title: Ablation of ligament of Marshall attenuates atrial vulnerability to fibrillation induced by inferior left atrial fat pad stimulation in dogs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The role of ligament of Marshall (LOM) in the mechanism of "vagal" atrial fibrillation (AF) is still unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the impact of LOM ablation on atrial vulnerability to AF induced by inferior left atrial fat pad (ILAFP) stimulation in dogs.
  
  
  METHODS
  AF inducibility and atrial effective refractory period (ERP) were elevated before and after LOM ablation in 8 of 14 dogs (the ablation group). Same protocol but without LOM ablation was conducted in the remaining 6 dogs (the control group). The activation patterns of LOM and left pulmonary veins (LPVs) during sustained AF were analyzed. The distribution of epicardial cholinergic nerve fibers between LOM and ILAFP was investigated in the control group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ablation of LOM significantly attenuated AF inducibility (87.5% vs 33.3%, P < 0.001) and prolonged ERPs of the structures in contiguity with LOM (P < 0.05) in the ablation group. In contrast, there was no significant change in ERPs and AF inducibility in the control group. During sustained AF, fractionated atrial electrograms were more common in the LOM area than the LPVs (84% vs 18% of the analyzed episodes, P < 0.001). In 46.7% of the episodes with identifiable LOM spikes, atrial potentials, and LOM spikes were related in 2:1 or 3:2 pattern during the intermittent organized activity. Acetylcholinesterase staining revealed a close cholinergic nerved relationship between LOM and ILAFP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LOM plays a critical role in maintaining AF induced by stimulation of ILAFP. Ablation of LOM can markedly attenuate AF inducibility in this model.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology/Center for Atrial Fibrillation, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Xingpeng
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Qian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: Ribo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Chunshan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Jianzeng
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.forename: Changsheng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ma
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials; D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000294:innervation*; D000818:Animals; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial; D017115:Catheter Ablation; D002799:Cholinergic Fibers; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004285:Dogs; D022062:Electrophysiologic Techniques, Cardiac; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000294:innervation; D008022:Ligaments / Q000294:innervation / Q000601:surgery*; D013997:Time Factors