title: Phenotypic covariance of longevity, immunity and stress resistance in the caenorhabditis nematodes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ageing, immunity and stresstolerance are inherent characteristics of all organisms. In animals, these traits are regulated, at least in part, by forkhead transcription factors in response to upstream signals from the Insulin/Insulin-like growth factor signalling (IIS) pathway. In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, these phenotypes are molecularly linked such that activation of the forkhead transcription factor DAF-16 both extends lifespan and simultaneously increases immunity and stress resistance. It is known that lifespan varies significantly among the Caenorhabditis species but, although DAF-16 signalling is highly conserved, it is unclear whether this phenotypic linkage occurs in other species. Here we investigate this phenotypic covariance by comparing longevity, stress resistance and immunity in four Caenorhabditis species.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We show using phenotypic analysis of DAF-16 influenced phenotypes that among four closely related Caenorhabditis nematodes, the gonochoristic species (Caenorhabditis remanei and Caenorhabditis brenneri) have diverged significantly with a longer lifespan, improved stress resistance and higher immunity than the hermaphroditic species (C. elegans and Caenorhabditis briggsae). Interestingly, we also observe significant differences in expression levels between the daf-16 homologues in these species using Real-Time PCR, which positively correlate with the observed phenotypes. Finally, we provide additional evidence in support of a role for DAF-16 in regulating phenotypic coupling by using a combination of wildtype isolates, constitutively active daf-16 mutants and bioinformatic analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The gonochoristic species display a significantly longer lifespan (p<0.0001) and more robust immune and stress response (p<0.0001, thermal stress; p<0.01, heavy metal stress; p<0.0001, pathogenic stress) than the hermaphroditic species. Our data suggests that divergence in DAF-16 mediated phenotypes may underlie many of the differences observed between these four species of Caenorhabditis nematodes. These findings are further supported by the correlative higher daf-16 expression levels among the gonochoristic species and significantly higher lifespan, immunity and stress tolerance in the constitutively active daf-16 hermaphroditic mutants.
authors.affiliation: School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Francis R G
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Amrit
authors.forename: Claudia M L
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Boehnisch
authors.forename: Robin C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: May
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002107:Caenorhabditis / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology*; D029742:Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; D007109:Immunity; D008136:Longevity; D010641:Phenotype; D013045:Species Specificity; D013312:Stress, Physiological; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D029742:Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; D014157:Transcription Factors; C108831:daf-16 protein, C elegans