title: Optimization of clinical breast examination.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Breast examination is necessary for evaluation of the 8% to 17% of cancers missed by mammograms, but it is being done less often and less effectively. To improve the use of breast examination, we tested whether a technique to focus attention could improve the call rate (the percent of examinations leading to further evaluation), a measure of quality, without retraining in examination technique.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinicians were randomized to complete 1 of 2 dedicated, de-identified forms after routine breast examination: a long form intended to focus attention by requesting general breast descriptors along with clinical information and breast examination findings (10 clinicians recorded 964 examinations) or a short form recording only clinical information and examination findings (11 clinicians recorded 558 examinations). There was no technique retraining. Study call rates were compared with historical controls (298 breast examinations by 16 clinicians).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The call rates by the study groups of clinicians were similar, but the call rate using either form (8.3%) was significantly higher than the call rate in the preceding year when no dedicated form was used (4.7%; P=.031), suggesting a Hawthorne effect in which altering conditions of data collection (using the dedicated forms) functioned as an independent variable. Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results data predicted 3.4 cancers in all 1822 patients; 4 cancers were found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Breast examination call rate doubled when attention was focused on examination results using a dedicated form, and we found the anticipated cancers. Breast examination quality can be improved by focusing clinician attention without retraining in technique.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA. goodsow@cpmcri.org
authors.forename: William H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Goodson
authors.forename: Thomas K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Hunt
authors.forename: Julia N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Plotnik
authors.forename: Dan H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Moore
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008327:Mammography; D008875:Middle Aged; D010808:Physical Examination / Q000592:standards*