title: Microbial community structure of leaf-cutter ant fungus gardens and refuse dumps.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Leaf-cutter ants use fresh plant material to grow a mutualistic fungus that serves as the ants' primary food source. Within fungus gardens, various plant compounds are metabolized and transformed into nutrients suitable for ant consumption. This symbiotic association produces a large amount of refuse consisting primarily of partly degraded plant material. A leaf-cutter ant colony is thus divided into two spatially and chemically distinct environments that together represent a plant biomass degradation gradient. Little is known about the microbial community structure in gardens and dumps or variation between lab and field colonies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using microbial membrane lipid analysis and a variety of community metrics, we assessed and compared the microbiota of fungus gardens and refuse dumps from both laboratory-maintained and field-collected colonies. We found that gardens contained a diverse and consistent community of microbes, dominated by Gram-negative bacteria, particularly gamma-Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes. These findings were consistent across lab and field gardens, as well as host ant taxa. In contrast, dumps were enriched for Gram-positive and anaerobic bacteria. Broad-scale clustering analyses revealed that community relatedness between samples reflected system component (gardens/dumps) rather than colony source (lab/field). At finer scales samples clustered according to colony source.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Here we report the first comparative analysis of the microbiota from leaf-cutter ant colonies. Our work reveals the presence of two distinct communities: one in the fungus garden and the other in the refuse dump. Though we find some effect of colony source on community structure, our data indicate the presence of consistently associated microbes within gardens and dumps. Substrate composition and system component appear to be the most important factor in structuring the microbial communities. These results thus suggest that resident communities are shaped by the plant degradation gradient created by ant behavior, specifically their fungiculture and waste management.
authors.affiliation: United States Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America.
authors.forename: Jarrod J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: Kevin J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Budsberg
authors.forename: Garret
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Suen
authors.forename: Devin L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Wixon
authors.forename: Teri C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Balser
authors.forename: Cameron R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Currie
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001000:Ants / Q000382:microbiology*; D041963:Bacteroidetes / Q000378:metabolism; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D018533:Biomass; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D005658:Fungi / Q000378:metabolism*; D005735:Garbage; D006358:Hot Temperature; D008055:Lipids / Q000737:chemistry; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology*; D010944:Plants / Q000378:metabolism; D020560:Proteobacteria / Q000378:metabolism; D012037:Refuse Disposal; D013559:Symbiosis
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids