title: Maternal body mass index and congenital anomaly risk: a cohort study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the association between maternal body mass index (BMI) and major, structural congenital anomalies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cohort study using prospectively collected data.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data on all singleton pregnancies booked at five maternity units in the north of England between 01 January 2003 and 31 December 2005 and data on congenital anomalies notified to the Northern Congenital Abnormality Survey were linked using key variables. Maternal pre-gestational diabetic status was derived from the Northern Diabetes in Pregnancy Survey. Adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated by maximum-likelihood logistic regression models, with missing values modelled as explicit categories.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a total of 41,013 singleton pregnancies during the study period, of which 682 were affected by a structural congenital anomaly, a total prevalence of 166 (95% CI: 154, 179) per 10,000 registered births. Overall, the risk of a congenital anomaly was significantly increased among the maternal underweight (BMI <or= 18.5 kg m(-2); aOR = 1.60, 95% CI: 1.09, 2.36; P = 0.02) and maternal obese groups (BMI <or = 30 kg m(-2); aOR = 1.30, 95% CI: 1.03, 1.63; P = 0.03), but not for maternal overweight (BMI = 25-29.9 kg m(-2); aOR = 0.85, 95% CI: 0.68, 1.06; P=0.15), compared with mothers of recommended BMI. Maternal obesity was associated with significantly increased risk of ventricular septal defect (aOR=1.56, 95% CI: 1.01, 2.40; P = 0.04), cleft lip (aOR = 3.71, 95% CI: 1.05, 13.10; P = 0.04) and eye anomalies (aOR = 11.36, 95% CI: 2.25, 57.28; P=0.003). Maternal underweight was associated with significantly increased risks of atrial septal defect (aOR = 2.86, 95% CI: 1.18, 6.96; P=0.02), genital anomalies (aOR = 6.30, 95% CI: 1.58, 25.08; P = 0.009) and hypospadias (aOR = 8.77, 95% CI: 1.42, 54.29; P = 0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found an overall increased risk of congenital anomalies in women who are obese and women who are underweight compared with women of recommended weight. Women should be made aware of these risks and supported to optimize their weight before pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: [1] Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, UK [2] Regional Maternity Survey Office, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, UK.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rankin
authors.forename: P W G
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Tennant
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Stothard
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bythell
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Summerbell
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bell
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013851:Thinness / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D055815:Young Adult