title: Prevalence of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B and hepatitis C and risk factors in prisoners in Lebanon.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  People admitted to correctional facilities often have a history of risky behaviours which frequently lead to transmission of blood-borne viruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV). Our aim was to determine the prevalence of HIV, HBV and HCV infections among prisoners in Lebanon.
  
  
  METHODS
  Conducted between August 2007 and February 2008 in Roumieh Prison, Lebanon, the study included a total of 580 male prisoners aged 16 and above who were randomly selected from four prison blocks. Peripheral blood was collected by a finger prick, blotted onto high-quality filter paper, dried and later eluted to be tested for markers of HIV, HBV and HCV infections.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significantly higher seroprevalence of HBV (2.4%) and HCV (3.4%) was found among prisoners compared to the seroprevalence of these virus infections reported in the general Lebanese population (< 1% for HBV and HCV). Only one of the 580 prisoners tested (0.17%) was confirmed as anti-HIV-positive. The majority (89%) of anti-HCV-positive prisoners had a history of previous imprisonment and were injecting drug users (IDUs). Tattooing was also associated with HCV transmission: all nine anti-HCV-positive prisoners had tattoos compared to only 60% who were anti-HCV-negative. Only HCV genotypes 1 and 3 were detected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We provide evidence for an outbreak of HCV and HBV occurring in Roumieh prison. In addition to vaccinating prisoners against HBV, collaborations should develop between the prison's administration, academic institutions, and community-based organizations to provide HCV prevention services within the prisons.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Epidemiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Lebanon. zm15@aub.edu.lb
authors.forename: Ziyad
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Mahfoud
authors.forename: Kassem
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kassak
authors.forename: Khalil
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kreidieh
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shamra
authors.forename: Sami
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ramia
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000032:analysis*; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D006678:HIV / Q000276:immunology*; D016174:Hepacivirus / Q000276:immunology*; D006515:Hepatitis B virus / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007861:Lebanon / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011329:Prisoners; D012307:Risk Factors; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous; D013653:Tattooing; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral