title: Human immunodeficiency virus-1 evolutionary patterns associated with pathogenic processes in the brain.
abstract: The interplay between pathology and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) expansion in brain tissues has not been thoroughly assessed in the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) era. HIV-associated dementia (HAD) is marked by progressive brain infection due to recruitment and migration of macrophages in brain tissues; however, the cellular and viral events occurring prior to HAD development and death are under debate. In this study, 66 brain tissues from 11 autopsies were analyzed to assess HIV-1 DNA concentration in brain tissues. In most patients without HAD, it was impossible to amplify HIV-1 from brain tissues. Amplifiable DNA was obtained from three cases of patients on HAART who died due to primary pathology other than HAD: (1) cardiovascular disease, a disease associated with HAART therapy; (2) bacterial infections, including Mycobacterium avium complex, rapid occurrence of extreme dementia; and (3) acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related lymphoma with meningeal involvement. HIV-1 DNA was also amplified from multiple tissues of two HAD patients. Analysis of HIV-1 nef, gp120, and gp41 sequences showed reduced viral evolution within brain tissues for the non-HAD cases relative to patients with clinical and histological HAD. The present study is the first to show a potential correlation between HIV-1 evolutionary patterns in the brain and different neuropathologies.
authors.affiliation: BioInfoExperts, Thibodaux, Louisiana, USA.
authors.forename: Susanna L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Lamers
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Salemi
authors.forename: Derek C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Galligan
authors.forename: Alanna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fogel
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: McGrath
mesh_terms: D015526:AIDS Dementia Complex / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology* / Q000821:virology*; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000378:metabolism; D015214:Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic / Q000378:metabolism; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000473:pathology; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D016384:Consensus Sequence; D018450:Disease Progression; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D016655:HIV Core Protein p24 / Q000378:metabolism; D015699:HIV Envelope Protein gp120 / Q000235:genetics; D015700:HIV Envelope Protein gp41 / Q000235:genetics; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics*; D054298:Human Immunodeficiency Virus Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D054311:nef Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus / Q000235:genetics; D000097382:CD68 Molecule
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D015214:Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic; D016655:HIV Core Protein p24; D015699:HIV Envelope Protein gp120; D015700:HIV Envelope Protein gp41; D054298:Human Immunodeficiency Virus Proteins; D054311:nef Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus; C067980:CD68 antigen, human; D000097382:CD68 Molecule; C514793:gp120 protein, Human immunodeficiency virus 1; C514837:nef protein, Human immunodeficiency virus 1; C514799:p24 protein, Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1