title: Influence of exposure history on the immunology and development of resistance to human Schistosomiasis mansoni.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies suggest that humans can acquire immunity to reinfection with schistosomes, most probably due to immunologic mechanisms acquired after exposure to dying schistosome worms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We followed longitudinally two cohorts of adult males occupationally exposed to Schistosoma mansoni by washing cars (120 men) or harvesting sand (53 men) in Lake Victoria. Men were treated with praziquantel each time S. mansoni infection was detected. In car washers, a significant increase in resistance to reinfection, as measured by the number of cars washed between cure and reinfection, was observed after the car washers had experienced, on average, seven cures. In the car washers who developed resistance, the level of schistosome-specific IgE increased between baseline and the time at which development of resistance was first evidenced. In the sand harvesters, a significant increase in resistance, as measured by the number of days worked in the lake between cure and reinfection, was observed after only two cures. History of exposure to S. mansoni differed between the two cohorts, with the majority of sand harvesters being lifelong residents of a village endemic for S. mansoni and the majority of car washers having little exposure to the lake before they began washing cars. Immune responses at study entry were indicative of more recent infections in car washers and more chronic infections in sand harvesters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Resistance to reinfection with S. mansoni can be acquired or augmented by adults after multiple rounds of reinfection and cure, but the rate at which resistance is acquired by this means depends on immunologic status and history of exposure to S. mansoni infection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America. blackc@uga.edu
authors.forename: Carla L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Black
authors.forename: Pauline N M
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Mwinzi
authors.forename: Erick M O
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Muok
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Abudho
authors.forename: Colin M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Fitzsimmons
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Dunne
authors.forename: Diana M S
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Karanja
authors.forename: W Evan
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Secor
authors.forename: Daniel G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Colley
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan / Q000097:blood; D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015331:Cohort Studies; D006801:Humans; D007073:Immunoglobulin E / Q000097:blood; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D011223:Praziquantel / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012550:Schistosoma mansoni / Q000276:immunology*; D012555:Schistosomiasis mansoni / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology*; D055502:Secondary Prevention; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan; D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents; D007073:Immunoglobulin E; D011223:Praziquantel