title: Reasoning about social conflicts improves into old age.
abstract: It is well documented that aging is associated with cognitive declines in many domains. Yet it is a common lay belief that some aspects of thinking improve into old age. Specifically, older people are believed to show better competencies for reasoning about social dilemmas and conflicts. Moreover, the idea of aging-related gains in wisdom is consistent with views of the aging mind in developmental psychology. However, to date research has provided little evidence corroborating this assumption. We addressed this question in two studies, using a representative community sample. We asked participants to read stories about intergroup conflicts and interpersonal conflicts and predict how these conflicts would unfold. We show that relative to young and middle-aged people, older people make more use of higher-order reasoning schemes that emphasize the need for multiple perspectives, allow for compromise, and recognize the limits of knowledge. Our coding scheme was validated by a group of professional counselors and wisdom researchers. Social reasoning improves with age despite a decline in fluid intelligence. The results suggest that it might be advisable to assign older individuals to key social roles involving legal decisions, counseling, and intergroup negotiations. Furthermore, given the abundance of research on negative effects of aging, this study may help to encourage clinicians to emphasize the inherent strengths associated with aging.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. igrossm@umich.edu
authors.forename: Igor
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Grossmann
authors.forename: Jinkyung
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Na
authors.forename: Michael E W
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Varnum
authors.forename: Denise C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Shinobu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kitayama
authors.forename: Richard E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Nisbett
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging; D003071:Cognition; D003220:Conflict, Psychological; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009014:Morals; D011340:Problem Solving; D012938:Social Perception; D012945:Social Values; D013850:Thinking