title: Facilitative plasma membrane transporters function during ER transit.
abstract: Although biochemical studies suggested a high permeability of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane for small molecules, proteomics identified few specialized ER transporters. To test functionality of transporters during ER passage, we tested whether glucose transporters (GLUTs, SGLTs) destined for the plasma membrane are active during ER transit. HepG2 cells were characterized by low-affinity ER transport activity, suggesting that ER uptake is protein mediated. The much-reduced capacity of HEK293T cells to take up glucose across the plasma membrane correlated with low ER transport. Ectopic expression of GLUT1, -2, -4, or -9 induced GLUT isoform-specific ER transport activity in HEK293T cells. In contrast, the Na(+)-glucose cotransporter SGLT1 mediated efficient plasma membrane glucose transport but no detectable ER uptake, probably because of lack of a sufficient sodium gradient across the ER membrane. In conclusion, we demonstrate that GLUTs are sufficient for mediating ER glucose transport en route to the plasma membrane. Because of the low volume of the ER, trace amounts of these uniporters contribute to ER solute import during ER transit, while uniporters and cation-coupled transporters carry out export from the ER, together potentially explaining the low selectivity of ER transport. Expression levels and residence time of transporters in the ER, as well as their coupling mechanisms, could be key determinants of ER permeability.
authors.affiliation: Carnegie Institution for Science, Department of Plant Biology, Stanford, California, USA.
authors.forename: Hitomi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Takanaga
authors.forename: Wolf B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Frommer
mesh_terms: D001692:Biological Transport; D004721:Endoplasmic Reticulum / Q000378:metabolism*; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D051246:Glucose Transport Proteins, Facilitative / Q000378:metabolism; D056945:Hep G2 Cells; D006801:Humans; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D009004:Monosaccharide Transport Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D010539:Permeability; D021381:Protein Transport
chemical_list: D051246:Glucose Transport Proteins, Facilitative; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D009004:Monosaccharide Transport Proteins; D005947:Glucose