title: 1,5-Anhydroglucitol attenuates cytokine release and protects mice with type 2 diabetes from inflammatory reactions.
abstract: 1,5-anhydroglucitol (1,5-AG) decreases in diabetic patients and is used as a marker of glycemic control. Type 2 diabetic patients are susceptibile to lipopolysaccharides (LPS), which stimulate macrophages to release large quantities of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin (IL)-6. This study examines the effects of 1,5-AG on lung inflammation induced by LPS and consequent systemic inflammation to determine whether the decrease of 1,5-AG concentration induces susceptibility to LPS. Before the challenge with LPS (1 mg/kg in vivo and 500 ng/ml in vitro), we pretreated db/db mice and RAW264.7 cells with 1,5-AG at 38.5 mg/kg and 500 microg/ml, respectively. The levels of IL-6, TNF-alpha, macrophage chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 and IL-1beta in the serum and in the cell supernatants were measured. We also measured macrophage recruitment and the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in pulmonary tissues. We found that 1,5-AG attenuated serum cytokine release and protected db/db mice from LPS-induced pulmonary inflammation. In addition, 1,5-AG suppressed cytokine release and iNOS expression by suppressing Akt/NF-kB activity in RAW264.7 cells. These results suggest that 1,5-AG may be a mediator in, as well as marker for diabetes, and 1,5-AG intake may confer tolerance to LPS in patients with type 2 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory and Vascular Medicine Cardiovascular and Respiratory Disorders Advanced Therapeutics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan.
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tancharoen
authors.forename: K-I
authors.initials: KI
authors.lastname: Kawahara
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nawa
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Taniguchi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hashiguchi
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Maruyama
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D002460:Cell Line; D016207:Cytokines / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004247:DNA / Q000378:metabolism; D003847:Deoxyglucose / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000276:immunology*; D016676:Macrophages, Alveolar / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis; D010766:Phosphorylation; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D001786:Blood Glucose; D016207:Cytokines; D016328:NF-kappa B; C006584:1,5-anhydroglucitol; D004247:DNA; D003847:Deoxyglucose; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt