title: Arabidopsis histidine kinase CKI1 acts upstream of histidine phosphotransfer proteins to regulate female gametophyte development and vegetative growth.
abstract: Cytokinin signaling is mediated by a multiple-step phosphorelay. Key components of the phosphorelay consist of the histidine kinase (HK)-type receptors, histidine phosphotransfer proteins (HP), and response regulators (RRs). Whereas overexpression of a nonreceptor-type HK gene CYTOKININ-INDEPENDENT1 (CKI1) activates cytokinin signaling by an unknown mechanism, mutations in CKI1 cause female gametophytic lethality. However, the function of CKI1 in cytokinin signaling remains unclear. Here, we characterize a mutant allele, cki1-8, that can be transmitted through female gametophytes with low frequency (approximately 0.17%). We have recovered viable homozygous cki1-8 mutant plants that grow larger than wild-type plants, show defective megagametogenesis and rarely set enlarged seeds. We found that CKI1 acts upstream of AHP (Arabidopsis HP) genes, independently of cytokinin receptor genes. Consistently, an ahp1,2-2,3,4,5 quintuple mutant, which contains an ahp2-2 null mutant allele, exhibits severe defects in megagametogenesis, with a transmission efficiency of <3.45% through female gametophytes. Rarely recovered ahp1,2-2,3,4,5 quintuple mutants are seedling lethal. Finally, the female gametophytic lethal phenotype of cki1-5 (a null mutant) can be partially rescued by IPT8 or ARR1 (a type-B Arabidopsis RR) driven by a CKI1 promoter. These results define a genetic pathway consisting of CKI1, AHPs, and type-B ARRs in the regulation of female gametophyte development and vegetative growth.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Plant Gene Research Center, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.forename: Haili
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.forename: Jinye
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mu
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.forename: Binglian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Zhendong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.forename: Wei-Cai
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: Jianru
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zuo
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development*; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D003583:Cytokinins / Q000378:metabolism*; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D016254:Mutagenesis, Insertional; D009154:Mutation; D056771:Ovule / Q000196:embryology*; D010641:Phenotype; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D018749:RNA, Plant / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D003583:Cytokinins; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D018749:RNA, Plant; C036483:T-DNA; D011494:Protein Kinases; C101990:CKI1 protein, Arabidopsis