title: The reliability and variation of measurements of the os calcis angles in children.
abstract: The databases of the Picture Archiving and Communication Systems of two hospitals were searched and all children who had a lateral radiograph of the ankle during their attendance at the emergency department were identified. In 227 radiographs, Bohler's and Gissane's angles were measured on two separate occasions and by two separate authors to allow calculation of inter- and intra-observer variation. Intraclass correlation coefficients were used to assess the reliability of the measurements. For Bohler's angle the overall inter-observer reliability, the intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.90 and the intra-observer reliability 0.95, giving excellent agreement. This reliability was maintained across the age groups. For Gissane's angle, inter- and intra-observer reliability was only fair or poor across most age groups. Further analysis of the Bohler's angle showed a significant variation in the mean angle with age. Contrary to published opinion, the angle is not uniformly lower than that of adults but varies with age, peaking towards the end of the first decade before attaining adult values. The age-related radiologic changes presented here may help in the interpretation of injuries to the hindfoot in children.
authors.affiliation: Stoke Mandeville Hospital, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire, HP21 8AL, UK. simonaclint@googlemail.com
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Clint
authors.forename: T P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: O M
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Oddy
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rudge
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Barry
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000375:Aging / Q000473:pathology; D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002111:Calcaneus / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D015588:Observer Variation; D011859:Radiography; D011873:Radiology Information Systems; D015203:Reproducibility of Results