title: Using implementation intentions to overcome the effects of social anxiety on attention and appraisals of performance.
abstract: The present research examines whether forming implementation intentions can help people with social anxiety to control their attention and make more realistic appraisals of their performance. In Experiment 1, socially anxious participants (relative to less anxious participants) exhibited an attentional bias toward social threat words in a Visual Dot Probe task. However, socially anxious participants who formed implementation intentions designed to control attention did not exhibit this bias. Using a spatial cuing task, Experiment 2 showed that forming implementation intentions also promoted rapid disengagement from threatening stimuli. Experiment 3 ruled out the possibility that implementation intentions were effective merely because they provided additional goal-relevant information. In Experiment 4, participants gave a speech and subsequently rated their performance. Forming implementation intentions prevented the underestimation of performance that characterizes socially anxious individuals. Together, the findings suggest that forming implementation intentions may provide an effective means of handling self-regulatory problems in social anxiety.
authors.affiliation: University of Sheffield, Sheffield, England, United Kingdom. t.webb@sheffield.ac.uk
authors.forename: Thomas L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Webb
authors.forename: Margarita S P
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Ononaiye
authors.forename: Paschal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sheeran
authors.forename: John G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Reidy
authors.forename: Anastasia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lavda
mesh_terms: D001288:Attention; D003463:Cues; D005260:Female; D006040:Goals; D006801:Humans; D033182:Intention; D008297:Male; D015588:Observer Variation; D010698:Phobic Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D012647:Self-Assessment; D012919:Social Behavior; D055815:Young Adult