title: Topical delivery of interferon alpha by biphasic vesicles: evidence for a novel nanopathway across the stratum corneum.
abstract: Noninvasive delivery of macromolecules across intact skin is challenging but would allow for needle-free administration of many pharmaceuticals. Biphasic vesicles, a novel lipid-based topical delivery system, have been shown to deliver macromolecules into the skin. Investigation of the delivery mechanism of interferon alpha (IFN alpha), as a model protein, by biphasic vesicles could improve understanding of molecular transport through the stratum corneum and allow for the design of more effective delivery systems. The interaction of biphasic vesicles with human skin and isolated stratum corneum membrane was investigated by confocal microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS and WAXS). Confocal microscopy revealed that biphasic vesicles delivered IFN alpha intercellularly, to a depth of 70 microm, well below the stratum corneum and into the viable epidermis. DSC and SAXS/WAXS data suggest that the interaction of biphasic vesicles with SC lipids resulted in the formation of a three-dimensional cubic Pn3m polymorphic phase by the molecular rearrangement of intercellular lipids. This cubic phase could be an intercellular permeation nanopathway that may explain the increased delivery of IFN alpha by biphasic vesicles. Liposomes and submicrometer emulsion (the individual building blocks of biphasic vesicles) separately and methylcellulose gel, an alternative topical vehicle, did not induce a cubic phase and delivered low amounts of IFN alpha below the stratum corneum. Molecular modeling of the cubic Pn3m phase and lamellar-to-cubic phase transitions provides a plausible mechanism for transport of IFN alpha. It is hypothesized that induction of a Pn3m cubic phase in stratum corneum lipids could make dermal and transdermal delivery of other macromolecules also possible.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada. foldvari@uwaterloo.ca
authors.forename: Marianna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Foldvari
authors.forename: Ildiko
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Badea
authors.forename: Shawn
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wettig
authors.forename: Damian
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Baboolal
authors.forename: Praveen
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: A Louise
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Creagh
authors.forename: Charles A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Haynes
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D002152:Calorimetry, Differential Scanning; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D016898:Interferon-alpha / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D008055:Lipids / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D012542:Scattering, Radiation; D053838:Scattering, Small Angle; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D016898:Interferon-alpha; D008055:Lipids