title: Cytochrome c redox state influences the binding and release of cytochrome c in model membranes and in brain mitochondria.
abstract: Cytochrome c (cyt c), a component of the respiratory chain, promotes apoptosis when released into the cytosol. Cyt c anchorage within mitochondria depends on cardiolipin (CL). Detachment and release have been related to CL loss and peroxidation. We report that NaN(3)-dependent complex IV inhibition, accompanied by impairment of respiration, resulted in cyt c release. Contrarily, inhibition of respiration upstream cyt c with complex I and III inhibitors was not accompanied by the release of the protein, despite CL decrease and monolyso-CL increase. No CL changes and H(2)O(2) formation were observed by inhibiting complex IV. In cyt c-CL liposomes, breaching cyt c-CL hydrophilic interactions produced a higher release of the reduced, compared to the oxidized form, suggesting that the hydrophobic component of cyt c-CL binding is prevalent in the oxidized form. Free or liposome-reconstituted cyt c was able to form fatty acid-protein complexes (palmitate < linoleate < oleate) only in its reduced form. We hypothesize that reduced cyt c-fatty acid binding favors the dislocation of the protein from anchoring CL. A mechanism for cyt c release independent of CL peroxidation by H(2)O(2) is feasible. It could weaken the hydrophobic component of cyt c-CL interactions and might function following complex IV inhibition or in oxygen lack, both conditions producing accumulation of reduced cyt c and free fatty acids.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Perugia, via del Giochetto, 06122 Perugia, Italy.
authors.forename: Lara
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Macchioni
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Corazzi
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Davidescu
authors.forename: Ermelinda
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Francescangeli
authors.forename: Rita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Roberti
authors.forename: Lanfranco
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Corazzi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000648:ultrastructure; D002308:Cardiolipins / Q000378:metabolism; D045304:Cytochromes c / Q000378:metabolism*; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000378:metabolism; D008081:Liposomes; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism*; D008954:Models, Biological; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D011485:Protein Binding; D021381:Protein Transport; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D002308:Cardiolipins; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D008081:Liposomes; D045304:Cytochromes c