title: Prospective monitoring of cefepime in intensive care unit adult patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cefepime has been associated with a greater risk of mortality than other beta-lactams in patients treated for severe sepsis. Hypotheses for this failure include possible hidden side-effects (for example, neurological) or inappropriate pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) parameters for bacteria with cefepime minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) at the highest limits of susceptibility (8 mg/l) or intermediate-resistance (16 mg/l) for pathogens such as Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. We examined these issues in a prospective non-interventional study of 21 consecutive intensive care unit (ICU) adult patients treated with cefepime for nosocomial pneumonia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients (median age 55.1 years, range 21.8 to 81.2) received intravenous cefepime at 2 g every 12 hours for creatinine clearance (CLCr) >or= 50 ml/min, and 2 g every 24 hours or 36 hours for CLCr < 50 ml/minute. Cefepime plasma concentrations were determined at several time-points before and after drug administration by high-pressure liquid chromatography. PK/PD parameters were computed by standard non-compartmental analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventeen first-doses and 11 steady states (that is, four to six days after the first dose) were measured. Plasma levels varied greatly between individuals, from two- to three-fold at peak-concentrations to up to 40-fold at trough-concentrations. Nineteen out of 21 (90%) patients had PK/PD parameters comparable to literature values. Twenty-one of 21 (100%) patients had appropriate duration of cefepime concentrations above the MIC (T>MIC >or= 50%) for the pathogens recovered in this study (MIC <or= 4 mg/l), but only 45 to 65% of them had appropriate coverage for potential pathogens with cefepime MIC >or= 8 mg/l. Moreover, 2/21 (10%) patients with renal impairment (CLCr < 30 ml/minute) demonstrated accumulation of cefepime in the plasma (trough concentrations of 20 to 30 mg/l) in spite of dosage adjustment. Both had symptoms compatible with non-convulsive epilepsy (confusion and muscle jerks) that were not attributed to cefepime-toxicity until plasma levels were disclosed to the caretakers and symptoms resolved promptly after drug arrest.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These empirical results confirm the suspected risks of hidden side-effects and inappropriate PK/PD parameters (for pathogens with upper-limit MICs) in a population of ICU adult patients. Moreover, it identifies a safety and efficacy window for cefepime doses of 2 g every 12 hours in patients with a CLCr >or= 50 ml/minute infected by pathogens with cefepime MICs <or= 4 mg/l. On the other hand, prompt monitoring of cefepime plasma levels should be considered in case of lower CLCr or greater MICs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ambulatory Medicine and Community Healthcare, University of Lausanne, rue du Bugnon, Lausanne, Switzerland. Thomas.Chapuis@chuv.ch
authors.forename: Thomas M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Chapuis
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Giannoni
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Majcherczyk
authors.forename: René
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chioléro
authors.forename: Marie-Denise
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Schaller
authors.forename: Mette M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.forename: Saskia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bolay
authors.forename: Laurent A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Décosterd
authors.forename: Denis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bugnon
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Moreillon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D000077723:Cefepime; D002511:Cephalosporins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D003428:Cross Infection; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000379:methods; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000188:drug therapy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D002511:Cephalosporins; D000077723:Cefepime