title: The experiences of children enrolled in pediatric oncology research: implications for assent.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Most children with cancer enroll in clinical research trials. Whenever possible, children must provide their assent before enrolling in research studies. We studied what children aged 7 to 18 with cancer understand about research, their research-related treatment, and their preferences for inclusion in decision-making.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-seven face-to-face, audiorecorded interviews using a novel, semi-structured tool, the quality-of-assent instrument, were conducted. Exploratory univariate and bivariate analyses of the quantitative data elucidated patterns and trends of understanding and preferences.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nineteen of the 37 children (51%) did not know or recall that their treatment was considered research, and 19 of 22 (86%) did not understand their doctor when he or she discussed the trial. More children enrolled in trials to help future children with cancer (27 of 37 [73%]), than to get better personally (22 of 37 [60%]). Irrespective of age, children with Hodgkin's disease, germ-cell tumors, and leukemia had significantly greater research awareness and appreciation than children with other cancers (P = .019 and P < .001, respectively). Although all children wanted to be involved in decision-making, 18 of 37 (49%) did not have or recall having a role in deciding to enroll in their trial, and 14 of 37 (38%) did not feel free to dissent to trial enrollment. Only 4 of 37 children (11%) discussed increased decision-making roles with parents, and only 7 of 37 (19%) discussed them with their doctors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most children have limited understanding of research despite physicians' explanations. Many children reported that they feel minimally involved in the decision to enroll in clinical trials. Tools to assist investigators ascertain that children understand what they are agreeing to when they assent to research and to determine their preferences for inclusion in research may help make assent more meaningful.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Herman and Walter Samuelson Children's Hospital at Sinai, 2401 W Belvedere Ave, Baltimore, MD 21215-5271, USA. yunguru@lifebridgehealth.org
authors.forename: Yoram
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Unguru
authors.forename: Anne M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Sill
authors.forename: Naynesh
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kamani
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D035843:Biomedical Research; D002648:Child; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic / Q000379:methods / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D007258:Informed Consent / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D008495:Medical Oncology; D010358:Patient Participation / Q000379:methods / Q000523:psychology*; D035842:Research Subjects / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult