title: Validation of a simplified sham acupuncture technique for its use in clinical research: a randomised, single blind, crossover study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The validity of a new sham acupuncture technique was tested on acupuncture naïve healthy subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  The procedure was tested in accupoints LI4 and ST6 in a randomised, single blind and crossover study. The participants were blind to which technique they received. 32 healthy volunteers (15 men, 17 women, aged between 20 and 62 years, mean age 34 years) were recruited at the Universidad de la República, Uruguay. Interventions Participants were randomly assigned to one of two groups: (1) real acupuncture or (2) sham acupuncture. After 30 min, the patients were 'needled' again in a crossover design. Main outcome measures A yes/no questionnaire was used to assess the credibility and characteristics of the procedure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the credibility question (do you think you received real acupuncture?) no statistically significant group differences were evident before or after the crossover. Subjects who answered yes to this question ranged from 14/16 (87.5%) before crossover to 10/16 (62.5%) after crossover for the sham and 12/16 (75%) before crossover to 15/16 (93.8%) after crossover for the real acupuncture. The question that showed a significant difference (only after crossover) was the question, "did you feel the needle penetrating the skin?"; after crossover 12/16 (75%) subjects in the real acupuncture group said yes and 2/16 (12%) subjects in the sham group said yes to this question (p<0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggests that this method is credible and constitutes a simple and inexpensive technique for use as a control in clinical research in acupuncture naïve subjects.
authors.affiliation: Department of General and Oral Physiology, Universidad de la República, School of Dentistry, Ramón Masini 3381, Montevideo 11300, Uruguay. mkreiner@netgate.com.uy
authors.forename: Marcelo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kreiner
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zaffaroni
authors.forename: Ramón
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Alvarez
authors.forename: Glenn
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Clark
mesh_terms: D015669:Acupuncture Points; D015670:Acupuncture Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001294:Attitude to Health; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009339:Needles; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000502:physiology*; D010919:Placebos; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014583:Uruguay
chemical_list: D010919:Placebos