title: An assessment of adverse effects of antiretroviral therapy on the development of HIV positive children by observation of dental mineralization chronology.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The difference between dental age (DA) and chronological age (CA) indicates an advance or delay in comparison with the normal standard. Considering that DA has a very close correlation with CA in a developing child, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between the effects of antiretroviral therapy on the development of HIV positive children, by observing the timing of dental mineralization.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective examination was made of the medical records and dental panoramic radiographs of 50 HIV-positive pediatric patients, aged 37-168 months of age. Through these radiographs, their DA was estimated and compared with their CA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean DA was significantly lower than the mean CA in the entire studied sample (P < 0.01). There was a statistical difference between children who received antiretroviral drugs and those who used no drugs (P = 0.02), i.e. the non-treated individuals presented practically no difference between CA and DA, while the treated patients showed a difference of 10.67 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that the DA of HIV infected children was delayed when compared to the CA, and there was a positive association between the use of antiretroviral therapy and a delay in the chronology of dental mineralization in the sample.
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Dentistry, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. marianatrigueiro@hotmail.com
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Trigueiro
authors.forename: S V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Tedeschi-Oliveira
authors.forename: R F H
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Melani
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Ortega
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000366:Age Determination by Teeth; D000367:Age Factors; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009805:Odontogenesis / Q000187:drug effects; D011862:Radiography, Panoramic; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects; D014074:Tooth Calcification / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors