title: Deep mRNA sequencing for in vivo functional analysis of cardiac transcriptional regulators: application to Galphaq.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Transcriptional profiling can detect subclinical heart disease and provide insight into disease etiology and functional status. Current microarray-based methods are expensive and subject to artifact.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To develop RNA sequencing methodologies using next generation massively parallel platforms for high throughput comprehensive analysis of individual mouse cardiac transcriptomes. To compare the results of sequencing- and array-based transcriptional profiling in the well-characterized Galphaq transgenic mouse hypertrophy/cardiomyopathy model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The techniques for preparation of individually bar-coded mouse heart RNA libraries for Illumina Genome Analyzer II resequencing are described. RNA sequencing showed that 234 high-abundance transcripts (>60 copies/cell) comprised 55% of total cardiac mRNA. Parallel transcriptional profiling of Galphaq transgenic and nontransgenic hearts by Illumina RNA sequencing and Affymetrix Mouse Gene 1.0 ST arrays revealed superior dynamic range for mRNA expression and enhanced specificity for reporting low-abundance transcripts by RNA sequencing. Differential mRNA expression in Galphaq and nontransgenic hearts correlated well between microarrays and RNA sequencing for highly abundant transcripts. RNA sequencing was superior to arrays for accurately quantifying lower-abundance genes, which represented the majority of the regulated genes in the Galphaq transgenic model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RNA sequencing is rapid, accurate, and sensitive for identifying both abundant and rare cardiac transcripts, and has significant advantages in time- and cost-efficiencies over microarray analysis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Center for Pharmacogenomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo 63110, USA.
authors.forename: Scot J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Matkovich
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Derek J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Van Booven
authors.forename: Gerald W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Dorn
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002312:Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic / Q000235:genetics*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D043802:GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gq-G11 / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics*; D017423:Sequence Analysis, RNA / Q000379:methods*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014157:Transcription Factors; D043802:GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gq-G11