title: Metabolic switching of human myotubes is improved by n-3 fatty acids.
abstract: The aim of the present study was to examine whether pretreatment with different fatty acids, as well as the liver X receptor (LXR) agonist T0901317, could modify metabolic switching of human myotubes. The n-3 FA eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) increased suppressibility, the ability of glucose to suppress FA oxidation. Substrate-regulated flexibility, the ability to increase FA oxidation when changing from a high glucose, low fatty acid condition ("fed") to a high fatty acid, low glucose ("fasted") condition, was increased by EPA and other n-3 FAs. Adaptability, the capacity to increase FA oxidation with increasing FA availability, was enhanced after pretreatment with EPA, linoleic acid (LA), and palmitic acid (PA). T0901317 counteracted the effect of EPA on suppressibility and adaptability, but it did not affect these parameters alone. EPA per se accumulated less, however, EPA, LA, oleic acid, and T0901317 treatment increased the number of lipid droplets (LD) in myotubes. LD volume and intensity, as well as mitochondrial mass, were independent of FA pretreatment. Microarray analysis showed that EPA regulated more genes than the other FAs and that specific pathways involved in carbohydrate metabolism were induced only by EPA. The present study suggests a favorable effect of n-3 FAs on skeletal muscle metabolic switching and glucose utilization.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. n.p.hessvik@farmasi.uio.no
authors.forename: N P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Hessvik
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Bakke
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fredriksson
authors.forename: M V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Boekschoten
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fjørkenstad
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Koster
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Hesselink
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kersten
authors.forename: E T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Kase
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Rustan
authors.forename: G H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Thoresen
mesh_terms: D001692:Biological Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006845:Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated / Q000494:pharmacology; D007328:Insulin / Q000494:pharmacology; D000071518:Liver X Receptors; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D019301:Oleic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D057093:Orphan Nuclear Receptors / Q000819:agonists / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction / Q000187:drug effects; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000494:pharmacology; D005466:Fluorocarbons; D000096926:Benzenesulfonamides
chemical_list: D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D005947:Glucose; D006845:Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated; D007328:Insulin; D000071518:Liver X Receptors; D019301:Oleic Acid; D057093:Orphan Nuclear Receptors; D013449:Sulfonamides; C423915:T0901317; D005466:Fluorocarbons; D000096926:Benzenesulfonamides