title: Antiaflatoxigenic and antioxidant activity of an essential oil from Ageratum conyzoides L.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Aflatoxin contamination of various commodities can occur as a result of infection, mainly by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Every year, almost 25% of the world's food supply is contaminated by mycotoxins. Aflatoxins B(1), B(2), G(1) and G(2), which occur naturally, are significant contaminants of a wide variety of commodities. A number of biological activities have been associated with Ageratum conyzoides. We have therefore investigated the antiaflatoxigenic, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of essential oils of A. conyzoides. This could help to turn A. conyzoides, a nuisance weed, into a resource.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The essential oil of Ageratum conyzoides L. shows the presence of 12 compounds when analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The growth and aflatoxin production of the toxigenic strain Aspergillus parasiticus was completely inhibited by essential oil. All the studied concentrations of the oil demonstrate a reduction in mycelia growth and decreased production of different aflatoxins in fungi, as revealed by liquid chomatographic-tandem mass spectrometric analysis. Volatiles from macerated green leaf tissue of A. conyzoides were also effective against A. parasiticus. The strongest antibacterial activity was observed against the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis in a disk diffusion bioassay. Essential oil and methanol extract of A. conyzoides L. were assayed for their antioxidant activity. Methanol extract showed the highest antioxidant activity in FRAP and DPPH assay, whereas essential oil showed greater lipid peroxidation inhibition than methanol extract.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The plant's ethno-medicinal importance, antioxidant potential, inhibitory activity against the Aspergillus group of fungi and production of aflatoxins may add a new dimension to its usefulness in the protection of stored product.
authors.affiliation: Department of Agrochemicals and Pest Management, Shivaji University, Kolhapur-416 004, Maharashtra, India. rajarampatil@gmail.com
authors.forename: Rajaram P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Patil
authors.forename: Mansingraj S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Nimbalkar
authors.forename: Umesh U
authors.initials: UU
authors.lastname: Jadhav
authors.forename: Vishal V
authors.initials: VV
authors.lastname: Dawkar
authors.forename: Sanjay P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Govindwar
mesh_terms: D000348:Aflatoxins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D031163:Ageratum / Q000737:chemistry*; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001230:Aspergillus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D001407:Bacillus / Q000187:drug effects; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D005516:Food Microbiology; D025282:Mycelium / Q000187:drug effects; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018515:Plant Leaves; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry
chemical_list: D000348:Aflatoxins; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000935:Antifungal Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D009822:Oils, Volatile; D010936:Plant Extracts