title: Toxicokinetics and recovery studies of dicamba dimethyl amine salt in goats following single oral administration.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Toxicokinetics and recovery studies of dicamba dimethyl amine salt (DDAS) were conducted to obtain more information about its toxicity and tissue retention in farm animals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The minimum oral toxic dose level of DDAS was determined as 1400 mg kg(-1) body weight. In the toxicokinetic study, blood DDAS concentration of 55.6 +/- 0.59 microg mL(-1) (mean +/- standard error) was detected at 0.08 h, which peaked to 102.3 +/- 5.03 microg mL(-1) at 0.25 h, and declined to a minimum of 4.1 +/- 0.06 microg mL(-1) at 36 h. In recovery studies, DDAS concentration in urine began to increase significantly (P < 0.05) from 12 h, peaked at 24 h and declined from 48 h onwards. Maximum excretion through faeces was at 24 h and was complete by 144 h. The residual level in tissues decreased significantly (P < 0.05) on day 7 as compared to day 4. In histopathological studies, cellular alterations in lungs, liver, kidney, adrenal gland and spleen were found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DDAS persists in the body for a shorter period and its major excretory route is through urine. DDAS has lower affinity to accumulate in tissues, and intensity of cellular alterations is not severe after single-dose oral administration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal sciences, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Belgachia, Kolkata 700037, India.
authors.forename: Madhusudan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mukherjee
authors.forename: Prashant
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Muraleedharannair
authors.forename: Utpal K
authors.initials: UK
authors.lastname: Karmakar
authors.forename: Bakul K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Datta
authors.forename: Tapas K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Sar
authors.forename: Animesh K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Chakraborty
authors.forename: Anjan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bhattacharya
authors.forename: Ashim
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Choudhury
authors.forename: Tapan K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Mandal
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000311:Adrenal Glands / Q000473:pathology; D000818:Animals; D003996:Dicamba / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity / Q000652:urine; D005243:Feces; D006041:Goats; D006540:Herbicides / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000633:toxicity* / Q000652:urine; D007668:Kidney / Q000473:pathology; D008099:Liver / Q000473:pathology; D008168:Lung / Q000473:pathology; D013154:Spleen / Q000473:pathology; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D006540:Herbicides; C027233:dicamba dimethylamine; D003996:Dicamba