title: Clinical review 2: Genetic determinants of bone density and fracture risk--state of the art and future directions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Osteoporosis is a common, highly heritable condition that causes substantial morbidity and mortality, the etiopathogenesis of which is poorly understood. Genetic studies are making increasingly rapid progress in identifying the genes involved.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this review, we will summarize the current understanding of the genetics of osteoporosis based on publications from PubMed from the year 1987 onward.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most genes involved in osteoporosis identified to date encode components of known pathways involved in bone synthesis or resorption, but as the field progresses, new pathways are being identified. Only a small proportion of the total genetic variation involved in osteoporosis has been identified, and new approaches will be required to identify most of the remaining genes.
authors.affiliation: University of Queensland Diamantina Institute for Cancer, Immunology and Metabolic Medicine, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Ipswich Road, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia. e.duncan@uq.edu.au
authors.forename: Emma L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Duncan
authors.forename: Matthew A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Brown
mesh_terms: D015519:Bone Density / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics*; D005787:Gene Frequency; D008040:Genetic Linkage; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D010641:Phenotype; D012306:Risk