title: Hemoglobin-induced oxidative stress contributes to matrix metalloproteinase activation and blood-brain barrier dysfunction in vivo.
abstract: Hemoglobin (Hb) released from extravasated erythrocytes is implicated in brain edema after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Hemoglobin is a major component of blood and a potent mediator of oxidative stress after ICH. Oxidative stress and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are associated with blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction. This study was designed to elucidate whether Hb-induced oxidative stress contributes to MMP-9 activation and BBB dysfunction in vivo. An intracerebral injection of Hb into rat striata induced increased hydroethidine (HEt) signals in parallel with MMP-9 levels. In situ gelatinolytic activity colocalized with oxidized HEt signals in vessel walls, accompanied by immunoglobulin G leakage and a decrease in immunoactivity of endothelial barrier antigen, a marker of endothelial integrity. Administration of a nonselective MMP inhibitor prevented MMP-9 levels and albumin leakage in injured striata. Moreover, reduction in oxidative stress by copper/zinc-superoxide dismutase (SOD1) overexpression reduced oxidative stress, MMP-9 levels, albumin leakage, and subsequent apoptosis compared with wild-type littermates. We speculate that Hb-induced oxidative stress may contribute to early BBB dysfunction and subsequent apoptosis, partly through MMP activation, and that SOD1 overexpression may reduce Hb-induced oxidative stress, BBB dysfunction, and apoptotic cell death.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.
authors.forename: Masataka
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Katsu
authors.forename: Kuniyasu
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Niizuma
authors.forename: Hideyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yoshioka
authors.forename: Nobuya
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Okami
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sakata
authors.forename: Pak H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Chan
mesh_terms: D000418:Albumins / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier / Q000187:drug effects*; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000378:metabolism*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D000072105:Superoxide Dismutase-1
chemical_list: D000418:Albumins; D006454:Hemoglobins; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C000606292:Sod1 protein, rat; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D000072105:Superoxide Dismutase-1; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; C522363:Mmp2 protein, rat; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9