title: Inhibition of mTOR by rapamycin abolishes cognitive deficits and reduces amyloid-beta levels in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Reduced TOR signaling has been shown to significantly increase lifespan in a variety of organisms [1], [2], [3], [4]. It was recently demonstrated that long-term treatment with rapamycin, an inhibitor of the mTOR pathway[5], or ablation of the mTOR target p70S6K[6] extends lifespan in mice, possibly by delaying aging. Whether inhibition of the mTOR pathway would delay or prevent age-associated disease such as AD remained to be determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We used rapamycin administration and behavioral tools in a mouse model of AD as well as standard biochemical and immunohistochemical measures in brain tissue to provide answers for this question. Here we show that long-term inhibition of mTOR by rapamycin prevented AD-like cognitive deficits and lowered levels of Abeta(42), a major toxic species in AD[7], in the PDAPP transgenic mouse model. These data indicate that inhibition of the mTOR pathway can reduce Abeta(42) levels in vivo and block or delay AD in mice. As expected from the inhibition of mTOR, autophagy was increased in neurons of rapamycin-treated transgenic, but not in non-transgenic, PDAPP mice, suggesting that the reduction in Abeta and the improvement in cognitive function are due in part to increased autophagy, possibly as a response to high levels of Abeta.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that inhibition of mTOR by rapamycin, an intervention that extends lifespan in mice, can slow or block AD progression in a transgenic mouse model of the disease. Rapamycin, already used in clinical settings, may be a potentially effective therapeutic agent for the treatment of AD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America.
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Spilman
authors.forename: Natalia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Podlutskaya
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Hart
authors.forename: Jayanta
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Debnath
authors.forename: Olivia
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Gorostiza
authors.forename: Dale
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bredesen
authors.forename: Arlan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.forename: Randy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Strong
authors.forename: Veronica
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Galvan
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides / Q000032:analysis / Q000187:drug effects*; D000818:Animals; D001343:Autophagy; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D051379:Mice; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D020123:Sirolimus / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*
chemical_list: D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; C546843:mTOR protein, mouse; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; D020123:Sirolimus