title: The perceived implications of an outsourcing model on governance within British Columbia Provincial Parks in Canada: a quantitative study.
abstract: Good governance is of paramount importance to the success of parks and protected areas. This research utilized a questionnaire for 10 principles of governance to evaluate the outsourcing model used by British Columbia Provincial Parks, where profit-making corporations provide all front country visitor services. A total of 246 respondents representing five stakeholder groups evaluated the model according to each principle, using an online survey. Principal component analysis resulted in two of the 10 principles (equity and effectiveness) each being split into two categories, leading to 12 governance principles. Five of the 12 criteria received scores towards good governance: effectiveness outcome; equity general; strategic vision; responsiveness; and effectiveness process. One criterion, public participation, was on the neutral point. Six criteria received scores below neutral, more towards weak governance: transparency; rule of law; accountability; efficiency; consensus orientation; and, equity finance. The five stakeholder groups differed significantly on 10 of the 12 principles (P < .05). The 2 exceptions were for efficiency and effectiveness process. Seven of the 12 criteria followed a pattern wherein government employees and contractors reported positive scores, visitors and representatives of NGOs reported more negative scores, and nearby residents reported mid-range scores. Three criteria had government employees and contractors reporting the most positive scores, residents and visitors the most negative scores, and NGO respondents reporting mid-range scores. This research found evidence that perceptions of governance related to this outsourcing model differed significantly amongst various constituent groups.
authors.affiliation: Recreation and Leisure Studies, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue, BMH 2214, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada. eagles@uwaterloo.ca
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Eagles
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Havitz
authors.forename: Bonnie
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: McCutcheon
authors.forename: Windekind
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Buteau-Duitschaever
authors.forename: Troy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Glover
mesh_terms: D001955:British Columbia; D003256:Community Participation / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D006076:Government; D006801:Humans; D020416:Outsourced Services / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D011998:Recreation