title: Extracranial Doppler sonographic criteria of chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency in the patients with multiple sclerosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this open-label study was to assess extracranial Doppler criteria of chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency in multiple sclerosis patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy patients were assessed: 49 with relapsing-remitting, 5 with primary progressive and 16 with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. The patients were aged 15-58 years and they suffered from multiple sclerosis for 0.5-40 years. Sonographic signs of abnormal venous outflow were detected in 64 patients (91.4%).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found at least two of four extracranial criteria in 63 patients (90.0%), confirming that multiple sclerosis is stronghly associated with chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency. Additional transcranial investigations may increase the rate of patients found positive in our survey. Reflux in internal jugular and/or vertebral veins was present in 31 cases (42.8%), stenosis of internal jugular veins in 61 cases (87.1%), not detectable flow in internal jugular and/or vertebral veins in 37 cases (52.9%) and negative difference in cross-sectional area of the internal jugular vein assessed in the supine vs. sitting position in 28 cases (40.0%). Flow abnormalities in the vertebral veins were found in 8 patients (11.4%). Pathologic structures (membranaceous or netlike septa, or inverted valves) in the junction of internal jugular vein with brachiocephalic vein were found in 41 patients (58.6%), in 15 patients (21.4%) on one side only and in 26 patients (37.1%) bilaterally.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Multiple sclerosis is highly correlated with chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency. These abnormalities in the extracranial veins draining the central nervous system can exist in various combinations. The most common pathology in our patients was the presence of an inverted valve or another pathologic structure (like membranaceous or netlike septum) in the area of junction of the IJV with the brachiocephalic vein.
authors.affiliation: Department of Angiology, Private Healthcare Institution SANA, Pszczyna, Poland. mariansimka@poczta.onet.pl
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Simka
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kostecki
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zaniewski
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Majewski
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hartel
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016121:Brachiocephalic Veins / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003251:Constriction, Pathologic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007601:Jugular Veins / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020528:Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D020529:Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000098:blood supply*; D013577:Syndrome; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color; D014689:Venous Insufficiency / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D055815:Young Adult