title: Design of surfaces for liquid crystal-based bioanalytical assays.
abstract: Surface-induced ordering of liquid crystals (LCs) offers the basis of a label-free analytical technique for the detection of surface-bound biomolecules. The orientation-dependent energy of interaction of a LC with a surface (anchoring energy of LC), in particular, is both sensitive to the presence of surface-bound molecules and easily quantified. Herein, we report a study that analyzes a simple model of twisted nematic LC systems and thereby identifies surfaces with LC anchoring energies in the range of 0.5 microJ/m(2) to 2.0 microJ/m(2) to be optimal for use with LC-based analytical methods. Guided by these predictions, we demonstrate that analytic surfaces possessing anchoring energies within this range can be fabricated with a high level of precision (< 0.1 microJ/m(2)) through formation of monolayers of organothiols (with omega-functional groups corresponding to oligoethyleneglycols and amines) on gold films deposited by physical vapor deposition at oblique angles of incidence. Finally, by using the human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) as a model protein analyte, we have characterized the influence of the anchoring energies of the surfaces on the response of the LC to the presence of surface-bound EGFR. These results, when combined with (32)P-radiolabeling of the EGFR to independently quantify the surface concentration of EGFR, permit identification of surfaces that allow use of LCs to report surface densities of EGFR of 30-40 pg/mm(2). Overall, the results reported in this paper guide the design of surfaces for use in LC-based analytical systems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
authors.forename: Aaron M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Lowe
authors.forename: Byram H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Ozer
authors.forename: Yiqun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Bai
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Bertics
authors.forename: Nicholas L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Abbott
mesh_terms: D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible / Q000737:chemistry*; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry*; D050866:Liquid Crystals / Q000737:chemistry*; D008422:Materials Testing; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry*; D040081:Protein Array Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D011485:Protein Binding; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D011108:Polymers; D066246:ErbB Receptors