title: Gender dimorphisms in progenitor and stem cell function in cardiovascular disease.
abstract: Differences in cardiovascular disease outcomes between men and women have long been recognized and attributed, in part, to gender and sex steroids. Gender dimorphisms also exist with respect to the roles of progenitor and stem cells in post-ischemic myocardial and endothelial repair and regeneration. Understanding how these cells are influenced by donor gender and the recipient hormonal milieu may enable researchers to further account for the gender-related disparities in clinical outcomes as well as utilize the beneficial effects of these hormones to optimize transplanted cell function and survival. This review discusses (1) the cardiovascular effects of sex steroids (specifically estradiol and testosterone); (2) the therapeutic potentials of endothelial progenitor cells, mesenchymal stem cells, and embryonic stem cells; and (3) the direct effect of sex steroids on these cell types.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
authors.forename: Jeremy L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Herrmann
authors.forename: Aaron M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Abarbanell
authors.forename: Brent R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Weil
authors.forename: Mariuxi C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Manukyan
authors.forename: Jeffrey A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Poynter
authors.forename: Yue
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Arthur C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Coffey
authors.forename: Daniel R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Meldrum
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002470:Cell Survival; D053595:Embryonic Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000637:transplantation*; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D004958:Estradiol / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D045164:Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D012038:Regeneration; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012737:Sex Factors; D013739:Testosterone / Q000378:metabolism; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones; D013739:Testosterone; D004958:Estradiol