title: Transfer of bisphenol A across the human placenta.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of the investigation was to study placental transfer and conjugation of bisphenol A (BPA) across the human placenta.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human placentae obtained from healthy term singleton pregnancies were utilized in a dual recirculating model of ex vivo placental perfusion. Seven placentae were perfused with BPA (10 ng/mL) added to the maternal perfusate for 180 minutes. Antipyrine and fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran were used as positive and negative controls, respectively, to validate integrity of the circuits. Concentrations of BPA and its conjugates were determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The transfer percentage for antipyrine and BPA were 25.5 +/- 1.13% and 27.0 +/- 1.88%, respectively, and the transfer index for BPA was 1.1 +/- 0.09 after 180 minutes of perfusion. Only 3.2 +/- 1.6% of BPA in the fetal compartment was in the conjugated form.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bisphenol A at low environmentally relevant levels can transfer across the human placenta, mainly in active unconjugated form.
authors.affiliation: Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Biju
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Balakrishnan
authors.forename: Kimiora
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Henare
authors.forename: Eric B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Thorstensen
authors.forename: Anna P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Ponnampalam
authors.forename: Murray D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Mitchell
mesh_terms: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D000983:Antipyrine / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003911:Dextrans / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005260:Female; D016650:Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D020719:Glucuronides / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006801:Humans; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D008431:Maternal-Fetal Exchange; D010636:Phenols / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D010920:Placenta / Q000098:blood supply / Q000378:metabolism*; D011247:Pregnancy; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
chemical_list: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000983:Antipyrine; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D003911:Dextrans; D016650:Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D020719:Glucuronides; D010636:Phenols; C512161:bisphenol A glucuronide; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds; C015219:fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran; C006780:bisphenol A