Natural antioxidants and hypertension: promise and challenges.
Hypertension reigns as a leading cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality worldwide. Excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) have emerged as a central common pathway by which disparate influences may induce and exacerbate hypertension. Potential sources of excessive ROS in hypertension include nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase, mitochondria, xanthine oxidase, endothelium-derived NO synthase, cyclooxygenase 1 and 2, cytochrome P450 epoxygenase, and transition metals. While a significant body of epidemiological and clinical data suggests that antioxidant-rich diets reduce blood pressure and cardiovascular risk, randomized trials and population studies using natural antioxidants have yielded disappointing results. The reasons behind this lack of efficacy are not completely clear, but likely include a combination of (1) ineffective dosing regimens, (2) the potential pro-oxidant capacity of some of these agents, (3) selection of subjects less likely to benefit from antioxidant therapy (too healthy or too sick), and (4) inefficiency of nonspecific quenching of prevalent ROS versus prevention of excessive ROS production. Commonly used antioxidants include Vitamins A, C and E, L-arginine, flavanoids, and mitochondria-targeted agents (Coenzyme Q10, acetyl-L-carnitine, and alpha-lipoic acid). Various reasons, including incomplete knowledge of the mechanisms of action of these agents, lack of target specificity, and potential interindividual differences in therapeutic efficacy preclude us from recommending any specific natural antioxidant for antihypertensive therapy at this time. This review focuses on recent literature evaluating naturally occurring antioxidants with respect to their impact on hypertension.
Kizhakekuttu
Tinoy J
TJ
Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine Division and Department of Pharmacology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
Widlansky
Michael E
ME
D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D018579:Patient Selection; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D018570:Risk Assessment; D016896:Treatment Outcome
D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species