title: An experimental study on the self-report of acupuncture needle sensation during deep needling with bi-directional rotation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Traditionally, acupuncturists manipulate needles to enhance sensations referred to as de qi or 'acupuncture needle sensation'. Acupuncture needle sensations are complex and quantifying the experience has been difficult. The aim of this crossover study was to measure self-reported needle sensation during deep and bi-directional rotated needling in 15 healthy volunteers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Each participant received an experimental intervention consisting of superficial needling followed by deep needling and then deep needling with bi-directional rotation. The control intervention consisted of superficial needling, followed by mock deep needling and then mock bi-directional rotation of the needle. The intensity of overall needle sensation was measured using a visual analogue scale (VAS). The subjective acupuncture sensation scale was used to capture component sensations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  VAS scores were higher during 'deep' needle penetration when compared to superficial needling with mock deep insertion (p=0.0002). VAS scores were also higher during deep needling with bi-directional rotation compared to superficial needling with mock bi-directional rotation (p<0.0001). There were higher scores for total component sensation scores and for the sensation of throbbing during the deep needling with bi-directional rotation (p=0.001) when compared to superficial needling with mock bi-directional rotation. Tentative evidence that bi-directional needle rotation generated stabbing, tingling, heaviness, soreness and aching was also found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bi-directional rotation of a needle inserted into deep soft tissue produced higher acupuncture needle sensation intensities when compared to superficial needle insertion with mock deep penetration and bi-directional rotation.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health, Leeds Metropolitan University, Civic Quarter, Leeds LS1 3HE, UK. a.benham@leedsmet.ac.uk
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Benham
authors.forename: Gillian
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: Mark I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D015669:Acupuncture Points; D015670:Acupuncture Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation*; D000328:Adult; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009339:Needles / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011434:Proprioception / Q000502:physiology*; D012016:Reference Values; D012107:Research Design; D012867:Skin / Q000294:innervation*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires