title: Urinary biomarkers for the early diagnosis of kidney cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the hypothesis that increased tumor expression of proteins such as aquaporin-1 (AQP1) and adipophilin (ADFP) in patients with renal cancer would result in increased urine AQP1 and ADFP excretion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prenephrectomy and postnephrectomy (pseudocontrol) urine samples were collected from 42 patients with an incidental radiographically discovered renal mass and presurgical presumptive diagnosis of kidney cancer from July 8, 2008, through March 10, 2009. Also enrolled were 15 control patients who underwent nonrenal surgery and 19 healthy volunteers. Urine AQP1 and ADFP concentrations normalized to urine creatinine were determined by sensitive and specific Western blot assays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean +/- SD preexcision urine AQP1 and ADFP concentrations (76+/-29 and 117+/-74 arbitrary units, respectively) in patients with a pathologic diagnosis of clear cell (n=22) or papillary (n=10) cancer were significantly greater than in patients with renal cancer of nonproximal tubule origin, control surgical patients, and healthy volunteers (combined values of 0.1+/-0.1 and 1.0+/-1.6 arbitrary units, respectively; n=44; P<.001). The AQP1 and ADFP concentrations decreased 88% to 97% in the 25 patients with clear cell or papillary cancer who provided postnephrectomy follow-up urine samples. In patients with clear cell and papillary carcinoma, a linear correlation (Spearman) was found between tumor size and preexcision urine AQP1 or ADFP concentration (r=0.82 and 0.76, respectively; P<.001 for each).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Urine AQP1 and ADFP concentrations appear to be sensitive and specific biomarkers of kidney cancers of proximal tubule origin. These biomarkers may be useful to diagnose an imaged renal mass and screen for kidney cancer at an early stage.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00851994.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Campus Box 8054, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave, St Louis, MO 63110-1093, USA.
authors.forename: Jeremiah J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Morrissey
authors.forename: Amy N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: London
authors.forename: Jingqin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: Evan D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Kharasch
mesh_terms: D018249:Adenoma, Oxyphilic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000652:urine; D051398:Aquaporin 1 / Q000652:urine*; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000652:urine*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002291:Carcinoma, Papillary / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000652:urine; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000652:urine; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000652:urine; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D008875:Middle Aged; D009392:Nephrectomy; D010455:Peptides / Q000652:urine*; D000070780:Perilipin-2; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012372:ROC Curve
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D008565:Membrane Proteins; C000602982:PLIN2 protein, human; D010455:Peptides; D000070780:Perilipin-2; D051398:Aquaporin 1; D003404:Creatinine