title: Lifestyle risk factors for atherosclerosis in adults with type 1 diabetes.
abstract: The objective of this study was to compare the amount of self-reported physical activity, alcohol and tobacco use in a large sample of adults with type 1 diabetes and non-diabetic subjects. A second aim is to test the hypothesis that these lifestyle risk factors are associated cross-sectionally with coronary artery calcification. In 2000-2002, the Coronary Artery Calcification in Type 1 Diabetes (CACTI) study applied validated questionnaires for smoking, alcohol and physical activity to 582 type 1 diabetes subjects and 724 non-diabetic subjects. More type 1 diabetes subjects reported current smoking than non-diabetic subjects (12.3% versus 8.6%, p=0.027). Overall, reported physical activity did not differ by diabetes status (p=0.79). More type 1 diabetes subjects reported never having consumed alcohol (10% versus 4%, p<0.0001) and those who drank consumed less alcohol (p=0.0015) than non-diabetic subjects. Physical activity and smoking were significantly associated with the presence of coronary artery calcification (adjusted OR=0.9, 95% CI: 0.8-0.996, p=0.045, and OR=1.7, CI: 1.1-2.6, p=0.03, respectively). Type 1 diabetes was independently associated with increased odds of coronary artery calcification (OR=3.5, 95% CI: 2.5-5.0, p<0.0001). Differences exist in lifestyle-related cardiovascular risk factors in men and women with type 1 diabetes compared with non-diabetic subjects in the CACTI study.
authors.affiliation: Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, 1775 Aurora Ct, MS F527, Aurora, CO 80045, USA. franziska.bishop@ucdenver.edu
authors.forename: Franziska K
authors.initials: FK
authors.lastname: Bishop
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Maahs
authors.forename: Janet K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Snell-Bergeon
authors.forename: Lorraine G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Ogden
authors.forename: Greg L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Kinney
authors.forename: Marian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rewers
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000453:epidemiology; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003120:Colorado / Q000453:epidemiology; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D016014:Linear Models; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors