title: Endoscopic spray cryotherapy for esophageal cancer: safety and efficacy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Few options exist for patients with localized esophageal cancer ineligible for conventional therapies. Endoscopic spray cryotherapy with low-pressure liquid nitrogen has demonstrated efficacy in this setting in early studies.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the safety and efficacy of cryotherapy in esophageal carcinoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multicenter, retrospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten academic and community medical centers between 2006 and 2009.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects with esophageal carcinoma in whom conventional therapy failed and those who refused or were ineligible for conventional therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cryotherapy with follow-up biopsies. Treatment was complete when tumor eradication was confirmed by biopsy or when treatment was halted because of tumor progression, patient preference, or comorbid condition.
  
  
  METHODS
  Complete eradication of luminal cancer and adverse events.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy-nine subjects (median age 76 years, 81% male, 94% with adenocarcinoma) were treated. Tumor stage included T1-60, T2-16, and T3/4-3. Mean tumor length was 4.0 cm (range 1-15 cm). Previous treatment including endoscopic resection, photodynamic therapy, esophagectomy, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy failed in 53 subjects (67%). Forty-nine completed treatment. Complete response of intraluminal disease was seen in 31 of 49 subjects (61.2%), including 18 of 24 (75%) with mucosal cancer. Mean (standard deviation) length of follow-up after treatment was 10.6 (8.4) months overall and 11.5 (2.8) months for T1 disease. No serious adverse events were reported. Benign stricture developed in 10 (13%), with esophageal narrowing from previous endoscopic resection, radiotherapy, or photodynamic therapy noted in 9 of 10 subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Retrospective study design, short follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Spray cryotherapy is safe and well tolerated for esophageal cancer. Short-term results suggest that it is effective in those who could not receive conventional treatment, especially for those with mucosal cancer.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine and Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21201-1595, USA.
authors.forename: Bruce D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Greenwald
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Dumot
authors.forename: Julian A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Abrams
authors.forename: Charles J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Lightdale
authors.forename: Donald S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: David
authors.forename: Norman S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Nishioka
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Yachimski
authors.forename: Mark H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: Nicholas J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Shaheen
authors.forename: Alvin M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Zfass
authors.forename: Jenny O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Kanwar Rupinder S
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Gill
authors.forename: J Steven
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Burdick
authors.forename: Damien
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mallat
authors.forename: Herbert C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Wolfsen
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D000336:Aerosols; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001706:Biopsy; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D003452:Cryosurgery / Q000379:methods*; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D004945:Esophagoscopy; D004947:Esophagus / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D018365:Neoplasm, Residual / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D012086:Reoperation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols