title: Etiological and clinical features of childhood psychotic symptoms: results from a birth cohort.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It has been reported that childhood psychotic symptoms are common in the general population and may signal neurodevelopmental processes that lead to schizophrenia. However, it is not clear whether these symptoms are associated with the same extensive risk factors established for adult schizophrenia.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the construct validity of children's self-reported psychotic symptoms by testing whether these symptoms share the risk factors and clinical features of adult schizophrenia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, longitudinal cohort study of a nationally representative birth cohort in Great Britain.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 2232 twelve-year-old children followed up since age 5 years (retention, 96%). Main Outcome Measure Children's self-reported hallucinations and delusions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children's psychotic symptoms are familial and heritable and are associated with social risk factors (eg, urbanicity); cognitive impairments at age 5; home-rearing risk factors (eg, maternal expressed emotion); behavioral, emotional, and educational problems at age 5; and comorbid conditions, including self-harm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results provide a comprehensive picture of the construct validity of children's self-reported psychotic symptoms. For researchers, the findings indicate that children who have psychotic symptoms can be recruited for neuroscience research to determine the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. For clinicians, the findings indicate that psychotic symptoms in childhood are often a marker of an impaired developmental process and should be actively assessed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, 2020 W Main St, Ste 201, Campus Box 104410, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
authors.forename: Guilherme
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Polanczyk
authors.forename: Terrie E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Moffitt
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Arseneault
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cannon
authors.forename: Antony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ambler
authors.forename: Richard S E
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Keefe
authors.forename: Renate
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Houts
authors.forename: Candice L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Odgers
authors.forename: Avshalom
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Caspi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000209:etiology; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D016728:Self-Injurious Behavior / Q000523:psychology; D014429:Twins, Dizygotic / Q000523:psychology; D014430:Twins, Monozygotic / Q000523:psychology; D006113:United Kingdom