title: Carbon-nanotube-based materials for protein crystallization.
abstract: We report on the first use of carbon-nanotube-based films to produce crystals of proteins. The crystals nucleate on the surface of the film. The difficulty of crystallizing proteins is a major bottleneck in the determination of the structure and function of biological molecules. The crystallization of two model proteins and two medically relevant proteins was studied. Quantitative data on the crystallization times of the model protein lysozyme are also presented. Two types of nanotube films, one made with the surfactant Triton X-100 (TX-100) and one with gelatin, were tested. Both induce nucleation of the crystal phase at supersaturations at which the protein solution would otherwise remain clear; however, the gelatin-based film induced nucleation down to much lower supersaturations for the two model proteins with which it was used. It appears that the interactions of gelatin with the protein molecules are particularly favorable to nucleation. Crystals of the C1 domain of the human cardiac myosin-binding protein-C that diffracted to a resolution of 1.6 A were obtained on the TX-100 film. This is far superior to the best crystals obtained using standard techniques, which only diffracted to 3.0 A. Thus, both of our nanotube-based films are very promising candidates for future work on crystallizing difficult-to-crystallize target proteins.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics and Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU27XH, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Piyapong
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Asanithi
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Saridakis
authors.forename: Lata
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Govada
authors.forename: Izabela
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Jurewicz
authors.forename: Eric W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Brunner
authors.forename: Rajesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ponnusamy
authors.forename: Jamie A S
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Cleaver
authors.forename: Alan B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Dalton
authors.forename: Naomi E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Chayen
authors.forename: Richard P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Sear
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D003460:Crystallization / Q000379:methods; D008422:Materials Testing; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D010316:Particle Size; D011485:Protein Binding; D011506:Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon; D011506:Proteins