title: Face transformation with harmonic models by the finite-volume method with delaunay triangulation.
abstract: To carry out face transformation, this paper presents new numerical algorithms, which consist of two parts, namely, the harmonic models for changes of face characteristics and the splitting techniques for grayness transition. The main method in this paper is a combination of the finite-volume method (FVM) with Delaunay triangulation to solve the Laplace equations in the harmonic transformation of face images. The advantages of the FVM with Delaunay triangulation are given as follows: 1) easy to formulate the linear algebraic equations; 2) good in retaining the pertinent geometric and physical need; and 3) less central processing unit time needed. Numerical and graphical experiments have been conducted for the face transformation from a female (woman) to a male (man), and vice versa. The computed sequential errors are O(N⁻³/²), where N² is the division number of a pixel into subpixels. These computed errors coincide with the analysis on the splitting-shooting method (SSM) with piecewise constant interpolation in the previous paper of Li and Bai. In computation, the average absolute errors of restored pixel grayness can be smaller than 2 out of 256 grayness levels. The FVM is as simple as the finite-difference method (FDM) and as flexible as the finite-element method (FEM). Hence, the FVM is particularly useful when dealing with large face images with a huge number of pixels in shape distortion. The numerical transformation of face images in this paper can be used not only in pattern recognition but also in resampling, image morphing, and computer animation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Mathematics, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Zi-Cai
authors.initials: ZC
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: John Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Chiang
authors.forename: Ching Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Suen
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001185:Artificial Intelligence; D001699:Biometry / Q000379:methods*; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated / Q000379:methods*; D013382:Subtraction Technique