title: Mixed infections of pandemic H1N1 and seasonal H3N2 viruses in 1 outbreak.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In early September 2009, an outbreak of influenza occurred at a college campus in Beijing, China, in which both pandemic H1N1 and seasonal H3N2 viruses were detected.
  
  
  METHODS
  Outbreak investigation was performed in the campus. Epidemiologic, clinical data were collected by interviewing patients and retrieving medical records. Individual contact tracing was performed for detailed contact information. Viruses were identified by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction assays followed by sequence analysis. The hemagglutination inhibition test was used to detect antibodies to both viruses for paired serum samples.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty of 45 people with influenza-like illness had laboratory-confirmed influenza A infection; 22 of these 40 people were infected with pandemic H1N1 virus, 12 were infected with seasonal H3N2 virus, and 6 were coinfected with both viruses. In the subsequent generation of cases with mixed infection, we detected pandemic H1N1 virus infection more often than seasonal H3N2 virus infection. The clinical patterns were essentially similar for patients with different virus infections. No substantial differences in sequences were observed in either pandemic H1N1 or seasonal H3N2 virus between patients with mixed and single infection. Sequence analyses revealed that all of the detected viruses were susceptible to oseltamivir but resistant to adamantane. Hemagglutination inhibition tests of paired serum samples confirmed mixed infection in the outbreak.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cocirculation of pandemic H1N1 virus and seasonal H3N2 virus led to a mixed infection in patients. Pandemic H1N1 virus, however, took prevalence over seasonal influenza virus in the course of transmission. Therefore, competitive circulation of seasonal influenza A virus with the pandemic H1N1 virus seems less likely.
authors.affiliation: Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Zeng-De
authors.initials: ZD
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Fang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Mao-Ti
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: Yi-Gang
authors.initials: YG
authors.lastname: Tong
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Zhong-Tao
authors.initials: ZT
authors.lastname: Xin
authors.forename: Mai-Juan
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Xiao-Ai
authors.initials: XA
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Li-Juan
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhan
authors.forename: Cui
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Charles A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Boucher
authors.forename: Jan Hendrik
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Richardus
authors.forename: Wu-Chun
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Cao
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D005260:Female; D006385:Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests; D006801:Humans; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D053122:Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology*; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D012367:RNA, Viral