title: Neurotrophin-3 is a novel angiogenic factor capable of therapeutic neovascularization in a mouse model of limb ischemia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the novel hypothesis that neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), an established neurotrophic factor that participates in embryonic heart development, promotes blood vessel growth.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We evaluated the proangiogenic capacity of recombinant NT-3 in vitro and of NT-3 gene transfer in vivo (rat mesenteric angiogenesis assay and mouse normoperfused adductor muscle). Then, we studied whether either transgenic or endogenous NT-3 mediates postischemic neovascularization in a mouse model of limb ischemia. In vitro, NT-3 stimulated endothelial cell survival, proliferation, migration, and network formation on the basement membrane matrix Matrigel. In the mesenteric assay, NT-3 increased the number and size of functional vessels, including vessels covered with mural cells. Consistently, NT-3 overexpression increased muscular capillary and arteriolar densities in either the absence or the presence of ischemia and improved postischemic blood flow recovery in mouse hind limbs. NT-3-induced microvascular responses were accompanied by tropomyosin receptor kinase C (an NT-3 high-affinity receptor) phosphorylation and involved the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt kinase-endothelial nitric oxide synthase pathway. Finally, endogenous NT-3 was shown to be essential in native postischemic neovascularization, as demonstrated by using a soluble tropomyosin receptor kinase C receptor domain that neutralizes NT-3.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results provide the first insight into the proangiogenic capacity of NT-3 and propose NT-3 as a novel potential agent for the treatment of ischemic disease.
authors.affiliation: Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine Division, University of Bristol, Bristol, England, UK.
authors.forename: Brunella
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cristofaro
authors.forename: Oliver A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Stone
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Caporali
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dawbarn
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ieronimakis
authors.forename: Morayma
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Reyes
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Madeddu
authors.forename: David O
authors.initials: DO
authors.lastname: Bates
authors.forename: Costanza
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Emanueli
mesh_terms: D042501:Angiogenic Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D002465:Cell Movement; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002470:Cell Survival; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D015316:Genetic Therapy / Q000379:methods; D006614:Hindlimb; D006801:Humans; D007511:Ischemia / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008643:Mesentery / Q000098:blood supply*; D051379:Mice; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000098:blood supply*; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000187:drug effects; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D020933:Neurotrophin 3 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III / Q000378:metabolism; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D020812:Receptor, trkC / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013997:Time Factors; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D042501:Angiogenic Proteins; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors; D020933:Neurotrophin 3; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; C518911:neurotropin 3, mouse; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; C496315:Nos3 protein, mouse; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D020812:Receptor, trkC; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt