title: First identification of Toll-like receptor-4 in avian brain: evolution of lipopolysaccharide recognition and inflammation-dependent responses.
abstract: In this work, we examine the effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment on nerve cells of chick embryo used as a universal avian model. We demonstrate that LPS leads to a dramatic cell loss in primary cultures of both glia and neurons, isolated from chick embryos. Toxic effects appear to be mediated by the Toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 complex, expressed in both glial and neuronal cells, since after TLR-4 silencing by RNA interference experiments LPS-induced cytotoxicity was prevented. The role of nitric oxide in LPS-induced cell damage has also been investigated. These results demonstrate, for the first time in avian nerve cells, the surface expression of TLR-4 and its role as a pattern recognition receptor involved in LPS-induced cell responses in a similar manner to that observed in mammals.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Anatomia Umana e Istologia, Università di Bari, Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: Concetta
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Saponaro
authors.forename: Antonia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cianciulli
authors.forename: Rosa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Calvello
authors.forename: Pasqua
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cavallo
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mitolo
authors.forename: Maria Antonietta
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Panaro
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism*; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002642:Chick Embryo; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000633:toxicity*; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D009457:Neuroglia / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II