title: Management of dyspnea in interstitial lung disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Dyspnea is the most common symptom in interstitial lung disease, yet little is known about its management. This review summarizes the available evidence for the treatment of dyspnea in interstitial lung disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The management of dyspnea in interstitial lung disease remains a challenge, with few effective therapies. Limited evidence suggests that pulmonary rehabilitation is an effective treatment of dyspnea. In patients with interstitial lung disease, dyspnea severity is associated with measures of ventilatory restriction, gas exchange, functional status, mental health, and some comorbid diseases. Treatment directed toward these modifiable correlates of dyspnea might be effective in dyspnea management; however, the outcome of this strategy has not been adequately studied.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Studies support pulmonary rehabilitation as an effective treatment for dyspnea in interstitial lung disease and pulmonary rehabilitation should be considered in all dyspneic patients. Several investigational agents have been developed and evaluated for potential use in fibrotic interstitial lung disease; however, these agents have not been shown to improve dyspnea.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA. christopher.ryerson@ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Ryerson
authors.forename: Harold R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Collard
authors.forename: Steven Z
authors.initials: SZ
authors.lastname: Pantilat
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D004417:Dyspnea / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D005081:Exercise Therapy; D006801:Humans; D017563:Lung Diseases, Interstitial / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D011659:Pulmonary Gas Exchange / Q000502:physiology; D011788:Quality of Life