title: Safety of amide local anesthetics: new trends.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Local anesthetics have become one of the most common drugs used in daily practice worldwide. Neurologic and cardiovascular events are the most frequent adverse reactions related to local anesthetics use. Recently, new trends have been developed on this topic.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed an overview of the data available so far on local anesthetics adverse reactions. Relevant literature was identified using PubMed search of articles published up to November 2009, including experimental studies, case reports or clinical studies when available. Search terms included: 'local anaesthetics', 'adverse drug reaction', 'pharmacovigilance' and 'complication'.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neurologic, cardiovascular and allergic reactions remain the most frequent adverse drug reactions related to local anesthetics in the literature. Studies based on pharmacovigilance systems have highlighted the frequency of adverse reactions little known until now, such as failure of block. Lipid emulsions are included into algorithm for cardiac resuscitation. Recent studies have demonstrated the myotoxicity and chondrotoxic effects of long-acting local anesthetics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Physicians must keep in mind all these adverse reactions to better prevent their occurrence and give the most appropriate treatment.
authors.affiliation: University of Toulouse, Unit of Pharmacoepidemiology, EA3696, Clinical Pharmacology Department, CHU, 37 Allees Jules Guesde, Toulouse 31000, France.
authors.forename: Regis
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fuzier
authors.forename: Maryse
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lapeyre-Mestre
mesh_terms: D016907:Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems; D000577:Amides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000818:Animals; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced; D016208:Databases, Factual; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004342:Drug Hypersensitivity / Q000209:etiology; D004655:Emulsions; D005060:Europe; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D000577:Amides; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004655:Emulsions; D008055:Lipids