title: Functional neuroimaging studies of bipolar disorder: examining the wide clinical spectrum in the search for disease endophenotypes.
abstract: Bipolar disorder (BP) is among the top ten most disabling illnesses worldwide. This review includes findings from recent studies employing functional neuroimaging to examine functional abnormalities in neural systems underlying core domains of the psychopathology in BP: emotion processing, emotion regulation and executive control, and common comorbid features of BP, that are relevant to the wide spectrum of BP rather than focused on the more traditional BPI subtype, and that may facilitate future identification of diagnostically-relevant biomarkers of the disorder. In addition, an emerging number of studies are reviewed that demonstrate the use of neuroimaging to elucidate biomarkers whose identification may help to (1) identify at-risk individuals who will subsequently develop the illness to facilitate early intervention, (2) identify targets for treatment and markers of treatment response. The use of newer neuroimaging techniques and potential confounds of psychotropic medication upon neuroimaging findings in BP are also examined. These approaches will help to improve diagnosis and the mental well-being of all individuals with BP.
authors.affiliation: University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Philadelphia, USA.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: Matthew T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Keener
authors.forename: Stefanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hassel
authors.forename: Mary L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Phillips
mesh_terms: D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018692:Antimanic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004292:Dominance, Cerebral / Q000502:physiology; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology; D056344:Executive Function / Q000502:physiology; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D015225:Magnetoencephalography; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000503:physiopathology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010641:Phenotype; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D018692:Antimanic Agents