Non-criteria manifestations of antiphospholipid syndrome.
Only few studies have addressed the pathogenesis and treatment of the non-criteria manifestations of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) such as thrombocytopenia, nephropathy, cardiac valve disease, cognitive dysfunction, skin ulcers, or diffuse pulmonary hemorrhage. There is no consensus on the management of these manifestations; they may occur despite full-dose anticoagulation or may not improve if anticoagulation is initiated after their discovery. This brief review may help physicians in the management of the non-criteria manifestations of aPL.
Erkan
D
D
Barbara Volcker Center for Women and Rheumatic Diseases, Hospital for Special Surgery, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA. erkand@hss.edu
Lockshin
M D
MD
D000818:Animals; D017152:Antibodies, Antiphospholipid / Q000276:immunology*; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016736:Antiphospholipid Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006801:Humans; D013997:Time Factors
D017152:Antibodies, Antiphospholipid; D000925:Anticoagulants