title: Embryological background of truncular venous malformation in the extracranial venous pathways as the cause of chronic cerebro spinal venous insufficiency.
abstract: The truncular venous malformation (VM) represents an embryologically defective vein where developmental arrest has occurred during the vascular trunk formation period in the 'later stage' of the embryonic development. A relatively simple truncular VM lesion such as a venous web at the hepatic venous outlet causes portal hypertension giving a profound damage/impact to the liver. A similar condition involving the head and neck venous system may cause chronic cerebro-spinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) and may be involved in the development or exacerbation of multiple sclerosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular Surgery, Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Laredo
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Neville
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001401:Azygos Vein / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003097:Collateral Circulation; D003251:Constriction, Pathologic; D006801:Humans; D007601:Jugular Veins / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000503:physiopathology; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000098:blood supply*; D013577:Syndrome; D054079:Vascular Malformations / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D014684:Venae Cavae / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014689:Venous Insufficiency / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology