title: Impaired postoperative hyperglycemic stress response associated with increased mortality in patients in the cardiothoracic surgery intensive care unit.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the association of tight glycemic control with intensive insulin therapy and clinical outcome among patients in the cardiothoracic surgery intensive care unit.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients who underwent cardiothoracic surgery and were admitted to the cardiothoracic surgery intensive care unit between September 13, 2007, and November 1, 2007, were enrolled. Clinical and metabolic data were prospectively collected. All patients received intensive insulin therapy using a nurse-driven dynamic protocol targeting blood glucose values of 80 to 110 mg/dL. Four stages of critical illness were defined as follows: acute critical illness (intensive care unit days 0-2), prolonged acute critical illness (intensive care unit 3 or more days), chronic critical illness (tracheotomy performed), and recovery (liberated from ventilator).
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred fourteen patients were enrolled. Seventy-three (64%) recovered during acute critical illness, 26 (23%) recovered during prolonged acute critical illness, and 15 (13%) progressed to chronic critical illness. All 6 deaths were among patients in chronic critical illness. Admission blood glucose and average blood glucose values for the first 12 hours were lower in patients who developed chronic critical illness and died and were higher in patients who developed chronic critical illness and survived (P = .007 and P = .007, respectively). Severe hypoglycemia (blood glucose <40 mg/dL) occurred once (0.03% of all measurements). Lower initial blood glucose values, which reflect an impaired stress response immediately after surgery, were associated with increased mortality, and a significant delay in achieving tight glycemic control with intensive insulin therapy was associated with prolonged intensive care unit course, but no increase in mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study findings suggest that acute postoperative hyperglycemia and its prompt correction with intensive insulin therapy are associated with favorable outcomes in patients in the cardiothoracic surgery intensive care unit.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, New York, USA. mvia@chpnet.org
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Via
authors.forename: Corey
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Scurlock
authors.forename: David H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.forename: Aaron J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: Jeffrey I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Mechanick
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000401:mortality*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery; D016638:Critical Illness / Q000401:mortality; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality*; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000097:blood / Q000401:mortality*; D011184:Postoperative Period; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000502:physiology*; D019616:Thoracic Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000401:mortality*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin