title: Do women residents delay childbearing due to perceived career threats?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess gender differences among residents regarding their plans to have children during residency and determine the most influential reasons for these differences.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using the Health Belief Model as a framework, the authors created an instrument to survey 424 residents from 11 residency programs at three academic medical institutions about their intentions to have children during residency. The authors developed a scale to assess the perceived career threats of having children during residency, evaluated its psychometric properties, and calculated the effect of the mediators.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The response rate was 77% (328/424). Forty-one percent of men versus 27% of women planned to have children during residency (P = .01). The instrument measured four career threats-extended training, loss of fellowship positions, pregnancy complications, and interference with career plans-on a five-point Likert scale. The scale had a Cronbach alpha of 0.84 and an eigenvalue of 2.2. Compared with men, women had higher scores for each item and a higher mean score (2.9 versus 2.1, P = .001), signifying greater belief in the potential of pregnancy to threaten careers. After adjusting for age, institution, postgraduate year, and knowledge of parental leave policies, women were less likely to plan to have children during residency (odds ratio 0.46 [95% confidence interval 0.25-0.84]). In mediation analysis, threats to career explained 67% of the gender variance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Women residents intentionally postpone pregnancy because of perceived threats to their careers. Medical educators should be aware of these findings when counseling female trainees.
authors.affiliation: Internal Medicine Residency Program, Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35291-0012, USA. lwillett@uab.edu
authors.forename: Lisa L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Willett
authors.forename: Melissa F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Wellons
authors.forename: Jason R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Hartig
authors.forename: Lindsey
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Roenigk
authors.forename: Mukta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Panda
authors.forename: Angela T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Dearinger
authors.forename: Jeroan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Allison
authors.forename: Thomas K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Houston
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002322:Career Mobility; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency; D008297:Male; D010822:Physicians, Women / Q000523:psychology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000379:methods; D043762:Reproductive Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States