title: MRI of the Achilles tendon: a comprehensive review of the anatomy, biomechanics, and imaging of overuse tendinopathies.
abstract: The Achilles tendon is the largest tendon in the body; it plays an important role in the biomechanics of the lower extremity. It can withstand great forces, especially during sporting exercises and pivoting. The pathologies related to the Achilles tendon are diverse and many carry undesirable consequences. We retrospectively analyzed the images of patients who underwent examinations of the ankle/foot region to review the anatomy of the Achilles tendon and its surroundings and to search for pathologies consistent with overuse injuries. The anatomy of the tendon is described from origin to insertion. The imaging characteristics of the Achilles tendon including pitfalls are reviewed. We also describe the Achilles overuse injuries: paratenonitis, tendinosis, tendon tear, atypical tear, tendon re-tear, retrocalcaneal bursitis, retro-Achilles bursitis, Haglund's deformity, and tendon calcification. We present other entities like tendon ossification and failed transplanted Achilles tendon, with emphasis on MRI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Emory University Orthopedics and Spine Center, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA. cpierr3@emory.edu
authors.forename: Claude
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pierre-Jerome
authors.forename: Valeria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Moncayo
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Terk
mesh_terms: D000125:Achilles Tendon / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000293:injuries* / Q000502:physiology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D003287:Contrast Media; D012090:Cumulative Trauma Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D052256:Tendinopathy / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media