title: Evaluation of embryonic and perinatal myosin gene mutations and the etiology of congenital idiopathic clubfoot.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Congenital idiopathic clubfoot is the most common musculoskeletal birth defect that develops during the fetal period, but with no known etiology. MYH 2, 3, 7, and 8 are expressed embryonically or perinatally, the period during which congenital idiopathic clubfoot develops; are all components of Type II muscle, which is consistently decreased in clubfoot patients; and are associated with several muscle contracture syndromes that have associated clubfoot deformities. In this study, we hypothesized that a mutation in an embryonic or perinatal myosin gene could be associated with congenital idiopathic clubfoot.
  
  
  METHODS
  We screened the exons, splice sites, and predicted promoters of 24 bilateral congenital idiopathic clubfoot patients and 24 matched controls in MYH 1, 2, 3, and 8 via sequence-based analysis, and screened an additional 76 patients in each discovered SNP.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although many single-nucleotide polymorphisms were found; none proved to be significantly associated with the phenotype of congenital idiopathic clubfoot. Also, no known mutations that cause distal arthrogryposis syndromes were found in the congenital idiopathic clubfoot patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings demonstrate that congenital idiopathic clubfoot has a different pathophysiology than the clubfoot seen in distal arthrogryposis syndromes, and defects in myosin are most likely not directly responsible for the development of congenital clubfoot. Given the complexity of early myogenesis, many regulatory candidate genes remain that could cause defects in the hypaxial musculature that is invariably observed in congenital idiopathic clubfoot.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study further differentiates congenital idiopathic clubfoot as distinct from other complex genetic syndromes that can present with similar deformities, and thus facilitates further research to improve the clinical diagnosis and treatment of congenital idiopathic clubfoot.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Shyy
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Val C
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Sheffield
authors.forename: Jose A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Morcuende
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003025:Clubfoot / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005091:Exons; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009154:Mutation; D018995:Myosin Heavy Chains / Q000235:genetics*; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D018995:Myosin Heavy Chains