title: A balance exercise program appears to improve function for patients with total knee arthroplasty: a randomized clinical trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients with total knee arthroplasty (TKA) have impaired balance and movement control. Exercise interventions have not targeted these impairments in this population.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purposes of this study were: (1) to determine the feasibility of applying a balance exercise program in patients with TKA, (2) to investigate whether a functional training (FT) program supplemented with a balance exercise program (FT+B program) could improve physical function compared with an FT program alone in a small group of individuals with TKA, and (3) to test the methods and calculate sample size for a future randomized trial with a larger study sample.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was a double-blind, pilot randomized clinical trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted in the clinical laboratory of an academic center.
  
  
  METHODS
  The participants were 43 individuals (30 female, 13 male; mean age=68 years, SD=8) who underwent TKA 2 to 6 months prior to the study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The interventions were 6 weeks (12 sessions) of a supervised FT or FT+B program, followed by a 4-month home exercise program.
  
  
  METHODS
  Feasibility measures included pain, stiffness, adherence, and attrition. The primary outcome measure was a battery of physical performance tests: self-selected gait speed, chair rise test, and single-leg stance time. Secondary outcome measures were the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index and the Lower Extremity Functional Scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Feasibility of the balance training in people with TKA was supported by high exercise adherence, a relatively low dropout rate, and no adverse events. Both groups demonstrated clinically important improvements in lower-extremity functional status. The degree of improvement seemed higher for gait speed, single-leg stance time, and stiffness in the FT+B group compared with the FT group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Due to the pilot nature of the study, differences between groups did not have adequate power to show statistical significance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a need for conducting a larger randomized controlled trial to test the effectiveness of an FT+B program after TKA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, University of Pittsburgh, 6035 Forbes Tower, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA. spiva@pitt.edu
authors.forename: Sara R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Piva
authors.forename: Alexandra B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Gil
authors.forename: Gustavo J M
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Almeida
authors.forename: Anthony M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: DiGioia
authors.forename: Timothy J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Levison
authors.forename: G Kelley
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Fitzgerald
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D019645:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010865:Pilot Projects; D004856:Postural Balance; D016896:Treatment Outcome