title: Predicting the risk of endometrial cancer in postmenopausal women presenting with vaginal bleeding: the Norwich DEFAB risk assessment tool.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study aimed to show the longitudinal use of routinely collected clinical data from history and ultrasound evaluation of the endometrium in developing an algorithm to predict the risk of endometrial carcinoma for postmenopausal women presenting with vaginal bleeding.
  
  
  METHODS
  This prospective study collected data from 3047 women presenting with postmenopausal bleeding. Data regarding the presence of risk factors for endometrial cancer was collected and univariate and multivariate analyses were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Age distribution ranged from 35 to 97 years with a median of 59 years. A total of 149 women (5% of total) were diagnosed with endometrial carcinoma. Women in the endometrial cancer group were significantly more likely to be older, have higher BMI, recurrent episodes of bleeding, diabetes, hypertension, or a previous history of breast cancer. An investigator best model selection approach was used to select the best predictors of cancer, and using logistic regression analysis we created a model, 'Norwich DEFAB', which is a clinical prediction rule for endometrial cancer. The calculated Norwich DEFAB score can vary from a value of 0 to 9. A Norwich DEFAB value equal to or greater than 3 has a positive predictive value (PPV) of 7.78% and negative predictive value (NPV) of 98.2%, whereas a score equal to or greater than 5 has a PPV of 11.9% and NPV of 97.8%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of clinical information with our investigation tool for women with postmenopausal vaginal bleeding allows the clinician to calculate a predicted risk of endometrial malignancy and prioritise subsequent clinical investigations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, UK. Nikolaos.burbos@nnuh.nhs.uk
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Burbos
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Musonda
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Giarenis
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Shiner
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Giamougiannis
authors.forename: E P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Nieto
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000465:Algorithms; D016889:Endometrial Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D017698:Postmenopause; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014592:Uterine Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology