title: Sevelamer decreases systemic inflammation in parallel to a reduction in endotoxemia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Uremic toxins play a pivotal role in the development of systemic complications of chronic kidney disease (CKD), which are largely mediated by the activation of the immune system. Triggers of inflammation in CKD are largely unknown and strategies aiming to reduce circulating ligands that could start the inflammatory response are potentially important. In the present study, we investigated the impact of sevelamer hydrochloride treatment in reducing endotoxemia and inflammation in a group of hemodialysis (HD) patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  HD patients, who were converted from calcium carbonate treatment to sevelamer according to KDOQI guidelines, were included and prospectively followed for 6 months. Systemic inflammation was evaluated by serum ultra-high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) using an automated immunoturbidimetric assay. Endotoxin was measured using Limulus amebocyte lysate chromogenic endpoint assay. All the analyses were performed immediately before conversion and after 6 months of treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After the exclusion of patients discontinuing the treatment, 20 patients (mean dialysis time 12 +/- 4 months on HD, age 52 +/- 2 years, 38% males, 11% diabetics) were included in the analysis. No significant changes were observed in Ca, P and PTH levels, while a reduction in cholesterol levels was seen. Plasma concentration of hsCRP and endotoxin significantly decreased after 6 months of conversion to sevelamer compared with baseline.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that sevelamer treatment leads to a decrease in hsCRP levels, which was accompanied by a parallel decrease in endotoxemia, suggesting that endotoxemia may contribute to the systemic inflammation in HD patients, which was partially reduced by the use of sevelamer.
authors.affiliation: Center for Health and Biological Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: A E M
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Stinghen
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Gonçalves
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bucharles
authors.forename: F S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Branco
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gruber
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Hauser
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pecoits-Filho
mesh_terms: D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D002614:Chelating Agents; D019446:Endotoxemia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011073:Polyamines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011446:Prospective Studies; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D000069603:Sevelamer; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D002614:Chelating Agents; D004731:Endotoxins; D011073:Polyamines; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D000069603:Sevelamer