title: Subtle cognitive impairments in patients with long-term cure of Cushing's disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Active Cushing's disease is associated with cognitive impairments. We hypothesized that previous hypercortisolism in patients with Cushing's disease results in irreversible impairments in cognitive functioning. Therefore, our aim was to assess cognitive functioning after long-term cure of Cushing's disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cognitive assessment consisted of 11 tests, which evaluated global cognitive functioning, memory, and executive functioning.
  
  
  METHODS
  We included 74 patients cured of Cushing's disease and 74 controls matched for age, gender, and education. Furthermore, we included 54 patients previously treated for nonfunctioning pituitary macroadenomas (NFMA) and 54 controls matched for age, gender, and education.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with NFMA patients, patients cured from Cushing's disease had lower scores on the Mini Mental State Examination (P = 0.001), and on the memory quotient of the Wechsler Memory Scale (P = 0.050). Furthermore, patients cured from Cushing's disease tended to recall fewer words on the imprinting (P = 0.013), immediate recall (P = 0.012), and delayed recall (P = 0.003) trials of the Verbal Learning Test of Rey. On the Rey Complex Figure Test, patients cured from Cushing's disease had lower scores on both trials (P = 0.002 and P = 0.007) compared with NFMA patients. Patients cured from Cushing's disease also made fewer correct substitutions on the Letter-Digit Substitution Test (P = 0.039) and came up with fewer correct patterns on the Figure Fluency Test (P = 0.003) compared with treated NFMA patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cognitive function, reflecting memory and executive functions, is impaired in patients despite long-term cure of Cushing's disease. These observations indicate irreversible effects of previous hypercortisolism on cognitive function and, thus, on the central nervous system. These observations may also be of relevance for patients treated with high-dose exogenous glucocorticoids.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands. J.Tiemensma@lumc.nl
authors.forename: Jitske
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tiemensma
authors.forename: Nieke E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Kokshoorn
authors.forename: Nienke R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Biermasz
authors.forename: Bart-Jan S A
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Keijser
authors.forename: Moniek J E
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Wassenaar
authors.forename: Huub A M
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Middelkoop
authors.forename: Alberto M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.forename: Johannes A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Romijn
mesh_terms: D049913:ACTH-Secreting Pituitary Adenoma / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology / Q000601:surgery; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology; D008570:Memory, Short-Term / Q000502:physiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D047748:Pituitary ACTH Hypersecretion / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology* / Q000601:surgery; D010901:Pituitary Function Tests; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D017741:Survivors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014888:Wechsler Scales