title: BTG1 regulates glucocorticoid receptor autoinduction in acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
abstract: Resistance to glucocorticoids (GCs) is a major clinical problem in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), but the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Although mutations in the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) gene can give rise to therapy resistance in vitro, acquired somatic mutations in the GR are rarely encountered in patients. Here we report that the protein encoded by the BTG1 gene, which is frequently deleted in (pediatric) ALL, is a key determinant of GC responsiveness. Using RNA interference, we show that loss of BTG1 expression causes GC resistance both by decimating GR expression and by controlling GR-mediated transcription. Conversely, reexpression of BTG1 restores GC sensitivity by potentiating GC-induced GR expression, a phenomenon known as GR autoinduction. In addition, the arginine methyltransferase PRMT1, a BTG1-binding partner and transcriptional coactivator, is recruited to the GR gene promoter in a BTG1-dependent manner. These results implicate the BTG1/PRMT1 complex in GR-mediated gene expression and reveal that deregulation of a nuclear receptor coactivator complex can give rise to GC resistance. Further characterization of this complex as part of the GR regulatory circuitry could offer novel opportunities for improving the efficacy of GC-based therapies in ALL and other hematologic malignancies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Laboratory of Pediatric Oncology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Joost C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: van Galen
authors.forename: Roland P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Kuiper
authors.forename: Liesbeth
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: van Emst
authors.forename: Marloes
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Levers
authors.forename: Esther
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tijchon
authors.forename: Blanca
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Scheijen
authors.forename: Esmé
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Waanders
authors.forename: Simon V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: van Reijmersdal
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gilissen
authors.forename: Ad Geurts
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: van Kessel
authors.forename: Peter M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Hoogerbrugge
authors.forename: Frank N
authors.initials: FN
authors.lastname: van Leeuwen
mesh_terms: D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D005260:Female; D017353:Gene Deletion; D015973:Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D046912:Multiprotein Complexes / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D054198:Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D011484:Protein-Arginine N-Methyltransferases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D034622:RNA Interference; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid / Q000819:agonists / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D005938:Glucocorticoids; D046912:Multiprotein Complexes; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid; D012097:Repressor Proteins; C074086:BTG1 protein, human; C099988:PRMT1 protein, human; D011484:Protein-Arginine N-Methyltransferases