title: Coming to America: betel nut and oral submucous fibrosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is an insidious precancerous disease affecting the oral cavity, pharynx and upper digestive tract. Its etiology is linked directly to betel nut use, which is common to the Indian subcontinent. With the increase in immigration of people from the Indian subcontinent to the United States, many American dental professionals will encounter this disease in the near future. The author provides a general overview of OSF.
  
  
  METHODS
  The author provides a literature review of OSF, including its epidemiology, etiology, clinical presentation, histopathology and treatment modalities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  OSF is a precancerous oral disease linked definitively to the use of betel nut. It is endemic to people in the Indian subcontinent. Patients' primary complaint is progressive trismus. Treatment is based on disease severity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  OSF is a debilitating but preventable oral disease. Its incidence in the United States will increase as the South Asian immigrant population expands. Consequently, American dental professionals may encounter patients with this disease, and it is important that they are aware of it. In addition, for dental care professionals practicing in a South Asian American community, public health education is important to inform the population about the deleterious oral health effects of betel nut consumption.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, New Jersey Dental School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, 110 Bergen St., Room B854, Newark, NJ 07103, USA. azizsr@umdnj.edu
authors.forename: Shahid R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Aziz
mesh_terms: D001114:Areca / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001208:Asia / Q000208:ethnology; D054242:Emigrants and Immigrants; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections; D009914:Oral Submucous Fibrosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D019647:Oral Surgical Procedures; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D014222:Triamcinolone Acetonide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014313:Trismus; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D005938:Glucocorticoids; D014222:Triamcinolone Acetonide