title: Gene duplication and fragmentation in the zebra finch major histocompatibility complex.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Due to its high polymorphism and importance for disease resistance, the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) has been an important focus of many vertebrate genome projects. Avian MHC organization is of particular interest because the chicken Gallus gallus, the avian species with the best characterized MHC, possesses a highly streamlined minimal essential MHC, which is linked to resistance against specific pathogens. It remains unclear the extent to which this organization describes the situation in other birds and whether it represents a derived or ancestral condition. The sequencing of the zebra finch Taeniopygia guttata genome, in combination with targeted bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) sequencing, has allowed us to characterize an MHC from a highly divergent and diverse avian lineage, the passerines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The zebra finch MHC exhibits a complex structure and history involving gene duplication and fragmentation. The zebra finch MHC includes multiple Class I and Class II genes, some of which appear to be pseudogenes, and spans a much more extensive genomic region than the chicken MHC, as evidenced by the presence of MHC genes on each of seven BACs spanning 739 kb. Cytogenetic (FISH) evidence and the genome assembly itself place core MHC genes on as many as four chromosomes with TAP and Class I genes mapping to different chromosomes. MHC Class II regions are further characterized by high endogenous retroviral content. Lastly, we find strong evidence of selection acting on sites within passerine MHC Class I and Class II genes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The zebra finch MHC differs markedly from that of the chicken, the only other bird species with a complete genome sequence. The apparent lack of synteny between TAP and the expressed MHC Class I locus is in fact reminiscent of a pattern seen in some mammalian lineages and may represent convergent evolution. Our analyses of the zebra finch MHC suggest a complex history involving chromosomal fission, gene duplication and translocation in the history of the MHC in birds, and highlight striking differences in MHC structure and organization among avian lineages.
authors.affiliation: Department of Organismic & Evolutionary Biology, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. cbala@igb.uiuc.edu
authors.forename: Christopher N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Balakrishnan
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ekblom
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Völker
authors.forename: Helena
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Westerdahl
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Godinez
authors.forename: Holly
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kotkiewicz
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Burt
authors.forename: Tina
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Graves
authors.forename: Darren K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Griffin
authors.forename: Wesley C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Warren
authors.forename: Scott V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Edwards
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D015139:Blotting, Southern; D022202:Chromosomes, Artificial, Bacterial; D053938:DNA Fragmentation; D046369:Finches / Q000235:genetics*; D020440:Gene Duplication; D016678:Genome / Q000235:genetics*; D023281:Genomics; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008285:Major Histocompatibility Complex / Q000235:genetics*; D008957:Models, Genetic; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA