title: Laparoscopic exploration of the common bile duct with a rigid scope in patients with problematic choledocholithiasis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The development of laparoscopic cholecystectomy as a minimally invasive approach to eliminate gallstones, in conjunction with increasingly sophisticated techniques for removal of common bile duct (CBD) stones by endoscopic sphincterotomy, has revolutionized the treatment of choledocholithiasis. We describe a new technical approach to laparoscopic exploration of the CBD after unsuccessful endoscopic stone extraction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven patients were subjected to laparoscopic exploration of the CBD with choledochotomy using a rigid scope (24-Fr nephroscope) during the last 2 years. Of these patients, 10 had unsuccessful preoperative (7 cases) or intraoperative (3 cases) stone extraction, and 1 case had a single impacted stone 2.3 cm in diameter. Five patients had a single bile duct stone and 6 patients had multiple stones. The size of the stones ranged from 9.5 to 24 mm (mean = 12.6 +/- 4 mm).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Balloon dilation of the papilla of Vater was done in all patients. Most of the stones were fractured and pushed into the duodenum with rigid grasping forceps but a lithotripter was required in 2 patients. Stone clearance was 100%; complications related to the procedure were not observed. After CBD clearance, primary closure of the choledochotomy was achieved in 10 patients. In 1 patient who had CBD perforation during a previous procedure, choledochotomy was closed over a T-tube. The mean operative time was 124 +/- 26.7 min (range = 84-165 min) and the mean postoperative hospital stay was 4 +/- 1.7 days (range = 3-7 days).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Laparoscopic exploration of the CBD with a rigid scope is an efficacious procedure in dealing with unsuccessful endoscopic stone extraction.
authors.affiliation: Deparment of Surgery, IMC Hospital, Mersin, Turkey. atekin@imchospital.com
authors.forename: Ahmet
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tekin
authors.forename: Zekai
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ogetman
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002404:Catheterization; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic / Q000379:methods*; D042883:Choledocholithiasis; D003135:Common Bile Duct; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020706:Laparoscopes; D008111:Liver Function Tests; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017211:Treatment Failure; D016896:Treatment Outcome