title: Dose-response effects of insulin glargine in type 2 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic dose-response effects of insulin glargine administered subcutaneously in individuals with type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty obese type 2 diabetic individuals (10 male and 10 female, aged 50 +/- 3 years, with BMI 36 +/- 2 kg/m(2) and A1C 8.3 +/- 0.6%) were studied in this single-center, placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind study. Five subcutaneous doses of insulin glargine (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 units/kg) were investigated on separate occasions using the 24-h euglycemic clamp technique. RESULTS Glargine duration of action to reduce glucose, nonessential fatty acid (NEFA), and beta-hydroxybutyrate levels was close to or >24 h for all four doses. Increases in glucose flux revealed no discernible peak and were modest with maximal glucose infusion rates of 9.4, 6.6, 5.5, and 2.8 mumol/kg/min for the 2.0, 1.5, 1.0, and 0.5 units/kg doses, respectively. Glargine exhibited a relatively hepatospecific action with greater suppression (P < 0.05) of endogenous glucose production (EGP) compared with little or no increases in glucose disposal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A single subcutaneous injection of glargine at a dose of >or=0.5 units/kg can acutely reduce glucose, NEFA, and ketone body levels for 24 h in obese insulin-resistant type 2 diabetic individuals. Glargine lowers blood glucose by mainly inhibiting EGP with limited effects on stimulating glucose disposal. Large doses of glargine have minimal effects on glucose flux and retain a relatively hepatospecific action in type 2 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. sdavis@medicine.umaryland.edu
authors.forename: Zhihui
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Maka S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Hedrington
authors.forename: Nino
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gogitidze Joy
authors.forename: Vanessa J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Briscoe
authors.forename: M Antoinette
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Younk
authors.forename: Wendell
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Nicholson
authors.forename: Donna B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Tate
authors.forename: Stephen N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Davis
mesh_terms: D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects; D002096:C-Peptide / Q000097:blood; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005934:Glucagon / Q000097:blood; D015309:Glucose Clamp Technique; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D000069036:Insulin Glargine; D049528:Insulin, Long-Acting; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D002096:C-Peptide; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D049528:Insulin, Long-Acting; D000069036:Insulin Glargine; D005934:Glucagon