title: Deep posterior compartment strength and foot kinematics in subjects with stage II posterior tibial tendon dysfunction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tibialis posterior muscle weakness has been documented in subjects with Stage II posterior tibial tendon dysfunction (PTTD) but the effect of weakness on foot structure remains unclear. The association between strength and flatfoot kinematics may guide treatment such as the use of strengthening programs targeting the tibialis posterior muscle.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty Stage II PTTD subjects (age; 58.1 +/- 10.5 years, BMI 30.6 +/- 5.4) and 15 matched controls (age; 56.5 +/- 7.7 years, BMI 30.6 +/- 3.6) volunteered for this study. Deep Posterior Compartment strength was measured from both legs of each subject and the strength ratio was used to compare each subject's involved side to their uninvolved side. A 20% deficit was defined, a priori, to define two groups of subjects with PTTD. The strength ratio for each group averaged; 1.06 +/- 0.1 (range 0.87 to 1.36) for controls, 1.06 +/- 0.1 (range, 0.89 to 1.25), for the PTTD strong group, and 0.64 +/- 0.2 (range 0.42 to 0.76) for the PTTD weak group. Across four phases of stance, kinematic measures of flatfoot were compared between the three groups using a two-way mixed effect ANOVA model repeated for each kinematic variable.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subjects with PTTD regardless of group demonstrated significantly greater hindfoot eversion compared to controls. Subjects with PTTD who were weak demonstrated greater hindfoot eversion compared to subjects with PTTD who were strong. For forefoot abduction and MLA angles the differences between groups depended on the phase of stance with significant differences between each group observed at the pre-swing phase of stance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Strength was associated with the degree of flatfoot deformity observed during walking, however, flatfoot deformity may also occur without strength deficits.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Strengthening programs may only partially correct flatfoot kinematics while other clinical interventions such as bracing or surgery may also be indicated.
authors.affiliation: SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 E. Adams Street, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA. nevillec@upstate.edu
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Neville
authors.forename: Adolph S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Flemister
authors.forename: Jeff R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Houck
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005413:Flatfoot / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D053580:Muscle Strength / Q000502:physiology*; D037081:Posterior Tibial Tendon Dysfunction / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011403:Pronation / Q000502:physiology*; D013484:Supination / Q000502:physiology*; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*