title: Uncompensated care provided by for-profit, not-for-profit, and government owned hospitals.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is growing concern certain not-for-profit hospitals are not providing enough uncompensated care to justify their tax exempt status. Our objective was to compare the amount of uncompensated care provided by not-for-profit (NFP), for-profit (FP) and government owned hospitals.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used 2005 state inpatient data (SID) for 10 states to identify patients hospitalized for three common conditions: acute myocardial infarction (AMI), coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), or childbirth. Uncompensated care was measured as the proportion of each hospital's total admissions for each condition that were classified as being uninsured. Hospitals were categorized as NFP, FP, or government owned based upon data obtained from the American Hospital Association. We used bivariate methods to compare the proportion of uninsured patients admitted to NFP, FP and government hospitals for each diagnosis. We then used generalized linear mixed models to compare the percentage of uninsured in each category of hospital after adjusting for the socioeconomic status of the markets each hospital served.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our cohort consisted of 188,117 patients (1,054 hospitals) hospitalized for AMI, 82,261 patients (245 hospitals) for CABG, and 1,091,220 patients for childbirth (793 hospitals). The percentage of admissions classified as uninsured was lower in NFP hospitals than in FP or government hospitals for AMI (4.6% NFP; 6.0% FP; 9.5% government; P < .001), CABG (2.6% NFP; 3.3% FP; 7.0% government; P < .001), and childbirth (3.1% NFP; 4.2% FP; 11.8% government; P < .001). In adjusted analyses, the mean percentage of AMI patients classified as uninsured was similar in NFP and FP hospitals (4.4% vs. 4.3%; P = 0.71), and higher for government hospitals (6.0%; P < .001 for NFP vs. government). Likewise, results demonstrated similar proportions of uninsured patients in NFP and FP hospitals and higher levels of uninsured in government hospitals for both CABG and childbirth.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For the three conditions studied NFP and FP hospitals appear to provide a similar amount of uncompensated care while government hospitals provide significantly more. Concerns about the amount of uncompensated care provided by NFP hospitals appear warranted.
authors.affiliation: Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA. peter-cram@uiowa.edu
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cram
authors.forename: Levent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bayman
authors.forename: Ioana
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Popescu
authors.forename: Mary S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Vaughan-Sarrazin
authors.forename: Xueya
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.forename: Gary E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Rosenthal
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D006777:Hospitals, Proprietary / Q000191:economics*; D006779:Hospitals, Public / Q000191:economics*; D006788:Hospitals, Voluntary / Q000191:economics*; D006801:Humans; D019464:Tax Exemption; D017664:Uncompensated Care / Q000191:economics*; D014481:United States