title: Repair of root resorption 2 to 16 weeks after the application of continuous forces on maxillary first molars in rats: a 2- and 3-dimensional quantitative evaluation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Root resorption is a side effect of orthodontic treatment that occurs with the removal of hyalinized tissue. Studies have shown that a reparative process in the periodontium begins when the applied orthodontic force is discontinued or reduced below a certain level. However, quantitative 3-dimensional evaluation of root resorption repair has not been done. The aim of this study was to quantitatively assess the 2- and 3-dimensional changes of root resorption craters after 2 weeks of continuous mesially applied orthodontic forces of 50 g on rat molars and 2- to 16-week retention periods.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used 60 male Wistar rats (10 weeks old). Nickel-titanium closed-coil springs were used to apply 50-g mesial forces for 2 weeks to move the maxillary left first molars. The rats were randomly allocated to 6 groups. Those in the zero-week retention group were killed after force application. In the remaining 5 groups, the interdental spaces between the maxillary first and second molars were filled with resin to retain the molars. The molars were extracted after periods of retention from 2 and 16 weeks. The maxillary right molars were used as the controls. Mesial and distal roots (distobuccal and distopalatal) were examined by using scanning electron and 3-dimensional scanning laser microscopes. The surface area, depth, volume, and roughness of the root resorption craters were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The area, depth, and volume of the craters decreased gradually and showed similar trends over the retention time, approaching a plateau at the 12th week. After 16 weeks of retention, the volumes of the resorption craters of the distobuccal and distopalatal roots reached recovery peaks of 69.5% and 66.7%, respectively. Small pits on the mesial roots showed recovery of 62.5% at the 12th week. The healing patterns in distal roots with severe resorption and mesial roots with shallow resorption had no significant differences.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The resorption and repair processes during the early stages of retention are balanced, and most of the reparative process occurs after 4 weeks of passive retention after the application of orthodontic force. Frequent orthodontic reactivations should be avoided to allow recovery and repair of root surface damage.
authors.affiliation: Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gonzales
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hotokezaka
authors.forename: M Ali
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Darendeliler
authors.forename: Noriaki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yoshida
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003722:Dental Alloys; D003739:Dental Cementum / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008437:Maxilla; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal / Q000379:methods; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning / Q000379:methods; D008963:Molar / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D009532:Nickel; D009811:Odontometry / Q000379:methods; D018704:Orthodontic Retainers; D009969:Orthodontic Wires; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012391:Root Resorption / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013997:Time Factors; D014025:Titanium; D019237:Tooth Cervix / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D014087:Tooth Movement Techniques / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation*; D014092:Tooth Root / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D003722:Dental Alloys; C040654:titanium nickelide; D009532:Nickel; D014025:Titanium