title: Benzopyrene and experimental stressors cause compensatory differentiation in placental trophoblast stem cells.
abstract: Stress causes decreased cell accumulation in early periimplantation embryos and the placental trophoblast stem cells derived from them. Benzopyrene and many other stressors activate stress enzymes that lead to suppressed stem cell accumulation through diminished proliferation and increased apoptosis. Trophoblast stem cells proliferate and a subpopulation of early postimplantation trophoblast cells differentiate to produce the first placental hormones that arise in the implanting conceptus. These hormones mediate antiluteolytic effects that enable the continuation of a successful implantation. The normal determination and differentiation of placental trophoblast stem cells is dependent upon a series of transcription factors. But, these transcription factors can also be modulated by stress through the activity of stress enzymes. This review enumerates and analyzes recent reports on the effects of benzopyrene on placental function in terms of the emerging paradigm that placental differentiation from stem cells can be regulated when insufficient production of stem cells is caused by stress. In addition, we review the other effects caused by benzopyrene throughout placental development.
authors.affiliation: C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA. drappole@med.wayne.edu
authors.forename: Daniel A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Rappolee
authors.forename: Awoniyi O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Awonuga
authors.forename: Elizabeth E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Puscheck
authors.forename: Sichang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Yufen
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xie
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001580:Benzopyrenes / Q000633:toxicity*; D001755:Blastocyst / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D019070:Cell Lineage; D010064:Embryo Implantation / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010920:Placenta / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011247:Pregnancy; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D013312:Stress, Physiological; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000502:physiology; D014327:Trophoblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D001580:Benzopyrenes; D014157:Transcription Factors