title: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is independently associated with an increased prevalence of chronic kidney disease and retinopathy in type 1 diabetic patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with an increased prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes. Information on this issue is lacking for type 1 diabetes. We evaluated whether NAFLD is associated with increased prevalence of retinopathy and CKD in type 1 diabetic patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  All type 1 diabetic patients (n = 202) who regularly attended our diabetes clinic and did not have any clinical evidence of cirrhosis or other secondary causes of chronic liver disease were studied. Main study measures were detection of NAFLD (by patient history and liver ultrasound), diabetic retinopathy (diagnosed by ophthalmoscopy) and CKD (defined as abnormal albuminuria or estimated GFR of < or =60 ml min(-1) 1.73 m(-2)).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The age- and sex-adjusted prevalence of diabetic retinopathy (53.2 vs 19.8%) and CKD (37.8 vs 9.9%) was markedly higher in patients with NAFLD than in those without (p < 0.0001). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, NAFLD was associated with prevalent retinopathy (adjusted OR 3.31, 95% CI 1.4-7.6, p = 0.005) or CKD (adjusted OR 3.90, 95% CI 1.5-10.1, p = 0.005). These associations were independent of age, sex, diabetes duration, HbA(1c), medication use and presence of the metabolic syndrome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that ultrasound-diagnosed NAFLD is associated, independently of several confounding factors, with a higher prevalence of CKD and retinopathy in type 1 diabetic individuals.
authors.affiliation: Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Biomedical and Surgical Sciences, University of Verona, Ospedale Civile Maggiore, Piazzale Stefani 1, 37126, Verona, Italy. giovanni.targher@univr.it
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Targher
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bertolini
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chonchol
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rodella
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zoppini
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lippi
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zenari
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bonora
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D005234:Fatty Liver / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence