title: Long-term probability of detecting drug-resistant HIV in treatment-naive patients initiating combination antiretroviral therapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Robust long-term estimates of the risk of development of drug resistance are needed for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients starting combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) regimens currently used in routine clinical practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  We followed a large cohort of patients seen in 1 of 11 HIV clinics in the United Kingdom after starting cART with nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors and either a nonnucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) or a ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitor (PI/r). Survival analysis was employed to estimate the incidence of virological failure and of detected drug resistance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven thousand eight hundred ninety-one patients were included; 6448 (82%) started cART with an NNRTI and 1423 (17%) with a PI/r. The cumulative risk of virological failure by 8 years was 28%. The cumulative probabilities of detecting any mutation, > or =1 major nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor International AIDS Society-United States of America (IAS-USA) mutation, > or =1 major NNRTI IAS-USA mutation (in those starting an NNRTI), and > or =1 major PI IAS-USA mutation (in those starting a PI) were 17%, 14%, 15%, and 7%, respectively, by 8 years. The probability of detecting PI mutations in people who started PI/r-based regimens was lower than that of detecting NNRTI mutations in those starting NNRTI-based regimens (adjusted relative hazard, 0.36; 95% confidence interval, 0.26-0.50; P<.001). The risk of detecting nucleoside resistance did not vary according to whether an NNRTI or a PI/r was used in the regimen (adjusted relative hazard, 1.00; 95% confidence interval, 0.80-1.26; P=.98).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients who started modern cART in clinical practice in the United Kingdom, virological failure by 8 years was relatively common and was paralleled by an appreciable risk of resistance detection, although the detection rate of class-specific resistance was lower for those who started a PI/r-based regimen.
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral; D005260:Female; D006678:HIV / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000821:virology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D016019:Survival Analysis; D017211:Treatment Failure; D006113:United Kingdom; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents