title: Surface cooling for rapid induction of mild hypothermia after cardiac arrest: design determines efficacy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recently, a novel cooling pad was developed for rapid induction of mild hypothermia after cardiac arrest. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cooling efficacy of three different pad designs for in-hospital cooling.
  
  
  METHODS
  Included in this prospective interventional study were patients with esophageal temperature (Tes) > 34 degrees C on admission. The cooling pad consists of multiple cooling units, filled with a combination of graphite and water, which is precooled to -18 degrees C (design A) or to -9 degrees C (designs B and C) before use. The designs of the cooling pad differed in number, shape, and thickness of the cooling units, with weights of 9.7 kg (design A), 5.3 kg (design B), and 6.2 kg (design C). All three designs were tested in sequential order and were changed according to the results found in the previous trial. Cooling was started after admission until Tes = 34 degrees C, when the cooling pad was removed. The target temperature of Tes = 32-34 degrees C was maintained for 24 hours. Data are presented as medians and interquartile ranges (IQRs = 25%-75%) or proportions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cooling rates were 3.4 degrees C/hour (IQR = 2.5-3.7) with design A (n = 12), 2.8 degrees C/hour (IQR = 1.6-3.3) with design B (n = 7), and 2.9 degrees C/hour (IQR = 1.9-3.6) with design C (n = 10; p = 0.5). To reach 34 degrees C, the cooling pad had to be exchanged with a new one due to melting and therefore depleting cooling capacity in three patients with design A, in five patients with design B, and in no patient with design C (p = 0.004).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With adequate design and storage temperature, the cooling pad proved to be efficient for rapid in-hospital cooling of patients resuscitated from cardiac arrest.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Uray
authors.forename: Moritz
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haugk
authors.forename: Fritz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sterz
authors.forename: Jasmin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Arrich
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Richling
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Janata
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Holzer
authors.forename: Wilhelm
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Behringer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001830:Body Surface Area; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000502:physiology; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation / Q000379:methods; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D004638:Emergency Treatment; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology*; D017052:Hospital Mortality / Q000639:trends*; D006785:Hospitals, University; D006801:Humans; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011336:Probability; D011446:Prospective Studies; D017694:Rewarming / Q000379:methods; D015996:Survival Rate; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome