title: Thermoelectric magnetohydrodynamic stirring of liquid metals.
abstract: The direct observation of a thermoelectric magnetohydrodynamic (TEMHD) flow has been achieved and is reported here. The origin of the flow is identified based on a series of qualitative tests and corresponds, quantitatively, with a swirling flow TEMHD model. A theory for determining the dominant driver of a free-surface flow, TEMHD or thermocapillary (TC), is found to be consistent with the experimental results. The use of the analytical form for an open geometry develops a new dimensionless parameter describing the ratio of TEMHD to TC generated flows.
authors.affiliation: Center for Plasma-Material Interactions, Department of Nuclear, Plasma, and Radiological Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA. mjaworsk@illinois.edu
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Jaworski
authors.forename: T K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Antonelli
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: C Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Neumann
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: D N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Ruzic