title: Social influences among young drivers on talking on the mobile phone while driving.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study set out to measure the influence of injunctive, subjective, verbal, and behavioral norms on talking on a mobile phone while driving. In particular it examines social influences that have been neglected in past research, namely, injunctive norms and explicit verbal and behavioral norms communicated by law enforcers with regard to using a mobile phone when driving. All four types of social norms have rarely been used in studies of this social phenomenon, except for occasional exceptions drawing on Ajzen's theory of planned behavior, which addresses only one: subjective norms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Regression analysis of data collected from young drivers from 217 questionnaires is used to predict the intention of motorists to continue talking on their mobile phones while driving. Selective interaction effects, the purpose of the call, and injunctive and subjective norms were included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results show that the explicit verbal and behavioral law enforcement norms, the subjective norms, and the interaction of the injunctive norm with the purpose of the call are significant predictors of the unlawful behavior.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results taken together seem to imply that social marketing is likely to encounter difficulty in changing behavior because the subjective norm (what others think I should do) coupled with the lack of enforcement (verbal norms) play important roles in maintaining the unlawful behavior. Moreover, the perception that talking on the mobile phone while driving is acceptable behavior (injunctive norm) in conjunction with the purpose of the call create further challenges to social marketers. The results have implications on policy makers and enforcers. Law enforcers should do their job to prevent the wrong behavior in the first place. In addition, campaigns may be directed to convince the target audience about the false norms and use persuasive communication to emphasize the potential costs of maintaining the unlawful behavior.
authors.affiliation: Kuwait-Maastricht Business School, Salmiya, Kuwait. hernan@kmbs.edu.kw
authors.forename: Hernan E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Riquelme
authors.forename: Fawaz Saleh
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Al-Sammak
authors.forename: Rosa E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Rios
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000523:psychology*; D040421:Cell Phone / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D033182:Intention; D035846:Law Enforcement; D008297:Male; D011582:Psychological Theory; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012919:Social Behavior; D012945:Social Values; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult