title: Metabolic evaluation in stone disease metabolic differences between the pediatric and adult patients with stone disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the metabolic risk factors in children and adults with stone disease and any differences between the metabolic risk factors of children and adult patients with stone disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1999 and 2007, 285 adults with recurrent stone disease and 71 children with primary or recurrent urinary stone disease underwent metabolic evaluation in our clinic. The evaluation included blood chemistry studies and 24-hour urine collection in the pediatric and adult groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age of the children was 9.35 years (range: 1-14) and 42.1 years (range: 14-71) in the adult patients. Metabolic risk factors were demonstrated in 90.53% (n = 258) of the adult and 88.73% (n = 63) of the pediatric patients. Although hypercalciuria (50.5%, n = 144) was the most common metabolic risk factor in the adult group, hypocitraturia was the most common metabolic risk factor in the pediatric group (57.74%, n = 41). Furthermore, in the adult group, 136 patients had more than 1 risk factor, and in the pediatric group, 24 patients had more than 1 risk factor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although hypocitraturia is the most common risk factor in pediatric urolithiasis patients and hypercalciuria is the most common risk factor in adult patients, all patients with stone formation should be given a limited metabolic evaluation because such patients may also have a metabolic abnormality.
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Health, Ankara Dişkapi Yildirim Beyazit Education and Research Hospital, Department of Urology, Ankara, Turkey. osmanraifkarabacak@mynet.com
authors.forename: Osman Raif
authors.initials: OR
authors.lastname: Karabacak
authors.forename: Bulent
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ipek
authors.forename: Ufuk
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Ozturk
authors.forename: Fuat
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Demirel
authors.forename: Hakan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Saltas
authors.forename: Ugur
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Altug
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D014545:Urinary Calculi / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism*; D055815:Young Adult