title: Biomarkers in the diagnosis of aspiration syndromes.
abstract: Recognizing and managing the different types of aspiration events remain a challenging task due to the lack of distinguishing clinical or laboratory characteristics. Numerous biomarkers in serum, sputum and bronchoalveolar lavage have been studied, and their role in the recognition of aspiration remains controversial at this time. Recent animal investigations using an array of biomarkers based on distinct pathogenic features of each aspiration event have produced promising results; however, they have not been validated in humans. Newer markers are being introduced as diagnostic and prognostic tools in conditions such as community-acquired pneumonia and sepsis, but they have not been examined in aspiration. The present review summarizes the different biomarkers that have been studied in aspiration and those who might have a potential clinical use in the future.
authors.affiliation: The Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY 14215-1199, USA.
authors.forename: Philippe Abou
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Jaoude
authors.forename: Paul R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Knight
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ohtake
authors.forename: Ali A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: El-Solh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism*; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000737:chemistry; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D002116:Calcitonin / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D015289:Leukotrienes / Q000378:metabolism; D016676:Macrophages, Alveolar / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D010434:Pepsin A / Q000378:metabolism; D011498:Protein Precursors / Q000378:metabolism; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic / Q000378:metabolism; D053120:Respiratory Aspiration / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D013183:Sputum / Q000737:chemistry; D013577:Syndrome; D000073871:Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells-1
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines; D015289:Leukotrienes; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D011498:Protein Precursors; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic; C408842:TREM1 protein, human; D000073871:Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells-1; D002116:Calcitonin; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D010434:Pepsin A