title: Histone deacetylase inhibitors and 15-deoxy-Delta12,14-prostaglandin J2 synergistically induce apoptosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The clinically relevant histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDI) valproic acid (VPA) and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid exert variable antitumor activities but increase therapeutic efficacy when combined with other agents. The natural endogenous ligand of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J(2) (15d-PGJ(2)) is a potent antineoplastic agent. Therefore, we investigated whether these HDIs in combination with 15d-PGJ(2) could show synergistic antitumor activity in colon cancer DLD-1 cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cell viability was determined using a Cell Counting Kit-8 assay. Apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation were determined using flow cytometry analysis. Western blotting and real-time reverse transcription-PCR analysis were carried out to investigate the expression of apoptosis-related molecules. Mice bearing DLD-1 xenograft were divided into four groups (n = 5) and injected everyday (i.p.) with diluent, VPA (100 mg/kg), 15d-PGJ(2) (5 mg/kg), or a combination for 25 days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HDI/15d-PGJ(2) cotreatments synergistically induced cell death through caspase-dependent apoptosis in DLD-1 cells. Moreover, HDIs/15d-PGJ(2) caused histone deacetylase inhibition, leading to subsequent ROS generation and endoplasmic reticulum stress to decrease the expression of antiapoptotic molecules Bcl-X(L) and XIAP and to increase that of proapoptotic molecules CAAT/enhancer binding protein homologous protein and death receptor 5. Additionally, VPA/15d-PGJ(2) cotreatment induced ROS-dependent apoptosis in other malignant tumor cells and was more effective than a VPA or 15d-PGJ(2) monotherapy in vivo.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cotreatments with the clinically relevant HDIs and the endogenous peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma ligand 15d-PGJ(2) are promising for the treatment of a broad spectrum of malignant tumors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular-Targeting Cancer Prevention, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Koyama
authors.forename: Yasuyuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Izutani
authors.forename: Ahmed E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Goda
authors.forename: Taka-aki
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Matsui
authors.forename: Mano
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Horinaka
authors.forename: Mitsuhiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tomosugi
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fujiwara
authors.forename: Yoshitaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Miki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wakada
authors.forename: Shingo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yogosawa
authors.forename: Yoshihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sowa
authors.forename: Toshiyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sakai
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D015153:Blotting, Western; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology*; D004357:Drug Synergism; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008156:Luciferases / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008819:Mice, Nude; D015230:Prostaglandin D2 / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000494:pharmacology; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D053220:Receptors, TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D051742:Transcription Factor CHOP / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000077337:Vorinostat; D051636:X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051020:bcl-X Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C477819:15-deoxyprostaglandin J2; C494812:Bcl2l1 protein, mouse; C497250:Ddit3 protein, mouse; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D053220:Receptors, TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand; D051636:X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein; D051020:bcl-X Protein; D051742:Transcription Factor CHOP; D000077337:Vorinostat; D008156:Luciferases; D015230:Prostaglandin D2