title: Exposure to secondhand smoke and associated factors among non-smoking pregnant women with smoking husbands in Sichuan province, China.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure harms pregnant women and the fetus. China has the world's largest number of smokers and a high male smoking prevalence rate.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare exposure to SHS among rural and urban Chinese non-smoking pregnant women with smoking husbands, and analyze factors associated with the level of SHS exposure and hair nicotine concentration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sichuan province, China.
  
  
  METHODS
  In all 1,181 non-smoking pregnant women with smoking husbands recruited from eight district/county Women and Children's hospitals.
  
  
  METHODS
  The women completed a questionnaire in April and May 2008. Based on systematic sampling, 186 pregnant women were selected for sampling the nicotine concentration in their hair. Ordinal logistic regression analysis was conducted to examine correlates with self-reported SHS exposure (total and at home); linear regression was conducted for the sub-sample of hair nicotine concentrations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Secondhand smoking exposure rates, hair nicotine levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  About 75.1% of the non-smoking pregnant women with smoking husbands reported regular SHS exposure. The major source of exposure was through their husband. In the multivariate analysis, the risk of greater SHS exposure (total and at home) and hair nicotine concentration was increased for women who were rural, had a husband with greater cigarette consumption, less knowledge about SHS, less negative attitudes about SHS, and no smoke-free home rules.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The high prevalence rate of SHS exposure suggests that it is important for non-smoking pregnant women, especially rural women, to establish smoke-free home rules and increase knowledge and negative attitudes towards SHS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Economics, Huaxi School of Public Health, University of Sichuan, Chengdu, China.|Department of Health Economics, School of Public Health and Administration, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China.
authors.forename: Lian
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, USA.
authors.forename: Elisa K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Tong
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Economics, Huaxi School of Public Health, University of Sichuan, Chengdu, China.
authors.forename: Zhengzhong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Mao
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, USA.
authors.forename: Teh-Wei
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Hu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005731:Ganglionic Stimulants / Q000032:analysis; D006197:Hair / Q000737:chemistry; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D018811:Maternal Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009538:Nicotine / Q000032:analysis; D011247:Pregnancy; D012424:Rural Population; D018454:Spouses; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014505:Urban Population
chemical_list: D005731:Ganglionic Stimulants; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; D009538:Nicotine