title: Prevalence and correlates of helminth co-infection in Kenyan HIV-1 infected adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Deworming HIV-1 infected individuals may delay HIV-1 disease progression. It is important to determine the prevalence and correlates of HIV-1/helminth co-infection in helminth-endemic areas.
  
  
  METHODS
  HIV-1 infected individuals (CD4>250 cells/ul) were screened for helminth infection at ten sites in Kenya. Prevalence and correlates of helminth infection were determined. A subset of individuals with soil-transmitted helminth infection was re-evaluated 12 weeks following albendazole therapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 1,541 HIV-1 seropositive individuals screened, 298 (19.3%) had detectable helminth infections. Among individuals with helminth infection, hookworm species were the most prevalent (56.3%), followed by Ascaris lumbricoides (17.1%), Trichuris trichiura (8.7%), Schistosoma mansoni (7.1%), and Strongyloides stercoralis (1.3%). Infection with multiple species occurred in 9.4% of infections. After CD4 count was controlled for, rural residence (RR 1.40, 95% CI: 1.08-1.81), having no education (RR 1.57, 95% CI: 1.07-2.30), and higher CD4 count (RR 1.36, 95% CI: 1.07-1.73) remained independently associated with risk of helminth infection. Twelve weeks following treatment with albendazole, 32% of helminth-infected individuals had detectable helminths on examination. Residence, education, and CD4 count were not associated with persistent helminth infection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among HIV-1 seropositive adults with CD4 counts above 250 cells/mm(3) in Kenya, traditional risk factors for helminth infection, including rural residence and lack of education, were associated with co-infection, while lower CD4 counts were not.
authors.affiliation: Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. walson@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: Judd L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Walson
authors.forename: Barclay T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sangaré
authors.forename: Loice W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Mbogo
authors.forename: Phelgona A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Otieno
authors.forename: Benjamin K S
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Piper
authors.forename: Barbra A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.forename: Grace
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: John-Stewart
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015766:Albendazole / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D000871:Anthelmintics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006373:Helminthiasis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006376:Helminths / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D007630:Kenya / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000871:Anthelmintics; D015766:Albendazole