title: Using multifocal electroretinography hard exudates affect macular function in eyes with diabetic retinopathy.
abstract: To evaluate the influence of hard exudates on macular function in patients with diabetic retinopathy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty seven eyes from 27 diabetic patients, aged 57 +/- 14 years, diabetes duration 12.5 +/- 9 years, not previously treated with photocoagulation, underwent fundus photography, multifocal electroretinography (mfERG) and optical coherence tomography (OCT). Hard exudates were graded from fundus photography with superimposed OCT and a superimposed hexagonal pattern (mfERG) by one retinal specialist, unaware of mfERG and OCT results. We defined three groups; A = eyes with exudates in the analyzed zone, B = eyes with no exudates in the analyzed zone but elsewhere, and C = eyes with no exudates. The mfERG responses and OCT values from five defined areas in the macula were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MfERG showed that the implicit time was significantly prolonged in group A compared to group C in the central, middle and outer areas and in the nasal and temporal area (p = 0.045, 0.019, 0.017 and 0.035 and 0.016 respectively), in group B compared to group C in the central area (p = 0.016), and in group A compared to group B in the outer area (p = 0.035). Amplitude differed between group A and C in the middle area and outer area (14.2 +/- 5.2 nV/deg(2) vs 21.1 +/- 8.7 nV/deg(2), p = 0.037 and 14.1 +/- 3.9 nV/deg(2) vs 17.7 +/- 7.1 nV/deg(2) , p = 0.02 respectively), and between group B and C in the temporal area 14.5 +/- 2.2 nV/deg(2) vs 20.0 +/- 8.7 nV/deg(2), p = 0.017). Macular thickness assessed with OCT was similar between the groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In eyes with diabetic retinopathy, hard exudates prolong the implicit time assessed with mfERG, compared to eyes without hard exudates, and independently of macular thickness. These results indicate that the hard exudates in the macular region, even at a distance from the fovea centre, have a deleterious effect on macular function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden. Kristina.holm@med.lu.se
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Holm
authors.forename: Vesna
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ponjavic
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lövestam-Adrian
mesh_terms: D001794:Blood Pressure; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004596:Electroretinography; D005122:Exudates and Transudates / Q000502:physiology*; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D008266:Macula Lutea / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010781:Photography; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin