title: Interaction between a pair of gypsy insulators or between heterologous gypsy and Wari insulators modulates Flp site-specific recombination in Drosophila melanogaster.
abstract: Chromatin insulators block the action of transcriptional enhancers when interposed between an enhancer and a promoter. An Flp technology was used to examine interactions between Drosophila gypsy and Wari insulators in somatic and germ cells. The gypsy insulator consists of 12 binding sites for the Su(Hw) protein, while the endogenous Wari insulator, located on the 3' side of the white gene, is independent from the Su(Hw) protein. Insertion of the gypsy but not Wari insulator between FRT sites strongly blocks recombination between Flp dimers bound to FRT sites located on the same chromatid (recombination in cis) or in sister chromatids (unequal recombination in trans). At the same time, the interaction between Wari and gypsy insulators regulates the efficiency of Flp-mediated recombination. Thus, insulators may have a role in controlling interactions between distantly located protein complexes (not only those involved in transcriptional gene regulation) on the same chromosome or on sister chromatids in somatic and germ cells. We have also found that the frequency of Flp-mediated recombination between FRT sites is strongly dependent on the relative orientation of gypsy insulators. Taken together, our results indicate that the interactions between insulators can be visualized by Flp technology and that insulators may be involved in blocking undesirable interactions between proteins at the two-chromatid phase of the cell cycle.
authors.affiliation: Department of Control of Genetic Processes, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: Margarita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Krivega
authors.forename: Ekaterina
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Savitskaya
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Krivega
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Karakozova
authors.forename: Aleksander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Parshikov
authors.forename: Anton
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Golovnin
authors.forename: Pavel
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Georgiev
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites; D002843:Chromatin / Q000378:metabolism; D055012:Chromosomal Position Effects; D004254:DNA Nucleotidyltransferases / Q000378:metabolism*; D029721:Drosophila Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004331:Drosophila melanogaster / Q000235:genetics*; D004742:Enhancer Elements, Genetic; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D038101:Insulator Elements; D008957:Models, Genetic; D009707:Nucleosomes / Q000378:metabolism; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011995:Recombination, Genetic; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D037941:Silencer Elements, Transcriptional
chemical_list: D002843:Chromatin; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D009707:Nucleosomes; D012097:Repressor Proteins; C083738:su(Hw) protein, Drosophila; D004254:DNA Nucleotidyltransferases; C045119:FLP recombinase