title: Combination of DEC plus aspirin induced mitochondrial mediated apoptosis in filarial parasite Setaria cervi.
abstract: Diethylcarbamazine (DEC) is the main drug used against lymphatic filariasis but it is only microfilaricidal. Hence there is an urgent need for adulticidal drug. Aspirin is known nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs which can inhibit prostaglandin H synthase and also induces apoptosis. Studies presented in this paper demonstrated that exposure of worms to the combination of DEC plus aspirin (DEC + A) at 100 microM concentration irreversibly paralyzed adult worms as well as microfilariae within 2 h. Some of the apoptosis markers viz; DNA fragmentation with accompanying ladder formation, upregulation of Bax expression and decrease in Bcl-2 have suggested that the parasite may be killed due to mitochondrial mediated apoptosis. The levels of several apoptosis regulating proteins and enzymes have also shown to be altered. DEC + A treated worms showed significant decrease in prostaglandin H synthase activity (PGHS) and increase in the level of nitric oxide (NO) and cysteine proteases while glutathione (GSH) and peroxidase level was found to be decreased. NO is known inducer of mitochondrial mediated apoptosis and acts by increasing the permeability of mitochondrial membrane through Bax and allowing cytochrome c to release in cytosol, inducing caspases leading to apoptosis. The DEC + A concentration used in this study is much lower than recommended dose so its intake is safe. Here we report for the first time that combination of DEC and aspirin is more effective and could be used as an adulticidal for control of human filarial infections.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India.
authors.forename: Alka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Sushma
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rathaur
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D001241:Aspirin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004049:Diethylcarbamazine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004347:Drug Interactions; D005260:Female; D005369:Filaricides / Q000494:pharmacology; D005370:Filarioidea / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism*; D009068:Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000378:metabolism; D017027:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases / Q000378:metabolism; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000975:Antioxidants; D005369:Filaricides; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D017027:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases; D001241:Aspirin; D004049:Diethylcarbamazine