title: Cadmium stress: an oxidative challenge.
abstract: At the cellular level, cadmium (Cd) induces both damaging and repair processes in which the cellular redox status plays a crucial role. Being not redox-active, Cd is unable to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) directly, but Cd-induced oxidative stress is a common phenomenon observed in multiple studies. The current review gives an overview on Cd-induced ROS production and anti-oxidative defense in organisms under different Cd regimes. Moreover, the Cd-induced oxidative challenge is discussed with a focus on damage and signaling as downstream responses. Gathering these data, it was clear that oxidative stress related responses are affected during Cd stress, but the apparent discrepancies observed in between the different studies points towards the necessity to increase our knowledge on the spatial and temporal ROS signature under Cd stress. This information is essential in order to reveal the exact role of Cd-induced oxidative stress in the modulation of downstream responses under a diverse array of conditions.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, Diepenbeek, Belgium. ann.cuypers@uhasselt.be
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cuypers
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Plusquin
authors.forename: Tony
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Remans
authors.forename: Marijke
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jozefczak
authors.forename: Els
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Keunen
authors.forename: Heidi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gielen
authors.forename: Kelly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Opdenakker
authors.forename: Ambily Ravindran
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Nair
authors.forename: Elke
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Munters
authors.forename: Tom J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Artois
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nawrot
authors.forename: Jaco
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vangronsveld
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Smeets
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D002104:Cadmium / Q000633:toxicity*; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity; D004790:Enzyme Induction / Q000187:drug effects; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008668:Metallothionein / Q000378:metabolism; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008954:Models, Biological; D019255:NADPH Oxidases / Q000096:biosynthesis; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds / Q000378:metabolism; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds; D002104:Cadmium; D008668:Metallothionein; D002374:Catalase; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D019255:NADPH Oxidases; D005978:Glutathione