title: Monitoring with head-mounted displays in general anesthesia: a clinical evaluation in the operating room.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patient monitors in the operating room are often positioned where it is difficult for the anesthesiologist to see them when performing procedures. Head-mounted displays (HMDs) can help anesthesiologists by superimposing a display of the patient's vital signs over the anesthesiologist's field of view. Simulator studies indicate that by using an HMD, anesthesiologists can spend more time looking at the patient and less at the monitors. We performed a clinical evaluation testing whether this finding would apply in practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six attending anesthesiologists provided anesthesia to patients undergoing rigid cystoscopy. Each anesthesiologist performed 6 cases alternating between standard monitoring using a Philips IntelliVue MP70 and standard monitoring plus a Microvision Nomad ND2000 HMD. The HMD interfaced wirelessly with the MP70 monitor and displayed waveform and numerical vital signs data. Video was recorded during all cases and analyzed to determine the percentage of time, frequency, and duration of looks at the anesthesia workstation and at the patient and surgical field during various anesthetic phases. Differences between the display conditions were tested for significance using repeated-measures analysis of variance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Video data were collected from 36 cases that ranged from 17 to 75 minutes in duration (median 31 minutes). When participants were using the HMD, compared with standard monitoring, they spent less time looking toward the anesthesia workstation (21.0% vs 25.3%, P = 0.003) and more time looking toward the patient and surgical field (55.9% vs 51.5%, P = 0.014). The HMD had no effect on either the frequency of looks or the average duration of looks toward the patient and surgical field or toward the anesthesia workstation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An HMD of patient vital signs reduces anesthesiologists' surveillance of the anesthesia workstation and allows them to spend more time monitoring their patient and surgical field during normal anesthesia. More research is needed to determine whether the behavioral changes can lead to improved anesthesiologist performance in the operating room.
authors.affiliation: School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. naskies@acm.org
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Simon A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Jenkins
authors.forename: Penelope M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Sanderson
authors.forename: Perry
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fabian
authors.forename: W John
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Russell
mesh_terms: D000768:Anesthesia, General; D000769:Anesthesia, Inhalation; D001288:Attention; D003625:Data Collection; D003626:Data Display; D006801:Humans; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D007432:Intraoperative Period; D017214:Laryngeal Masks; D008838:Microcomputers; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000295:instrumentation*; D009873:Operating Rooms / Q000458:organization & administration*; D010820:Physicians; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013520:Urologic Surgical Procedures