title: Adenovirus retargeting to surface expressed antigens on oral mucosa.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas develop in preneoplastic mucosal fields that can extend over several centimeters in diameter. Most of these fields are microscopically recognized as dysplasias. These fields are often not adequately treated and might cause local relapse. Previous investigations demonstrated that mouthwash therapy with oncolytic adenoviruses appears to be a good option for the treatment of these fields, although, at present, with limited efficacy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Immunohistochemistry on normal and preneoplastic mucosa was applied to determine the expression levels of the coxsackie adenoviral receptor (CAR) and a few surface antigens that might allow retargeting: Ly-6D, CD44v6 and K928. Monoclonal antibodies directed against these surface antigens were used for retargeting of adenoviruses in model experiments with organotypic cultures of mucosal epithelium. A bispecific single chain antibody was constructed against both the adenoviral knob and Ly-6D.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Immunohistochemical staining revealed that CAR is present only at a low level in the basal layers of the oral mucosa of both normal and dysplastic lesions. By contrast, Ly-6D, CD44v6 and K928 were abundantly expressed and Ly-6D even on the most superficial layers. Monoclonal antibodies against Ly-6D and CD44v6 were shown to enhance infection in an organotypic cell culture by one log. Based on these observations, we constructed a bispecific single chain antibody against Ly-6D and adenovirus fiber knob, and showed that this engineered molecule allows efficient CAR-independent infection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Retargeting of oncolytic adenovirus to other surface molecules might improve the efficacy of virotherapy of preneoplastic fields in the oral mucosa.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology/Head-Neck Surgery, Section Tumor Biology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Hester J T
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: van Zeeburg
authors.forename: Victor W
authors.initials: VW
authors.lastname: van Beusechem
authors.forename: Aafke
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Huizenga
authors.forename: Hidde J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Haisma
authors.forename: Nick
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Korokhov
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gibbs
authors.forename: C René
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Leemans
authors.forename: Ruud H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Brakenhoff
mesh_terms: D000256:Adenoviridae / Q000378:metabolism*; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D000090702:Constitutive Androstane Receptor; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D018960:Hyaluronan Receptors / Q000276:immunology; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008156:Luciferases; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000821:virology; D050130:Oncolytic Virotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D010957:Plasmids / Q000235:genetics; D011230:Precancerous Conditions / Q000628:therapy* / Q000821:virology; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; C112697:CD44v6 antigen; D000090702:Constitutive Androstane Receptor; D017931:DNA Primers; D018960:Hyaluronan Receptors; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D008156:Luciferases