title: Purification of calmodulin from rice bran and activation of glutamate decarboxylase by Ca2+/calmodulin.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an important bioactive regulator, and its biosynthesis is primarily through the alpha-decarboxylation of glutamate by glutamate decarboxylase (GAD). In plants, it was verified that the production of GABA is regulated, in part, via Ca(2+)/calmodulin (CaM). Our preliminary studies showed that rice bran GAD is probably also a Ca(2+)/CaM dependent enzyme; hence, in the current investigation, we purified calmodulin from rice bran, and studied the effect of the Ca(2+)/calmodulin complex on the activity of rice bran GAD in vitro.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CaM was purified to homogeneity from the rice bran by a combined protocol involving TCA precipitation, heat treatment, and hydrophobic interaction chromatography, with the purification fold and recovery of 851.7 and 55.6%, respectively. This protein had similar amino acid composition as the CaMs from other higher plants. The rice bran GAD was found to be quite sensitive to the Ca(2+)/CaM complex at pH 7.0, and addition of exogenous EGTA or TFP efficiently inhibited the stimulatory effect of Ca(2+)/CaM complex. At a separate concentration of Ca(2+) and CaM of 200 micromol L(-1) and 150 nmol L(-1), the rice bran GAD was significantly enhanced 3-fold. Moreover, upon binding Ca(2+), CaM underwent a conformational change that facilitated a more obvious emergency of phenylalanine and tyrosine residues.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This investigation provided preliminary information for the development of a GABA-based, cost-effective rice bran GAD-related functional food.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology & School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Ying Guo
authors.initials: YG
authors.lastname: Lv
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000032:analysis; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D002147:Calmodulin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004533:Egtazic Acid; D005968:Glutamate Decarboxylase / Q000378:metabolism*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D012275:Oryza / Q000737:chemistry*; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000378:metabolism; D011487:Protein Conformation; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry; D014268:Trifluoperazine; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D002147:Calmodulin; D010940:Plant Proteins; D014268:Trifluoperazine; D004533:Egtazic Acid; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; D005968:Glutamate Decarboxylase; D002118:Calcium