Predicting outcome in computerized cognitive behavioral therapy for depression in primary care: A randomized trial.
OBJECTIVE
To explore pretreatment and short-term improvement variables as potential moderators and predictors of 12-month follow-up outcome of unsupported online computerized cognitive behavioral therapy (CCBT), usual care, and CCBT combined with usual care for depression.


METHODS
Three hundred and three depressed patients were randomly allocated to (a) unsupported online CCBT, (b) treatment as usual (TAU), or (c) CCBT and TAU combined (CCBT&TAU). Potential predictors and moderators were demographic, clinical, cognitive, and short-term improvement variables. Outcomes were the Beck Depression Inventory-II score at 12 months of follow-up and reliable change.


RESULTS
Those with higher levels of extreme (positive) responding had a better outcome in CCBT compared with TAU, whereas those having a parental psychiatric history or a major depressive disorder diagnosis had a better outcome in CCBT&TAU compared with TAU. Predictors regardless of treatment type included current employment, low pretreatment illness severity, and short-term improvement on clinical variables.


CONCLUSIONS
Optimistic patients, holding approach-oriented coping strategies, might benefit most from CCBT, whereas CCBT&TAU might be the most suitable option for those with more severe vulnerability characteristics. Those with the least impairment improve the most, regardless of treatment type.
de Graaf
L Esther
LE
Maastricht University and Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. l.e.degraaf@erasmusmc.nl
Hollon
Steven D
SD
Huibers
Marcus J H
MJ
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000379:methods*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013813:Therapy, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult