title: Long-chain fatty acid combustion rate is associated with unique metabolite profiles in skeletal muscle mitochondria.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Incomplete or limited long-chain fatty acid (LCFA) combustion in skeletal muscle has been associated with insulin resistance. Signals that are responsive to shifts in LCFA beta-oxidation rate or degree of intramitochondrial catabolism are hypothesized to regulate second messenger systems downstream of the insulin receptor. Recent evidence supports a causal link between mitochondrial LCFA combustion in skeletal muscle and insulin resistance. We have used unbiased metabolite profiling of mouse muscle mitochondria with the aim of identifying candidate metabolites within or effluxed from mitochondria and that are shifted with LCFA combustion rate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Large-scale unbiased metabolomics analysis was performed using GC/TOF-MS on buffer and mitochondrial matrix fractions obtained prior to and after 20 min of palmitate catabolism (n = 7 mice/condition). Three palmitate concentrations (2, 9 and 19 microM; corresponding to low, intermediate and high oxidation rates) and 9 microM palmitate plus tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and electron transport chain inhibitors were each tested and compared to zero palmitate control incubations. Paired comparisons of the 0 and 20 min samples were made by Student's t-test. False discovery rate were estimated and Type I error rates assigned. Major metabolite groups were organic acids, amines and amino acids, free fatty acids and sugar phosphates. Palmitate oxidation was associated with unique profiles of metabolites, a subset of which correlated to palmitate oxidation rate. In particular, palmitate oxidation rate was associated with distinct changes in the levels of TCA cycle intermediates within and effluxed from mitochondria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This proof-of-principle study establishes that large-scale metabolomics methods can be applied to organelle-level models to discover metabolite patterns reflective of LCFA combustion, which may lead to identification of molecules linking muscle fat metabolism and insulin signaling. Our results suggest that future studies should focus on the fate of effluxed TCA cycle intermediates and on mechanisms ensuring their replenishment during LCFA metabolism in skeletal muscle.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Erin L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Seifert
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Fiehn
authors.forename: Véronic
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bezaire
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Bickel
authors.forename: Gert
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wohlgemuth
authors.forename: Sean H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.forename: Mary-Ellen
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Harper
mesh_terms: D020155:3-Hydroxybutyric Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D002849:Chromatography, Gas / Q000379:methods; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D007659:Ketones / Q000378:metabolism; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D055432:Metabolomics / Q000379:methods; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism; D008931:Mitochondria, Muscle / Q000378:metabolism*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D005227:Fatty Acids; D007659:Ketones; D010100:Oxygen; D020155:3-Hydroxybutyric Acid