title: Genetic polymorphisms of the renin-angiotensin system and obesity-related metabolic changes in response to low-energy diets in obese women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Genetic polymorphisms of the renin-angiotensin system have been implicated in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene and 3123C/A polymorphism of the angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT(2)R) gene affect blood pressure and other obesity-related metabolic changes in response to low-energy diets using meal replacement shakes for weight loss.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical, metabolic, and biochemical profiles were measured before and after a 2-mo intervention in 32 obese women (age 49.9 ± 8.4 [SD] y; BMI 28.4 ± 3.3 kg/m²) restricted to 1200 kcal/d (5021 kJ/d). The polymorphisms were determined with an intercalater-mediated FRET probe assay system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although weight loss and nutrient intake levels did not differ among the genotypes, the reduction in body fat after weight loss was significantly less in the ACE deletion/deletion (D/D) genotype than insertion/insertion (I/I) plus I/D genotype (-2.25 ± 1.40% versus -0.80 ± 1.57%, P < 0.05). The AT₂R A/A group had significantly less improved levels of systolic blood pressure (-7.23 ± 8.50 versus 2.50 ± 12.6 mmHg, P < 0.05), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (-0.36 ± 0.29 versus -0.09 ± 0.25 mmol/L, P < 0.05), carbohydrate (-54.4 ± 27.2 versus -31.8 ± 16.3 mg/min, P < 0.05) and fat oxidation (8.31 ± 11.86 versus 0.05 ± 9.99 mg/min, P < 0.05) than the C/C plus C/A genotypes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present findings suggest that the homozygous form of the ACE gene may hinder the improvement of body fat and that the homozygous form of the AT₂R gene may make improving systolic blood pressure and some obesity-related metabolic parameters through a dietary intervention difficult among obese women.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Sport and Exercise Science, Osaka University of Health and Sport Sciences, Osaka, Japan. Electronic address: hamada@ouhs.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Taku
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hamada
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuhiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kotani
authors.affiliation: School of Human Science and Environment, University of Hyogo, Hyogo, Japan.
authors.forename: Narumi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nagai
authors.affiliation: Division of Preventive Medicine, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Kokoro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tsuzaki
authors.affiliation: Division of Preventive Medicine, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sano
authors.affiliation: Division of Preventive Medicine, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Yukiyo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Matsuoka
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Applied Physiology, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Mami
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fujibayashi
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Applied Physiology, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Natsuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kiyohara
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Applied Physiology, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Seitaro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.affiliation: Institute for Health Care Science, SUNTORY WELLNESS Ltd., Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Makiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yoshimura
authors.affiliation: Institute for Health Care Science, SUNTORY WELLNESS Ltd., Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Kahori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Egawa
authors.affiliation: Institute for Health Care Science, SUNTORY WELLNESS Ltd., Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshinori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kitagawa
authors.affiliation: Institute for Health Care Science, SUNTORY WELLNESS Ltd., Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshinobu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kiso
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Applied Physiology, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Moritani
authors.affiliation: Division of Preventive Medicine, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Naoki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sakane
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000378:metabolism*; D000328:Adult; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000235:genetics*; D031204:Caloric Restriction; D050260:Carbohydrate Metabolism / Q000235:genetics; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics; D004038:Diet, Reducing; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000235:genetics; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A / Q000235:genetics*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D044139:Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2 / Q000235:genetics*; D012084:Renin-Angiotensin System / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D044139:Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A