title: Geospatial analysis of HIV-Related social stigma: a study of tested females across mandals of Andhra Pradesh in India.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In Geographical Information Systems issues of scale are of an increasing interest in storing health data and using these in policy support. National and international policies on treating HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) positive women in India are based on case counts at Voluntary Counseling and Testing Centers (VCTCs). In this study, carried out in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh, these centers are located in subdistricts called mandals, serving for both registration and health facility policies. This study hypothesizes that people may move to a mandal different than their place of residence for being tested for reasons of stigma. Counts of a single mandal therefore may include cases from inside and outside a mandal. HIV counts were analyzed on the presence of outside cases and the most likely explanations for movement. Counts of women being tested on a practitioners' referral (REFs) and those directly walking-in at testing centers (DWs) were compared and with counts of pregnant women.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At the mandal level incidence among REFs is on the average higher than among DWs. For both groups incidence is higher in the South-Eastern coastal zones, being an area with a dense highway network and active port business. A pattern on the incidence maps was statistically confirmed by a cluster analysis. A spatial regression analysis to explain the differences in incidence among pregnant women and REFs shows a negative relation with the number of facilities and a positive relation with the number of roads in a mandal. Differences in incidence among pregnant women and DWs are explained by the same variables, and by a negative relation with the number of neighboring mandals. Based on the assumption that pregnant women are tested in their home mandal, this provides a clear indication that women move for testing as well as clues for explanations why.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The spatial analysis shows that women in India move towards a different mandal for getting tested on HIV. Given the scale of study and different types of movements involved, it is difficult to say where they move to and what the precise effect is on HIV registration. Better recording the addresses of tested women may help to relate HIV incidence to population present within a mandal. This in turn may lead to a better incidence count and therefore add to more reliable policy making, e.g. for locating or expanding health facilities.
authors.affiliation: Indian Institute of Technology IIT, Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, India. rashmi.kandwal@gmail.com
authors.forename: Rashmi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kandwal
authors.forename: Ellen-Wien
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Augustijn
authors.forename: Alfred
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.forename: Gianluca
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Miscione
authors.forename: Pradeep Kumar
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Garg
authors.forename: Rahul Dev
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Garg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000592:standards / Q000639:trends; D003140:Communicable Disease Control; D003710:Demography; D003906:Developing Countries; D018562:Disease Transmission, Infectious; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D006679:HIV Seropositivity; D006761:Hospitals / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D012698:Serologic Tests / Q000379:methods*; D012934:Social Isolation; D055815:Young Adult