title: The crystal structure of PPIL1 bound to cyclosporine A suggests a binding mode for a linear epitope of the SKIP protein.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The removal of introns from pre-mRNA is carried out by a large macromolecular machine called the spliceosome. The peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase PPIL1 is a component of the human spliceosome and binds to the spliceosomal SKIP protein via a binding site distinct from its active site.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Here, we have studied the PPIL1 protein and its interaction with SKIP biochemically and by X-ray crystallography. A minimal linear binding epitope derived from the SKIP protein could be determined using a peptide array. A 36-residue region of SKIP centred on an eight-residue epitope suffices to bind PPIL1 in pull-down experiments. The crystal structure of PPIL1 in complex with the inhibitor cyclosporine A (CsA) was obtained at a resolution of 1.15 A and exhibited two bound Cd(2+) ions that enabled SAD phasing. PPIL1 residues that have previously been implicated in binding of SKIP are involved in the coordination of Cd(2+) ions in the present crystal structure. Employing the present crystal structure, the determined minimal binding epitope and previously published NMR data, a molecular docking study was performed. In the docked model of the PPIL1.SKIP interaction, a proline residue of SKIP is buried in a hydrophobic pocket of PPIL1. This hydrophobic contact is encircled by several hydrogen bonds between the SKIP peptide and PPIL1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We characterized a short, linear epitope of SKIP that is sufficient to bind the PPIL1 protein. Our data indicate that this SKIP peptide could function in recruiting PPIL1 into the core of the spliceosome. We present a molecular model for the binding mode of SKIP to PPIL1 which emphasizes the versatility of cyclophilin-type PPIases to engage in additional interactions with other proteins apart from active site contacts despite their limited surface area.
authors.affiliation: Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Zelluläre Biochemie/Makromolekulare Röntgenkristallographie, Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Christian M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Stegmann
authors.forename: Reinhard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lührmann
authors.forename: Markus C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Wahl
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D001665:Binding Sites; D002104:Cadmium / Q000737:chemistry; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D000939:Epitopes; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D019696:Peptidylprolyl Isomerase / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D011485:Protein Binding; D011487:Protein Conformation
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D000939:Epitopes; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; C466999:SPHKAP protein, human; D002104:Cadmium; D016572:Cyclosporine; C512580:PPIL1 protein, human; D019696:Peptidylprolyl Isomerase