title: Cyclic loads do not compromise functionality of the interspinous spacer or cause damage to the spinal segment: an in vitro analysis.
abstract: METHODS
  A biomechanical study to evaluate the effects of interspinous spacer under cyclic complex loading.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the risk of device migration and to assess damage on the device and specimen under extreme coupled motion. Another objective was to evaluate the effect on vertebral foramen and canal dimensions after spacer implantation.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Interspinous spacers are a relatively new treatment option that are clinically exposed to complex loads. However, the biomechanical performance of these spacers has not been well characterized.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six human cadaveric motion segments were used for this study. The interspinous spacer (SuperionTM, Vertiflex Inc, California) was tested for 5 degrees extension/10 degrees flexion coupled with an axial rotation of +/-3 degrees. CT images were taken for specimens in neutral, 5 degrees extension, and 10 degrees flexion before and after the implantation of the spacer. Vertebral foramen and canal dimensions were quantified.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no device migration or subsidence. Specimens did not sustain any significant injury during testing. Canal area was minimally altered and foramen height, width, and area increased in extension and were statistically significant as compared to intact.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Interspinous spacer effectively prevents the motion at the implanted level and does not change the anatomy significantly.
authors.affiliation: Engineering Center for Orthopaedic Research Excellence (E-CORE), Departments of Bioengineering and Orthopaedic Surgery, Colleges of Engineering and Medicine, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, USA.
authors.forename: Amanesh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Goyal
authors.forename: Vijay K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Goel
authors.forename: Ankit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mehta
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dick
authors.forename: Suresh Reddy
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Chinthakunta
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ferrara
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002102:Cadaver; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007383:Intermittent Claudication / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D013130:Spinal Stenosis / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*; D016474:Weight-Bearing