title: Manometric and symptomatic spectrum of motor dysphagia in a tertiary referral center in northern India.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We studied the spectrum of motor dysphagia in a northern Indian tertiary referral center.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this retrospective study, consecutive patients with motor dysphagia referred to the Gastrointestinal Pathophysiology and Motility Laboratory from 2002 to 2007 were evaluated clinically and with eight-channel water-perfusion manometry. Causes of dysphagia were diagnosed using standard criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 250 patients (age 41.3 [15.0] years, 146 men), 193 (77%) had achalasia cardia (AC) and 57 (23%) had other causes (11, 4.4%: diffuse esophageal spasm [DES]; 9, 3.6%: hypertensive lower esophageal sphincter [Hy LES]); manometry was normal in 37 patients. Twenty-seven patients (14%) had vigorous AC. Duration of dysphagia at presentation was longer in those with AC and Hy LES than in normal manometry (NM) (21 months [1-180] vs. 6 [1-360], p = 0.000; 24 months [7-48] vs. 6 [1-360], p = 0.015). Regurgitation and bolus obstruction were more frequent in those with AC than in NM (89/154, 57.79% vs. 3/27, 11.11%, p = 0.000001). Heartburn was less frequent in patients with AC than in others (AC: 4/146, 2.73% vs. normal: 4/27, 14.8% [p = 0.02] and others: 3/15, 20% [p = 0.018]). Chest pain was reported by 74/135 (54.8%) classic and 12/19 (63.2%) vigorous AC (p = NS). Patients with NM had lower LES pressure than those with classic AC, Hy LES and vigorous AC (p < 0.0001 in each case). Patients with DES had lower LES pressure than in classic AC, Hy LES and vigorous AC (p = 0.043, p < 0.0001, and p = 0.002, respectively). Patients with classic AC had lower LES pressure than in Hy LES and vigorous AC (p = 0.024, p = 0.001, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Classic AC was the commonest cause of motor dysphagia in our center. AC was associated with higher LES pressure, longer duration of dysphagia, frequent regurgitation and bolus obstruction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, 226 014, India.
authors.forename: Asha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Misra
authors.forename: Dipti
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chourasia
authors.forename: Uday C
authors.initials: UC
authors.lastname: Ghoshal
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003680:Deglutition Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016099:Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; D004931:Esophageal Achalasia / Q000503:physiopathology; D015155:Esophageal Spasm, Diffuse / Q000503:physiopathology; D049630:Esophageal Sphincter, Lower / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008365:Manometry; D008875:Middle Aged; D012017:Referral and Consultation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012189:Retrospective Studies