title: Prostate-specific antigen bounce after permanent iodine-125 prostate brachytherapy--an Australian analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report on prostate-specific antigen (PSA) "bounces" after (125)I prostate brachytherapy to review the relationship to biochemical control and correlate both clinical and dosimetric variables.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed 194 hormone-naive patients with a follow-up of ≥ 3 years. Four bounce definitions were applied: an increase of ≥ 0.2 ng/mL (definition I), ≥ 0.4 ng/mL (definition II), ≥ 15% (definition III), and ≥ 35% (definition IV) of a previous value with spontaneous return to the prebounce level or lower.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using definition I, II, III, and IV, a bounce was detected in 50%, 34%, 11%, and 9% of patients, respectively. The median time to onset was 14-16 months, the duration was 12-21.5 months, and the magnitude of the increase was 0.5-2 ng/mL. A magnitude of >2 ng/mL, fulfilling the criteria for biochemical failure (BF) according to the American Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology Phoenix definition, was detected in 11.3%, 16.9%, 47.6%, and 50% using definitions I, II, III, and IV, respectively; 11 patients (5.7%) had true BF. The PSA bounces occurred earlier than BF (p < 0.001). The prediction of BF remains controversial and is probably unrelated to biochemical control. The only statistically significant factor predictive of a PSA bounce was younger age (definitions I and II).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PSA bounces are common after brachytherapy. All definitions resulted in a high number of false-positive calls for BF during the first 2 years. The definition of an increase of ≥ 0.2 ng/mL should be preferred because of the lowest number of false-positive results for BF. Patients experiencing a PSA bounce during the first 2 years after brachytherapy should undergo surveillance every 3-6 months. Additional investigations are recommended for elevated postimplant PSA levels that have not corrected by 3 years of follow-up.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Alfred Health and Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
authors.forename: Daniel R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Zwahlen
authors.forename: Ryan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Nick
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Andrianopoulos
authors.forename: Bronwyn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Matheson
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Royce
authors.forename: Jeremy L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Millar
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001315:Australia; D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000379:methods*; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000378:metabolism*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen