title: Distinct genotypic profiles of the two major clades of Mycobacterium africanum.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the principal etiologic agent of human tuberculosis (TB) and a member of the M. tuberculosis complex (MTC). Additional MTC species that cause TB in humans and other mammals include Mycobacterium africanum and Mycobacterium bovis. One result of studies interrogating recently identified MTC phylogenetic markers has been the recognition of at least two distinct lineages of M. africanum, known as West African-1 and West African-2.
  
  
  METHODS
  We screened a blinded non-random set of MTC strains isolated from TB patients in Ghana (n = 47) for known chromosomal region-of-difference (RD) loci and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). A MTC PCR-typing panel, single-target standard PCR, multi-primer PCR, PCR-restriction fragment analysis, and sequence analysis of amplified products were among the methods utilized for the comparative evaluation of targets and identification systems. The MTC distributions of novel SNPs were characterized in the both the Ghana collection and two other diverse collections of MTC strains (n = 175 in total).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The utility of various polymorphisms as species-, lineage-, and sublineage-defining phylogenetic markers for M. africanum was determined. Novel SNPs were also identified and found to be specific to either M. africanum West African-1 (Rv1332(523); n = 32) or M. africanum West African-2 (nat(751); n = 27). In the final analysis, a strain identification approach that combined multi-primer PCR targeting of the RD loci RD9, RD10, and RD702 was the most simple, straight-forward, and definitive means of distinguishing the two clades of M. africanum from one another and from other MTC species.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With this study, we have organized a series of consistent phylogenetically-relevant markers for each of the distinct MTC lineages that share the M. africanum designation. A differential distribution of each M. africanum clade in Western Africa is described.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Biology Applied to Mycobacteria, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Avenida Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Sidra E Gonçalves
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Vasconcellos
authors.forename: Richard C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Huard
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Niemann
authors.forename: Kristin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kremer
authors.forename: Adalberto R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: Philip N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Suffys
authors.forename: John L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Ho
mesh_terms: D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D016172:DNA Fingerprinting; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D005838:Genotype; D005869:Ghana; D006801:Humans; D009161:Mycobacterium / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D010802:Phylogeny; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial