title: Difference in risk factors between acute coronary syndrome and stable angina pectoris in the Japanese: smoking as a crucial risk factor of acute coronary syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Metabolic syndrome and chronic kidney disease (CKD) have received attention as new risk factors for cardiovascular disease. This study evaluated differences in key risk factors between acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and stable angina pectoris (SAP) by using traditional coronary risk factors, metabolic syndrome, and CKD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Among 1890 consecutive patients admitted to our institution, we studied 140 patients with initially diagnosed ACS and 163 patients with initially diagnosed SAP and compared risk factors between the two groups. Next, the relationship between smoking status after the initial diagnosis of coronary artery disease (CAD) and the incidence of subsequent cardiac event was examined after discharge in 284 patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adjusted multivariate analysis showed that only current smoking was an independent predictor of ACS (odds ratio, 2.20; 95% CI, 1.28-3.78; p=0.004) among all risk factors we examined. Treatment with a calcium-channel blocker had a preventive effect on ACS (odds ratio, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.26-0.75; p=0.003), but treatment with a beta-blocker did not. Patients who continued to smoke after CAD was diagnosed had a risk of cardiac events about 5 times that of smokers who quit (adjusted hazard ratio, 5.05; 95% CI, 1.33-19.20; p=0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The risk factors were significantly different between initially diagnosed ACS and SAP. Smoking was a more important risk factor of initially diagnosed ACS. Smoking cessation might have a preventive effect on subsequent cardiac events. Also, we found that treatment with a calcium-channel blocker would help prevent ACS in Japanese patients.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishishinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan. yagi@jikei.ac.jp
authors.forename: Hidenori
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yagi
authors.forename: Kimiaki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Komukai
authors.forename: Koichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hashimoto
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kawai
authors.forename: Takayuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ogawa
authors.forename: Ryuko
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Anzawa
authors.forename: Kosuke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Minai
authors.forename: Tomohisa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nagoshi
authors.forename: Kazuo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ogawa
authors.forename: Ikuo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Taniguchi
authors.forename: Michihiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yoshimura
mesh_terms: D054058:Acute Coronary Syndrome / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D000787:Angina Pectoris / Q000209:etiology*; D044466:Asian People; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000150:complications; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000150:complications; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016540:Smoking Cessation
chemical_list: D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers