title: Single concentration tests show synergism among Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis toxins against the malaria vector mosquito Anopheles albimanus.
abstract: Bioassays of insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis with larvae of the malaria vector mosquito Anopheles albimanus showed that the cytolytic protein Cyt1Aa was not toxic alone, but it increased the toxicity of the crystalline proteins Cry4Ba and Cry11Aa. Synergism also occurred between Cry4Ba and Cry11Aa toxins. Whereas many previous analyses of synergism have been based on a series of toxin concentrations leading to comparisons between expected and observed values for the concentration killing 50% of insects tested (LC(50)), we describe and apply a method here that enables testing for synergism based on single concentrations of toxins.
authors.affiliation: Depto. de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca 62250, Morelos, Mexico.
authors.forename: María Teresa
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Fernández-Luna
authors.forename: Bruce E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Tabashnik
authors.forename: Humberto
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lanz-Mendoza
authors.forename: Alejandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bravo
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Soberón
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Miranda-Ríos
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles; D001413:Bacillus thuringiensis / Q000378:metabolism*; D000083722:Bacillus thuringiensis Toxins; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000633:toxicity*; D001681:Biological Assay / Q000379:methods*; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000633:toxicity*; D006460:Hemolysin Proteins / Q000633:toxicity*; D007303:Insect Vectors; D007306:Insecticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects; D010572:Pest Control, Biological
chemical_list: D000083722:Bacillus thuringiensis Toxins; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D004731:Endotoxins; D006460:Hemolysin Proteins; D007306:Insecticides; C030956:insecticidal crystal protein, Bacillus Thuringiensis