title: Systematic review: accuracy of anti-citrullinated Peptide antibodies for diagnosing rheumatoid arthritis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Early recognition and treatment of rheumatoid arthritis is important to prevent irreversible joint damage. Anti-citrullinated peptide antibodies (ACPA) have been suggested for early diagnosis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare the accuracy of ACPA and rheumatoid factor in diagnosing rheumatoid arthritis in patients with early symptoms of the disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  10 medical databases from inception to September 2009, with no language or publication restrictions, and references of included studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two independent reviewers screened searches. Full articles were assessed by one reviewer and checked by a second reviewer to identify studies that reported 2 x 2 data on ACPA for the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis (by 1987 American College of Rheumatology criteria).
  
  
  METHODS
  One reviewer abstracted data on patient characteristics, ACPA details, and 2 x 2 data and assessed study quality by using the QUADAS tool. A second reviewer checked extractions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  151 studies were included, with considerable heterogeneity in sensitivity (range, 12% to 93%) and specificity (range, 63% to 100%). In cohort studies that investigated second-generation anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies (anti-CCP2) in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (<2 years), summary sensitivity and specificity were 57% (95% CI, 51% to 63%) and 96% (CI, 93% to 97%), respectively. Case-control and cross-sectional studies and studies of patients with established rheumatoid arthritis all overestimated sensitivity. Anti-CCP2 had greater specificity than rheumatoid factor (96% vs. 86%), with similar sensitivity. Evidence was insufficient to ascertain whether the combination of anti-CCP2 and rheumatoid factor provides additional benefit over anti-CCP2 alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most studies used a diagnostic case-control design, which overestimated sensitivity. Items relating to study quality were rarely reported. Publication bias could not be assessed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Anti-CCP2 should be included in the work-up of patients with early symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol BS8 2PS, United Kingdom. penny.whiting@bristol.ac.uk
authors.forename: Penny F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Whiting
authors.forename: Nynke
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Smidt
authors.forename: Jonathan A C
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Sterne
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Harbord
authors.forename: Anya
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Burton
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Burke
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Beynon
authors.forename: Yoav
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ben-Shlomo
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Axford
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dieppe
mesh_terms: D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000276:immunology; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic / Q000276:immunology*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic; C487763:cyclic citrullinated peptide