title: Traumatic experiences and post-traumatic stress disorder among elderly Germans: results of a representative population-based survey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Only a few population-based studies on the epidemiology of post-traumatic stress disorders (PTSDs) are available to date. Most of the existing studies are from the U.S.A. Against the background of World War II, the extent and long-term effects of war-related traumatic experiences in the German elderly population are of special interest. Nevertheless, population-based data on this topic are lacking to date.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study examines the occurrence of traumatic experiences and the prevalence rates of PTSD according to DSM-IV and of partial PTSD in a randomly selected sample of the German general population aged 60 years and over (N = 814) using self-rating instruments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PTSD is apparent in 3.4%; when partial post-traumatic stress syndromes are included, a total of 7.2% of the aged population are involved. The most common individual symptoms resulting from war-induced trauma are avoidance of thoughts and feelings, sleep disturbances, distressing dreams and intrusive thoughts. The most frequently mentioned traumatic experiences of the generation examined in this study were war-related trauma experienced as children or in early adulthood during World War II. As a person's age increases, so does the prevalence of war-related traumatic experiences. There are some gender differences in traumatic experiences, but not in post-traumatic symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results emphasize the importance of war-related traumatic experiences from World War II in the German elderly population and their impact on the prevalence of PTSD more than 60 years later.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany. Heide.Glaesmer@medizin.uni-leipzig.de
authors.forename: Heide
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Glaesmer
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gunzelmann
authors.forename: Elmar
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Braehler
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Forstmeier
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maercker
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011159:Population Surveillance / Q000379:methods; D015995:Prevalence; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D047789:World War II