title: Regulation of PCNA polyubiquitination in human cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The ubiquitin-based molecular switch dictating error free versus error prone repair has been conserved throughout eukaryotic evolution. A central component of this switch is the homotrimeric clamp PCNA, which is ubiquitinated in response to genotoxic stress allowing recovery of replication forks blocked at sites of DNA damage. The particulars of PCNA ubiquitination have been elucidated in yeast and to a further extent recently in human cells. However, gaps in the detailed mechanism and regulation of PCNA polyubiquitination still persist in human cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We expand upon several studies and show that PCNA is polyubiquitnated in normal skin fibroblasts, and that this ubiquitination is dependant on RAD18. Furthermore we define the types of DNA damage that induce ubiquitination on PCNA. Cisplatin, methylmethane sulphonate and benzo(a)pyrene-diol-epoxide induce the polyubiquitination of PCNA to the same extent as UV while polyubiquitination is not detected after X-ray treatment. Moreover, we show that ubiquitination of PCNA is not regulated by cell cycle checkpoint kinases ATM-Chk2 or ATR-Chk1. Significantly, we report that PCNA polyubiquitination is negatively regulated by USP1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results demonstrate the importance of PCNA polyubiquitination in human cells and define the key regulator of this ubiquitination.
authors.affiliation: Ottawa Health Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada. dgray@ohri.ca.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brun
authors.forename: Roland K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.forename: Bradly G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Wouters
authors.forename: Douglas A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Gray