title: [Dice test--a simple method for assessment of visual acuity in infants with visual deficits].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Determination of visual acuity in low vision infants or patients with additional cerebral retardation is difficult. In our low vision department we used dice of different sizes and colors as well as other defined objects to determine visual acuity (VA). In this study we compared the results of the dice test with conventional tests for measurement of visual acuity.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 88 children with different causes of visual impairment e.g. albinism, retinal scars, retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), achromatopsia and optic atrophy etc., were included in this longitudinal study. Median follow-up time was 8.7 years (range 2.9-18.9 years). The first reliable examination was performed between the ages of 4 and 24 months (median 11 months). We estimated VA depending on the edge length of the dice, which were recognized at a distance of 30 cm, while 4 mm complied with VA 20/200. Best corrected binocular visual acuity was compared between the dice test, measurement with the Lea symbols and with numbers or Landolt rings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Estimation of visual acuity using the dice test was possible at the end of the first year of life (median 11 months, range 4-27 months). Although observation is limited to visual acuity results in the low vision range between light reaction and 20/120 there was nearly complete agreement between all three VA measurements. Visual acuity ranged from light perception to 20/20 with a median of 20/100. In 39 patients visual acuity was 20/200 or less at the end of the observation period. Visual acuity estimation overestimated visual acuity only in 5 out of the 88 patients, while in all of the patients with later acuity measurements better than 20/200, our best value of 20/200 was achieved.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using simple visual objects, such as dice with different colors and size down to an edge length of 4 mm, it is possible to estimate visual acuity in low vision infants within the first year of life. This option is also very helpful in patients who are not able to perform other visual acuity measurements or to give reliable answers using preferential looking, such as severely handicapped patients. In contrast to preferential looking with this dice test there is not only judgment of the reaction by the observer but also activity of the patient who grips the dice he can really see. This allows better counseling of families with low vision infants concerning current and later visual functions.
authors.affiliation: Ophthalmologische Rehabilitation, Universitäts-Augenklinik Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany. kr@uni-hd.de
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rohrschneider
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Brill
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Bayer
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ahrens
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*; D014787:Vision Tests / Q000379:methods*