title: Timing clorpirifos + cypermethrin and indoxacarb applications to control European corn borer damage and fumonisin contamination in maize kernels.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  European corn borer (ECB) is the main maize pest in central and southern Europe and it promotes the infection of maize with Fusarium verticillioides, which is able to produce fumonisins. Field experiments were performed from 2006 to 2007 in northwestern Italy to determine the effects of the timing of insecticide applications on maize fungal ear rot and fumonisin contamination in natural infection conditions. Four application timings and two insecticides (clorpirifos + cypermethrin and indoxacarb) were compared each year.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In both years, the treatments applied at the beginning of a consistent ECB flight activity and at the flight peak showed the best efficacy to control the insect damage on ears. Fungal ear rot and fumonisin contamination were clearly affected by ECB control. The efficacy of the best application timing to control fumonisin occurrence was 73% in 2006 and 84% in 2007. Earlier insecticide applications showed lower fumonisin contamination than treatments applied after the adult flight peak.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The production of maize and maize-based foods with a low fumonisin content may be enhanced through correct insecticide application against the second ECB generation. The optimum timing of insecticides is between the beginning of a consistent adult flight activity and the flight peak.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Agronomia, Selvicoltura e Gestione del Territorio, Università di Torino, via Leonardo Da Vinci 44, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy. massimo.blandino@unito.it
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Blandino
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Peila
authors.forename: Amedeo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Reyneri
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture / Q000379:methods; D000818:Animals; D004390:Chlorpyrifos; D005516:Food Microbiology; D037341:Fumonisins; D005670:Fusarium / Q000378:metabolism*; D007306:Insecticides; D007558:Italy; D009036:Moths; D010078:Oxazines; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011722:Pyrethrins; D012639:Seeds; D003313:Zea mays
chemical_list: D037341:Fumonisins; D007306:Insecticides; D010078:Oxazines; D011722:Pyrethrins; C017160:cypermethrin; C401104:indoxacarb; D004390:Chlorpyrifos