title: Enhanced possibilities to make statements on the ossification status of the medial clavicular epiphysis using an amplified staging scheme in evaluating thin-slice CT scans.
abstract: Thin-slice computed tomography provides the imaging modality of choice in analysing the ossification process of the medial clavicular epiphysis for the purpose of forensic age diagnostics in the living in the course of criminal proceedings. The classification of the ossification stages by Schmeling et al. compass the emergence of an epiphyseal ossification centre (stage 2), the partial fusion of the epiphysis with the metaphysis (stage 3), the complete fusion of these osseous elements including a visible epiphyseal scar (stage 4), and the complete fusion without a visible epiphyseal scar (stage 5). In the present study, each of the ossification stages 2 and 3 was divided into an early, intermediate and late phase. The authors evaluated the thin-slice CT scans of 185 patients aged between 13 and 26 years. In all these cases, a stage 2 or 3 had been determined in a previous study. The late stage 3, which is characterized by a fusion between metaphysis and epiphysis completing more than two thirds of the former epiphyseal gap, first appeared at age 19 in both sexes. If a late stage 3 is found, it is therefore possible to substantiate that an individual has already reached the legally important age threshold of 18 years.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Rechtsmedizin, Röntgenstrasse 23, 48149 Münster, Germany.
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kellinghaus
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schulz
authors.forename: Volker
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vieth
authors.forename: Sven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: Heidi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pfeiffer
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schmeling
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000365:Age Determination by Skeleton / Q000379:methods*; D002968:Clavicle / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000254:growth & development*; D004838:Epiphyses / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005260:Female; D018732:Forensic Anthropology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010012:Osteogenesis; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult