title: Cytokine mRNA expressions after racing at a high altitude and at sea level in horses with exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine concentrations of cytokine mRNA in horses with exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH) after racing.
  
  
  METHODS
  97 Thoroughbreds.
  
  
  METHODS
  Following tracheobronchoscopy, the severity of EIPH was graded (scale of 0 to 4), and venous blood samples were collected from 10 horses in each grade. After RNA isolation and cDNA synthesis, real-time PCR assay was conducted to detect cytokinespecific mRNA for interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, and IL-10; interferon (INF)-gamma; and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neither location nor grade of EIPH affected the expression of IL-1 and INF-gamma. There was significantly greater overall expression of IL-6 mRNA at sea level, with significantly more IL-6 expressed in horses with grade 4 EIPH than in horses with grade 0, 1, or 2 EIPH. At a high altitude, no difference was detected for IL-6 expression among the various EIPH grades. There was significantly greater overall expression of TNF-alpha mRNA at a high altitude; however, there was no difference within the various grades of EIPH. Expression of IL-10 was significantly affected by grade of EIPH because horses with grade 3 EIPH expressed significantly more IL-10 mRNA than did horses with grade 0 or 2 EIPH; this expression was not affected by location.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At sea level, increased IL-6 expression was associated with more severe EIPH, and altitude may affect gene expressions of the proinflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha and anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-6. Studies on protein concentrations of cytokine expression are needed. The pathophysiologic importance of these findings remains to be explained.
authors.affiliation: Section of Equine Medicine, Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0110, South Africa. montague.saulez@up.ac.za
authors.forename: Montague N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Saulez
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Godfroid
authors.forename: Anamarie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bosman
authors.forename: Jackie L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Stiltner
authors.forename: Cormac C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Breathnach
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Horohov
mesh_terms: D000531:Altitude; D000818:Animals; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000502:physiology*; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000378:metabolism / Q000662:veterinary*; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000378:metabolism*; D006736:Horses; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000378:metabolism / Q000662:veterinary*; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D012333:RNA, Messenger