title: Experience with robot assisted laparoscopic surgery for upper and lower benign and malignant ureteral pathologies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To present our experience and outcomes of robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery (RALS) performed for different ureteral pathologies and to discuss the true utility of robotics in ureteral surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed a total of 44 procedures performed for diverse ureteral pathologies involving the proximal and distal ureter in 2 institutions from July 2006 to July 2009. Operative time, blood loss, length of stay, complications, and subjective and objective follow-up were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 44 cases included 18 distal ureteral procedures including 5 distal ureterectomy with ureteroneocystostomy; 1 ureteroneocystostomy with psoas hitch; 2 ureteroneocystostomy with vesicovaginal fistula repair; 9 megaureter repairs in 8 cases; there were 12 proximal ureteral procedures including 7 ureteroureterostomies and 4 retrocaval ureter repairs; 10 ablative procedures consisting of 5 nephroureterectomies with cuff of bladder and 5 nephroureterectomies and 4 miscellaneous procedures. The mean operative time was 137.9 minutes (range: 70-240). Mean blood loss was 98.2 mL (range: <50-400). There were no urine leaks. Mean drain tube duration was 1.4 days (range: 1-2.5) and mean hospital stay was 2.4 days (range: 1-6). Complications included 1 case of sepsis and 1 antibiotic-induced infection. Average follow-up period was 13.5 months. Operative success as defined by symptom resolution and imaging was 100%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RALS is feasible, safe, and an effective option for ureteral pathologies at any level of the ureter with minimal peri-operative morbidity. However, appropriate port placement, patient positioning, and versatile experience of team is critical in handling such cases for better outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1094, USA. ahemal@wfubmc.edu
authors.forename: Ashok K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Hemal
authors.forename: Rishi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nayyar
authors.forename: Narmada P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Lalgudi N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Dorairajan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016063:Blood Loss, Surgical; D002648:Child; D053715:Cystotomy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012371:Robotics; D014515:Ureteral Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D014516:Ureteral Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D014519:Ureterostomy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods