title: Effect of major abdominal surgery on the host immune response to infection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present review summarizes key studies on the effects of major abdominal surgery on the host response to infection published during the last 18 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Surgical trauma causes stereotyped systemic proinflammatory and compensatory anti-inflammatory reactions. It is leukocyte reprogramming rather than general immune suppression. The list of recent findings is long. Preoperative infectious challenge was found to increase survival. Obesity is associated with increased production of interleukin-17A in peritonitis. Abdominal surgery alters expression of toll-like receptors (TLRs). The acute phase reaction down-regulates the transcription factor carbohydrate response element binding protein. Myosin light chain kinase activation is a final pathway of acute tight junction regulation of gut barrier and zonula occludens 1 protein is an essential effector. The brain is involved in regulating the immune and gut system. Elimination of lipopolysaccharide is challenging. Th1/Th2 ratio is lowered in patients with postoperative complications. Cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathways can inhibit tissue damage. The new substance PXL01 prevents adhesions. Postoperative infection causes incisional hernias. Hypothermia reduced human leukocyte antigen DR surface expression and delayed tumor necrosis factor clearance. Systems biology identified interferon regulatory factor 3 as the negative regulator of TLR signaling. Protective immunity could contribute defeating surgical infections.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Systemic inflammation is the usual response to trauma. All organs seem to be involved and linked up in cybernetic systems aiming at reconstitution of homeostasis. Although knowledge is still fragmentary, it is already difficult to integrate known facts and new technologies are required for information processing. Defining criteria to develop therapeutic strategies requires much more insight into molecular mechanisms and cybernetics of organ systems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada. klaus.buttenschoen@ualberta.ca
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Buttenschoen
authors.forename: Kamran
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fathimani
authors.forename: Daniela Carli
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Buttenschoen
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007107:Immune System / Q000502:physiology*; D007239:Infections / Q000276:immunology*