title: Three percent hypohydration does not affect threshold frequency of electrically induced cramps.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Dehydration is hypothesized to cause exercise-associated muscle cramps. The theory states that dehydration contracts the interstitial space, thereby increasing the pressure on nerve terminals and cramps ensue. Research supporting this theory is often observational, and fatigue is rarely controlled. Inducing cramps with electrical stimulation minimizes many of the confounding factors associated with exercise-induced cramps (e.g., fatigue, metabolites). Thus, our goal was to minimize fatigue and determine whether hypohydration decreases the electrical stimuli required to elicit cramping (termed "threshold frequency").
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten males cycled for 30-min bouts with their nondominant leg at 41°C and 15% relative humidity until they lost ~3% of their body mass (~2 h). Dominant leg flexor hallucis brevis muscle cramps were induced before and after hypohydration, and threshold frequency was recorded. Plasma osmolality (OSMp) characterized hydration status. Total sweat electrolytes (Na+, K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+) lost during exercise was calculated. Subjects repeated the protocol 1 wk later.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subjects were hypohydrated after exercise (preexercise OSMp = 282.5 T 1 mOsm·kg−¹ H2O, postexercise OSMp = 295.1 ± 1 mOsm·kg−¹ H2O, P < 0.001). Subjects lost 3.0% ± 0.1% of their body mass, 144.9 ± 9.8 mmol of Na+, 11.2 ± 0.4 mmol of K+, 3.3 ± 0.3 mmol of Mg2+, and 3.1 ± 0.1 mmol of Ca2+. Mild hypohydration with minimal neuromuscular fatigue did not affect threshold frequency (euhydrated = 23.7 ± 1.5 Hz, hypohydrated = 21.3 ± 1.4 Hz; F1,9 = 2.81, P = 0.12).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mild hypohydration with minimal neuromuscular fatigue does not seem to predispose individuals to cramping. Thus, cramps may be more associated with neuromuscular fatigue than dehydration/electrolyte losses. Health care professionals may have more success preventing exercise-associated muscle cramp by focusing on strategies that minimize neuromuscular fatigue rather than dehydration. However, the effect of greater fluid losses on cramp threshold frequency is unknown and merits further research.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health, Nutrition, and Exercise Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA. Kevin.C.Miller@ndsu.edu
authors.forename: Kevin C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Gary W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Mack
authors.forename: Kenneth L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Knight
authors.forename: J Ty
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Hopkins
authors.forename: David O
authors.initials: DO
authors.lastname: Draper
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Fields
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hunter
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003681:Dehydration / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D005080:Exercise Test; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009120:Muscle Cramp / Q000209:etiology*; D018763:Muscle Fatigue; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult