title: Estimated equivalency of vitamin D production from natural sun exposure versus oral vitamin D supplementation across seasons at two US latitudes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The relationship between oral vitamin D supplementation and cutaneous photosynthesis is not well understood.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We sought to provide estimates of the equivalency of vitamin D production from natural sun exposure versus oral supplementation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using the FastRT simulation tool, we determined sun exposure times needed to achieve serum vitamin D(3) concentrations equivalent to 400 or 1000 IU vitamin D for individuals of various Fitzpatrick skin types living in Miami, FL, and Boston, MA, during the months of January, April, July, and October.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Peak ultraviolet B irradiation for vitamin D synthesis occurs around 12 pm Eastern Standard Time (EST). In Boston, MA, from April to October at 12 pm EST an individual with type III skin, with 25.5% of the body surface area exposed, would need to spend 3 to 8 minutes in the sun to synthesize 400 IU of vitamin D. It is difficult to synthesize vitamin D during the winter in Boston, MA. For all study months in Miami, FL, an individual with type III skin would need to spend 3 to 6 minutes at 12 pm EST to synthesize 400 IU. Vitamin D synthesis occurs faster in individuals with lighter Fitzpatrick skin types. The duration to attain 1000 IU of vitamin D is longer in all scenarios.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results of the computer model are only approximations. In addition, calculations were made based on the assumption that (1/4) of 1 minimal erythema dose directed at (1/4) body surface area is equal to 1000 IU of oral vitamin D.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although it may be tempting to recommend intentional sun exposure based on our findings, it is difficult, if not impossible to titrate one's exposure. There are well-known detrimental side effects of ultraviolet irradiation. Therefore, oral supplementation remains the safest way for increasing vitamin D status.
authors.affiliation: Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10022, USA.
authors.forename: Vitaly
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Terushkin
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bender
authors.forename: Estee L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Psaty
authors.forename: Ola
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Engelsen
authors.forename: Steven Q
authors.initials: SQ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Allan C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Halpern
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D001900:Boston; D002762:Cholecalciferol / Q000097:blood; D003198:Computer Simulation; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005431:Florida; D006801:Humans; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D012621:Seasons; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism*; D012880:Skin Pigmentation; D013472:Sunlight; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D; D002762:Cholecalciferol