title: Acute kidney injury in late pregnancy in developing countries.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The data directly evaluating acute renal failure (ARF) in third trimester of pregnancy from Indian subcontinent are scanty. This study analyzes the clinical spectrum of ARF with respect to total birth in third trimester of pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  All pregnant women after the 28th week of pregnancy or in early postpartum period (up to 7 days) admitted to our hospital between August 2006 and August 2008 were screened for clinical evidence of ARF. Pregnant women with clinical diagnosis of ARF in third trimester were included in this study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 4758 pregnant women in third trimester, ARF developed in 85 cases (1 in 56 births). Preeclampsia, puerperal sepsis, and intrauterine death were responsible for ARF in 35.29, 24.7, and 16.67% of cases, respectively. Postpartum hemorrhage and antepartum hemorrhage were the causes of ARF in 10.59 and 8.29% of patients, respectively. Acute fatty liver of pregnancy was noted in one patient. Complicated preeclampsia (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count (HELLP) syndrome, eclampsia, and uterine hemorrhage) was associated and higher incidence of ARF. Live birth occurred in 61.2% of patients with vaginal delivery in 70% cases. Renal cortical necrosis was diagnosed in two cases. Overall, mortality was 20%. The puerperal sepsis contributed 41% of total death.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ARF complicated 1.78% of total delivery in third trimester of pregnancy. Preeclampsia was the most common cause of ARF followed by puerperal sepsis. In contrast to the developed countries, incidence of ARF is still very high in late pregnancy in the developing countries. Overall mortality was 20% with highest (33%) mortality in puerperal sepsis group.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India. jpojha555@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Jai
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Prakash
authors.forename: Shashidhar Shree
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Niwas
authors.forename: Aashish
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Parekh
authors.forename: Laxmi Kant
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Pandey
authors.forename: Loukrakpam
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sharatchandra
authors.forename: Puneet
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Arora
authors.forename: Amit Kumar
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Mahapatra
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003906:Developing Countries; D004461:Eclampsia; D005260:Female; D017359:HELLP Syndrome; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007194:India; D007673:Kidney Cortex Necrosis / Q000150:complications; D006473:Postpartum Hemorrhage; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D011263:Pregnancy Trimester, Third