title: Characterization of cardiac remodeling in a large animal "one-kidney, one-clip" hypertensive model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study is to characterize cardiac remodeling in a large animal model of hypertension.
  
  
  METHODS
  23 sheep were subjected to unilateral nephrectomy followed by clamping of the remaining renal artery to 60% ("one kidney-one clip", 1K1C) 3 weeks later. Blood pressure (BP) was monitored invasively over 73+/-28 days. Cardiac function was assessed with magnetic resonance imaging and compared with 12 size-matched controls. Detailed atrial histopathological analysis was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the 1K1C animals, BP rose from baseline to reach a plateau by 4 weeks (systolic BP: 107+/-12 to 169+/-27, diastolic BP: 71+/-10 to 118+/-29 mmHg, both p< 0.0001); cardiac hypertrophy was significant when compared with controls with increased left ventricular weight [left ventricular (LV)/body wt: 2.7+/-0.5 vs 2.1+/-0.2 g/kg, p=0.01] as well as bi-atrial enlargement (right atrial, RA: 22.9+/-4.9 vs 15.7+/-2.8g, p=0.003; left atrial, LA: 35.5+/-6.7 vs 20.9+/-4.1g, p=0.0003); cardiac magnetic imaging demonstrated significantly increased LA volumes (end-diastolic volume: 42.9+/-6.8 vs 28.7+/-6.3 ml, p< 0.0001) and reduced LA ejection fraction (24.1+/-3.6 vs 31.6+/-3.0%, p=0.001) while LV function was relatively preserved (42.3+/-4.7 vs 46.4+/-4.1%, p=0.1); degeneration and necrosis of atrial myocytes were evident with increased atrial lymphocytic infiltration and interstitial fibrosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ovine 1K1C model produces reliable and reproducible hypertension with demonstrable cardiac end-organ damage.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Research Centre, Departments of Cardiology and Renal Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, University of Adelaide, Australia.
authors.forename: Dennis H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.forename: Lorraine
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mackenzie
authors.forename: Arumuga
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rajendram
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Psaltis
authors.forename: Douglas R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Spyropoulos
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Santosh A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Olakkengil
authors.forename: Christine H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Russell
authors.forename: Anthony G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Brooks
authors.forename: Randall J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Faull
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Saint
authors.forename: Darren J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: M Mohan
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.forename: Stephen G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Worthley
authors.forename: Prashanthan
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sanders
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure; D003401:Creatine / Q000097:blood; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006321:Heart / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000503:physiopathology; D006973:Hypertension / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007668:Kidney / Q000473:pathology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009392:Nephrectomy; D012756:Sheep; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000502:physiology; D020257:Ventricular Remodeling / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D003401:Creatine