title: A prospective case series of pediatric procedural sedation and analgesia in the emergency department using single-syringe ketamine-propofol combination (ketofol).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study evaluated the effectiveness, recovery time, and adverse event profile of intravenous (IV) ketofol (mixed 1:1 ketamine-propofol) for emergency department (ED) procedural sedation and analgesia (PSA) in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective data were collected on all PSA events in a trauma-receiving, community teaching hospital over a 3.5-year period, from which data on all patients under 21 years of age were studied. Patients receiving a single-syringe 1:1 mixture of 10 mg/mL ketamine and 10 mg/mL propofol (ketofol) were analyzed. Patients received ketofol in titrated aliquots at the discretion of the treating physician. Effectiveness, recovery time, caregiver and patient satisfaction, drug doses, physiologic data, and adverse events were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ketofol PSA was performed in 219 patients with a median age of 13 years (range = 1 to 20 years; interquartile range [IQR] = 8 to 16 years) for primarily orthopedic procedures. The median dose of medication administered was 0.8 mg/kg each of ketamine and propofol (range = 0.2 to 3.0 mg/kg; IQR = 0.7 to 1.0 mg/kg). Sedation was effective in all patients. Three patients (1.4%; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.0% to 3.0%) had airway events requiring intervention, of which one (0.4%; 95% CI = 0.0% to 1.2%) required positive pressure ventilation. Two patients (0.9%; 95% CI = 0.0% to 2.2%) had unpleasant emergence requiring treatment. All other adverse events were minor. Median recovery time was 14 minutes (range = 3 to 41 minutes; IQR = 11 to 18 minutes). Median staff satisfaction was 10 on a 1-to-10 scale.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pediatric PSA using ketofol is highly effective. Recovery times were short; adverse events were few; and patients, caregivers, and staff were highly satisfied.
authors.affiliation: Emergency Department, Lions Gate Hospital, North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. gandolfatto@gmail.com
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Andolfatto
authors.forename: Elaine
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Willman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016512:Ankle Injuries / Q000601:surgery; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016292:Procedural Sedation; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D005260:Female; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D004204:Joint Dislocations / Q000601:surgery; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D022125:Lacerations / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D015742:Propofol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014954:Wrist Injuries / Q000601:surgery; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D004338:Drug Combinations; D007649:Ketamine; D015742:Propofol