title: Climate change and invasion by intracontinental range-expanding exotic plants: the role of biotic interactions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this Botanical Briefing we describe how the interactions between plants and their biotic environment can change during range-expansion within a continent and how this may influence plant invasiveness.
  
  
  METHODS
  We address how mechanisms explaining intercontinental plant invasions by exotics (such as release from enemies) may also apply to climate-warming-induced range-expanding exotics within the same continent. We focus on above-ground and below-ground interactions of plants, enemies and symbionts, on plant defences, and on nutrient cycling.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Range-expansion by plants may result in above-ground and below-ground enemy release. This enemy release can be due to the higher dispersal capacity of plants than of natural enemies. Moreover, lower-latitudinal plants can have higher defence levels than plants from temperate regions, making them better defended against herbivory. In a world that contains fewer enemies, exotic plants will experience less selection pressure to maintain high levels of defensive secondary metabolites. Range-expanders potentially affect ecosystem processes, such as nutrient cycling. These features are quite comparable with what is known of intercontinental invasive exotic plants. However, intracontinental range-expanding plants will have ongoing gene-flow between the newly established populations and the populations in the native range. This is a major difference from intercontinental invasive exotic plants, which become more severely disconnected from their source populations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Heteren, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Elly
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Morriën
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Engelkes
authors.forename: Mirka
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Macel
authors.forename: Annelein
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Meisner
authors.forename: Wim H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Van der Putten
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000502:physiology*; D044822:Biodiversity; D005075:Biological Evolution; D057231:Climate Change / Q000145:classification / Q000401:mortality*; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D017753:Ecosystem; D004777:Environment; D035264:Flowers; D063245:Plant Development; D018520:Plant Shoots; D011157:Population Dynamics; D013045:Species Specificity; D013696:Temperature