title: An integrated machine learning approach for predicting DosR-regulated genes in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  DosR is an important regulator of the response to stress such as limited oxygen availability in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Time course gene expression data enable us to dissect this response on the gene regulatory level. The mRNA expression profile of a regulator, however, is not necessarily a direct reflection of its activity. Knowing the transcription factor activity (TFA) can be exploited to predict novel target genes regulated by the same transcription factor. Various approaches have been proposed to reconstruct TFAs from gene expression data. Most of them capture only a first-order approximation to the complex transcriptional processes by assuming linear gene responses and linear dynamics in TFA, or ignore the temporal information in data from such systems.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this paper, we approach the problem of inferring dynamic hidden TFAs using Gaussian processes (GP). We are able to model dynamic TFAs and to account for both linear and nonlinear gene responses. To test the validity of the proposed approach, we reconstruct the hidden TFA of p53, a tumour suppressor activated by DNA damage, using published time course gene expression data. Our reconstructed TFA is closer to the experimentally determined profile of p53 concentration than that from the original study. We then apply the model to time course gene expression data obtained from chemostat cultures of M. tuberculosis under reduced oxygen availability. After estimation of the TFA of DosR based on a number of known target genes using the GP model, we predict novel DosR-regulated genes: the parameters of the model are interpreted as relevance parameters indicating an existing functional relationship between TFA and gene expression. We further improve the prediction by integrating promoter sequence information in a logistic regression model. Apart from the documented DosR-regulated genes, our prediction yields ten novel genes under direct control of DosR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chemostat cultures are an ideal experimental system for controlling noise and variability when monitoring the response of bacterial organisms such as M. tuberculosis to finely controlled changes in culture conditions and available metabolites. Nonlinear hidden TFA dynamics of regulators can be reconstructed remarkably well with Gaussian processes from such data. Moreover, estimated parameters of the GP can be used to assess whether a gene is controlled by the reconstructed TFA or not. It is straightforward to combine these parameters with further information, such as the presence of binding motifs, to increase prediction accuracy.
authors.affiliation: School of Crystallography, Birkbeck College, University of London, Malet Street, London, WC1E 7HX, UK.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Kim A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Hatch
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bacon
authors.forename: Lorenz
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wernisch
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D019295:Computational Biology / Q000379:methods; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D008957:Models, Genetic; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000378:metabolism*; D016011:Normal Distribution; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D049490:Systems Biology; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C542863:DosR protein, Mycobacterium tuberculosis; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D011494:Protein Kinases; D010100:Oxygen