title: Protocolized intensive care unit management of analgesia, sedation, and delirium improves analgesia and subsyndromal delirium rates.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sedatives and analgesics, in doses that alter consciousness in the intensive care unit (ICU), contribute to delirium and mortality. Pain, agitation, and delirium can be monitored in ICU patients. These symptoms were noted before (PRE) and after (POST) a protocol to alleviate undesirable symptoms. Analgesia and sedation levels, the incidence of coma, delirium, length of stay (LOS), discharge location, and mortality were then compared. We hypothesized that the likely reduction in iatrogenic coma would result in less delirium, because these 2 morbid conditions seem to be linked.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients were consecutively admitted to an ICU PRE-protocol (August 2003 to February 2004, 610 patients) and POST-protocol (April 2005 to November 2005, 604 patients). Between February 2004 and April 2005, we piloted and taught individualized nonpharmacologic strategies and titration of analgesics, sedatives, and antipsychotics based on sedation, analgesia, and delirium scores. We measured the following outcomes: coma, delirium, LOS, mortality, and discharge location.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The POST group benefited from better analgesia, received less opiates (90.72 + or - 207.45 vs 22.93 + or - 40.36 morphine equivalents/d, P = <0.0001), and, despite comparable sedation, had shorter duration of mechanical ventilation. Medication-induced coma rates (18.1%vs 7.2%, P < 0.0001), ICU and hospital LOS, and dependency at discharge were lower in the POST-protocol group. Subsyndromal delirium was significantly reduced; delirium was similar. The 30-day mortality risk in the PRE cohort was 29.4% vs 22.9% in the POST cohort (log-rank test, P = 0.009).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Educational initiatives incorporating systematic management protocols with nonpharmacologic measures and individualized titration of sedation, analgesia, and delirium therapies are associated with better outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, 5415 Blvd. De l'Assomption, Montreal, QC, Canada H1T 2M4. skrobik@sympatico.c
authors.forename: Yoanna
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Skrobik
authors.forename: Stéphane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ahern
authors.forename: Martine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Leblanc
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Marquis
authors.forename: Don Kelena
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Awissi
authors.forename: Brian P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Kavanagh
mesh_terms: D018806:APACHE; D000368:Aged; D000698:Analgesia / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D000700:Analgesics / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D057189:Checklist; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D003128:Coma / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003422:Critical Care / Q000379:methods*; D016638:Critical Illness; D003693:Delirium / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007049:Iatrogenic Disease; D015994:Incidence; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009864:Ontario; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010351:Patient Discharge; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives