title: Sensitivity of clinical assessments of sagittal head posture.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Historically, clinicians visually evaluate posture using anatomical landmarks. Advances in technology made digital photographs now feasible to use in clinical practice. Photogrammetry may increase the reliability of the assessment of postural changes. However, differences between visually estimated and photogrammetric recorded changes in posture need to be tested. The objective of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity of visual assessments of changes in head posture in the sagittal plane in relation to photogrammetric recorded data.
  
  
  METHODS
  The head posture of 29 female subjects in a sagittal plane was assessed visually and photogrammetrically. The visual assessment of head posture was conducted using a postural grid with a plumb for checking the alignment. The patients were classified as having forward head posture (FHP), slight FHP or no FHP. Photogrammetry of head posture was performed using the Alcimage software (Alcimar B. Soares, Uberlândia, MG, Brasil). Three reference points were used to measure the head posture angle: mentus, external auditory meatus and manubrium. The visually classified groups were compared in relation to the photogrammetric angles using one-way ANOVA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant difference was found between the FHP and no FHP groups (P = 0.001), and between the FHP and slight FHP groups (P = 0.002). However, no significant difference was found between the slight FHP and no FHP groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Visual assessments of sagittal head posture were sensitive to detect differences between no FHP and FHP groups, but were not sensitive to detect differences between no FHP and slight FHP groups. Head posture photogrammetry is recommended to quantitatively detect less evident differences in head posture.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, 3-48 Corbett Hall, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G4. igadotti@ualberta.ca
authors.forename: Inae Caroline
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Gadotti
authors.forename: Daniela Aparecida
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Biasotto-Gonzalez
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001938:Brazil; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006257:Head; D006801:Humans; D010780:Photogrammetry; D010808:Physical Examination; D011187:Posture; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity