title: Cognitive deficits and health-related quality of life in chronic heart failure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients with chronic heart failure (HF) have cognitive deficits in memory, psychomotor speed, and executive function and poor health-related quality of life (HRQL), but the association between cognitive deficits and HRQL is unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objectives of this study were to (1) evaluate the relationship between HF severity, age, comorbidities, and cognitive deficits and HRQL among patients with chronic HF and (2) examine whether cognitive deficits mediated the relationship between HF severity and HRQL.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was part of a larger explanatory study; 249 patients with HF completed face-to-face interviews.
  
  
  METHODS
  Measures of HF severity, comorbidity (multiple comorbid conditions, hypertension, and depressive symptoms), cognitive function (domains of language, working memory, memory, psychomotor speed, and executive function), and HRQL were obtained. Clinical variables were abstracted from patients' records. Statistical analyses were conducted using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficients, and multiple linear regression analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, the HRQL of patients was moderately poor. Heart failure severity, age, depressive symptoms, and total recall memory explained 55% of the variance in HRQL, but the contribution of memory was minimal (1%). Patients with more severe HF, younger age, and more depressive symptoms had poorer HRQL. Other cognitive function variables, multiple comorbidity, and hypertension were not significant explanatory variables for HRQL. Cognitive deficits did not mediate the relationship between HF severity and HRQL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Novel interventions targeted at improving HRQL continue to be urgently needed, particularly among younger patients and patients with depressive symptoms. Measures of HRQL are not sufficient as outcomes when investigating cognitive deficits in HF. Investigators need to include outcome measures of patients' actual abilities to perform daily activities and HF self-care.
authors.affiliation: University of Michigan School of Nursing, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. spressle@umich.edu
authors.forename: Susan J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Pressler
authors.forename: Usha
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Subramanian
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kareken
authors.forename: Susan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Perkins
authors.forename: Irmina
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gradus-Pizlo
authors.forename: Mary Jane
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Sauvé
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: JinShil
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sloan
authors.forename: Heather
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jaynes
authors.forename: Rose M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Shaw
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000209:etiology; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015146:Midwestern United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D008960:Models, Psychological; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires