title: Closer correlation of cadmium in urine than that of cadmium in blood with tubular dysfunction markers in urine among general women populations in Japan.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objectives of the present study are to investigate whether cadmium in blood (Cd-B) and cadmium in urine (Cd-U) correlate with each other irrespective of age among general populations and which one of Cd-B or Cd-U correlates more closely with three renal tubular dysfunction markers in urine of α₁-microglobulin (α₁-MG-U), β₂-microglobulin (β₂-MG-U) and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG-U).
  
  
  METHODS
  Data on two exposure markers (Cd-B and Cd-U) and three effect markers (α₁-MG-U, β₂-MG-U and NAG-U) were collected for 1,403 adult women in non-polluted areas all over Japan. Possible significance of correlation between the parameters and dependency on age was examined by simple and multiple regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both Cd-B and Cd-U increased as a function of age. The two exposure markers correlated significantly with each other, and the Cd-U over Cd-B ratio also increased as a function of age. Although both Cd-B and Cd-U correlated significantly with the three effect markers, the correlation was closer for Cd-U than for Cd-B.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cd-U rather than Cd-B should be recommended as an exposure marker of choice in Cd biological monitoring of general populations. Effects of aging should be taken into account when evaluating study results.
authors.affiliation: Kyoto Industrial Health Association (Main Office), 67 Nishinokyo-Kitatsuboicho, Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto 604-8472, Japan. ikeda@kyotokojohokenkai.or.jp
authors.forename: Masayuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ikeda
authors.forename: Fumiko
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ohashi
authors.forename: Yoshinari
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fukui
authors.forename: Sonoko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sakuragi
authors.forename: Jiro
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moriguchi
mesh_terms: D000118:Acetylglucosaminidase / Q000652:urine*; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000510:Alpha-Globulins / Q000652:urine*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D002104:Cadmium / Q000097:blood* / Q000652:urine*; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine; D004787:Environmental Pollution; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D007684:Kidney Tubules / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic; D055815:Young Adult; D001613:beta 2-Microglobulin / Q000652:urine*
chemical_list: D000510:Alpha-Globulins; D015415:Biomarkers; C016001:alpha-1-microglobulin; D001613:beta 2-Microglobulin; D002104:Cadmium; D003404:Creatinine; D000118:Acetylglucosaminidase