title: Distribution of orthodontic services in Norway.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is a lack of studies that have evaluated how different ways of organizing and financing orthodontic services perform with respect to access to care, and the cost of care. In Norway, orthodontic services for children and adolescents are partly financed by the state, and the size of the state subsidy depends on the severity of the malocclusion. Orthodontists have the freedom to establish a practice where they wish. The aim of this study was to examine whether there are inequalities with respect to access to orthodontic services in Norway, and to study the development of costs of the services from 2004 to 2007.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data on mean waiting time for starting treatment and working hours in practice were collected using a questionnaire that was sent to all the orthodontists in the country (n = 165). The response rate was 74%. The number of patients who received treatment according to different criteria of need was recorded from data in each practice. Information about the development of costs for orthodontic treatment was obtained from the National Insurance Administration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In almost all the areas, waiting time for starting treatment was within clinically acceptable limits, and there were only small differences in supply of orthodontic treatment in different areas. Patients with the greatest need were given priority over patients with the least need, which is in line with the aims of the authorities. In 2007 the reimbursements for orthodontic treatment from the National Insurance Administration amounted to Euro 48 million. In deflated prices this was virtually the same amount as in 2004.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results show that the combination of public funding and freedom to establish a practice ensures that services are available for the individuals who are most in need of treatment. The authorities also have control over costs. The experiences from the orthodontic services in Norway are useful for policymakers in other countries. In particular, an important finding is that an orthodontic service where the state subsidy depends on the severity of the malocclusion can secure both equal access to the services and contain costs.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Community Dentistry Orthodontics, Dental Faculty, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Jostein
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Grytten
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Skau
authors.forename: Arild
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stenvik
mesh_terms: D005380:Financing, Government; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006801:Humans; D009664:Norway; D009970:Orthodontics / Q000191:economics*; D019239:Practice Patterns, Dentists' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires