title: Seeing gray when feeling blue? Depression can be measured in the eye of the diseased.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Everyday language relates depressed mood to visual phenomena. Previous studies point to a reduced sensitivity of subjective contrast perception in depressed patients. One way to assess visual contrast perception in an objective way at the level of the retina is to measure the pattern electroretinogram (PERG). To find an objective correlate of reduced contrast perception, we measured the PERG in healthy control subjects and unmedicated and medicated patients with depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty patients with a diagnosis of major depression (20 with and 20 without medication) and 40 matched healthy subjects were studied. Visual PERGs were recorded from both eyes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Unmedicated and medicated depressed patients displayed dramatically lower retinal contrast gain. We found a strong and significant correlation between contrast gain and severity of depression. This marker distinguishes most patients on a single-case basis from control subjects. A receiver operating characteristic analysis revealed a specificity of 92.5% and a sensitivity of 77.5% for classifying the participants correctly.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because PERG recording does not depend on subjective ratings, this marker may be an objective correlate of depression in human beings. If replicated, PERG may be helpful in further animal and human research in depression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Emanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bubl
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kern
authors.forename: Dieter
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ebert
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bach
authors.forename: Ludger
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tebartz van Elst
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004056:Differential Threshold / Q000502:physiology*; D004596:Electroretinography; D006801:Humans; D018579:Patient Selection; D012372:ROC Curve; D012160:Retina / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014794:Visual Fields / Q000502:physiology; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology*