title: Low-field magnetic resonance imaging: increased safety for pacemaker patients?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The number of low-field (<0.5 T) magnetic resonance (MR) scanners installed worldwide is increasing due to a favourable cost and safety profile and improved patient comfort using an open-scanner design. Therefore, the aim of our study was to evaluate a strategy for the safe performance of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at a field strength of 0.2 T, in pacemaker (PM) patients without limitations on scan region, PM dependency, or the presence of abandoned leads.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred and fourteen PM patients, including PM-dependent patients and patients with abandoned leads, examined at a 0.2 T MR scanner due to an urgent clinical need for an MRI examination, were evaluated. All PMs were reprogrammed before MRI: if heart rate was <60 bpm, the asynchronous mode (with a rate of 80 bpm) was programmed to avoid MR-induced inhibition; if heart rate was >60 bpm, sense-only mode (ODO/OVO/OAO) was used to avoid MR-induced competitive pacing and potential proarrhythmia. Patients were monitored with electrocardiogram (ECG) and pulse oximetry. All PMs were interrogated before and after MRI, including measurement of lead impedance, pacing capture threshold (PCT), and battery voltage. All MRI scans were completed safely. No induction of arrhythmias or inhibition of PM output occurred. There were no statistically significant changes in lead impedance, PCT, or battery voltage (P>0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low-field MRI of PM patients, including high-risk PM patients and MRI scan regions, can be performed with an acceptable risk-benefit ratio under controlled conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund Freud Street 25, Bonn 53105, Germany.
authors.forename: Katharina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Strach
authors.forename: Claas Philip
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Naehle
authors.forename: Artur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mühlsteffen
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hinz
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bernstein
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Linhart
authors.forename: Carsten
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: Sascha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bitaraf
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schild
authors.forename: Torsten
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sommer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001822:Body Burden; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D051598:Whole Body Imaging; D014915:Whole-Body Counting