Alcohol levels do not accurately predict physical or mental impairment in ethanol-tolerant subjects: relevance to emergency medicine and dram shop laws.
The human body and the central nervous system can develop tremendous tolerance to ethanol. Mental and physical dysfunctions from ethanol, in an alcohol-tolerant individual, do not consistently correlate with ethanol levels traditionally used to define intoxication, or even lethality, in a nontolerant subject. Attempting to relate observed signs of alcohol intoxication or impairment, or to evaluate sobriety, by quantifying blood alcohol levels can be misleading, if not impossible. We report a case demonstrating the disconnect between alcohol levels and generally assigned parameters of intoxication and impairment. In this case, an alcohol-tolerant man, with a serum ethanol level of 515 mg/dl, appeared neurologically intact and cognitively normal. This individual was without objective signs of impairment or intoxication by repeated evaluations by experienced emergency physicians. In alcohol-tolerant individuals, blood alcohol levels cannot always be predicted by and do not necessarily correlate with outward appearance, overt signs of intoxication, or physical examination. This phenomenon must be acknowledged when analyzing medical decision making in the emergency department or when evaluating the ability of bartenders and party hosts to identify intoxication in dram shop cases.
Roberts
James R
JR
Division of Toxicology, Department of Emergency Medicine, Mercy Catholic Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA. JRoberts@mercyhealth.org
Dollard
Denis
D
D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000097:blood* / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D000435:Alcoholic Intoxication / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis; D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants / Q000097:blood* / Q000494:pharmacology; D004361:Drug Tolerance; D004632:Emergency Medical Services; D000431:Ethanol / Q000097:blood* / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007880:Legislation, Drug; D008297:Male; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests
D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants; D000431:Ethanol