title: Comparative analysis of right element mutant lox sites on recombination efficiency in embryonic stem cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cre-mediated site-specific integrative recombination in mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells is a useful tool for genome engineering, allowing precise and repeated site-specific integration. To promote the integrative reaction, a left element/right element (LE/RE) mutant strategy using a pair of lox sites with mutations in the LE or RE of the lox sequence has previously been developed. Recombination between LE and RE mutant lox produces a wild-type loxP site as well as an LE+RE double mutant lox site, which has mutations in both sides and less affinity to Cre, resulting in stable integration. We previously demonstrated successful integrative recombination using lox71 (an LE mutant) and lox66 (an RE mutant) in ES cells. Recently, other LE/RE mutant lox sites showing higher recombination efficiency in Escherichia coli have been reported. However, their recombination efficiency in mammalian cells remains to be analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using ES cells, we compared six RE mutant lox sites, focusing on their recombination efficiency with lox71. All of the RE mutant lox sites showed similar recombination efficiency. We then analyzed the stability of the recombined product, i.e., the LE+RE double mutant lox site, under continuous and strong Cre activity in ES cells. Two RE mutants, loxJTZ17 and loxKR3, produced more stable LE+RE double mutant lox than did the lox66/71 double mutant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The two mutant RE lox sites, loxJTZ17 and loxKR3, are more suitable than lox66 for Cre-mediated integration or inversion in ES cells.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University, Honjo 2-2-1, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan. arakimi@gpo.kumamoto-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Kimi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Araki
authors.forename: Yuka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Okada
authors.forename: Masatake
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Araki
authors.forename: Ken-ichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamamura
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites / Q000235:genetics; D053595:Embryonic Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D019426:Integrases; D051379:Mice; D009154:Mutation; D011995:Recombination, Genetic
chemical_list: C045073:Cre recombinase; D019426:Integrases