title: Nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation and diffusion in the presence of internal gradients: the effect of magnetic field strength.
abstract: It is known that internal magnetic field gradients in porous materials, caused by susceptibility differences at the solid-fluid interfaces, alter the observed effective Nuclear Magnetic Resonance transverse relaxation times T2,eff. The internal gradients scale with the strength of the static background magnetic field B0. Here, we acquire data at various magnitudes of B0 to observe the influence of internal gradients on T2-T2 exchange measurements; the theory discussed and observations made are applicable to any T2-T2 analysis of heterogeneous materials. At high magnetic field strengths, it is possible to observe diffusive exchange between regions of local internal gradient extrema within individual pores. Therefore, the observed exchange pathways are not associated with pore-to-pore exchange. Understanding the significance of internal gradients in transverse relaxation measurements is critical to interpreting these results. We present the example of water in porous sandstone rock and offer a guideline to determine whether an observed T2,eff relaxation time distribution reflects the pore size distribution for a given susceptibility contrast (magnetic field strength) and spin echo separation. More generally, we confirm that for porous materials T1 provides a better indication of the pore size distribution than T2,eff at high magnetic field strengths (B0>1 T), and demonstrate the data analysis necessary to validate pore size interpretations of T2,eff measurements.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3RA, UK. author.jm600@cam.ac.uk
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Chandrasekera
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Johns
authors.forename: L F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Gladden
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Fordham
mesh_terms: D004058:Diffusion; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008280:Magnetics; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D014867:Water