title: Dose related shifts in the developmental progress of chick embryos exposed to mobile phone induced electromagnetic fields.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The possible adverse effects of Electromagnetic Fields (EMFs) emitted from mobile phones present a major public concern today. Some studies indicate EMFs effects on genes, free radical production, immunological and carcinogenic effects. On the other hand there are studies which do not support the hypothesis of any biological impacts of EMFs. This study was designed to observe the effects of mobile phone induced EMFs on survival and general growth and development of chick embryo, investigating dose-response relationship if any.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was an experimental study in which developing chick embryos were exposed to different doses of mobile phone induced EMFs. For this purpose a mobile phone was placed in the incubator in the centre of fertilised eggs in silent ringing mode and was 'rung' upon from any other line or cell phone. After incubation for 10 or 15 days the eggs were opened and the developmental mile-stones of the surviving embryos were compared with the non exposed subgroup.
  
  
  RESULTS
  EMFs exposure significantly decreased the survivability of the chick embryos. The lower doses of EMFs caused growth retardation. However, this effect of growth retardation reallocated to partial growth enhancement on increasing the dose of EMFs and shifted over to definite growth enhancement on further raising the dose.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is an adverse effect of EMFs exposure on embryo survivability. Chick embryos developmental process is influenced by EMFs. However, these effects are variable depending upon the dose of EMFs exposure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Islamabad Medical and Dental College, Murree Road, Barakahu, Islamabad, Pakistan. nusrat.zareen@gmail.com
authors.forename: Nusrat
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zareen
authors.forename: Muhammad Yunus
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Liaqat Ali
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Minhas
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D040421:Cell Phone; D002642:Chick Embryo / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011897:Random Allocation