title: The shunt-restricted arterialized venous flap for hand/digit reconstruction: enhanced perfusion, decreased congestion, and improved reliability.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Arterialized venous flaps can be useful for hand/digit reconstruction, providing very thin skin coverage. However, their popularity has been limited by concerns over poor peripheral perfusion and severe congestion, which may be to be due to unrestricted arteriovenous shunting and pressurization of the efferent vein. To mitigate these problems, we design our flaps to restrict shunting. This report describes our clinical experience with these techniques.
  
  
  METHODS
  A consecutive series of 15 flaps was reviewed. All flaps were transferred with antegrade flow. Shunt restriction was achieved in one of the following ways, according to the flap's venous pattern: (1) two parallel veins (II-pattern): use of separate veins for inflow and outflow; (2) two parallel veins with connecting branch (H-pattern): as for II-pattern, with ligation of connecting branch; (3) branching vein (Y/lambda-pattern): ligation of one branch near bifurcation, with use of that branch for outflow and other segment for inflow (or vice versa); and (4) one continuous vein (I-pattern): ligation at midpoint. Laser Doppler flowmetry was used to compare flap perfusion with and without shunt restriction in two patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All flaps survived entirely. Color, turgor, temperature, and capillary refill mimicked conventional arterial flaps, facilitating postoperative monitoring. Six flaps demonstrated mild-to-moderate venous congestion at the afferent end, with some developing epidermolysis but no full-thickness loss. Intraoperative flowmetry showed enhanced perfusion in the flap's periphery when shunting was restricted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Restriction of arteriovenous shunting enhances peripheral perfusion and decreases congestion of venous flaps, thereby improving reliability and utility for hand/digit reconstruction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan. linut@adm.cgmh.org.tw
authors.forename: Yu-Te
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Steven L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Henry
authors.forename: Chih-Hung
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Hung-Yi
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Wei-Nung
authors.initials: WN
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Cheng-Hung
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Fu-Chan
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Wei
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001158:Arteries / Q000601:surgery; D001166:Arteriovenous Shunt, Surgical / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005383:Finger Injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006084:Graft Rejection; D006085:Graft Survival; D006230:Hand Injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D017078:Laser-Doppler Flowmetry; D008297:Male; D008833:Microcirculation / Q000502:physiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000502:physiology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018570:Risk Assessment; D016038:Skin Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D013524:Surgical Flaps / Q000098:blood supply*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014680:Veins / Q000601:surgery; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult