title: Copolymer-based progressive addition lens with graded index designed for astigmatism and distortion correction.
abstract: In this research, we propose to reduce astigmatism and distortion in a progressive addition lens (PAL) by employing a polymer-based graded-index (GRIN) material. We adopted the diffusion copolymerization method for the GRIN-PAL fabrication. The GRIN material was prepared by partial diffusion of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl methacrylate (3FMA) monomers into the cross-linked benzyl methacrylate polymer gel. GRIN-PAL was prepared by polymerization of the GRIN material in a mold of commercially available PAL. As a result, methods to control Deltan, the diffusion length, and the order of the GRIN profile in polymeric GRIN materials were demonstrated. In a combination of the PBzMA gel and the MMA/3FMA diffusion monomer, 50/50 in volume provides the highest Deltan. The diffusion period mainly affects the diffusion length. These two parameters consequently determine the order of the GRIN profile and the focusing power that the GRIN provides. The difference in the ease of diffusion caused by the difference in the cross-linking density provides a method for positional control of the GRIN profile. Furthermore, GRIN-PAL using a polymeric material was successfully fabricated. Improvement in astigmatism and distortion was demonstrated using GRIN. Therefore, the GRIN material is suggested to be applicable for the further modification of the PAL with low astigmatism and distortion.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 212-0032, Japan. y.sitanoki@gmail.com
authors.forename: Yuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shitanoki
authors.forename: Akihiro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tagaya
authors.forename: Yasuhiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Koike
mesh_terms: D001251:Astigmatism / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D005139:Eyeglasses; D006801:Humans; D007909:Lenses; D008422:Materials Testing; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry*; D012031:Refractometry
chemical_list: D011108:Polymers