title: Cephalothoracopagus, janiceps, disymmetros, monoomphalian conjoined twins undiagnosed until early second trimester.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cephalothoracopagus is the less common type of conjoined twins (CTs) with an incidence estimated at one in three million births or one in 58 conjoined twins. Maternal gene Vg1, a member of the TGF-beta family of cell-signalling molecules which are implicated in dorsoanterior development, and specific actions of Hox and Pax genes that are implicated in very early embryogenesis may be identified as aetiologic factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prenatal diagnosis of cephalothoracopagus CTs diagnosed at 17 weeks in a woman undergoing amniocentesis for advanced maternal age is reported.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although first-trimester diagnosis of CTs is feasible and has been reported as early as 8 weeks's gestation, CTs may be misdiagnosed with monoamniotic twins, lymphangioma, teratoma, and/or neoplasm and may be undiagnosed until early second trimester. Three-dimensional and color Doppler ultrasound enabled precise prenatal visualization of the fusion site. Ultrafast MR imaging should be considered an adjunct to ultrasound for antenatal characterization of structural anomalies and for planning surgical separation in selected cases. Echocardiography is mandatory in all cases of CTs as congenital heart defects are seen in 20-30% and polyhydramnios in 50-75%. Neural tube and midline fusion defects, diaphragmatic hernia, and imperforate anus are the frequently associated abnormalities. Prognosis among survivors is usually poor (44% die in the neonatal period) and is dependent upon the type of conjunction, degree of involvement of the shared organs, and presence or absence of associated anomalies, with the worst prognosis in case of twins sharing liver and heart.
authors.affiliation: Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guastalla Civil Hospital, AUSL Reggio Emilia, Guastalla, Reggio Emilia, Italy. tonnig@ausl.re.it
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tonni
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ventura
authors.forename: Ida
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Vito
authors.forename: Simonetta
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Piana
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Piana
authors.forename: Maria Paola
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Bonasoni
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: De Felice
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000649:Amniocentesis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D011262:Pregnancy Trimester, Second; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis; D014428:Twins, Conjoined / Q000473:pathology*; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal