title: Safety and efficacy of lithium in combination with riluzole for treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In a pilot study, lithium treatment slowed progression of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). We aimed to confirm or disprove these findings by assessing the safety and efficacy of lithium in combination with riluzole in patients with ALS.
  
  
  METHODS
  We did a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with a time-to-event design. Between January and June, 2009, patients with ALS who were taking a stable dose of riluzole for at least 30 days were randomly assigned (1:1) by a centralised computer to receive either lithium or placebo. Patients, caregivers, investigators, and all site study staff with the exception of site pharmacists were masked to treatment assignment. The primary endpoint was the time to an event, defined as a decrease of at least six points on the revised ALS functional rating scale score or death. Interim analyses were planned for when 84 patients had been allocated treatment, 6 months later or after 55 events, and after 100 events. Analysis was by intention to treat. The stopping boundary for futility at the first interim analysis was a p value of at least 0.68. We used a log-rank test to compare the distributions of the time to an event between the lithium and placebo groups. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT00818389.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At the first interim analysis, 22 of 40 patients in the lithium group had an event compared with 20 of 44 patients in the placebo group (log rank p=0.51). The hazard ratio of reaching the primary endpoint was 1.13 (95% CI 0.61-2.07). The study was stopped at the first interim analysis because criterion for futility was met (p=0.78). The difference in mean decline in the ALS functional rating scale score between the lithium group and the placebo group was 0.15 (95% CI -0.43 to 0.73, p=0.61). There were no major safety concerns. Falls (p=0.04) and back pain (p=0.05) were more common in the lithium group than in the placebo group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found no evidence that lithium in combination with riluzole slows progression of ALS more than riluzole alone. The time-to-event endpoint and use of prespecified interim analyses enabled a clear result to be obtained rapidly. This design should be considered for future trials testing the therapeutic efficacy of drugs that are easily accessible to people with ALS.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, ALS Association, and ALS Society of Canada.
authors.affiliation: Neurology Clinical Trials Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA. spaggarwal@partners.org
authors.forename: Swati P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Aggarwal
authors.forename: Lorne
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zinman
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Simpson
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McKinley
authors.forename: Katherine E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: Hanika
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pinto
authors.forename: Petra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kaufman
authors.forename: Robin A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Conwit
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schoenfeld
authors.forename: Jeremy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shefner
authors.forename: Merit
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cudkowicz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000690:Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D018450:Disease Progression; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; D006801:Humans; D057194:Intention to Treat Analysis; D008094:Lithium / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D018447:Medical Futility; D008875:Middle Aged; D018579:Patient Selection; D011379:Prognosis; D019782:Riluzole / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D019782:Riluzole; D008094:Lithium