title: Recruitment of additional brain regions to accomplish simple motor tasks in chronic alcohol-dependent patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic alcohol-dependent patients (ALC) exhibit neurocognitive impairments attributed to alcohol-induced fronto-cerebellar damage. Deficits are typically found in complex task performance, whereas simple tasks may not be significantly compromised, perhaps because of little understood compensatory changes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared finger tapping with either hand at externally paced (EP) or maximal self-paced (SP) rates and concomitant brain activation in ten pairs of right-hand dominant, age-, and gender-matched, severe, uncomplicated ALC and normal controls (NC) using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean tapping rates were not significantly different in ALC and NC for either task, but SP tapping variances were greater in ALC for both hands. SP tapping was more rapid with dominant hand (DH) than non-dominant hand (NDH) for both groups. EP and SP tapping with the non-dominant hand demonstrated significantly more activation in ALC than NC in the pre and postcentral gyri, inferior frontal gyrus, inferior parietal lobule, and the middle temporal gyrus. Areas activated only by ALC (not at all by NC) during NDH tapping included the inferior frontal gyrus, middle temporal gyrus, and postcentral gyrus. There were no significant group activation differences with DH tapping. No brain regions activated more in NC than ALC. SP tapping in contrast to EP activated fronto-cerebellar networks in NC, including postcentral gyrus, anterior cingulate, and the anterior lobe and vermis of the cerebellum, but only parietal precuneus in ALC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings with NDH finger tapping support previous reports of neurocognitive inefficiencies in ALC. Inferior frontal activation with EP in ALC, but not in NC, suggests engagement of regions needed for planning, organization, and impulse regulation; greater contralateral parietal lobe activation with SP in ALC may reflect right hemispheric impairments in visuospatial performance. Contrasting brain activation during SP and EP suggests that ALC may not have enlisted a fronto-cerebellar network as did NC but rather employed a higher order planning mode by recruiting parietal lobe functions to attain normal mean finger tapping rates. Elucidation of the compensatory neural mechanisms that allow near normal performance by ALC on simple tasks can inform functional rehabilitation of patients in recovery.
authors.affiliation: Vanderbilt Addiction Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
authors.forename: Mitchell H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Parks
authors.forename: Daniel S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Greenberg
authors.forename: Mark K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Nickel
authors.forename: Mary S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Dietrich
authors.forename: Baxter P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.forename: Peter R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Martin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D006179:Gyrus Cinguli / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology