betac) of recently eclosed adult flies. In a Drosophila model of fragile X syndrome, the main cause of inherited mental retardation, treatment with metabotropic Glu receptor (mGluR) antagonists can rescue memory deficits and MB structural defects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To address the role of Glu signaling in the development and maturation of the MB, we have compared the time course of Glu immunoreactivity with the expression of various glutamatergic markers at various times, that is, 1 hour, 1 day and 10 days after adult eclosion. We observed that last-born alpha/betac KCs in young adult as well as developing KCs in late larva and at various pupal stages transiently express high level of Glu immunoreactivity in Drosophila. One day after eclosion, the Glu level was already markedly reduced in the alpha/betac neurons. Glial cell processes expressing glutamine synthetase and the Glu transporter dEAAT1 were found to surround the Glu-expressing KCs in very young adults, subsequently enwrapping the alpha/beta lobes to become distributed equally over the entire MB neuropil. The vesicular Glu transporter DVGluT was detected by immunostaining in processes that project within the MB lobes and pedunculus, but this transporter is apparently never expressed by the KCs themselves. The NMDA receptor subunit dNR1 is widely expressed in the MB neuropil just after eclosion, but was not detected in the alpha/betac neurons. In contrast, we provide evidence that DmGluRA, the only Drosophila mGluR, is specifically expressed in Glu-accumulating cells of the MB alpha/betac immediately and for a short time after eclosion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The distribution and dynamics of glutamatergic markers indicate that newborn KCs transiently accumulate Glu at a high level in late pupal and young eclosed Drosophila, and may locally release this amino acid by a mechanism that would not involve DVGluT. At this stage, Glu can bind to intrinsic mGluRs abundant in the alpha/betac KCs, and to NMDA receptors in the rest of the MB neuropil, before being captured and metabolized in surrounding glial cells. This suggests that Glu acts as an autocrine or paracrine agent that contributes to the structural and functional maturation of the MB during the first hours of Drosophila adult life.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Neurobiologie, CNRS UMR 7637, ESPCI ParisTech, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris cedex 5, France. isinakev@asu.edu
authors.forename: Irina
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sinakevitch
authors.forename: Yves
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Grau
authors.forename: Nicholas J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Strausfeld
authors.forename: Serge
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Birman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019898:Autocrine Communication / Q000502:physiology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002450:Cell Communication / Q000502:physiology; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000502:physiology; D004331:Drosophila melanogaster / Q000254:growth & development*; D027341:Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D005974:Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase / Q000378:metabolism; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D024521:Mushroom Bodies / Q000166:cytology / Q000254:growth & development*; D055495:Neurogenesis / Q000502:physiology*; D009457:Neuroglia / Q000378:metabolism; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*; D050496:Vesicular Glutamate Transport Proteins / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D027341:Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 1; C409466:NR1 NMDA receptor; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D050496:Vesicular Glutamate Transport Proteins; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D005974:Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase