title: Transcatheter closure of the arterial duct without arterial access.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the safety and efficacy of transcatheter occlusion of the arterial duct without femoral arterial catheterization.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Patent arterial ducts have been closed percutaneously since the 1960s. It remains standard practice to use arterial access for aortography before, during, and after implantation of the device. Femoral arterial catheterisation has well recognised complications, and should be avoided unless absolutely necessary.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed prospectively collected data relating to 389 occlusions of the arterial duct performed consecutively between 1994 and 2004. We inserted Cook detachable coils in 288 instances using the Amplatzer duct occluder in the remaining 101. Information was obtained regarding procedural success, displacement of the device, and re-intervention. We have followed out patients for a median of 1.15 years in those closed with the Amplatzer device, and 1.09 years in those closed with a coil.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the patients in whom we used coils, occlusion was possible in 75% using venous access alone. We reintervened in 25 patients, because of embolisation of the device in 6, haemolysis in 5, and residual shunting in 14. On follow-up, complete occlusion had been achieved in 98%. We found trivial stenosis of the left pulmonary artery in 3 patients. When using the Amplatzer device, closure using venous access alone was achieved in 82%, and 2 patients required reintervention because of embolisation of the device. Complete occlusion had been achieved in all patients as judged by follow-up at 1 year, and 2 patients had trivial stenosis of the left pulmonary artery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Arterial catheterisation is unnecessary in the great majority of patients undergoing occlusion of the arterial duct. Use of venous catheterisation alone is safe, and does not appear to increase the risk of device-related complications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Congenital Cardiology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, UK.
authors.forename: Fiona E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Willcoxson
authors.forename: Sangeetha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Viswanathan
authors.forename: John D R
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Thomson
authors.forename: John L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Gibbs
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000792:Angiography / Q000379:methods; D021721:Balloon Occlusion / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization; D002408:Catheters, Indwelling; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004374:Ductus Arteriosus, Patent / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler; D005260:Female; D005263:Femoral Artery; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D055989:Septal Occluder Device; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult