title: Cardiac biomarkers - the old and the new: a review.
abstract: Biomarkers are biological parameters that can be objectively measured and quantified as indicators of normal biologic processes, pathogenic processes, or responses to a therapeutic intervention. Typically thought of as disease process screening, diagnosing, or monitoring tools, biomarkers may also be used to determine disease susceptibility and eligibility for specific therapies. Cardiac biomarkers are protein components of cell structures that are released into circulation when myocardial injury occurs. They play a pivotal role in the diagnosis, risk stratification, and treatment of patients with chest pain and suspected acute coronary syndrome and those with acute exacerbations of heart failure. Cardiac markers are central to the new definition of acute myocardial infarction put forward by the American College of Cardiology and the European Society of Cardiology. Active investigation has brought forward an increasingly large number of novel candidate markers but few have withstood the test of time and become integrated into contemporary clinical care because of their readily apparent diagnostic, prognostic, or therapeutic utility.
authors.affiliation: University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, USA.
authors.forename: Vikas
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Martinezclark
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pascual
authors.forename: Eric Scot
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.forename: William W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: O'Neill
mesh_terms: D054058:Acute Coronary Syndrome / Q000097:blood*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D009336:Necrosis / Q000097:blood; D018570:Risk Assessment
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers