title: Effect of an electronic control device exposure on a methamphetamine-intoxicated animal model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Because of the prevalence of methamphetamine abuse worldwide, it is not uncommon for subjects in law enforcement encounters to be methamphetamine-intoxicated. Methamphetamine has been present in arrest-related death cases in which an electronic control device (ECD) was used. The primary purpose of this study was to determine the cardiac effects of an ECD in a methamphetamine intoxication model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen anesthetized Dorset sheep (26-78 kg) received 0.0 mg/kg (control animals, n = 4), 0.5 mg/kg (n = 4), 1.0 mg/kg (n = 4), or 1.5 mg/kg (n = 4) of methamphetamine hydrochloride as a slow intravenous (IV) bolus during continuous cardiac monitoring. The animals received the following exposures in sequence from a TASER X26 ECD beginning at 30 minutes after the administration of the drug: 1) 5-second continuous exposure, 2) 15-second intermittent exposure, 3) 30-second intermittent exposure, and 4) 40-second intermittent exposure. Darts were inserted at the sternal notch and the cardiac apex, to a depth of 9 mm. Cardiac motion was determined by thoracotomy (smaller animals, < or = 32 kg) or echocardiography (larger animals, > 68 kg). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and chi-square tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Animals given methamphetamine demonstrated signs of methamphetamine toxicity with tachycardia, hypertension, and atrial and ventricular ectopy in the 30-minute period immediately after administration of the drug. Smaller animals (n = 8, < or = 32 kg, mean = 29.4 kg) had supraventricular dysrhythmias immediately after the ECD exposures. Larger animals (n = 8, > 68 kg, mean = 72.4) had only sinus tachycardia after the exposures. One of the smaller animals had frequent episodes of ventricular ectopy after two exposures, including runs of delayed onset, nonsustained six- to eight-beat unifocal and multifocal ventricular tachycardia that spontaneously resolved. This animal had significant ectopy prior to the exposures as well. Thoracotomy performed on three smaller animals demonstrated cardiac capture during ECD exposure consistent with previous animal studies. In the larger animals, none of the methamphetamine-intoxicated animals demonstrated cardiac capture. Two control sheep showed evidence of capture similar to the smaller animals. No ventricular fibrillation occurred after the exposure in any animal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In smaller animals (32 kg or less), ECD exposure exacerbated atrial and ventricular irritability induced by methamphetamine intoxication, but this effect was not seen in larger, adult-sized animals. There were no episodes of ventricular fibrillation after exposure associated with ECD exposure in methamphetamine-intoxicated sheep.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.
authors.forename: Donald M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Dawes
authors.forename: Jeffrey D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: Jon B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Cole
authors.forename: Robert F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Reardon
authors.forename: Erik J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Lundin
authors.forename: Karen S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Terwey
authors.forename: Dan G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Falvey
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Miner
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D049628:Body Size; D001835:Body Weight; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004556:Electric Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004562:Electrocardiography; D004597:Electroshock / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D035846:Law Enforcement; D008694:Methamphetamine / Q000633:toxicity*; D011336:Probability; D011897:Random Allocation; D012016:Reference Values; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012756:Sheep; D013616:Tachycardia, Sinus / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D017180:Tachycardia, Ventricular / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D013997:Time Factors; D055986:Vital Signs; D054041:Weapons
chemical_list: D008694:Methamphetamine