title: Can we predict vesicovaginal or rectovaginal fistula formation in patients with stage IVA cervical cancer?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients with cervical carcinoma that invade the bladder or rectum (International Federation of Obstetrics and Gynecology stage IVA) have a high risk to develop vesicovaginal and/or rectovaginal fistulae. If we could identify pretreatment factors that predict fistula formation, these patients could be offered less debilitating treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were retrieved from the database of consecutive patients diagnosed with stage IVA cervical cancer from 1992 to 2008. Overall survival and fistula-free survival were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were used to study the association between pretreatment prognostic variables and fistula formation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty patients with stage IVA cervical cancer were diagnosed. Extension to the bladder was present in 27 patients; three patients had only rectal involvement. Twenty-three patients (77%) had curative radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy and/or hyperthermia. Seven patients (23%) received only palliative therapy or no treatment at all. The 5-year overall survival in the curatively treated group was 42%. Five (22%) of these 23 patients developed one or more fistulae: 3 vesicovaginal, 1 rectovaginal, and 1 vesicovaginal and rectovaginal fistulae. The 5-year fistula-free survival of this group was 64%. No significant association was found between the prognostic variables and fistula formation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The risk to develop vesicovaginal and/or rectovaginal fistulae is high after curative radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy and/or hyperthermia in patients with stage IVA cervical cancer. We could not identify further pretreatment factors that might have predicted fistula formation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecological Oncology, Academic Medical Centre, P.O. Box 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, the Netherlands. p.biewenga@amc.uva.nl
authors.forename: Petra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Biewenga
authors.forename: Meike A Q
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Mutsaerts
authors.forename: Lukas J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Stalpers
authors.forename: Marrije R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Buist
authors.forename: Marten S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Schilthuis
authors.forename: Jacobus
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van der Velden
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D012006:Rectovaginal Fistula / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000473:pathology; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D014719:Vesicovaginal Fistula / Q000175:diagnosis*