title: Interaction of dietary Bacillus subtilis and fructooligosaccharide on the growth performance, non-specific immunity of sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus.
abstract: A feeding experiment was conducted to investigate the interaction of probiotic Bacillus subtilis and prebiotic fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on the growth performance, immunity, intestinal microflora and disease resistance of sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus). Five hundred and forty individuals (initial body weight: 5.06 +/- 0.10 g, mean +/- S.E) were fed nine practical diets according to a 3 x 3 factorial design: the basal diet as the control diet supplemented with three levels of B. subtilis (0, 1.82 x 10(7) or 4.95 x 10(7) CFU g(-1) diet), crossed with 0, 0.25% or 0.50% FOS. After 8 weeks, three sea cucumbers per tank were sampled for bacterial quantification and immunity determination. Then all the sea cucumbers left were challenged by Vibrio splendidus. The results showed that dietary B. subtilis significantly increased the specific growth rate (SGR), total coelomocytes counts (TCC), phagocytosis of sea cucumbers, the counts of total viable bacteria and disease resistance to V. splendidus (P < 0.05), whereas the counts of Vibrio decreased. However, dietary B. subtilis had no significant effect on phenoloxidase (PO) activity in coelomocyte lysate supernatant (CLS) (P > 0.05). The SGR, PO activity, total viable bacterial counts (TBC) and Vibrio counts (VBC) were significantly affected by dietary FOS. In the group with 0.50% FOS, TCC, phagocytosis and PO activity significantly increased compared to the group fed without FOS in diet (P < 0.05). In the groups with 1.82 x 10(7) CFU B. subtilis/g diet, FOS supplementation remarkably decreased VBC. And higher level of FOS (0.50%) resulted in significantly higher TCC and PO activity compared with 0.25% FOS (P < 0.05). Moreover, the animals fed with diets supplemented with 0.25% and 0.50% FOS at each B. subtilis level had notably lower cumulative mortality after 14 days following V. splendidus exposure (P < 0.05). Under the experimental conditions, dietary B. subtilis and FOS had a synergistic effect on enhancing immunity and disease resistance of sea cucumber (P < 0.05).
authors.affiliation: The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education of China), Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, PR China.
authors.forename: Qin
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Hongming
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Kangsen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mai
authors.forename: Wenbing
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Zhiguo
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liufu
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001412:Bacillus subtilis / Q000276:immunology*; D004032:Diet; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000276:immunology*; D009844:Oligosaccharides / Q000276:immunology*; D012616:Sea Cucumbers / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology; D014733:Vibrio / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D009844:Oligosaccharides; C116580:fructooligosaccharide