title: Long-term clinical consequences of intense, uninterrupted endurance training in olympic athletes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to assess incidence of cardiac events and/or left ventricular (LV) dysfunction in athletes exposed to strenuous and uninterrupted training for extended periods of time.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Whether highly intensive and uninterrupted athletic conditioning over a long period of time might be responsible for cardiac events and/or LV dysfunction is unresolved.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed clinical profile and cardiac dimensions and function in 114 Olympic athletes (78% male; mean age 22 +/- 4 years), free of cardiovascular disease, participating in endurance disciplines, who experienced particularly intensive and uninterrupted training for 2 to 5 consecutive Olympic Games (total, 344 Olympic events), over a 4- to 17-year-period (mean 8.6 +/- 3 years).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over the extended period of training and competition, no cardiac events or new diagnoses of cardiomyopathies occurred in the 114 Olympic athletes. Global LV systolic function was unchanged (ejection fraction: 62 +/- 5% to 63 +/- 5%; p = NS), and wall motion abnormalities were absent. In addition, LV volumes (142 +/- 26 ml to 144 +/- 25 ml; p = 0.52) and LV mass index (109 +/- 21 g/m(2) to 110 +/- 22 g/m(2); p = 0.74) were unchanged, and LV filling patterns remained within normal limits, although left atrial dimension showed a mild increase (37.8 +/- 3.7 mm to 38.9 +/- 3.2 mm; p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In young Olympic athletes, extreme and uninterrupted endurance training over long periods of time (up to 17 years) was not associated with deterioration in LV function, significant changes in LV morphology, or occurrence of cardiovascular symptoms or events.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Sports Medicine and Science, Italian National Olympic Committee, Rome, Italy. antonio.pelliccia@coni.it
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pelliccia
authors.forename: Norimitsu
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kinoshita
authors.forename: Cataldo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pisicchio
authors.forename: Filippo
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Quattrini
authors.forename: Fernando M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Dipaolo
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ciardo
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Di Giacinto
authors.forename: Emanuele
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Guerra
authors.forename: Elvira
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: De Blasiis
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Casasco
authors.forename: Franco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Culasso
authors.forename: Barry J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Maron
mesh_terms: D056352:Athletes; D009202:Cardiomyopathies / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D004452:Echocardiography; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D010807:Physical Endurance / Q000502:physiology*; D012016:Reference Values; D012307:Risk Factors; D013177:Sports / Q000502:physiology*; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult