When guidelines need guidance: considerations and strategies for improving the adoption of chronic disease evidence by general practitioners.
OBJECTIVE
This paper provides a review of key issues affecting the uptake of clinical guidelines by general practitioners (GPs) in Australia and internationally. Attention is given to the barriers that affect guideline uptake, the quality of guidelines and the dissemination of guidelines to GPs in practice settings.


METHODS
A comprehensive cross-disciplinary literature review of peer-reviewed journals was conducted between January and April 2008. The literature review was undertaken by three independent researchers from diverse disciplinary backgrounds. The review focused on studies that explored the barriers and issues associated with the use of guidelines in general practice and suggestions for more effective use.


RESULTS
Pathways for clinicians to evaluate and use guidelines are still not clear. The majority of contemporary literature promotes linear 'uptake' and 'accessibility' models for clinical guidelines that may not attend to more complex issues associated with GPs' ways of practising on a daily basis. There are also few clear guidelines for GPs on how to 'adapt' guidelines for local and individual patient circumstances.


CONCLUSIONS
Peak organizations such as General Practice Queensland in Australia can have a significant role in helping GPs to evaluate and use clinical guidelines. The suggested approach emphasizes the need for such peak bodies to promote respect for practitioner experience, interpretation and patient insight.
Kendall
Elizabeth
E
Centre of National Research on Disability and Rehabilitation, Griffith Institute of Health & Medical Research, Griffith University, Meadowbrook, Queensland, Australia. e.kendall@griffith.edu.au
Sunderland
Naomi
N
Muenchberger
Heidi
H
Armstrong
Kylie
K
D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D001315:Australia; D002908:Chronic Disease; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D019983:Guideline Adherence; D006801:Humans; D010821:Physicians, Family / Q000523:psychology*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic / Q000592:standards*; D012196:Review Literature as Topic