title: Surfactant alterations in horses with recurrent airway obstruction at various clinical stages.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the phospholipid composition and function of surfactant in horses with recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) at various clinical stages and compare these properties with findings in horses without RAO.
  
  
  METHODS
  7 horses with confirmed RAO and 7 without RAO (non-RAO horses).
  
  
  METHODS
  Pairs of RAO-affected and non-RAO horses were evaluated before, during, and after exposure to hay. Evaluations included clinical scoring, lung function testing, airway endoscopy, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) absolute and differential cell counts. Cell-free BALF was separated into crude surfactant pellet and supernatant by ultracentrifugation, and phospholipid and protein concentrations were determined. Phospholipid composition of crude surfactant pellets and surface tension were evaluated with high-performance liquid chromatography and a pulsating bubble surfactometer, respectively. Findings were compared statistically via mixed-effects, repeated-measures ANOVA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Total phospholipid concentration in BALF was lower in RAO-affected versus non-RAO horses at all sample collection times. In the RAO-affected group, total phospholipid concentration was lower during exposure to hay than before or after exposure. There were no significant differences in BALF protein concentration, percentages of phospholipid classes, or surface tension between or within groups of horses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All clinical stages of RAO-affected horses were characterized by low surfactant concentration in BALF. Exacerbation of RAO led to an additional decrease in surfactant concentration. Causes for low surfactant concentration in RAO-affected horses remain to be determined. Low phospholipid concentration may render RAO-affected horses more susceptible than unaffected horses to surfactant alterations and contribute to clinical disease status and progression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech and University of Maryland, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA. chrisun@vt.edu
authors.forename: Undine
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Christmann
authors.forename: R Duncan
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Hite
authors.forename: Rachel H H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Craig D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Thatcher
authors.forename: Sharon G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Witonsky
authors.forename: Stephen R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Werre
authors.forename: Virginia A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Buechner-Maxwell
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000378:metabolism*; D006736:Horses; D008173:Lung Diseases, Obstructive / Q000378:metabolism / Q000662:veterinary*; D008297:Male; D010743:Phospholipids / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D011663:Pulmonary Surfactants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D010743:Phospholipids; D011663:Pulmonary Surfactants