title: High prevalence of dihydropteroate synthase mutations in Pneumocystis jirovecii isolated from patients with Pneumocystis pneumonia in South Africa.
abstract: Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients. Sulfa-containing drugs are used for the treatment and prophylaxis of PCP. Mutations in the P. jirovecii fas gene, which encodes dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS), are associated with prior exposure to sulfa drugs, and their appearance suggests the emergence of variants with reduced sulfa susceptibility. The present study examined the prevalence of DHPS mutations in P. jirovecii strains isolated from South African patients with PCP. P. jirovecii infection was investigated by immunofluorescence microscopy and quantitative real-time PCR with respiratory specimens from 712 patients (93% of whom were >15 years of age) with suspected PCP consecutively received for the detection of P. jirovecii over 1 year. PCR amplification and sequencing of the DHPS fas gene was attempted with DNA from the P. jirovecii-positive samples. P. jirovecii infection was confirmed by immunofluorescence microscopy in 168/712 (24%) of the patients. Carriage of the fungus was revealed by real-time PCR in 17% of the patients with negative microscopy results. The P. jirovecii fas gene was successfully amplified from specimens from 151 patients and sequenced. Mutations resulting in the Thr55Ala and/or Pro57Ser amino acid substitution were detected in P. jirovecii strains from 85/151 (56%) patients. The high frequency of PCP episodes with P. jirovecii harboring DHPS mutations in South Africa indicates that populations of this fungus are evolving under the considerable selective pressure exerted by sulfa-containing antibiotics. These results, similar to previous observations of sulfa drug resistance in bacterial populations, underscore the importance of the rational use of sulfa medications either prophylactically against PCP or for the treatment of other infections.
authors.affiliation: Department of Parasitology, Mycology, and Environmental Microbiology, Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, Solna, Sweden. leigh.dini@smi.se
authors.forename: Leigh
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dini
authors.forename: Mignon
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: du Plessis
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Frean
authors.forename: Victor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Fernandez
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004271:DNA, Fungal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D004094:Dihydropteroate Synthase / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D008875:Middle Aged; D020125:Mutation, Missense; D045363:Pneumocystis carinii / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D011020:Pneumonia, Pneumocystis / Q000382:microbiology*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013019:South Africa; D013183:Sputum / Q000382:microbiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004271:DNA, Fungal; D005656:Fungal Proteins; D004094:Dihydropteroate Synthase