title: Antibacterial activities of Ramalin, usnic acid and its three derivatives isolated from the Antarctic lichen Ramalina terebrata.
abstract: The development of new antibacterial compounds is an urgent issue to meet the evolution of resistivity of pathogenic bacteria against the available drugs. The objective of this study was to investigate the antibacterial compounds from the Antarctic lichen species Ramalina terebrata. A total of five compounds, usnic acid, usimine A, usimine B, usimine C, and ramalin, were isolated by bioactivity guided-fractionation of the methanol extract of R. terebrata after several chromatographic procedures. The qualitative antibacterial activities of the crude extract and isolated compounds were determined by the disk diffusion method while the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination assay gave the quantitative strength of the test samples. All the test samples showed antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis. The crude extract and usnic acid showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. The MIC values of the isolated compounds against B. subtilis were in the range of 1 to 26 microg/mL. These observed experimental data showed the strong antibacterial potential of these compounds against B. subtilis.
authors.affiliation: Polar BioCenter, Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI), Songdo Technopark, Songdo-dong 7-50, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 406-840, South Korea.
authors.forename: Babita
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Paudel
authors.forename: Hari Datta
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Bhattarai
authors.forename: Hong Kum
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Hyuncheol
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.forename: Hyun Woung
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.forename: Joung Han
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Yim
mesh_terms: D000864:Antarctic Regions; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001412:Bacillus subtilis / Q000187:drug effects*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects; D001572:Benzofurans / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000187:drug effects; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects*; D005612:Freeze Drying; D007700:Kinetics; D008011:Lichens / Q000737:chemistry*; D008958:Models, Molecular; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000187:drug effects*; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000935:Antifungal Agents; D001572:Benzofurans; C073339:usnic acid