title: Assessment of hydrodissection, holmium:YAG laser vaporization of renal tissue, and both combined to facilitate laparoscopic partial nephrectomy in porcine model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the modalities of electrocautery, holmium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (YAG) laser, hydrodissection, and combined holmium:YAG laser with hydrodissection applied to laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN) in a porcine model.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 16 Yorkshire pigs were divided into 4 equal groups (electrocautery, hydrodissection, holmium:YAG laser, and combined hydrodissection/holmium:YAG laser) and underwent unilateral LPN. The total operative time, partial nephrectomy time, hemostasis modality, and intraoperative complications were recorded. The pre- and postoperative hemoglobin was measured. Abdominal computed tomography was performed 2 weeks postoperatively. Representative specimens from each arm were examined for histologic findings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean total operative time and the time to perform partial nephrectomy was lower for the combined hydrodissection/holmium:YAG laser arm (66 minutes and 13 minutes, respectively) compared with the electrocautery arm (93 and 30 minutes, respectively), holmium:YAG laser-only arm (77 and 19 minutes, respectively), and hydrodissection-only arm (129 and 35 minutes, respectively). The mean decrease in hemoglobin was the least for the combined hydrodissection/holmium:YAG laser arm (5.3 g/L) followed by the holmium:YAG-only (15.3 g/L), hydrodissection-only (16.8 g/L), and electrocautery (35.5 g/L) arms, respectively. The histologic examination demonstrated an increased depth of tissue injury in the electrocautery arm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a porcine model, the combined use of the hydrodissection/holmium:YAG laser to perform LPN had the shortest operative time and the lowest decrease in hemoglobin and appears to warrant additional clinical evaluation in human trials for LPN.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA. bodo.knudsen@osumc.edu
authors.forename: Bodo E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Knudsen
authors.forename: Ben H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Chew
authors.forename: Andrew H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Darren T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Beiko
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Denstedt
authors.forename: Stephen E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Pautler
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D010535:Laparoscopy; D053685:Laser Therapy; D053844:Lasers, Solid-State / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000379:methods*; D013552:Swine