title: Cell selectivity and anti-inflammatory activity of a Leu/Lys-rich alpha-helical model antimicrobial peptide and its diastereomeric peptides.
abstract: To investigate the effect of the number and distribution of d-amino acids introduced into non-cell-selective alpha-helical antimicrobial peptides on the cell selectivity, protease stability and anti-inflammatory activity, we synthesized an 18-meric Leu/Lys-rich alpha-helical model peptide (K(9)L(8)W) and d-amino acid-containing diastereomeric peptides. Increasing in cell selectivity of the peptides was increased in parallel with increasing in the number of d-amino acids introduced. Despite having the same number of d-amino acids, D(9)-K(9)L(8)W-1 had better cell selectivity than D(9)-K(9)L(8)W-2, indicating that a dispersed distribution of d-amino acids in diastereomeric peptides is more effective for cell selectivity than their segregated distribution. D(3)-K(9)L(8)W-2, D(6)-K(9)L(8)W, D(9)-K(9)L(8)W-1 and D(9)-K(9)L(8)W-2 showed complete resistance to tryptic digestion. Furthermore, K(9)L(8)W and all of its diastereomeric peptides significantly inhibited nitric oxide (NO) production, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA expression and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) release in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage cells at a lower concentration than bactericidal concentration. The order of anti-inflammatory activity for the peptides was K(9)L(8)W approximately D(3)-K(9)L(8)W-1 approximately D(3)-K(9)L(8)W-2 approximately D(6)-K(9)L(8)W approximately D(9)-K(9)L(8)W-2>D(4)-K(9)L(8)W>D(9)-K(9)L(8)W-1. Increasing in hydrophobicity or alpha-helicity of the peptides was more closely correlated with increasing in hemolytic activity and anti-inflammatory activity than antimicrobial and LPS-disaggregation activities. Collectively, we successfully developed several d-amino acid-containing antimicrobial peptides (D(4)-K(9)L(8)W, D(6)-K(9)L(8)W and D(9)-K(9)L(8)W-1) with good cell selectivity, protease stability and potent anti-inflammatory activity. These antimicrobial peptides could serve as templates for the development of peptide antibiotics for the treatment of sepsis, as well as microbial infection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bio-Materials, Graduate School and Research Center for Proteineous Materials, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Yong Hai
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Nan
authors.forename: Sung-Tae
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Shin Won
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Yangmee
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Il-Seon
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Kyung-Soo
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Hahm
authors.forename: Song Yub
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Shin
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D023181:Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006461:Hemolysis; D006801:Humans; D007930:Leucine / Q000737:chemistry; D008239:Lysine / Q000737:chemistry; D051379:Mice; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D017433:Protein Structure, Secondary; D013237:Stereoisomerism
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D023181:Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides; C552028:K9L8W peptide; D007930:Leucine; D008239:Lysine