title: Freehand liver volumetry by using an electromagnetic pen tablet: accuracy, precision, and rapidity.
abstract: The purpose of this study is to assess the accuracy, precision, and rapidity of liver volumes calculated by using a freehand electromagnetic pen tablet contourtracing method as compared with the volumes calculated by using the standard optical mouse contourtracing method. The imaging data used as input for accuracy and precision testing were computed by software developed in our institution. This computer software can generate models of solid organs and allows both standard mouse-based and electromagnetic pen-driven segmentation (number of data sets, n = 70). The images used as input for rapidity testing was partly computed by modeling software (n = 70) and partly selected from contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) examinations (n = 12). Mean volumes and time required to perform the segmentation, along with standard deviation and range values with both techniques, were calculated. Student's t test was used to assess significance regarding mean volumes and time calculated by using both segmentation techniques on phantom and CT data sets. P value was also calculated. The mean volume difference was significantly lower with the use of the freehand electromagnetic pen as compared with the optical mouse (0.2% vs. 1.8%; P < .001). The mean segmentation time per patient was significantly shorter with the use of the freehand electromagnetic pen contourtracing method (354.5 vs. 499.1 s on phantoms; 457.4 vs. 610.0 s on CT images; P < .001). Freehand electromagnetic pen-based volumetric technique represents a technologic advancement over manual mouse-based contourtracing because of the superior statistical accuracy and sensibly shorter time required. Further studies focused on intra- and interobserver variability of the technique need to be performed before its introduction in clinical application.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, G.B. Rossi Hospital, University of Verona, Piazzale L.A. Scuro 10, 37134, Verona, Italy. mail@simoneperandini.com
authors.forename: Simone
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Perandini
authors.forename: Niccolò
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Faccioli
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Inama
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pozzi Mucelli
mesh_terms: D016287:Computer Peripherals; D055590:Electromagnetic Phenomena; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D008099:Liver / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008954:Models, Biological; D015588:Observer Variation; D009929:Organ Size; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012984:Software; D013997:Time Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed