title: The contribution of different formulation components on the aerosol charge in carrier-based dry powder inhaler systems.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To measure aerosol performance of a lactose carrier/salbutamol sulphate powder blend and identify contributions of non-formulation and formulation components on the resulting aerosol charge.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 67.5:1 (%w/w) blend of 63-90 microm lactose with salbutamol sulphate, and lactose alone (with and without the blending process), was dispersed from a Cyclohaler into the electrical Next Generation Impactor at 30, 60 and 90 L/min. Mass and charge profiles were measured from each dispersion, as a function of impactor stage. The charge profile from an empty capsule in the Cyclohaler was also studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lactose deposition from the blend was significantly greater, and net charge/mass ratios were smaller, in the pre-separator compared to formulations without drug. Fine particle fraction of salbutamol sulphate increased with flow rate (9.2 +/- 2.5% to 14.7 +/- 2.7%), but there was no change in net charge/mass ratio. The empty capsule produced a cycle of alternating net positive and negative discharges ( approximately 200 pC to 4 nC).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Capsule charge can ionize surrounding air and influence net charge measurements. Detachment of fine drug during aerosolisation may reduce net specific charge and lead to increased lactose deposition in the pre-separator. Increase in FPF may be due to increased force of detachment rather than electrostatic forces.
authors.affiliation: Advanced Drug Delivery Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hoe
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Traini
authors.forename: Hak-Kim
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Paul M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Young
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000420:Albuterol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry*; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry*; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000737:chemistry*; D007785:Lactose / Q000737:chemistry; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D009330:Nebulizers and Vaporizers; D010316:Particle Size; D011208:Powders / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry*; D055672:Static Electricity
chemical_list: D001993:Bronchodilator Agents; D004337:Drug Carriers; D011208:Powders; D007785:Lactose; D000420:Albuterol